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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatico-orbital%20artery
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The middle temporal artery occasionally gives off a zygomatico-orbital branch, which runs along the upper border of the zygomatic arch, between the two layers of the temporal fascia, to the lateral angle of the orbit.
This branch, which may arise directly from the superficial temporal artery, supplies the orbicularis oculi, and anastomoses with the lacrimal and palpebral branches of the ophthalmic artery.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20tympanic%20artery
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The superior tympanic artery is a small artery in the head. It is a branch of the middle meningeal artery. On entering the cranium it runs in the canal for the tensor tympani muscle and supplies this muscle and the lining membrane of the canal.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead%27s%20point-free%20geometry
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In mathematics, point-free geometry is a geometry whose primitive ontological notion is region rather than point. Two axiomatic systems are set out below, one grounded in mereology, the other in mereotopology and known as connection theory.
Point-free geometry was first formulated in Whitehead (1919, 1920), not as a theory of geometry or of spacetime, but of "events" and of an "extension relation" between events. Whitehead's purposes were as much philosophical as scientific and mathematical.
Formalizations
Whitehead did not set out his theories in a manner that would satisfy present-day canons of formality. The two formal first-order theories described in this entry were devised by others in order to clarify and refine Whitehead's theories. The domain of discourse for both theories consists of "regions." All unquantified variables in this entry should be taken as tacitly universally quantified; hence all axioms should be taken as universal closures. No axiom requires more than three quantified variables; hence a translation of first-order theories into relation algebra is possible. Each set of axioms has but four existential quantifiers.
Inclusion-based point-free geometry (mereology)
The fundamental primitive binary relation is inclusion, denoted by the infix operator "≤", which corresponds to the binary Parthood relation that is a standard feature in mereological theories. The intuitive meaning of x ≤ y is "x is part of y." Assuming that equality, denoted by the infix operator "=", is part of the background logic, the binary relation Proper Part, denoted by the infix operator "<", is defined as:
The axioms are:
Inclusion partially orders the domain.
G1. (reflexive)
G2. (transitive) WP4.
G3. (antisymmetric)
Given any two regions, there exists a region that includes both of them. WP6.
G4.
Proper Part densely orders the domain. WP5.
G5.
Both atomic regions and a universal region do not exist. Hence the domain has neither an upper nor a lower
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20P1619
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standardization project for encryption of stored data, but more generically refers to the Security in Storage Working Group (SISWG), which includes a family of standards for protection of stored data and for the corresponding cryptographic key management.
Standards
SISWG oversees work on the following standards:
The base IEEE 1619 Standard Architecture for Encrypted Shared Storage Media uses the XTS-Advanced Encryption Standard (XEX-based Tweaked CodeBook mode (TCB) with ciphertext stealing (CTS); the proper name should be XTC (XEX TCB CTS), but that acronym is already used to denote the drug ecstasy.
The P1619.1 Authenticated Encryption with Length Expansion for Storage Devices uses the following algorithms:
Counter mode with CBC-MAC (CCM)
Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) with HMAC-Secure Hash Algorithm
XTS-HMAC-Secure Hash Algorithm
The P1619.2 Standard for Wide-Block Encryption for Shared Storage Media has proposed algorithms including:
XCB
EME2
The P1619.3 Standard for Key Management Infrastructure for Cryptographic Protection of Stored Data defines a system for managing encryption data at rest security objects which includes architecture, namespaces, operations, messaging and transport.
P1619 also standardized the key backup in the XML format.
Narrow-block vs. wide-block encryption
An encryption algorithm used for data storage has to support independent encryption and decryption of portions of data. So-called narrow-block algorithms operate on relatively small portions of data, while the wide-block algorithms encrypt or decrypt a whole sector. Narrow-block algorithms have the advantage of more efficient hardware implementation. On the other hand, smaller block size provides finer granularity for data modification attacks. There is no standardized "acceptable granularity"; however, for example, the possibility of data modification with the granularity of one bit (bit-f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-I%20superconductor
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The interior of a bulk superconductor cannot be penetrated by a weak magnetic field, a phenomenon known as the Meissner effect. When the applied magnetic field becomes too large, superconductivity breaks down. Superconductors can be divided into two types according to how this breakdown occurs. In type-I superconductors, superconductivity is abruptly destroyed via a first order phase transition when the strength of the applied field rises above a critical value Hc. This type of superconductivity is normally exhibited by pure metals, e.g. aluminium, lead, and mercury. The only alloy known up to now which exhibits type I superconductivity is tantalum silicide (TaSi2).
The covalent superconductor SiC:B, silicon carbide heavily doped with boron, is also type-I.
Depending on the demagnetization factor, one may obtain an intermediate state. This state, first described by Lev Landau, is a phase separation into macroscopic non-superconducting and superconducting domains forming a Husimi Q representation.
This behavior is different from type-II superconductors which exhibit two critical magnetic fields. The first, lower critical field occurs when magnetic flux vortices penetrate the material but the material remains superconducting outside of these microscopic vortices. When the vortex density becomes too large, the entire material becomes non-superconducting; this corresponds to the second, higher critical field.
The ratio of the London penetration depth λ to the superconducting coherence length ξ determines whether a superconductor is type-I or type-II. Type-I superconductors are those with , and type-II superconductors are those with .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20product%20rule
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The triple product rule, known variously as the cyclic chain rule, cyclic relation, cyclical rule or Euler's chain rule, is a formula which relates partial derivatives of three interdependent variables. The rule finds application in thermodynamics, where frequently three variables can be related by a function of the form f(x, y, z) = 0, so each variable is given as an implicit function of the other two variables. For example, an equation of state for a fluid relates temperature, pressure, and volume in this manner. The triple product rule for such interrelated variables x, y, and z comes from using a reciprocity relation on the result of the implicit function theorem, and is given by
where each factor is a partial derivative of the variable in the numerator, considered to be a function of the other two.
The advantage of the triple product rule is that by rearranging terms, one can derive a number of substitution identities which allow one to replace partial derivatives which are difficult to analytically evaluate, experimentally measure, or integrate with quotients of partial derivatives which are easier to work with. For example,
Various other forms of the rule are present in the literature; these can be derived by permuting the variables {x, y, z}.
Derivation
An informal derivation follows. Suppose that f(x, y, z) = 0. Write z as a function of x and y. Thus the total differential dz is
Suppose that we move along a curve with dz = 0, where the curve is parameterized by x. Thus y can be written in terms of x, so on this curve
Therefore, the equation for dz = 0 becomes
Since this must be true for all dx, rearranging terms gives
Dividing by the derivatives on the right hand side gives the triple product rule
Note that this proof makes many implicit assumptions regarding the existence of partial derivatives, the existence of the exact differential dz, the ability to construct a curve in some neighborhood with dz = 0, and the nonzero value of partial
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic%20reciprocity
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Cubic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence x3 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form of the main theorem, which states that if p and q are primary numbers in the ring of Eisenstein integers, both coprime to 3, the congruence x3 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable if and only if x3 ≡ q (mod p) is solvable.
History
Sometime before 1748 Euler made the first conjectures about the cubic residuacity of small integers, but they were not published until 1849, 62 years after his death.
Gauss's published works mention cubic residues and reciprocity three times: there is one result pertaining to cubic residues in the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1801). In the introduction to the fifth and sixth proofs of quadratic reciprocity (1818) he said that he was publishing these proofs because their techniques (Gauss's lemma and Gaussian sums, respectively) can be applied to cubic and biquadratic reciprocity. Finally, a footnote in the second (of two) monographs on biquadratic reciprocity (1832) states that cubic reciprocity is most easily described in the ring of Eisenstein integers.
From his diary and other unpublished sources, it appears that Gauss knew the rules for the cubic and quartic residuacity of integers by 1805, and discovered the full-blown theorems and proofs of cubic and biquadratic reciprocity around 1814. Proofs of these were found in his posthumous papers, but it is not clear if they are his or Eisenstein's.
Jacobi published several theorems about cubic residuacity in 1827, but no proofs. In his Königsberg lectures of 1836–37 Jacobi presented proofs. The first published proofs were by Eisenstein (1844).
Integers
A cubic residue (mod p) is any number congruent to the third power of an integer (mod p). If x3 ≡ a (mod p) does not have an integer solution, a is a cubic nonresidue (mod p).
As is often the case in number theory, it is easier to work modul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Cipher%20Challenge
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The National Cipher Challenge is an annual cryptographic competition organised by the University of Southampton School of Mathematics. Competitors attempt to break cryptograms published on the competition website. In the 2017, more than 7,500 students took part in the competition. Participants must be in full-time school level education in order to qualify for prizes.
Format
The competition is organised into eight to ten challenges, which are further subdivided into parts A and B. The part A challenge consists of a comparatively simpler cryptogram, and usually provides some useful information to assist in the solving of part B. Part B is usually more complex. In later challenges the cryptograms become harder to break. In the past, part A cryptograms have been encrypted with the Caesar cipher, the Affine cipher, the Keyword cipher, the Transposition cipher, the Vigenère cipher and the 2x2 Hill cipher.
The part B challenges are intended to be harder. These begin with relatively simple substitution ciphers, including the Bacon cipher and Polybius square, before moving on to transposition ciphers, Playfair ciphers and polyalphabetic ciphers such as the Vigenère cipher, the Autokey cipher and the Alberti cipher. In the later stages of the competition, the ADFGVX cipher, the Solitaire cipher, the Double Playfair cipher, the Hill cipher, the Book cipher and versions of the Enigma and Fialka cipher machines have all been used. The 2009 challenge ended with a Jefferson Disk cipher, the 2012 challenge ended with the ADFGVX Cipher, the 2014 with the Playfair Cipher, and the most recent challenge ended with a sectioned Cadenus transposition.
Prizes
£25 cash prizes are awarded to eight random entrants who submit a correct solution for each part A of the challenge. Leaderboards for the part B challenges are also compiled, based on how accurate solutions are and how quickly the entrant broke the cipher. Prizes are awarded to the top three entrants at the end of the challenge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable%20theory
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Classical cable theory uses mathematical models to calculate the electric current (and accompanying voltage) along passive neurites, particularly the dendrites that receive synaptic inputs at different sites and times. Estimates are made by modeling dendrites and axons as cylinders composed of segments with capacitances and resistances combined in parallel (see Fig. 1). The capacitance of a neuronal fiber comes about because electrostatic forces are acting through the very thin lipid bilayer (see Figure 2). The resistance in series along the fiber is due to the axoplasm's significant resistance to movement of electric charge.
History
Cable theory in computational neuroscience has roots leading back to the 1850s, when Professor William Thomson (later known as Lord Kelvin) began developing mathematical models of signal decay in submarine (underwater) telegraphic cables. The models resembled the partial differential equations used by Fourier to describe heat conduction in a wire.
The 1870s saw the first attempts by Hermann to model neuronal electrotonic potentials also by focusing on analogies with heat conduction. However, it was Hoorweg who first discovered the analogies with Kelvin's undersea cables in 1898 and then Hermann and Cremer who independently developed the cable theory for neuronal fibers in the early 20th century. Further mathematical theories of nerve fiber conduction based on cable theory were developed by Cole and Hodgkin (1920s–1930s), Offner et al. (1940), and Rushton (1951).
Experimental evidence for the importance of cable theory in modelling the behavior of axons began surfacing in the 1930s from work done by Cole, Curtis, Hodgkin, Sir Bernard Katz, Rushton, Tasaki and others. Two key papers from this era are those of Davis and Lorente de Nó (1947) and Hodgkin and Rushton (1946).
The 1950s saw improvements in techniques for measuring the electric activity of individual neurons. Thus cable theory became important for analyzing data collect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task%20state%20segment
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The task state segment (TSS) is a structure on x86-based computers which holds information about a task. It is used by the operating system kernel for task management. Specifically, the following information is stored in the TSS:
Processor register state
I/O port permissions
Inner-level stack pointers
Previous TSS link
All this information should be stored at specific locations within the TSS as specified in the IA-32 manuals.
Location of the TSS
The TSS may reside anywhere in memory. A segment register called the task register (TR) holds a segment selector that points to a valid TSS segment descriptor which resides in the GDT (a TSS descriptor may not reside in the LDT). Therefore, to use a TSS the following must be done by the operating system kernel:
Create a TSS descriptor entry in the GDT
Load the TR with the segment selector for that segment
Add information to the TSS in memory as needed
For security purposes, the TSS should be placed in memory that is accessible only to the kernel.
Task register
The TR register is a 16-bit register which holds a segment selector for the TSS. It may be loaded through the LTR instruction. LTR is a privileged instruction and acts in a manner similar to other segment register loads. The task register has two parts: a portion visible and accessible by the programmer and an invisible one that is automatically loaded from the TSS descriptor.
Register states
The TSS may contain saved values of all the x86 registers. This is used for task switching. The operating system may load the TSS with the values of the registers that the new task needs and after executing a hardware task switch (such as with an IRET instruction) the x86 CPU will load the saved values from the TSS into the appropriate registers. Note that some modern operating systems such as Windows and Linux do not use these fields in the TSS as they implement software task switching.
Note that during a hardware task switch, certain fields of the old TSS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershayim
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Gershayim (Hebrew: , without niqqud ), also occasionally grashayim (), is two distinct typographical marks in the Hebrew language. The name literally means "double geresh".
Punctuation mark
Gershayim most commonly refers to the punctuation mark . It is always written before the last letter of the non-inflected form of a word or numeral. It is used in the following ways:
To indicate an acronym. For example: (singular), (plural), "report" represents ; and (masculine), (feminine), "squad commander" represents .
To indicate a multi-digit Hebrew numeral. For example: represents 18.
To indicate the names of Hebrew letters, differentiating them from any homographs. Compare "he sketched an eye" with "he sketched an ayin".
To indicate Hebrew word roots. For example: the root of "crossword puzzles" is (š—b—ṣ); the root of "to tilt, to conjugate" is (n—ṭ—h); and the root of "being synchronized" is (s–n–k–r–n).
In older texts, to indicate the transliteration of a foreign word. This use corresponds to English's use of italics. For example, in printed works of Rashi, the town of Rashi's birth, Troyes, is spelled .
Cantillation mark
Gershayim is a disjunctive cantillation accent in the Tanakh - ◌֞. It is placed above the stressed syllable, as in וַיִּקַּ֞ח (Genesis 22:3).
Computer encoding
Most keyboards do not have a key for the gershayim. As a result, a quotation mark is often substituted for it.
See also
Hebrew acronyms
Hebrew alphabet
Hebrew diacritics
Hebrew punctuation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20mascot
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A military mascot, also known as a ceremonial pet or regimental mascot, is a pet animal maintained by a military unit as a mascot for ceremonial purposes and/or as an emblem of that unit. It differs from a military animal in that it is not employed for use directly in warfare as a weapon or for transport.
History
British Army units began to adopt non-working military animals in order to strengthen morale and to be used as a mascot/symbolic emblems for the unit in the 18th century. Animals that were adopted as military mascots were typically brought over by soldiers who went overseas, or were stray animals that were adopted by the unit along the way. However, some mascots were specifically gifted to a unit. Although military mascots typically only served a ceremonial purpose, some animals kept by military units have been utilized for other uses in addition to their role as mascots.
Australia
The practice of adopting animal mascots in the armed forces has a long history. Many Australian Imperial Force battalions in World War I brought all sorts of animals along with them, including dogs, kangaroos, koalas and even a Tasmanian devil. These animals offered companionship for the troops, were a way of expressing national pride, raised morale, and offered soldiers some relief from the harsh realities of war. There are many ways that the animals were sourced, including advertising in the newspaper. An advertisement in the Ballarat Courier in March 1916 reads,
Nearly all of the brigades and battalions which have left our shores for the front have had a mascot of one kind or another... The 39th Battalion, which will bear the name of our city, Ballarat, is not yet possessed of a mascot. A gift of a well-bred fox terrier or bull pup would be much appreciated.
There are also examples of call outs for wallabies or kangaroos to be sent to training camps as mascots, and others were provided to battalions as gifts. Some accounts of the acquisition of mascots indicate a rathe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20computer%20programming
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming:
Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem.
History
History of computer science
History of computing hardware
History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
History of programming languages
Timeline of programming languages
Computer programming in the punched card era
Operating systems timeline
Platforms
Computer
Computer hardware
Analog computer
Analytical Engine
Digital computer
Vacuum-tube computer
List of vacuum-tube computers
Transistor computer
List of transistorized computers
Mainframe
Minicomputer
Microcomputer
Home computers
IBM PC compatible
Personal computer
Desktop computer
Laptop computer
Mobile computer
Personal digital assistant (PDA)
Smartphone
Tablet computer
Wearable computer
Server
Supercomputer
Virtual machine
Hardware virtualization
Runtime system
Paradigms
Agent-oriented
Aspect-oriented
Automata-based
Data-driven
Declarative (as opposed to imperative programming)
Constraint
Constraint logic
Concurrent constraint logic
Dataflow
Flow-based (FBP)
Reactive
Functional
Functional logic
Purely functional
Logic
Abductive logic
Answer set
Concurrent logic
Functional logic
Inductive logic
Event-driven
Time-driven
Expression-oriented
Feature-oriented
Function-level (as opposed to value-level programming)
Generic
Imperative (as opposed to declarative programming)
Literate
Procedural
Induct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact%20%28software%20development%29
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An artifact is one of many kinds of tangible by-products produced during the development of software. Some artifacts (e.g., use cases, class diagrams, and other Unified Modeling Language (UML) models, requirements and design documents) help describe the function, architecture, and design of software. Other artifacts are concerned with the process of development itself—such as project plans, business cases, and risk assessments.
The term artifact in connection with software development is largely associated with specific development methods or processes e.g., Unified Process. This usage of the term may have originated with those methods.
Build tools often refer to source code compiled for testing as an artifact, because the executable is necessary to carrying out the testing plan. Without the executable to test, the testing plan artifact is limited to non-execution based testing. In non-execution based testing, the artifacts are the walkthroughs, inspections and correctness proofs. On the other hand, execution based testing requires at minimum two artifacts: a test suite and the executable. Artifact occasionally may refer to the released code (in the case of a code library) or released executable (in the case of a program) produced, but more commonly an artifact is the byproduct of software development rather than the product itself. Open source code libraries often contain a testing harness to allow contributors to ensure their changes do not cause regression bugs in the code library.
Much of what are considered artifacts is software documentation.
In end-user development an artifact is either an application or a complex data object that is created by an end-user without the need to know a general programming language. Artifacts describe automated behavior or control sequences, such as database requests or grammar rules, or user-generated content.
Artifacts vary in their maintainability. Maintainability is primarily affected by the role the artifact fulfil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instabus
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Instabus, is a decentralized open system to manage and control electrical devices within a facility. It is developed by Berker, Gira, Jung, Merten and Siemens AG. There are about 200 companies of electrical supplies using this communication protocol. The European Installation Bus (EIB) allows all electrical components to be interconnected through an electrical bus. Every component is able to send commands to other components, no matter where they are. A typical EIB network is made of electrical components such as switches, pulsers, electric motors, electrovalves, contactors, and sensors.
This electrical bus is made of a 2x2x0,8mm twisted pair cable, that connects all devices within the network. The theoretical maximum number of components is 57375.
EIB system was developed to increase power savings, security, comfort and flexibility.
System control
Although the EIB is a decentralized system and doesn't need any electric switchboard or control console, it's possible to implement a PC based monitoring system to check device status and to send manual or pre-programmed commands to one or more components of the network.
Convergence with other standards
The Konnex KNX (standard) was developed as a result of the convergence between EIB, BCi and EHSA.
External links
The Konnex Standard
Le Bus EIB - Le standard KNX (fr)
Mise en oeuvre du Bus EIB/KNX (fr)
Building automation
Home automation
Computer buses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest%20body%20part
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The largest body part is either the largest given body part across all living and extinct organisms or the largest example of a body part within an existing species. The largest animals on the planet are not the only ones to have large body parts, with some smaller animals actually having one particularly enlarged area of the body.
Living animals
Blue whale
As the largest animal that has existed, the blue whale has the largest instance of several body parts.
Its tongue weighs around .
Its mouth is large enough to hold up to of food and water.
Its heart typically weighs and can reach in exceptional cases
Its aorta is about in diameter.
The blue whale's penis typically measures 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) to 3 metres (9.8 ft) and a diameter of 30 centimetres (12 in) to 36 centimetres (14 in).
Other animals
The giant and colossal squids have the largest recorded eyes of any living animal, with a maximum diameter of at least . Only the extinct ichthyosaurs are known to have had larger eyes.
The giraffe has the longest neck of any land mammal.
The north Pacific right whale has the largest testes of any mammal.
The walrus has the largest baculum of any mammal.
The wandering albatross has the largest wingspan at .
The longest horns ever recorded belonged to a wild water buffalo and measured from tip to tip.
The largest and heaviest brain belongs to the sperm whale, weighing around 9 kilograms.
The Arctic lion's mane jellyfish may be the longest animal; the biggest had a bell (body) with a diameter of and the tentacles reached . It was found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870.
Bootlace worms can reach great lengths. A specimen was measured at but this may be unreliable as the body is somewhat elastic.
In proportion to body size
The Morgan's sphinx hawk moth has the longest proboscis in relation to its body size. Its 25–30 cm proboscis is over 3 times longer than its body. It is also known as Darwin's moth because Charles Darwin pred
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20butter%20dish
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A French butter dish is a container used to maintain the freshness and spreadable consistency of butter without refrigeration. This late 19th-century French-designed pottery crock has two parts: a base that holds water, and a cup to hold the packed butter which also serves as a lid. The cup containing butter is placed into the base, where water creates an airtight seal that keeps the air (and thus oxygen) away from the butter so that refrigeration is not needed, and the butter can be used in its soft form. This method will keep butter for around a month provided it is kept at temperatures below and the water is changed regularly.
Other names for this item are "French butter keeper", "French butter crock", "butter crock", "beurrier à l'eau", "beurrier Breton", "beurrier Normand", "cloche de beurre", "pot à beurre Breton", and "französische Butterdose" (German). Two manufactured versions are the Norpro butter keeper and the Butter Bell, a registered trademark of L. Tremain, Inc.
History
The French butter dish design is thought to have originated in Vallauris, France. Vallauris is known for its pottery crafts. Others speculate that it was created in Brittany, or Normandy—both known for their butter production.
In the 1970s and 1980s, craft potters began producing and marketing the French butter dish throughout the United States at craft fairs and in art boutiques. "French butter dish" became the preferred name in the US around that time, and was later adopted by potters in Europe. By the end of the 20th century, French butter dishes became popular enough for manufactured versions to appear.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management%20of%20ulcerative%20colitis
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Management of ulcerative colitis involves first treating the acute symptoms of the disease, then maintaining remission. Ulcerative colitis is a form of colitis, a disease of the intestine, specifically the large intestine or colon, that includes characteristic ulcers, or open sores, in the colon. The main symptom of active disease is usually diarrhea mixed with blood, of gradual onset which often leads to anaemia. Ulcerative colitis is, however, a systemic disease that affects many parts of the body outside the intestine.
Medications
Standard treatment for ulcerative colitis depends on extent of involvement and disease severity. The goal is to induce remission initially with medications, followed by the administration of maintenance medications to prevent a relapse of the disease. The concept of induction of remission and maintenance of remission is very important. The medications used to induce and maintain a remission somewhat overlap, but the treatments are different. Physicians first direct treatment to inducing a remission which involves relief of symptoms and mucosal healing of the lining of the colon and then longer-term treatment to maintain the remission.
Anaemia, caused by both chronic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract and reduced absorption due to the up-regulation of hepcidin should also be treated, and this often requires the use of parenteral iron.
The following sections are sorted first by drug type and, second, by the type of ulcerative colitis:
Aminosalicylates
Aminosalicylates are the main anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat ulcerative colitis. Sometimes remission can be achieved, or at least maintained, with these drugs alone. If not, they are usually used in combination with the drugs listed in the ensuing sections.
The anti-inflammatory action in all these drugs is produced by 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), the active ingredient in Mesalazine. 5-ASA is produced from the other drugs in the intestine. The aminosalicylates used to t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20genetic%20elements
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Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) sometimes called selfish genetic elements are a type of genetic material that can move around within a genome, or that can be transferred from one species or replicon to another. MGEs are found in all organisms. In humans, approximately 50% of the genome is thought to be MGEs. MGEs play a distinct role in evolution. Gene duplication events can also happen through the mechanism of MGEs. MGEs can also cause mutations in protein coding regions, which alters the protein functions. These mechanisms can also rearrange genes in the host genome generating variation. These mechanism can increase fitness by gaining new or additional functions. An example of MGEs in evolutionary context are that virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes of MGEs can be transported to share genetic code with neighboring bacteria. However, MGEs can also decrease fitness by introducing disease-causing alleles or mutations. The set of MGEs in an organism is called a mobilome, which is composed of a large number of plasmids, transposons and viruses.
Types
Plasmids: These are generally circular extrachromosomal DNA molecules that replicate and are transmitted independent from chromosomal DNA. These molecules are present in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and sometimes in eukaryotic organisms such as yeast. Fitness of a plasmid is determined by its mobility. The first factor of plasmid fitness is its ability to replicate DNA. The second fitness factor is a plasmid's ability to horizontally transfer. Plasmids during their cycle carry genes from one organism to another through a process called conjugation. Plasmids usually contain a set of mobility genes that are necessary for conjugation. Some plasmids employ membrane associated mating pair formation (MPF). A plasmid containing its own MPF genes is considered to be self transmissible or conjugative. Plasmids can be further divided into mobilizable and non-mobilizable classes. Plasmids that use other genetic e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20logic
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Logic is the formal science of using reason and is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics and to a lesser extent computer science. Logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and the study of arguments in natural language. The scope of logic can therefore be very large, ranging from core topics such as the study of fallacies and paradoxes, to specialized analyses of reasoning such as probability, correct reasoning, and arguments involving causality. One of the aims of logic is to identify the correct (or valid) and incorrect (or fallacious) inferences. Logicians study the criteria for the evaluation of arguments.
Foundations of logic
Philosophy of logic
Analytic-synthetic distinction
Antinomy
A priori and a posteriori
Definition
Description
Entailment
Identity (philosophy)
Inference
Logical form
Logical implication
Logical truth
Logical consequence
Name
Necessity
Material conditional
Meaning (linguistic)
Meaning (non-linguistic)
Paradox (list)
Possible world
Presupposition
Probability
Quantification
Reason
Reasoning
Reference
Semantics
Strict conditional
Syntax (logic)
Truth
Truth value
Validity
Branches of logic
Affine logic
Alethic logic
Aristotelian logic
Boolean logic
Buddhist logic
Bunched logic
Categorical logic
Classical logic
Computability logic
Deontic logic
Dependence logic
Description logic
Deviant logic
Doxastic logic
Epistemic logic
First-order logic
Formal logic
Free logic
Fuzzy logic
Higher-order logic
Infinitary logic
Informal logic
Intensional logic
Intermediate logic
Interpretability logic
Intuitionistic logic
Linear logic
Many-valued logic
Mathematical logic
Metalogic
Minimal logic
Modal logic
Non-Aristotelian logic
Non-classical logic
Noncommutative logic
Non-monotonic logic
Ordered logic
Paraconsistent logic
Philosophical logic
Predicate logic
Propositional logic
P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Medical%20Education%20Directory
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The International Medical Education Directory (IMED) was a public database of worldwide medical schools. The IMED was published as a joint collaboration of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) and the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER).
The information available in IMED was derived from data collected by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) throughout its history of evaluating the medical education credentials of international medical graduates. Using these data as a starting point, Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER) began developing IMED in 2001 and made it publicly available in April 2002.
In April 2014, IMED was merged with the Avicenna Directory to create the World Directory of Medical Schools. The World Directory is now the definitive list of medical schools in the world, as IMED and Avicenna were discontinued in 2015.
See also
List of medical schools
AVICENNA Directory for medicine
World Directory of Medical Schools
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini%20Lindy
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Mini Lindy was a line of small plastic model kits, about the size of Matchbox or Hot Wheels cars. They were part of the "Lindberg Line". They had rubber tires, chrome wheels and clear windshields. The axles were fit under a plastic tab that provided limited suspension actions. Some of the subjects are difficult to find under other formats, such as Hot Wheels. These are often mistaken for Hot Wheels or slot cars, and are fairly rare, but can be found on eBay and websites.
Some of the car subjects:
Porsche Carrera
Ford Pickup
Corvette Stingray
Jaguar XKE
Ford Mustang (1968)
Jeep Jeepster (1968) with CJ grille
Volkswagen Camper
Chevy Van (Flat windshield)
Chevrolet Camaro (1968)
Fire Engine
Dump Truck (GMC)
Greyhound Bus
Mail Truck
Cement Truck
Cement Mixer
MG-TD Sports Car
Tow Truck
Austin-Healey 3000
Volkswagen Beetle
Mercedes SSK
1930 Packard
Ford Camper
School Bus
Tractor Trailer
Ford GT
Porsche Targa
Ford Maverick (1970 2 dr)
AMC AMX
Ford Cobra
Dodge Charger
Dune Buggy
Ryder Truck
Cadillac Eldorado
Continental Mark III
Chevrolet Vega
Buick Riviera (1971)
Pontiac Grand Prix
Chevrolet Corvette (1970)
AMC Gremlin
Chevrolet Monte Carlo
The last 8 were part of the Lindberg "Super Sport" series.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosma%20Shalizi
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Cosma Rohilla Shalizi (born February 28, 1974) is an associate professor in the Department of Statistics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.
Life
Cosma Rohilla Shalizi is of Indian Tamil, Afghan (Rohilla) and Italian heritage and was born in Boston, where he lived for the first two years of his life. He grew up in Bethesda, Maryland.
In 1990, he was accepted as a Chancellor's Scholar at the University of California, Berkeley, and completed a bachelor's degree in Physics. Subsequently, he attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he received a doctorate in physics in May 2001. From 1998 to 2002, he worked at the Santa Fe Institute, in the Evolving Cellular Automata Project and the Computation, Dynamics and Inference group. From 2002 to 2005, he worked at the Center for the Study of Complex Systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. In August 2006, he became an assistant professor in the Department of Statistics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.
Shalizi is co-author of the CSSR algorithm, which exploits entropy properties to efficiently extract Markov models from time-series data without assuming a parametric form for the model.
Shalizi was interviewed at the Institute for New Economic Thinking in November 2011 on "Why Economics Needs Data Mining." He "urge[d] economists to stop doing what they are doing: Fitting large complex models to a small set of highly correlated time series data. Once you add enough variables, parameters, bells and whistles, your model can fit past data very well, and yet fail miserably in the future. Shalizi tells us how to separate the wheat from the chaff, how to compensate for overfitting and prevent models from memorizing noise. He introduces techniques from data mining and machine learning to economics — this is new economic thinking."
Shalizi gave an invited "Distinguished Lecture" at the University of California at Santa Barbara Data Science Initiative in May 2019. There he presented analy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Biomolecular%20Resource%20Facilities
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The Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities (ABRF) is dedicated to advancing core and research biotechnology laboratories through research, communication, and education. ABRF members include over 2000 scientists representing 340 different core laboratories in 41 countries, including those in industry, government, academic and research institutions.
History
In 1986 a Research Resource Facility Satellite Meeting was held in conjunction with the Sixth International Conference on Methods in Protein Sequence Analysis. The next year protein sequencing and amino acid samples were sent to survey 103 core facilities. By 1989 the ABRF was formally organized and incorporated. Each year an annual meeting was held as a satellite meeting of the Protein Society until 1996 when separate meetings began.
ABRF Research Groups
Research Groups are established to fulfill two of the purposes of the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities. First, to provide mechanisms for the self-evaluation and improvement of procedural and operational accuracy, precision and efficiency in resource facilities and research laboratories. Second, to contribute to the education of resource facility and research laboratory staff, users, administrators, and interested members of the scientific community. The results of ABRF Research Group studies have been published in scientific papers. Results from ABRF Research Group studies have seen reuse in other research.
ABRF Next Generation Sequencing Group (ABRF-NGS)
Antibody Technology Research Group (ARG)
Biomedical 'Omics Research Group (BORG)
DNA Sequencing Research Group (DSRG)
Flow Cytometry Research Group (FCRG)
Genomics Research Group (GVRG)
Glycoprotein Research Group (gPRG)
Light Microscopy Research Group (LMRG)
Metabolomics Research Group (MRG)
Metagenomics Research Group (MGRG)
Molecular Interactions Research Group (MIRG)
Nucleic Acids Research Group (NARG)
Protein Expression Research Group (PERG)
Protein Sequencing Research
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%20potential
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In quantum mechanics the delta potential is a potential well mathematically described by the Dirac delta function - a generalized function. Qualitatively, it corresponds to a potential which is zero everywhere, except at a single point, where it takes an infinite value. This can be used to simulate situations where a particle is free to move in two regions of space with a barrier between the two regions. For example, an electron can move almost freely in a conducting material, but if two conducting surfaces are put close together, the interface between them acts as a barrier for the electron that can be approximated by a delta potential.
The delta potential well is a limiting case of the finite potential well, which is obtained if one maintains the product of the width of the well and the potential constant while decreasing the well's width and increasing the potential.
This article, for simplicity, only considers a one-dimensional potential well, but analysis could be expanded to more dimensions.
Single delta potential
The time-independent Schrödinger equation for the wave function of a particle in one dimension in a potential is
where is the reduced Planck constant, and is the energy of the particle.
The delta potential is the potential
where is the Dirac delta function.
It is called a delta potential well if is negative, and a delta potential barrier if is positive. The delta has been defined to occur at the origin for simplicity; a shift in the delta function's argument does not change any of the following results.
Solving the Schrödinger equation
The potential splits the space in two parts ( and ). In each of these parts the potential is zero, and the Schrödinger equation reduces to
this is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients, whose solutions are linear combinations of and , where the wave number is related to the energy by
In general, due to the presence of the delta potential in the origin, the coefficients o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine-alpha%20ketoglutarate
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Creatine-alpha-ketoglutarate is a salt formed from alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) and creatine.
Creatine is a mass-produced fitness supplement that is supposed to increase the user's muscle mass, strength and power. Creatine requires a delivery system for cell uptake. An example is arginine alpha-ketoglutarate. Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate itself is a chemical compound that is supposed to increase the blood flow to muscles and therefore, increase nutrient delivery to muscle cells.
Alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG or AKG) itself is a central molecule in the Krebs cycle that controls the organism's overall citric acid cycle rate. It can improve bone tissue development in the skeletal muscles by decreasing protein catabolism and increasing protein synthesis. The supplement industry has theorized that binding creatine to alpha-ketoglutarate could show significant improvements in creatine delivery and uptake which would ultimately lead to greater improvements in muscle mass and performance. Still relatively new in the fitness industry, more research is needed to test the validity of its effects.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis%20of%20competing%20hypotheses
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The analysis of competing hypotheses (ACH) is a methodology for evaluating multiple competing hypotheses for observed data. It was developed by Richards (Dick) J. Heuer, Jr., a 45-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency, in the 1970s for use by the Agency. ACH is used by analysts in various fields who make judgments that entail a high risk of error in reasoning. ACH aims to help an analyst overcome, or at least minimize, some of the cognitive limitations that make prescient intelligence analysis so difficult to achieve.
ACH was a step forward in intelligence analysis methodology, but it was first described in relatively informal terms. Producing the best available information from uncertain data remains the goal of researchers, tool-builders, and analysts in industry, academia and government. Their domains include data mining, cognitive psychology and visualization, probability and statistics, etc. Abductive reasoning is an earlier concept with similarities to ACH.
Process
Heuer outlines the ACH process in considerable depth in his book, Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. It consists of the following steps:
Hypothesis – The first step of the process is to identify all potential hypotheses, preferably using a group of analysts with different perspectives to brainstorm the possibilities. The process discourages the analyst from choosing one "likely" hypothesis and using evidence to prove its accuracy. Cognitive bias is minimized when all possible hypotheses are considered.
Evidence – The analyst then lists evidence and arguments (including assumptions and logical deductions) for and against each hypothesis.
Diagnostics – Using a matrix, the analyst applies evidence against each hypothesis in an attempt to disprove as many theories as possible. Some evidence will have greater "diagnosticity" than other evidence—that is, some will be more helpful in judging the relative likelihood of alternative hypotheses. This step is the most important, according to He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy%20Morgan%20%28footballer%29
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Samuel John Morgan (born 3 December 1946) is a Northern Irish former football player and coach.
Moving from non-League Gorleston to Port Vale in 1970, the young forward picked up the club's Player of the Year award 1972, before winning a move to Aston Villa the following year. Villa won promotion out of the Second Division in 1974–75, though he was never a first team regular and so was sold on to Brighton & Hove Albion later in 1975. Helping Brighton to promotion out of the Third Division in 1976–77, following this success he moved on to Cambridge United. With United he won promotion out of the third tier for a second successive season, before moving on to Sparta Rotterdam in the Netherlands. In 1979, he transferred to FC Groningen, helping them to the Eerste Divisie title in 1979–80. He then returned to his native Gorleston, who he later managed.
Between 1972 and 1978 he won eighteen caps for Northern Ireland, and scored three goals at international level. These goals came against Spain, Cyprus, and Norway. After his retirement he worked behind the scenes at various Football League clubs.
Early life
Samuel John Morgan was born in East Belfast on 3 December 1946; his mother was English and had met his father whilst he was stationed in East Anglia. He attended Nettlefield Primary School alongside George Best. When he was 12 years old, his family relocated to England and settled in Gorleston-on-Sea. He studied at the Nottingham Trent University to become a maths and physical education teacher, graduating in 1971. He played amateur football for Gorleston in the Eastern Counties League.
Club career
Port Vale
Morgan entered the English Football League at the relatively older age of 23 after signing Fourth Division club Port Vale in January 1970 following a period on trial. The late bloomer made his professional debut as a substitute on 30 March 1970, scoring in a 1–1 draw at Newport County. After quitting teaching to take up professional football, he had to wait unt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt-and-pepper%20noise
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Salt-and-pepper noise, also known as impulse noise, is a form of noise sometimes seen on digital images. This noise can be caused by sharp and sudden disturbances in the image signal. It presents itself as sparsely occurring white and black pixels.
An effective noise reduction method for this type of noise is a median filter or a morphological filter. For reducing either salt noise or pepper noise, but not both, a contraharmonic mean filter can be effective.
See also
Defective pixel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20modular%20redundancy
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In reliability engineering, dual modular redundancy (DMR) is when components of a system are duplicated, providing redundancy in case one should fail. It is particularly applied to systems where the duplicated components work in parallel, particularly in fault-tolerant computer systems. A typical example is a complex computer system which has duplicated nodes, so that should one node fail, another is ready to carry on its work.
DMR provides robustness to the failure of one component, and error detection in case instruments or computers that should give the same result give different results, but does not provide error correction, as which component is correct and which is malfunctioning cannot be automatically determined. There is an old adage to this effect, stating: "Never go to sea with two chronometers; take one or three." Meaning, if two chronometers contradict, a sailor may not know which one is reading correctly.
A lockstep fault-tolerant machine uses replicated elements operating in parallel. At any time, all the replications of each element should be in the same state. The same inputs are provided to each replication, and the same outputs are expected. The outputs of the replications are compared using a voting circuit. A machine with two replications of each element is termed dual modular redundant (DMR). The voting circuit can then only detect a mismatch and recovery relies on other methods. Examples include 1ESS switch.
A machine with three replications of each element is termed triple modular redundant (TMR). The voting circuit can determine which replication is in error when a two-to-one vote is observed. In this case, the voting circuit can output the correct result, and discard the erroneous version. After this, the internal state of the erroneous replication is assumed to be different from that of the other two, and the voting circuit can switch to a DMR mode. This model can be applied to any larger number of replications.
See also
Hot spare
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Micro-Electronics%2C%20Inc.
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Integrated Micro-electronics, Inc. (abbreviated as IMI, ) provides electronics manufacturing services (EMS) and power semiconductor assembly and test services (SATS) with manufacturing facilities in Asia, Europe, and North America. Its headquarters is located in Biñan, Laguna.
IMI serves original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in diversified markets that include those in the automotive, industrial, medical, telecommunications infrastructure, storage device, and consumer electronics industries. Its customized servuces range from design and engineering, advance manufacturing engineering capabilities, new product introduction services, manufacturing services, reliability tests, failure analysis, equipment calibration capabilities, test and system development, and support and fulfillment. The manufacturing portfolio of AC Industrials, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ayala Corporation, IMI is listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange.
History
IMI started on August 8, 1980 as a joint venture between Ayala Corporation and Resins, Inc. With its headquarters in Muntinlupa, they were just a workforce of around 100 employees with total fixed assets of US$3,700,290 and it is engaged in the assembly of integrated circuits. In 1982, it took a contract manufacturing with its hard disk drive sub-assembly operations and, in 1986, it started the assembly of automotive hybrid integrated circuits.
In the year 1988, the company ventured into custom printed circuit board assembly and operations and in the next years, it offered standard printed circuit board assembly services with the acquisition of automated surface mounting equipment, and eventually, full product assembly and flexible printed circuit board assembly operations.
The company moved its manufacturing site in 1995 from Cupang, Muntinlupa to its present location at the Laguna Technopark. In 1998, IMI commenced offering hardware and software design services, that transitions the company to a total electronics manufacturing ser
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated%20Bread%20Company
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The Aerated Bread Company Ltd (A.B.C.) was a British company founded and headquartered in London. Although it is often remembered as running a large chain of tea rooms in Britain and other parts of the world, it was originally established in 1862 by John Dauglish as a bakery using a revolutionary new method he had developed, with the tea rooms starting in 1864.
History
Founding
The Aerated Bread Company Ltd was founded in 1862 by John Dauglish (1824–1866). The business was created as an incorporated company listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). When the company was floated, its failure was predicted and its initial public offering was poorly supported. However, its initial £1 shares had risen to £5 7s 8d by 1890. By 1898, shares had more than doubled from their 1890 value and were trading at £12 per share and declaring a dividend of percent. By 1899, A.B.C. shares had increased a further percent and were trading at £14 per share.
Technology
Dauglish earned his medical degree at Edinburgh. Having been thoroughly unimpressed by the Scottish bread of the day, he began to make his own, and to study the science associated with the process. When he applied his earlier studies in chemistry to the process of bread making, he determined that it would be possible to produce carbonic acid gas in bread without yeast. He established that if one could instead introduce carbon dioxide to the process—by dissolving it into solution in the water—this would eliminate the need for fermentation, dramatically reduce the need for physical contact with the dough on the part of the workers, and consequently introduce a greater level of cleanliness into the bread-making process. Dauglish sought to abolish manual kneading, which he believed was unclean and unhealthy. Some years later, an 1878 issue of the scientific journal Nature reported:
As to the perfect cleanliness of this mechanical process for making bread there can be no question; it is immeasurably superior to the barbarou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smearing%20retransformation
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The Smearing retransformation is used in regression analysis, after estimating the logarithm of a variable. Estimating the logarithm of a variable instead of the variable itself is a common technique to more closely approximate normality. In order to retransform the variable back to level from log, the Smearing retransformation is used.
If the log-transformed variable y is normally distributed with mean
and variance
then, the expected value of y is given by:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20insulin%20delivery%20system
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Automated insulin delivery systems are automated (or semi-automated) systems designed to assist people with insulin-requiring diabetes, by automatically adjusting insulin delivery in response to blood glucose levels. Currently available systems (as of October 2020) can only deliver (and regulate delivery of) a single hormone—insulin. Other systems currently in development aim to improve on current systems by adding one or more additional hormones that can be delivered as needed, providing something closer to the endocrine functionality of the pancreas.
The endocrine functionality of the pancreas is provided by islet cells which produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. Artificial pancreatic technology mimics the secretion of these hormones into the bloodstream in response to the body's changing blood glucose levels. Maintaining balanced blood sugar levels is crucial to the function of the brain, liver, and kidneys. Therefore, for people with diabetes, it is necessary that the levels be kept balanced when the body cannot produce insulin itself.
Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems are often referred to using the term artificial pancreas, but the term has no precise, universally accepted definition. For uses other than automated insulin delivery, see Artificial pancreas (disambiguation).
General overview
History
The first automated insulin delivery system was known as the Biostator.
Classes of AID systems
Currently available AID systems fall into three broad classes based on their capabilities. The first systems released can only halt insulin delivery (predictive low glucose suspend) in response to already low or predicted low glucose. Hybrid Closed Loop systems can modulate delivery both up and down, although users still initiate insulin doses (boluses) for meals and typically "announce" or enter meal information. Fully Closed Loops require no manual insulin delivery actions or announcement for meals.
Predictive Low Glucose Suspend (PLGS)
A step forward
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann%20electrometer
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A Lippmann electrometer is a device for detecting small rushes of electric current and was invented by Gabriel Lippmann in 1873.
The device consists of a tube which is thick on one end and very thin on the other. The thin end is designed to act as a capillary tube. The tube is half-filled with mercury with a small amount of dilute sulfuric acid above the mercury in the capillary tube. Metal wires are connected at the thick end into the mercury and at the thin end into the sulfuric acid.
When the pulse of electricity arrives it changes the surface tension of the mercury and allows it to leap up a short distance in the capillary tube. This device was used in the first practical ECG machine which was invented by Augustus Desiré Waller.
See also
Electrocapillarity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/201%20%28number%29
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201 (two hundred [and] one) is the natural number following 200 and preceding 202.
In mathematics
As the two proper factors of 201 are both Gaussian primes, 201 is a Blum integer.
In computing
201 is an HTTP status code indicating a new resource was successfully created in response to the request, with the textual part of the response line indicating the URL of the newly created document.
In astronomy
201 is a Saros cycle; the next solar eclipse in this cycle is predicted to take place in AD 3223..
The New General Catalogue object NGC201 is a magnitude 15 spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus.
201 Penelope is a large Main belt asteroid discovered in 1879.
In other fields
A 201 file is the term used in the U.S. Army for the set of documents maintained by the US government for members of the Armed Forces recording their service history. It is also referred to as the Official Military Personnel File.
201 in binary (11001001) is the title of an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Area code 201 is the area code assigned to northern New Jersey in the United States.
201 is the course number of basic or entry-level courses at some Canadian universities (such as the University of Calgary and Athabasca University), especially if the number 101 is allocated to remedial courses.
201 is also short for 201 Poplar, the jail in Memphis, Tennessee, and alluded to in many rap songs from Memphis artists.
in Philippine employment, a 201 file is a file detailing an employee's history and records with a particular employer
The 201 Class diesel locomotive used by Iarnród Éireann and NI Railways.
The 201 series is a Japanese commuter train type
The EMI 201 television camera use in the 1960s
"201" is the title of an episode of South Park.
Event 201, a pandemic exercise
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202%20%28number%29
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202 (two hundred [and] two) is the natural number following 201 and preceding 203.
In mathematics
202 is a Smith number, meaning that its digit sum and the sum of digits of its prime factors are equal. It is also a strobogrammatic number, meaning that when shown on a seven-segment display, turning the display upside-down shows the same number.
There are exactly 202 partitions of 32 (a power of two) into smaller powers of two. There are also 202 distinct (non-congruent) polygons that can be formed by connecting all eight vertices of a regular octagon into a cycle, and 202 distinct (non-isomorphic) directed graphs on four unlabeled vertices, not having any isolated vertices.
See also
Area code 202, the area code assigned to Washington D.C.
HTTP status code 202 meaning the request was accepted but has not yet been fulfilled
List of highways numbered 202
The Peugeot 202 automobile
Potassium sorbate, a preservative whose E number is 202
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/203%20%28number%29
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203 (two hundred [and] three) is the natural number following 202 and preceding 204.
In mathematics
203 is the seventh Bell number, giving the number of partitions of a set of size 6. 203 different triangles can be made from three rods with integer lengths of at most 12, and 203 integer squares (not necessarily of unit size) can be found in a staircase-shaped polyomino formed by stacks of unit squares of heights ranging from 1 to 12.
In other fields
203 is the HTTP status code for non-authoritative information, indicating that the request was successful but the enclosed payload has been modified from that of the origin server's 200 (OK) response by a transforming proxy.
See also
Area code 203, in Connecticut
The year 203
Hill 203, near Lüshunkou, China
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/204%20%28number%29
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204 (two hundred [and] four) is the natural number following 203 and preceding 205.
In mathematics
204 is a refactorable number. 204 is a square pyramidal number: 204 balls may be stacked in a pyramid whose base is an 8 × 8 square. Its square, 2042 = 41616, is the fourth square triangular number. As a figurate number, 204 is also a nonagonal number and a truncated triangular pyramid number. 204 is a member of the Mian-Chowla sequence.
There are exactly 204 irreducible quintic polynomials over a four-element field, exactly 204 ways to place three non-attacking chess queens on a 5 × 5 board, exactly 204 squares of an infinite chess move that are eight knight's moves from the center, exactly 204 strings of length 11 over a three-letter alphabet with no consecutively-repeated substring, and exactly 204 ways of immersing an oriented circle into the oriented plane so that it has four double points.
Both 204 and its square are sums of a pair of twin primes: 204 = 101 + 103 and 2042 = 41616 = 20807 + 20809. The only smaller numbers with the same property are 12 and 84.
204 is a sum of all the perfect squares from 1 to 64 (i.e. 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 + 72 + 82 = 204).
In other fields
In telecommunications, area code 204 is a North American telephone area code for the Canadian province of Manitoba. 204 is one of the original 86 area codes assigned in 1947 in the contiguous United States and the then-nine-province extent of Canada. More recently a second area code (431) was added to allow for the expanding phone number distribution within the province.
204 is the HTTP status code indicating the request was successfully fulfilled and that there is no additional content to send in the response payload body.
In a poker deck with a single wild joker, there are 204 hands that are at least as good as a straight flush.
Model 204 is a database management system.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/205%20%28number%29
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205 (two hundred [and] five) is the natural number following 204 and preceding 206.
In mathematics
205 is a lucky number, and a Wolstenholme number.
On an infinite chessboard, a knight can reach exactly 205 squares within four moves. There are 205 different ways of forming a connected graph by adding six edges to a set of five labeled vertices.
In other fields
The atomic number of an element temporarily called Binilpentium
See also
List of highways numbered 205
205 Martha, a large Main belt asteroid
205 Yonge Street, a building in Toronto
205 series, a commuter train type in Japan
Peugeot 205, a French car
WWE 205 Live, an American professional wrestling program
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/206%20%28number%29
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206 (two hundred [and] six) is the natural number following 205 and preceding 207.
In mathematics
206 is both a nontotient and a noncototient. 206 is an untouchable number. It is the lowest positive integer (when written in English as "two hundred and six") to employ all of the vowels once only, not including Y. The other numbers sharing this property are 230, 250, 260, 602, 640, 5000, 8000, 9000, 80,000 and 90,000. 206 and 207 form the second pair of consecutive numbers (after 14 and 15) whose sums of divisors are equal. There are exactly 206 different linear forests on five labeled nodes, and exactly 206 regular semigroups of order four up to isomorphism and anti-isomorphism.
In science
There are 206 bones in the typical adult human body.
See also
The Year 206 AD
Cessna 206, a single engine light aircraft
Bell 206, a light helicopter
The Peugeot 206, a French supermini automobile
US Area code 206, and The 206 slang terminology for the urban part of the greater Seattle area
206 (Ulster) Battery Royal Artillery (Volunteers) "The Ulster Gunners", part of British Army's 105th Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers)
206 Hersilia, a fairly large Main belt asteroid
206 Bones, a novel by Kathy Reichs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/207%20%28number%29
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207 (two hundred [and] seven) is the natural number following 206 and preceding 208. It is an odd composite number with a prime factorization of .
In Mathematics
207 is a Wedderburn-Etherington number. There are exactly 207 different matchstick graphs with eight edges. 207 is also a deficient number, as 207's proper divisors (divisors not including the number itself) only add up to 105:
See also
Peugeot 207
List of highways numbered 207
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/208%20%28number%29
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208 (two hundred [and] eight) is the natural number following 207 and preceding 209.
208 is a practical number,
a tetranacci number, a rhombic matchstick number, a happy number, and a member of Aronson's sequence.
There are exactly 208 five-bead necklaces drawn from a set of beads with four colors,
and 208 generalized weak orders on three labeled points.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/209%20%28number%29
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209 (two hundred [and] nine) is the natural number following 208 and preceding 210.
In mathematics
There are 209 spanning trees in a 2 × 5 grid graph, 209 partial permutations on four elements, and 209 distinct undirected simple graphs on 7 or fewer unlabeled vertices.
209 is the smallest number with six representations as a sum of three positive squares. These representations are:
209 .
By Legendre's three-square theorem, all numbers congruent to 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6 mod 8 have representations as sums of three squares, but this theorem does not explain the high number of such representations for 209.
, one less than the product of the first four prime numbers. Therefore, 209 is a Euclid number of the second kind, also called a Kummer number. One standard proof of Euclid's theorem that there are infinitely many primes uses the Kummer numbers, by observing that the prime factors of any Kummer number must be distinct from the primes in its product formula as a Kummer number. However, the Kummer numbers are not all prime, and as a semiprime (the product of two smaller prime numbers ), 209 is the first example of a composite Kummer number.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/214%20%28number%29
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214 (two hundred [and] fourteen) is the natural number following 213 and preceding 215.
In mathematics
214 is a composite number (with prime factorization 2 * 107) and a triacontakaiheptagonal number (37-gonal number).
214!! − 1 is a 205-digit prime number.
The 11th perfect number 2106×(2107−1) has 214 divisors.
Number of regions into which a figure made up of a row of 5 adjacent congruent rectangles is divided upon drawing diagonals of all possible rectangles.
In other fields
214 is a song by Rivermaya.
214 Aschera is a Main belt asteroid.
E214 is the E number of Ethylparaben.
The Bell 214 is a helicopter.
The Tupolev 214 is an airliner.
Type 214 submarine
There are several highways numbered 214.
Form DD 214 documents discharge from the U.S. Armed Forces.
The number of Wainwright-listed summits of the English Lake District
214 is also:
The first area code of metropolitan Dallas, Texas
The number of Chinese radicals for the writing of Chinese characters according to the 1716 Kangxi Dictionary.
SMTP status code for a reply message to a help command
The Dewey Decimal Classification for Theodicy (the problem of evil).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/215%20%28number%29
|
215 (two hundred [and] fifteen) is the natural number following 214 and preceding 216.
In mathematics
215 is a composite number and a semiprime ().
215 is the second smallest integer (after 5) such that is twice a square: .
215 is a vertically symmetric number on a calculator display .
There are 215 sequences of four integers, counting re-arrangements as distinct, such that the sum of their reciprocals is 1. These are
24 arrangements of (2,3,7,42), (2,3,8,24), (2,3,9,18), (2,3,10,15), (2,4,5,20) and (2,4,6,12).
12 arrangements of (3,3,4,12), (3,4,4,6), (2,3,12,12), (2,4,8,8) and (2,5,5,10).
6 arrangements of (3,3,6,6).
4 arrangements of (2,6,6,6).
1 arrangement of (4,4,4,4).
In other fields
215 Oenone is a main belt asteroid.
E215 is the E number of Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate.
There are several highways numbered 215.
215 is also:
The Dewey Decimal Classification for Science and religion.
The year AD 215 or 215 BC
215 is often used as slang for marijuana, from California Proposition 215, legalizing it for medical use.
The first area code of metropolitan Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/217%20%28number%29
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217 (two hundred [and] seventeen) is the natural number following 216 and preceding 218.
In mathematics
217 is a centered hexagonal number, a 12-gonal number, a centered 36-gonal number, a Fermat pseudoprime to base 5, and a Blum integer. It is both the sum of two positive cubes and the difference of two positive consecutive cubes in exactly one way: . When written in binary, it is a non-repetitive Kaprekar number. It is also the sum of all the divisors of .
See also
217, the year
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/218%20%28number%29
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218 (two hundred [and] eighteen) is the natural number following 217 and preceding 219.
In mathematics
Mertens function(218) = 3, a record high.
218 is nontotient and also noncototient.
218 is the number of inequivalent ways to color the 12 edges of a cube using at most 2 colors, where two colorings are equivalent if they differ only by a rotation of the cube.
There are 218 nondegenerate Boolean functions of 3 variables.
The number of surface points on a 73 cube.
In other fields
218 is the current number of votes in the US House of Representatives a party or coalition needs to win in order to achieve a majority.
The years 218 and 218 BC
Area code 218, for northern Minnesota.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/226%20%28number%29
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226 (two hundred [and] twenty-six) is the natural number following 225 and preceding 227.
In mathematics
226 is a happy number, and a semiprime (2×113),
and a member of Aronson's sequence.
At most 226 different permutation patterns can occur within a single 9-element permutation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/231%20%28number%29
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231 (two hundred [and] thirty-one) is the natural number following 230 and preceding 232.
Two hundred [and] thirty-one 231 = 3·7·11, sphenic number, triangular number, doubly triangular number, hexagonal number, octahedral number, centered octahedral number, the number of integer partitions of 16, Mertens function returns 0, and is the number of cubic inches in a U.S. liquid gallon.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/232%20%28number%29
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232 (two hundred [and] thirty-two) is the natural number following 231 and preceding 233.
In mathematics
232 is both a central polygonal number and a cake number.
It is both a decagonal number and a centered 11-gonal number. It is also
a refactorable number,
a Motzkin sum,
an idoneal number, a Riordan number and a noncototient.
232 is a telephone number: in a system of seven telephone users, there are 232 different ways of pairing up some of the users.
There are also exactly 232 different eight-vertex connected indifference graphs, and 232 bracelets with eight beads of one color and seven of another. Because this number has the form , it follows that there are exactly 232 different functions from a set of four elements to a proper subset of the same set.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/236%20%28number%29
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236 (two hundred [and] thirty-six) is the natural number following 235 and preceding 237.
236 is a happy number.
There are 236 different connected graphs with eight vertices and nine edges, and 236 different degree sequences of six-vertex graphs.
There are 236 possible different phylogenetic trees representing the history of evolutionary divergences among five species.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/238%20%28number%29
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238 (two hundred [and] thirty-eight) is the natural number following 237 and preceding 239.
In mathematics
238 is an untouchable number.
There are 238 2-vertex-connected graphs on five labeled vertices, and 238 order-5 polydiamonds (polyiamonds that can partitioned into 5 diamonds). Out of the 720 permutations of six elements, exactly 238 of them have a unique longest increasing subsequence.
There are 238 compact and paracompact hyperbolic groups of ranks 3 through 10.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/243%20%28number%29
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243 (two hundred [and] forty-three) is the natural number following 242 and preceding 244.
Additionally, 243 is:
the only 3-digit number that is a fifth power (35).
a perfect totient number.
the sum of five consecutive prime numbers (41 + 43 + 47 + 53 + 59).
an 82-gonal number.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/244%20%28number%29
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244 (two hundred [and] forty-four) is the natural number following 243 and preceding 245.
Additionally, 244 is:
the sum of two nonzero fifth powers ().
palindromic in bases 3 (1000013), 11 (20211), 60 (4460), 121 (22121), 243 (11243).
a Harshad number in bases 3, 9, 11, 61, 62, 81, 121, 122, 123 and 184.
the second anti-perfect number, meaning that reversing the digits of the proper divisors of 244 and adding the results gives 244 back again.
part of the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 61, 221, 244, ... in which each number is formed by reversing the digits of the double of the previous number.
the number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 8
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/245%20%28number%29
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245 (two hundred [and] forty-five) is the natural number following 244 and preceding 246.
Additionally, 245 is:
a composite number.
a stella octangula number.
palindromic in bases 34 (7734) and 48 (5548)
a Harshad number in bases 7, 9, 11, 15, 31, 35, 36 (and 14 other bases).
the aliquot sum of any of these numbers: 723, 1195, 2563, 3859,
part of the 97-aliquot tree. 4624, 4893, 2595, 1581, 723, 245,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/246%20%28number%29
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246 (two hundred [and] forty-six) is the natural number following 245 and preceding 247.
Additionally, 246 is:
an untouchable number.
palindromic in bases 5 (14415), 9 (3039), 40 (6640), 81 (3381), 122 (22122) and 245 (11245).
a Harshad number in bases 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11 (and 15 other bases).
the smallest number N for which it is known that there is an infinite number of prime gaps no larger than N.
Also:
The aliquot sequence starting at 246 is: 246, 258, 270, 450, 759, 393, 135, 105, 87, 33, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0.
There are exactly 246 different rooted plane trees with eight nodes, and 246 different necklaces with seven black and seven white beads.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/247%20%28number%29
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247 (two hundred [and] forty-seven) is the natural number following 246 and preceding 248.
Additionally, 247 is:
a semiprime.
a brilliant number (the product of two primes with the same number of digits).
a pentagonal number.
palindromic in base 18 (DD18).
a Harshad number in bases 10, 14, 19, 20, 27, 39, 40, 58, 77, 79, 115, 118, 229 and 235.
the smallest number which can be expressed as the difference between two integers that contain together all the decimal digits 0–9. i.e. 247 = 50123 - 49876.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/249%20%28number%29
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249 (two hundred [and] forty-nine) is the natural number following 248 and preceding 250.
Additionally, 249 is:
a Blum integer.
a semiprime.
palindromic in bases 82 (3382).
a Harshad number in bases 3, 83, 84, 124, 167 and 247.
the aliquot sum of any of these numbers: 375, 531, 1687, 4351, 7807, 12127, 14647 and 15151.
part of the 3-aliquot tree. The aliquot sequence starting at 288 is: 288, 531, 249, 87, 33, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/252%20%28number%29
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252 (two hundred [and] fifty-two) is the natural number following 251 and preceding 253.
In mathematics
252 is:
the central binomial coefficient , the largest one divisible by all coefficients in the previous line
, where is the Ramanujan tau function.
, where is the function that sums the cubes of the divisors of its argument:
a practical number,
a refactorable number,
a hexagonal pyramidal number.
a member of the Mian-Chowla sequence.
There are 252 points on the surface of a cuboctahedron of radius five in the face-centered cubic lattice, 252 ways of writing the number 4 as a sum of six squares of integers, 252 ways of choosing four squares from a 4×4 chessboard up to reflections and rotations, and 252 ways of placing three pieces on a Connect Four board.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/253%20%28number%29
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253 (two hundred [and] fifty-three) is the natural number following 252 and preceding 254.
In mathematics
253 is:
a semiprime since it is the product of 2 primes.
a triangular number.
a star number.
a centered heptagonal number.
a centered nonagonal number.
a Blum integer.
a member of the 13-aliquot tree.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/258%20%28number%29
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258 (two hundred [and] fifty-eight) is the natural number following 257 and preceding 259.
In mathematics
258 is:
a sphenic number
a nontotient
the sum of four consecutive prime numbers because 258 = 59 + 61 + 67 + 71
63 + 62 + 6
an Ulam number
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/259%20%28number%29
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259 (two hundred [and] fifty-nine) is the natural number following 258 and preceding 260.
In mathematics
259 is:
a semiprime
63 + 62 + 6 + 1, so 259 is a repdigit in base 6 (11116)
a lucky number
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/271%20%28number%29
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271 (two hundred [and] seventy-one) is the natural number after and before .
Properties
271 is a twin prime with 269, a cuban prime (a prime number that is the difference of two consecutive cubes), and a centered hexagonal number. It is the smallest prime number bracketed on both sides by numbers divisible by cubes, and the smallest prime number bracketed by numbers with five primes (counting repetitions) in their factorizations:
and .
After 7, 271 is the second-smallest Eisenstein–Mersenne prime, one of the analogues of the Mersenne primes in the Eisenstein integers.
271 is the largest prime factor of the five-digit repunit 11111, and the largest prime number for which the decimal period of its multiplicative inverse is 5:
It is a sexy prime with 277.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/276%20%28number%29
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276 (two hundred [and] seventy-six) is the natural number following 275 and preceding 277.
In mathematics
276 is the sum of 3 consecutive fifth powers (276 = 15 + 25 + 35). As a figurate number it is a triangular number, a hexagonal number, and a centered pentagonal number, the third number after 1 and 6 to have this combination of properties.
276 is the size of the largest set of equiangular lines in 23 dimensions. The maximal set of such lines, derived from the Leech lattice, provides the highest dimension in which the "Gerzon bound" of is known to be attained; its symmetry group is the third Conway group, Co3.
276 is the smallest number for which it is not known if the corresponding aliquot sequence either terminates or ends in a repeating cycle.
In the Bible
In Acts 27 verses 37-44 the Bible refers to 276 people on board a ship all of which made it to safety after the ship ran aground.
In other fields
In the Christian calendar, there are 276 days from the Annunciation on March 25 to Christmas on December 25, a number considered significant by some authors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/281%20%28number%29
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281 is the 60th prime, twin prime with 283, Sophie Germain prime, sum of the first fourteen primes, sum of seven consecutive primes (29 + 31 + 37 + 41 + 43 + 47 + 53), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, centered decagonal number.
281 is the smallest prime p such that the decimal period length of the reciprocal of p is (p−1)/10, i.e. the period length of 1/281 is 28. However, in binary, it has period length 70.
The generalized repunit number is composite for all prime p < 60000.
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/288%20%28number%29
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288 (two hundred [and] eighty-eight) is the natural number following 287 and preceding 289.
Because 288 = 2 · 12 · 12, it may also be called "two gross" or "two dozen dozen".
In mathematics
Factorization properties
Because its prime factorization contains only the first two prime numbers 2 and 3, 288 is a 3-smooth number. This factorization also makes it a highly powerful number, a number with a record-setting value of the product of the exponents in its factorization. Among the highly abundant numbers, numbers with record-setting sums of divisors, it is one of only 13 such numbers with an odd divisor sum.
Both 288 and are powerful numbers, numbers in which all exponents of the prime factorization are larger than one. This property is closely connected to being highly abundant with an odd divisor sum: all sufficiently large highly abundant numbers have an odd prime factor with exponent one, causing their divisor sum to be even. 288 and 289 form only the second consecutive pair of powerful numbers after
Factorial properties
288 is a superfactorial, a product of consecutive factorials, since Coincidentally, as well as being a product of descending powers, 288 is a sum of ascending powers:
288 appears prominently in Stirling's approximation for the factorial, as the denominator of the second term of the Stirling series
Figurate properties
288 is connected to the figurate numbers in multiple ways. It is a pentagonal pyramidal number and a dodecagonal number. Additionally, it is the index, in the sequence of triangular numbers, of the fifth square triangular number:
Enumerative properties
There are 288 different ways of completely filling in a sudoku puzzle grid. For square grids whose side length is the square of a prime number, such as 4 or 9, a completed sudoku puzzle is the same thing as a "pluperfect Latin square", an array in which every dissection into rectangles of equal width and height to each other has one copy of each digit in each rectangle. Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg%20allergy
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Egg allergy is an immune hypersensitivity to proteins found in chicken eggs, and possibly goose, duck, or turkey eggs. Symptoms can be either rapid or gradual in onset. The latter can take hours to days to appear. The former may include anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening condition which requires treatment with epinephrine. Other presentations may include atopic dermatitis or inflammation of the esophagus.
In the United States, 90% of allergic responses to foods are caused by cow's milk, eggs, wheat, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and soybeans. The declaration of the presence of trace amounts of allergens in foods is not mandatory in any country, with the exception of Brazil.
Prevention is by avoiding eating eggs and foods that may contain eggs, such as cake or cookies. It is unclear if the early introduction of the eggs to the diet of babies aged 4–6 months decreases the risk of egg allergies.
Egg allergy appears mainly in children but can persist into adulthood. In the United States, it is the second most common food allergy in children after cow's milk. Most children outgrow egg allergy by the age of five, but some people remain allergic for a lifetime. In North America and Western Europe, egg allergy occurs in 0.5% to 2.5% of children under the age of five years. The majority grow out of it by school age, but for roughly one-third, the allergy persists into adulthood. Strong predictors for adult-persistence are anaphylaxis, high egg-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), robust response to the skin prick test and absence of tolerance to egg-containing baked foods.
Signs and symptoms
Food allergies usually have an onset from minutes to one to two hours. Symptoms may include: rash, hives, itching of mouth, lips, tongue, throat, eyes, skin, or other areas, swelling of lips, tongue, eyelids, or the whole face, difficulty swallowing, runny or congested nose, hoarse voice, wheezing, shortness of breath, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lightheadedness, fa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20fold
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The death fold is a tertiary structure motif commonly found in proteins involved in apoptosis or inflammation-related processes. This motif is commonly found in domains that participate in protein–protein interactions leading to the formation of large functional complexes. Examples of death fold domains include the death domain (DD), death effector domain (DED), caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and pyrin domain (PYD).
Death fold domains are an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of domains that mediate apoptotic signaling. The two types of apoptosis, extrinsic and intrinsic, are tightly regulated by the interplay of activating and inhibitory pathways. The interactions between the four different death fold motifs are a unifying mechanism in both types of apoptosis.
Structure
There is a large difference in the primary amino acid sequence of the four different death fold motifs, but each has a similar three-dimensional structure. Death-fold motifs are characterized by six to seven tightly coiled alpha-helices arranged in a "Greek-key" fold. The motifs consist of several defined protein interactions with other suspected apoptotic roles (Lahm).
Four death-fold domains
Caspase recruitment domain (CARD)
CARD-containing proteins are found throughout the animal kingdom. CARD domains are present on several mammalian procaspases, and have functions in apoptosis, cytokine processing, immune defense, and NF-κB activation. In insects and nematodes, CARDs so far seem restricted to apoptotic proteins.
Death domain (DD)
DDs are found primarily in vertebrates (although they are also present in some other animals). DDs are contained on cytokine receptors in the TNF receptor family. DD proteins function in apoptosis and NF-κB signaling in mammals, but only NF-κB signaling Drosophila.
Death effector domain (DED)
DEDs are present on caspases and are involved in caspase activation. DED-containing caspases function in death receptor-induced apoptosis in mammals, but
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF%20receptor%20associated%20factor
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TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) are a family of proteins primarily involved in the regulation of inflammation, antiviral responses and apoptosis.
Currently, seven TRAF proteins have been characterized in mammals: TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF4, TRAF5, TRAF6 and TRAF7.
Except for TRAF7, these proteins share a relatively conserved secondary structure, including a namesake C-terminal TRAF domain that mediates interactions with other signaling components such as the transmembrane TNF receptors and CD40.
See also
Tumor necrosis factors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean%20algebras%20canonically%20defined
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Boolean algebras are models of the equational theory of two values; this definition is equivalent to the lattice and ring definitions.
Boolean algebra is a mathematically rich branch of abstract algebra. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy defines Boolean algebra as 'the algebra of two-valued logic with only sentential connectives, or equivalently of algebras of sets under union and complementation.' Just as group theory deals with groups, and linear algebra with vector spaces, Boolean algebras are models of the equational theory of the two values 0 and 1 (whose interpretation need not be numerical). Common to Boolean algebras, groups, and vector spaces is the notion of an algebraic structure, a set closed under some operations satisfying certain equations.
Just as there are basic examples of groups, such as the group of integers and the symmetric group of permutations of objects, there are also basic examples of Boolean algebras such as the following.
The algebra of binary digits or bits 0 and 1 under the logical operations including disjunction, conjunction, and negation. Applications include the propositional calculus and the theory of digital circuits.
The algebra of sets under the set operations including union, intersection, and complement. Applications are far-reaching because set theory is the standard foundations of mathematics.
Boolean algebra thus permits applying the methods of abstract algebra to mathematical logic and digital logic.
Unlike groups of finite order, which exhibit complexity and diversity and whose first-order theory is decidable only in special cases, all finite Boolean algebras share the same theorems and have a decidable first-order theory. Instead, the intricacies of Boolean algebra are divided between the structure of infinite algebras and the algorithmic complexity of their syntactic structure.
Definition
Boolean algebra treats the equational theory of the maximal two-element finitary algebra, called the Boolean prototype,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20materials%20properties
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A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection.
A property having a fixed value for a given material or substance is called material constant or constant of matter.
(Material constants should not be confused with physical constants, that have a universal character.)
A material property may also be a function of one or more independent variables, such as temperature. Materials properties often vary to some degree according to the direction in the material in which they are measured, a condition referred to as anisotropy. Materials properties that relate to different physical phenomena often behave linearly (or approximately so) in a given operating range . Modeling them as linear functions can significantly simplify the differential constitutive equations that are used to describe the property.
Equations describing relevant materials properties are often used to predict the attributes of a system.
The properties are measured by standardized test methods. Many such methods have been documented by their respective user communities and published through the Internet; see ASTM International.
Acoustical properties
Acoustical absorption
Speed of sound
Sound reflection
Sound transfer
Third order elasticity (Acoustoelastic effect)
Atomic properties
Atomic mass: (applies to each element) the average mass of the atoms of an element, in daltons (Da), a.k.a. atomic mass units (amu).
Atomic number: (applies to individual atoms or pure elements) the number of protons in each nucleus
Relative atomic mass, a.k.a. atomic weight: (applies to individual isotopes or specific mixtures of isotopes of a given element) (no units)
Standard atomic weight: the average relative atomic mass of a typical sample of the ele
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera%20resectioning
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Camera resectioning is the process of estimating the parameters of a pinhole camera model approximating the camera that produced a given photograph or video; it determines which incoming light ray is associated with each pixel on the resulting image. Basically, the process determines the pose of the pinhole camera.
Usually, the camera parameters are represented in a 3 × 4 projection matrix called the camera matrix.
The extrinsic parameters define the camera pose (position and orientation) while the intrinsic parameters specify the camera image format (focal length, pixel size, and image origin).
This process is often called geometric camera calibration or simply camera calibration, although that term may also refer to photometric camera calibration or be restricted for the estimation of the intrinsic parameters only. Exterior orientation and interior orientation refer to the determination of only the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters, respectively.
The classic camera calibration requires special objects in the scene, which is not required in camera auto-calibration.
Camera resectioning is often used in the application of stereo vision where the camera projection matrices of two cameras are used to calculate the 3D world coordinates of a point viewed by both cameras.
Formulation
The camera projection matrix is derived from the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the camera, and is often represented by the series of transformations; e.g., a matrix of camera intrinsic parameters, a 3 × 3 rotation matrix, and a translation vector. The camera projection matrix can be used to associate points in a camera's image space with locations in 3D world space.
Homogeneous coordinates
In this context, we use to represent a 2D point position in pixel coordinates and is used to represent a 3D point position in world coordinates. In both cases, they are represented in homogeneous coordinates (i.e. they have an additional last component, which is initially, by convention, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense%20order
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In mathematics, a partial order or total order < on a set is said to be dense if, for all and in for which , there is a in such that . That is, for any two elements, one less than the other, there is another element between them. For total orders this can be simplified to "for any two distinct elements, there is another element between them", since all elements of a total order are comparable.
Example
The rational numbers as a linearly ordered set are a densely ordered set in this sense, as are the algebraic numbers, the real numbers, the dyadic rationals and the decimal fractions. In fact, every Archimedean ordered ring extension of the integers is a densely ordered set.
On the other hand, the linear ordering on the integers is not dense.
Uniqueness for total dense orders without endpoints
Georg Cantor proved that every two non-empty dense totally ordered countable sets without lower or upper bounds are order-isomorphic. This makes the theory of dense linear orders without bounds an example of an ω-categorical theory where ω is the smallest limit ordinal. For example, there exists an order-isomorphism between the rational numbers and other densely ordered countable sets including the dyadic rationals and the algebraic numbers. The proofs of these results use the back-and-forth method.
Minkowski's question mark function can be used to determine the order isomorphisms between the quadratic algebraic numbers and the rational numbers, and between the rationals and the dyadic rationals.
Generalizations
Any binary relation R is said to be dense if, for all R-related x and y, there is a z such that x and z and also z and y are R-related. Formally:
Alternatively, in terms of composition of R with itself, the dense condition may be expressed as R ⊆ R ; R.
Sufficient conditions for a binary relation R on a set X to be dense are:
R is reflexive;
R is coreflexive;
R is quasireflexive;
R is left or right Euclidean; or
R is symmetric and semi-connex and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20frequency%20power%20transmission
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Radio frequency power transmission is the transmission of the output power of a transmitter to an antenna. When the antenna is not situated close to the transmitter, special transmission lines are required.
The most common type of transmission line for this purpose is large-diameter coaxial cable. At high-power transmitters, cage lines are used. Cage lines are a kind of overhead line similar in construction to coaxial cables. The interior conductor is held by insulators mounted on a circular device in the middle. On the circular device, there are wires for the other pole of the line.
Cage lines are used at high-power transmitters in Europe, like longwave transmitter Topolna, longwave-transmitter Solec Kujawski and some other high-power transmitters for long-, medium- and shortwave.
For UHF and VHF, Goubau lines are sometimes used. They consist of an insulated single wire mounted on insulators. On a Goubau line, the wave travels as longitudinal currents surrounded by transverse EM fields. For microwaves, waveguides are used.
External links
Cage lines of Solec Kujawski transmitter
Cage lines of longwave transmitter Topolna (second image) (third image)
Cables
Power cables
Radio technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified%20interconnect%20designer
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Certified Interconnect Designer (CID) is a certification from the IPC Designer's Council for experienced PCB design professionals. CID+ is the advanced version of this certification.
External links
IPC Designers Council, Designer Certification – WAGO PCB Interconnect connector 2059 series Click
Printed circuit board manufacturing
Professional titles and certifications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SymbOS
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SYmbiosis Multitasking Based Operating System (SymbOS) is a multitasking operating system for Zilog Z80-based 8-bit computer systems.
Contrary to early 8-bit operating systems it is based on a microkernel, which provides preemptive and priority-oriented multitasking and manages random-access memory (RAM) with a size of up to 1024 KB. SymbOS contains a Microsoft Windows like graphical user interface (GUI), supports hard disks with a capacity of up to 128 GB and can already be booted on an unexpanded Amstrad CPC-6128, a 128K-MSX2 and an Amstrad PCW.
As of August 30, 2017 it is available for the Amstrad CPC series of computers, all MSX models starting from the MSX2 standard, MSX with V9990 graphics chip, all Amstrad PCW models, CPC-TREX, C-ONE and the Enterprise 64/128 computers.
Motivation and rationale
SymbOS was originally started as an experiment to find out to what extent it is possible to implement a multitasking operating system with a windowed GUI on an 8-bit computer from 1985. GEOS contributed to the motivation, but the structure and features of SymbOS aren't similar to that system. The release in 2006 proved that such a "mini windows" system is possible on a then 20-year-old home computer with only quantitative limitations. SymbOS is one of the largest retro computing software projects of recent years. One of the goals of the project is to allow these old machines to be used like a modern PC, using hardware extensions.
Although only an 8-bit CPU, the Z80 can run a preemptive multitasking operating system. Features such as memory protection, which the Z80 lacks, are not essential in such an OS. For example, AmigaOS also lacks memory protection. The MP/M OS proved that multitasking on the Z80 CPU was possible. Yet, it was generally unavailable for home computers.
While the MOS Technology 6502 cannot move the stack pointer, the Z80 can freely relocate it to any position in memory, which makes it easier to implement preemptive multitasking. The existence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipura%20Technology
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Sipura Technology, Inc. was a voice-over-IP (VoIP) startup company based in San Jose, California founded in 2003 with its siblings VideoCore and Komodo Technology, Inc. Sipura made VoIP telephone adapters including the Sipura Phone Adapter SPA2100, SPA3000, SPA9000, as well as SPA series IP phones, like the SPA941.
Cisco Systems acquired VOIP maker Sipura Technologies for its Linksys division on April 26, 2005. Ever since, Sipura has been releasing its SPA series equipment under the Linksys brand.
Products
SPA2000: Basic analog telephone adapter (ATA) that allows two plain old telephone service (POTS) phones or fax machines to be connected to an Ethernet network in order to make and receive telephone calls or faxes.
SPA2100: Similar to the SPA2000 with the addition of an Ethernet router. Functions of the built-in router include QoS.
SPA3000: The SPA3000 has one analog telephone adapter port (FXS) and one FXO port for connection to the public switched telephone network.
SPA3102: Similar to the SPA3000, it includes a single LAN output that can be connected to a computer. This is useful if the user has an ISP modem but no router. The SPA3102 connects to the LAN socket on the ISP modem, and the computer directly to the LAN connection on the SPA3102. The SPA3102, effectively, is an analog telephone adapter (ATA) and single output router in one box.
SPA9000: An IP PBX system with auto-attendants, hunt groups, telephone extensions, and POTS connectors. The SPA9000 also has basic router functionality including port forwarding, quality of service, and DTMF configurability.
SPA901: A single-line VoIP telephone.
SPA921: A single-line VoIP telephone with LCD screen.
SPA922: A single-line VoIP telephone with LCD screen and built in Ethernet switch.
SPA941: Flagship four-line VoIP telephone with LCD screen.
SPA942: A four-line VoIP telephone, similar in appearance and functionality to the SPA941, with the additions of power over Ethernet capability, backlit LCD scre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQVIA
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IQVIA, formerly Quintiles and IMS Health, Inc., is an American Fortune 500 and S&P 500 multinational company serving the combined industries of health information technology and clinical research. IQVIA is a provider of biopharmaceutical development, consulting and commercial outsourcing services, focused primarily on Phase I-IV clinical trials and associated laboratory and analytical services, including strategy and management consulting services. It has a network of more than 88,000 employees in more than 100 countries and a market capitalization of US$49 billion as of August 2021. As of 2017, IQVIA was reported to be one of the world's largest contract research organizations.
History
IQVIA is the result of the 2016 merger of Quintiles, a leading global contract research organization, and IMS Health, a leading healthcare data and analytics provider The name of the modern company honors the legacy organizations. IQVIA: I (IMS Health), Q (Quintiles), and VIA (by way of).
IMS Health
IMS Health was best known for its collection of healthcare information spanning sales, de-identified prescription data, medical claims, electronic medical records and social media. IMS Health's products and services were used by companies to develop commercialization plans and portfolio strategies, to select patient and physician populations for specific therapies, and to measure the effectiveness of pharmaceutical marketing and sales resources. The firm used its data to produce syndicated reports such as market forecasts and market intelligence.
The original name of the company was Intercontinental Marketing Statistics, hence the IMS name. IMS Health's corporate headquarters were located in Danbury, Connecticut, in the United States. Ari Bousbib was the chairman and CEO of IMS Health before the merger.
In 1998, the parent company, Cognizant Corporation, split into two companies: IMS Health and Nielsen Media Research. After this restructuring, Cognizant Technology Solutions became a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STR%20analysis
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Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is a common molecular biology method used to compare allele repeats at specific loci in DNA between two or more samples. A short tandem repeat is a microsatellite with repeat units that are 2 to 7 base pairs in length, with the number of repeats varying among individuals, making STRs effective for human identification purposes. This method differs from restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) since STR analysis does not cut the DNA with restriction enzymes. Instead, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is employed to discover the lengths of the short tandem repeats based on the length of the PCR product.
Forensic uses
STR analysis is a tool in forensic analysis that evaluates specific STR regions found on nuclear DNA. The variable (polymorphic) nature of the STR regions that are analyzed for forensic testing intensifies the discrimination between one DNA profile and another. Scientific tools such as FBI approved STRmix incorporate this research technique. Forensic science takes advantage of the population's variability in STR lengths, enabling scientists to distinguish one DNA sample from another. The system of DNA profiling used today is based on PCR and uses simple sequences or short tandem repeats (STR). This method uses highly polymorphic regions that have short repeated sequences of DNA (the most common is 4 bases repeated, but there are other lengths in use, including 3 and 5 bases). Because unrelated people almost certainly have different numbers of repeat units, STRs can be used to discriminate between unrelated individuals. These STR loci (locations on a chromosome) are targeted with sequence-specific primers and amplified using PCR. The DNA fragments that result are then separated and detected using electrophoresis. There are two common methods of separation and detection, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and gel electrophoresis.
Each STR is polymorphic, but the number of alleles is very small. Typically ea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion%20%28music%29
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Distortion and overdrive are forms of audio signal processing used to alter the sound of amplified electric musical instruments, usually by increasing their gain, producing a "fuzzy", "growling", or "gritty" tone. Distortion is most commonly used with the electric guitar, but may also be used with other electric instruments such as electric bass, electric piano, synthesizer and Hammond organ. Guitarists playing electric blues originally obtained an overdriven sound by turning up their vacuum tube-powered guitar amplifiers to high volumes, which caused the signal to distort. While overdriven tube amps are still used to obtain overdrive, especially in genres like blues and rockabilly, a number of other ways to produce distortion have been developed since the 1960s, such as distortion effect pedals. The growling tone of a distorted electric guitar is a key part of many genres, including blues and many rock music genres, notably hard rock, punk rock, hardcore punk, acid rock, and heavy metal music, while the use of distorted bass has been essential in a genre of hip hop music and alternative hip hop known as "SoundCloud rap".
The effects alter the instrument sound by clipping the signal (pushing it past its maximum, which shears off the peaks and troughs of the signal waves), adding sustain and harmonic and inharmonic overtones and leading to a compressed sound that is often described as "warm" and "dirty", depending on the type and intensity of distortion used. The terms distortion and overdrive are often used interchangeably; where a distinction is made, distortion is a more extreme version of the effect than overdrive. Fuzz is a particular form of extreme distortion originally created by guitarists using faulty equipment (such as a misaligned valve (tube); see below), which has been emulated since the 1960s by a number of "fuzzbox" effects pedals.
Distortion, overdrive, and fuzz can be produced by effects pedals, rackmounts, pre-amplifiers, power amplifiers (a pote
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitless%20%28gene%29
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The fruitless gene (fru) is a Drosophila melanogaster gene that encodes several variants of a putative transcription factor protein. Normal fruitless function is required for proper development of several anatomical structures necessary for courtship, including motor neurons which innervate muscles needed for fly sexual behaviors. The gene does not have an obvious mammalian homolog, but appears to function in sex determination in species as distant as the mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
fruitless serves as an example of how a gene or a group of genes may regulate the development and/or function of neurons involved in innate behavior. Research on fruitless has received attention in the popular press, since it provokes discussion on genetics of human sexual orientation, and behaviors such as gender-specific aggression.
Function
Male flies with mutations in the fruitless gene display altered sexual behavior. Fruitfly courtship, which involves a complex male-initiated ritual, may be disrupted in many ways by mutated fru alleles; fru is necessary for every step in the ritual. Some alleles prevent courting entirely, while others disrupt individual components. Notably, some loss-of-function alleles change or remove sexual preference.
Although many genes are known to be involved in male courtship behavior, the fruitless gene has been considered noteworthy because it exhibits sex-specific alternative splicing. When females produce the male-spliced gene product, they behave as males. Males that do not produce the male-specific product do not court females and are infertile. In the brain, a subset (ca. 2,000) of neurons express fruitless and fruitless expression is sufficient to instruct sexually dimorphic connectivity.
fruitless has at least four promoters, each encoding proteins containing both a BTB (Broad complex/tramtrack/bric-a-brac) domain and a zinc finger motif. Alternative splicing occurs at both the 5' and 3' ends, and there are several variants (other than the m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous%20array%20of%20simple%20processors
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The asynchronous array of simple processors (AsAP) architecture comprises a 2-D array of reduced complexity programmable processors with small scratchpad memories interconnected by a reconfigurable mesh network. AsAP was developed by researchers in the VLSI Computation Laboratory (VCL) at the University of California, Davis and achieves high performance and energy-efficiency, while using a relatively small circuit area. It was made in 2006.
AsAP processors are well suited for implementation in future fabrication technologies, and are clocked in a globally asynchronous locally synchronous (GALS) fashion. Individual oscillators fully halt (leakage only) in 9 cycles when there is no work to do, and restart at full speed in less than one cycle after work is available. The chip requires no crystal oscillators, phase-locked loops, delay-locked loops, global clock signal, or any global frequency or phase-related signals whatsoever.
The multi-processor architecture efficiently makes use of task-level parallelism in many complex DSP applications, and also efficiently computes many large tasks using fine-grained parallelism.
Key features
AsAP uses several novel key features, of which four are:
Chip multi-processor (CMP) architecture designed to achieve high performance and low power for many DSP applications.
Small memories and a simple architecture in each processor to achieve high energy efficiency.
Globally asynchronous locally synchronous (GALS) clocking simplifies the clock design, greatly increases ease of scalability, and can be used to further reduce power dissipation.
Inter-processor communication is performed by a nearest neighbor network to avoid long global wires and increase scalability to large arrays and in advanced fabrication technologies. Each processor can receive data from any two neighbors and send data to any combination of its four neighbors.
AsAP 1 chip: 36 processors
A chip containing 36 (6x6) programmable processors was taped-out in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist%20%28device%29
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A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The most familiar form is an elevator, the car of which is raised and lowered by a hoist mechanism. Most hoists couple to their loads using a lifting hook. Today, there are a few governing bodies for the North American overhead hoist industry which include the Hoist Manufactures Institute, ASME, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. HMI is a product counsel of the Material Handling Industry of America consisting of hoist manufacturers promoting safe use of their products.
Types
The word “hoist” is used to describe many different types of equipment that lift and lower loads. For example, many people use “hoist” to describe an elevator. The information contained here pertains specially to overhead, construction and mine hoist.
Overhead hoist
Overhead hoists are defined in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B30 standards as a machinery unit that is used for lifting or lowering a freely suspended (unguided) load. These units are typically used in an industrial setting and may be part of an overhead crane.
A specific overhead hoist configuration is usually defined by the lifting medium, operation and suspension. The lifting medium is the type of component used to transmit and cause the vertical motion and includes wire rope, chain or synthetic strap, or rope. The operation defines the type of power used to operate the hoisting motion and includes manual power, electric power, hydraulic power or air power. The suspension defines the type of mounting method used to suspend the hoist and includes hook, clevis, lug, trolley, deck, base, wall or ceiling.
The most commonly used overhead hoist is electrical powered with wire rope or chain as the lifting medium. Both wire rope and ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocosin
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Pocosin is a type of palustrine wetland with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils. Groundwater saturates the soil except during brief seasonal dry spells and during prolonged droughts. Pocosin soils are nutrient-deficient (oligotrophic), especially in phosphorus.
Pocosins occur in the southern portions of the Atlantic coastal plain of North America, spanning from southeastern Virginia, through North Carolina, and into South Carolina. The majority of pocosins are found in North Carolina. The Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge was created in 1984 to help preserve pocosin wetlands. The nearby Cedar Island National Wildlife Refuge also protects pocosin habitat.
Characteristics
Pocosins occupy poorly drained higher ground between streams and floodplains. Seeps cause the inundation. There are often perched water tables underlying pocosins.
Shrub vegetation is common in a pocosin ecosystem. Pocosins are sometimes called shrub bogs. Pond pines (Pinus serotina) dominate pocosin forests, but loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) are also associated with pocosins. Additionally, pocosins are home to rare and threatened plant species including Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) and sweet pitcher plant (Sarracenia rubra).
A distinction is sometimes made between short pocosins, which have shorter trees (less than ), deeper peat, and fewer soil nutrients, and tall pocosins, which have taller trees (greater than ), shallow peat, and more nutrient-rich soil. Where soil saturation is less frequent and peat depths shallower, pocosins transition into pine flatwoods. A loose definition of "pocosin" can include all shrub and forest bogs, as well as stands of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) and loblolly pine on the Atlantic coastal plain.
Pocosins are formed by the accumulation of organic matter, resembling black muck, that is built up over thousands of years. This accumulation of material causes the area to be highly acidic and nutrient-defici
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal%20%28biology%29
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Biometals are metals normally present, in small but important and measurable amounts, in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. The metals copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functioning of most plants and the bodies of most animals, such as the human body. A few (calcium, potassium, sodium) are present in relatively larger amounts, whereas most others are trace metals, present in smaller but important amounts (the image shows the percentages for humans). Approximately 2/3 of the existing periodic table is composed of metals with varying properties, accounting for the diverse ways in which metals (usually in ionic form) have been utilized in nature and medicine.
History
At first, the study of biometals was referred to as bioinorganic chemistry. Each branch of bioinorganic chemistry studied separate, particular sub-fields of the subject. However, this led to an isolated view of each particular aspect in a biological system. This view was revised into a holistic approach of biometals in metallomics.
Metal ions in biology were studied in various specializations. In nutrition, it was to define the essentials for life; in toxicology, to define how the adverse effects of certain metal ions in biological systems and in pharmacology for their therapeutic effects. In each field, at first, they were studied and separated on a basis of concentration. In low amounts, metal ions in a biological system could perform at their optimal functionality whereas in higher concentrations, metal ions can prove fatal to biological systems. However, the concentration gradients were proved to be arbitrary as low concentrations of non-essential metals (like lithium or helium) in essential metals (like sodium or potassium) can cause an adverse effect in biological systems and vice versa.
Investigations into biometals and their effects date back to the 19th century and even further back to the 18th century with the identification of iron i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20University%20Institute%20for%20Genome%20Sciences%20and%20Policy
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Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy (IGSP) is an institution established at Duke University to address the many issues in science and policy that the Genome Revolution and recent advances in Genome Science are expected to create. It is located in the CIEMAS building at Duke University and houses some well known researchers in the genomics field including Huntington F. Willard, who is the director of the IGSP.
Genome Sciences and Policy
Genomics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement%20Science%20and%20Technology
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Measurement Science and Technology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal, published by IOP Publishing, covering the areas of measurement, instrumentation, and sensor technology in the sciences. The editor-in-chief is Andrew Yacoot (National Physical Laboratory).
History
The journal was established in 1923 as the Journal of Scientific Instruments. The first issue was introduced by J. J. Thomson, then president of the Institute of Physics, who stated that no publication existed at that time in the English language specially devoted to scientific instruments. The idea for the journal was promoted by Richard Glazebrook, the first president, then director, of the National Physical Laboratory, where the journal was initially edited. The need for interdisciplinarity was recognised even then, with the desire to co-opt biologists, engineers, chemists, and instrument makers, "as well as physicists", on the scientific advisory committee. The Institute of Physics merged with the Physical Society of London in 1960. By this time the Proceedings of the Physical Society had grown in size and the quality of the applied journals, British Journal of Applied Physics and Journal of Scientific Instruments, had been improved. In 1968 these journals were merged to form part of the Journal of Physics series of journals, A to E, the fifth journal in the series being Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments. In 1990 the journal was renamed as Measurement Science and Technology to reflect the shift away from many scientists making their own instruments. Since 2003 the journal archive containing all articles published since 1874 are available online.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the website, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.046.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume%20%28programming%20language%29
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Hume is a functionally based programming language developed at the University of St Andrews and Heriot-Watt University in Scotland since the year 2000. The language name is both an acronym meaning 'Higher-order Unified Meta-Environment' and an honorific to the 18th-century philosopher David Hume. It targets real-time computing embedded systems, aiming to produce a design that is both highly abstract, and yet allows precise extraction of time and space execution costs. This allows guaranteeing the bounded time and space demands of executing programs.
Hume combines functional programming ideas with ideas from finite state automata. Automata are used to structure communicating programs into a series of "boxes", where each box maps inputs to outputs in a purely functional way using high-level pattern-matching. It is structured as a series of levels, each of which exposes different machine properties.
Design model
The Hume language design attempts to maintain the essential properties and features required by the embedded systems domain (especially for transparent time and space costing) whilst incorporating as high a level of program abstraction as possible. It aims to target applications ranging from simple microcontrollers to complex real-time systems such as smartphones. This ambitious goal requires incorporating both low-level notions such as interrupt handling, and high-level ones of data structure abstraction etc. Such systems are programmed in widely differing ways, but the language design should accommodate such varying requirements.
Hume is a three-layer language: an outer (static) declaration/metaprogramming layer, an intermediate coordination layer describing a static layout of dynamic processes and the associated devices, and an inner layer describing each process as a (dynamic) mapping from patterns to expressions. The inner layer is stateless and purely functional.
Rather than attempting to apply cost modeling and correctness proving technology to an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBASE
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Model-Based Architecture and Software Engineering (MBASE) in software engineering is a software development process developed by Barry Boehm and Dan Port in the late 1990s. MBASE focuses on ensuring that a project's product models (architecture, requirements, source code, etc.), process models (tasks, activities, milestones), property models (cost, schedule, performance, dependability), and success models (stakeholder win-win, IKIWISI - I'll Know It When I See It, business case) are consistent and mutually enforcing.
MBASE is an approach to the development of software systems that integrates the system's process (PS), product (PD), property (PY) and success (SS) models, models that are documented in the following system definition elements (also referred to as “artifacts” or “deliverables”):
Operational Concept Description (OCD)
System and Software Requirements Definition (SSRD)
System and Software Architecture Description (SSAD)
Life Cycle Plan (LCP)
Feasibility Rationale Description (FRD)
Construction, Transition, Support (CTS) plans and reports
Risk-driven prototypes
The essence of the LeanMBASE approach is to develop the system definition elements concurrently, through iterative refinement, using the risk-driven, three-anchor point, Win–Win Spiral approach defined in Boehm's Anchoring the Software Process.
History
Over the three years (1995 to 1998) of developing digital library products for the libraries at University of Southern California (USC), Barry Boehm and Dan Port had been evolving an approach called Model-Based (System) Architecture and Software Engineering (MBASE).
See also
Model-driven engineering (i.e. OMG's MDA applied in the Platform/Technology-Independent Model (PIM/TIM) and Platform/Technology-Specific Model (PSM/TSM) in MBASE's SSAD)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20ibn%20Sinan
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Ibrahim ibn Sinan (Arabic: Ibrāhīm ibn Sinān ibn Thābit ibn Qurra, ; born 295296 AH/ in Baghdad, died: 334-335 AH/946 in Baghdad, aged 38) was a mathematician and astronomer who belonged to a family of scholars originally from Harran in northern Mesopotamia. He was the son of Sinan ibn Thabit (943) and the grandson of Thābit ibn Qurra (901). Like his grandfather, he belonged to a religious sect of star worshippers known as the Sabians of Harran.
Ibrahim ibn Sinan studied geometry, in particular tangents to circles. He made advances in the quadrature of the parabola and the theory of integration, generalizing the work of Archimedes, which was unavailable at the time. Ibrahim ibn Sinan is often considered to be one of the most important mathematicians of his time.
Notes
Sources
(PDF version)
Further reading
Reviews: Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1998) in Isis 89 (1) pp. 112-113; Charles Burnett (1998) in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 61 (2) p. 406.
900s births
946 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
10th-century Arab people
10th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
10th-century mathematicians
10th-century astronomers
Medieval geometers
People from Baghdad
Mathematicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
Astronomers from the Abbasid Caliphate
Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world
Sabian scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrologia
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Metrologia is a bimonthly journal dealing with the scientific aspects of metrology. It has been running since 1965 and has been published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures since 1991. Since 2003 the journal has been published by IOP Publishing on behalf of the bureau. The journal covers the fundamentals of measurements, in particular those dealing with the seven base units of the International System of Units (metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, mole) or proposals to replace them.
The editors-in-chief are Sten Bergstrand (RISE Research Institutes of Sweden) and Janet Miles (International Bureau of Weights and Measures).
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is indexed by the following databases:
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
Inspec
Chemical Abstracts Service
Compendex
GeoRef
MathSciNet
Astrophysics Data System
VINITI Abstracts Journal
External links
Physics journals
IOP Publishing academic journals
Academic journals established in 1962
English-language journals
Metrology
Bimonthly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole%20Barndorff-Nielsen
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Ole Eiler Barndorff-Nielsen (18 March, 1935 – 26 June, 2022) was a Danish statistician who has contributed to many areas of statistical science.
Education and career
He was born in Copenhagen, and became interested in statistics when, as a student of actuarial mathematics at the University of Copenhagen, he worked part-time at the Department of Biostatistics of the Danish State Serum Institute. He graduated from the University of Aarhus (Denmark) in 1960, where he has spent most of his academic life, and where he became professor of statistics in 1973. However, in 1962-1963 and 1963-1964 he stayed at the University of Minnesota and Stanford University, respectively, and from August 1974 to February 1975 he was an Overseas Fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge, and visitor at Statistical Laboratory, Cambridge University.
Barndorff-Nielsen became Professor Emeritus at Aarhus University at the Thiele Centre for Applied Mathematics in Natural Science and affiliated with the Center for Research in Econometric Analysis of Time Series (CREATES) on a part-time basis and since 2008 also affiliated to Institute of Advanced Studies, Technical University Munich.
Works of Barndorff-Nielsen
Among Barndorff-Nielsen's early scientific contributions are his work on exponential families and on the foundations of statistics, in particular sufficiency and conditional inference. In 1977 he introduced the hyperbolic distribution as a mathematical model of the size distribution of sand grains, formalising heuristic ideas proposed by Ralph Alger Bagnold. He also derived the larger class of generalised hyperbolic distributions. These distributions, in particular the normal-inverse Gaussian (NIG) distribution, have later turned out to be useful in many other areas of science, in particular turbulence and finance. The NIG-distribution is now widely used to describe the distribution of returns from financial assets.
In 1984 he produced a short film on the physics of blown sand and the l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%20Wave%20Software
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Rogue Wave Software was an American software development company based in Louisville, Colorado. It provided cross-platform software development tools and embedded components for parallel, data-intensive, and other high-performance computing (HPC) applications.
In January 2019, the firm was acquired by Minneapolis, Minnesota-based application software developer Perforce, which is maintaining Rogue Wave's products.
History
The company was founded in 1989 in Seattle, Washington by Thomas Keffer and Richard Romea, producing a C++ class library in 1989 called Math.h++. In 1990, the company moved to Corvallis, Oregon, and released Tools.h++, which predated the Standard Template Library. In November 1996, they had an initial public offering, listing their shares on the NASDAQ under symbol RWAV. In January 1998, Rogue Wave Software announced they were buying Morrisville, North Carolina-based Stingray Software, a developer of object oriented tools for Windows programmers.
In 2001, the ".h++" products were combined into the product family SourcePro C++. In 2003, the company was acquired by Quovadx, which was in turn acquired by private equity firm Battery Ventures in July 2007.
Rogue Wave Software then became an independent company again. In May 2009, the company acquired Visual Numerics, developer of IMSL Numerical Libraries and PV-WAVE data analytics software, and TotalView Technologies, Inc (formerly Etnus, Inc.), which provides debugging tools for C, C++ and Fortran (TotalView, MemoryScape and ReplayEngine).
In 2010, the company acquired Acumem, a multicore performance software company and developer of Threadspotter performance optimization software. In May 2012, they acquired IBM's ILOG C++ visualization products, followed by their Java and Flex visualization products in September 2014.
In August 2013, the company acquired open source software consulting firm OpenLogic, and static code analysis software Klocwork in January 2014. With expanding business scope and ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamoiditis
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Sesamoiditis is inflammation of the sesamoid bones.
Humans
Sesamoiditis occurs on the bottom of the foot, just behind the big toe. There are normally two sesamoid bones on each foot; sometimes sesamoids can be bipartite, which means they each comprise two separate pieces. The sesamoids are roughly the size of jelly beans. The sesamoid bones act as a fulcrum for the flexor tendons, the tendons which bend the big toe downward.
Symptoms include inflammation and pain.
Sometimes a sesamoid bone is fractured. This can be difficult to pick up on X-ray, so a bone scan or MRI is a better alternative.
Among those who are susceptible to the malady are dancers, catchers and pitchers in baseball, soccer players, and American football players.
Horses
In the horse it occurs at the horse's fetlock. The sesamoid bones lie behind the bones of the fetlock, at the back of the joint, and help to keep the tendons and ligaments that run between them correctly functioning.
Usually periostitis (new bone growth) occurs along with sesamoiditis, and the suspensory ligament may also be affected. Sesamoiditis results in inflammation, pain, and eventually bone growth.
Causes
In humans, excessive forces caused by sudden bending upwards of the big toe, high heels, or a stumble can contribute to sesamoiditis. Once the sesamoid bone is injured it can be very difficult to cure, because additional pressure is put on the sesamoid bone during walking.
Treatment
Treatment in humans consists of anti-inflammatory medication, cortisone injections, strapping to immobilize the big toe, and orthotics with special accommodations to keep pressure off the affected bone.
In horses, sesamoiditis is generally caused by excess stress on the fetlock joint. Conformation that promotes sesamoiditis include long pasterns, or horses with long toes and low heels.
Notable cases
Josh Zeid, major league baseball pitcher
Melvin Upton, major league baseball player
JJ O'Donnell, football player for Gateshead FC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic%20gene%20modulation
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Therapeutic gene modulation refers to the practice of altering the expression of a gene at one of various stages, with a view to alleviate some form of ailment. It differs from gene therapy in that gene modulation seeks to alter the expression of an endogenous gene (perhaps through the introduction of a gene encoding a novel modulatory protein) whereas gene therapy concerns the introduction of a gene whose product aids the recipient directly.
Modulation of gene expression can be mediated at the level of transcription by DNA-binding agents (which may be artificial transcription factors), small molecules, or synthetic oligonucleotides. It may also be mediated post-transcriptionally through RNA interference.
Transcriptional gene modulation
An approach to therapeutic modulation utilizes agents that modulate endogenous transcription by specifically targeting those genes at the gDNA level. The advantage to this approach over modulation at the mRNA or protein level is that every cell contains only a single gDNA copy. Thus the target copy number is significantly lower allowing the drugs to theoretically be administered at much lower doses.
This approach also offers several advantages over traditional gene therapy. Directly targeting endogenous transcription should yield correct relative expression of splice variants. In contrast, traditional gene therapy typically introduces a gene which can express only one transcript, rather than a set of stoichiometrically-expressed spliced transcript variants. Additionally, virally-introduced genes can be targeted for gene silencing by methylation which can counteract the effect of traditional gene therapy. This is not anticipated to be a problem for transcriptional modulation as it acts on endogenous DNA.
There are three major categories of agents that act as transcriptional gene modulators: triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs), synthetic polyamides (SPAs), and DNA binding proteins.
Triplex-forming oligonucleotides
What are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-wandering
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Mind-wandering is loosely defined as thoughts that are not produced from the current task. Mind-wandering consists of thoughts that are task-unrelated and stimulus-independent. This can be in the form of three different subtypes: positive constructive daydreaming, guilty fear of failure, and poor attentional control.
In general, a folk explanation of mind-wandering could be described as the experience of thoughts not remaining on a single topic for a long period of time, particularly when people are engaged in an attention-demanding task.
One context in which mind-wandering often occurs is driving. This is because driving under optimal conditions becomes an almost automatic activity that can require minimal use of the task positive network, the brain network that is active when one is engaged in an attention-demanding activity. In situations where vigilance is low, people do not remember what happened in the surrounding environment because they are preoccupied with their thoughts. This is known as the decoupling hypothesis.
Studies using event-related potentials (ERPs) have quantified the extent that mind-wandering reduces the cortical processing of the external environment. When thoughts are unrelated to the task at hand, the brain processes both task-relevant and unrelated sensory information in a less detailed manner.
Mind-wandering appears to be a stable trait of people and a transient state. Studies have linked performance problems in the laboratory and in daily life. Mind-wandering has been associated with possible car accidents. Mind-wandering is also intimately linked to states of affect. Studies indicate that task-unrelated thoughts are common in people with low or depressed mood. Mind-wandering also occurs when a person is intoxicated via the consumption of alcohol.
Studies have demonstrated a prospective bias to spontaneous thought because individuals tend to engage in more future than past related thoughts during mind-wandering. The default mode
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20biodiversity%20databases
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This is a list of biodiversity databases. Biodiversity databases store taxonomic information alone or more commonly also other information like distribution (spatial) data and ecological data, which provide information on the biodiversity of a particular area or group of living organisms. They may store specimen-level information, species-level information, information on nomenclature, or any combination of the above. Most are available online.
Specimen-focused databases contain data about individual specimens, as represented by vouchered museum specimens, collections of specimen photographs, data on field-based specimen observations and morphological or genetic data. Species-focused databases contain information summarised at the species-level. Some species-focused databases attempt to compile comprehensive data about particular species (FishBase), while others focus on particular species attributes, such as checklists of species in a given area (FEOW) or the conservation status of species (CITES or IUCN Red List). Nomenclators act as summaries of taxonomic revisions and set a key between specimen-focused and species-focused databases. They do this because taxonomic revisions use specimen data to determine species limits.
See also
Taxonomic database
Biodiversity informatics
Global biodiversity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap%20formation
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When molecules on the surface of a motile eukaryotic cell are crosslinked, they are moved to one end of the cell to form a "cap". This phenomenon, the process of which is called cap formation, was discovered in 1971 on lymphocytes and is a property of amoebae and all locomotory animal cells except sperm. The crosslinking is most easily achieved using a polyvalent antibody to a surface antigen on the cell. Cap formation can be visualised by attaching a fluorophore, such as fluorescein, to the antibody.
Steps
The antibody is bound to the cell. If the antibody is non-crosslinking (such as a Fab antibody fragment), the bound antibody is uniformly distributed. This can be done at 0 °C, room temperature, or 37 °C.
If the antibody is crosslinking and bound to the cells at 0 °C, the distribution of antibodies has a patchy appearance. These “patches” are two-dimensional precipitates of antigen-antibody complex and are quite analogous to the three-dimensional precipitates that form in solution.
If cells with patches are warmed up, the patches move to one end of the cell to form a cap. In lymphocytes, this capping process takes about 5 minutes. If carried out on cells attached to a substratum, the cap forms at the rear of the moving cell.
Capping only occurs on motile cells and is therefore believed to reflect an intrinsic property of how cells move. It is an energy dependent process and in lymphocytes is partially inhibited by cytochalasin B (which disrupts microfilaments) but unaffected by colchicine (which disrupts microtubules). However, a combination of these drugs eliminates capping. A key feature of capping is that only those molecules that are crosslinked cap: Others do not.
Cap formation is now seen as closely related to the carbon particle experiments of Abercrombie. In this case, crawling fibroblasts were held in a medium containing small (~1 micrometre in size) carbon particles. On occasion, these particles attached to the front leading edge of these cells: When
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara%20spinosa
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Tara spinosa, commonly known as tara (Quechua), also known as Peruvian carob or spiny holdback, is a small leguminous tree or thorny shrub native to Peru. T. spinosa is cultivated as a source of tannins based on a galloylated quinic acid structure. This chemical structure has been confirmed also by LC–MS. It is also grown as an ornamental plant because of its large colorful flowers and pods.
Names and taxonomy
Its common names include spiny holdback, tara, taya, and algarroba tanino (Peru).
Tara spinosa is placed in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, and tribe Caesalpinieae.
Description
Tara spinosa typically grows tall; its bark is dark gray with scattered prickles and hairy twigs. Leaves are alternate, evergreen, lacking stipules, bipinnate, and lacking petiolar and rachis glands. Leaves consist of three to ten pairs of primary leaflets under in length, and five to seven pairs of subsessile elliptic secondary leaflets, each about long. Inflorescences are long terminal racemes, many flowered and covered in tiny hairs. Flowers are yellow to orange with 6- to 7-mm petals; the lowest sepal is boat-shaped with many long marginal teeth; stamens are yellow, irregular in length and barely protruding. The fruit is a flat, oblong indehiscent pod, about long and wide, containing four to seven round black seeds, which redden when mature.
Distribution and habitat
Tara spinosa is native to Peru and can be found growing throughout northern, western, and southern South America, from Venezuela to Argentina. It has been introduced in drier parts of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa and has become naturalized in California. T. spinosa grows in the nearly rainless lomas or fog oases of the Peruvian coastal desert.
Generally resistant to most pathogens and pests, it grows at elevations between 0 and above sea level, and tolerates dry climates and poor soils, including those high in sand and rocks. To propagate, seeds must be scarified (treated to break physic
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