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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Aaronson%20Bari
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Ruth Aaronson Bari (November 17, 1917 – August 25, 2005) was an American mathematician known for her work in graph theory and algebraic homomorphisms. She was a professor at George Washington University, beginning in 1966.
Career
The daughter of Polish-Jewish immigrants to the United States, Ruth Aaronson was born November 17, 1917, and grew up in Brooklyn, New York.
She attended Brooklyn College, earning her bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1939. She earned her Master of Arts degree at Johns Hopkins University in 1943, but had originally enrolled in the doctoral program. When the university suggested that women in the graduate program should give up their fellowships so that men returning from World War II could study, Bari acceded. After marrying Arthur Bari, she spent the next two decades devoted to their family. They had three daughters together.
She returned to Johns Hopkins for graduate work, and completed her dissertation on "absolute reducibility of maps of at most 19 regions" in 1966 at the age of 47. Bari's dissertation explored chromatic polynomials and the Birkhoff–Lewis conjecture. She determined that, "because of the fact that all other cubic maps with fewer than 20 regions contain at least one absolutely reducible configuration, it follows that the Birkhoff-Lewis conjecture holds for all maps with fewer than 20 regions." Her Ph.D. advisor was Daniel Clark Lewis, Jr. and her thesis was titled, Absolute Reducibility of Maps of at Most 19 Regions.
After she received her degree, mathematician William Tutte invited Bari to spend two weeks lecturing on her work in Canada at the University of Waterloo. Bari's work in the areas of graph theory and homomorphisms—and especially chromatic polynomials—has been recognized as influential.
In 1976, two professors relied on computer work to solve the perennial problem of Bari's dissertation, involving the four-color conjecture. When her daughter Martha asked her if she felt cheated by the technological soluti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocyte
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A photocyte is a cell that specializes in catalyzing enzymes to produce light (bioluminescence). Photocytes typically occur in select layers of epithelial tissue, functioning singly or in a group, or as part of a larger apparatus (a photophore). They contain special structures termed as photocyte granules. These specialized cells are found in a range of multicellular animals including ctenophora, coelenterates (cnidaria), annelids, arthropoda (including insects) and fishes. Although some fungi are bioluminescent, they do not have such specialized cells.
Mechanism of light production
Light production may first be triggered by nerve impulses which stimulate the photocyte to release the enzyme luciferase into a "reaction chamber" of luciferin substrate. In some species the release occurs continually without the precursor impulse via osmotic diffusion. Molecular oxygen is then actively gated through surrounding tracheal cells which otherwise limit the natural diffusion of oxygen from blood vessels; the resulting reaction with the luciferase and luciferin produces light energy and a by-product (usually carbon dioxide).
Researchers once postulated that ATP was the source of reaction energy for photocytes, but since ATP only produces a fraction the energy of the luciferase reaction, any resulting light wave-energy would be too small for detection by a human eye. The wavelengths produced by most photocytes fall close to 490 nm; although light as energetic as 250 nm is reportedly possible.
The variations of color seen in different photocytes are usually the result of color filters that alter the wavelength of the light prior to exiting the endoderm, thanks to the other parts of the photophore. The range of colors vary between bioluminescent species.
The exact combinations of luciferase and luciferin types found among photocytes are specific to the species to which they belong. This would seem to be the result of consistent evolutionary divergence.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%20Field%20Separators
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For many command line interpreters (“shell”) of Unix operating systems, the input field separators or internal field separators or shell variable holds characters used to separate text into tokens.
The value of , (in the bash shell) typically includes the space, tab, and the newline characters by default. These whitespace characters can be visualized by issuing the "declare" command in the bash shell or printing with commands like printf %s "$IFS" | od -c, printf "%q\n" "$IFS" or printf %s "$IFS" | cat -A (the latter two commands being only available in some shells and on some systems).
From the Bash, version 4 man page:
The shell treats each character of as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other expansions into words on these characters.
If is unset, or its value is exactly , the default, then sequences of , , and at the beginning and end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
If has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters and are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of (an whitespace character).
Any character in that is not whitespace, along with any adjacent whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of is null, no word splitting occurs.
IFS abbreviation
According to the Open Group Base Specifications, is an abbreviation for "input field separators." A newer version of this specification mentions that "this name is misleading as the IFS characters are actually used as field terminators." However is often referred to as "internal field separators."
Exploits
IFS was usable as an exploit in some versions of Unix. A program with root permissions could be fooled into executing user-supplied code if it ran (for instance) system("/bin/mail") and was called with se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20Fault%20Tolerance
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(DELETE) This text describes "product name", is not an encyclopedic entry.
In computing, System Fault Tolerance (SFT) is a fault tolerant system built into NetWare operating systems. Three levels of fault tolerance exist:
SFT I 'Hot Fix' maps out bad disk blocks on the file system level to help ensure data integrity (fault tolerance on the disk-block level)
SFT II provides a disk mirroring or duplexing system based on RAID 1; mirroring refers to two disk drives holding the same data, duplexing uses two data channels/controllers to connect the disks (fault tolerance on the disk level and optionally on the data-channel level).
SFT III is a server duplexing scheme where if a server fails, a constantly synchronized server seamlessly takes its place (fault tolerance on the system level).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20vortex
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In physics, a quantum vortex represents a quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity. In most cases, quantum vortices are a type of topological defect exhibited in superfluids and superconductors. The existence of quantum vortices was first predicted by Lars Onsager in 1949 in connection with superfluid helium. Onsager reasoned that quantisation of vorticity is a direct consequence of the existence of a superfluid order parameter as a spatially continuous wavefunction. Onsager also pointed out that quantum vortices describe the circulation of superfluid and conjectured that their excitations are responsible for superfluid phase transitions. These ideas of Onsager were further developed by Richard Feynman in 1955 and in 1957 were applied to describe the magnetic phase diagram of type-II superconductors by Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov. In 1935 Fritz London published a very closely related work on magnetic flux quantization in superconductors. London's fluxoid can also be viewed as a quantum vortex.
Quantum vortices are observed experimentally in type-II superconductors (the Abrikosov vortex), liquid helium, and atomic gases (see Bose–Einstein condensate), as well as in photon fields (optical vortex) and exciton-polariton superfluids.
In a superfluid, a quantum vortex "carries" quantized orbital angular momentum, thus allowing the superfluid to rotate; in a superconductor, the vortex carries quantized magnetic flux.
The term "quantum vortex" is also used in the study of few body problems. Under the de Broglie–Bohm theory, it is possible to derive a "velocity field" from the wave function. In this context, quantum vortices are zeros on the wave function, around which this velocity field has a solenoidal shape, similar to that of irrotational vortex on potential flows of traditional fluid dynamics.
Vortex-quantisation in a superfluid
In a superfluid, a quantum vortex is a hole with the superfluid circulating around the vortex axis; the inside of the vortex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal%20calcaneocuboid%20ligament
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The dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament (superior calcaneocuboid ligament) is a thin but broad fasciculus, which passes between the contiguous surfaces of the calcaneus and cuboid, on the dorsal surface of the joint.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericoid%20mycorrhiza
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The ericoid mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship formed between members of the plant family Ericaceae and several lineages of mycorrhizal fungi. This symbiosis represents an important adaptation to acidic and nutrient poor soils that species in the Ericaceae typically inhabit, including boreal forests, bogs, and heathlands. Molecular clock estimates suggest that the symbiosis originated approximately 140 million years ago.
Structure and function
Ericoid mycorrhizas are characterized by fungal coils that form in the epidermal cells of the fine hair roots of ericaceous species. Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi establish loose hyphal networks around the outside of hair roots, from which they penetrate the walls of cortical cells to form intracellular coils that can densely pack individual plant cells. However, the fungi do not penetrate plasma membranes of plant cells. Evidence suggests that coils only function for a period of a few weeks before the plant cell and fungal hyphae begin to degrade.
The coil is the site where fungi exchange nutrients obtained from the soil for carbohydrates fixed through photosynthesis by the plant. Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi have been shown to have enzymatic capabilities to break down complex organic molecules. This may allow some ericoid mycorrhizal fungi to act as saprotrophs. However, the primary function of these enzymatic capabilities is likely to access organic forms of nutrients, such as nitrogen, whose mineralized forms are in very limiting quantities in habitats typically occupied by ericaceous plants.
Fungal symbionts
The majority of research with ericoid mycorrhizal fungal physiology and function has focused on fungal isolates morphologically identified as Rhizoscyphus ericae, in the Ascomycota order Helotiales, now known to be a Pezoloma species.
In addition to Rhizoscyphus ericae, it is currently recognized that culturable Ascomycota such as Meliniomyces (closely allied with Rhizoscyphus ericae), Cairneyella variabilis, Gama
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component%20television
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Component television is a form factor in which a television set is sold as a system of separate components, similar to audio components. For example, a component television system is a monitor, tuner and speakers sold separately and which can be integrated into a single system. The component television form factor began in 1980 (but became notable in 1982) with Sony's ProFeel television line and became a design fad with many manufacturers until the late 1980s.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20Validation%20Certificate
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An Extended Validation Certificate (EV) is a certificate conforming to X.509 that proves the legal entity of the owner and is signed by a certificate authority key that can issue EV certificates. EV certificates can be used in the same manner as any other X.509 certificates, including securing web communications with HTTPS and signing software and documents. Unlike domain-validated certificates and organization-validation certificates, EV certificates can be issued only by a subset of certificate authorities (CAs) and require verification of the requesting entity's legal identity before certificate issuance.
As of February 2021, all major web browsers (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge and Apple Safari) have menus which show the EV status of the certificate and the verified legal identity of EV certificates. Mobile browsers typically display EV certificates the same way they do Domain Validation (DV) and Organization Validation (OV) certificates. Of the ten most popular websites online, none use EV certificates and the trend is away from their usage.
For software, the verified legal identity is displayed to the user by the operating system (e.g., Microsoft Windows) before proceeding with the installation.
Extended Validation certificates are stored in a file format specified by and typically use the same encryption as organization-validated certificates and domain-validated certificates, so they are compatible with most server and user agent software.
The criteria for issuing EV certificates are defined by the Guidelines for Extended Validation established by the CA/Browser Forum.
To issue an extended validation certificate, a CA requires verification of the requesting entity's identity and its operational status with its control over domain name and hosting server.
History
Introduction by CA/Browser Forum
In 2005 Melih Abdulhayoglu, CEO of the Comodo Group (currently known as Xcitium), convened the first meeting of the organization that became
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bluetooth%20profiles
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In order to use Bluetooth, a device must be compatible with the subset of Bluetooth profiles (often called services or functions) necessary to use the desired services. A Bluetooth profile is a specification regarding an aspect of Bluetooth-based wireless communication between devices. It resides on top of the Bluetooth Core Specification and (optionally) additional protocols. While the profile may use certain features of the core specification, specific versions of profiles are rarely tied to specific versions of the core specification, making them independent of each other. For example, there are Hands-Free Profile (HFP) 1.5 implementations using both Bluetooth 2.0 and Bluetooth 1.2 core specifications.
The way a device uses Bluetooth depends on its profile capabilities. The profiles provide standards that manufacturers follow to allow devices to use Bluetooth in the intended manner. For the Bluetooth Low Energy stack, according to Bluetooth 4.0 a special set of profiles applies.
A host Operating System can expose a basic set of profiles (namely OBEX, HID and Audio Sink) and manufacturers can add additional profiles to its driver and stack to enhance what their Bluetooth device can do. Devices such as mobile phones can expose additional profiles by installing appropriate apps.
At a minimum, each profile specification contains information on the following topics:
Dependencies on other formats
Suggested user interface formats
Specific parts of the Bluetooth protocol stack used by the profile. To perform its task, each profile uses particular options and parameters at each layer of the stack. This may include an outline of the required service record, if appropriate.
This article summarizes the current definitions of profiles defined and adopted by the Bluetooth SIG and possible applications of each profile.
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)
This profile defines how multimedia audio can be streamed from one device to another over a Bluetooth connec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-induced%20crystallization
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Metal-induced crystallization (MIC) is a method by which amorphous carbon (a-C), amorphous silicon (a-Si), amorphous oxides and amorphous germanium (a-Ge) can be turned into their polycrystalline phases at relatively low temperatures.
In the technologically important case of Si, a thin film of a-Si is deposited onto a substrate, usually glass, and then capped with a metal, such as aluminium (Aluminum-induced crystallization(AIC)). The structure is then annealed at temperatures between 150 °C and 400 °C which causes the a-Si films to be transformed into polycrystalline silicon.
In a variant of this method, called Metal-induced lateral crystallization (MILC), metal is only deposited on some area of the a-Si. Upon annealing, crystallization starts from the portion of a-Si which is covered by metal and proceeds laterally. Unlike MIC process, where metal contamination in the obtained polysilicon is relatively high, the laterally crystallized silicon in MILC process contains very small amount of metal contamination. The crystallization speed is low, but is adequate for applications such as fabrication of thin film transistors. In this case, metal is deposited on the source/drain area of the transistor and the channel is laterally crystallized.
It has been also shown that applying an electric field increases the speed of lateral crystallization dramatically. Moreover, the crystallization proceeds unidirectionally.
Recently metal-induced crystallization has been coupled with microwave-assisted crystallization lowering the crystallization temperature and time of amorphous titania. By suspending the amorphous powder in a salty solution containing one of various d-block or p-block elements, and microwaving, crystallization can be induced within a few minutes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomological%20Society%20of%20Canada
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The Entomological Society of Canada or Société d’Entomologie du Canada is one of Canada's most historic scientific societies. The society was founded in Toronto on April 16, 1863. The first Council was composed of President Henry Holmes Croft (1820–1883), Secretary Treasurer William Saunders (1836–1914), and Curator Rev. J. Hubbert. First called the Entomological Society of Ontario, which still exists as the provincial entomological society, it was initially based in London, Ontario before moving in 1906 to Guelph, Ontario. In 1950 the society adopted its present name and moved to Ottawa.
The Society has published The Canadian Entomologist since 1868, and also publishes the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada since 1969. The supplement Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada has appeared irregularly since 1955.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian%20Ornithological%20Conference
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Australasian Ornithological Conference is a biennial meeting of ornithologists that focuses on the Australasian region and Antarctica. Preceded by the short-lived series of two Southern Hemisphere Ornithological Congresses, they were initiated by the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU), also known as Birds Australia, with the inaugural meeting held at Bathurst, New South Wales in 2001. They have subsequently been jointly sponsored by the BirdLife Australia and the Ornithological Society of New Zealand (OSNZ).
Conferences
2001 - Bathurst, New South Wales
2003 - Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
2005 - Blenheim, New Zealand
2007 - Perth, Western Australia
2009 - Armidale, New South Wales
2011 - Cairns, Queensland
2013 - Auckland, New Zealand
2015 - Adelaide, South Australia
2017 - Geelong, Victoria
2019 - Darwin, Northern Territory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20relative%20humidity
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The critical relative humidity (CRH) of a salt is defined as the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere (at a certain temperature) at which the material begins to absorb moisture from the atmosphere and below which it will not absorb atmospheric moisture.
When the humidity of the atmosphere is equal to (or is greater than) the critical relative humidity of a sample of salt, the sample will take up water until all of the salt is dissolved to yield a saturated solution. All water-soluble salts and mixtures have characteristic critical humidities; it is a unique material property.
The critical relative humidity of most salts decreases with increasing temperature. For instance, the critical relative humidity of ammonium nitrate decreases 22% with a temperature from 0 °C to 40 °C (32 °F to 104 °F).
The critical relative humidity of several fertilizer salts is given in table 1:
Table 1: Critical relative humidities of pure salts at 30°C.
Mixtures of salts usually have lower critical humidities than either of the constituents. Fertilizers that contain Urea as an ingredient usually exhibit a much lower Critical Relative Humidity than Fertilizers without Urea. Table 2 shows CRH data for two-component mixtures:
Table 2: Critical relative humidities of mixtures of salts at 30°C (values are percent relative humidity).
As shown, the effect of salt mixing is most dramatic in the case of ammonium nitrate with urea. This mixture has an extremely low critical relative humidity and can therefore only be used in liquid fertilisers (so called UAN-solutions).
See also
Deliquescent
Hygroscopy
Humidity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate%20network
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An affiliate network acts as an intermediary between publishers (affiliates) and merchant affiliate programs. It allows website publishers to more easily find and participate in affiliate programs which are suitable for their website (and thus generate income from those programs), and allows websites offering affiliate programs (typically online merchants) to reach a larger audience by promoting their affiliate programs to all of the publishers participating in the affiliate network.
Uses
Traditional affiliate networks enable merchants to offer publishers a share of any revenue that is generated by the merchant from visitors to the publisher's site, or a fee for each visitor on the publisher's site that completes a specific action (making a purchase, registering for a newsletter, etc.). The majority of merchant programs have a revenue share model, as opposed to a fee-per-action model.
For merchants, affiliate network services and benefits may include tracking technology, reporting tools, payment processing, and access to a large base of publishers. For affiliates, services and benefits can include simplifying the process of registering for one or more merchant affiliate programs, reporting tools, access to product API's and payment aggregation.
Affiliates are generally able to join affiliate networks for free, whereas there is generally a fee for merchants to participate. Traditional affiliate networks might charge an initial setup fee and/or a recurring membership fee. It is also common for affiliate networks to charge merchants a percentage of the commissions paid to affiliates, this is known as an 'over-ride' and is payable on top of the affiliates commission.
Affiliate networks are also wary of new affiliates who do not have any known connections or experience in the industry because there have been many instances where individuals have tried to game the affiliate network. The current technological advances have given many tools to affiliate networks to fig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content%20adaptation
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Content adaptation is the action of transforming content to adapt to device capabilities. Content adaptation is usually related to mobile devices, which require special handling because of their limited computational power, small screen size, and constrained keyboard functionality.
Content adaptation could roughly be divided to two fields:
Media content adaptation that adapts media files.
Browsing content adaptation that adapts a website to mobile devices.
Browsing content adaptation
Advances in the capabilities of small, mobile devices such as mobile phones (cell phones) and Personal Digital Assistants have led to an explosion in the number of types of device that can now access the Web. Some commentators refer to the Web that can be accessed from mobile devices as the Mobile Web.
The sheer number and variety of Web-enabled devices poses significant challenges for authors of websites who want to support access from mobile devices. The W3C Device Independence Working Group described many of the issues in its report Authoring Challenges for Device Independence.
Content adaptation is one approach to a solution. Rather than requiring authors to create pages explicitly for each type of device that might request them, content adaptation transforms an author's materials automatically.
For example, content might be converted from a device-independent markup language, such as XDIME, an implementation of the W3C's DIAL specification, into a form suitable for the device, such as XHTML Basic, C-HTML, or WML. Similarly, a suitable device-specific CSS style sheet or a set of in-line styles might be generated from abstract style definitions. Likewise, a device specific layout might be generated from abstract layout definitions.
Once created, the device-specific materials form the response returned to the device from which the request was made.
Another way is to use the latest trend responsive design based on CSS, covered in this article (RWD).
Content adaptation requ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20engine
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A model engine is a small internal combustion engine typically used to power a radio-controlled aircraft, radio-controlled car, radio-controlled boat, free flight, control line aircraft, or ground-running tether car model.
Because of the square–cube law, the behaviour of many engines does not always scale up or down at the same rate as the machine's size; usually at best causing a dramatic loss of power or efficiency, and at worst causing them not to work at all. Methanol and nitromethane are common fuels.
Overview
The fully functional, albeit small, engines vary from the most common single-cylinder two-stroke to the exotic single and multiple-cylinder four-stroke, the latter taking shape in boxer, v-twin, inline and radial form, a few Wankel engine designs are also used. Most model engines run on a blend of methanol, nitromethane, and lubricant (either castor or synthetic oil).
Two-stroke model engines, most often designed since 1970 with Schnuerle porting for best performance, range in typical size from .12 cubic inches (2 cubic centimeters) to 1.2 ci (19.6 cc) and generate between .5 horsepower (370 watts) to 5 hp (3.7 kW), can get as small as .010 ci (.16 cc) and as large as 3-4 ci (49–66 cc). Four-stroke model engines have been made in sizes as small as 0.20 in3 (3.3 cc) for the smallest single-cylinder models, all the way up to 3.05 in3 (50 cc) for the largest size for single-cylinder units, with twin- and multi-cylinder engines on the market being as small as 10 cc for opposed-cylinder twins, while going somewhat larger in size than 50 cc, and even upwards to well above 200 cc for some model boxer opposed-piston, inline and radial engines. While the methanol and nitromethane blended "glow fuel" engines are the most common, many larger (especially above 15 cc/0.90 ci displacement) model engines, both two-stroke and a growing number of four-stroke examples are spark ignition, and are primarily fueled with gasoline — with some examples of both two and four-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award%20pin
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An award pin is a small object, usually made from metal or plastic, with a pin on the back, presented as an award of achievement or a mark of appreciation. They are worn on clothes such as jackets, shirts or hats.
Description
Award pins usually have an image or words, or both, depicting the reason for the award.
An award pin series that is offered by the U.S. Government to all eligible civilians is the Pilot Proficiency Award Program.
Award pins are commonly given to participants of youth sports as a method to reinforce excellent play and sportsmanship. There are many companies that provide Sports Award Pins.
Award pins can usually be plated on Gold (plain or antique), Silver (plain or antique), Nickel and Black Nickel or Copper (plain or antique).
During the manufacturing process pins can be filled with enamel colors and then covered with a thin coat of epoxy to protect these colors.
Noteworthy award pins
The Astronaut pin is awarded to military and civilian personnel who have completed training and performed a successful spaceflight and is the least-awarded qualification badge of the United States military.
After Apollo 1's fire in 1967, NASA turned to Charles Schulz to use the character Snoopy for its new safety award. The Silver Snoopy award pin was created to reward those who significantly contribute to the safety of spaceflight operations. It is one of the highest awards in NASA and the space industry.
In 2010, the French Minister of Culture Frédéric Mitterrand slightly pinned Marion Cotillard's chest as he decorated her with the award pin of the Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.
See also
Badge
Lapel pin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confr%C3%A9rie%20des%20Chevaliers%20du%20Tastevin
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The Confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin (English: Fraternity of Knights of the Wine-Tasters' Cup) is an exclusive Bacchanalian fraternity of Burgundy wine connoisseurs.
Originally formed under the Ancien Régime and re-established in 1934, the Chevaliers du Tastevin are based at the 12th-century château of the Clos de Vougeot in the Côte d'Or region of Burgundy, France.
With Chapters worldwide, called Sous-Commanderies, in view of its Gallic heritage, the Confrérie's name and ceremonial titles are usually styled in French.
History
The Confrérie, in its present form, was founded in 1934. Its origins derive from the earlier Order of the Free-Drinkers of Burgundy (Ordre des Buveurs Libres de Bourgogne). The initial idea was to reinvigorate the Burgundian wine industry during the economic turmoil prior to World War II. The first Chapitre was held on 16 November 1934 in the Caveau Nuiton at Nuits-Saint-Georges.
The American branch was established on 27 March 1940 in New York by Jules Bohy (Washington DC opened in 1946).
In 1944, the Confrérie's founding members bought the Château of the Clos de Vougeot, making it its headquarters, and then embarked upon the castle's careful renovation.
Organization
The Confrérie is governed by a Grand Conseil of Chevaliers, headed by the Grand Maître with a secretary, known as the Grand Connétable (Louis-Marc Chevignard). In the USA, the organization delegates authority to a Grand Pilier, who is also assisted by a Grand Connétable. Candidates for membership are approved by the Grand pilier or Grand connétable, subject to confirmation by the Grand Conseil in France. New members receive the accolade by a petrified grapevine root from Burgundy.
Membership is hierarchically ranked (in descending order) from Grand officier, Officier-commandeur, Commandeur, to Chevalier. The Confrérie comprises businessmen, politicians, military leaders, diplomats, scholars, athletes, musicians and artists.
At investitures, prospective members are ado
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual%20model%20%28computer%20science%29
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In computer science, a conceptual model, or domain model, represents concepts (entities) and relationships between them.
Overview
In the field of computer science a conceptual model aims to express the meaning of terms and concepts used by domain experts to discuss the problem, and to find the correct relationships between different concepts. The conceptual model is explicitly chosen to be independent of design or implementation concerns, for example, concurrency or data storage. Conceptual modeling in computer science should not be confused with other modeling disciplines within the broader field of conceptual models such as data modelling, logical modelling and physical modelling.
The conceptual model attempts to clarify the meaning of various, usually ambiguous terms, and ensure that confusion caused by different interpretations of the terms and concepts cannot occur. Such differing interpretations could easily cause confusion amongst stakeholders, especially those responsible for designing and implementing a solution, where the conceptual model provides a key artifact of business understanding and clarity. Once the domain concepts have been modeled, the model becomes a stable basis for subsequent development of applications in the domain. The concepts of the conceptual model can be mapped into physical design or implementation constructs using either manual or automated code generation approaches. The realization of conceptual models of many domains can be combined to a coherent platform.
A conceptual model can be described using various notations, such as UML, ORM or OMT for object modelling, ITE, or IDEF1X for Entity Relationship Modelling. In UML notation, the conceptual model is often described with a class diagram in which classes represent concepts, associations represent relationships between concepts and role types of an association represent role types taken by instances of the modelled concepts in various situations. In ER notation, the conceptual m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket%20shark
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The pocket shark (Mollisquama parini) is a species of kitefin shark in the family Dalatiidae. The species is found in deep water off Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. It was the only member of the genus Mollisquama, until another species, M. mississippiensis, was discovered in the Gulf of Mexico. Both species are distinguished from other sharks by two pockets next to the front fins. The pockets are large, measuring about 4% of the shark's body length. Some researchers hypothesize that the pockets may excrete some kind of glowing fluid or pheromones.
Etymology
The specific name, parini, is in honor of Russian ichthyologist Nikolai Vasilevich Parin (born 1932).
Distribution and habitat
The first specimen of M. parini was found off the coast of Chile in the Nazca Submarine Ridge. This specimen was an adolescent female with a total length of , taken at a depth of , in 1979. This initially suggested that the species was distributed throughout the Pacific Ocean. In February 2010, a similar specimen with a total length of was caught off the coast of Louisiana, in the Gulf of Mexico. This second specimen was determined to be a new species which was described and named as M. mississippiensis. It is now believed that the genus Mollisquama is more widely dispersed than previously hypothesized.
Description
Sharks of the family Dalatiidae are small-sized to medium-sized, with two spineless dorsal fins. They are described as having strong jaws with dagger-like upper teeth and wider blade-like teeth in the lower jaw. From the one finding of the pocket shark in the Gulf of Mexico (M. mississippiensis), the mouth was described to have a rectangular-like opening on the underside of the body. The juvenile male shark found in the Gulf of Mexico weighed and had a total length of . The overall shape of the shark is cylindrical, with a wide, rounded snout tapering back toward the caudal fin.
Pocket gland
The pocket shark, Mollisquama parini, gets its common name from a small
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Derbyshire
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The flag of Derbyshire is the flag of the English county of Derbyshire. Created in 2006, the flag has subsequently been registered at the Flag Institute and added to their UK Flags Register.
History
The creation of the flag came about as a result of a feature on Andy Whittaker's breakfast show on BBC Radio Derby in 2006. Jeremy Smith, a listener who had noticed the prominent use of Saint Piran's Flag while visiting Cornwall wanted to know whether Derbyshire had an equivalent symbol. As no flag to represent the county existed, a campaign to design one with the aid of listeners' suggestions was launched. The finished flag, designed by Martin Enright from Derby, was unveiled on 22 September 2006. Ceremonies to mark the first unfurling of the flag were held on the day at various locations around the county, including Derby, Ripley, Ashbourne and Buxton.
Design
The flag features a green cross on a blue background. These colours were chosen to represent Derbyshire's green countryside and its rivers and reservoirs, respectively. In the centre of the flag is a Tudor rose, which has been the county badge since the 15th century. The rose is gold in colour rather than the more usual red and white, partly to differentiate from the emblems of Yorkshire and Lancashire; it is also supposed to symbolise quality.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared%20secret
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In cryptography, a shared secret is a piece of data, known only to the parties involved, in a secure communication. This usually refers to the key of a symmetric cryptosystem. The shared secret can be a password, a passphrase, a big number, or an array of randomly chosen bytes.
The shared secret is either shared beforehand between the communicating parties, in which case it can also be called a pre-shared key, or it is created at the start of the communication session by using a key-agreement protocol, for instance using public-key cryptography such as Diffie–Hellman or using symmetric-key cryptography such as Kerberos.
The shared secret can be used for authentication (for instance when logging into a remote system) using methods such as challenge–response or it can be fed to a key derivation function to produce one or more keys to use for encryption and/or MACing of messages.
To make unique session and message keys the shared secret is usually combined with an initialization vector (IV). An example of this is the derived unique key per transaction method.
It is also often used as an authentication measure in web APIs.
See also
Key stretching – a method to create a stronger key from a weak key or a weak shared secret
Security question – implementation method
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UVB-induced%20apoptosis
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UV-induced apoptosis
UV-induced apoptosis is an adequate (physiological) reaction of a cell damaged by UV radiation (UVR) in a sufficiently large (lethal) dose and it prevents the disordered destruction of UV damaged cells by help necrosis. Cell elimination by apoptosis occurs when UV-induced cell damage which cannot be repaired by the intracellular repair system exceeds at it certain limit (lethal damage). Through apoptosis, the cells are self-disassembled into compartments with their subsequent utilization (mainly by neighboring cells). The first time sign of the beginning of the apoptosis system is working in a UV damaged cell is the activation of restriction enzymes, which divide cell DNA into fragments convenient for utilization. But too large a dose of UVR can lead to breakdown (inactivation) of the energy-dependent mechanism of apoptosis (super lethal damage). In this case, cell destruction occurs randomly, not orderly, and during a significantly longer (compared with apoptosis) time interval. UV-irradiated cells do not change their appearance for a long time [1, 6], as a result of which the researchers may make the erroneous conclusion that “revealed an unexpected response to a dose at which a higher dose of UV increased the viability of keratinocytes” [2]. The fact that UV-induced apoptosis at high doses of UVR begins to be replaced by necrosis was established in 2000 [3]. For keratinocytes, the proportion of cells that have elimination by help apoptosis, with an increase in UVR dose can reach to achieve 45%, but with a further increase in the dose of UVR (due to the shutdown of the mechanism of apoptosis), destruction of damaged cells by help necrosis and the part of cells that eliminated by apoptosis begins to decrease (non-monotonous dose dependence of UV-induced apoptosis) [4, 11]. In the dose range of UVR from “lethal” to “super-lethal”, “pro-inflammatory” apoptosis can be manifested, which was experimentally discovered in 2003 [5]. This may be th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Suslin
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Andrei Suslin (, sometimes transliterated Souslin) was a Russian mathematician who contributed to algebraic K-theory and its connections with algebraic geometry. He was a Trustee Chair and Professor of mathematics at Northwestern University.
He was born on 27 December 1950 in St. Petersburg, Russia. As a youth, he was an "all Leningrad" gymnast. He received his PhD from Leningrad University in 1974; his thesis was titled Projective modules over polynomial rings.
In 1976 he and Daniel Quillen independently proved Serre's conjecture about the triviality of algebraic vector bundles on affine space.
In 1982 he and Alexander Merkurjev proved the Merkurjev–Suslin theorem on the norm residue homomorphism in Milnor K2-theory, with applications to the Brauer group.
Suslin was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1978 and 1994, and he gave a plenary invited address at the Congress in 1986. He was awarded the Frank Nelson Cole Prize in Algebra in 2000 by the American Mathematical Society for his work on motivic cohomology.
In 2010 special issues of Journal of K-theory
and of Documenta Mathematica
have been published in honour of his 60th birthday.
He died on 10 July 2018.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary%20pyramids%20%28brainstem%29
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In neuroanatomy, the medullary pyramids are paired white matter structures of the brainstem's medulla oblongata that contain motor fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts – known together as the pyramidal tracts. The lower limit of the pyramids is marked when the fibers cross (decussate).
Structure
The ventral portion of the medulla oblongata contains the medullary pyramids. These two ridge-like structures travel along the length of the medulla oblongata and are bordered medially by the anterior median fissure. They each have an anterolateral sulcus along their lateral borders, where the hypoglossal nerve emerges from. Also at the side of each pyramid there is a pronounced bulge known as an olive. Fibers of the posterior column, which transmit sensory and proprioceptive information, are located behind the pyramids on the medulla oblongata.
The medullary pyramids contain motor fibers that are known as the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts. The corticospinal tracts are on the anterior surface of the pyramids. These tracts transport motor signals that originated in the precentral gyrus and travelled through the internal capsule to the medulla oblongata and pyramids. Extrapyramidal tracts are those motor tracts that do not traverse the medullary pyramids.
At the pyramids' most caudal end, the corticospinal axons decussate (or cross over) the midline and continue down the spinal cord on the contralateral side. The fibers that decussated will go down the lateral corticospinal tract while the fibers that did not decussate will travel down the anterior corticospinal tract. Nearly 90 percent of the fibers decussate and travel down the lateral corticospinal tract while the other 10 percent travels down the anterior corticospinal tract.
Decussation
The two pyramids contain the motor fibers that pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. These are the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers that make up the pyramidal tracts.
About 90%
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented%20cognition
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Augmented cognition is an interdisciplinary area of psychology and engineering, attracting researchers from the more traditional fields of human-computer interaction, psychology, ergonomics and neuroscience. Augmented cognition research generally focuses on tasks and environments where human–computer interaction and interfaces already exist. Developers, leveraging the tools and findings of neuroscience, aim to develop applications which capture the human user's cognitive state in order to drive real-time computer systems. In doing so, these systems are able to provide operational data specifically targeted for the user in a given context. Three major areas of research in the field are: Cognitive State Assessment (CSA), Mitigation Strategies (MS), and Robust Controllers (RC). A subfield of the science, Augmented Social Cognition, endeavours to enhance the "ability of a group of people to remember, think, and reason."
History
In 1962 Douglas C. Engelbart released the report "Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework" which introduced, and laid the groundwork for, augmented cognition. In this paper, Engelbart defines "augmenting human intellect" as "increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems."
Modern augmented cognition began to emerge in the early 2000s. Advances in cognitive, behavioral, and neurological sciences during the 1990s set the stage for the emerging field of augmented cognition – this period has been termed the "Decade of the Brain." Major advancements in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) have been pivotal in the emergence of augmented cognition technologies which seek to monitor the user's cognitive abilities. As these tools were primarily used in controlled environments, their further development was essential to pragmatic augmented cognition applications.
Research
DARPA's Augme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric%20cell%20division
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An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell.)
In principle, there are two mechanisms by which distinct properties may be conferred on the daughters of a dividing cell. In one, the daughter cells are initially equivalent but a difference is induced by signaling between the cells, from surrounding cells, or from the precursor cell. This mechanism is known as extrinsic asymmetric cell division. In the second mechanism, the prospective daughter cells are inherently different at the time of division of the mother cell. Because this latter mechanism does not depend on interactions of cells with each other or with their environment, it must rely on intrinsic asymmetry. The term asymmetric cell division usually refers to such intrinsic asymmetric divisions.
Intrinsic asymmetry
In order for asymmetric division to take place the mother cell must be polarized, and the mitotic spindle must be aligned with the axis of polarity. The cell biology of these events has been most studied in three animal models: the mouse, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. A later focus has been on development in spiralia.
In C. elegans development
In C. elegans, a series of asymmetric cell divisions in the early embryo are critical in setting up the anterior/posterior, dorsal/ventral, and left/right axes of the body plan. After fertilization, events are already occurring in the zygote to allow for the first asymmetric cell division. This first division produces two distin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF%20language%20tag
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An IETF BCP 47 language tag is a standardized code or tag that is used to identify human languages in the Internet (a language code). The tag structure has been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in Best Current Practice (BCP) 47; the subtags are maintained by the IANA Language Subtag Registry.
To distinguish language variants for countries, regions, or writing systems (scripts), IETF language tags combine subtags from other standards such as ISO 639, ISO 15924, ISO 3166-1 and UN M.49.
For example, the tag "en" stands for English; "es-419" for Latin American Spanish; "rm-sursilv" for Romansh Sursilvan; "sr-Cyrl" for Serbian written in Cyrillic script; "nan-Hant-TW" for Min Nan Chinese using traditional Han characters, as spoken in Taiwan; and "gsw-u-sd-chzh" for Zürich German. In its accordance with ISO 639-3, however, it does not provide codes for distinguishing between Arabic-based scripts, and maintains two duplicate codes for Punjabi, as well as a number of dubious or non-existent language distinctions made by its parents standard.
It is used by computing standards such as HTTP, HTML, XML and PNG.
History
IETF language tags were first defined in RFC 1766, edited by Harald Tveit Alvestrand, published in March 1995. The tags used ISO 639 two-letter language codes and ISO 3166 two-letter country codes, and allowed registration of whole tags that included variant or script subtags of three to eight letters.
In January 2001, this was updated by RFC 3066, which added the use of ISO 639-2 three-letter codes, permitted subtags with digits, and adopted the concept of language ranges from HTTP/1.1 to help with matching of language tags.
The next revision of the specification came in September 2006 with the publication of RFC 4646 (the main part of the specification), edited by Addison Philips and Mark Davis and RFC 4647 (which deals with matching behaviour). RFC 4646 introduced a more structured format for language tags, added the use of I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20lipid
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A simple lipid is a fatty acid ester of different alcohols and carries no other substance. These lipids belong to a heterogeneous class of predominantly nonpolar compounds, mostly insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as chloroform and benzene.
Simple lipids: esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.
a. Fats: esters of fatty acids with glycerol. Oils are fats in the liquid state. Fats are also called triglycerides because all the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are esterified.
b. Waxes: Solid esters of long-chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid with aliphatic or alicyclic higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols. Waxes are water-insoluble due to the weakly polar nature of the ester group.
See also
Lipid
Lipids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponifiable%20lipid
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A saponifiable lipid is part of the ester functional group. They are made up of long chain carboxylic (of fatty) acids connected to an alcoholic functional group through the ester linkage which can undergo a saponification reaction. The fatty acids are released upon base-catalyzed ester hydrolysis to form ionized salts. The primary saponifiable lipids are free fatty acids, neutral glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycolipids.
By comparison, the non-saponifiable class of lipids is made up of terpenes, including fat-soluble A and E vitamins, and certain steroids, such as cholesterol.
Applications
Saponifiable lipids have relevant applications as a source of biofuel and can be extracted from various forms of biomass to produce biodiesel.
See also
Lipids
Simple lipid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display%20driver
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In electronics/computer hardware, a display driver is usually a semiconductor integrated circuit (but may alternatively comprise a state machine made of discrete logic and other components) which provides an interface function between a microprocessor, microcontroller, ASIC or general-purpose peripheral interface and a particular type of display device, e.g. LCD, LED, OLED, ePaper, CRT, Vacuum fluorescent or Nixie.
The display driver will typically accept commands and data using an industry-standard general-purpose serial or parallel interface, such as TTL, CMOS, RS-232, SPI, I2C, etc. and generate signals with suitable voltage, current, timing and demultiplexing to make the display show the desired text or image.
The display driver may itself be an application-specific microcontroller and may incorporate RAM, Flash memory, EEPROM and/or ROM. Fixed ROM may contain firmware and display fonts.
A notable example of a display driver IC is the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller.
Other controllers are KS0108, SSD1815 (graphics capable) and ST7920 (graphics capable)
History
The use of integrated circuit technology to drive a display driver chip dates back to the late 1960s. In 1969, Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator, an early LED display and the first LED device to use integrated circuit technology. Its development was led by Howard C. Borden and Gerald P. Pighini at HP Associates and HP Labs, who had engaged in research and development (R&D) on practical LEDs between 1962 and 1968. It was the first intelligent LED display, making it a revolution in digital display technology, replacing the Nixie tube and becoming the basis for later LED displays.
In the early 21st century, display driver chips are widely used for mobile displays in smartphones and other smart devices as well as larger flat-panel displays. Between 2003 and 2005, LCD display driver chips sold 9,821.2million units worldwide.
See also
Device driver
Printer driver
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill%20folding
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Downhill folding is a process in which a protein folds without encountering any significant macroscopic free energy barrier. It is a key prediction of the folding funnel hypothesis of the energy landscape theory of proteins.
Overview
Downhill folding is predicted to occur under conditions of extreme native bias, i.e. at low temperatures or in the absence of denaturants. This corresponds to the type 0 scenario in the energy landscape theory. At temperatures or denaturant concentrations close to their apparent midpoints, proteins may switch from downhill to two-state folding, the type 0 to type 1 transition.
Global downhill folding (or one-state folding) is another scenario in which the protein folds in the absence of a free energy barrier under all conditions. In other words, there is a unimodal population distribution at all temperatures and denaturant concentrations, suggesting a continuous unfolding transition in which different ensembles of structures populate at different conditions. This is in contrast to two-state folding, which assumes only two ensembles (folded and unfolded) and a sharp unfolding transition.
Free energy barriers in protein folding are predicted to be small because they arise as a result of compensation between large energetic and entropic terms. Non-synchronization between gain in stabilizing energy and loss in conformational entropy results in two-state folding, while a synchronization between these two terms as the folding proceeds results in downhill folding.
Experimental studies
Transition state structures in two-state folding are not experimentally accessible (by definition they are the least populated along the reaction coordinate), but the folding sub-ensembles in downhill folding processes are theoretically distinguishable by spectroscopy.
The 40-residue protein BBL, which is an independently folding domain from the E2 subunit of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complex of E. coli, has been experimentally shown to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%20behavior
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Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses of individuals or groups of domestic dogs to internal and external stimuli. It has been shaped by millennia of contact with humans and their lifestyles. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a wide range of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs.
Co-evolution with humans
The origin of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole-genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. How dogs became domesticated is not clear, however the two main hypotheses are self-domestication or human domestication. There exists evidence of human-canine behavioral coevolution.
Intelligence
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge in order to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately. He also retained this ability four weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. After undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception.
Senses
The dog's senses include vision, hearing, sense of smell, taste, touch, proprioception, and sensitivity to the Ear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma%20of%20iris
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The stroma of the iris is a fibrovascular layer of tissue. It is the upper layer of two in the iris.
Structure
The stroma is a delicate interlacement of fibres. Some circle the circumference of the iris and the majority radiate toward the pupil. Blood vessels and nerves intersperse this mesh.
In dark eyes, the stroma often contains pigment granules. Blue eyes and the eyes of albinos, however, lack pigment.
The stroma connects to a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil in a circular motion, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which pull the iris radially to enlarge the pupil, pulling it in folds. The back surface is covered by a commonly, heavily pigmented epithelial layer that is two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. This anterior surface projects as the muscles dilate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma%20%28tissue%29
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Stroma () is the part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role. It is made up of all the parts without specific functions of the organ - for example, connective tissue, blood vessels, ducts, etc. The other part, the parenchyma, consists of the cells that perform the function of the tissue or organ.
There are multiple ways of classifying tissues: one classification scheme is based on tissue functions and another analyzes their cellular components. Stromal tissue falls into the "functional" class that contributes to the body's support and movement. The cells which make up stroma tissues serve as a matrix in which the other cells are embedded. Stroma is made of various types of stromal cells.
Examples of stroma include:
stroma of iris
stroma of cornea
stroma of ovary
stroma of thyroid gland
stroma of thymus
stroma of bone marrow
lymph node stromal cell
multipotent stromal cell (mesenchymal stem cell)
Structure
Stromal connective tissues are found in the stroma; this tissue belongs to the group connective tissue proper. The function of connective tissue proper is to secure the parenchymal tissue, including blood vessels and nerves of the stroma, and to construct organs and spread mechanical tension to reduce localised stress. Stromal tissue is primarily made of extracellular matrix containing connective tissue cells. Extracellular matrix is primarily composed of ground substance - a porous, hydrated gel, made mainly from proteoglycan aggregates - and connective tissue fibers. There are three types of fibers commonly found within the stroma: collagen type I, elastic, and reticular (collagen type III) fibres.
Cells
Wandering cells - cells that migrate into the tissue from blood stream in response to a variety of stimuli; for example, immune system blood cells causing inflammatory response.
Fixed cells - cells that are permanent inhabitants of the tissue.
Fibroblast - produce and secrete the organic parts of the ground substance and extrace
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma%20of%20ovary
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The stroma of the ovary is a unique type of connective tissue abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped stroma cells. These appear similar to fibroblasts. The stroma also contains ordinary connective tissue such as reticular fibers and collagen. Ovarian stroma differs from typical connective tissue in that it contains a high number of cells. The stoma cells are distributed in such a way that the tissue appears to be whorled. Stromal cells associated with maturing follicles may acquire endocrine function and secrete estrogens. The entire ovarian stroma is highly vascular.
On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer (tunica albuginea) composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them.
The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis.
See also
stroma (disambiguation)
Stromal cell
Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumour
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%27s%20conjecture
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In mathematics, Hall's conjecture is an open question, , on the differences between perfect squares and perfect cubes. It asserts that a perfect square y2 and a perfect cube x3 that are not equal must lie a substantial distance apart. This question arose from consideration of the Mordell equation in the theory of integer points on elliptic curves.
The original version of Hall's conjecture, formulated by Marshall Hall, Jr. in 1970, says that there is a positive constant C such that for any integers x and y for which y2 ≠ x3,
Hall suggested that perhaps C could be taken as 1/5, which was consistent with all the data known at the time the conjecture was proposed. Danilov showed in 1982 that the exponent 1/2 on the right side (that is, the use of |x|1/2) cannot be replaced by any higher power: for no δ > 0 is there a constant C such that |y2 - x3| > C|x|1/2 + δ whenever y2 ≠ x3.
In 1965, Davenport proved an analogue of the above conjecture in the case of polynomials:
if f(t) and g(t) are nonzero polynomials over C such that
g(t)3 ≠ f(t)2 in C[t], then
The weak form of Hall's conjecture, stated by Stark and Trotter around 1980, replaces the square root on the right side of the inequality by any exponent less than 1/2: for any ε > 0, there is some constant c(ε) depending on ε such that for any integers x and y for which y2 ≠ x3,
The original, strong, form of the conjecture with exponent 1/2 has never been disproved, although it is no longer believed to be true and the term Hall's conjecture now generally means the version with the ε in it. For example, in 1998, Noam Elkies found the example
4478849284284020423079182 - 58538865167812233 = -1641843,
for which compatibility with Hall's conjecture would require C to be less than .0214 ≈ 1/50, so roughly 10 times smaller than the original choice of 1/5 that Hall suggested.
The weak form of Hall's conjecture would follow from the ABC conjecture. A generalization to other perfect powers is Pillai's conjecture, though
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial%20of%20Romania
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The Romanian government is the armiger in Romania. It exercises this right under the mandatory advice of the National Committee of Heraldry, Genealogy and Sigillography (). The committee is subordinate to the Romanian Academy. All the coats of arms of Romanian institutions must be approved by this committee with two exceptions. The Romanian military is subject to the Ministry of National Defense Heraldric Committee, and Romanian law enforcement institutions are subject to the Ministry of Administration and Interior Heraldric Committee. Both of these committees may share members with the National Committee of Heraldry, Genealogy and Sigillography.
Romanian coats of arms
Medieval Voivodeships and States
Coat of Arms during the Early Modern Period
The coats of arms of the early modern period represent the states of Romania from about the 15th century to about the 19th century.
States of the modern period
The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1866
After the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor of Wallachia and Moldavia, the heraldic symbols of the two countries were united to form the coat of arms of the new state. In 1862, this new state was named Romania. However, the idea was not new. Most of the Phanariotes used united symbols in their personal coat of arms to show that they held power in both countries. Until 1866, there was no official design of the coat of arms of Romania, although the painter, Carol Popp de Szathmary, created some draft designs.
Romania 1866–1878
After 10 May 1866, (when Carol I came to Romania), and the Constitution of 1 June 1866 was founded, the coat of arms of Romania was established. It used concepts found in previous coats of arms. From 1872, the coat of arms represented the Kingdom of Romania. In 1878, when Romania gained independence, the coat of arms was changed again.
Kingdom of Romania
1872–1921
In 1872, the heraldic symbols of Oltenia and the Black Sea coast were added to the Romanian coat of arm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Physics%20Michael%20Faraday%20Medal%20and%20Prize
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The Michael Faraday Medal and Prize is a gold medal awarded annually by the Institute of Physics in experimental physics. The award is made "for outstanding and sustained contributions to experimental physics." The medal is accompanied by a prize of £1000 and a certificate.
Historical development
1914-1965 Guthrie Lecture initiated to remember Frederick Guthrie, founder of the Physical Society (which merged with the Institute of Physics in 1960).
1966-2007 Guthrie Medal and Prize (in response to changed conditions from when the lecture was first established). From 1992, it became one of the Institute's Premier Awards.
2008–present Michael Faraday Medal and Prize
Medalists and lecturers
Faraday medalists
2022 Nikolay Zheludev, "For international leadership, discoveries and in-depth studies of new phenomena and functionalities in photonic nanostructures and nanostructured matter."
2021 Bucker Dangor, "For outstanding contributions to experimental plasma physics, and in particular for his role in the development of the field of laser-plasma acceleration."
2020 Richard Ellis, "For over 35 years of pioneering contributions in faint-object astronomy, often with instruments he funded and constructed, which have opened up the early universe to direct observations."
2019 Roy Taylor, "For his extensive, internationally leading contributions to the development of spectrally diverse, ultrafast-laser sources and pioneering fundamental studies of nonlinear fibre optics that have translated to scientific and commercial application."
2018 Jennifer Thomas, "For her outstanding investigations into the physics of neutrino oscillations, in particular her leadership of the MINOS/MINOS+ long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment."
2017 Jeremy Baumberg, "For his investigations of many ingenious nanostructures supporting novel and precisely engineered plasmonic phenomena relevant to single molecule and atom dynamics, Raman spectroscopies and metamaterials applications."
2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%20alar%20cartilage
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In human anatomy the part of the nose which forms the lateral wall is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small nasal cartilages the minor alar cartilages, also referred to as lesser alar or sesamoid cartilages or accessory cartilages.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA%20delay%20codes
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IATA delay codes were created to standardise the reporting by airlines of commercial flight departure delays.
Previously, every airline had its own system, which made the sharing and aggregation of flight delay information difficult. IATA standardised the flight delay reporting format by using codes that attribute cause and responsibility for the delay; this supports aviation administration and logistics and helps to define any penalties arising. These codes are used in movement messages sent electronically by SITA from the departure airport to the destination airport and also in the internal administration of the airlines, airports and ground handling agents.
An aircraft held on the ground incurs costs, consequently airlines plan operations to minimise ground time. It is common practice for airlines and aircraft ground handling to have contracts based on a bonus–malus system, penalising the causative agent for delays caused. Delay code properties cover nine category sets for delay. Each category set can be described using either a two-digit number code or a two letter alpha code; most airlines use the numeric format, but some prefer the alpha. Messaging standards, such as the AHM 780 Aircraft Movement Message specification, specify that only the numeric codes should be used. Many airlines further subdivide the IATA codes with an additional character, for more granular delay analysis, but these are not standardized. In the AHM 780 specification, the two-character numeric-only codes are sent in the DL and EDL elements along with the time assigned to each code (e.g. DL31/62/0005/0015 showing reason 31 for 5 mins and reason 62 for 15 minutes), and the three-character alphanumeric codes are sent in the DLA element (e.g. DLA31C/62A// showing subreason C for code 31 and subreason A for code 62).
Delay codes starting with 0 (internal)
Delay codes starting with 0 are used for internal airline purposes. Airlines are free to define these codes and to determine partic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20web%20page
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A static web page, sometimes called a flat page or a stationary page, is a web page that is delivered to a web browser exactly as stored, in contrast to dynamic web pages which are generated by a web application.
Consequently, a static web page displays the same information for all users, from all contexts, subject to modern capabilities of a web server to negotiate content-type or language of the document where such versions are available and the server is configured to do so. However, a webpage's JavaScript can introduce dynamic functionality which may make the static web page dynamic.
Overview
Static web pages are often HTML documents, stored as files in the file system and made available by the web server over HTTP (nevertheless URLs ending with ".html" are not always static). However, loose interpretations of the term could include web pages stored in a database, and could even include pages formatted using a template and served through an application server, as long as the page served is unchanging and presented essentially as stored.
The content of static web pages remain stationary irrespective of the number of times it is viewed. Such web pages are suitable for the contents that rarely need to be updated, though modern web template systems are changing this. Maintaining large numbers of static pages as files can be impractical without automated tools, such as static site generators. Any personalization or interactivity has to run client-side, which is restricting.
Advantages
Provide improved security over dynamic websites (dynamic websites are at risk to web shell attacks if a vulnerability is present)
Improved performance for end users compared to dynamic websites
Fewer or no dependencies on systems such as databases or other application servers
Cost savings from utilizing cloud storage, as opposed to a hosted environment
Security configurations are easy to setup, which makes it more secure
Disadvantages
Dynamic functionality must be performed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20chromosome
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A sex chromosome (also referred to as an allosome, heterotypical chromosome, gonosome, heterochromosome, or idiochromosome) is a chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior. The human sex chromosomes, a typical pair of mammal allosomes, carry the genes that determine the sex of an individual created in sexual reproduction. Autosomes differ from allosomes because autosomes appear in pairs whose members have the same form but differ from other pairs in a diploid cell, whereas members of an allosome pair may differ from one another and thereby determine sex.
Nettie Stevens and Edmund Beecher Wilson both independently discovered sex chromosomes in 1905. However, Stevens is credited for discovering them earlier than Wilson.
Differentiation
In humans, each cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46 chromosomes. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes. Autosomes are homologous chromosomes i.e. chromosomes which contain the same genes (regions of DNA) in the same order along their chromosomal arms. The 23rd pair of chromosomes are called allosomes. These consist of two X chromosomes in most females, and an X chromosome and a Y chromosome in most males. Females therefore have 23 homologous chromosome pairs, while males have 22. The X and Y chromosomes have small regions of homology called pseudoautosomal regions.
An X chromosome is always present as the 23rd chromosome in the ovum, while either an X or Y chromosome may be present in an individual sperm. Early in female embryonic development, in cells other than egg cells, one of the X chromosomes is randomly and permanently partially deactivated: In some cells, the X chromosome inherited from the mother deactivates; in other cells, it is the X chromosome inherited from the father. This ensures that both sexes always have exactly one functional copy of an X chromosome in each body cell. The deactivated X chromosome is silenced by repressive heterochromatin that compacts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve%20fascicle
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A nerve fascicle, is a bundle of nerve fibers belonging to a nerve in the peripheral nervous system. A nerve fascicle is also called a fasciculus, as is a nerve tract in the central nervous system.
A nerve fascicle is enclosed by perineurium, a layer of fascial connective tissue. Each enclosed nerve fiber in the fascicle is enclosed by a connective tissue layer of endoneurium. Bundles of nerve fascicles are called fasciculi and are constituents of a nerve trunk. A main nerve trunk may contain a great many fascicles enclosing many thousands of axons.
In the central nervous system a bundle of nerve fibers is called a nerve tract, and in neuroanatomy different tracts in the spinal cord are bundled into fasciculi such as the medial longitudinal fasciculus. In the spinal cord fasciculi are bundled into columns called funiculi such as the anterior funiculus.
See also
Epineurium
Nervous tissue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20blood%20analysis
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Live blood analysis (LBA), live cell analysis, Hemaview or nutritional blood analysis is the use of high-resolution dark field microscopy to observe live blood cells. Live blood analysis is promoted by some alternative medicine practitioners, who assert that it can diagnose a range of diseases. There is no scientific evidence that live blood analysis is reliable or effective, and it has been described as a fraudulent means of convincing people that they are ill and should purchase dietary supplements.
Live blood analysis is not accepted in laboratory practice and its validity as a laboratory test has not been established. There is no scientific evidence for the validity of live blood analysis, it has been described as a pseudoscientific, bogus and fraudulent medical test, and its practice has been dismissed by the medical profession as quackery. The field of live blood microscopy is unregulated, there is no training requirement for practitioners and no recognised qualification, no recognised medical validity to the results, and proponents have made false claims about both medical blood pathology testing and their own services, which some have refused to amend when instructed by the Advertising Standards Authority.
It has its origins in the now-discarded theories of pleomorphism promoted by Günther Enderlein, notably in his 1925 book Bakterien-Cyklogenie.
In January 2014 prominent live blood proponent and teacher Robert O. Young was arrested and charged for practising medicine without a license, and in March 2014 Errol Denton, a former student of his, a UK live blood practitioner, was convicted on nine counts in a rare prosecution under the Cancer Act 1939, followed in May 2014 by another former student, Stephen Ferguson.
Overview
Proponents claim that live blood analysis provides information "about the state of the immune system, possible vitamin deficiencies, amount of toxicity, pH and mineral imbalance, areas of concern and weaknesses, fungus and yeast." Some
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovian
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In astronomical and geodetic calculations, Cracovians are a clerical convenience introduced in the 1930s by Tadeusz Banachiewicz for solving systems of linear equations by hand. Such systems can be written as in matrix notation where x and b are column vectors and the evaluation of b requires the multiplication of the rows of A by the vector x.
Cracovians introduced the idea of using the transpose of A, AT, and multiplying the columns of AT by the column x. This amounts to the definition of a new type of matrix multiplication denoted here by '∧'. Thus . The Cracovian product of two matrices, say A and B, is defined by , where BT and A are assumed compatible for the common (Cayley) type of matrix multiplication.
Since , the products and will generally be different; thus, Cracovian multiplication is non-associative. Cracovians are an example of a quasigroup.
Cracovians adopted a column-row convention for designating individual elements as opposed to the standard row-column convention of matrix analysis. This made manual multiplication easier, as one needed to follow two parallel columns (instead of a vertical column and a horizontal row in the matrix notation.) It also sped up computer calculations, because both factors' elements were used in a similar order, which was more compatible with the sequential access memory in computers of those times — mostly magnetic tape memory and drum memory. Use of Cracovians in astronomy faded as computers with bigger random access memory came into general use. Any modern reference to them is in connection with their non-associative multiplication.
In programming
In R the desired effect can be achieved via the crossprod() function. Specifically, the Cracovian product of matrices A and B can be obtained as crossprod(B, A).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibeam%20echosounder
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A multibeam echosounder (MBES) is a type of sonar that is used to map the seabed. It emits acoustic waves in a fan shape beneath its transceiver. The time it takes for the sound waves to reflect off the seabed and return to the receiver is used to calculate the water depth. Unlike other sonars and echo sounders, MBES uses beamforming to extract directional information from the returning soundwaves, producing a swathe of depth soundings from a single ping.
History and progression
Multibeam sonar sounding systems, also known as swathe (British English) or swath (American English) , originated for military applications. The concept originated in a radar system that was intended for the Lockheed U-2 high altitude reconnaissance aircraft, but the project was derailed when the aircraft flown by Gary Powers was brought down by a Soviet missile in May 1960. A proposal for using the "Mills Cross" beamforming technique adapted for use with bottom mapping sonar was made to the US Navy. Data from each ping of the sonar would be automatically processed, making corrections for ship motion and transducer depth sound velocity and refraction effects, but at the time there was insufficient digital data storage capacity, so the data would be converted into a depth contour strip map and stored on continuous film. The Sonar Array Sounding System (SASS) was developed in the early 1960s by the US Navy, in conjunction with General Instrument to map large swathes of the ocean floor to assist the underwater navigation of its submarine force. SASS was tested aboard the USS Compass Island (AG-153). The final array system, composed of sixty-one one degree beams with a swathe width of approximately 1.15 times water depth, was then installed on the USNS Bowditch (T-AGS-21), USNS Dutton (T-AGS-22) and USNS Michelson (T-AGS-23).
At the same time, a Narrow Beam Echo Sounder (NBES) using 16 narrow beams was also developed by Harris ASW and installed on the Survey Ships Surveyor, Discoverer and Res
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20transport
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Nuclear transport refers to the mechanisms by which molecules move across the nuclear membrane of a cell. The entry and exit of large molecules from the cell nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation, macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association with transport factors known as nuclear transport receptors, like karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit.
Nuclear import
Protein that must be imported to the nucleus from the cytoplasm carry nuclear localization signals (NLS) that are bound by importins. An NLS is a sequence of amino acids that acts as a tag. They are most commonly hydrophilic sequences containing lysine and arginine residues, although diverse NLS sequences have been documented. Proteins, transfer RNA, and assembled ribosomal subunits are exported from the nucleus due to association with exportins, which bind signaling sequences called nuclear export signals (NES). The ability of both importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by the Ran small G-protein.
G-proteins are GTPase enzymes that bind to a molecule called guanosine triphosphate (GTP) which they then hydrolyze to create guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and release energy. The RAN enzymes exist in two nucleotide-bound forms: GDP-bound and GTP-bound. In its GTP-bound state, Ran is capable of binding importins and exportins. Importins release cargo upon binding to RanGTP, while exportins must bind RanGTP to form a ternary complex with their export cargo. The dominant nucleotide binding state of Ran depends on whether it is located in the nucleus (RanGTP) or the cytoplasm (RanGDP).
Nuclear export
Nuclear export roughly reverses the import process; in the nucleus, the exportin binds the cargo and Ran-GTP and diffuses through the pore to the cytoplasm, where the complex dissociates. Ran-GTP binds GAP and hydrolyzes GTP, and the resulting Ran-GDP c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoepithelial%20cell
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Myoepithelial cells (sometimes referred to as myoepithelium) are cells usually found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the luminal cells. These may be positive for alpha smooth muscle actin and can contract and expel the secretions of exocrine glands. They are found in the sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells in these cases constitute the basal cell layer of an epithelium that harbors the epithelial progenitor. In the case of wound healing, myoepithelial cells reactively proliferate. Presence of myoepithelial cells in a hyperplastic tissue proves the benignity of the gland and, when absent, indicates cancer. Only rare cancers like adenoid cystic carcinomas contains myoepithelial cells as one of the malignant components.
It can be found in endoderm or ectoderm.
Markers
Myoepithelial cells are true epithelial cells positive for keratins, not to be confused with myofibroblasts which are true mesenchymal cells positive for vimentin. These cells are generally positive for alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), cytokeratin 5/6 and other high molecular weight cytokeratins, p63 and caldesmon.
Myoepithelial cells are stellate in shape and are also known as basket cells.
They lie between the basement membrane and glandular epithelium.
Each cell consists of a cell body from which 4-8 processes radiate and embrace the secretory unit. Myoepithelial cells have contractile functions. They help in expelling secretions from the lumen of secretory units and facilitate the movement of saliva in salivary ducts.
Other Cancers Involving This Type of Cell
Myoepithelioma of the head and neck - A (usually) benign tumor of the head/neck consisting of solely myoepithelial cells.
Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (of the salivary glands) - A low-grade malignant tumor composed of both neoplastic epithelial and neoplastic myoepithelial cells (a biphasic tumor).
Epithelial-myoepithelial
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction%20loss
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The term friction loss (or frictional loss) has a number of different meanings, depending on its context.
In fluid flow it is the head loss that occurs in a containment such as a pipe or duct due to the effect of the fluid's viscosity near the surface of the containment.
In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, the term refers to the power lost in overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces.
In economics, frictional loss is natural and irrecoverable loss in a transaction or the cost(s) of doing business too small to account for. Contrast with tret in shipping, which made a general allowance for otherwise unaccounted for factors.
Engineering
Friction loss is a significant engineering concern wherever fluids are made to flow, whether entirely enclosed in a pipe or duct, or with a surface open to the air.
Historically, it is a concern in aqueducts of all kinds, throughout human history. It is also relevant to sewer lines. Systematic study traces back to Henry Darcy, an aqueduct engineer.
Natural flows in river beds are important to human activity; friction loss in a stream bed has an effect on the height of the flow, particularly significant during flooding.
The economies of pipelines for petrochemical delivery are highly affected by friction loss. The Yamal–Europe pipeline carries methane at a volume flow rate of 32.3 × 109 m3 of gas per year, at Reynolds numbers greater than 50 × 106.
In hydropower applications, the energy lost to skin friction in flume and penstock is not available for useful work, say generating electricity.
In refrigeration applications, energy is expended pumping the coolant fluid through pipes or through the condenser. In split systems, the pipes carrying the coolant take the place of the air ducts in HVAC systems.
Calculating volumetric flow
In the following discussion, we define volumetric flow rate V̇ (i.e. volume of fluid flowing per time) as
where
r = radius of the pipe (for a pipe of circular
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagpole
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A flagpole, flagmast, flagstaff, or staff is a pole designed to support a flag. If it is taller than can be easily reached to raise the flag, a cord is used, looping around a pulley at the top of the pole with the ends tied at the bottom. The flag is fixed to one lower end of the cord, and is then raised by pulling on the other end. The cord is then tightened and tied to the pole at the bottom. The pole is usually topped by a flat plate or ball called a "truck" (originally meant to keep a wooden pole from splitting) or a finial in a more complex shape. Very high flagpoles may require more complex support structures than a simple pole, such as a guyed mast.
Dwajasthambam are flagpoles commonly found at the entrances of South Indian Hindu temples.
Design
Flagpoles are usually made of wood or metal. Flagpoles can be designed in one piece with a taper (typically a steel taper or a Greek entasis taper), or be made from multiple pieces to make them able to expand. In the United States, ANSI/NAAMM guide specification FP-1001-97 covers the engineering design of metal flagpoles to ensure safety.
Flag orientation
Most flags are flown horizontally, with the shorter edge attached to the pole (no. 1 in the following illustration.) Vertical flags, with the longer edge attached to the pole, are sometimes used in lieu of the standard horizontal flag in central and eastern Europe, particularly in the German-speaking countries. This practice came about because the relatively brisk wind needed to display horizontal flags is not common in these countries. Nevertheless, horizontal flags are still the most common even in these countries.
The standard vertical flag (German: Hochformatflagge or Knatterflagge; no. 2) is a vertical form of the standard flag. The flag's design may remain unchanged (No. 2a) or it may change, e.g. by altering horizontal stripes to vertical ones (no. 2b). If the flag carries an emblem, it may remain centred or may be shifted slightly upwards.
The vertical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidalia%20%28software%29
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Vidalia is a discontinued cross-platform GUI for controlling Tor, built using Qt. The name comes from the Vidalia onion since Tor uses onion routing. It allows the user to start, stop or view the status of Tor, view, filter or search log messages, monitor bandwidth usage, and configure some aspects of Tor. Vidalia also makes it easier to contribute to the Tor network by optionally helping the user set up a Tor relay.
Another prominent feature of Vidalia is its Tor network map, which lets the user see the geographic location of relays on the Tor network, as well as where the user's application traffic is going.
Release
Vidalia is released under the GNU General Public License. It runs on any platform supported by Qt 4.2, including Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux or other Unix-like variants using the X11 window system.
Vidalia is no longer maintained or supported, and Tor developers do not recommend its use anymore. In 2013 it was replaced with a Firefox-based Tor controller called Tor Launcher.
See also
Anonymizing Relay Monitor (arm)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA%20clean
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The RCA clean is a standard set of wafer cleaning steps which need to be performed before high-temperature processing steps (oxidation, diffusion, CVD) of silicon wafers in semiconductor manufacturing.
Werner Kern developed the basic procedure in 1965 while working for RCA, the Radio Corporation of America. It involves the following chemical processes performed in sequence:
Removal of the organic contaminants (organic clean + particle clean)
Removal of thin oxide layer (oxide strip, optional)
Removal of ionic contamination (ionic clean)
Standard recipe
The wafers are prepared by soaking them in deionized water. If they are grossly contaminated (visible residues), they may require a preliminary cleanup in piranha solution. The wafers are thoroughly rinsed with deionized water between each step.
Ideally, the steps below are carried out by immersing the wafers in solutions prepared in fused silica or fused quartz vessels (borosilicate glassware must not be used, as its impurities leach out and cause contamination). Likewise it is recommended that the chemicals used are electronic grade (or "CMOS grade") to avoid impurities that will recontaminate the wafer.
First step (SC-1): organic clean + particle clean
The first step (called SC-1, where SC stands for Standard Clean) is performed with a solution of (ratios may vary)
5 parts of deionized water
1 part of ammonia water, (29% by weight of NH3)
1 part of aqueous H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide, 30%)
at 75 or 80 °C typically for 10 minutes. This base-peroxide mixture removes organic residues. Particles are also very effectively removed, even insoluble particles, since SC-1 modifies the surface and particle zeta potentials and causes them to repel. This treatment results in the formation of a thin silicon dioxide layer (about 10 Angstrom) on the silicon surface, along with a certain degree of metallic contamination (notably iron) that will be removed in subsequent steps.
Second step (optional): oxide strip
The optiona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusicoccin
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Fusicoccins are organic compounds produced by a fungus. It has detrimental effect on plants and causes their death.
Fusicoccins are diterpenoid glycosides produced by the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali, which is a parasite of mainly almond and peach trees. It stimulates a quick acidification of the plant cell wall; this causes the stomata to irreversibly open, which brings about the death of the plant.
Fusicoccins contains three fused carbon rings and another ring which contains an oxygen atom and five carbons.
Fusicoccin was and is extensively used in research regarding the plant hormone auxin and its mechanisms.
Biosynthesis
Fusicoccin is a member of a diterpenoid class which shares a 5-8-5 ring structure and is called fusicoccane. In fungi, fusicoccin is biosynthesized via Phomopsis amygdali fusicoccadiene synthase (PaFS) from universal C5 isoprene units dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). PaFS has two domains, a C-terminal prenyltransferase domain which converts isoprene units into geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) and an N-terminal terpene cyclase domain where GGDP gets cyclized and turns into fusicocca-2,10(14)-diene. It is also reported in this study that a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase-like gene, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-like gene, a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase-like gene, and an α-mannosidase-like gene at the 3’ location downstream of PaFS which are responsible for converting fusicocca-2,10(14)-diene into fusicoccin. Two enzymes, one dioxygenase and PAPT, are in charge of catalyzing a hydroxylation at the 3-position of fusicocca-2,10(14)-diene-8β,16-diol and prenylation of the hydroxyl group of glucose in fusicoccin P, respectively.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucicarmine%20stain
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Mucicarmine stain is a staining procedure used for different purposes. In microbiology the stain aids in the identification of a variety of microorganisms based on whether or not the cell wall stains intensely red. Generally this is limited to microorganisms with a cell wall that is composed, at least in part, of a polysaccharide component. One of the organisms that is identified using this staining technique is Cryptococcus neoformans.
Another use is in surgical pathology where it can identify mucin. This is helpful, for example, in determining if the cancer is a type that produces mucin.
Example would be to distinguish between high grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the parotid, which stains positive vs Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the parotid which does not.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular%20gland
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Tubular glands are glands with a tube-like shape throughout their length, in contrast with alveolar glands, which have a saclike secretory portion.
Tubular glands are further classified as one of the following types:
Additional images
See also
skin - glands in skin structure
hair follicles - for hair growth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar%20gland
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Alveolar glands, also called saccular glands, are glands with a saclike secretory portion, in contrast with tubular glands. They typically have an enlarged lumen (cavity), hence the name: they have a shape similar to alveoli, the very small air sacs in the lungs.
Some sources draw a clear distinction between acinar and alveolar glands, based upon the size of the lumen. A further complication in the case of the alveolar glands may occur in the form of still smaller saccular diverticuli growing out from the main sacculi.
The term "racemose gland" is used to describe a "compound alveolar gland" or "compound acinar gland."
Branched alveolar glands are classified as follows:
Additional images
See also
Acinus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKBP
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The FKBPs, or FK506 binding proteins, constitute a family of proteins that have prolyl isomerase activity and are related to the cyclophilins in function, though not in amino acid sequence. FKBPs have been identified in many eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans, and function as protein folding chaperones for proteins containing proline residues. Along with cyclophilin, FKBPs belong to the immunophilin family.
FKBP1A (also known as FKBP12) is notable in humans for binding the immunosuppressant molecule tacrolimus (originally designated FK506), which is used in treating patients after organ transplant and patients with autoimmune disorders. Tacrolimus has been found to reduce episodes of organ rejection over a related treatment, the drug ciclosporin, which binds cyclophilin. Both the FKBP-tacrolimus complex and the cyclosporin-cyclophilin complex inhibit a phosphatase called calcineurin, thus blocking signal transduction in the T-lymphocyte transduction pathway. This therapeutic role is not related to its prolyl isomerase activity. FKBP25 is a nuclear FKBP which non-specifically binds with DNA and has a role in DNA repair.
Use as a biological research tool
FKBP (FKBP1A) does not normally form a dimer but will dimerize in the presence of FK1012, a derivative of the drug tacrolimus (FK506). This has made it a useful tool for chemically induced dimerization applications where it can be used to manipulate protein localization, signalling pathways and protein activation.
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins in this family include:
AIP; AIPL1
FKBPL; FKBP1A; FKBP1B; FKBP2; FKBP3; FKBP4; FKBP5; FKBP6; FKBP7; FKBP8; FKBP9; FKBP10; FKBP11; FKBP14; FKBP15;
Gene with unclear status (may be pseudogene):
FKBP1C
Pseudogenes in humans:
LOC541473; FKBP9L;
See also
Immunophilins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular%20layer
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The muscular layer (muscular coat, muscular fibers, muscularis propria, muscularis externa) is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. The Latin, tunica muscularis, may also be used.
Structure
It usually has two layers of smooth muscle:
inner and "circular"
outer and "longitudinal"
However, there are some exceptions to this pattern.
In the stomach there are three layers to the muscular layer. Stomach contains an additional oblique muscle layer just interior to circular muscle layer.
In the upper esophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle.
In the vas deferens of the spermatic cord, there are three layers: inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal.
In the ureter the smooth muscle orientation is opposite that of the GI tract. There is an inner longitudinal and an outer circular layer.
The inner layer of the muscularis externa forms a sphincter at two locations of the gastrointestinal tract:
in the pylorus of the stomach, it forms the pyloric sphincter.
in the anal canal, it forms the internal anal sphincter.
In the colon, the fibres of the external longitudinal smooth muscle layer are collected into three longitudinal bands, the teniae coli.
The thickest muscularis layer is found in the stomach (triple layered) and thus maximum peristalsis occurs in the stomach. Thinnest muscularis layer in the alimentary canal is found in the rectum, where minimum peristalsis occurs.
Function
The muscularis layer is responsible for the peristaltic movements and segmental contractions in and the alimentary canal. The Auerbach's nerve plexus (myenteric nerve plexus) is found between longitudinal and circular muscle layers, it starts muscle contractions to initiate peristalsis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteucci%20Medal
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The Matteucci Medal is an Italian award for physicists, named after Carlo Matteucci from Forlì. It was established to award physicists for their fundamental contributions. Under an Italian Royal Decree dated July 10, 1870, the Italian Society of Sciences was authorized to receive a donation from Carlo Matteucci for the establishment of the Prize.
Recipients
Source:
See also
List of physics awards
External links
Matteucci Medal at the Italian National Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre%20multi-object%20spectrograph
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Fibre multi-object spectrograph (FMOS) is facility instrument for the Subaru telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The instrument consists of a complex fibre-optic positioning system mounted at the prime focus of the telescope. Fibres are then fed to a pair of large spectrographs, each weighing nearly 3000 kg. The instrument will be used to look at the light from up to 400 stars or galaxies simultaneously over a field of view of 30 arcminutes (about the size of the full moon on the sky). The instrument will be used for a number of key programmes, including galaxy formation and evolution and dark energy via a measurement of the rate at which the universe is expanding.
Design, construction, operation
It is currently being built by a consortium of institutes led by Kyoto University and Oxford University with parts also being manufactured by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Durham University and the Anglo-Australian Observatory. The instrument is scheduled for engineering first-light in late 2008.
OH-suppression
The spectrographs use a technique called OH-suppression to increase the sensitivity of the observations: The incoming light from the fibres is dispersed to a relatively high resolution and this spectrum forms an image on a pair of spherical mirrors which have been etched at the positions corresponding to the bright OH-lines. This spectrum is then re-imaged through a second diffraction grating to allow the full spectrum (without the OH lines) to be imaged onto a single infrared detector.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial%20astronaut
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A commercial astronaut is a person who has commanded, piloted, or served as an active crew member of a privately funded spacecraft. This is distinct from an otherwise non-government astronaut, for example Charlie Walker, who flies while representing a non-government corporation but with funding or training or both coming from government sources.
Criteria
The definition of "astronaut" and the criteria for determining who has achieved human spaceflight vary. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale defines spaceflight as any flight over of altitude. In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of are eligible to be awarded astronaut wings. Until 2003, professional space travelers were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, whether by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the first sub-orbital flight by the privately funded Scaled Composites Tier One program in 2004, the commercial astronaut category was created. The next commercial program to achieve sub-orbital flight was Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo program in 2018. Criteria for commercial astronaut status in other countries have yet to be made public.
By 2021, with the substantial increase in commercial spaceflight—with the first suborbital passenger flight by both Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo and Blue Origin's New Shepard in July, and with SpaceX's first orbital private spaceflight completed on September 18, 2021—the roles and functions of people going to space are expanding. Criteria for the broader designation "astronaut" has become open to interpretation. Even in the US alone, the "FAA, U.S. military and NASA all have different definitions of what it means to be designated as an 'astronaut' and none of them fit perfectly with the way Blue Origin or Virgin Galactic are doing business." It is even possible that by the FAA commercial astronaut definition, one company's July flight participants may receive FAA commerci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okishio%27s%20theorem
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Okishio's theorem is a theorem formulated by Japanese economist Nobuo Okishio. It has had a major impact on debates about Marx's theory of value. Intuitively, it can be understood as saying that if one capitalist raises his profits by introducing a new technique that cuts his costs, the collective or general rate of profit in society goes up for all capitalists. In 1961, Okishio established this theorem under the assumption that the real wage remains constant. Thus, the theorem isolates the effect of pure innovation from any consequent changes in the wage.
For this reason the theorem, first proposed in 1961, excited great interest and controversy because, according to Okishio, it contradicts Marx's law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. Marx had claimed that the new general rate of profit, after a new technique has spread throughout the branch where it has been introduced, would be lower than before. In modern words, the capitalists would be caught in a rationality trap or prisoner's dilemma: that which is rational from the point of view of a single capitalist, turns out to be irrational for the system as a whole, for the collective of all capitalists. This result was widely understood, including by Marx himself, as establishing that capitalism contained inherent limits to its own success. Okishio's theorem was therefore received in the West as establishing that Marx's proof of this fundamental result was inconsistent.
More precisely, the theorem says that the general rate of profit in the economy as a whole will be higher if a new technique of production is introduced in which, at the prices prevailing at the time that the change is introduced, the unit cost of output in one industry is less than the pre-change unit cost. The theorem, as Okishio (1961:88) points out, does not apply to non-basic branches of industry.
The proof of the theorem may be most easily understood as an application of the Perron–Frobenius theorem. This latter theorem comes from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation%20matrix
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In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, the commutation matrix is used for transforming the vectorized form of a matrix into the vectorized form of its transpose. Specifically, the commutation matrix K(m,n) is the nm × mn matrix which, for any m × n matrix A, transforms vec(A) into vec(AT):
K(m,n) vec(A) = vec(AT) .
Here vec(A) is the mn × 1 column vector obtain by stacking the columns of A on top of one another:
where A = [Ai,j]. In other words, vec(A) is the vector obtained by vectorizing A in column-major order. Similarly, vec(AT) is the vector obtaining by vectorizing A in row-major order.
In the context of quantum information theory, the commutation matrix is sometimes referred to as the swap matrix or swap operator
Properties
The commutation matrix is a special type of permutation matrix, and is therefore orthogonal. In particular, K(m,n) is equal to , where is the permutation over for which
Replacing A with AT in the definition of the commutation matrix shows that Therefore in the special case of m = n the commutation matrix is an involution and symmetric.
The main use of the commutation matrix, and the source of its name, is to commute the Kronecker product: for every m × n matrix A and every r × q matrix B,
This property is often used in developing the higher order statistics of Wishart covariance matrices.
The case of n=q=1 for the above equation states that for any column vectors v,w of sizes m,r respectively,
This property is the reason that this matrix is referred to as the "swap operator" in the context of quantum information theory.
Two explicit forms for the commutation matrix are as follows: if er,j denotes the j-th canonical vector of dimension r (i.e. the vector with 1 in the j-th coordinate and 0 elsewhere) then
The commutation matrix may be expressed as the following block matrix:
Where the p,q entry of n x m block-matrix Ki,j is given by
For example,
Code
For both square and rectangular matric
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert%20conditioning
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Covert conditioning is an approach to mental health treatment that utilizes the principles of applied behavior analysis, or cognitive-behavior therapies (CBTs) to help individuals improve their behavior or inner experience. This method relies on the individual's ability to use imagery for purposes such as mental rehearsal. In some populations, it has been found that an imaginary reward can be as effective as a real one. The effectiveness of covert conditioning is believed to depend on the careful application of behavioral treatment principles, including a comprehensive behavioral analysis.
Some clinicians include the mind's ability to spontaneously generate imagery that can provide intuitive solutions or even reprocessing that improves people's typical reactions to situations or inner material. However, this goes beyond the behavioristic principles on which covert conditioning is based.
Therapies and self-help methods have aspects of covert conditioning. This can be seen in focusing, some neuro-linguistic programming methods such as future pacing, and various visualization or imaginal processes used in behavior therapies, such as CBTs or clinical behavior analysis.
Therapeutic interventions
"Systematic desensitization" associates an aversive stimulus with a behavior that the client wishes to reduce or eliminate. This is achieved by imagining the target behavior followed by imagining an aversive consequence. "Covert extinction" attempts to reduce a behavior by imagining the target behavior while imagining that the reinforcer does not occur. "Covert response cost" seeks to reduce a behavior by associating the loss of a reinforcer with the target behavior that is to be decreased.
"Contact desensitization" intends to increase a behavior by imagining a reinforcing experience in connection with modeling the correct behavior. "Covert negative reinforcement" attempts to increase a behavior by connecting the termination of an aversive stimulus with increased production o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20flow
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The Stefan flow, occasionally called Stefan's flow, is a transport phenomenon concerning the movement of a chemical species by a flowing fluid (typically in the gas phase) that is induced to flow by the production or removal of the species at an interface. Any process that adds the species of interest to or removes it from the flowing fluid may cause the Stefan flow, but the most common processes include evaporation, condensation, chemical reaction, sublimation, ablation, adsorption, absorption, and desorption. It was named after the Slovenian physicist, mathematician, and poet Josef Stefan for his early work on calculating evaporation rates.
The Stefan flow is distinct from diffusion as described by Fick's law, but diffusion almost always also occurs in multi-species systems that are experiencing the Stefan flow. In systems undergoing one of the species addition or removal processes mentioned previously, the addition or removal generates a mean flow in the flowing fluid as the fluid next to the interface is displaced by the production or removal of additional fluid by the processes occurring at the interface. The transport of the species by this mean flow is the Stefan flow. When concentration gradients of the species are also present, diffusion transports the species relative to the mean flow. The total transport rate of the species is then given by a summation of the Stefan flow and diffusive contributions.
An example of the Stefan flow occurs when a droplet of liquid evaporates in air. In this case, the vapor/air mixture surrounding the droplet is the flowing fluid, and liquid/vapor boundary of the droplet is the interface. As heat is absorbed by the droplet from the environment, some of the liquid evaporates into vapor at the surface of the droplet, and flows away from the droplet as it is displaced by additional vapor evaporating from the droplet. This process causes the flowing medium to move away from the droplet at some mean speed that is dependent on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owney%20%28dog%29
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Owney (ca. 1887 – June 11, 1897), was a terrier mix adopted in the United States as a postal mascot by the Albany, New York, post office about 1888. The Albany mail professionals recommended the dog to their Railway Mail Service colleagues, and he became a nationwide mascot for nine years (1888–1897). He traveled over 140,000 miles throughout the 48 contiguous United States and around the world as a mascot of the Railway Post Office and the United States Postal Service. He was the subject of commemorative activities, including a 2011 U.S. postage stamp.
Story
Unofficial mascot
Owney belonged to a clerk at the Albany post office who would often come with him to work. Owney seemed to love the smell of the mail bags and would sleep on the bags. The clerk quit the Albany post office but knew that Owney was happier at the post office with the mail bags.
Owney usually slept on the mail bags, and when they were moved, Owney went with them. He was considered to be good luck by postal railway clerks, since no train he rode on was ever in a wreck. He was a welcome addition in any railway post office; he was a faithful guardian of railway mail and the bags it was carried in, and would not allow anyone other than mail clerks to touch the bags.
This was an important duty and Owney was well-situated for it, as the Albany train station was a key division point on the New York Central railroad system, one of the two largest railroads in the U.S. at that time. Mail trains from Albany rolled eastward to Boston, south to New York City, and westward to Buffalo, Cleveland, Toledo, Chicago, and points further west. As a contemporary book recounted: "The terrier 'Owney' travels from one end of the country to the other in the postal cars, tagged through, petted, talked to, looked out for, as a brother, almost. But sometimes, no matter what the attention, he suddenly departs for the south, the east, or the west, and is not seen again for months." In 1893 he was feared dead after having
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondements%20de%20la%20G%C3%A9ometrie%20Alg%C3%A9brique
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Fondements de la Géometrie Algébrique (FGA) is a book that collected together seminar notes of Alexander Grothendieck. It is an
important source for his pioneering work on scheme theory, which laid foundations for algebraic geometry in its modern technical developments.
The title is a translation of the title of André Weil's book Foundations of Algebraic Geometry.
It contained material on descent theory, and existence theorems including that for the Hilbert scheme. The Technique de descente et théorèmes d'existence en géometrie algébrique is one series of seminars within FGA.
Like the bulk of Grothendieck's work of the IHÉS period, duplicated notes were circulated, but the publication was not as a conventional book.
Contents
These are Séminaire Bourbaki notes, by number, from the years 1957 to 1962.
Fondements de la géométrie algébrique. Commentaires [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 14, 1961/62, Complément];
Théorème de dualité pour les faisceaux algébriques cohérents [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 9, 1956/57, no. 149]; (coherent duality)
Géométrie formelle et géométrie algébrique [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 11, 1958/59, no. 182]; (formal geometry)
Technique de descente et théorèmes d'existence en géométrie algébrique. I-VI
I. Généralités. Descente par morphismes fidèlement plats [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 12, 1959/60, no. 190];
II. Le théorème d'existence en théorie formelle des modules [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 12, 1959/60, no. 195];
III. Préschémas quotients [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 13, 1960/61, no. 212];
IV. Les schémas de Hilbert [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 13, 1960/61, no. 221];
V. Les schémas de Picard. Théorèmes d'existence [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 14, 1961/62, no. 232];
VI. Les schémas de Picard. Propriétés générales [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 14, 1961/62, no. 236]
See also
Éléments de géométrie algébrique
Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized%20response
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Randomised response is a research method used in structured survey interview. It was first proposed by S. L. Warner in 1965 and later modified by B. G. Greenberg and coauthors in 1969. It allows respondents to respond to sensitive issues (such as criminal behavior or sexuality) while maintaining confidentiality. Chance decides, unknown to the interviewer, whether the question is to be answered truthfully, or "yes", regardless of the truth.
For example, social scientists have used it to ask people whether they use drugs, whether they have illegally installed telephones, or whether they have evaded paying taxes. Before abortions were legal, social scientists used the method to ask women whether they had had abortions.
The concept is somewhat similar to plausible deniability. Plausible deniability allows the subject to credibly say that they did not make a statement, while the randomized response technique allows the subject to credibly say that they had not been truthful when making a statement.
Example
With a coin
A person is asked if they had sex with a prostitute this month. Before they answer, they flip a coin. They are then instructed to answer "yes" if the coin comes up tails, and truthfully, if it comes up heads. Only they know whether their answer reflects the toss of the coin or their true experience. It is very important to assume that people who get heads will answer truthfully, otherwise the surveyor is not able to speculate.
Half the people—or half the questionnaire population—get tails and the other half get heads when they flip the coin. Therefore, half of those people will answer "yes" regardless of whether they have done it. The other half will answer truthfully according to their experience. So whatever proportion of the group said "no", the true number who did not have sex with a prostitute is double that, based on the assumption that the two halves are probably close to the same as it is a large randomized sampling. For example, if 20% of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working%20terrier
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A working terrier is a small type of dog which pursues its quarry into the earth. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the name dates back to at least 1440, and is derived from the French chien terrier 'digging dog', which is from Medieval Latin terrarius, ultimately from Latin terra (earth).
With the growth of popularity of fox hunting in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries, terriers were extensively bred to follow the red fox, as well as the Eurasian badger, into its burrow, referred to as "terrier work" and "going to ground". The purpose of the terrier is to locate the quarry, then either bark and bolt it free or to a net, or trap or hold it so that it can be dug down to and killed or captured.
Working terriers can be no wider than the animals they hunt (chest circumference or "span" less than 35 cm/14in), in order to fit into the burrows and still have room to maneuver. As a result, the terriers often weigh considerably less than the fox (10 kg/22 lbs) and badger (12 kg/26 lbs), making these animals formidable quarry for the smaller dog.
Terrier work has been condemned by British animal welfare organizations such as the League Against Cruel Sports, the International Fund for Animal Welfare, and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, because it can lead to underground fighting between the animals, causing serious injuries. The British National Working Terrier Federation denies that underground fighting is an issue, arguing that the terrier's role is to locate, bark, and flush out the hunted animals, not to attack them. Hunting below ground with terriers is largely illegal in Britain under the Hunting Act 2004, unless conducted in accordance with strict conditions intended to protect game birds. Terrier work is legal in the US, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and much of continental Europe.
Requirements of a working terrier
The primary criterion of a working terrier is that it has an owner or keeper who works it. A terrier is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB%20UNIX
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Columbus UNIX, or CB UNIX, is a discontinued variant of the UNIX operating system used internally at Bell Labs for administrative databases and transaction processing. It was developed at the Columbus, Ohio branch, based on V6, V7 and PWB Unix. It was little-known outside the company.
CB UNIX was developed to address deficiencies inherent in Research Unix, notably the lack of interprocess communication (IPC) and file locking, considered essential for a database management system. Several Bell System operation support system products were based on CB UNIX such as Switching Control Center System. The primary innovations were power-fail restart, line disciplines, terminal types, and IPC features.
The interprocess communication features developed for CB UNIX were message queues, semaphores and shared memory support. These eventually appeared in mainstream Unix systems starting with System V in 1983, and are now collectively known as System V IPC.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplication%20and%20elimination%20matrices
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In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, the duplication matrix and the elimination matrix are linear transformations used for transforming half-vectorizations of matrices into vectorizations or (respectively) vice versa.
Duplication matrix
The duplication matrix is the unique matrix which, for any symmetric matrix , transforms into :
.
For the symmetric matrix , this transformation reads
The explicit formula for calculating the duplication matrix for a matrix is:
Where:
is a unit vector of order having the value in the position and 0 elsewhere;
is a matrix with 1 in position and and zero elsewhere
Here is a C++ function using Armadillo (C++ library):
arma::mat duplication_matrix(const int &n) {
arma::mat out((n*(n+1))/2, n*n, arma::fill::zeros);
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
for (int i = j; i < n; ++i) {
arma::vec u((n*(n+1))/2, arma::fill::zeros);
u(j*n+i-((j+1)*j)/2) = 1.0;
arma::mat T(n,n, arma::fill::zeros);
T(i,j) = 1.0;
T(j,i) = 1.0;
out += u * arma::trans(arma::vectorise(T));
}
}
return out.t();
}
Elimination matrix
An elimination matrix is a matrix which, for any matrix , transforms into :
.
By the explicit (constructive) definition given by , the by elimination matrix is given by
where is a unit vector whose -th element is one and zeros elsewhere, and .
Here is a C++ function using Armadillo (C++ library):
arma::mat elimination_matrix(const int &n) {
arma::mat out((n*(n+1))/2, n*n, arma::fill::zeros);
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
arma::rowvec e_j(n, arma::fill::zeros);
e_j(j) = 1.0;
for (int i = j; i < n; ++i) {
arma::vec u((n*(n+1))/2, arma::fill::zeros);
u(j*n+i-((j+1)*j)/2) = 1.0;
arma::rowvec e_i(n, arma::fill::zeros);
e_i(i) = 1.0;
out += arma::kron(u, arma::kron(e_j, e_i));
}
}
ret
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactin
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Surfactin is a cyclic lipopeptide, commonly used as an antibiotic for its capacity as a surfactant. It is an amphiphile capable of withstanding hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. The Gram-positive bacterial species Bacillus subtilis produces surfactin for its antibiotic effects against competitors. Surfactin showcases antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and hemolytic effects.
Structure and Synthesis
The structure consists of a peptide loop of seven amino acids (L-glutamic acid, L-leucine, D-leucine, L-valine, L-aspartic acid, D-leucine, and L-leucine) and a β-hydroxy fatty acid of variable length, thirteen to fifteen carbon atoms long. The glutamic acid and aspartic acid residues give the ring its hydrophilic character, as well as its negative charge. Conversely, the valine residue extends down, facing the fatty acid chain, to form a major hydrophobic domain. Below critical micellar concentrations (CMCs), the fatty acid tail can extend freely into solution, participating in hydrophobic interactions within micelles. This antibiotic is synthesized by a linear nonribosomal peptide synthetase, surfactin synthetase (). In solution, it has a characteristic "horse saddle" conformation (PDB: ) that explains its large spectrum of biological activity.
Physical properties
Surface tension
Surfactin, like other surfactants, affects the surface tension of liquids in which it is dissolved. It can lower the water's surface tension from 72 mN/m to 27 mN/m at concentrations as low as 20 μM. Surfactin accomplishes this effect by occupying the intermolecular space between water molecules, decreasing the attractive forces between adjacent water molecules, mainly hydrogen bonds, to increase the solution's fluidity. This property makes surfactin and other surfactants useful as detergents and soaps.
Molecular mechanisms
There are three prevailing hypotheses for how surfactin works.
Cation-carrier effect
The cation-carrier effect is characterized by surfactin's ability to dri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20veins
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The spinal veins (veins of the medulla spinalis or veins of the spinal cord) are situated in the pia mater and form a minute, tortuous, venous plexus.
They emerge chiefly from the median fissures of the medulla spinalis and are largest in the lumbar region.
In this plexus there are:
(1) two median longitudinal veins, one in front of the anterior fissure, and the other behind the posterior sulcus of the cord.
(2) four lateral longitudinal veins which run behind the nerve roots.
They end in the intervertebral veins.
Near the base of the skull they unite, and form two or three small trunks, which communicate with the vertebral veins, and then end in the inferior cerebellar veins, or in the inferior petrosal sinuses.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronkhite%E2%80%93Canada%20syndrome
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Cronkhite–Canada syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by multiple polyps of the digestive tract. It is sporadic (i.e. it does not seem to be a hereditary disease), and it is currently considered acquired and idiopathic (i.e. cause remains unknown).
About two-thirds of patients are of Japanese descent and the male to female ratio is 3:2. It was characterized in 1955 by internal medicine physician Leonard Wolsey Cronkhite Jr. and radiologist Wilma Jeanne Canada.
Signs and symptoms
Polyps are found throughout the GI tract (most frequently in the stomach and large intestine, followed by the small intestine) though typically avoid the esophagus. A biopsy will reveal them to be hamartomas; the possibility that they progress to cancer is generally considered to be low, although it has been reported multiple times in the past. Chronic diarrhea and protein-losing enteropathy are often observed. Possible collateral features include variable anomalies of ectodermal tissues, such as alopecia, atrophy of the nails, or skin pigmentation
Causes
The cause of the disease is unknown. It was originally thought that the epidermal changes were secondary to profound malnutrition as a result of protein-losing enteropathy. Recent findings have called this hypothesis into question; specifically, the hair and nail changes may not improve with improved nutrition.
Other conditions consisting of multiple hamartomatous polyps of the digestive tract include Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis, and Cowden disease. Related polyposis conditions are familial adenomatous polyposis, attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis, Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome and MUTYH.
Diagnosis
There is no specific test to diagnose Cronkhite–Canada syndrome. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and features of the disease.
Management
Nutritional support is fundamental, and may include dietary guidance, supplements, tube feeding, or intravenous solutions. Treatments proposed include cromolyn sodium and prednisone, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorization%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, the vectorization of a matrix is a linear transformation which converts the matrix into a vector. Specifically, the vectorization of a matrix A, denoted vec(A), is the column vector obtained by stacking the columns of the matrix A on top of one another:
Here, represents the element in the i-th row and j-th column of A, and the superscript denotes the transpose. Vectorization expresses, through coordinates, the isomorphism between these (i.e., of matrices and vectors) as vector spaces.
For example, for the 2×2 matrix , the vectorization is .
The connection between the vectorization of A and the vectorization of its transpose is given by the commutation matrix.
Compatibility with Kronecker products
The vectorization is frequently used together with the Kronecker product to express matrix multiplication as a linear transformation on matrices. In particular,
for matrices A, B, and C of dimensions k×l, l×m, and m×n. For example, if (the adjoint endomorphism of the Lie algebra of all n×n matrices with complex entries), then , where is the n×n identity matrix.
There are two other useful formulations:
More generally, it has been shown that vectorization is a self-adjunction in the monoidal closed structure of any category of matrices.
Compatibility with Hadamard products
Vectorization is an algebra homomorphism from the space of matrices with the Hadamard (entrywise) product to Cn2 with its Hadamard product:
Compatibility with inner products
Vectorization is a unitary transformation from the space of n×n matrices with the Frobenius (or Hilbert–Schmidt) inner product to Cn2:
where the superscript † denotes the conjugate transpose.
Vectorization as a linear sum
The matrix vectorization operation can be written in terms of a linear sum. Let X be an matrix that we want to vectorize, and let ei be the i-th canonical basis vector for the n-dimensional space, that is . Let Bi be a block matri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20compression%20therapy
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Cold compression therapy, also known as hilotherapy, combines two of the principles of rest, ice, compression, elevation to reduce pain and swelling from a sports or activity injury to soft tissues and is recommended by orthopedic surgeons following surgery. The therapy is especially useful for sprains, strains, pulled muscles and pulled ligaments.
Cold compression
Cold compression is a combination of cryotherapy and static compression, commonly used for the treatment of pain and inflammation after acute injury or surgical procedures.
Cryotherapy, the use of ice or cold in a therapeutic setting, has become one of the most common treatments in orthopedic medicine. The primary reason for using cryotherapy in acute injury management is to lower the temperature of the injured tissue, which reduces the tissue's metabolic rate and helps the tissue to survive the period following the injury. It is well documented that metabolic rate decreases by application of cryotherapy.
A study done found that current literature on the use of cryotherapy on acute ankle sprains has insufficient evidence for the efficacy.
Static compression is often used in conjunction with cryotherapy for the care of acute injuries. To date, the primary reason for using compression is to increase external pressure on the tissue to prevent edema formation (swelling). This occurs by hindering fluid loss from the vessels in the injured area, making it more difficult for fluids to accumulate. Ice with compression is significantly colder than ice alone due to improved skin contact and increased tissue density caused by extended static compression. Tissue reaches its lowest temperature faster and the tissue maintains its cool even after treatment ends.
Compression therapy has been used in deep venous thrombosis prevention, wound care, as well as managing edema. Literature suggests that compression therapy use for perioperative ankle fractures will be beneficial for edema reduction and therefore, will pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortactin
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Cortactin (from "cortical actin binding protein") is a monomeric protein located in the cytoplasm of cells that can be activated by external stimuli to promote polymerization and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, especially the actin cortex around the cellular periphery. It is present in all cell types. When activated, it will recruit Arp2/3 complex proteins to existing actin microfilaments, facilitating and stabilizing nucleation sites for actin branching. Cortactin is important in promoting lamellipodia formation, invadopodia formation, cell migration, and endocytosis.
Gene
In humans, cortactin is encoded by the CTTN gene on chromosome 11.
Structure
Cortactin is a thin, elongated monomer that consists of an amino-terminal acidic (NTA) region; 37-residue-long segments that are highly conserved among cortactin proteins of all species and repeated up to 6.5 times in tandem (“cortactin repeats”); a proline-rich region; and an SH3 domain. This basic structure is highly conserved among all species that express cortactin.
Activation and binding
Cortactin is activated via phosphorylation, by tyrosine kinases or serine/threonine kinases, in response to extracellular signals like growth factors, adhesion sites, or pathogenic invasion of the epithelial layer.
The SH3 domain of certain tyrosine kinases, such as the oncogene Src kinase, binds to cortactin's proline-rich region and phosphorylates it on Tyr421, Tyr466, and Tyr482. Once activated in this way, it can bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) with the fourth of its cortactin repeats. As the concentration of phosphorylated cortactin increases in specific regions within the cell, the monomers each begin to recruit an Arp2/3 complex to F-actin. It binds to Arp2/3 with an aspartic acid-aspartic acid-tryptophan (DDW) sequence in its NTA region, a motif that is often seen in other actin nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs).
Certain serine/threonine kinases, such as ERK, can phosphorylate cortactin on Ser405 and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calsequestrin
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Calsequestrin is a calcium-binding protein that acts as a calcium buffer within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The protein helps hold calcium in the cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after a muscle contraction, even though the concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is much higher than in the cytosol. It also helps the sarcoplasmic reticulum store an extraordinarily high amount of calcium ions. Each molecule of calsequestrin can bind 18 to 50 Ca2+ ions. Sequence analysis has suggested that calcium is not bound in distinct pockets via EF-hand motifs, but rather via presentation of a charged protein surface. Two forms of calsequestrin have been identified. The cardiac form Calsequestrin-2 (CASQ2) is present in cardiac and slow skeletal muscle and the fast skeletal form Calsequestrin-1(CASQ1) is found in fast skeletal muscle. The release of calsequestrin-bound calcium (through a calcium release channel) triggers muscle contraction. The active protein is not highly structured, more than 50% of it adopting a random coil conformation. When calcium binds there is a structural change whereby the alpha-helical content of the protein increases from 3 to 11%. Both forms of calsequestrin are phosphorylated by casein kinase 2, but the cardiac form is phosphorylated more rapidly and to a higher degree. Calsequestrin is also secreted in the gut where it deprives bacteria of calcium ions..
Cardiac calsequestrin
Cardiac calsequestrin (CASQ2) plays an integral role in cardiac regulation. Mutations in the cardiac calsequestrin gene have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. CASQ2 is thought to have a role in regulating cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) in the heart, as overexpression of CASQ2 has been shown to substantially raise the magnitude of cell-averaged ICA-induced calcium transients and spontaneous calcium sparks in isolated heart cells. Furthermore, CASQ2 modulates the CICR mechanism b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20timing%20diagram
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A digital timing diagram represents a set of signals in the time domain. A timing diagram can contain many rows, usually one of them being the clock. It is a tool commonly used in digital electronics, hardware debugging, and digital communications. Besides providing an overall description of the timing relationships, the digital timing diagram can help find and diagnose digital logic hazards.
Diagram convention
Most timing diagrams use the following conventions:
Higher value is a logic one
Lower value is a logic zero
A slot showing a high and low is an either-or (such as on a data line)
A Z indicates high impedance
A greyed out slot is a don't-care or indeterminate.
Example: SPI bus timing
The timing diagram example on the right describes the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus.
Most SPI master nodes can set the clock polarity (CPOL) and clock phase (CPHA) with respect to the data.
This timing diagram shows the clock for both values of CPOL and the values for the two data lines (MISO & MOSI) for each value of CPHA.
Note that when CPHA=1, then the data is delayed by one-half clock cycle.
SPI operates in the following way:
The master determines an appropriate CPOL & CPHA value
The master pulls down the slave select (SS) line for a specific slave chip
The master clocks SCK at a specific frequency
During each of the eight clock cycles, the transfer is full duplex:
The master writes on the MOSI line and reads the MISO line
The slave writes on the MISO line and reads the MOSI line
When finished the master can continue with another byte transfer or pull SS high to end the transfer
When a slave's SS line is high, both its MISO and MOSI line should be high impedance to avoid disrupting a transfer to a different slave.
Before SS being pulled low, the MISO & MOSI lines are indicated with a "z" for high impedance.
Also, before the SS is pulled low, the "cycle #" row is meaningless and is shown greyed out.
Note that for CPHA=1, the MISO & MOSI lines are undef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearing%20%28physics%29
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In continuum mechanics, shearing refers to the occurrence of a shear strain, which is a deformation of a material substance in which parallel internal surfaces slide past one another. It is induced by a shear stress in the material. Shear strain is distinguished from volumetric strain. The change in a material's volume in response to stress and change of angle is called the angle of shear.
Overview
Often, the verb shearing refers more specifically to a mechanical process that causes a plastic shear strain in a material, rather than causing a merely elastic one. A plastic shear strain is a continuous (non-fracturing) deformation that is irreversible, such that the material does not recover its original shape. It occurs when the material is yielding. The process of shearing a material may induce a volumetric strain along with the shear strain. In soil mechanics, the volumetric strain associated with shearing is known as Reynolds' dilation if it increases the volume, or compaction if it decreases the volume.
The shear center (also known as the torsional axis) is an imaginary point on a section, where a shear force can be applied without inducing any torsion. In general, the shear center is not the centroid. For cross-sectional areas having one axis of symmetry, the shear center is located on the axis of symmetry. For those having two axes of symmetry, the shear center lies on the centroid of the cross-section.
In some materials such as metals, plastics, or granular materials like sand or soils, the shearing motion rapidly localizes into a narrow band, known as a shear band. In that case, all the sliding occurs within the band while the blocks of material on either side of the band simply slide past one another without internal deformation. A special case of shear localization occurs in brittle materials when they fracture along a narrow band. Then, all subsequent shearing occurs within the fracture. Plate tectonics, where the plates of the Earth's crust s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrifying%20bacteria
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Nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophic organisms that include species of genera such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, Nitrospira and Nitrococcus. These bacteria get their energy from the oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds. Types include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Many species of nitrifying bacteria have complex internal membrane systems that are the location for key enzymes in nitrification: ammonia monooxygenase (which oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine), hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (which oxidizes hydroxylamine to nitric oxide - which is further oxidized to nitrite by a currently unidentified enzyme), and nitrite oxidoreductase (which oxidizes nitrite to nitrate).
Ecology
Nitrifying bacteria are present in distinct taxonomical groups and are found in highest numbers where considerable amounts of ammonia are present (such as areas with extensive protein decomposition, and sewage treatment plants). Nitrifying bacteria thrive in lakes, streams, and rivers with high inputs and outputs of sewage, wastewater and freshwater because of the high ammonia content.
Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
Nitrification in nature is a two-step oxidation process of ammonium () or ammonia () to nitrite () and then to nitrate () catalyzed by two ubiquitous bacterial groups growing together. The first reaction is oxidation of ammonium to nitrite by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) represented by members of Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Further organisms able to oxidize ammonia are Archaea (AOA).
The second reaction is oxidation of nitrite () to nitrate by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), represented by the members of Nitrospinota, Nitrospirota, Pseudomonadota, and Chloroflexota.
This two-step process was described already in 1890 by the Ukrainian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky.
Ammonia can be also oxidized completely to nitrate by one comammox bacterium.
Ammonia-to-nitrite mechanism
Amm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline%20and%20Fall%20of%20the%20American%20Programmer
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Decline and Fall of the American Programmer is a book written by Edward Yourdon in 1992. It was addressed to American programmers and software organizations of the 1990s, warning that they were about to be driven out of business by programmers in other countries who could produce software more cheaply and with higher quality. Yourdon claimed that American software organizations could only retain their edge by using technologies such as ones he described in the book. (These are listed in the chapter outline below.) Yourdon gave examples of how non-American—specifically Indian and Japanese—companies were making use of these technologies to produce high-quality software.
In the follow-up book Rise and Resurrection of the American Programmer, published in 1996, Yourdon reversed some of his original predictions based upon changes in the state of the software industry.
Chapter outline
1. Introduction
2. The Lure of the Silver Bullet
3. Peopleware
4. Software Processes
5. Software Methodologies
6. CASE
7. Software Metrics
8. Software Quality Assurance
9. Software Reusability
10. Software Re-Engineering
11. Future Trends
A. Software Technology in India
B. The Programmer's Bookshelf
Release details
Prentice Hall, , 1992; hardback
Prentice Hall, , June 16, 1993; paperback
See also
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, to which this book's title is a reference
Peopleware, by Tom DeMarco and Timothy Lister
1992 non-fiction books
Software development books
Software quality
Software industry
Science and technology in the United States
Prentice Hall books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overselling
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Overselling or overbooking is sale of a volatile good or service in excess of actual supply. Overselling is a common practice in the travel and hospitality sectors, in which it is expected that some people will cancel. The practice occurs as an intentional business strategy in which sellers expect that some buyers will not consume all of the resources they are entitled to, or that some buyers will cancel. The practice of overselling aims to ensure that 100% of available supply will be used, resulting in the maximum return on investment. However, if more customers than the seller expects do wish to purchase or use the sold commodity, it may leave some customers lacking a service they expected to receive.
Overbooking is regulated (though rarely prohibited) in many countries and industries, and companies that do practice it are often required or forced by market competition to offer large amounts of compensation to customers as an incentive for them to not take up their purchase.
An alternative to overbooking is discouraging consumers from buying services they do not actually intend to use. This can be done by making reservations non-refundable, a common practice among low-cost carriers and railways, or requiring customers wishing to cancel their right to a service to pay a termination fee.
Tourism industry
An airline, rail or shipping company may book more customers onto an aircraft, train or cruise ship than can actually be accommodated. This allows them to have a (nearly) full vehicle on most runs, even if some customers miss the trip (tickets are often rebookable afterwards). Such customers are called no-shows. If everyone shows up, at least in the case of airlines, the overbooking will cause an oversale.
Airlines
When a flight is oversold, the airline prevents some passengers from boarding, even though they have purchased a ticket. This is called "bumping". Airlines may ask for volunteers to give away their seats, or refuse boarding to certain passengers, i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic%20Eclipse%20Modeling%20System
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Generic Eclipse Modeling System (GEMS) is a configurable toolkit for creating domain-specific modeling and program synthesis environments for Eclipse. The project aims to bridge the gap between the communities experienced with visual metamodeling tools like those built around the Eclipse modeling technologies, such as the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) and Graphical Modeling Framework (GMF). GEMS helps developers rapidly create a graphical modeling tool from a visual language description or metamodel without any coding in third-generation languages. Graphical modeling tools created with GEMS automatically support complex capabilities, such as remote updating and querying, template creation, styling with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and model linking.
The configuration is accomplished through metamodels specifying the modeling paradigm of the application domain, i.e. a domain-specific modeling language (DSML). The modeling paradigm contains all the syntactic, semantic, and presentation information regarding the domain; which concepts will be used to construct models, what relationships may exist among those concepts, how the concepts may be organized and viewed by the modeler, and rules governing the construction of models. The modeling paradigm defines the family of models that can be created using the resultant modeling environment.
The built-in metamodeling language is based on the UML class diagram notation. Metamodels in other eCore readable formats can be used as well. Metamodel constraints can be specified in declarative languages (e.g. OCL, Prolog) or, alternatively, in Java. Once a metamodel has been created, GEMS plug-in generator can be invoked to create the modeling tool. The generated plug-in uses Eclipse's Graphical Editing Framework (GEF) and Draw2D plug-in to visualize the DSML as a diagram. GEMS extension points can be used to create an interpreter which traverses the domain-specific model and generates code. Interpreters can also interpret the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVu
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PowerVu is a conditional access system for digital television developed by Scientific Atlanta. It is used for professional broadcasting, notably by Retevision, Bloomberg Television, Discovery Channel, AFRTS, ABS-CBN, GMA Network, and American Forces Network. It is also used by cable companies to prevent viewing by unauthorized viewers and non-cable subscribers.
PowerVu has decoders that decode signals from certain satellites for cable distribution services. These decoders can also be used just like the FTA (Free-To-Air) satellite receivers if properly configured.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparasitic
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Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases, such as those caused by helminths, amoeba, ectoparasites, parasitic fungi, and protozoa, among others. Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents of the infections by destroying them or inhibiting their growth; they are usually effective against a limited number of parasites within a particular class. Antiparasitics are one of the antimicrobial drugs which include antibiotics that target bacteria, and antifungals that target fungi. They may be administered orally, intravenously or topically. Overuse or misuse of antiparasitics can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance.
Broad-Spectrum antiparasitics, analogous to broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacteria, are antiparasitic drugs with efficacy in treating a wide range of parasitic infections caused by parasites from different classes.
Types
Broad-spectrum
Nitazoxanide
Antiprotozoals
Melarsoprol (for treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei)
Eflornithine (for sleeping sickness)
Metronidazole (for vaginitis caused by Trichomonas)
Tinidazole (for intestinal infections caused by Giardia lamblia)
Miltefosine (for the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, currently undergoing investigation for Chagas disease)
Antihelminthic
Antinematodes
Mebendazole (for most nematode infections)
Pyrantel pamoate (for most nematode infections)
Thiabendazole (for roundworm infections)
Diethylcarbamazine (for treatment of Lymphatic filariasis)
Ivermectin (for prevention of river blindness)
Anticestodes
Niclosamide (for tapeworm infections)
Praziquantel (for tapeworm infections)
Albendazole (broad spectrum)
Antitrematodes
Praziquantel
Antiamoebics
Rifampin
Amphotericin B
Antifungals
Fumagillin (for microsporidiosis)
Medical uses
Antiparasitics treat parasitic diseases, which impact an estimated 2 billion people.
Administration
Antiparastics may be given via a variety
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble%20booster
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A treble booster is an effects unit used by guitarists to increase the high end of their tonal spectrum. Many units boost the overall volume as well. Treble boosters were commonly used by guitarists in the 1960s and 1970s. During the last couple of decades, their popularity has increased again and many clones and reissues of the classic circuits have become available.
Many treble boosters made in the 1960s were designed to not boost the signal much. Vox even decreased the output of the American made version of their treble booster because they were afraid that the signal would overload the amplifier's input stage. Today, overdriving the input is considered one of the key features of a treble booster.
Popularized by guitarists such as Tony Iommi, Ritchie Blackmore, Rory Gallagher, Brian May, and Marc Bolan, treble boosters were used to overdrive amplifiers (mostly dark sounding, British tube models such as Marshall Bluesbreakers and Vox AC30s) in order to create a more distorted yet focused sound. They came up in the mid-1960s. By the 1980s they had fallen out of use. Guitarists used overdrive pedals instead, in a similar fashion. But the circuit and its derivatives have experienced a great revival in the 21st century, thanks to the many boutique builders who have rediscovered the circuit. While IC-based overdrive pedals remain far more popular than treble boosters, some players prefer the less compressed and more dynamic response of Rangemaster-family boosters.
Dallas Rangemaster
One of the earliest treble boosters was the Dallas Rangemaster. Unlike most of today's clones, the original Rangemaster was not a pedal, but a box meant to be placed on top of the amplifier. The circuit makes use of a single OC71 or OC44 germanium transistor.
The Rangemaster has also been used extensively by Brian May, Tony Iommi, Marc Bolan, and Rory Gallagher. Tony Iommi's Rangemaster was modified to be full-range.
Hornby Skewes
Just like the Dallas Rangemaster, the Hornby Skewes tre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root%20of%20the%20lung
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The root of the lung is a group of structures that emerge at the hilum of each lung, just above the middle of the mediastinal surface and behind the cardiac impression of the lung. It is nearer to the back (posterior border) than the front (anterior border). The root of the lung is connected by the structures that form it to the heart and the trachea. The rib cage is separated from the lung by a two-layered membranous coating, the pleura. The hilum is the large triangular depression where the connection between the parietal pleura (covering the rib cage) and the visceral pleura (covering the lung) is made, and this marks the meeting point between the mediastinum and the pleural cavities.
Location
The root of the right lung lies behind the superior vena cava and part of the right atrium, and below the azygos vein. That of the left lung passes beneath the aortic arch and in front of the descending aorta; the phrenic nerve, pericardiacophrenic artery and vein, and the anterior pulmonary plexus, lie in front of each, and the vagus nerve and posterior pulmonary plexus lie behind.
Structures
Neurovascular
The root is formed by the bronchus, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, the bronchial arteries and veins, the pulmonary plexuses of nerves, lymphatic vessels, bronchial lymph nodes, and areolar tissue, all of which are enclosed by a reflection of the pleura. The chief structures composing the root of each lung are arranged in a similar manner from the front to the back on each side. This means that the upper of the two pulmonary veins are located anteriorly, the pulmonary artery is in the middle, and the bronchus and bronchial vessels are located posteriorly. The arrangement on the two sides is not symmetrical.
Right side: (superior to inferior) Eparterial bronchus, pulmonary artery, hyparterial bronchus, and inferior pulmonary vein.
Left Side: (superior to inferior) Pulmonary artery, main bronchus, and inferior pulmonary vein.
Lymphatic
On each hilum, th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costodiaphragmatic%20recess
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The costodiaphragmatic recess, also called the costophrenic recess or phrenicocostal sinus, is the posterolateral fringe of the pleural space, a potential space around the lung inside the pleural cavity. It is located at the acutely angled junction ("reflection") between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae, and is interpreted two-dimensionally on plain X-rays as the costophrenic angle. It measures approximately vertically and extends from the eighth to the tenth rib along the mid-axillary line.
Function
The lungs expand into this recess during forced inspiration; however, the recess never gets filled completely. During expiration, it contains nothing apart from gravitated serous fluid.
Clinical significance
Pleural effusions collect in the costodiaphragmatic recess when in standing position, and present on plain X-rays as "blunting" of the costophrenic angle.
A thoracocentesis (pleural tap) is often performed here while a patient is in full expiration because of less risk of puncturing the lungs and thereby causing pneumothorax.
Imaging
In anatomy, the costophrenic angles are the places where the diaphragm (-phrenic) meets the ribs (costo-).
Each costophrenic angle can normally be seen as on chest x-ray as a sharply-pointed, downward indentation (dark) between each hemi-diaphragm (white) and the adjacent chest wall (white). A small portion of each lung normally reaches into the costophrenic angle. The normal angle usually measures thirty degrees.
Pleural effusion
With pleural effusion, fluid often builds up in the costophrenic angle (due to gravity). This can push the lung upwards, resulting in "blunting" of the costophrenic angle.
The posterior angle is the deepest.
Obtuse angulation is sign of disease.
Chest x-ray is the first test done to confirm the presence of pleural fluid. The lateral upright chest x-ray should be examined when a pleural effusion is suspected. In an upright x-ray, 75 mL of fluid blunts the posterior costophrenic angle. B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietdijk%E2%80%93Putnam%20argument
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In philosophy, the Rietdijk–Putnam argument, named after and Hilary Putnam, uses 20th-century findings in physicsspecifically in special relativityto support the philosophical position known as four-dimensionalism.
If special relativity is true, then each observer will have their own plane of simultaneity, which contains a unique set of events that constitutes the observer's present moment. Observers moving at different relative velocities have different planes of simultaneity, and hence different sets of events that are present. Each observer considers their set of present events to be a three-dimensional universe, but even the slightest movement of the head or offset in distance between observers can cause the three-dimensional universes to have differing content. If each three-dimensional universe exists, then the existence of multiple three-dimensional universes suggests that the universe is four-dimensional. The argument is named after the discussions by Rietdijk (1966) and Putnam (1967). It is sometimes called the Rietdijk–Putnam–Penrose argument.
Andromeda paradox
Roger Penrose advanced a form of this argument that has been called the Andromeda paradox in which he points out that two people walking past each other on the street could have very different present moments. If one of the people were walking towards the Andromeda Galaxy, then events in this galaxy might be hours or even days advanced of the events on Andromeda for the person walking in the other direction. If this occurs, it would have dramatic effects on our understanding of time. Penrose highlighted the consequences by discussing a potential invasion of Earth by aliens living in the Andromeda Galaxy. As Penrose put it:
The "paradox" consists of two observers who are, from their conscious perspective, in the same place and at the same instant having different sets of events in their "present moment". Notice that neither observer can actually "see" what is happening in Andromeda, because ligh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanaro%20Card
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Hanaro Card is contactless smart card used in the public transportation system in Busan, South Korea. First used in 1997, the Hanaro Card is now also used for paying at parking lots and toll booths.
The Hanaro system was adopted by Busan City in February 1998. This created the first integrated transport smart payment system in the world.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADragon
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Síragon, C.A. is a Venezuelan manufacturer and assembler of computer hardware and other electronic products such as digital cameras, tablet, computers and LCD televisions. Siragon also designs and manufactures its own RAM and flash memory and printed circuit boards. The company was created in an alliance between Venezuela and Japanese investors. Its plant is located in the North Industrial Zone of Valencia, Carabobo, in Venezuela.
In November 2009, Síragon started to distribute its product line in Argentina, Allied with the Argentinian computer wholesale vendor Greentech. Síragon manufactures its own designs and also builds under license, all-in-one computers from Brazilian Itautec.
Siragon products are all manufactured in Venezuela. At the 2012 international consumer electronics show Siragon formally announced its intent to enter the US market by the end of 2012. Siragon is engaged in a design partnership with BMW for which it both manufactures electronics for and collaborates on electronic designs with.
Siragon currently holds the third largest share of the electronics market in Venezuela.
Products
Digital cameras
Video cameras
Desktop computers
Laptop computers
Netbooks
Computer servers
LCD televisions and monitors
LED television
Plasma TV screens
Sound systems
Peripherals
Tablet computers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN%20M49
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UN M49 or the Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (Series M, No. 49) is a standard for area codes used by the United Nations for statistical purposes, developed and maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division. Each area code is a 3-digit number which can refer to a wide variety of geographical and political regions, like a continent and a country. Codes assigned in the system generally do not change when the country or area's name changes (unlike ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 or ISO 3166-1 alpha-3), but instead change when the territorial extent of the country or area changes significantly, although there have been exceptions to this rule.
Some of these codes, those representing countries and territories, were first included as part of the ISO 3166-1 standard in its second edition in 1981, but they have been released by the United Nations Statistics Division since 1970.
Another part of these numeric codes, those representing geographical (continental and sub-continental) supranational regions, was also included in the IANA registry for region subtags (first described in September 2006 in the now obsoleted RFC 4646, but confirmed in its successor RFC 5646, published in September 2009) for use within language tags, as specified in IETF's BCP 47 (where the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used as region subtags, instead of UN M.49 codes, for countries and territories).
Code lists
M.49 area codes (as of December 2021)
Private-use codes and reserved codes
Beside the codes standardized above, the numeric codes 900 to 999 are reserved for private-use in ISO 3166-1 (under agreement by the UNSD) and in the UN M.49 standard. They may be used for any other groupings or subdivision of countries, territories and regions.
Some of these private-use codes may be found in some UN statistics reports and databases, for their own specific purpose. They are not portable across databases from third parties (except through private agreement), and may be changed without no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%27s%20inequality
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In Euclidean geometry, Ptolemy's inequality relates the six distances determined by four points in the plane or in a higher-dimensional space. It states that, for any four points , , , and , the following inequality holds:
It is named after the Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy.
The four points can be ordered in any of three distinct ways (counting reversals as not distinct) to form three different quadrilaterals, for each of which the sum of the products of opposite sides is at least as large as the product of the diagonals. Thus, the three product terms in the inequality can be additively permuted to put any one of them on the right side of the inequality, so the three products of opposite sides or of diagonals of any one of the quadrilaterals must obey the triangle inequality.
As a special case, Ptolemy's theorem states that the inequality becomes an equality when the four points lie in cyclic order on a circle.
The other case of equality occurs when the four points are collinear in order. The inequality does not generalize from Euclidean spaces to arbitrary metric spaces. The spaces where it remains valid are called the Ptolemaic spaces; they include the inner product spaces, Hadamard spaces, and shortest path distances on Ptolemaic graphs.
Assumptions and derivation
Ptolemy's inequality is often stated for a special case, in which the four points are the vertices of a convex quadrilateral, given in cyclic order. However, the theorem applies more generally to any four points; it is not required that the quadrilateral they form be convex, simple, or even planar.
For points in the plane, Ptolemy's inequality can be derived from the triangle inequality by an inversion centered at one of the four points. Alternatively, it can be derived by interpreting the four points as complex numbers, using the complex number identity:
to construct a triangle whose side lengths are the products of sides of the given quadrilateral, and applying the triangle inequali
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20Hamiltonian
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In atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry, the molecular Hamiltonian is the Hamiltonian operator representing the energy of the electrons and nuclei in a molecule. This operator and the associated Schrödinger equation play a central role in computational chemistry and physics for computing properties of molecules and aggregates of molecules, such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, electrical conductivity, optical, and magnetic properties, and reactivity.
The elementary parts of a molecule are the nuclei, characterized by their atomic numbers, Z, and the electrons, which have negative elementary charge, −e. Their interaction gives a nuclear charge of Z + q, where , with N equal to the number of electrons. Electrons and nuclei are, to a very good approximation, point charges and point masses. The molecular Hamiltonian is a sum of several terms: its major terms are the kinetic energies of the electrons and the Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions between the two kinds of charged particles. The Hamiltonian that contains only the kinetic energies of electrons and nuclei, and the Coulomb interactions between them, is known as the Coulomb Hamiltonian. From it are missing a number of small terms, most of which are due to electronic and nuclear spin.
Although it is generally assumed that the solution of the time-independent Schrödinger equation associated with the Coulomb Hamiltonian will predict most properties of the molecule, including its shape (three-dimensional structure), calculations based on the full Coulomb Hamiltonian are very rare. The main reason is that its Schrödinger equation is very difficult to solve. Applications are restricted to small systems like the hydrogen molecule.
Almost all calculations of molecular wavefunctions are based on the separation of the Coulomb Hamiltonian first devised by Born and Oppenheimer. The nuclear kinetic energy terms are omitted from the Coulomb Hamiltonian and one considers the remaining Hami
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorization%20system
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In mathematics, it can be shown that every function can be written as the composite of a surjective function followed by an injective function. Factorization systems are a generalization of this situation in category theory.
Definition
A factorization system (E, M) for a category C consists of two classes of morphisms E and M of C such that:
E and M both contain all isomorphisms of C and are closed under composition.
Every morphism f of C can be factored as for some morphisms and .
The factorization is functorial: if and are two morphisms such that for some morphisms and , then there exists a unique morphism making the following diagram commute:
Remark: is a morphism from to in the arrow category.
Orthogonality
Two morphisms and are said to be orthogonal, denoted , if for every pair of morphisms and such that there is a unique morphism such that the diagram
commutes. This notion can be extended to define the orthogonals of sets of morphisms by
and
Since in a factorization system contains all the isomorphisms, the condition (3) of the definition is equivalent to
(3') and
Proof: In the previous diagram (3), take (identity on the appropriate object) and .
Equivalent definition
The pair of classes of morphisms of C is a factorization system if and only if it satisfies the following conditions:
Every morphism f of C can be factored as with and
and
Weak factorization systems
Suppose e and m are two morphisms in a category C. Then e has the left lifting property with respect to m (respectively m has the right lifting property with respect to e) when for every pair of morphisms u and v such that ve = mu there is a morphism w such that the following diagram commutes. The difference with orthogonality is that w is not necessarily unique.
A weak factorization system (E, M) for a category C consists of two classes of morphisms E and M of C such that:
The class E is exactly the class of morphisms having the left lifting property with re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%20Achatz
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Grant Achatz ( ) (born April 25, 1974) is an American chef and restaurateur often recognized for his contributions to molecular gastronomy or progressive cuisine. His Chicago restaurant Alinea has won numerous accolades and Achatz himself has won numerous awards from prominent culinary institutions and publications, including the Food and Wine's "best new chefs" award in 1998, "Rising Star Chef of the Year Award" for 1999, "Best Chef in the United States" for 1998 and a 2003 "Who's Who Inductee" from the James Beard Foundation.
Early life and education
Achatz's early culinary career included time spent working in his parents' restaurants in St. Clair, Michigan as a teenager, followed by enrollment in The Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York. Following graduation in 1994, Achatz landed a position at Charlie Trotter's. After a time, he found a position at Thomas Keller's highly acclaimed restaurant, The French Laundry, in Yountville, California. Achatz spent four years at The French Laundry, rising to the position of sous chef.
Career
In 2001, Achatz moved to the Chicago area to become the Executive Chef at Trio in Evanston, Illinois, which at the time of his arrival had a four-star rating from the Mobil Travel Guide. Over the next three years, with Achatz at the helm, Trio's reputation soared and in 2004 the restaurant was rewarded with a fifth star from Mobil, becoming one of just 13 restaurants so honored at the time.
In 2005, Achatz went out on his own, opening Alinea in Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood with Nick Kokonas. The restaurant is located up the block from the famed Steppenwolf Theatre Company and is housed in a modest gray brick building which bears no external markings beyond its street number. Inside, the restaurant has no bar, no lobby and seats just 64 guests. Achatz serves diners a small-course tasting menu, consisting of approximately 18 courses. After less than two years of operation, the Mobil Travel Guide bestowed its Five
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20dodecahedron
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A regular dodecahedron or pentagonal dodecahedron is a dodecahedron that is regular, which is composed of 12 regular pentagonal faces, three meeting at each vertex. It is one of the five Platonic solids. It has 12 faces, 20 vertices, 30 edges, and 160 diagonals (60 face diagonals, 100 space diagonals). It is represented by the Schläfli symbol {5,3}.
Dimensions
If the edge length of a regular dodecahedron is , the radius of a circumscribed sphere (one that touches the regular dodecahedron at all vertices) is
and the radius of an inscribed sphere (tangent to each of the regular dodecahedron's faces) is
while the midradius, which touches the middle of each edge, is
These quantities may also be expressed as
where ϕ is the golden ratio.
Note that, given a regular dodecahedron of edge length one, ru is the radius of a circumscribing sphere about a cube of edge length ϕ, and ri is the apothem of a regular pentagon of edge length ϕ.
Surface area and volume
The surface area A and the volume V of a regular dodecahedron of edge length a are:
Additionally, the surface area and volume of a regular dodecahedron are related to the golden ratio. A dodecahedron with an edge length of one unit has the properties:
Two-dimensional symmetry projections
The regular dodecahedron has two high orthogonal projections, centered, on vertices and pentagonal faces, correspond to the A2 and H2 Coxeter planes. The edge-center projection has two orthogonal lines of reflection.
In perspective projection, viewed on top of a pentagonal face, the regular dodecahedron can be seen as a linear-edged Schlegel diagram, or stereographic projection as a spherical polyhedron. These projections are also used in showing the four-dimensional 120-cell, a regular 4-dimensional polytope, constructed from 120 dodecahedra, projecting it down to 3-dimensions.
Spherical tiling
The regular dodecahedron can also be represented as a spherical tiling.
Cartesian coordinates
The following Cartesian coordinates
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