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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Anderson
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Edgar Shannon Anderson (November 9, 1897 – June 18, 1969) was an American botanist. He introduced the term introgressive hybridization and his 1949 book of that title was an original and important contribution to botanical genetics. His work on the transfer and origin of adaptations through natural hybridization continues to be relevant.
Anderson was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1934. In 1954, he was an elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was also president of the Botanical Society of America in 1952, and was a charter member of the Society for the Study of Evolution and the Herb Society of America He received the Darwin-Wallace Medal of the Linnean Society in 1958.
Early life and education
Anderson was born in Forestville, New York. When he was three, his family moved to East Lansing, Michigan where his father had accepted a position to teach dairy husbandry.
In 1914 Anderson entered Michigan State College to study botany and horticulture. After completing his degree in 1918, he joined the Naval Reserve and in 1919 he accepted a graduate position at the Bussey Institution of Harvard University. His studies were supervised by geneticist Edward Murray East and Anderson worked on the genetics of self-incompatibility in Nicotiana. He was awarded a master's degree in 1920 and a DSc in agricultural genetics in 1922.
Career
Anderson accepted a position as a geneticist at the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1922. He was appointed assistant professor of botany at Washington University in St. Louis. His research was focused on developing techniques to quantify geographic variation in Iris versicolor. Anderson determined the existence of a second species, Iris virginica.
In 1929 Anderson received a fellowship to undertake studies at the John Innes Horticultural Institute in Britain, where he worked with cytogeneticist C. D. Darlington, statistician R. A. Fisher, and geneticist J. B. S. Haldane. Anderson's data set
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-box%20transcription%20factor%20T
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T-box transcription factor T, also known as Brachyury protein, is encoded for in humans by the TBXT gene. Brachyury functions as a transcription factor within the T-box family of genes. Brachyury homologs have been found in all bilaterian animals that have been screened, as well as the freshwater cnidarian Hydra.
History
The brachyury mutation was first described in mice by Nadezhda Alexandrovna Dobrovolskaya-Zavadskaya in 1927 as a mutation that affected tail length and sacral vertebrae in heterozygous animals. In homozygous animals the brachyury mutation is lethal at around embryonic day 10 due to defects in mesoderm formation, notochord differentiation and the absence of structures posterior to the forelimb bud (Dobrovolskaïa-Zavadskaïa, 1927). The name brachyury comes from the Greek brakhus meaning short and oura meaning tail.
In 2018 HGNC updated the human gene name from T to TBXT, presumably to overcome difficulties associated with searching for a single letter gene symbol. The mouse gene has been changed to Tbxt.
Tbxt was cloned by Bernhard Herrmann and colleagues and proved to encode a 436 amino acid embryonic nuclear transcription factor. Tbxt binds to a specific DNA element, a near palindromic sequence TCACACCT through a region in its N-terminus, called the T-box. Tbxt is the founding member of the T-box family which in mammals currently consists of 18 T-box genes.
The crystal structure of the human brachyury protein was solved in 2017 by Opher Gileadi and colleagues at the Structural Genomics Consortium in Oxford.
Role in development
The gene brachyury appears to have a conserved role in defining the midline of a bilaterian organism, and thus the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis; this function is apparent in chordates and molluscs.
Its ancestral role, or at least the role it plays in the Cnidaria, appears to be in defining the blastopore. It also defines the mesoderm during gastrulation. Tissue-culture based techniques have demonstra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvega
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Sarvega, Inc., was an Intel-owned company that provided XML appliances. The Intel purchase was announced on August 17, 2005, and the company brought into Intel's Software and Services Group (SSG).
Other Global 1000 organizations using Sarvega XPE Switches include Fujitsu, health care supplier Mt. Sinai Hospital Systems, Reactivity and Westbridge Technology. Sarvega is also trying to establish a security appliances product for developing and maintaining safety policy and settings.
See also
XML appliance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry-informative%20marker
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In population genetics, an ancestry-informative marker (AIM) is a single-nucleotide polymorphism that exhibits substantially different frequencies between different populations. A set of many AIMs can be used to estimate the proportion of ancestry of an individual derived from each population.
A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a modification of a single nucleotide base within a DNA sequence. There are an estimated 15 million SNP (Single-nucleotide polymorphism) sites (out of roughly 3 billion base pairs, or about 0.4%) from among which AIMs may potentially be selected. The SNPs that relate to ancestry are often traced to the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA because both of these areas are inherited from one parent, eradicating complexities that come with parental gene recombination. SNP mutations are rare, so sequences with SNPs tend to be passed down through generations rather than altered each generation. However, because any given SNP is relatively common in a population, analysts must examine groups of SNPs (otherwise known as AIMS) to determine someone's ancestry. Using statistical methods such as apparent error rate and Improved Bayesian Estimate, the set of SNPs with the highest accuracy for predicting a specific ancestry can be found.
Examining a suite of these markers more or less evenly spaced across the genome is also a cost-effective way to discover novel genes underlying complex diseases in a technique called admixture mapping or mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium.
As one example, the Duffy Null allele (FY*0) has a frequency of almost 100% of Sub-Saharan Africans, but occurs very infrequently in populations outside of this region. A person having this allele is thus more likely to have Sub-Saharan African ancestors. North and South Han Chinese ancestry can be distinguished unambiguously using a set of 140 AIMS.
Collections of AIMs have been developed that can estimate the geographical origins of ancestors from within Europe.
Follow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncy%20Castle%20%28cryptography%29
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Bouncy Castle is a collection of APIs used in cryptography. It includes APIs for both the Java and the C# programming languages. The APIs are supported by a registered Australian charitable organization: Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc.
Bouncy Castle is Australian in origin and therefore American restrictions on the export of cryptography from the United States do not apply to it.
History
Bouncy Castle started when two colleagues were tired of having to re-invent a set of cryptography libraries each time they changed jobs working in server-side Java SE. One of the developers was active in Java ME (J2ME at that time) development as a hobby and a design consideration was to include the greatest range of Java VMs for the library, including those on J2ME. This design consideration led to the architecture that exists in Bouncy Castle.
The project, founded in May 2000, was originally written in Java only, but added a C# API in 2004. The original Java API consisted of approximately 27,000 lines of code, including test code and provided support for J2ME, a JCE/JCA provider, and basic X.509 certificate generation. In comparison, the 1.53 release consists of 390,640 lines of code, including test code. It supports the same functionality as the original release with a larger number of algorithms, plus PKCS#10, PKCS#12, CMS, S/MIME, OpenPGP, DTLS, TLS, OCSP, TSP, CMP, CRMF, DVCS, DANE, EST and Attribute Certificates. The C# API is around 145,000 lines of code and supports most of what the Java API does.
Some key properties of the project are:
Strong emphasis on standards compliance and adaptability.
Public support facilities include an issue tracker, dev mailing list and a wiki all available at the website.
Commercial support provided under resources for the relevant API listed on the Bouncy Castle website
On 18 October 2013, a not-for-profit association, the Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. was established in the state of Victoria, Australia, by the core developers and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration%20appliance
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An integration appliance is a computer system specifically designed to lower the cost of integrating computer systems. Most integration appliances send or receive electronic messages from other computers that are exchanging electronic documents. Most Integration Appliances support XML messaging standards such as SOAP and Web services are frequently referred to as XML appliances and perform functions that can be grouped together as XML-Enabled Networking.
Vendors providing integration appliances
DataPower XI50 and IBM MQ Appliance — IBM
Intel SOA Products Division
Premier, Inc.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML%20firewall
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An XML firewall is a specialized device used to protect applications exposed through XML based interfaces like WSDL and REST and scan XML traffic coming into and going out from an organization. Typically deployed in a DMZ environment an XML Firewall is often used to validate XML traffic, control access to XML based resources, filter XML content and rate limit requests to back-end applications exposed through XML based interfaces. XML Firewalls are commonly deployed as hardware but can also be found as software and virtual appliance for VMWare, Xen or Amazon EC2. A number of brands of XML Firewall exist and they often differ based on parameters like performance (with or without hardware acceleration, 32 Vs 64 bit), scalability (how do they cluster and perform under load), security certification (common criteria, FIPS being the most common), identity support (for SAML, OAuth, enterprise SSO solutions) and extensibility (they can support different transport protocols like IBM MQ, Tibco EMS, etc.). XML Firewalling functionality is typically embedded inside XML Appliances and SOA Gateways.
See also
XML appliance
Web Services
WS-Security
Representational State Transfer
Firewall software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20curvature
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In mathematics, constant curvature is a concept from differential geometry. Here, curvature refers to the sectional curvature of a space (more precisely a manifold) and is a single number determining its local geometry. The sectional curvature is said to be constant if it has the same value at every point and for every two-dimensional tangent plane at that point. For example, a sphere is a surface of constant positive curvature.
Classification
The Riemannian manifolds of constant curvature can be classified into the following three cases:
elliptic geometry – constant positive sectional curvature
Euclidean geometry – constant vanishing sectional curvature
hyperbolic geometry – constant negative sectional curvature.
Properties
Every space of constant curvature is locally symmetric, i.e. its curvature tensor is parallel .
Every space of constant curvature is locally maximally symmetric, i.e. it has number of local isometries, where is its dimension.
Conversely, there exists a similar but stronger statement: every maximally symmetric space, i.e. a space which has (global) isometries, has constant curvature.
(Killing–Hopf theorem) The universal cover of a manifold of constant sectional curvature is one of the model spaces:
sphere (sectional curvature positive)
plane (sectional curvature zero)
hyperbolic manifold (sectional curvature negative)
A space of constant curvature which is geodesically complete is called space form and the study of space forms is intimately related to generalized crystallography (see the article on space form for more details).
Two space forms are isomorphic if and only if they have the same dimension, their metrics possess the same signature and their sectional curvatures are equal.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copaiba
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Copaiba is an oleoresin obtained from the trunk of several pinnate-leaved South American leguminous trees (genus Copaifera). The thick, transparent exudate varies in color from light gold to dark brown, depending on the ratio of resin to essential oil. Copaiba is used in making varnishes and lacquers.
The balsam may be steam distilled to give copaiba oil, a colorless to light yellow liquid with the characteristic odor of the balsam and an aromatic, slightly bitter, pungent taste. The oil consists primarily of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; its main component is β-caryophyllene. The oil also contains significant amounts of α-bergamotene, α-copaene, and β-bisabolene. It is also the primary source of copalic acid.
Copaiba is also a common name for several species of trees of the legume family native to Tropical Africa and North and South America.
Uses
Copaiba is particularly interesting as a source of biodiesel, because of the high yield of . The resin is tapped from standing trees, with an individual tree yielding per year.
Copaiba oil-resins extracted have been used in folk medicine dating back to the 16th century by the natives of north and northeastern Brazil. The folk remedies were administered orally or used as an ointment in the treatment of various diseases. In Panama, the Yaviza people mix the resin with honey and give it to newborns to impart knowledge and ward off hexes. Within the Peruvian Amazon near Iquitos, it is also used as an insect repellent.
The balsam and its oil are used as fixatives in soap perfumes and fragrances.
Copaiba is also used as an artist material, especially in oil paint recipes and in ceramic decoration. Mineral painters use a medium made of copaiba, turpentine and lavender to mix with their minerals for adhesion to ceramic vessels before kiln firing. Copaiba makes a good medium for oils and helps with both adhesion and quality of shine.
Industry and commerce
The production of copaiba oil is socially significant to the Am
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/109th%20meridian%20west
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The meridian 109° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 109th meridian west forms a great circle with the 71st meridian east.
In the United States, the western boundaries of Colorado and New Mexico and the eastern boundaries of Utah and Arizona lie on the 32nd meridian west from Washington, which is approximately 3 minutes of longitude west of the 109th meridian west of Greenwich, or approximately .
From pole to pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 109th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east of Borden Island, Nunavut, Canada (at ) Passing just east of Vesey Hamilton Island, Nunavut, Canada (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" | Canada
| Nunavut — Melville Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Sabine Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Canada
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Parry Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Viscount Melville Sound
|-
|
! scope="row" | Canada
| Nunavut — Victoria Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Dease Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Bathurst Inlet
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" | Canada
| Nunavut — Lewes Island, the Stockport Islands and the mainland Northwest Territories — from , passing through the Great Slave Lake Saskatchewan — from , passing through Lake Athabasca
|-valign="top"
|
!
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad%20%28software%29
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Toad is a database management toolset from Quest Software for managing relational and non-relational databases using SQL aimed at database developers, database administrators, and data analysts. The Toad toolset runs against Oracle, SQL Server, IBM DB2 (LUW & z/OS), SAP and MySQL. A Toad product for data preparation supports many data platforms.
History
A practicing Oracle DBA, Jim McDaniel, designed Toad for his own use in the mid-1990s. He called it Tool for Oracle Application Developers, shortened to "TOAD". McDaniel initially distributed the tool as shareware and later online as freeware.
Quest Software acquired TOAD in October 1998. Quest Software itself was acquired by Dell in 2012 to form Dell Software. In June 2016, Dell announced the sale of their software division, including the Quest business, to Francisco Partners and Elliott Management Corporation. On October 31, 2016, the sale was finalized. On November 1, 2016, the sale of Dell Software to Francisco Partners and Elliott Management was completed, and the company re-launched as Quest Software.
Features
Connection Manager - Allow users to connect natively to the vendor’s database whether on-premise or DBaaS.
Browser - Allow users to browse all the different database/schema objects and their properties effective management.
Editor - A way to create and maintain scripts and database code with debugging and integration with source control.
Unit Testing (Oracle) - Ensures code is functionally tested before it is released into production.
Static code review (Oracle) - Ensures code meets required quality level using a rules-based system.
SQL Optimization - Provides developers with a way to tune and optimize SQL statements and database code without relying on a DBA. Advanced optimization enables DBAs to tune SQL effectively in production.
Scalability testing and database workload replay - Ensures that database code and SQL will scale properly before it gets released into production.
Books
Toad Po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadside%20America
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Roadside America was an indoor miniature village and railway covering . Created by Laurence Gieringer in 1935, it was first displayed to the public in his Hamburg, Pennsylvania, home. The miniature village's popularity increased after stories were published about it in local newspapers, which prompted Gieringer to move it to a recently-closed local amusement park called Carsonia Park. This location, which supported more visitors, was open from 1938 to about 1940. To accommodate growing interest and build a larger display, Geringer then purchased land at what would be the miniature village's final location, a former dance hall in Shartlesville, Pennsylvania off of Interstate 78, approximately west of the Lehigh Valley, where the display reopened in 1953.
After being closed since March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Roadside America announced on November 21, 2020, that they were closing permanently after trying, unsuccessfully, to find a buyer for the past three years, and that they would be auctioning off the display.
The display
The 3/8 inch to one foot scale display contains:
A 7,450 square foot, fully landscaped village diorama displaying over 300 miniature structures
Up to 18 O gauge trains, trolleys and cable cars running throughout the display
10,000 hand-made trees
4,000 miniature people engaged in everyday daily pursuits
Many rivers, streams and waterways
Interactive animations such as a circus parade, construction workers, saw mill workers and more that can be activated by visitors
600 miniature light bulbs
The display is constructed with:
21,500 feet of electrical wiring
17,700 board feet of lumber
6,000 feet of building paper
4,000 feet of sheet metal under the plaster work
2,250 feet of railroad track
648 feet of canvas for waterproofing
450 feet of pipe
18,000 pounds of plaster
4,000 pounds of sheet iron
900 pounds of nails
600 pounds of rubber roofing material
75 pounds of dry paint
75 gallons of liquid paint
225 bushels o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamization
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In computer science, dynamization is the process of transforming a static data structure into a dynamic one. Although static data structures may provide very good functionality and fast queries, their utility is limited because of their inability to grow/shrink quickly, thus making them inapplicable for the solution of dynamic problems, where the input data changes. Dynamization techniques provide uniform ways of creating dynamic data structures.
Decomposable search problems
We define problem of searching for the predicate match in the set as . Problem is decomposable if the set can be decomposed into subsets and there exists an operation of result unification such that .
Decomposition
Decomposition is a term used in computer science to break static data structures into smaller units of unequal size. The basic principle is the idea that any decimal number can be translated into a representation in any other base. For more details about the topic see Decomposition (computer science). For simplicity, binary system will be used in this article but any other base (as well as other possibilities such as Fibonacci numbers) can also be utilized.
If using the binary system, a set of elements is broken down into subsets of sizes with
elements where is the -th bit of in binary. This means that if has -th bit equal to 0, the corresponding set does not contain any elements. Each of the subset has the same property as the original static data structure. Operations performed on the new dynamic data structure may involve traversing sets formed by decomposition. As a result, this will add factor as opposed to the static data structure operations but will allow insert/delete operation to be added.
Kurt Mehlhorn proved several equations for time complexity of operations on the data structures dynamized according to this idea. Some of these equalities are listed.
If
is the time to build the static data structure
is the time to query the static data s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20Sleep%20Latency%20Test
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The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) is a sleep disorder diagnostic tool. It is used to measure the time elapsed from the start of a daytime nap period to the first signs of sleep, called sleep latency. The test is based on the idea that the sleepier people are, the faster they will fall asleep.
The MSLT is used to test for central disorders of hypersomnolence such as narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia, or to distinguish between physical tiredness and true excessive daytime sleepiness. Its main purpose is to discover how readily a person will fall asleep in a conducive setting, how consistent or variable this is, and whether there are abnormalities in the rapidity of REM sleep onset. This can be used to identify and differentiate between various sleep problems.
The test consists of four or five 20-minute nap opportunities set two hours apart, often following an overnight sleep study. During the test, data such as the patient's brain waves, EEG, muscle activity, and eye movements are monitored and recorded. The entire test normally takes about 7 hours during the course of a day.
History
The Multiple Sleep Latency Test was created in 1977 by sleep pioneers William C. Dement and Mary Carskadon. It developed out of repeating a project done in 1970 by Dr. Dement called the 90-minute day. They informally called the 0–5 minute range the twilight zone due to its indication of extreme physical and mental impairment.
Typical procedure
Preparation: On the day of the test the patient is asked not to consume any stimulants, such as tea, coffee, colas, and chocolate.
Often a formal sleep study has been performed the night before.
Sometimes urine screening is done to make sure no substances exist in the subject's body that might interfere with sleep.
The patient may be asked to fill out a pre-test questionnaire.
Electrodes are attached to the patient's head to record brain waves.
Electrodes are attached near the eyes to record eye movement.
Electrodes are attached t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keggy%20the%20Keg
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Keggy the Keg is the unofficial mascot of Dartmouth College, an Ivy League college in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Keggy is an anthropomorphic beer keg, created in 2003 by members of the college humor magazine the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern, to fill the mascot void that followed the abolition of the unofficial Native American mascot in 1974. Due to its nature, the mascot was controversial on Dartmouth's campus, and it was reported on in a variety of national media. With time, however, it has become an "ingrained part of Dartmouth culture".
Context and creation
After dropping the mascot of the Indian, Dartmouth had no official mascot. Dartmouth continued to be known by its nickname of "The Big Green," but, citing the ambiguity, lack of dynamism, and intangibility of having no mascot, the Dartmouth Student Assembly proposed a student poll in spring 2003 to decide upon a new mascot. While the Moose came in first in this poll, many students remained dissatisfied with the choice, and the moose lost a final poll to "no mascot." Chris Plehal and Nic Duquette, students at the Jack-O-Lantern humor magazine, expressed interest in creating a mascot that "wasn't racist, biased or sexist, yet [was] entirely unacceptable." In an effort to force the administration to adopt a more interesting mascot, they created Keggy, an anthropomorphic keg that represents "the most obvious Dartmouth stereotype: the beer-swilling Animal House fraternity culture."
Reactions
Reaction to Keggy's introduction was mixed: the student body president personally endorsed Keggy in the mascot search, while the College newspaper The Dartmouth reported a mixed student reaction and published opposing opinions. The paper also reported on "flak" over the mascot from College administrators, though the Dean of the College lauded the students' capacity to "come up with imaginative and creative ideas."
Keggy subsequently received media attention beyond the College at other Ivy League newspapers and on s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%20Albania%20%28statue%29
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Mother Albania () is a 12 m statue located at the National Martyrs Cemetery of Albania () in Albania, dedicated in 1971.
The statue represents the country as a mother guarding over the eternal slumber of those who gave their lives for her. There are up to 28,000 graves of Albanian partisans in the cemetery, all of whom perished during World War II. The massive statue holds a wreath of laurels and a star. The cemetery was also the resting place of former leader Enver Hoxha, who was subsequently disinterred and given a more humble grave in another public cemetery.
The statue is made of concrete and it is a work of the sculptors Kristaq Rama, Muntaz Dhrami and Shaban Hadërri. It stands atop a 3-metre pedestal; engraved on the pedestal are the words "Lavdi e përjetshme dëshmorëve të atdheut" ("Eternal glory to the martyrs of the fatherland").
Gallery
See also
Tirana
Landmarks in Tirana
Tourism in Albania
Albania
History of Albania
National Martyrs Cemetery of Albania
External links
Monuments and memorials in Albania
National symbols of Albania
National personifications
Colossal statues
1971 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Tirana
1971 establishments in Albania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdStar
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AdStar (an acronym for Advanced Storage and Retrieval) was a division of IBM that encompassed all the company's storage products including disk, tape and optical storage systems and storage software.
History
In 1992 IBM combined their Storage Products businesses comprising eleven sites in eight countries into this division. On its creation, AdStar became the largest information storage business in the world. It had a revenue of $6.11 billion, of which $500 million were sales to other manufacturers (OEM sales), and generated a gross profit of about $440 million (before taxes and restructuring).
To provide additional autonomy—thereby further encouraging OEM sales—IBM established AdStar as a wholly owned subsidiary in April 1993, with outsider Ed Zschau as Chairman and CEO. To some observers this appeared to be an admission by IBM that the storage subsidiary no longer provided a strategic advantage by providing proprietary devices for its mainframe products, and that it was being positioned to be sold off as a part of then the IBM chairman John Akers' business strategy. The replacement of Akers by Lou Gerstner in April 1993 changed the strategy from spinout to turnaround, but the disk drive business under Zschau continued to be troubled, declining to $3 billion in 1995.
Zschau left AdStar in October 1995, replaced by IBM insider Jim Vanderslice. The AdStar division was dismembered thereafter; the AdStar Distributed Storage Manager (ADSM) was renamed Tivoli Storage Manager in 1999, and the disk drive business component was sold off to Hitachi in 2003.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoarchitecture
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Cytoarchitecture (Greek κύτος= "cell" + ἀρχιτεκτονική= "architecture"), also known as cytoarchitectonics, is the study of the cellular composition of the central nervous system's tissues under the microscope. Cytoarchitectonics is one of the ways to parse the brain, by obtaining sections of the brain using a microtome and staining them with chemical agents which reveal where different neurons are located.
The study of the parcellation of nerve fibers (primarily axons) into layers forms the subject of myeloarchitectonics (<Gk. μυελός=marrow + ἀρχιτεκτονική=architecture), an approach complementary to cytoarchitectonics.
History of the cerebral cytoarchitecture
Defining cerebral cytoarchitecture began with the advent of histology—the science of slicing and staining brain slices for examination. It is credited to the Viennese psychiatrist Theodor Meynert (1833–1892), who in 1867 noticed regional variations in the histological structure of different parts of the gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres.
Paul Flechsig was the first to present the cytoarchitecture of the human brain into 40 areas. Alfred Walter Campbell then divided it into 14 areas.
Sir Grafton Elliot Smith (1871–1937), a New South Wales native working in Cairo, identified 50 areas. Korbinian Brodmann worked on the brains of diverse mammalian species and developed a division of the cerebral cortex into 52 discrete areas (of which 44 in the human, and the remaining 8 in non-human primate brain). Brodmann used numbers to categorize the different architectural areas, now referred to as a Brodmann Area, and he believed that each of these regions served a unique functional purpose.
Constantin von Economo and Georg N. Koskinas, two neurologists in Vienna, produced a landmark work in brain research by defining 107 cortical areas on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria. They used letters to categorize the architecture, e.g., "F" for areas of the frontal lobe.
The Nissl staining technique
The Nissl stain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162%20%28number%29
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162 (one hundred [and] sixty-two) is the natural number between 161 and 163.
In mathematics
Having only 2 and 3 as its prime divisors, 162 is a 3-smooth number. 162 is also an abundant number, since its sum of divisors is greater than it. As the product of numbers three units apart from each other, it is a triple factorial number.
There are 162 ways of partitioning seven items into subsets of at least two items per subset. 16264 + 1 is a prime number.
In religion
Jared was 162 when he became the father of Enoch.
In sports
162 is the total number of baseball games each team plays during a regular season in Major League Baseball.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroless%20deposition
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Electroless deposition (ED) or electroless plating is defined as the autocatalytic process through which metals and metal alloys are deposited onto conductive and nonconductive surfaces. These nonconductive surfaces include plastics, ceramics, and glass etc., which can then become decorative, anti-corrosive, and conductive depending on their final functions. Electroplating unlike electroless deposition only deposits on other conductive or semi-conductive materials when a external current is applied. Electroless deposition deposits metals onto 2D and 3D structures such as screws, nanofibers, and carbon nanotubes, unlike other plating methods such as Physical Vapor Deposition ( PVD), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), and electroplating, which are limited to 2D surfaces. Commonly the surface of the substrate is characterized via pXRD, SEM-EDS, and XPS which relay set parameters based their final funtionality. These parameters are referred to a Key Performance Indicators crucial for a researcher’ or company's purpose. Electroless deposition continues to rise in importance within the microelectronic industry, oil and gas, and aerospace industry.
History
Electroless deposition was serendipitously discovered by Charles Wurtz in 1846. Wurtz noticed the nickel-phosphorus bath when left sitting on the benchtop spontaneously decomposed and formed a black powder. 70 years later François Auguste Roux rediscovered the electroless deposition process and patented it in United States as the ‘Process of producing metallic deposits. Roux deposited nickel-posphorous (Ni-P) electroless deposition onto a substrate but his invention went uncommercialized. In 1946 the process was re-discovered by Abner Brenner and Grace E. Riddell while working at the National Bureau of Standards. They presented their discovery at the 1946 Convention of the American Electroplaters' Society (AES); a year later, at the same conference they proposed the term "electroless" for the process and described opt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165%20%28number%29
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165 (one hundred [and] sixty-five) is the natural number following 164 and preceding 166.
In mathematics
165 is:
an odd number, a composite number, and a deficient number.
a sphenic number.
a tetrahedral number
the sum of the sums of the divisors of the first 14 positive integers.
a self number in base 10.
a palindromic number in binary (101001012) and bases 14 (BB14), 32 (5532) and 54 (3354).
a unique period in base 2.
In astronomy
165 Loreley is a large Main belt asteroid
165P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System
The planet Neptune takes about 165 years to orbit the Sun.
In the military
Caproni Ca.165 Italian fighter aircraft developed before World War II
was a United States Navy tanker, part of the U.S. Reserve Fleet, Beaumont, Texas
was a United States Navy Barracuda-class submarine during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
USS Counsel (AM-165) was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy minesweeper during World War II
was a United States Navy Oxford-class technical research ship following World War II
was a United States Navy during World War I
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy transport and cargo ship during World War II
was a United States Navy yacht during World War I
The 165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force Air Defence Operations Command, Republic of Singapore Air Force
In transportation
British Rail Class 165
The Blériot 165 was a French four-engine biplane airliner of the early 1920s
The Cessna 165 single-engine plane of the 1930s
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165, en route from Warsaw to Cracow Balice airport crashed during a snowstorm on April 2, 1969
In other fields
165 is also:
The year AD 165 or 165 BC
165 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 781 – 782 CE
The atomic number of an element temporarily called Unhexpentium
G.165 is a Telecommunicat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly%20periodic%20function
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In mathematics, a doubly periodic function is a function defined on the complex plane and having two "periods", which are complex numbers u and v that are linearly independent as vectors over the field of real numbers. That u and v are periods of a function ƒ means that
for all values of the complex number z.
The doubly periodic function is thus a two-dimensional extension of the simpler singly periodic function, which repeats itself in a single dimension. Familiar examples of functions with a single period on the real number line include the trigonometric functions like cosine and sine, In the complex plane the exponential function ez is a singly periodic function, with period 2πi.
Examples
As an arbitrary mapping from pairs of reals (or complex numbers) to reals, a doubly periodic function can be constructed with little effort. For example, assume that the periods are 1 and i, so that the repeating lattice is the set of unit squares with vertices at the Gaussian integers. Values in the prototype square (i.e. x + iy where 0 ≤ x < 1 and 0 ≤ y < 1) can be assigned rather arbitrarily and then 'copied' to adjacent squares. This function will then be necessarily doubly periodic.
If the vectors 1 and i in this example are replaced by linearly independent vectors u and v, the prototype square becomes a prototype parallelogram that still tiles the plane. The "origin" of the lattice of parallelograms does not have to be the point 0: the lattice can start from any point. In other words, we can think of the plane and its associated functional values as remaining fixed, and mentally translate the lattice to gain insight into the function's characteristics.
Use of complex analysis
If a doubly periodic function is also a complex function that satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equations and provides an analytic function away from some set of isolated poles – in other words, a meromorphic function – then a lot of information about such a function can be obtained by applying some
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20field-effect%20transistor
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A ChemFET is a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor, that is a field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution. When the target analyte concentration changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the analyte solution separates the source and gate electrodes. A concentration gradient between the solution and the gate electrode arises due to a semi-permeable membrane on the FET surface containing receptor moieties that preferentially bind the target analyte. This concentration gradient of charged analyte ions creates a chemical potential between the source and gate, which is in turn measured by the FET.
Construction
A ChemFET's source and drain are constructed as for an ISFET, with the gate electrode separated from the source electrode by a solution. The gate electrode's interface with the solution is a semi-permeable membrane containing the receptors, and a gap to allow the substance under test to come in contact with the sensitive receptor moieties. A ChemFET's threshold voltage depends on the concentration gradient between the analyte in solution and the analyte in contact with its receptor-embedded semi-permeable barrier.
Often, ionophores are used to facilitate analyte ion mobility through the substrate to the receptor. For example, when targeting anions, quaternary ammonium salts (such as tetraoctylammonium bromide) are used to provide cationic nature to the membrane, facilitating anion mobility through the substrate to the receptor moieties.
Applications
ChemFETs can be utilized in either liquid or gas phase to detect target analyte, requiring reversible binding of analyte with a receptor located in the gate electrode membrane. There is a wide range of applications of ChemFETs, including most notably anion or cation selective sensing. More work has been done with cation-sensing ChemFETs than anion-sensing ChemFETs. Anion-sensing is more complicated than cation-sensing in ChemF
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommerfeld%20identity
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The Sommerfeld identity is a mathematical identity, due Arnold Sommerfeld, used in the theory of propagation of waves,
where
is to be taken with positive real part, to ensure the convergence of the integral and its vanishing in the limit and
.
Here, is the distance from the origin while is the distance from the central axis of a cylinder as in the cylindrical coordinate system. Here the notation for Bessel functions follows the German convention, to be consistent with the original notation used by Sommerfeld. The function is the zeroth-order Bessel function of the first kind, better known by the notation in English literature.
This identity is known as the Sommerfeld identity.
In alternative notation, the Sommerfeld identity can be more easily seen as an expansion of a spherical wave in terms of cylindrically-symmetric waves:
Where
The notation used here is different form that above: is now the distance from the origin and is the radial distance in a cylindrical coordinate system defined as . The physical interpretation is that a spherical wave can be expanded into a summation of cylindrical waves in direction, multiplied by a two-sided plane wave in the direction; see the Jacobi-Anger expansion. The summation has to be taken over all the wavenumbers .
The Sommerfeld identity is closely related to the two-dimensional Fourier transform with cylindrical symmetry, i.e., the Hankel transform. It is found by transforming the spherical wave along the in-plane coordinates (,, or , ) but not transforming along the height coordinate .
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20number%20theory
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In mathematics, Probabilistic number theory is a subfield of number theory, which explicitly uses probability to answer questions about the integers and integer-valued functions. One basic idea underlying it is that different prime numbers are, in some serious sense, like independent random variables. This however is not an idea that has a unique useful formal expression.
The founders of the theory were Paul Erdős, Aurel Wintner and Mark Kac during the 1930s, one of the periods of investigation in analytic number theory. Foundational results include the Erdős–Wintner theorem and the Erdős–Kac theorem on additive functions.
See also
Number theory
Analytic number theory
Areas of mathematics
List of number theory topics
List of probability topics
Probabilistic method
Probable prime
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canned%20tomato
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Canned tomatoes, or tinned tomatoes, are tomatoes, usually peeled, that are sealed into a can after having been processed by heat.
Variants
Canned tomatoes are available in several different forms. The traditional forms are whole peeled tomatoes, packed in juice or purée, and ground tomatoes, sometimes referred to as "kitchen-ready." Ground tomatoes are not to be confused with purée, which is similar but more cooked. Taste tests indicate that whole tomatoes packed in juice tend to be perceived as fresher-tasting than those packed in purée. Crushed tomatoes, commonly used for pasta sauces, are made by adding ground tomatoes to a heavy medium made from tomato paste. Diced tomatoes have become increasingly common for applications where a chunkier or more substantial product is needed. In recent years, the Petite Diced form (3/8" cut pieces) has become the fastest growing segment of canned tomatoes.
Usage
In areas and situations where in-season, perfectly ripe tomatoes are not available, canned tomatoes are often used as an alternative to prepare dishes such as tomato sauce or pizza. The top uses for canned tomatoes are Italian or pasta sauces, chili, soup, pizza, stew, casseroles, and Mexican cuisine.
Economic aspects
Industrially produced canned tomatoes are internationally a staple product and subject to regular market analysis as well as trade considerations.
Home preservation
Home canned tomatoes may be prepared in a number of ways. However, safety measures need to be taken since improperly canned tomatoes can cause botulism poisoning, whether produced industrially or at home.
Diced tomatoes
Diced tomatoes usually refers to tomatoes that have been diced. In the United States retail environment, however, the term refers to canned chunks of plum tomatoes in tomato juice or tomato purée, sometimes seasoned with basil or garlic. This product is a relatively recent arrival in the processed tomato market, and has become quite popular since its introduction in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chua%27s%20circuit
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Chua's circuit (also known as a Chua circuit) is a simple electronic circuit that exhibits classic chaotic behavior. This means roughly that it is a "nonperiodic oscillator"; it produces an oscillating waveform that, unlike an ordinary electronic oscillator, never "repeats". It was invented in 1983 by Leon O. Chua, who was a visitor at Waseda University in Japan at that time. The ease of construction of the circuit has made it a ubiquitous real-world example of a chaotic system, leading some to declare it "a paradigm for chaos".
Chaotic criteria
An autonomous circuit made from standard components (resistors, capacitors, inductors) must satisfy three criteria before it can display chaotic behaviour. It must contain:
one or more nonlinear elements,
one or more locally active resistors,
three or more energy-storage elements.
Chua's circuit is the simplest electronic circuit meeting these criteria. As shown in the top figure, the energy storage elements are two capacitors (labeled C1 and C2) and an inductor (labeled L; L1 in lower figure). A "locally active resistor" is a device that has negative resistance and is active (it can amplify), providing the power to generate the oscillating current. The locally active resistor and nonlinearity are combined in the device NR, which is called "Chua's diode". This device is not sold commercially but is implemented in various ways by active circuits. The circuit diagram shows one common implementation. The nonlinear resistor is implemented by two linear resistors and two diodes. At the far right is a negative impedance converter made from three linear resistors and an operational amplifier, which implements the locally active resistance (negative resistance).
Dynamics
Analyzing the circuit using Kirchhoff's circuit laws, the dynamics of Chua's circuit can be accurately modeled by means of a system of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations in the variables x(t), y(t), and z(t), which represent the voltages across t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR%205380
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The NCR 5380 is an early SCSI controller chip developed by NCR Microelectronics. It was popular due to its simplicity and low cost. The 5380 was used in the Macintosh Plus and in numerous SCSI cards for personal computers, including the Amiga and Atari TT. The 5380 was second sourced by several chip makers, including AMD and Zilog. The 5380 was designed by engineers at the NCR plant then located in Wichita, Kansas, and initially fabricated by NCR Microelectronics in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It was the first single-chip implementation of the SCSI-1 protocol.
The NCR 5380 also made a significant appearance in Digital Equipment Corporation's VAX computers, where it was featured on various Q-Bus modules and as an integrated SCSI controller in numerous MicroVAX, VAXstation and VAXserver computers. Many UMAX SCSI optical scanners also contain the 53C80 chip interfaced to an Intel 8031-series microcontroller.
Single-chip SCSI controller NCR 53c400 used SCSI 5380 core.
See also
NCR 53C9x
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Evolution
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The Society for the Study of Evolution is a professional organization of evolutionary biologists. It was formed in the United States in 1946 to promote the study of evolution and the integration of various fields of science concerned with evolution and to organize the publication of a scientific journal to report on relevant new research across a variety of fields.
The Society was established at a meeting in St. Louis on March 30, 1946. Fifty-seven scientists attended the meeting, which was chaired by Alfred E. Emerson. George Gaylord Simpson was elected as the Society's first President, with E. B. Babcock, Emerson, and J. T. Patterson as his Vice-presidents and Ernst Mayr as secretary. This society grew as an extension of the US National Research Council's Committee on Common Problems of Genetics and Paleontology (later renamed the Committee on Common Problems of Genetics, Paleontology and Systematics).
The first annual meeting of the society was held in Boston, December 28–31, 1946. A grant from the American Philosophical Society led to the publication of the journal Evolution.
Commonly known as the 'evolution meeting', the society's annual conference is often held together with the Society of Systematic Biologists and the American Society of Naturalists.
The society has an official journal Evolution. It was started in 1947 and is published by Oxford Academic (formerly by Wiley until January 2023). In 2017, it launched a second journal Evolution Letters.
See also
Evolutionary biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataPlay
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DataPlay is an optical disc system developed by DataPlay Inc. and released to the consumer market in 2002. Using very small (32mm diameter) disks enclosed in a protective cartridge storing 250MB per side, DataPlay was intended primarily for portable music playback, although it could also store other types of data, using both pre-recorded disks and user-recorded disks (and disks that combined pre-recorded information with a writable area). It would also allow for multisession recording. It won the CES Best of Show award in 2001.
DataPlay also included an elaborate digital rights management system designed to allow consumers to "unlock" extra pre-recorded content on the disk at any time, through the internet, following the initial purchase. It was based on the Secure Digital Music Initiative's DRM system. Dataplay's DRM system was one of the reasons behind its attractiveness to the music industry. It also included a proprietary file system, Dataplay File System (DFS) which natively supported DRM. By default it would allow up to 3 copies to other Dataplay discs, without allowing any copies to CDs.
The recorded music industry was initially generally supportive of DataPlay and a small number of a pre-recorded DataPlay disks were released, including the Britney Spears album Britney. Graphics on press releases show that Sting and Garth Brooks were also set to have DataPlay releases. In 2001 the first DIY DataPlay album was released by the experimental rave producer Backmasker. However, as a pre-recorded format, DataPlay was a failure. The company closed due to a lack of funding. In 2003 a company called DPHI bought Dataplay's intellectual property and reintroduced it at CES 2004. The company swapped Dataplay's DFS file system in favor of the FAT file system. Again, they were marketed as a cheaper alternative to memory cards, with a device being designed that would allow users to transfer data from an SD card to a cheaper and higher capacity Dataplay disc. Each disc wo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper%20fortune%20teller
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A fortune teller is a form of origami used in children's games. Parts of the fortune teller are labelled with colors or numbers that serve as options for a player to choose from, and on the inside are eight flaps, each concealing a message. The person operating the fortune teller manipulates the device based on the choices made by the player, and finally one of the hidden messages is revealed. These messages may purport to answer questions (hence the name), or they may be activities that the player must perform.
The same shape may also be used as pincers or as a salt cellar. Another common name for it is a cootie catcher; it has many other names.
Construction
A paper fortune teller may be constructed by the steps shown in the illustration below:
The corners of a sheet of paper are folded up to meet the opposite sides and (if the paper is not already square) the top is cut off, making a square sheet with diagonal creases.
The four corners of the square are folded into the center, forming a shape known in origami terminology as a blintz base or cushion fold. The resulting smaller square is turned over, and the four corners are folded in a second time.
All four corners are folded up so that the points meet in the middle, and the pockets of paper in each of the four corners are pulled away from the center.
Telling fortunes
To use the fortune teller, the person telling the fortunes holds four fingers in the four corners of the paper, keeping two pairs of corners together and the other two pairs separated so that only half of the internal sides of the corners are visible. This may be done with index fingers and thumbs of two hands, or with the thumb and three fingers of one hand.
Manipulations are done by various similar methods. In a common method, the player asks a question of the person holding the fortune teller; this question will be answered by the device. The holder then asks for a number or color. Once the number or color is chosen, the holder uses their fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanding%20Earth
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The expanding Earth or growing Earth hypothesis argues that the position and relative movement of continents is due at least partially to the volume of Earth increasing. Conversely, geophysical global cooling was the hypothesis that various features could be explained by Earth contracting.
Although it was suggested historically, since the recognition of plate tectonics during the mid 20th century, scientific consensus has rejected the idea of any significant expansion or contraction of Earth.
Different forms of the hypothesis
Expansion with constant mass
In 1834, during the second voyage of HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin investigated stepped plains featuring raised beaches in Patagonia which indicated to him that a huge area of South America had been "uplifted to its present height by a succession of elevations which acted over the whole of this space with nearly an equal force". While his mentor Charles Lyell had suggested forces acting near the crust on smaller areas, Darwin hypothesized that uplift at this continental scale required "the gradual expansion of some central mass" [of the Earth] "acting by intervals on the outer crust" with the "elevations being concentric with form of globe (or certainly nearly so)". In 1835 he extended this concept to include the Andes Mountains as part of a curved enlargement of the Earth's crust due to "the action of one connected force". Not long afterwards, he abandoned this idea and proposed that as the mountains rose, the ocean floor subsided, explaining the formation of coral reefs.
In 1889 and 1909 Roberto Mantovani published a hypothesis of Earth expansion and continental drift. He assumed that a closed continent covered the entire surface of a smaller Earth. Thermal expansion caused volcanic activity, which broke the land mass into smaller continents. These continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion at the rip-zones, where oceans currently lie. Although Alfred Wegener noticed some similarities to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20Router%20Application%20Platform
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The Wireless Router Application Platform (WRAP) is a format of single board computer defined by Swiss company PC Engines. This is specially designed for wireless router, firewall, load balancer, VPN or other network appliances.
Basic specs
32-bit x86 compatible CPU, low energy consumption (AMD Geode SC1100 at 266 MHz)
supports MMX instructions
64-bit SDRAM memory controller (max: 89 MHz)
PCI bus controller
IDE interfaces
ACPI 1.0-compatible power management
tinyBIOS : Made specially by PC Engines
64 or 128MB SDRAM
Compact flash memory (includes boot OS)
Monitoring: watchdog timer, LM77 thermal monitor
Power supply: 7V ~ 18V external DC power or Power over Ethernet
LAN: National semiconductor DP83816
I/O: MiniPCI slots, console serial port
Different boards
There are three different models of the WRAP:
The WRAP 1-1 has two Ethernet ports, and two mini-PCI slots, on a 16x16cm board.
The WRAP 1-2 has three Ethernet ports and one mini-PCI slot, on a 16x16cm board.
The WRAP 2 has one Ethernet port, and two mini-PCI slots, on a 10x16cm board.
Operating System
The WRAP is capable of running many different operating systems, including various Linux distributions, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, as well as proprietary OSes. The WRAP lacks a keyboard controller (for obvious reasons), so some OSes that rely on one for the boot process may have to be modified.
End Of Life (EOL)
PC Engines announced the end of life for the WRAP platform in 2007. The board was replaced by the ALIX.
External links
PC Engines information page on the WRAP
BowlFish
Routers (computing)
Router
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiesselbach%27s%20plexus
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Kiesselbach's plexus is an anastomotic arterial network (plexus) of four or five arteries in the nose supplying the nasal septum. It lies in the anterior inferior part of the septum known as Little's area, Kiesselbach's area, or Kiesselbach's triangle. It is a common site for nosebleeds.
Structure
Kiesselbach's plexus is an anastomosis of four or five arteries:
the anterior ethmoidal artery, a branch of the ophthalmic artery.
the sphenopalatine artery, a terminal branch of the maxillary artery.
the greater palatine artery, a branch of the maxillary artery.
a septal branch of the superior labial artery, a branch of the facial artery.
a posterior ethmoidal artery, a branch of the ophthalmic artery. There is contention as whether this is truly part of Kiesselbach's plexus. Most sources quote that it is not part of the plexus, but rather one of the blood supplies for the nasal septum itself.
It runs vertically downwards just behind the columella, and crosses the floor of the nose. It joins the venous plexus on the lateral nasal wall.
Function
Kiesselbach's plexus supplies blood to the nasal septum.
Clinical significance
Ninety percent of nosebleeds (epistaxis) occur in Kiesselbach's plexus. It is exposed to the drying effect of inhaled air. It can also be damaged by trauma from a finger nail (nose picking), as it is fragile. It is the usual site for nosebleeds in children and young adults. A physician may use a nasal speculum to see that an anterior nosebleed comes from Kiesselbach's plexus.
History
James Lawrence Little (1836–1885), an American surgeon, first described the area in detail in 1879. Little described the area as being "about half an inch ... from the lower edge of the middle of the column [septum]".
Kiesselbach's plexus is named after Wilhelm Kiesselbach (1839–1902), a German otolaryngologist who published a paper on the area in 1884. The area may be called Little's area, Kiesselbach's area, or Kiesselbach's triangle.
See also
Anatomical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20type
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In the area of mathematical logic and computer science known as type theory, a unit type is a type that allows only one value (and thus can hold no information). The carrier (underlying set) associated with a unit type can be any singleton set. There is an isomorphism between any two such sets, so it is customary to talk about the unit type and ignore the details of its value. One may also regard the unit type as the type of 0-tuples, i.e. the product of no types.
The unit type is the terminal object in the category of types and typed functions. It should not be confused with the zero or bottom type, which allows no values and is the initial object in this category. Similarly, the Boolean is the type with two values.
The unit type is implemented in most functional programming languages. The void type that is used in some imperative programming languages serves some of its functions, but because its carrier set is empty, it has some limitations (as detailed below).
In programming languages
Several computer programming languages provide a unit type to specify the result type of a function with the sole purpose of causing a side effect, and the argument type of a function that does not require arguments.
In Haskell, Rust, and Elm, the unit type is called () and its only value is also (), reflecting the 0-tuple interpretation.
In ML descendants (including OCaml, Standard ML, and F#), the type is called unit but the value is written as ().
In Scala, the unit type is called Unit and its only value is written as ().
In Common Lisp the type named is a unit type which has one value, namely the symbol . This should not be confused with the type, which is the bottom type.
In Python, there is a type called NoneType which allows the single value of None.
In Swift, the unit type is called Void or () and its only value is also (), reflecting the 0-tuple interpretation.
In Java, the unit type is called Void and its only value is null.
In Go, the unit type is written struct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20ordered%20phase
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Regarding biological membranes, the liquid ordered phase is a liquid crystalline phase of a lipid bilayer, and is of significant biological importance. It occurs in many lipid mixtures combining cholesterol with a phospholipid and/or sphingolipids e.g. sphingomyelin. This phase has been related to lipid rafts that may exist in plasma membranes.
Definition
The liquid ordered phase can be defined as:
fluid and lamellar phase, including the Wide angle X-ray scattering pattern centered by broad diffraction peak at 4.2Å
acyl hydrocarbon chains are in the all-trans state
rapid lateral diffusion
2H-NMR quadrupolar splitting is ca. 50 kHz
History
This was first called the liquid ordered phase by Ipsen et al. (1987). However, it has also been called the LGI subgel phase by Huang et al. (1993) and the β phase by Vist and Davis (1990).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Turner%20%28engineer%29
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Sidney Marmaduke Stuart Turner (1869 – April 1938) was an English engineer. He was the founder of the company Stuart Turner Ltd.
Biography
Turner was born in Shepherd's Bush, London in 1869. Little is known about his childhood or adolescence although it is known that his family's ambitions for him did not include becoming an engineer.
Career
After a series of other jobs including an apprenticeship on the Clyde building marine engines, a period at sea and working as an engineer in Jersey (where he installed electricity generating plant), Turner gained employment in 1897 looking after the steam generating plant at Shiplake Court near Henley-on-Thames, England. In those days mains electricity was rare and therefore most large houses had their own electricity generating plants.
It was while working at Shiplake that Turner designed his No.1 Model Steam Engine. He drew up the patterns which he then sent away to be cast. On their return he machined and assembled them and soon showed the finished model at a local exhibition. He then approached Percival Marshall the editor of Model Engineer magazine who wrote an article about the engine. This coverage brought an immediate response and orders for sets of castings flooded in, and a business was established in 1898. He was joined in the business by Alexander Frederick (Alec) Plint in 1903, who he had worked with in Jersey and was trained in electrical engineering. This business produced an unusual mixture of small mainly two-stroke engines used in boats, generators, as well as model engines and castings aimed at the model engineering market. They also briefly made a motorcycle and the Stuart lathe, and latterly a range of centrifugal pumps. The name Stuart Turner is eponymous with small quality models, and many of the steam models and rarer internal combustion models are much sought after by collectors.
The Stuart Turner Ltd company was established in 1906 in Henley-on-Thames.
Death
Stuart Turner left the firm in 1920 and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20substance
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Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space of animals that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin. Ground substance is active in the development, movement, and proliferation of tissues, as well as their metabolism. Additionally, cells use it for support, water storage, binding, and a medium for intercellular exchange (especially between blood cells and other types of cells). Ground substance provides lubrication for collagen fibers.
The components of the ground substance vary depending on the tissue. Ground substance is primarily composed of water and large organic molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. GAGs are polysaccharides that trap water, giving the ground substance a gel-like texture. Important GAGs found in ground substance include hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate. With the exception of hyaluronic acid, GAGs are bound to proteins called proteoglycans. Glycoproteins are proteins that attach components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells. Components of the ground substance are secreted by fibroblasts. Usually it is not visible on slides, because it is lost during staining in the preparation process.
Link proteins such as vinculin, spectrin and actomyosin stabilize the proteoglycans and organize elastic fibers in the ECM. Changes in the density of ground substance can allow collagen fibers to form aberrant cross-links. Loose connective tissue is characterized by few fibers and cells, and a relatively large amount of ground substance. Dense connective tissue has a smaller amount of ground substance compared to the fibrous material.
The meaning of the term has evolved over time.
See also
Milieu intérieur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20class
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In computer science, a type class is a type system construct that supports ad hoc polymorphism. This is achieved by adding constraints to type variables in parametrically polymorphic types. Such a constraint typically involves a type class T and a type variable a, and means that a can only be instantiated to a type whose members support the overloaded operations associated with T.
Type classes were first implemented in the Haskell programming language after first being proposed by Philip Wadler and Stephen Blott as an extension to "eqtypes" in Standard ML, and were originally conceived as a way of implementing overloaded arithmetic and equality operators in a principled fashion.
In contrast with the "eqtypes" of Standard ML, overloading the equality operator through the use of type classes in Haskell does not require extensive modification of the compiler frontend or the underlying type system.
Overview
Type classes are defined by specifying a set of function or constant names, together with their respective types, that must exist for every type that belongs to the class. In Haskell, types can be parameterized; a type class Eq intended to contain types that admit equality would be declared in the following way:
class Eq a where
(==) :: a -> a -> Bool
(/=) :: a -> a -> Bool
where a is one instance of the type class Eq, and a defines the function signatures for 2 functions (the equality and inequality functions), which each take 2 arguments of type a and return a boolean.
The type variable a has kind ( is also known as Type in the latest GHC release), meaning that the kind of Eq is
Eq :: Type -> Constraint
The declaration may be read as stating a "type a belongs to type class Eq if there are functions named (==), and (/=), of the appropriate types, defined on it". A programmer could then define a function elem (which determines if an element is in a list) in the following way:
elem :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Bool
elem y [] = False
elem y (x:xs) = (x == y
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogamy
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Allogamy or cross-fertilization is the fertilization of an ovum from one individual with the spermatozoa of another. By contrast, autogamy is the term used for self-fertilization. In humans, the fertilization event is an instance of allogamy. Self-fertilization occurs in hermaphroditic organisms where the two gametes fused in fertilization come from the same individual. This is common in plants (see Sexual reproduction in plants) and certain protozoans.
In plants, allogamy is used specifically to mean the use of pollen from one plant to fertilize the flower of another plant and usually synonymous with the term "cross-fertilization" or "cross-pollination" (outcrossing). The latter term can be used more specifically to mean pollen exchange between different plant strains or even different plant species (where the term cross-hybridization can be used) rather than simply between different individuals.
Parasites having complex life cycles can pass through alternate stages of allogamous and autogamous reproduction, and the description of a hitherto unknown allogamous stage can be a significant finding with implications for human disease.
Avoidance of inbreeding depression
Allogamy ordinarily involves cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals leading to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny. By contrast, close inbreeding, including self-fertilization in plants and automictic parthenogenesis in hymenoptera, tends to lead to the harmful expression of deleterious recessive alleles (inbreeding depression).
In dioecious plants, the stigma may receive pollen from several different potential donors. As multiple pollen tubes from the different donors grow through the stigma to reach the ovary, the receiving maternal plant may carry out pollen selection favoring pollen from less related donor plants. Thus post-pollination selection may occur in order to promote allogamy and avoid inbreeding depression. Also, seeds may be aborted selectively dependin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-quotation
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Quasi-quotation or Quine quotation is a linguistic device in formal languages that facilitates rigorous and terse formulation of general rules about linguistic expressions while properly observing the use–mention distinction. It was introduced by the philosopher and logician Willard Van Orman Quine in his book Mathematical Logic, originally published in 1940. Put simply, quasi-quotation enables one to introduce symbols that stand for a linguistic expression in a given instance and are used as that linguistic expression in a different instance.
For example, one can use quasi-quotation to illustrate an instance of substitutional quantification, like the following:
"Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white.
Therefore, there is some sequence of symbols that makes the following sentence true when every instance of φ is replaced by that sequence of symbols: "φ" is true if and only if φ.
Quasi-quotation is used to indicate (usually in more complex formulas) that the φ and "φ" in this sentence are related things, that one is the iteration of the other in a metalanguage. Quine introduced quasiquotes because he wished to avoid the use of variables, and work only with closed sentences (expressions not containing any free variables). However, he still needed to be able to talk about sentences with arbitrary predicates in them, and thus, the quasiquotes provided the mechanism to make such statements. Quine had hoped that, by avoiding variables and schemata, he would minimize confusion for the readers, as well as staying closer to the language that mathematicians actually use.
Quasi-quotation is sometimes denoted using the symbols ⌜ and ⌝ (unicode U+231C, U+231D), or double square brackets, ⟦ ⟧ ("Oxford brackets"), instead of ordinary quotation marks.
How it works
Quasi-quotation is particularly useful for stating formation rules for formal languages. Suppose, for example, that one wants to define the well-formed formulas (wffs) of a new formal language, L,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacious%20%28software%29
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Audacious is a free and open-source audio player software with a focus on low resource use, high audio quality, and support for a wide range of audio formats. It is designed primarily for use on POSIX-compatible Unix-like operating systems, with limited support for Microsoft Windows. Audacious was the default audio player in Ubuntu Studio in 2011–12, and was the default music player in Lubuntu until October 2018, when it was replaced with VLC.
History
Audacious began as a fork of Beep Media Player, which itself is a fork of XMMS. Ariadne "kaniini" Conill decided to fork Beep Media Player after the original development team announced that they were stopping development in order to create a next-generation version called BMPx. According to the Audacious home page, Conill and others "had [their] own ideas about how a player should be designed, which [they] wanted to try in a production environment."
Since version 2.1, Audacious includes both the Winamp-like interface known from previous versions and a new, GTK-based interface known as GTKUI, which resembles foobar2000 to some extent. GTKUI became the default interface in Audacious 2.4.
Change to C++ and Qt
Before version 3.0, Audacious used the GTK 2.x toolkit by default. Partial support for GTK3 was added in version 2.5, and Audacious 3.0 has full support for GTK3 and uses it by default. However, dissatisfied with the evolution of GTK3, the Audacious team chose to revert to GTK2 starting with the 3.6 release, with long-term plans of porting to Qt.
Since August 8, 2018, the official website has HTTPS enabled site-wide and GTK3 support was dropped completely.
As version 4.0, Audacious is using Qt as its primary toolkit but the GTK 2.x support is still available.
As version 4.3, Audacious has reinstated to support GTK3.
Features
Audacious contains built-in gapless playback.
Default codec support
MP3 using libmpg123
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC and AAC+)
Vorbis
FLAC
Wavpack
Shorten (SHN)
Musepack
TTA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valid%20name%20%28zoology%29
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In zoological nomenclature, the valid name of a taxon is the correct scientific name for that taxon. The valid name must be used for that taxon, regardless of any other name that may currently be used for that taxon, or may previously have been used. A name can only be valid (or invalid) when it is an available name under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN); if a name is unavailable, then it cannot be considered either valid or invalid.
In contrast, a name which is available but not the correct name for a taxon is known as an invalid name.
There are two categories of invalid names.
Subjectively invalid names
Subjectively invalid names are names that have been rendered invalid by individual scientific judgement or opinion. Taxonomists may differ in their opinion, and names considered invalid by one researcher may be considered valid by another.
They include:
Junior subjective synonyms - synonyms described from different types, which were previously described as separate taxa, but are now believed to be the same taxon. The junior name is treated as invalid only so long as the two names are considered to refer to the same taxon, which is a subjective opinion.
Junior secondary homonyms - In this case, the taxa are separate species, originally described in separate genera, but with the same specific name; if they are later placed in the same genus, this results in the species names being homonyms, and generally only the senior homonym can be valid. The junior name is treated as invalid only so long as the two taxa are considered to belong to the same genus, which is a subjective opinion. However, if a name became a secondary homonym prior to 1961, and was replaced by a new name, the original name may be permanently invalid.
Conditionally suppressed names - these are special cases where the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has ruled that a name can only be valid under certain conditions (e.g., when it is not considered a syn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20physics%20journals
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This is a list of physics journals with existing articles on Wikipedia. The list is organized by subfields of physics.
By subject
General
Astrophysics
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
European Physical Journal D
Journal of Physics B
Laser Physics
Molecular Physics
Physical Review A
Plasmas
Measurement
Measurement Science and Technology
Metrologia
Review of Scientific Instruments
Nuclear and particle physics
Optics
Computational physics
Computational Materials Science
Computer Physics Communications
International Journal of Modern Physics C (computational physics, physical computations)
Journal of Computational Physics
Physical Review E, section E13
Communications in Computational Physics
Condensed matter and materials science
Low temperature physics
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
Low Temperature Physics
Chemical physics
Chemical Physics Letters
Journal of Chemical Physics
Journal of Physical Chemistry A
Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Journal of Physical Chemistry C
Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Soft matter physics
European Physical Journal E
Journal of Polymer Science Part B
Soft Matter
Medical physics
Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine
BMC Medical Physics
Bioelectromagnetics
Health Physics
Journal of Medical Physics
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Medical Physics
Physics in Medicine and Biology
Biological physics
Annual Review of Biophysics
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Biophysical Journal
Biophysical Reviews and Letters
Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics
European Biophysics Journal
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Physical Biology
Radiation and Environmental Biophysics
Statistical and nonlinear physics
Theoretical and mathematical physics
Quantum information
Quantum
Journal of Quantum Information Science
International Journal of Quantum Information
npj Quantum Information
Geophysic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD%20security%20features
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The OpenBSD operating system focuses on security and the development of security features. According to author Michael W. Lucas, OpenBSD "is widely regarded as the most secure operating system available anywhere, under any licensing terms."
API and build changes
Bugs and security flaws are often caused by programmer error. A common source of error is the misuse of the strcpy and strcat string functions in the C programming language. There are two common alternatives, strncpy and strncat, but they can be difficult to understand and easy to misuse, so OpenBSD developers Todd C. Miller and Theo de Raadt designed the strlcpy and strlcat functions. These functions are intended to make it harder for programmers to accidentally leave buffers unterminated or allow them to be overflowed. They have been adopted by the NetBSD and FreeBSD projects but not by the GNU C Library.
On OpenBSD, the linker has been changed to issue a warning when unsafe string manipulation functions, such as strcpy, strcat, or sprintf, are found. All occurrences of these functions in the OpenBSD source tree have been replaced. In addition, a static bounds checker is included in OpenBSD in an attempt to find other common programming mistakes at compile time. Other security-related APIs developed by the OpenBSD project include issetugid and arc4random.
Kernel randomization
In a June 2017 email, Theo de Raadt stated that a problem with stable systems was that they could be running for months at a time. Although there is considerable randomization within the kernel, some key addresses remain the same. The project in progress modifies the linker so that on every boot, the kernel is relinked, as well as all other randomizations. This differs from kernel ASLR; in the email he states that "As a result, every new kernel is unique. The relative offsets between functions and data are unique ... [The current] change is scaffolding to ensure you boot a newly-linked kernel upon every reboot ... so that a new
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent%20autoimmune%20diabetes%20in%20adults
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Slowly evolving immune-mediated diabetes, or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), is a form of diabetes that exhibits clinical features similar to both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and is sometimes referred to as type 1.5 diabetes. It is an autoimmune form of diabetes, similar to T1D, but patients with LADA often show insulin resistance, similar to T2D, and share some risk factors for the disease with T2D. Studies have shown that LADA patients have certain types of antibodies against the insulin-producing cells, and that these cells stop producing insulin more slowly than in T1D patients.
LADA appears to share genetic risk factors with both T1D and T2D but is genetically distinct from both. Within the LADA patient group, a genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity has been observed with varying degrees of insulin resistance and autoimmunity. With the knowledge we have today, LADA can thus be described as a hybrid form of T1D and T2D, showing phenotypic and genotypic similarities with both, as well as variation within LADA regarding the degree of autoimmunity and insulin resistance.
The concept of LADA was first introduced in 1993, though The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus does not recognize the term, instead including it under the standard definition of diabetes mellitus type 1.
Symptoms
The symptoms of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults are similar to those of other forms of diabetes: polydipsia (excessive thirst and drinking), polyuria (excessive urination), and often blurred vision. Compared to juvenile type 1 diabetes, the symptoms develop comparatively slowly, over a period of at least six months.
Diagnosis
A fasting blood sugar level of ≥ 7.0 mmol / L (126 mg/dL) is used in the general diagnosis of diabetes. There are no clear guidelines for the diagnosis of LADA, but the criteria often used are that the patient should develop the disease in adulthood, not need insulin treatment for the fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-phonon%20line%20and%20phonon%20sideband
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The zero-phonon line and the phonon sideband jointly constitute the line shape of individual light absorbing and emitting molecules (chromophores) embedded into a transparent solid matrix. When the host matrix contains many chromophores, each will contribute a zero-phonon line and a phonon sideband to the absorption and emission spectra. The spectra originating from a collection of identical chromophores in a matrix is said to be inhomogeneously broadened because each chromophore is surrounded by a somewhat different matrix environment which modifies the energy required for an electronic transition. In an inhomogeneous distribution of chromophores, individual zero-phonon line and phonon sideband positions are therefore shifted and overlapping.
Figure 1 shows the typical line shape for electronic transitions of individual chromophores in a solid matrix. The zero-phonon line is located at a frequency ω’ determined by the intrinsic difference in energy levels between ground and excited state as well as by the local environment. The phonon sideband is shifted to a higher frequency in absorption and to a lower frequency in fluorescence. The frequency gap Δ between the zero-phonon line and the peak of the phonon side band is determined by Franck–Condon principles.
The distribution of intensity between the zero-phonon line and the phonon side band is strongly dependent on temperature. At room temperature there is enough thermal energy to excite many phonons and the probability of zero-phonon transition is close to zero. For organic chromophores in organic matrices, the probability of a zero-phonon electronic transition only becomes likely below about 40 kelvins, but depends also on the strength of coupling between the chromophore and the host lattice.
Energy diagram
The transition between the ground and the excited state is based on the Franck–Condon principle, that the electronic transition is very fast compared with the motion in the lattice. The energy transitions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Eisenbud
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David Eisenbud (born 8 April 1947 in New York City) is an American mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley and former director of the then Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), now known as Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute (SLMath). He served as Director of MSRI from 1997 to 2007, and then again from 2013 to 2022.
Biography
Eisenbud is the son of mathematical physicist Leonard Eisenbud, who was a student and collaborator of the renowned physicist Eugene Wigner. Eisenbud received his Ph.D. in 1970 from the University of Chicago, where he was a student of Saunders Mac Lane and, unofficially, James Christopher Robson. He then taught at Brandeis University from 1970 to 1997, during which time he had visiting positions at Harvard University, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), University of Bonn, and Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). He joined the staff at MSRI in 1997, and took a position at Berkeley at the same time.
From 2003 to 2005 Eisenbud was President of the American Mathematical Society.
Eisenbud's mathematical interests include commutative and non-commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, topology, and computational methods in these fields. He has written over 150 papers and books with over 60 co-authors. Notable contributions include the theory of matrix factorizations for maximal Cohen–Macaulay modules over hypersurface rings, the Eisenbud–Goto conjecture on degrees of generators of syzygy modules, and the Buchsbaum–Eisenbud criterion for exactness of a complex. He also proposed the Eisenbud–Evans conjecture, which was later settled by the Indian mathematician Neithalath Mohan Kumar.
He has had 31 doctoral students, including Craig Huneke, Mircea Mustaţă, Irena Peeva, and Gregory G. Smith (winner of the Aisenstadt Prize in 2007).
Eisenbud's hobbies are juggling (he has written two papers on the mathematics of juggling) and music. He has appeared
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-machine%20scheduling
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Single-machine scheduling or single-resource scheduling is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. We are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on a single machine, in a way that optimizes a certain objective, such as the throughput.
Single-machine scheduling is a special case of identical-machines scheduling, which is itself a special case of optimal job scheduling. Many problems, which are NP-hard in general, can be solved in polynomial time in the single-machine case.
In the standard three-field notation for optimal job scheduling problems, the single-machine variant is denoted by 1 in the first field. For example, " 1||" is an single-machine scheduling problem with no constraints, where the goal is to minimize the sum of completion times.
The makespan-minimization problem 1||, which is a common objective with multiple machines, is trivial with a single machine, since the makespan is always identical. Therefore, other objectives have been studied.
Minimizing the sum of completion times
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Shortest Processing Time First rule (SPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of their processing time .
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the weighted sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Weighted Shortest Processing Time First rule (WSPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of the ratio .
The problem 1|chains| is a generalization of the above problem for jobs with dependencies in the form of chains. It can also be solved optimally by a suitable generalization of WSPT.
Minimizing the cost of lateness
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the maximum lateness. For each job j, there is a due date . If it is completed after its due date, it suffers lateness defined as . 1|| can be solved optimally by the Earliest Due Date First rule (EDD): the jobs are scheduled by ascendi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20feedback%20shift%20register
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AFSR also stands for the Argonne Fast Source Reactor -- see list of nuclear reactors.
AFSR was also the abbreviation of the Armed Forces of South Russia.
An analog feedback shift register (AFSR) is a generalization of the (binary, digital) linear-feedback shift register (LFSR).
While binary LFSRs require less power to generate spread spectrum signals than AFSRs, AFSR receivers require less power (in theory) to synchronize to those signals than binary LFSR receivers.
As of 2005, AFSRs are still in research.
AFSR techniques could make spread-spectrum receivers (such as GPS receivers and cell phones and Wi-Fi receivers and RFIDs) cost less and have longer battery lifetimes.
External links
A Nonlinear Dynamic System for Spread Spectrum Code Acquisition by Benjamin Vigoda 1999
C/A-code Synchronization Using Analog Feedback Shift Registers (AFSR) by Daniel Megnet-Kägi, et al. 2004
Pseudo-noise Sequences based on Algebraic Feedback Shift Registers by Mark Goresky and Andrew Klapper (2005??)
Fast Acquisition GPS Receivers by H. Mathis, HSR Rapperswil 2004
Pseudorandom number generators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbour-sensing%20model
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The Neighbour-Sensing mathematical model of hyphal growth is a set of interactive computer models that simulate the way fungi hyphae grow in three-dimensional space. The three-dimensional simulation is an experimental tool which can be used to study the morphogenesis of fungal hyphal networks.
The modelling process starts from the proposition that each hypha in the fungal mycelium generates a certain abstract field that (like known physical fields) decreases with increasing distance. Both scalar and vector fields are included in the models. The field(s) and its (their) gradient(s) are used to inform the algorithm that calculates the likelihood of branching, the angle of branching and the growth direction of each hyphal tip in the simulated mycelium. The growth vector is being informed of its surroundings so, effectively, the virtual hyphal tip is sensing the neighbouring mycelium. This is why we call it the Neighbour-Sensing model.
Cross-walls in living hyphae are formed only at right angles to the long axis of the hypha. A daughter hyphal apex can only arise if a branch is initiated. So, for the fungi, hyphal branch formation is the equivalent of cell division in animals, plants and protists. The position of origin of a branch, and its direction and rate of growth are the main formative events in the development of fungal tissues and organs. Consequently, by simulating the mathematics of the control of hyphal growth and branching the Neighbour-Sensing model provides the user with a way of experimenting with features that may regulate hyphal growth patterns during morphogenesis to arrive at suggestions that could be tested with live fungi.
The model was proposed by Audrius Meškauskas and David Moore in 2004 and developed using the supercomputing facilities of the University of Manchester.
The key idea of this model is that all parts of the fungal mycelium have identical field generation systems, field sensing mechanisms and growth direction altering algorithms.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Hove%20singularity
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A Van Hove singularity is a singularity (non-smooth point) in the density of states (DOS) of a crystalline solid. The wavevectors at which Van Hove singularities occur are often referred to as critical points of the Brillouin zone. For three-dimensional crystals, they take the form of kinks (where the density of states is not differentiable). The most common application of the Van Hove singularity concept comes in the analysis of optical absorption spectra. The occurrence of such singularities was first analyzed by the Belgian physicist Léon Van Hove in 1953 for the case of phonon densities of states.
Theory
Consider a one-dimensional lattice of N particle sites, with each particle site separated by distance a, for a total length of L = Na. Instead of assuming that the waves in this one-dimensional box are standing waves, it is more convenient to adopt periodic boundary conditions:
where is wavelength, and n is an integer. (Positive integers will denote forward waves, negative integers will denote reverse waves.) The shortest wavelength needed to describe a wavemotion in the lattice is equal to 2a which then corresponds to the largest needed wave number and which also corresponds to the maximum possible : . We may define the density of states g(k)dk as the number of standing waves with wave vector k to k+dk:
Extending the analysis to wavevectors in three dimensions the density of states in a box of side length will be
where is a volume element in k-space, and which, for electrons, will need to be multiplied by a factor of 2 to account for the two possible spin orientations. By the chain rule, the DOS in energy space can be expressed as
where is the gradient in k-space.
The set of points in k-space which correspond to a particular energy E form a surface in k-space, and the gradient of E will be a vector perpendicular to this surface at every point. The density of states as a function of this energy E satisfies:
where the integral is over the surface of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll%20moment
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Roll moment is a moment, which is a product of a force and a distance, that tends to cause a vehicle to roll, that is to rotate about its longitudinal axis.
Landcraft
In vehicle dynamics, the roll moment can be calculated as the product of three quantities:
the vehicle's sprung mass, the portion of its mass supported by the suspension,
whatever lateral acceleration that the vehicle is experiencing, usually centripetal acceleration from a turn, and
the vertical distance between the vehicle's roll axis and its center of mass.
In two-axle vehicles, such as cars and some trucks, the roll axis may be found by connecting the roll center of each axle by a straight line. In single-track vehicles, such as bicycles and motorcycles, the roll axis may be found by connecting the contact patches of each tire by a straight line.
Aircraft
In aeronautics, the roll moment is the product of an aerodynamic force and the distance between where it is applied and the aircraft's center of mass that tends to cause the aircraft to rotate about its roll axis. The roll axis is usually defined as the longitudinal axis, which runs from the nose to the tail of the aircraft. A roll moment can be the result of wind gusts, control surfaces such as ailerons, or simply by flying at an angle of sideslip. See flight dynamics.
Watercraft
In watercraft, roll is the rotation around the ships longitudinal (front-back or bow-stern) axis. Heel refers to an offset from normal on this axis that is intentional or expected, as caused by wind pressure on sails, turning, or other crew actions. List refers to an unintentional or unexpected offset, as caused by flooding, battle damage, shifting cargo, etc.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20S.%20McDonnell%20Foundation
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The James S. McDonnell Foundation was founded in 1950 by aerospace pioneer James S. McDonnell. It was established to "improve the quality of life," and does so by contributing to the generation of new knowledge through its support of research and scholarship. Originally called the McDonnell Foundation, the organization was renamed the James S. McDonnell Foundation in 1984 in honor of its founder. The foundation is based in St. Louis, Missouri.
The Foundation is a member of the Brain Tumor Funders' Collaborative, a partnership among eight private philanthropic and advocacy organizations designed to bridge the “translational gap” that prevents promising laboratory science from yielding new medical treatments. Fair market value of Foundation assets were around $609 million in 2007. Susan M. Fitzpatrick was named President beginning 2015.
Grants
In 2004, the Foundation awarded approximately $15.5 million in grants. Since its inception, the McDonnell Foundation has awarded over $295 million in grants. Grants are awarded via the Foundation-initiated, peer-reviewed proposal processes through the 21st Century Science Initiative. This initiative supports scientific, educational, and charitable causes on a local, national, and international level. For instance for research related to cancer, or climate change.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%20phase%20index
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S-phase index (SPI), is a measure of cell growth and viability, especially the capacity of tumor cells to proliferate. It is defined as the number of BrdU-incorporating cells relative to the volume of DNA staining determined from whole mount confocal analyses.
Only cells in the S phase will incorporate BrdU into their DNA structure, which assists in determining length of the cell cycle.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doob%E2%80%93Meyer%20decomposition%20theorem
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The Doob–Meyer decomposition theorem is a theorem in stochastic calculus stating the conditions under which a submartingale may be decomposed in a unique way as the sum of a martingale and an increasing predictable process. It is named for Joseph L. Doob and Paul-André Meyer.
History
In 1953, Doob published the Doob decomposition theorem which gives a unique decomposition for certain discrete time martingales. He conjectured a continuous time version of the theorem and in two publications in 1962 and 1963 Paul-André Meyer proved such a theorem, which became known as the Doob-Meyer decomposition. In honor of Doob, Meyer used the term "class D" to refer to the class of supermartingales for which his unique decomposition theorem applied.
Class D supermartingales
A càdlàg supermartingale is of Class D if and the collection
is uniformly integrable.
The theorem
Let be a cadlag supermartingale of class D. Then there exists a unique, increasing, predictable process with such that is a uniformly integrable martingale.
See also
Doob decomposition theorem
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic%20index
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Mitotic index is defined as the ratio between the number of a population's cells undergoing mitosis to its total number of cells.
Purpose
The mitotic index is a measure of cellular proliferation.
It is defined as the percentage of cells undergoing mitosis in a given population of cells. Mitosis is the division of somatic cells into two daughter cells. Durations of the cell cycle and mitosis vary in different cell types. An elevated mitotic index indicates more cells are dividing. In cancer cells, the mitotic index may be elevated compared to normal growth of tissues or cellular repair of the site of an injury. The mitotic index is therefore an important prognostic factor predicting both overall survival and response to chemotherapy in most types of cancer. It may lose much of its predictive value for elderly populations. For example, a low mitotic index loses any prognostic value for women over 70 years old with breast cancer.
Calculation
The mitotic index is the number of cells undergoing mitosis divided by the total number of cells.
A typical figure of mitotic index includes statements like "10 mitotic figures are noted per 10 high power fields" followed by "4 mitotic figures noted per 50 high power fields."
Formula
where (P+M+A+T) is the sum of all cells in phase as prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, respectively and N is total number of cells.
Examples
The fastest rate of mitosis happens in the zygote, embryo and infant stage for humans and animals because mitosis is essential for embryological development. Mitosis is also required at a higher rate to grow and repair tissue. Some examples include human lymph nodes and bone marrow. Also, skin, hair, and the cells lining the intestines (epithelial cells) have high rates of mitosis. That's because those tissues constantly need to be repaired (by the cells being replaced) or growing. Plants have higher rates of mitosis at the cells of the shoot and root tips.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagger%20%28video%20game%29
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Blagger is a platform game created by Antony Crowther for the Commodore 64 and released by Alligata in 1983. A BBC Micro port was released the same year, Acorn Electron, Amstrad CPC (through Amsoft) and MSX in 1984, Commodore 16 and Plus/4 in 1985 and Amstrad PCW in 1987. In some countries this game was released under the name Gangster.
Son of Blagger, was released in 1984 with a third and final title Blagger Goes to Hollywood released in 1985. Another sequel, known as New Blagger but developed as Blagger 2, being a direct continuation of the original, was produced in 1985 but not released.
Gameplay
The game is divided into a series of single-screen levels. The goal of the player on each screen is to manipulate Blagger, a burglar, to collect the scattered keys and then reach the safe. The keys must be collected and the safe opened in a limited amount of time. Blagger can walk left and right, and jump left, right and up. The jumping action is in a fixed pattern and cannot be altered once initiated. Gameplay involves learning the best order in which to collect the keys, and good timing of movement and jumping.
Not all platforms are permanent; some decay once Blagger has stepped on them. Other platforms serve to move Blagger in a particular direction. Blagger will die if he touches cacti, one of the moving enemy obstacles of the level, or if he falls more than a certain distance. The moving enemies vary from level to level, and include cars, aliens, mad hatters, and giant mouths. The movement of the enemies is in a fixed pattern, generally travelling from one point to another and back again.
The BBC and Electron versions feature floating "RG"s as hazards (R.G. being the initials of the programmer of those versions, R.S. Goodley).
Reception
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%20temporary%20fix
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In IBM terminology, a Program temporary fix or Product temporary fix (PTF), sometimes depending on date, is a single bug fix, or group of fixes, distributed in a form ready to install for customers.
A PTF normally follows an APAR (Authorized Program Analysis Report), and where an "APAR fix" was issued, the PTF "is a tested APAR" or set of APAR fixes. However, if an APAR is resolved as "Fixed If Next" or "Permanent Restriction" then there may be no PTF fixing it, only a subsequent release.
PTF installation
Initially, installations had to install service via a semi-manual process.
Over time, IBM started to provide service aids such as IMAPTFLE
and utilities such as IEBEDIT to simplify the installation of batches of PTFs. For OS/360 and successors, this culminated in System Modification Program (SMP) and System Modification Program/Extended (SMP/E).
For VM, this culminated in Virtual Machine Serviceability Enhancements Staged (VM/SP SES) and VMSES/E.
For DOS/360 and successors, this culminated in Maintain System History Program (MSHP)
PTF usage
PTFs used to be distributed in a group on a so-called Program Update Tape (PUT) or Recommended Service Upgrade (RSU), approximately on a monthly basis. They can now be downloaded straight to the system through a direct connection to IBM support. In some instances IBM will release a "Cumulative PTF Pack", a large number of fixes which function best as a whole, and are sometimes codependent. When this happens, IBM issues compact discs containing the entire PTF pack, which can be loaded directly onto the system from its media drive.
One reason for the use of physical media is size, and related (default) size limits. "By default, the /home file system on VIOS (Virtual I/O Server) for System p is only 10GB in size." If the "Cumulative PTF Pack" is larger than the default, "If you try (to) FTP 17GB of ISO images you will run out of space."
In z/OS, the PTFs are processed using SMP/E (System Modification Program/Extended)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical%20Message%20Handling%20System
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Air Traffic Services Message Handling Services (AMHS) is a standard for aeronautical ground-ground communications (e.g. for the transmission of NOTAM, Flight Plans or Meteorological Data) based on X.400 profiles. It has been defined by the ICAO.
Levels of service
ICAO Doc 9880 Part II defines two fundamental levels of service within the ATSMHS;
Basic ATSMHS and
the Extended ATSMHS.
Additionally, ICAO Doc 9880 (Part II, section 3.4) outlines different subsets of the Extended ATSMHS. The Basic ATSMHS performs an operational role similar to the
Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network with a few enhancements. The Extended ATSMHS provided enhanced features but includes the Basic level of service
capability; in this way it is ensured that users with Extended Service capabilities can inter-operate, at a basic level, with users having Basic Service capabilities and vice versa.
The ATSMHS is provided by a set of end systems, which collectively comprise the ATS Message Handling System. The systems co-operate to provide users (human or automated) with a data communication service. The AMHS network is composed of interconnected ATS Message Servers that perform message switching at the application layer (Layer 7 in the OSI model).
Direct users connect to ATS Message Servers by means of ATS Message User Agents. An ATS Message User Agent supporting the Extended level of service will use
the Basic level of service to allow communication with users who only support the Basic ATSMHS.
Interoperability
In order to ensure unobstructed communication between the ANSPs, the European Air Navigation Planning Group (EANPG) of ICAO has defined 59 test cases in its EUR AMHS Manual (V5.0), 17/06/2010 (Appendix D, AMHS Conformance Tests), ASIA/PAC AMHS Manual (Annex B, AMHS Conformance and Compatibility Test, V2.0, 22/09/08) which have to be performed prior to establishment of bilateral links between the ANSPs. Those tests are conducted using a test engine (AMHS Conformance Test Too
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminarin
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The molecule laminarin (also known as laminaran) is a storage glucan (a polysaccharide of glucose) found in brown algae. It is used as a carbohydrate food reserve in the same way that chrysolaminarin is used by phytoplankton, especially in diatoms. It is created by photosynthesis and is made up of β(1→3)-glucan with β(1→6)-branches. It is a linear polysaccharide, with a β(1→3):β(1→6) ratio of 3:1. Its hydrolysis is catalyzed by enzymes such as laminarinase (EC 3.2.1.6) that breaks the β(1→3) bonds. It has been suggested that the annual production of algae laminarin amounts to 12 ± 8 gigatons, i.e., about three times the annual atmospheric CO2 increase by fossil fuel burning, that its concentration is driven by light variability and that it contributes substantially to the carbon export from surface waters, as it may account for up to half of organic carbon in sinking diatom-containing particles.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving%20%28horse%29
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Weaving is a behaviour in horses that is classified as a stable vice, in which the horse repetitively sways on its forelegs, shifting its weight back and forth by moving the head and neck side to side. It may also include swaying of the rest of the body and picking up the front legs. Some horses exhibit non-stereotypical weaving, and instead engage in variations on this behavior.
Causes
Ultimately, the domestication of horses is considered to be the cause of stable vices such as weaving. There are no reports of wild horses displaying weaving behaviour, mainly because these horses are in their natural state, i.e. they are not confined or on a schedule. Domesticated horses are often housed in stalls (typically 8x8 or 12x12) at night, and are allowed turnout (i.e. time outside) during the day. Horses that are housed in solitary confinement from other horses, or those that do not get daily turnout, or inadequate turnout, are more at risk for developing stable vices such as weaving.
Horses often perform this vice due to stress. Horses tend to weave near the door of their stall, possibly because they desire to leave the stall to move around. Horses also sometimes weave near a window to the aisle or the exterior of the stable, which would provide visual stimulation.
Stress during critical periods such as weaning may also contribute to the development of stables vices.
However, some horses that have developed the habit will also weave while turned out, signifying that the problem is not solely one of confinement.
Many equestrians believe weaving is a learned habit. However, some experts theorize that weaving could more likely develop in horses with a genetic predisposition to it. Thus, there is a debate over whether weaving is a learned behavior that horses pick up by observing another horse who weaves, or if it is an inborn tendency that develops under a certain set of environmental conditions. These two arguments fail to take into account the fact that most behaviour
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokey%20pokey%20%28ice%20cream%29
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Hokey pokey is a flavour of ice cream in New Zealand, consisting of plain vanilla ice cream with small, solid lumps of honeycomb toffee. Hokey pokey is the New Zealand term for honeycomb toffee. The original recipe until around 1980 consisted of solid toffee, but in a marketing change Tip Top decided to use small balls of honeycomb toffee instead.
It is the second-most popular ice cream flavour behind vanilla in New Zealand, and is a frequently cited example of Kiwiana. It is also exported to Japan, Australia and the Pacific Islands.
Origins and etymology
The term hokey pokey has been used in reference to honeycomb toffee in New Zealand since the late 19th century. The origin of this term, in reference to honeycomb specifically, is not known with certainty, and it is not until the mid-20th century that hokey-pokey ice cream was created.
Coincidentally, "hokey pokey" was a slang term for ice cream in general in the 19th and early 20th centuries in several areas — including New York City and parts of Great Britain — specifically for the ice cream sold by street vendors, or "hokey pokey men". The vendors, said to be mostly of Italian descent, supposedly used a sales pitch or song involving the phrase "hokey pokey", for which several origins have been suggested. One such song in use in 1930s Liverpool was "Hokey pokey penny a lump, that's the stuff to make ye jump".
The term hokey pokey likely has multiple origins. One of these is the expression "hocus-pocus", which is possibly the source of the name hokey pokey in New Zealand. As a general name for ice cream outside New Zealand, it may be a corruption of one of several Italian phrases. According to "The Encyclopedia of Food" (published 1923, New York) hokey pokey (in the U.S.) is "a term applied to mixed colors and flavors of ice cream in cake form". The Encyclopedia says the term originated from the Italian phrase oh che poco - "oh how little". Alternative possible derivations include other similar-sounding Ita
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20stability
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In mathematics, in the theory of differential equations and dynamical systems, a particular stationary or quasistationary solution to a nonlinear system is called linearly unstable if the linearization of the equation at this solution has the form , where r is the perturbation to the steady state, A is a linear operator whose spectrum contains eigenvalues with positive real part. If all the eigenvalues have negative real part, then the solution is called linearly stable. Other names for linear stability include exponential stability or stability in terms of first approximation. If there exist an eigenvalue with zero real part then the question about stability cannot be solved on the basis of the first approximation and we approach the so-called "centre and focus problem".
Examples
Ordinary differential equation
The differential equation
has two stationary (time-independent) solutions: x = 0 and x = 1.
The linearization at x = 0 has the form
. The linearized operator is A0 = 1. The only eigenvalue is . The solutions to this equation grow exponentially;
the stationary point x = 0 is linearly unstable.
To derive the linearization at , one writes
, where . The linearized equation is then ; the linearized operator is , the only eigenvalue is , hence this stationary point is linearly stable.
Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
The nonlinear Schrödinger equation
where and , has solitary wave solutions of the form .
To derive the linearization at a solitary wave, one considers the solution in the form
. The linearized equation on is given by
where
with
and
the differential operators.
According to Vakhitov–Kolokolov stability criterion,
when , the spectrum of A has positive point eigenvalues, so that the linearized equation is linearly (exponentially) unstable; for , the spectrum of A is purely imaginary, so that the corresponding solitary waves are linearly stable.
It should be mentioned that linear stability does not automatically imply stability;
in particular,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-isomorphism
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In homological algebra, a branch of mathematics, a quasi-isomorphism or quism is a morphism A → B of chain complexes (respectively, cochain complexes) such that the induced morphisms
of homology groups (respectively, of cohomology groups) are isomorphisms for all n.
In the theory of model categories, quasi-isomorphisms are sometimes used as the class of weak equivalences when the objects of the category are chain or cochain complexes. This results in a homology-local theory, in the sense of Bousfield localization in homotopy theory.
See also
Derived category
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psc%20%28military%29
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psc is a post-nominal for Post Staff College (formally Passed Staff College) in the Commonwealth militaries of Bangladesh, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom. It indicates that an officer has undertaken the staff officer course at a staff college.
United Kingdom
The practice originated in the British Army where the initials psc appeared in the service lists denoting that the officer had attended the Staff College, Camberley. Royal Navy officers who attended the staff course at Royal Naval College, Greenwich and RAF officers who attended the RAF Staff College, Bracknell also used the qualification. Since the 1997 amalgamation of staff training officers now receive the letters psc(j) from the Joint Services Command and Staff College as Post Staff College (Joint)(United Kingdom) (psc(j)(UK)) after completing the Advanced Command and Staff Course. British officers also receive the letters psc(nation) or psc(j)(nation) from attendance at overseas staff colleges, where the (nation) is substituted for the NATO abbreviation of that country, i,e, attendance at the French 'l'Ecole de Guerre' results in psc(j)(FRA).
Bangladesh
PSC is used for Bangladeshi Armed Forces officers who have attended the Defence Services Command & Staff College (DSCSC), Bangladesh.The College is well acclaimed internationally as a centre of excellence for study on subjects of contemporary military interest and has so far graduated over 5979 officers including 1300+ officers from 44 different countries.
India
Initials psc is used by officers who attended the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington.
Pakistan
In Pakistan initials psc is used by officers who attended the Pakistan Command and Staff College, Quetta.
Malaysia
Officers graduated from the Malaysian Armed Forces Staff College, Kuala Lumpur use the initials psc.
Namibia
Officers who graduate from the Senior Command and Staff Course at the Namibia Command and Staff College use the initials psc.
New Zealand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen%E2%80%93Williams%20equation
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The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems such as fire sprinkler systems, water supply networks, and irrigation systems. It is named after Allen Hazen and Gardner Stewart Williams.
The Hazen–Williams equation has the advantage that the coefficient C is not a function of the Reynolds number, but it has the disadvantage that it is only valid for water. Also, it does not account for the temperature or viscosity of the water, and therefore is only valid at room temperature and conventional velocities.
General form
Henri Pitot discovered that the velocity of a fluid was proportional to the square root of its head in the early 18th century. It takes energy to push a fluid through a pipe, and Antoine de Chézy discovered that the hydraulic head loss was proportional to the velocity squared. Consequently, the Chézy formula relates hydraulic slope S (head loss per unit length) to the fluid velocity V and hydraulic radius R:
The variable C expresses the proportionality, but the value of C is not a constant. In 1838 and 1839, Gotthilf Hagen and Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille independently determined a head loss equation for laminar flow, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. Around 1845, Julius Weisbach and Henry Darcy developed the Darcy–Weisbach equation.
The Darcy-Weisbach equation was difficult to use because the friction factor was difficult to estimate. In 1906, Hazen and Williams provided an empirical formula that was easy to use. The general form of the equation relates the mean velocity of water in a pipe with the geometric properties of the pipe and slope of the energy line.
where:
V is velocity (in ft/s for US customary units, in m/s for SI units)
k is a conversion factor for the unit system (k = 1.318 for US customary units, k = 0.849 for SI units)
C is a roughness coefficient
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka%20%28University%20of%20Cambridge%20magazine%29
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Eureka is a journal published annually by The Archimedeans, the mathematical society of Cambridge University. It is one of the oldest recreational mathematics publications still in existence. Eureka includes many mathematical articles on a variety of different topics – written by students and mathematicians from all over the world – as well as a short summary of the activities of the society, problem sets, puzzles, artwork and book reviews.
Eureka has been published 66 times since 1939, and authors include many famous mathematicians and scientists such as Paul Erdős, Martin Gardner, Douglas Hofstadter, G. H. Hardy, Béla Bollobás, John Conway, Stephen Hawking, Roger Penrose, W. T. Tutte (writing with friends under the pseudonym Blanche Descartes), popular maths writer Ian Stewart, Fields Medallist Timothy Gowers and Nobel laureate Paul Dirac.
The journal was formerly distributed free of charge to all current members of the Archimedeans. Today, it is published electronically as well as in print. In 2020, the publication archive was made freely available online.
Eureka is edited by students from the university.
Of the mathematical articles, there is a paper by Freeman Dyson where he defined the rank of a partition in an effort to prove combinatorially the partition congruences earlier discovered by Srinivasa Ramanujan. In the article, Dyson made a series of conjectures that were all eventually resolved.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral%20nerve
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The femoral nerve is a nerve in the thigh that supplies skin on the upper thigh and inner leg, and the muscles that extend the knee. It is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus.
Structure
The femoral nerve is the major nerve supplying the anterior compartment of the thigh. It is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, and arises from the dorsal divisions of the ventral rami of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves (L2, L3, and L4).
The nerve enters Scarpa's triangle by passing beneath the inguinal ligament, just lateral to the femoral artery. In the thigh, the nerve lies in a groove between iliacus muscle and psoas major muscle, outside the femoral sheath, and lateral to the femoral artery. After a short course of about 4 cm in the thigh, the nerve is divided into anterior and posterior divisions, separated by lateral femoral circumflex artery. The branches are shown below:
Muscular branches
The nerve to the pectineus muscle arises immediately above the inguinal ligament from the medial side of the femoral nerve, and passes behind the femoral sheath to enter the anterior surface of the muscle.
Anterior division supplies the sartorius muscle
Posterior division supplies the rectus femoris muscle, the three vastus muscles – (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius), and the articularis genus muscle. The articularis genus is supplied by a branch of the nerve to vastus intermedius.
Cutaneous branches
The anterior division gives off anterior cutaneous branches: The anterior cutaneous branches are: the intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve and the medial femoral cutaneous nerve.
The posterior division gives off only one branch, which is the saphenous nerve.
Articular branches
Hip joint is supplied by nerve to the rectus femoris.
Knee joint is supplied by the nerves to the three vastus muscles. The nerve to vastus medialis is particularly thick because it contains the proprioceptive fibres from the knee joint. This is in accordance to t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interthalamic%20adhesion
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The interthalamic adhesion (also known as the intermediate mass or middle commissure) is a flattened band of tissue that connects both parts of the thalamus at their medial surfaces. The medial surfaces form the upper part of the lateral wall to the third ventricle.
In humans, it is only about one centimeter long – though in females, it is about 50% larger on average. Sometimes, it is in two parts – and 20% of the time, it is absent. In other mammals, it is larger.
In 1889, a Portuguese anatomist by the name of Macedo examined 215 brains, showing that male humans are approximately twice as likely to lack an interthalamic adhesion as are female humans. He also reported its absence, still reported today in about 20% of humans. Its absence is seen to be of no consequence.
The interthalamic adhesion contains nerve cells and nerve fibers; a few of the latter may cross the middle line, but most of them pass toward the middle line and then curve laterally on the same side. It is still uncertain whether the interthalamic adhesion contains fibers that cross the midline – and for this reason, it is inappropriate to call it a commissure.
The interthalamic adhesion is notably enlarged in patients with the type II Arnold–Chiari malformation.
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy%20of%20proteins
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich at the ETH, and by Ad Bax, Marius Clore, Angela Gronenborn at the NIH, and Gerhard Wagner at Harvard University, among others. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy usually consists of several phases, each using a separate set of highly specialized techniques. The sample is prepared, measurements are made, interpretive approaches are applied, and a structure is calculated and validated.
NMR involves the quantum-mechanical properties of the central core ("nucleus") of the atom. These properties depend on the local molecular environment, and their measurement provides a map of how the atoms are linked chemically, how close they are in space, and how rapidly they move with respect to each other. These properties are fundamentally the same as those used in the more familiar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the molecular applications use a somewhat different approach, appropriate to the change of scale from millimeters (of interest to radiologists) to nanometers (bonded atoms are typically a fraction of a nanometer apart), a factor of a million. This change of scale requires much higher sensitivity of detection and stability for long term measurement. In contrast to MRI, structural biology studies do not directly generate an image, but rely on complex computer calculations to generate three-dimensional molecular models.
Currently most samples are examined in a solution in water, but methods are being developed to also work with solid samples. Data collection relies on placing the sample inside a powerful magnet, sending radio frequency signals through the sample, and measuring the absorption of those signals. Depending on the environmen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volterra%20operator
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In mathematics, in the area of functional analysis and operator theory, the Volterra operator, named after Vito Volterra, is a bounded linear operator on the space L2[0,1] of complex-valued square-integrable functions on the interval [0,1]. On the subspace C[0,1] of continuous functions it represents indefinite integration. It is the operator corresponding to the Volterra integral equations.
Definition
The Volterra operator, V, may be defined for a function f ∈ L2[0,1] and a value t ∈ [0,1], as
Properties
V is a bounded linear operator between Hilbert spaces, with Hermitian adjoint
V is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator, hence in particular is compact.
V has no eigenvalues and therefore, by the spectral theory of compact operators, its spectrum σ(V) = {0}.
V is a quasinilpotent operator (that is, the spectral radius, ρ(V), is zero), but it is not nilpotent.
The operator norm of V is exactly ||V|| = 2⁄π.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doneness
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Doneness is a gauge of how thoroughly cooked a cut of meat is based on its color, juiciness, and internal temperature. The gradations are most often used in reference to beef (especially steaks and roasts) but are also applicable to other types of meat.
Gradations, their descriptions, and their associated temperatures vary regionally, with different cuisines using different cooking procedures and terminology. For steaks, common gradations include rare, medium rare, medium, medium well, and well done.
Temperature
The table below is from an American reference book and pertains to beef and lamb.
The interior of a cut of meat will still increase in temperature by after it is removed from an oven or other heat source as the hot exterior continues to warm the comparatively cooler interior. The exception is if the meat has been prepared in a sous-vide process, as it will already be at temperature equilibrium. The temperatures indicated above are the peak temperatures in the cooking process, so the meat should be removed from the heat source when it is a few degrees cooler.
The meat should be allowed to "rest" for a suitable amount of time (depending on the size of the cut) before being served. This makes it easier to carve and makes its structure firmer and more resistant to deformation. Its water-holding capacity also increases and less liquid is lost from the meat during carving.
Color
As meat is cooked, it turns from red to pink to gray to brown to black (if burnt), and the amount of myoglobin and other juices decreases. The color change is due to changes in the oxidation of the iron atom of the heme group in the myoglobin protein. Raw meat is red due to the myoglobin protein in the muscles, not hemoglobin from blood (which also contains a heme group, hence the color). Before cooking, the iron atom is in a +2 oxidation state and bound to a dioxygen molecule (), giving raw meat its red color. As meat cooks, the iron atom loses an electron, moving to a +3 oxidat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20variation
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In applied mathematics and the calculus of variations, the first variation of a functional J(y) is defined as the linear functional mapping the function h to
where y and h are functions, and ε is a scalar. This is recognizable as the Gateaux derivative of the functional.
Example
Compute the first variation of
From the definition above,
See also
Calculus of variations
Functional derivative
Calculus of variations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprung%20mass
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Sprung mass (or sprung weight), in a vehicle with a suspension, such as an automobile, motorcycle, or a tank, is the portion of the vehicle's total mass that is supported by the suspension, including in most applications approximately half of the weight of the suspension itself. The sprung mass typically includes the body, frame, the internal components, passengers, and cargo, but does not include the mass of the components at the other end of the suspension components (including the wheels, wheel bearings, brake rotors, calipers, and/or continuous tracks (also called caterpillar tracks), if any), which are part of the vehicle's unsprung mass.
The larger the ratio of sprung mass to unsprung mass, the less the body and vehicle occupants are affected by bumps, dips, and other surface imperfections such as small bridges. However, a large sprung mass to unsprung mass ratio can also be deleterious to vehicle control.
See also
Unsprung mass
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choquet%20theory
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In mathematics, Choquet theory, named after Gustave Choquet, is an area of functional analysis and convex analysis concerned with measures which have support on the extreme points of a convex set C. Roughly speaking, every vector of C should appear as a weighted average of extreme points, a concept made more precise by generalizing the notion of weighted average from a convex combination to an integral taken over the set E of extreme points. Here C is a subset of a real vector space V, and the main thrust of the theory is to treat the cases where V is an infinite-dimensional (locally convex Hausdorff) topological vector space along lines similar to the finite-dimensional case. The main concerns of Gustave Choquet were in potential theory. Choquet theory has become a general paradigm, particularly for treating convex cones as determined by their extreme rays, and so for many different notions of positivity in mathematics.
The two ends of a line segment determine the points in between: in vector terms the segment from v to w consists of the λv + (1 − λ)w with 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1. The classical result of Hermann Minkowski says that in Euclidean space, a bounded, closed convex set C is the convex hull of its extreme point set E, so that any c in C is a (finite) convex combination of points e of E. Here E may be a finite or an infinite set. In vector terms, by assigning non-negative weights w(e) to the e in E, almost all 0, we can represent any c in C as
with
In any case the w(e) give a probability measure supported on a finite subset of E. For any affine function f on C, its value at the point c is
In the infinite dimensional setting, one would like to make a similar statement.
Choquet's theorem
Choquet's theorem states that for a compact convex subset C of a normed space V, given c in C there exists a probability measure w supported on the set E of extreme points of C such that, for any affine function f on C,
In practice V will be a Banach space. The original Krein–Milm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-bridge
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An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards. The name is derived from its common schematic diagram representation, with four switching elements configured as the branches of a letter "H" and the load connected as the cross-bar.
Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters),
most AC/AC converters,
the DC-to-DC push–pull converter, isolated DC-to-DC converter
most motor controllers,
and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges.
In particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost always driven by a motor controller containing two H bridges.
General
H-bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete components.
The term H-bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage is applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.
Common usage
H bridge is used to supply power to a two terminal device. By proper arrangement of the switches, the polarity of the power to the device can be changed. Two examples are discussed below, DC motor Driver and transformer of switching regulator. Note that, not all of the case of switching condition is safe. The "short"(see below in "DC motor driver" section) cases are dangerous to the power source and to the switches.
DC motor Driver
Changing the polarity of the power supply to DC moto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state%20electronics
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Solid-state electronics are semiconductor electronics: electronic equipment that use semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs). The term is also used as an adjective for devices in which semiconductor electronics that have no moving parts replace devices with moving parts, such as the solid-state relay in which transistor switches are used in place of a moving-arm electromechanical relay, or the solid-state drive (SSD) a type of semiconductor memory used in computers to replace hard disk drives, which store data on a rotating disk.
History
The term "solid-state" became popular at the beginning of the semiconductor era in the 1960s to distinguish this new technology. A semiconductor device works by controlling an electric current consisting of electrons or holes moving within a solid crystalline piece of semiconducting material such as silicon, while the thermionic vacuum tubes it replaced worked by controlling a current of electrons or ions in a vacuum within a sealed tube.
Although the first solid-state electronic device was the cat's whisker detector, a crude semiconductor diode invented around 1904, solid-state electronics started with the invention of the transistor in 1947. Before that, all electronic equipment used vacuum tubes, because vacuum tubes were the only electronic components that could amplify—an essential capability in all electronics. The transistor, which was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while working under William Shockley at Bell Laboratories in 1947, could also amplify, and replaced vacuum tubes. The first transistor Hi-Fi system was developed by engineers at GE and demonstrated at the University of Philadelphia in 1955. In terms of commercial production, The Fisher TR-1 was the first "All Transistor" preamplifier, which became available mid-1956. In 1961, a company named Transis-tronics released a solid-state amplifier, the TEC S-15.
The replacement of bulky, fragile, energy-h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw%20axis
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A screw axis (helical axis or twist axis) is a line that is simultaneously the axis of rotation and the line along which translation of a body occurs. Chasles' theorem shows that each Euclidean displacement in three-dimensional space has a screw axis, and the displacement can be decomposed into a rotation about and a slide along this screw axis.
Plücker coordinates are used to locate a screw axis in space, and consist of a pair of three-dimensional vectors. The first vector identifies the direction of the axis, and the second locates its position. The special case when the first vector is zero is interpreted as a pure translation in the direction of the second vector. A screw axis is associated with each pair of vectors in the algebra of screws, also known as screw theory.
The spatial movement of a body can be represented by a continuous set of displacements. Because each of these displacements has a screw axis, the movement has an associated ruled surface known as a screw surface. This surface is not the same as the axode, which is traced by the instantaneous screw axes of the movement of a body. The instantaneous screw axis, or 'instantaneous helical axis' (IHA), is the axis of the helicoidal field generated by the velocities of every point in a moving body.
When a spatial displacement specializes to a planar displacement, the screw axis becomes the displacement pole, and the instantaneous screw axis becomes the velocity pole, or instantaneous center of rotation, also called an instant center. The term centro is also used for a velocity pole, and the locus of these points for a planar movement is called a centrode.
History
The proof that a spatial displacement can be decomposed into a rotation around, and translation along, a line in space is attributed to Michel Chasles in 1830. Recently the work of Giulio Mozzi has been identified as presenting a similar result in 1763.
Screw axis symmetry
A screw displacement (also screw operation or rotary translation) i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson%20syndrome
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Patterson syndrome, also called pseudoleprechaunism, is an extremely rare syndrome, first mistaken as Donohue Syndrome (also known as Leprechaunism).
It is named for Dr. Joseph Hanan Patterson. It was described by Patterson and Watkins in 1962. The pathogenesis and cause of the Patterson syndrome was unknown until 1981.
Signs and symptoms
Patterson syndrome is characterized by the patient's having an unusual facial look, similar to that caused by Leprechaunism. It primarily affects the connective tissue and the neuroendocrine system, giving rise to bronzed hyperpigmentation, cutis laxa of the hands and feet, bodily disproportion, intellectual disability, and major bony deformities. Radiographs reveal a characteristic generalised skeletal dysplasia.
It comprises endocrine abnormality, hyperadrenocorticism, cushingoid features, and diabetes mellitus. One other case has shown premature adrenarche.
Cause
Diagnosis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprosopus
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Diprosopus (, "two-faced", from , , "two" and , [neuter], "face", "person"; with Latin ending), also known as craniofacial duplication (cranio- from Greek , "skull", the other parts Latin), is an extremely rare congenital disorder whereby parts (accessories) or all of the face are duplicated on the head.
Development
Although classically considered conjoined twinning (which it resembles), diprosopus is not normally due to the fusion or incomplete separation of two embryos. It is the result of abnormal activity by the protein SHH (sonic hedgehog). (The name of this protein was inspired by the Sonic the Hedgehog video game character and is part of an idiosyncratic naming tradition in molecular biology research.)
SHH and its corresponding genes have been found to play an important role in signaling craniofacial patterning during embryonic development. Among other things, SHH governs the width of facial features. In excess it leads to widening of facial features and to duplication of facial structures. The greater the widening, the more structures are duplicated, often in a mirror image form. This has been demonstrated in the laboratory by introducing pellets of the SHH protein into chicken embryos, resulting in chickens with duplicate beaks. Inadequate amounts of that protein lead to opposite conditions such as cyclopia where facial features are insufficiently developed.
Healthy brain development is also dependent on the signaling function of SHH. During embryonic development, SHH directs embryonic cells to organize in specific areas that later become specialized neural tissues, thus controlling the size and shape of brain structures.
Occurrences
Diprosopus often occurs in combination with other congenital disorders, particularly anencephaly, neural tube defect and cardiac malformations. When present, the brain may show abnormalities ranging from partial to complete duplication of brain structures, and/or underdevelopment of brain tissues.
Humans
Most human infa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event%20%28UML%29
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An event in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a notable occurrence at a particular point in time.
Events can, but do not necessarily, cause state transitions from one state to another in state machines represented by state machine diagrams.
A transition between states occurs only when any guard condition for that transition are satisfied.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20organisation
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There are several ways to organise memories with respect to the way they are connected to the cache:
one-word-wide memory organisation
wide memory organisation
interleaved memory organisation
independent memory organisation
One-Word-Wide
The memory is one word wide and connected via a one word wide bus to the cache.
Wide
The memory is more than one word wide (usually four words wide) and connected by an equally wide bus to the low level cache (which is also wide). From the cache multiple busses of one word wide go to a MUX which selects the correct bus to connect to the high level cache.
Interleaved
There are several memory banks which are one word wide, and one word wide bus. There is some logic in the memory that selects the correct bank to use when the memory gets accessed by the cache.
Memory interleaving is a way to distribute individual addresses over memory modules. Its aim is to keep the most of modules busy as computations proceed. With memory interleaving, the low-order k bits of the memory address generally specify the module on several buses.
Computer memory
See also
Cache hierarchy
Memory hierarchy
Memory geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20network
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A phylogenetic network is any graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships (either abstractly or explicitly) between nucleotide sequences, genes, chromosomes, genomes, or species. They are employed when reticulation events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, recombination, or gene duplication and loss are believed to be involved. They differ from phylogenetic trees by the explicit modeling of richly linked networks, by means of the addition of hybrid nodes (nodes with two parents) instead of only tree nodes (a hierarchy of nodes, each with only one parent). Phylogenetic trees are a subset of phylogenetic networks. Phylogenetic networks can be inferred and visualised with software such as SplitsTree, the R-package, phangorn,
and, more recently, Dendroscope. A standard format for representing phylogenetic networks is a variant of Newick format which is extended to support networks as well as trees.
Many kinds and subclasses of phylogenetic networks have been defined based on the biological phenomenon they represent or which data they are built from (hybridization networks, usually built from rooted trees, ancestral recombination graphs (ARGs) from binary sequences, median networks from a set of splits, optimal realizations and reticulograms from a distance matrix), or restrictions to get computationally tractable problems (galled trees, and their generalizations level-k phylogenetic networks, tree-child or tree-sibling phylogenetic networks).
Microevolution
Phylogenetic trees also have trouble depicting microevolutionary events, for example the geographical distribution of muskrat or fish populations of a given species among river networks, because there is no species boundary to prevent gene flow between populations. Therefore, a more general phylogenetic network better depicts these situations.
Rooted vs unrooted
Unrooted phylogenetic network
Let X be a set of taxa. An unrooted phylogenetic network N on X is any undirected graph whose leaves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous
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Nous, or Greek νοῦς (, ), sometimes equated to intellect or intelligence, is a concept from classical philosophy for the faculty of the human mind necessary for understanding what is true or real.
Alternative English terms used in philosophy include "understanding" and "mind"; or sometimes "thought" or "reason" (in the sense of that which reasons, not the activity of reasoning). It is also often described as something equivalent to perception except that it works within the mind ("the mind's eye"). It has been suggested that the basic meaning is something like "awareness". In colloquial British English, nous also denotes "good sense", which is close to one everyday meaning it had in Ancient Greece. The nous performed a role comparable to the modern concept of intuition.
In Aristotle's influential works, which are the main source of later philosophical meanings, nous was carefully distinguished from sense perception, imagination, and reason, although these terms are closely inter-related. The term was apparently already singled out by earlier philosophers such as Parmenides, whose works are largely lost. In post-Aristotelian discussions, the exact boundaries between perception, understanding of perception, and reasoning have not always agreed with the definitions of Aristotle, even though his terminology remains influential.
In the Aristotelian scheme, nous is the basic understanding or awareness that allows human beings to think rationally. For Aristotle, this was distinct from the processing of sensory perception, including the use of imagination and memory, which other animals can do. For him then, discussion of nous is connected to discussion of how the human mind sets definitions in a consistent and communicable way, and whether people must be born with some innate potential to understand the same universal categories in the same logical ways. Derived from this it was also sometimes argued, in classical and medieval philosophy, that the individual nous must
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb%20meal
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Lamb meal is a popular ingredient in dog food. It is the dry rendered part from mammal tissues, specially prepared for feeding purposes by tanking under live steam or dry rendering. Though the meat has been cooked, dried, and ground, it is still meat, and has not had any blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach or rumen contents added to it.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%20gigantism
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Island gigantism, or insular gigantism, is a biological phenomenon in which the size of an animal species isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to its mainland relatives. Island gigantism is one aspect of the more general "island effect" or "Foster's rule", which posits that when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies (insular dwarfism). This is itself one aspect of the more general phenomenon of island syndrome which describes the differences in morphology, ecology, physiology and behaviour of insular species compared to their continental counterparts. Following the arrival of humans and associated introduced predators (dogs, cats, rats, pigs), many giant as well as other island endemics have become extinct (e.g. the dodo (Raphus cucullatus) evolved from a Nicobar pigeon). A similar size increase, as well as increased woodiness, has been observed in some insular plants such as the Mapou tree (Cyphostemma mappia) in Mauritius which is also known as the "Mauritian baobab" although it is member of the grape family (Vitaceae).
Possible causes
Large mammalian carnivores are often absent on islands because of insufficient range or difficulties in over-water dispersal. In their absence, the ecological niches for large predators may be occupied by birds, reptiles or smaller carnivorans, which can then grow to larger-than-normal size. For example, on prehistoric Gargano Island in the Miocene-Pliocene Mediterranean, on islands in the Caribbean like Cuba, and on Madagascar and New Zealand, some or all apex predators were birds like eagles, falcons and owls, including some of the largest known examples of these groups. However, birds and reptiles generally make less efficient large predators than advanced carnivorans.
Since small size usually makes it easier for herbivores to escape or hide from predators, the decreased predation pressure on islands can allow them to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Langdon%20Down
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John Langdon Haydon Down (18 November 1828 – 7 October 1896) was a British physician best known for his description of the genetic condition now known as Down syndrome, which he originally classified in 1862. He is also noted for his work in social medicine and as a pioneer in the care of mentally disabled patients.
Early life
Down was born in Torpoint, Cornwall, the youngest of seven children of the merchant Thomas Joseph Down. His father was originally from Derry in Ireland, and his mother, Hannah Haydon, from North Devon. His father was descended from an Irish family, his great-great grandfather having been the Protestant Bishop of Derry and Raphoe. John Down went to local schools including the Devonport Classical and Mathematical School.
At 14 he was apprenticed to his father, the village apothecary at Anthony St Jacob's. The vicar gave him a present of Arnott's Physics which made him determined to take up a scientific career. In 1846 he had a chance encounter with a girl who presented with what would later be called Down Syndrome. This sparked his interest in becoming a doctor. At the age of 18, he went to London where he got a post working for a surgeon in the Whitechapel Road where he had to bleed patients, extract teeth, wash bottles and dispense drugs. Later he entered the pharmaceutical laboratory in Bloomsbury Square and won the prize for organic chemistry. He also met Michael Faraday and helped him with his work on gases. More than once he was called back to Torpoint to help his father in the business until the latter died in 1853.
Career
Down entered the Royal London Hospital as a student in 1853. One of his teachers was William John Little (of Little's disease). There he had a career distinguished by honours and gold medals and he qualified in 1856 at the Apothecaries Hall and the Royal College of Surgeons. In order to save money while in medical school, he stayed with his sister and her husband. While living with his sister, he met her sister-in-la
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families%20of%20Structurally%20Similar%20Proteins%20database
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Families of Structurally Similar Proteins or FSSP is a database of structurally superimposed proteins generated using the "Distance-matrix ALIgnment" (DALI) algorithm.The database currently contains an extended structural family for each of 330 representative protein chains. Each data set contains structural alignments of one search structure with all other structurally significantly similar proteins in the representative set (remote homologs, < 30% sequence identity), as well as all structures in the Protein Data Bank with 70-30% sequence identity relative to the search structure (medium homologs). Very close homologs (above 70% sequence identity) are excluded as they rarely have marked structural differences. The alignments of remote homologs are the result of pairwise all-against-all structural comparisons in the set of 330 representative protein chains. All such comparisons are based purely on the 3D co-ordinates of the proteins and are derived by automatic (objective) structure comparison programs. The significance of structural similarity is estimated based on statistical criteria. The FSSP database is available electronically from the EMBL file server and by anonymous ftp (file transfer protocol). The database is helpful for the comparison of protein structures.
See also
CATH
SCOP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/ROSE
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A/ROSE (the Apple Real-time Operating System Environment) is a small embedded operating system that runs on Apple Computer's "Macintosh Coprocessor Platform", an expansion card for the Apple Macintosh.
The idea was to offer a single "overdesigned" hardware platform on which third party vendors could build practically any product, reducing the otherwise heavy workload of developing a NuBus-based expansion card. However, the MCP cards were fairly expensive, limiting the appeal of the concept. A/ROSE saw very little use, apparently limited solely to Apple's own networking cards for serial I/O, Ethernet, Token Ring and Twinax. GreenSpring Computers developed the RM1260, which is an IndustryPack (IP) carrier card with a 68000 CPU running A/ROSE and is intended for the data acquisition market.
History
A/ROSE and the MCP originally came about in August 1987 during the development of the Macintosh II. While working on various networking products for the new system, the developers realized that the existing classic Mac OS would make any "serious" card difficult to create, due to large latencies and the difficulty of writing complex device drivers. Their solution was to make an "intelligent" NuBus card that was essentially an entire computer on a card, containing its own Motorola 68000 processor, working space in RAM mirrored in the main system, and its own basic operating system. The first version of the system was ready for use in February 1988.
A/ROSE was internally called MR-DOS (Multitasking Realtime Distributed Operating System), but Microsoft (developer of MS-DOS) did not appreciate the name and put pressure on Apple to change its name. Eric M. Trehus, a QA engineer on the Token Ring card that ran A/ROSE reportedly said "A/ROSE by any other name is still MR-DOS."
A/ROSE is infamous for its esoteric purpose, which is generally not understood by Mac end users, as well as for causing many Mac emulators, such as Basilisk II, to produce a system error at boot time.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20kinetic%20energy
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Specific kinetic energy is the kinetic energy of an object per unit of mass.
It is defined as .
Where is the specific kinetic energy and is velocity. It has units of J/kg, which is equivalent to m2/s2.
Energy (physics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20High%20Energy%20Physics
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The Centre for High Energy Physics (CHEP) is a federally funded national research institute and a national laboratory site managed by the University of Punjab for the Ministry of Energy (MoE) of the Federal government of Pakistan. CHEP is dedicated towards the scientific advancement and understanding of high energy physics (or particle physics)—a branch of fundamental physics that is concerned with unraveling the ultimate constituents of matter and with elucidating the forces between them.
The site was established in 1982 with efforts by Punjab University with federal funding to support research activities in quantum sciences that started in 1968, and later engaged in the supercomputing that started in 2004.
Overview
The Centre for High Energy Physics (CHEP) was established by the eminent researcher, Dr. Mohammad Saleem, from the federal funding in November 1982. The University of Punjab in Lahore had been engaged in research output in physics in 1968 but the scope was limited to its physics department. CHEP's initial focused was focused and directed towards the advancement of particle physics but began conducting research on supercomputing when it started its teaching program in computational physics in 2004.
CHEP takes participation in Beijing Spectrometer-III (BSE-III) in China and currently hosts a 2.5 GeV linear particle accelerator.
Logo, building and research output
The CHEP's official logo shows a book as a sign of knowledge, and an Arabic verse from the Holy Qur'ann which translates to: "Why don't you think?". On the top of the logo is the CHEP's spelled name and at the bottom is the name of the Punjab University.
The CHEP is located in the campus jurisdiction of the University of Punjab, and has a two-storey building with its own library (other than the university main library), seven computer labs: a programming, modeling, and simulation lab, a supercomputer lab. CHEP certifies Punjab University's degree criteria for bachelor, master's, and doctora
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient%20of%20restitution
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The coefficient of restitution (COR, also denoted by e), is the ratio of the final to initial relative speed between two objects after they collide. It normally ranges from 0 to 1 where 1 would be a perfectly elastic collision. A perfectly inelastic collision has a coefficient of 0, but a 0 value does not have to be perfectly inelastic. It is measured in the Leeb rebound hardness test, expressed as 1000 times the COR, but it is only a valid COR for the test, not as a universal COR for the material being tested.
The value is almost always less than 1 due to initial translational kinetic energy being lost to rotational kinetic energy, plastic deformation, and heat. It can be more than 1 if there is an energy gain during the collision from a chemical reaction, a reduction in rotational energy, or another internal energy decrease that contributes to the post-collision velocity.
The mathematics were developed by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687. It is also known as Newton's experimental law.
Further details
Line of impact – It is the line along which e is defined or in absence of tangential reaction force between colliding surfaces, force of impact is shared along this line between bodies. During physical contact between bodies during impact its line along common normal to pair of surfaces in contact of colliding bodies. Hence e is defined as a dimensionless one-dimensional parameter.
Range of values for e – treated as a constant
e is usually a positive, real number between 0 and 1:
e = 0: This is a perfectly inelastic collision.
0 < e < 1: This is a real-world inelastic collision, in which some kinetic energy is dissipated.
e = 1: This is a perfectly elastic collision, in which no kinetic energy is dissipated, and the objects rebound from one another with the same relative speed with which they approached.e < 0: A COR less than zero would represent a collision in which the separation velocity of the objects has the same direction (sign) as the closing velocity, implyi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20olfaction
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Machine olfaction is the automated simulation of the sense of smell. An emerging application in modern engineering, it involves the use of robots or other automated systems to analyze air-borne chemicals. Such an apparatus is often called an electronic nose or e-nose. The development of machine olfaction is complicated by the fact that e-nose devices to date have responded to a limited number of chemicals, whereas odors are produced by unique sets of (potentially numerous) odorant compounds. The technology, though still in the early stages of development, promises many applications, such as:
quality control in food processing, detection and diagnosis in medicine, detection of drugs, explosives and other dangerous or illegal substances, disaster response, and environmental monitoring.
One type of proposed machine olfaction technology is via gas sensor array instruments capable of detecting, identifying, and measuring volatile compounds. However, a critical element in the development of these instruments is pattern analysis, and the successful design of a pattern analysis system for machine olfaction requires a careful consideration of the various issues involved in processing multivariate data: signal-preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, classification, regression, clustering, and validation. Another challenge in current research on machine olfaction is the need to predict or estimate the sensor response to aroma mixtures. Some pattern recognition problems in machine olfaction such as odor classification and odor localization can be solved by using time series kernel methods.
Detection
There are three basic detection techniques using conductive-polymer odor sensors (polypyrrole), tin-oxide gas sensors, and quartz-crystal micro-balance sensors. They generally comprise (1) an array of sensors of some type, (2) the electronics to interrogate those sensors and produce digital signals, and (3) data processing and user interface software.
The entire s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip%20Griffiths
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Phillip Augustus Griffiths IV (born October 18, 1938) is an American mathematician, known for his work in the field of geometry, and in particular for the complex manifold approach to algebraic geometry. He is a major developer in particular of the theory of variation of Hodge structure in Hodge theory and moduli theory, which forms part of transcendental algebraic geometry and which also touches upon major and distant areas of differential geometry. He also worked on partial differential equations, coauthored with Shiing-Shen Chern, Robert Bryant and Robert Gardner on Exterior Differential Systems.
Professional career
He received his BS from Wake Forest College in 1959 and his PhD from Princeton University in 1962 after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "On certain homogeneous complex manifolds", under the supervision of Donald Spencer. Afterwards, he held positions at University of California, Berkeley (1962–1967) and Princeton University (1967–1972). Griffiths was a professor of mathematics at Harvard University from 1972 to 1983. He was then a Provost and James B. Duke Professor of Mathematics at Duke University from 1983 to 1991. From 1991 to 2003, he was the Director of the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey. He remained as part of the Faculty of Mathematics at the IAS until June 2009, after which he has been emeritus at the IAS. He has published on algebraic geometry, differential geometry, geometric function theory, and the geometry of partial differential equations.
Griffiths serves as the Chair of the Science Initiative Group. He is co-author, with Joe Harris, of Principles of Algebraic Geometry, a well-regarded textbook on complex algebraic geometry.
Awards and honors
Griffiths was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1979 and the American Philosophical Society in 1992. In 2008 he was awarded the Wolf Prize (jointly with Deligne and Mumford) and the Brouwer Medal. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam
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Pfam is a database of protein families that includes their annotations and multiple sequence alignments generated using hidden Markov models. The most recent version, Pfam 35.0, was released in November 2021 and contains 19,632 families.
Uses
The general purpose of the Pfam database is to provide a complete and accurate classification of protein families and domains. Originally, the rationale behind creating the database was to have a semi-automated
method of curating information on known protein families to improve the efficiency of annotating genomes. The Pfam classification of protein families has been widely adopted by biologists because of its wide coverage of
proteins and sensible naming conventions.
It is used by experimental biologists researching specific proteins, by structural biologists to identify new targets for structure determination, by computational biologists to organise sequences and by evolutionary biologists tracing the origins of proteins. Early genome projects, such as human and fly used Pfam extensively for functional annotation of genomic data.
The Pfam website allows users to submit protein or DNA sequences to search for matches to families in the database. If DNA is submitted, a six-frame translation is performed, then each frame is searched. Rather than performing a typical BLAST search, Pfam uses profile hidden Markov models, which give greater weight to matches at conserved sites, allowing better remote homology detection, making them more suitable for annotating genomes of organisms with no well-annotated close relatives.
Pfam has also been used in the creation of other resources such as iPfam, which catalogs domain-domain interactions within and between proteins, based on information in structure databases and mapping of Pfam domains onto these structures.
Features
For each family in Pfam one can:
View a description of the family
Look at multiple alignments
View protein domain architectures
Examine species distribution
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-multiplication
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In mathematics, specifically in elementary arithmetic and elementary algebra, given an equation between two fractions or rational expressions, one can cross-multiply to simplify the equation or determine the value of a variable.
The method is also occasionally known as the "cross your heart" method because lines resembling a heart outline can be drawn to remember which things to multiply together.
Given an equation like
where and are not zero, one can cross-multiply to get
In Euclidean geometry the same calculation can be achieved by considering the ratios as those of similar triangles.
Procedure
In practice, the method of cross-multiplying means that we multiply the numerator of each (or one) side by the denominator of the other side, effectively crossing the terms over:
The mathematical justification for the method is from the following longer mathematical procedure. If we start with the basic equation
we can multiply the terms on each side by the same number, and the terms will remain equal. Therefore, if we multiply the fraction on each side by the product of the denominators of both sides——we get
We can reduce the fractions to lowest terms by noting that the two occurrences of on the left-hand side cancel, as do the two occurrences of on the right-hand side, leaving
and we can divide both sides of the equation by any of the elements—in this case we will use —getting
Another justification of cross-multiplication is as follows. Starting with the given equation
multiply by = 1 on the left and by = 1 on the right, getting
and so
Cancel the common denominator = , leaving
Each step in these procedures is based on a single, fundamental property of equations. Cross-multiplication is a shortcut, an easily understandable procedure that can be taught to students.
Use
This is a common procedure in mathematics, used to reduce fractions or calculate a value for a given variable in a fraction. If we have an equation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOart
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AUTOart is a Hong Kong-based scale model car line manufactured by Gateway Autoart Ltd. and sold by AA Collection Ltd.
History
AUTOart was established in 1998. Other lines of diecast vehicles formerly associated with AUTOart were Gateway, Gate and UT Models. The latter was originally a German company with diecast cars made in China and associated with Paul's Model Art which produces scale models under the Minichamps brand. AUTOart currently makes composite (ABS + diecast) model cars, switching to the material after formerly producing diecast models. The car models have been divided over time into various series, including the Millennium series, Performance series and Signature series. In addition to scale models, the brand also produces automobilia like 'shock absorber' pens, carbon fiber tissue boxes, household items, and clocks in the form of a disc brake rotor with caliper.
Models
AUTOart has produced scale models of more than 45 different car marques in nine different scales. Sizes generally range from 1:64 scale (2 to 3 inches long) to 1:12 scale (about 12 to 14 inches). Fine details such as carpeting, seat belts, door handles, engines, suspension, sun visors and door/hood/trunk lid dampers are reproduced. Many AUTOart models are of racing, sports, or performance vehicles, but commuter vehicles like the New Beetle or the Chrysler PT Cruiser are also produced.
The AUTOart line consists of, but is not limited to, European vehicles. One example reviewed in Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car was the company's 1970 Lamborghini Espada 2+2 coupe which the magazine saw as a good model choice – distinct from the plethora of scale replicas made of the Lamborghini Countach or Diablo. AUTOart features both new vehicles, like the Chevrolet Corvette C7 or Lamborghini Veneno, as well as vintage racing cars like the 1965 Formula 1 Honda raced at Monaco. Historic racing cars have also included a number of other Can Am and Grand Prix cars from the 1960s and 1970s. The earliest year
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20Valley
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Genome Valley is an Indian high-technology business district spread across /(3.1 sq mi) in Hyderabad, India. It is located across the suburbs, Turakapally, Shamirpet, Medchal, Uppal, Patancheru, Jeedimetla, Gachibowli and Keesara. The Genome Valley has developed as a cluster for Biomedical research, training and manufacturing. Genome Valley is now into its Phase III, which is about 11 kms from the Phase I and II with the total area approximately .
History
Genome Valley was an initiative of N Chandrababu Naidu, the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and was commissioned in 1999 as S. P. Biotech Park in a public-private partnership with Bharat Biotech International, and its founder Krishna Ella, alongside private infrastructure companies such as Shapoorji Pallonji Group and ICICI Bank.
Alexandria Knowledge Park SEZ
In 2009, U.S.-based infrastructure giant Alexandria Real Estate Equities has announced its plans to invest in the bio-cluster, which led to the Alexandria Knowledge Park SEZ. The bio-cluster at Shamirpet holds Certification mark by the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the European Union.
IKP Knowledge Park
The IKP Knowledge Park is spread over 200 acres in Turakapally, is an initiative of ICICI Bank with five "innovation corridors" - a first of its kind knowledge-nurturing centre for Indian companies and a knowledge gateway for multinational companies". The first phase of Innovation Corridor I, comprising 10 laboratories, around 3,000 ft² (300 m²) each, is operational and fully occupied. The second phase of Innovation Corridor I, comprising 16 laboratory modules of 1,700 ft² (170 m²) each, is ready for operation.
MN Park
In 2016, Mission Neutral Park has acquired specialized R&D assets in Genome Valley from U.S.-based Alexandria REIT and rechristened it as MN Park. It is a collaborative life sciences ecosystem in Genome Valley, Hyderabad consisting of Grade A R&D facilities.
MN Park is spread over 400 acres including build-up facilitie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20industry%20in%20Telangana
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The Indian state of Telangana has a significant amount of software export in India. While the majority of the industry is concentrated in Hyderabad, other cities are also becoming significant IT destinations in the state. Hyderabad houses the largest campuses of tech giants like Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon, and Apple outside of the US. In Hyderabad, the central region of the business happens in Financial District, HITECH City , the Madhapur suburb , Kokapet SEZ (Neopolis) and Salarpuria Sattva Knowledge City. As of 2023, Hyderabad has 9,05,715 employees in the IT/ITES sector, working in more than 1500 companies. The number of startups in Telangana had increased from 400 in 2016 to 2,000 in 2022. Hyderabad added two companies in unicorn startup list in first two months of 2022.
The IT exports from Hyderabad (Telangana) stood second in India at ₹2,41,275 crore (US$ 32 billion) in FY 2022-23 improving from previous year. IT sector exports from Telangana account for 50 per cent of total exports from state. Telangana contributed to 16.77 per cent of Indian IT sector employment as of FY 2023.
History
The first IT tower in Hyderabad was established by the name Intergraph in Begumpet in 1986. The initiation of this Software Industry in Hyderabad was laid foundation by N. Janardhana Reddy in 1991. HITEC City, nicknamed Cyberabad, was set up with the collaboration of Larsen & Toubro. Mr N. Chandrababu Naidu developed a slogan of "Bye Bye Bangalore" and "Hello Hyderabad" during his tenure and worked hard to bring International companies like Microsoft, CA Technologies, Deloitte and went to create Vision 2020. Mr N. Chandrababu Naidu persuaded Bill gate to set up a Microsoft development center in Hyderabad, at that It was only the Microsoft development center set up by Microsoft out of USA. N. Chandrababu Naidu also worked hard to bring biotechnology companies to Hyderabad, he developed Genome Valley a high-end technology park commissioned in 1999 as S. P. Biotech
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