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MARCO_16_3762229120-26
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With a published price of US$62 million per launch of up to 22,800 kg (50,300 lb) payload to low Earth orbit or 4,020 kg (8,860 lb) to Mars, SpaceX Falcon 9 rockets are already the 'cheapest in the industry'. SpaceX's reusable plans include Falcon Heavy and future methane-based launch vehicles including the Starship. If SpaceX is successful in developing the reusable technology, it would be expected to 'have a major impact on the cost of access to space', and change the increasingly competitive market in space launch services. Alternative funding approaches might include the creation of inducement prizes. For example, the 2004 President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy suggested that an inducement prize contest should be established, perhaps by government, for the achievement of space colonization. One example provided was offering a prize to the first organization to place humans on the Moon and sustain them for a fixed period before they return to Earth. Possible locations for settlements Cropped version of a HiRISE image of a lava tube skylight entrance on the Martian volcano Pavonis Mons. Equatorial regions See also: Caves of Mars Project Mars Odyssey found what appear to be natural caves near the volcano Arsia Mons.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382816"
}
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MARCO_17_3581880174-11
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Methane In November 2012, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk announced plans to develop liquid methane /LOX rocket engines. It had previously used only RP-1 /LOX in SpaceX rocket engines. As of March 2014 [ update] , SpaceX was developing the Raptor methalox bipropellant rocket engine, which by 2016 was predicted to generate 3,000 kN (670,000 lbf) of thrust. The engine is slated to be used on a future super-heavy rocket, the Starship. Although it has a lower specific impulse than liquid hydrogen, liquid methane can be produced on Mars via the Sabatier reaction and is easier to store than liquid hydrogen due to its higher boiling point and density, as well as its lack of hydrogen embrittlement. It also leaves less residue in the engines compared to kerosene, which is beneficial for reusability. In July 2014, Firefly Space Systems announced their plans to use methane fuel for their small satellite launch vehicle, Firefly Alpha with an aerospike engine design. In September 2014, Blue Origin and United Launch Alliance announced the joint development of the BE-4 LOX/LNG engine. The BE-4 will provide 2,400 kN (550,000 lbf) of thrust. Monopropellants This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382817"
}
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MARCO_18_3116878569-16
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Depiction of Falcon 9 landing trajectory for some of the floating-platform recovery tests Space industry analyst Ajay Kothari has noted that SpaceX reusable technology could do for space transport 'what jet engines did for air transportation sixty years ago when people never imagined that more than 500 million passengers would travel by airplanes every year and that the cost could be reduced to the level it is—all because of passenger volume and reliable reusability.' SpaceX said in January 2014 that if they are successful in developing the reusable technology, launch prices of around US$5 to 7 million for a reusable Falcon 9 were possible, and following the successful first stage recovery in December 2015, Musk said that 'the potential cost reduction over the long term is probably in excess of a factor of 100.' As of March 2014 [ update] launch service providers who compete with SpaceX were not planning to develop similar technology or offer competing reusable launcher options. Neither ILS, which markets launches of the Russian Proton rocket; Arianespace; nor SeaLaunch were planning on developing and marketing reusable launch vehicle services. SpaceX was the only competitor that projected a sufficiently elastic market on the demand side to justify the costly development of reusable rocket technology and the expenditure of private capital to develop options for that theoretical market opportunity.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382817"
}
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KILT_262135-2
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Chemical rockets are powered by exothermic reduction-oxidation chemical reactions of the propellant: BULLET::::- Solid-fuel rockets (or solid-propellant rockets or motors) are chemical rockets which use propellant in a solid phase. BULLET::::- Liquid-propellant rockets use one or more propellants in a liquid state fed from tanks. BULLET::::- Hybrid rockets use a solid propellant in the combustion chamber, to which a second liquid or gas oxidizer or propellant is added to permit combustion. BULLET::::- Monopropellant rockets use a single propellant decomposed by a catalyst. The most common monopropellants are hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. Section::::Principle of operation. Rocket engines produce thrust by the expulsion of an exhaust fluid that has been accelerated to high speed through a propelling nozzle. The fluid is usually a gas created by high pressure () combustion of solid or liquid propellants, consisting of fuel and oxidiser components, within a combustion chamber. As the gases expand through the nozzle, they are accelerated to very high (supersonic) speed, and the reaction to this pushes the engine in the opposite direction. Combustion is most frequently used for practical rockets, as high temperatures and pressures are desirable for the best performance.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382818"
}
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MARCO_40_1715060264-2
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Rocket fuel works on the basis of Newton’s Third Law of Motion, which states that ‘every action is accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction’. By firing fuel out the back of a rocket, the force propels it upwards with acceleration equal to the force at which the fuel is expelled. It is almost identical to how a jet plane is able to fly in the atmosphere. However, one difference is that jet planes use oxygen in the atmosphere to ignite their fuel, while a rocket must carry its own oxidiser. There are two main types of rocket fuel used on modern rockets: liquid and solid. Liquid propellants separate fuel and oxidisers and the two are combined in a combustion chamber where they burn and are fired out from the base of the rocket. While more complex than solid fuel, the ability to control the flow of propellant means the engine can be throttled to a particular speed. Liquid fuels are further subcategorised into either petroleum, cryogens or hypergols. Petroleum is fuel derived from crude oil and hydrocarbons, cryogens are those stored at very low temperatures (such as liquid hydrogen), while hypergols are able to self-ignite on contact between the fuel and the oxidiser. Solid rocket fuels are those in which the fuel and oxidiser compounds are already combined.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382818"
}
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MARCO_40_1715060264-4
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The two main types of rocket fuel used on modern rockets are liquid and solid: Liquid Liquid propellants separate fuel and oxidisers and the two are combined in a combustion chamber where they burn and are fired out from the base of the rocket. While more complex than solid fuel, the ability to control the flow of propellant means the engine can be throttled to a particular speed. Liquid fuels are further subcategorised into either petroleum, cryogens or hypergols. Petroleum is fuel derived from crude oil and hydrocarbons. You would not fuel your car with this stuff! Rocket-grade petroleum is called RP-1 and consists of a highly refined kerosene mixed with liquid oxygen. Cryogens are those stored at very low temperatures (such as liquid hydrogen) Hypergols are able to self-ignite on contact between the fuel and the oxidiser. These fuels simply needs nitric acid in order to ignite and are frequently used for propulsion when out in space. Another liquid fuel is alcohol. Early rockets, such as Germany’s V-2 missile in WWII, used a mix of liquid oxygen and ethyl alcohol, although more efficient fuels were discovered soon after Solid Solid rocket fuels are those in which the fuel and oxidiser compounds are already combined.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382819"
}
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MARCO_41_2016199554-3
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The high pressures and temperatures of combustion are used to accelerate the exhaust gases through a rocket nozzle to produce thrust. There are two important parts of a chemical rocket engine; the nozzle, and the propellants. The nozzle design determines the mass flow rate, exhaust velocity, and exit pressure for a given initial pressure and temperature. The initial pressure and temperature are determined by the chemical properties of the propellants. Propellants are composed of a fuel to be burned and an oxidizer, or source of oxygen, for combustion. Under normal temperature conditions, propellants do not burn, but require some source of heat, or igniter, to initiate combustion. Chemical rocket engines do not typically rely on the surrounding atmosphere as a source of oxygen. Therefore, chemical rocket engines can be used in space, where there is no atmosphere present. There are two main types of chemical rocket engines; liquid rockets and solid rockets. In a liquid rocket, the fuel and the oxidizer are stored separately and pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where the burning occurs. In a solid rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together into a solid propellant which is packed into a cylinder. The propellant only burns on the surface.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382820"
}
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MARCO_41_2016222627-3
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There are two main classes of propulsion systems, liquid rocket engines and solid rocket engines . The V2 used a liquid rocket engine consisting of fuel and oxidizer (propellant) tanks, pumps, a combustion chamber with nozzle, and the associated plumbing. The Space Shuttle, Delta II, and Titan III all use solid rocket strap-ons. The various rocket parts described above have been grouped by function into structure, payload, guidance, and propulsion systems. There are other possible groupings. For the purpose of weight determination and flight performance, engineers often group the payload, structure, propulsion structure (nozzle, pumps, tanks, etc.), and guidance into a single empty weight paramter. The remaining propellant weight then becomes the only factor that changes with time when determining rocket performance. Guided Tours Types of Rockets: Rocket Systems: Full Scale Rockets: Activities:
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382820"
}
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KILT_520402-6
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Indeed, overall rocket engine thrust to weight ratios including a turbopump have been as high as 155:1 with the SpaceX Merlin 1D rocket engine and up to 180:1 with the vacuum version Alternatively, instead of pumps, a heavy tank of a high-pressure inert gas such as helium can be used, and the pump forgone; but the delta-v that the stage can achieve is often much lower due to the extra mass of the tankage, reducing performance; but for high altitude or vacuum use the tankage mass can be acceptable. The major components of a rocket engine are therefore the combustion chamber (thrust chamber), pyrotechnic igniter, propellant feed system, valves, regulators, the propellant tanks, and the rocket engine nozzle. In terms of feeding propellants to the combustion chamber, liquid-propellant engines are either pressure-fed or pump-fed, and pump-fed engines work in either a gas-generator cycle, a staged-combustion cycle, or an expander cycle. A liquid rocket engine (LRE) can be tested prior to use, whereas for a solid rocket motor a rigorous quality management must be applied during manufacturing to ensure high reliability. A LRE can also usually be reused for several flights, as in the Space Shuttle and Falcon 9 series rockets.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382821"
}
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MARCO_16_4041869224-3
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Components and combustion cycles The major components of a cryogenic rocket engine are the combustion chamber, pyrotechnic initiator, fuel injector, fuel and oxidizer turbopumps, cryo valves, regulators, the fuel tanks, and rocket engine nozzle. In terms of feeding propellants to the combustion chamber, cryogenic rocket engines are almost exclusively pump-fed. Pump-fed engines work in a gas-generator cycle, a staged-combustion cycle, or an expander cycle. Gas-generator engines tend to be used on booster engines due to their lower efficiency, staged-combustion engines can fill both roles at the cost of greater complexity, and expander engines are exclusively used on upper stages due to their low thrust.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382821"
}
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MARCO_17_3580319373-22
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A number of tradeoffs arise from this selection, some of which include: Tradeoff comparison among popular engine cycles Cycle type Gas generator Expander cycle Staged-combustion Pressure-fed Advantages Simple; low dry mass; allows for high power turbopumps for high thrust High specific impulse; fairly low complexity High specific impulse; high combustion chamber pressures allowing for high thrust Simple; no turbopumps; low dry mass; high specific impulse Disadvantages Lower specific impulse Must use cryogenic fuel; heat transfer to the fuel limits available power to the turbine and thus engine thrust Greatly increased complexity &, therefore, mass (more-so for full-flow) Tank pressure limits combustion chamber pressure and thrust; heavy tanks and associated pressurization hardware Cooling Main article: Rocket engine cooling Injectors are commonly laid out so that a fuel-rich layer is created at the combustion chamber wall. This reduces the temperature there, and downstream to the throat and even into the nozzle and permits the combustion chamber to be run at higher pressure, which permits a higher expansion ratio nozzle to be used which gives a higher ISP and better system performance. A liquid rocket engine often employs regenerative cooling, which uses the fuel or less commonly the oxidizer to cool the chamber and nozzle.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382822"
}
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MARCO_17_3580319373-7
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The major components of a rocket engine are therefore the combustion chamber (thrust chamber), pyrotechnic igniter, propellant feed system, valves, regulators, the propellant tanks, and the rocket engine nozzle. In terms of feeding propellants to the combustion chamber, liquid-propellant engines are either pressure-fed or pump-fed, and pump-fed engines work in either a gas-generator cycle, a staged-combustion cycle, or an expander cycle . A liquid rocket engine can be tested prior to use, whereas for a solid rocket motor a rigorous quality management must be applied during manufacturing to ensure high reliability. A Liquid rocket engine can also usually be reused for several flights, as in the Space Shuttle and Falcon 9 series rockets, although reuse of solid rocket motors was also effectively demonstrated during the shuttle program. Bipropellant liquid rockets are simple in concept but due to high temperatures and high speed moving parts, very complex in practice. Use of liquid propellants can be associated with a number of issues: Because the propellant is a very large proportion of the mass of the vehicle, the center of mass shifts significantly rearward as the propellant is used; one will typically lose control of the vehicle if its center mass gets too close to the center of drag/pressure.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382822"
}
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MARCO_44_1714764290-3
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Engine Requirements Liquid rocket engines are either pressure-fed or pump-fed, depending on the mission requirements. If the mission velocity and payload are low, the propellants are fed to the thrust chamber by pressurizing the vehicle tanks. As the mission velocity requirement increases, the chamber pressure must be increased to raise the thrust from each pound of propellant in order to increase the vehicle thrust-to-weight ratio. This justifies the added complexity of the turbopumps to minimize the vehicle tank weight. The type of engine cycle selected also influences the turbopump requirements and configuration. Generally, three types of engine cycles have been used in liquid rocket engines: the gas generator cycle, the staged combustion cycle and the expander cycle. The engine cycle terminology refers to the source of energy to drive the turbine. Gas Generator Cycle In a gas generator cycle engine, the turbine flow is in parallel with the thrust chamber and is not used to develop thrust. Sufficient propellants to drive the turbine are removed from the pump discharge, combusted in the gas generator, and expanded through the turbine to atmospheric pressure. The required pump discharge pressure is established by the combustion chamber injection pressure and establishes the available pressure to drive the turbine.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382823"
}
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KILT_30856603-5
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There are two main variations of the gas core reactor rocket: open cycle designs, which do not contain the fuel within a vessel, and closed cycle designs, which contain the gas reaction core within a solid structure. Section::::Open cycle versus closed cycle.:Open cycle designs. The disadvantage of the open cycle is that the fuel can escape with the working fluid through the nozzle before it reaches significant burn-up levels. Thus, finding a way to limit the loss of fuel is required for open-cycle designs. Unless an outside force is relied upon (i.e. magnetic forces, rocket acceleration), the only way to limit fuel-propellant mixing, is through flow hydrodynamics. Another problem is that the radioactive efflux from the nozzle makes the design totally unsuitable for operation within Earth's atmosphere. The advantage of the open cycle design is that it can attain much higher operating temperatures than the closed cycle design, and does not require the exotic materials needed for a suitable closed cycle design. Section::::Open cycle versus closed cycle.:Open cycle designs.:Flow hydrodynamics in open cycle designs. The shape of the fissile gas core can be either cylindrical, toroidal, or counter flow toroidal.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382824"
}
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KILT_30856603-7
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The formation and location of the fuel vortex now depends on the amount of fissile fuel that bleeds into the system through the semi-porous wall. When more fuel bleeds into the system through the wall, the vortex moves farther downstream. When less bleeds through, the vortex moves farther upstream. Of course, the upstream location is constrained by the placement of the semi-porous wall. Section::::Open cycle versus closed cycle.:Closed cycle designs. The closed cycle is advantageous because its design virtually eliminates loss of fuel, but the necessity of a physical wall between the fuel and the propellant leads to the obstacle of finding a material with extremely optimized characteristics. One must find a medium that is transparent to a wide range of gamma energies, but can withstand the radiation environment present in the reactor, specifically particle bombardment from the nearby fission reactions. This barrage of particles can lead to sputtering and eventual wall erosion. One closed cycle gas core rocket design (often called the 'nuclear lightbulb') contains the fissioning gas in a quartz enclosure that is separate from the propellant. First, the hydrogen coolant runs through the nozzle and inside the walls of the quartz enclosure for cooling. Next, the coolant is run along the outside of the quartz fuel enclosure.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382824"
}
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MARCO_04_998721858-30
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A variation of the system is the open, or bleed, expander cycle, which uses only a portion of the fuel to drive the turbine. In this variation, the turbine exhaust is dumped overboard to ambient pressure to increase the turbine pressure ratio and power output. This can achieve higher chamber pressures than the closed expander cycle although at lower efficiency because of the overboard flow. Pressure-fed cycle: The simplest system, the pressure-fed cycle, does not have pumps or turbines but instead relies on tank pressure to feed the propellants into the main chamber. In practice, the cycle is limited to relatively low chamber pressures because higher pressures make the vehicle tanks too heavy. The cycle can be reliable, given its reduced part count and complexity compared with other systems. Engine Cooling The heat created during combustion in a rocket engine is contained within the exhaust gases. Most of this heat is expelled along with the gas that contains it; however, heat is transferred to the thrust chamber walls in quantities sufficient to require attention. Thrust chamber designs are generally categorized or identified by the hot gas wall cooling method or the configuration of the coolant passages, where the coolant pressure inside may be as high as 500 atmospheres.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382825"
}
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MARCO_17_575493501-2
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Electrical pumps had been used in the secondary propulsion system of the Agena upper stage vehicle. As of December 2020, the only rocket engines to use electric propellant pump systems are the Rutherford engine, nine of which power the Electron rocket, and the Delphin engine, five of which power the first stage of Astra Space 's Rocket 3. On 21 January 2018, Electron was the first electric pump-fed rocket to reach orbit. In comparison to turbo-pumped rocket cycles such as staged combustion and gas generator, an electric cycle engine has potentially worse performance due to the added mass of batteries, but may have lower development and manufacturing costs due its mechanical simplicity, its lack of high temperature turbomachinery, and its easier controllability. Conversely, an electric cycle engine may have significantly better performance than pressure-fed rocket engines and solid propellant rocket motors . See also Combustion tap-off cycle Expander cycle Gas-generator cycle Pressure-fed engine Rocket engine Solid-propellant rocket Staged combustion cycle References ^ George Paul Sutton (2006). History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines. AIAA. p. 126. ISBN 9781563476495. ^ a b 'Propulsion'. Rocket Lab. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ 'Astra scrubs DARPA launch challenge attempt'. 2 March 2020.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382825"
}
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MARCO_18_2441554190-3
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To reduce its cost, it uses the electric-pump feed cycle, being the first flight-ready engine of such type. It is fabricated largely by 3D printing, using a method called electron-beam melting. Its combustion chamber, injectors, pumps, and main propellant valves are all 3D-printed. As with all pump-fed engines, the Rutherford uses a rotodynamic pump to increase the pressure from the tanks to that needed by the combustion chamber. The use of a pump avoids the need for heavy tanks capable of holding high pressures and the high amounts of inert gas needed to keep the tanks pressurized during flight. The pumps (one for the fuel and one for the oxidizer) in electric-pump feed engines are driven by an electric motor. The Rutherford engine uses dual brushless DC electric motors and a lithium polymer battery. It is claimed that this improves efficiency from the 50% of a typical gas-generator cycle to 95%. However, the battery pack increases the weight of the complete engine and presents an energy conversion issue. Each engine has two small motors that generate 37 kW (50 hp) while spinning at 40 000 rpm.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382826"
}
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KILT_1295452-1
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Gas-generator cycle The gas-generator cycle is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. Some of the propellant is burned in a gas generator and the resulting hot gas is used to power the engine's pumps. The gas is then exhausted. Because something is 'thrown away' this type of engine is also known as open cycle. There are several advantages to the gas-generator cycle over its counterpart, the staged combustion cycle. The gas generator turbine does not need to deal with the counter pressure of injecting the exhaust into the combustion chamber. This simplifies plumbing and turbine design, and results in a less expensive and lighter engine. The main disadvantage is lost efficiency due to discarded propellant. Gas-generator cycles tend to have lower specific impulse than staged combustion cycles. However, there are forms of the gas-generator cycle that recycle the exhaust into the nozzle of the rocket engine. This is seen in the F-1 rocket engine used on the Saturn V booster stage. As in most cryogenic rocket engines, some of the fuel in a gas-generator cycle may be used to cool the nozzle and combustion chamber (regenerative cooling).
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382826"
}
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KILT_314978-2
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As the width of the engine increases, both the volume of fuel to be heated and the available thermal energy increase linearly, allowing arbitrarily wide engines to be constructed. All expander cycle engines need to use a cryogenic fuel such as hydrogen, methane, or propane that easily reach their boiling points. Some expander cycle engines may use a gas generator of some kind to start the turbine and run the engine until the heat input from the thrust chamber and nozzle skirt increases as the chamber pressure builds up. In an 'open' cycle, or 'bleed' expander cycle, only some of the fuel is heated to drive the turbines, which is then vented to atmosphere to increase turbine efficiency. While this increases power output, the dumped fuel leads to a decrease in propellant efficiency (lower engine specific impulse). A 'closed' cycle expander engine sends the turbine exhaust to the combustion chamber (see image at right.) Some examples of an expander cycle engine are the Aerojet Rocketdyne RL10 and the Vinci engine for the future Ariane 6. Section::::Expander bleed cycle (open cycle). This operational cycle is a modification of the traditional expander cycle.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382827"
}
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KILT_520402-18
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BULLET::::- Electric pump-fed: It uses an electric motor, generally a brushless DC electric motor, to drive the pumps. The electric motor is powered by a battery pack. It is relatively simple to implement and reduces the complexity of the turbomachinery design, but at the expense of the extra dry mass of the battery pack. Example engine is the Rutherford. BULLET::::- Gas-generator cycle: A small percentage of the propellants are burnt in a preburner to power a turbopump and then exhausted through a separate nozzle, or low down on the main one. This results in a reduction in efficiency since the exhaust contributes little or no thrust, but the pump turbines can be very large, allowing for high power engines. Examples: Saturn V's F-1 and J-2, Delta IV's RS-68, Ariane 5's HM7B, Falcon 9's Merlin. BULLET::::- Tap-off cycle: Takes hot gases from the main combustion chamber of the rocket engine and routes them through engine turbopump turbines to pump fuel, then is exhausted. Since not all fuel flows through the main combustion chamber, the tap-off cycle is considered an open-cycle engine. Examples include the J-2S and BE-3.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382827"
}
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MARCO_02_1715119966-2
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This engine will be the workhorse used on SpaceX’s transportation infrastructure known as Mars Colonial Transporter MCT that will eventually deliver humans and cargo to Mars. Merlin 2 Engine Image: SpaceX As part of the evolution of the Merlin Rocket engine series, SpaceX performed concept studies of scaling up Merlin 1 design components to build a large single chamber LOX/RP-1 engine that became known as Merlin 2. The engine was conceptualized for use on future heavy and super-heavy launchers (Falcon X & XX). Details on the design of the Merlin 2 were provided in 2010 at the AIAA Joint Propulsion conference. Merlin 2 would keep the basic design of the Merlin 1C and 1D engines, sticking to the gas-generator cycle also known as open cycle. In this design, a small portion of the LOX and RP-1 flow is directed to a pre-burner which burns these propellants to generate the hot gas that is needed to power a single-shaft dual-impeller turbine that is shared by the LOX and RP-1 turbopumps. The gas-generator exhaust is then either discarded via an exhaust nozzle (which could be used for roll control) or in case of Merlin 2, the hot gas is injected into the engine bell to slightly improve the engine’s performance.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382828"
}
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MARCO_17_1351854116-1
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Gas-generator cycle - Wikipedia Gas-generator cycle From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Rocket engine operation method Gas-generator rocket cycle. Some of the fuel and oxidizer is burned separately to power the pumps and then discarded. Most gas-generator engines use the fuel for nozzle cooling. The gas-generator cycle is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. Some of the propellant is burned in a gas generator and the resulting hot gas is used to power the engine's pumps. The gas is then exhausted. Because something is 'thrown away' this type of engine is also known as open cycle . There are several advantages to the gas-generator cycle over its counterpart, the staged combustion cycle. The gas generator turbine does not need to deal with the counter pressure of injecting the exhaust into the combustion chamber. This simplifies plumbing and turbine design, and results in a less expensive and lighter engine. The main disadvantage is lost efficiency due to discarded propellant. Gas-generator cycles tend to have lower specific impulse than staged combustion cycles. However, there are forms of the gas-generator cycle that recycle the exhaust into the nozzle of the rocket engine.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382829"
}
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KILT_37724098-9
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They are used as Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters on both the Dragon spacecraft, and on the Falcon 9 launch vehicle second-stage. Section::::Hypergolic engines.:SuperDraco. SuperDraco storable-propellant hypergolic engines generate of thrust, making the SuperDraco the second most powerful engine developed by SpaceX, more than 200 times more powerful than the regular Draco RCS thruster engines. By comparison, it is more than two times as powerful as the Kestrel engine used in SpaceX's Falcon 1 launch vehicle second stage, and about 1/9 the thrust of a Merlin 1D engine. They will be used as Launch Abort System engines on the version 2 Dragon spacecraft, Dragon V2, for crew transport to low-Earth orbit. Section::::See also. BULLET::::- Falcon rocket family Section::::External links. BULLET::::- SpaceX Tour - Engines, 11 November 2010. BULLET::::- SpaceX Systems Engineering presentation, 28 September 2012. Includes photograph of Merlin 1C and Merlin 1C vacuum engines side-by-side.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382829"
}
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KILT_832774-14
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The Merlin powers their two main space launch vehicles: the Falcon 9, which flew successfully into orbit on its maiden launch in June 2010 and the super-heavy class Falcon Heavy, which was launched for the first time on February 6, 2018. SpaceX also manufactures the Dragon, a pressurized orbital spacecraft that is launched on top of a Falcon 9 booster to carry cargo to low Earth orbit, and the follow-on Dragon 2 spacecraft, or Crew Dragon, currently in the process of being human-rated through a variety of design reviews and flight tests that began in 2014. Section::::Spacecraft and flight hardware.:Rocket engines. Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed three families of rocket engines — Merlin and the retired Kestrel for launch vehicle propulsion, and the Draco control thrusters. SpaceX is currently developing two further rocket engines: SuperDraco and Raptor. SpaceX is currently the world's most prolific producer of liquid fuel rocket engines. Merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use on its Falcon rocket family. Merlin engines use LOX and RP-1 as propellants in a gas-generator power cycle. The Merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and reuse.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382830"
}
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MARCO_18_3116444373-2
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380 s (3.7 km/s), goal Isp (SL) 330 s (3.2 km/s) Mass flow ~650 kg/s (1,400 lb/s): ~510 kg/s (1,100 lb/s), O 2 ~140 kg/s (310 lb/s), CH 4 Dimensions Length 3.1 m (10 ft) Diameter 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) Dry weight 1,500 kg (3,300 lb), goal Used in Starship Raptor is a family of full-flow staged combustion cycle rocket engines developed and manufactured by SpaceX, for use on the in-development Starship fully reusable launch vehicle. The engine is powered by cryogenic liquid methane and liquid oxygen (LOX), rather than the RP-1 kerosene and LOX used in SpaceX's prior Merlin and Kestrel rocket engines. The Raptor engine has more than twice the thrust of SpaceX's Merlin engine that powers their current Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles. Raptor will be used in both stages of the two-stage-to-orbit, super-heavy-lift Starship system launch vehicle, which will supersede Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382830"
}
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MARCO_18_3116977530-11
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The company is currently on its fourth generation of booster engines, which have included the Merlin 1A, the Merlin 1B, the Merlin 1C, and the Merlin 1D. In addition, we have developed the Kestrel vacuum engine, the Merlin 1C vacuum engine, and the Merlin 1D vacuum engine for our second stages on Falcon 1, Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. SpaceX has also developed Draco and SuperDraco engines which provide in-space and abort propulsion capability for Dragon ... We are also moving forward with significant R&D on a next generation rocket engine Raptor. ... SpaceX has successfully developed the 9 rocket engines mentioned above in the past 13 years. ^ Whitesides, Loretta Hidalgo (2007-11-12). 'SpaceX Completes Development of Rocket Engine for Falcon 1 and 9'. Wired. Archived from the original on 2014-01-12. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) ^ a b Clark, Stephen (2008-09-28). 'Sweet Success at Last for Falcon 1 Rocket'. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2011-04-06. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) ^ Klotz, Irene (2013-09-06). 'Musk Says SpaceX
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382831"
}
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MARCO_28_970280486-1
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launch - Why is SpaceX considering Methane as fuel for their next engine, the Raptor? - Space Exploration Stack Exchange Why is SpaceX considering Methane as fuel for their next engine, the Raptor? Ask Question Asked 7 years, 5 months ago Active 2 years, 2 months ago Viewed 51k times 70 Currently, SpaceX has developed the Merlin 1 family (1B (Falcon 1), 1C (Falcon 9 v1.0), 1D (Falcon 9 v1.1/F9-R/Falcon Heavy), vacuum versions and sealevel versions) which are LOX/RP1 based. (75-205Klbs thrust) They developed (and abandoned) the Kestrel engine used on the second stage of the Falcon 1, also LOX/RP1. (6.9Klbs thrust) They developed the Draco and SuperDraco engines using hypergolics (mono-methyl hydrazine fuel and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer). (90 lbs and 15K lbs thrust) The next engine on their list is the Raptor, which is expected to be Methane (CH4) and LOX based. (660Klbs thrust) Do we know whey they chose methane over hydrogen? Performance wise, LH2 is usually the go to propellant.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382831"
}
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KILT_23595810-9
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October 2013 was the first time SpaceX disclosed a nominal design thrust of the Raptor engine——although early in 2014 they announced a Raptor engine with greater thrust, and in 2015, one with lower thrust that might better optimize thrust-to-weight. In February 2014, Tom Mueller, the head of rocket engine development at SpaceX, revealed in a speech that Raptor was being designed for use on a vehicle where nine engines would 'put over 100 tons of cargo up to Mars' and that the rocket would be more powerful than previously released publicly, producing greater than . A June 2014 talk by Mueller provided more specific engine performance target specifications indicating of sea-level thrust, of vacuum thrust, and a specific impulse (I) of for a vacuum version. Earlier information had estimated the design I under vacuum conditions as only 363 s. Jeff Thornburg, who led development of the Raptor engine at SpaceX 2011–2015, noted that methane rocket engines have higher performance than kerosene/RP-1 and lower than hydrogen, with significantly fewer problems for long-term, multi-start engine designs than kerosene—methane is cleaner burning—and significantly lower cost than hydrogen, coupled with the ability to 'live off the land' and produce methane directly from extraterrestrial sources.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382832"
}
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MARCO_14_466458461-3
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Electrolysis is naturally energy intensive, which is where their plan to use solar energy comes into play. After that, they will add the hydrogen gas to carbon dioxide that they’ve collected from either Mars or Earth and run them both through something called the Sebatier Process, which will produce methane, and water as a side product. All that’s left is to liquify the methane and oxygen gas through a cryogenic system, and the rocket has all the fuel it needs! Since SpaceX will use solar power to provide energy to pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere on both Earth and Mars, this would have the effect of mitigating emissions here on our planet, as well as altering the atmosphere of Mars. Furthermore, when the fuel burns, it releases water and carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, leaving both open to recollection. SpaceX can theoretically recycle the same materials over and over again, without creating any net emissions! With this approach, SpaceX has essentially developed a carbon-neutral propulsion system, which is something that will become a vital asset in the future. Appreciate CleanTechnica’s originality? Consider becoming a CleanTechnica Member, Supporter, Technician, or Ambassador — or a patron on Patreon.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382833"
}
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MARCO_26_1067160456-1
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Here’s why SpaceX uses Methane in Starship. | ProVsCons SpaceX Here’s why SpaceX uses Methane in Starship. SpaceX’s new Starship and Super Heavy rocket uses the Raptor engine. Liquid Methane and Oxygen is the fuel of this engine. No other rockets have ever used Methane as rocket fuel. The Falcon 9 and Falcon heavy use kerosene (RP-1) as fuel. Moreover, for a long time, Hydrogen has been used in various rockets. But, SpaceX chose Methane for their Raptor. So why does SpaceX use Methane? It’s because Methane (CH4) is cheap, a passive cooling system is enough to store Methane in liquid form, significantly denser than Hydrogen, storable for a more extended period, does not leak, does not require insulation on the fuel tank, and the rocket design is less complex compared to Hydrogen-powered rocket. Let’s elaborate. SpaceX has developed the Raptor. It’s a Methane powered full-flow staged combustion cycle engine. The Raptor engine is the first-ever in history, a full-flow staged combustion cycle engine ever flown on a rocket. No rocket engine that uses Methane has ever reached orbit except SpaceX rockets. SpaceX’s Starship is a rapidly reusable Mars rocket. The Falcon rockets are not fully reusable.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382833"
}
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MARCO_26_1067160456-6
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Therefore, a Methane powered rocket would be lighter compared to a Hydrogen rocket. Hydrogen is the smallest molecule on earth. It leaks easily, primarily through the welded joints of the fuel tanks. Therefore, it needs extraordinary precision and cares to make the fuel tank leak proof. Methane does not have this leak issue. Hydrogen is also expensive compared to Methane (CH4). As we can see, though Hydrogen is more efficient, it has many drawbacks. Therefore, SpaceX needs a rocket engine that does not have these issues. When they first started designing an engine, SpaceX did not want to take any risk of creating a completely new type of engine that no one developed. Therefore, they decided to use Kerosene (RP-1) for their Falcon family rockets. When they were successful with their Marlin engine, they started their R&D for the Methane powered Raptor. In short, liquid Hydrogen needs extreme temperature control, leaks easily, less dense, thus requires a bigger fuel tank, expensive compared to Methane, not suitable for a reusable rocket and Mars mission, needs advanced metallurgy; hence, it increases rocket complexity and cost. Therefore, SpaceX made the right decision by not developing a Hydrogen rocket engine. Interesting Findings: How much does Elon Musk own of SpaceX?
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382836"
}
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MARCO_50_1715454007-2
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Merlin uses chilled RP-1 (which stands for “Rocket Propellant 1” and is basically kerosene) with liquid oxygen (LOX) as the oxidizer. The various Dragon capsules use the “ Draco ” and “ SuperDraco ” engines. The Draco’s use a “hypergolic” fuel which means that you mix two chemicals and they spontaneously combust - without needing any kind of ignition source. Both rockets use monomethyl hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. When they fire, the exhaust is a very characteristic bright orange. The StarShip and SuperHeavy use the “Raptor” engines. Raptor uses liquid Methane (LCH4) as the fuel with liquid Oxygen (LOX) as the oxidizer (this is sometimes called “Methalox”). WHY SWITCH TO METHANE? The switch from RP-1 to Methane comes about because SpaceX want to fly StarShip to Mars - and if they do that, there won’t be enough room on board to store enough fuel to get home again. The nice thing about Methane is that it can be made from CO2 and Hydrogen - plus a good supply of electricity. The atmosphere on Mars is almost all CO2, and hydrogen may be obtained by the electrolysis of water - which is fairly plentiful as ice below the surface of Mars.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382837"
}
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MARCO_17_2342820129-11
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They can be used in refrigerated warehouses, as their performance is not degraded by lower temperatures. The fuel cell units are often designed as drop-in replacements. [ 64][65] Rockets[edit] Many large rocketsuse liquid hydrogenas fuel, with liquid oxygenas an oxidizer (LH2/LOX). An advantage of hydrogen rocket fuel is the high effective exhaust velocitycompared to kerosene/LOXor UDMH/NTOengines. According to the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, a rocket with higher exhaust velocity uses less propellant to accelerate. Also the energy densityof hydrogen is greater than any other fuel.[66] LH2/LOX also yields the greatest efficiency in relation to the amount of propellant consumed, of any known rocket propellant. [ 67] A disadvantage of LH2/LOX engines is the low density and low temperature of liquid hydrogen, which means bigger and insulated and thus heavier fuel tanks are needed. This increases the rocket's structural mass which reduces its delta-v significantly. Another disadvantage is the poor storability of LH2/LOX-powered rockets: Due to the constant hydrogen boil-off, the rocket must be fueled shortly before launch, which makes cryogenic engines unsuitable for ICBMsand other rocket applications with the need for short launch preparations.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382838"
}
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MARCO_18_2918414305-9
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However, hydrogen also has these disadvantages: Very low density (about 1⁄7 of the density of kerosene) – requiring a very large tank Deeply cryogenic – must be stored at very low temperatures and thus needs heavy insulation Escapes very easily from the smallest gap Wide combustible range – easily ignited and burns with a dangerously invisible flame Tends to condense oxygen which can cause flammability problems Has a large coefficient of expansion for even small heat leaks. These issues can be dealt with, but at extra cost. While kerosene tanks can be 1% of the weight of their contents, hydrogen tanks often must weigh 10% of their contents. This is because of both the low density and the additional insulation required to minimize boiloff (a problem which does not occur with kerosene and many other fuels). The low density of hydrogen further affects the design of the rest of the vehicle: pumps and pipework need to be much larger in order to pump the fuel to the engine. The end result is the thrust/weight ratio of hydrogen-fueled engines is 30–50% lower than comparable engines using denser fuels. This inefficiency indirectly affects gravity losses as well; the vehicle has to hold itself up on rocket power until it reaches orbit.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382999"
}
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MARCO_26_1067150539-4
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Hydrogen boils at -423°F (-253°C); therefore, we must store it at -423°F, and to store and transport, it needs a highly specialized storage container. [ 5] Hydrogen density is 0.071 g/ml, whereas the density of Kerosene (RP-1) is 0.820 g/ml. In short, LH2 is 12 times less dense than Kerosene. Therefore, an LH2 tank would be bigger in volume for the necessary propellant than an RP-1 rocket tank. As a result, tank weight would be more and less aerodynamic. [ 6] Moreover, to prevent liquid Hydrogen from boiling off, the rockets need insulation from all heat sources, such as rocket engine exhaust, air friction during launch, and radiant heat from the sun. Hydrogen rockets need advanced metallurgy to prevent hydrogen embrittlement. Metals become brittle when exposed to the extreme cold of liquid Hydrogen. It also leaks very easily. Liquid Hydrogen can leak through tiny pores in welded joints. Liquid Hydrogen is costly too. An enormous amount of technical expertise is necessary to solve all these problems. SpaceX was starting a new space program with a clean-sheet design. Because of all these problems related to LH2, SpaceX did not choose Hydrogen for their Falcon rockets.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383000"
}
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MARCO_26_1067160456-5
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It’s melting point is -259°C or -435°F, and its boiling point is -252°C or -423°F. Hydrogen needs to be stored in extremely cold temperatures to keep it in liquid form. Because of this, a hydrogen rocket needs insulation around tanks, thus increasing rocket weight, production complexity, and cost. Furthermore, other problems arise because of the Hydrogen’s low boiling point. On a long trip to the Moon and Mars, the Hydrogen will boil off and evaporate. Moreover, during the earth’s re-entry of the Starship, the generated heat will cause a significant technical challenge to keep Hydrogen liquified in the fuel tank. However, Methane does not have these problems. Hydrogen embrittlement is a serious issue. When metal comes into contact with cryogenic Hydrogen, the metal becomes brittle. Therefore, a reusable rocket design that uses Hydrogen is very complex and challenging. Hydrogen engines need advanced metallurgy to prevent this embrittlement. Methane (CH4) does not create this embrittlement issue. The density of Hydrogen is 70 g/L. In contrast, the density of Methane is 422 g/L. As a result, a Hydrogen rocket’s fuel tank needs to be significantly bigger than a Methane powered rocket. A big tank means a heavier rocket.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383001"
}
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MARCO_02_1715119966-9
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The propellants are then fed to the combustion chamber where the combustion process is completed. The advantage of the full-flow cycle is that the turbines operate at lower temperatures since more mass passes through them leading to increased reliability and a longer engine life which is particularly important to potential re-use of the engine. In addition, this engine design can deliver higher chamber pressures and improve the efficiency of the engine. Methane has a slight advantage over Rocket Propellant-1 in terms of specific impulse, but can not reach that of Hydrogen. However, there are other advantages over LH2 such as easier handling and storage, no concerns associated with Hydrogen embrittlement and a much lower production cost. In addition, liquid methane has a higher density than LH2 which has obvious implications for tank and vehicle dimensions. Compared to RP-1, methane does not lead to coking of the engines which is a common problem with RP-1 that requires oxygen-rich combustion to limit coking, but creates a more corrosive environment. In October 2013, SpaceX officially confirmed that the Raptor engine would be tested at NASA’s Stennis Space Center. SpaceX personnel started working at test complex E at Stennis in mid/late 2013 to implement modifications needed to support methane engine tests.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383001"
}
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KILT_23595810-3
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Raptor has been claimed to be able to deliver 'long life ... and more benign turbine environments'. Specifically, Raptor utilizes a full-flow staged combustion cycle, where 100 percent of the oxidizer—with a low-fuel ratio—will power the oxygen turbine pump, and 100 percent of the fuel—with a low-oxygen ratio—will power the methane turbine pump. Both streams—oxidizer and fuel—will be mixed completely in the gas phase before they enter the combustion chamber. Prior to 2014, only two full-flow staged combustion rocket engines had ever progressed sufficiently to be tested on test stands: the Soviet RD-270 project in the 1960s and the Aerojet Rocketdyne Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator in the mid-2000s. Additional characteristics of the full-flow design, projected to further increase performance or reliability include: BULLET::::- eliminating the fuel-oxidizer turbine interseal, which is a potential point of failure in more traditional engine designs BULLET::::- lower pressures are required through the pumping system, increasing life span and further reducing risk of catastrophic failure BULLET::::- ability to increase the combustion chamber pressure, thereby either increasing overall performance, or 'by using cooler gases, providing the same performance as a standard staged combustion engine but with much less stress on materials, thus significantly reducing material fatigue or [
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383002"
}
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KILT_37724098-7
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The first complete Raptor development engine, approximately one-third the size of the full-scale engines planned for the use on various parts of the Interplanetary Transport System, with approximately thrust, began testing on a ground test stand in September 2016. The test nozzle has an expansion ratio of only 150, in order to eliminate flow separation problems while tested in Earth's atmosphere. Raptor's full-flow staged combustion cycle will pass 100 percent of the oxidizer (with a low-fuel ratio) to power the oxygen turbine pump, and 100 percent of the fuel (with a low-oxygen ratio) to power the methane turbine pump. Both streams—oxidizer and fuel—will be completely in the gas phase before they enter the combustion chamber. Prior to 2016, only two full-flow staged combustion rocket engines had ever progressed sufficiently to be tested on test stands: the Soviet RD-270 project in the 1960s and the Aerojet Rocketdyne Integrated powerhead demonstration project in the mid-2000s, which did not test a complete engine but rather only the powerhead.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383003"
}
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MARCO_18_3116444373-5
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Specifically, Raptor utilizes a full-flow staged combustion cycle, where all the oxygen—with a low-fuel ratio—will power an oxygen turbopump, and all the fuel—with a low-oxygen ratio—will power a methane turbopump. Both streams—oxidizer and fuel—will be mixed completely in the gas phase before they enter the combustion chamber. Prior to 2014, only two full-flow staged-combustion rocket engines had ever progressed sufficiently to be tested on test stands: the Soviet RD-270 project in the 1960s and the Aerojet Rocketdyne Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator in the mid-2000s. Additional characteristics of the full-flow design, projected to further increase performance or reliability include: eliminating the fuel–oxidizer turbine interseal, which is a potential point of failure in more traditional engine designs; lower pressures are required through the pumping system, increasing life span and further reducing risk of catastrophic failure; ability to increase the combustion-chamber pressure, thereby either increasing overall performance or 'by using cooler gases, providing the same performance as a standard staged combustion engine but with much less stress on materials, thus significantly reducing material fatigue or [ engine] weight'. SpaceX aims at a lifetime of 1000 flights for Raptor.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383003"
}
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MARCO_18_3233548707-7
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As of 2019, only three full-flow staged combustion rocket engines had ever progressed sufficiently to be tested on test stands; the Soviet Energomash RD-270 project in the 1960s, the US government -funded Aerojet Rocketdyne Integrated powerhead demonstration project in the mid-2000s, and SpaceX 's flight capable Raptor engine first test-fired in February 2019. The first flight test of a full-flow staged-combustion engine occurred on 25 July 2019 when SpaceX flew their Raptor methalox FFSC engine at their South Texas Launch Site. Applications Oxidizer-rich staged combustion S1.5400 —First staged combustion rocket engine used on the Blok L upper stage. NK-33 —Soviet engine developed for the never-flown upgraded version of the N-1 launch vehicle. Later sold to Aerojet Rocketdyne and refurbished/remarketed as the AJ-26 (used on Antares block 1 launch vehicles in 2013–2014). In use on the Soyuz-2-1v. P111 - liquid oxygen/kerosene demonstrator engine developed between 1956 and 1967 at Bolkow GmbH (later Astrium ). RD-170, RD-171, RD-180 and RD-191 —a series of Soviet and Russian engines used on the Energia, Zenit, Atlas V, Angara and previously on the Atlas III launch vehicles. RD-171 (and its RD-171M successor), -180 and -191 are derivatives of RD-170.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383004"
}
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MARCO_19_1767990244-46
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Such ” so advanced” scheme has been implemented in soviet RD-270 engine back in 1969 year It had a specific impulse of 301 vs 325 of this “so advanced” Raptor – “incredible” “achievement” after 50 years Our great-grandfathers flew on such engines Loading... Reply The RD-270 flew four times, and the N1 rocket that utilized it failed, all four times. No human ever flew on it. And no payload was ever sent to orbit on it. Loading... Reply The N1 rocket flew four times, yes, but not with RD-270 engines. Its first stage used NK-15 engines, the second stage had NK-15V engines, and the third stage featured NK-21 engines. To the best of our knowledge the RD-270 never left the test stand. But you’re right, it was a full-flow staged combustion cycle engine. Loading... Hi Tim. Just a little issue: do you think that lunar starship will need sea-level raptors? Is not enough with vacuum versions? If it is not going to return to earth, probably those could be retired from desing. Loading... Reply This thing is gonna work. It will. But I really think people are getting silly on what it’s going to cost. It has a ton of engines. It’s gigantic.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383004"
}
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MARCO_12_1743852582-1
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Best Front Bike Racks For Bikepacking & Touring - Bikepacking Alliance Best Front Bike Racks For Bikepacking & Touring Leave a Comment / Budget Gear, Panniers, Racks / By Phil Snider The best front bike rack for bikepacking and touring will offer an extra mounting place for gear while being very reliable. It’s usually a secondary alternative after a rear rack since it adds weight to your bike’s front wheel and can greatly affect the steering and balance. Front racks are common with touring cyclists who carry a significant amount of gear. There are two main types of front racks: A standard rack (also called “top mount”) expands gear capacity since the load can be carried directly above the front wheel as well as hung to the sides. A low rider rack allows bags only on the sides but holds the weight closer to the ground which allows for better balance. As with rear racks, front racks are designed to attach to the braze-ons on your bike. There are several front rack options to choose from for your bike touring or bikepacking setup. Some people believe that a true bikepacking setup doesn’t utilize racks, but I believe term bikepacking refers to the type of terrain you’re riding, not the type of setup on your bike.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383005"
}
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MARCO_16_2701667584-15
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The bicycle is loaded with food, spares, tools, and camping equipment so that the traveller is largely self-supporting. Mixed Terrain Cycle-Touring / Bikepacking Also called rough riding, cyclists travel over a variety of surfaces and topography on a single route, with a single bicycle. Focusing on freedom of travel and efficiency over varied surfaces, cyclists often adopt an ultralight camping approach and carry their own minimal gear (bikepacking). Supported touring Cyclists are supported by a motor vehicle, which carries most equipment. This can be organized independently by groups of cyclists or commercial holiday companies. These companies sell places on guided tours, including booked lodging, luggage transfers, route planning and often meals and rental bikes. Day touring These rides vary highly in their size of the group, length, purpose, and methods of support. They may involve solo cyclists, group rides, or large organized rides with hundreds to thousands of riders. Their length can range from a few miles to century rides of 100 miles (160 km) or longer. Their purpose can range from riding for pleasure or fitness, to raising money for a charitable organization.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383005"
}
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MARCO_18_438706474-27
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Bikepacking Bikepacking is a self-supported style of lightly-loaded single or multiple night mountain biking. Bikepacking is similar to bike touring, however the two sports generally use different bikes and the main difference is the method of carrying gear. Bikepacking generally involves carrying less gear and using smaller frame bags while bike touring will use panniers. A typical bikepacking set-up includes a frame bag, handlebar roll, seat pack, and backpack and typical gear includes lightweight and basic camping gear, and a bike repair kit. Mountain bikes are generally used as many bike packing destinations are reached via forest-service roads or singletrack trails. Mountain bikes specific to bike-packing use a slightly taller frame to get the maximum frame bag capacity. This is achieved by using a longer headtube, a more horizontal top tube, and a reduced stem degree. Generally, bikepackers tend to cover anywhere from 25 to 75 miles (40 – 120 km) in a given day as the riding can be technical. Risks Injuries are a given factor when mountain biking, especially in the more extreme disciplines like downhill biking, free ride and dirt jumping.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383006"
}
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MARCO_37_1557974488-2
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Road bikes are primarily used on paved road surfaces, mainly only as conveyance. Types Cross country biking is classified by the type of terrain: rough forest paths, smooth fire roads and single track. Downhill mountain biking is a gravity assisted timed race. Downhill races are held on steep, downhill terrain with no extended climbing sections, resulting in high speed descents with extended air time off jumps and other obstacles. The original concept of free-riding was that there were no set courses, goals or rules to abide by. The original free-ride bikes were modified downhill bikes which utilized gearing that enabled the rider to go up hills as well as down them. Modern free ride bikes are similar to downhill bikes, but feature slightly less suspension travel and are lighter - which enables them to be ridden not just downhill but through mountain paths. Touring road bikes are designed to take weight and luggage while being comfortable with the bike frame favoring rigidity over flexibility, heavy duty wheels to increase the load capacity and multiple points for attaching rucksacks, water bottles and fenders. Hybrid road cycles are utility cycles that can be used for both city riding and commuting on paved roads and had off-road capabilities. Utility bikes are the most commonly used bikes globally and is used for simple community and running errands.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383007"
}
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MARCO_49_195021032-1
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7 Incredible Bikepacking Trips in the US to Have on Your Radar - Osprey Packs Experience 7 Incredible Bikepacking Trips in the US to Have on Your Radar Osprey Stories / Mountain Biking / Travel Posted by RootsRated | June 22, 2017 Classic bike touring and the up-and-coming sport of bikepacking share many similarities: aficionados of both activities seek to pedal self-supported for multiple days and cover great distances using human power alone. The stark difference between the two, though, is the presence of pavement. Bike touring sticks to roads, but where the pavement ends, bikepacking begins. By abandoning asphalt, the bikepacker loses many associated byproducts as well: the presence of vehicles, crowds of people, and the infrastructure of cities and towns. In turn, the bikepacker gains what a road tour ride can’t always provide: wild scenery, challenging terrain, and rugged solitude. As bikepacking gains traction, it’s becoming easier to get into, with the emergence of sturdy specialty bikes, lightweight travel gear, and a network of tested routes. Visit your local bike shop to pick up everything you need (don’t forget your Osprey Talon or Tempest pack !), learn more at bikepacking.com, and pick a route below.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383007"
}
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MARCO_31_919842847-10
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They are also better for riding through crowded cities and dense traffic because you can fit through narrow gaps between cars. This makes it easier and much less stressful to complete the last few miles into an urban center. Panniers stick out wide and make passing through narrow gaps impossible. You can push your bike more easily Panniers get in the way and hit your leg when pushing. This isn’t a problem with bikepacking bags because they don’t stick out off the frame. This comes in handy if you ride in places where you need to do a lot of hike and bike. This is one of the main reasons that bikepacking bags are designed the way they are. Bikepacking bags are trendy right now For most riders, this doesn’t really matter. If you care about using the most modern gear, bikepacking bags are it right now. Bikepacking Bags Cons Many bikepackers chose to wear a small backpack Bikepacking bags have less carrying capacity Generally, bikepacking bags can carry less volume than panniers. For example, an average handlebar bag can hold 15-20 liters, a frame bag 10-15 liters, and a seat bag 10-25 liters. Altogether bikepacking bags give you about 35-60 liters of space for all of your gear.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383008"
}
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MARCO_31_919842847-2
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Watch on 0:00 0:00 0:00 / 5:01 Live • Bikepacking Bags Vs Panniers and Racks: What’s the difference? The purpose of bikepacking bags and panniers is to carry luggage on your bike. Generally speaking, bikepacking bags are made for off-road use while panniers and racks are made for road riding. Racks and panniers are generally preferred by bicycle tourists who need to carry all of the necessities for weeks, months, or even years on the road. Most bicycle tourists spend more time riding on the pavement and travel long distances. Often internationally. Bikepacking bags are often preferred by those who spend more time riding off-pavement, on long stretches of gravel roads, and single track through rural or wilderness regions. Most bikepackers take a minimalist approach to packing to keep the bike lightweight and agile. What are Bikepacking Bags? Bikepacking bags are soft bags that attach directly to the frame of the bike with straps and Velcro. No metal racks are needed. A wide range of bikepacking bags have hit the market to fit different sizes and styles of bikes. You can find bikepacking bags that will fit pretty much every frame. Many manufacturers are happy to build custom bags for you as well.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383008"
}
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MARCO_31_919842847-9
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If you are traveling to a remote place and your metal rack breaks, you could be out of luck. You can ride rougher terrain Bikepacking bags are designed to stay stable and not bounce around when riding over rocks, branches, potholes, and other obstacles. On a fat bike or mountain bike, bikepacking bags can handle all of the sand, snow, river crossing, and gnarley singletrack that you can throw at them. If you happen to fall over, there are no racks to break. Bikepacking bags are rugged enough to withstand getting knocked around, crashed with, or tipped over. You can make them yourself Many bikepackers sew their own bags. With some basic sewing knowledge and a bit of practice, you can do this too. Measure your frame and make your own custom bags for a fraction of the cost of buying from a bikepacking company. For inspiration, check out this guide from bikepacking.com. I plan to borrow my mom’s sewing machine and give this a try sometime soon. I’ll report back with my results. You can also make a simple handlebar harness with this guide. You can ride through more narrow gaps Bikepacking bags give your bike a more narrow profile so you can ride between trees and rocks on a trail without the bags hitting.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383009"
}
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MARCO_51_711745598-1
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Best Seat Packs for Bikepacking / Large Seat Bags - Road Bike Rider Best Seat Packs for Bikepacking by Stan Purdum Bikepacking is self-supported bicycle touring off-road and in the back country where traditional panniers and tag-along trailers have been replaced by packs that attach to the bike without racks and maintain a narrow profile to avoid snagging on trailside vegetation. Typically, bikepackers rely on handlebar packs, frame packs, seat packs and smaller peripheral packs. Here is a round up of some popular seat packs, which should not be confused with the small, under-the-saddle wedge bags many of us use on daily rides to carry a patch kit, spare tube and a multi-tool. Bikepacking seat packs are much larger bags designed to carry gear for a multi-day adventure. They attach to the saddle rails and seat post and extend back behind the saddle and usually slightly upward for several inches. Because of their size and location, they effectively also serve as rear fender. These bags are waterproof and designed with enough internal support to hold their shape and not sag, and with sufficient strapping not to wag side-to-side while the bike is in motion. Most also have reflective features to enhance visibility.
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And part four, Bag Makers is a list of companies wordwide that make bikepacking bags, what they make, and where it’s fabricated. The Basics Given that this is our complete guide to bikepacking bags, we’ll begin with a few definitions for beginners. Let’s first clarify the difference between bikepacking and bike touring. Although neither are mutually exclusive — and there’s inevitably plenty of overlap — the two often diverge in the style of travel they encourage. Traditional touring tends to be enjoyed on heavily laden bikes, and as a result, often gravitates towards paved routes and byways. Minimal in style, modern bikepacking is based more on the exploration of off-pavement roads, backcountry trails, and singletrack. Furthermore, the two are largely differentiated by the style of bag setup they’re associated with, and the bikes that are used. Traditional touring uses racks and panniers; as a result, touring bikes bikes are designed for this purpose. The beauty of bikepacking is in its simplicity: any bike can be a bikepacking bike. Thanks to the advent of soft bags, bikepacking doesn’t depend on a particular frame having eyelets for racks and panniers. Full-suspension, carbon, ‘cross, hardtail, fat, rigid — almost any bike will do.
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Weight per liter of storage can be lower with panniers if you use large volume bags and lightweight racks. More on this later. Panniers can’t be mounted to every bike Panniers require a rack to be mounted on. Racks require braze-ons or rack mounts on the frame attach the rack to. Not all bikes come equipped with the proper braze-ons for mounting racks. For example, you shouldn’t mount racks to carbon fiber framed bikes because the weight of the panniers can cause damage to the frame. Often times it is impossible to mount frames to full suspension mountain bikes due to the design. Bikepacking bags can mount to any bike. Your bike components won’t last as long when you use panniers Because you are carrying around more weight, you are putting more wear and tear on your bike and components. Wheels, chains, cassettes, tires, and brake pads all have to work harder when you are carrying around more weight. These items wear out faster and need to be replaced more often. This costs money. Maintenance will also be required more frequently. You must distribute the weight of your gear evenly on your bike while packing panniers If all of your heavy gear is packed on one side, the bike will not be balanced and handling will suffer.
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What’s the best bike for bikepacking? The one you already have. Seriously. If this is your first go at bikepacking, strap some bikepacking bags to your bike, pick a local campground, and ride there. If you think that you want to do it again after that experience, then think about upgrading. We could go on and on about whether you should use a bike with suspension, whether to get a steel frame, aluminum frame, or carbon fiber frame, wheel size, handlebar type, etc. But for now, we’ll keep it simple and just say use whatever you have. Bikepacking Bags The bread and butter of a bikepacking gear list. These are the bags that set bikepacking setups apart from bicycle touring set ups. Sure you can use panniers, but then are you bikepacking or bicycle touring? The short answer is ‘who cares?’ You’re riding your bike. That’s what matters. But for a more pure bikepacking experience, pick up a set of these. Here are the ‘big three’ bikepacking bags on any bikepacker’s gear list. Frame Bag – Usually triangular in shape. It fits in the space under your top tube (the main triangle). Excellent for maximizing usage of space.
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Even though most aero bikes’ frames and wheels are made of carbon fiber – a lightweight, strong material – because of the additional material needed for the aerodynamic shapes, aero bikes can actually weigh a bit more than normal racing bikes, so they’re not always the best choice for rides heavy on climbing, etc. Bikepacking Bike Similar to a touring bike, a bikepacking (think, backpacking) bike is set up and accessorized to enable the carrying of gear – in this case, for camping in areas that can be reached via bike. Frame materials, wheels and tires, gearing – pretty much all facets of the bike – will be focused on robustness and stability carrying a load, not on weight and speed. Steel, sturdy and long-lasting, is a likely frame material, wheels with more spokes (called “higher spoke count”) to handle additional weight, wider tires with some off-road grip, and gearing aimed at making it easier to move the load are all hallmarks of a bikepacking bike. So, too, are racks and frame mounts to carry various panniers (bags that attach to the bike and are used to carry camping and other gear), and often fenders, as well.
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Bikepacking bikes 2020: The 10 best models to buy 10 of the best bikepacking bikes you can buy in 2020 © Trek Looking for a rig for your overnight off-road jaunts? This collection of gravel grinders, reliable rigids and hardcore hardtails should do the trick. Written by Katherine MoorePublished on 12.03.2020 · 5:19 PDT Gravel bikes, mountain bikes, ‘cross bikes and hybrids – there are so many different categories these days that it can all get quite confusing. So where do bikepacking bikes fit into all of that? The thing is, multi-day riding rigs are just as diverse as the riders that choose them, ranging from lightweight and sleek drop-bar whippets to the chunky rubber and suspension of cross-country mountain bike-style builds. If asked to define bikepacking, you could look at it as essentially backpacking with a bike. You’ll need to take some kit with you – whether that’s full camping gear or minimal kit for overnighting in a hostel. While you can essentially use any bike for this purpose, the below are the best ones currently available for off-road-focused riding. There is a wide variety of price points, and the selection covers a range of potential scenarios – from light gravel to seriously technical terrain.
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However this is completely variable and the reason why you see touring handlebars with multiple positions; so the rider can change hand positions and stretch the back, or sit upright and relieve some pressure. It is important to feel comfortable so make sure you have your bike dialed in before you get into a habit of riding it with the wrong saddle height, handlebar reach, or cleat placement. Your body adjusts and even the wrong fit bikes can feel comfortable for some time, but beneath the surface it is doing more damage to your muscles, bones, and soft tissues. A quick story to illustrate my point; my friend got a professional bike fitting for his first major road bike purchase. I’m talking laser levels, ergonomic stationary bikes, video cameras, $800; the whole shebang. Fast forward about 3 years and 1000’s of miles on this bike, he takes it in for a routine seasonal maintenance. After 2-3 short rides, he starts getting major pain in his knee. Sensing something was up, he takes it back into the shop and finds that one of his pedal clip spacers to raise the height of his clip for his shoes was left off when he picked the bike up.
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Carry on reading to find some essential tips on making your bike seat more comfortable. Choose the right saddle for your bike The first thing up in how to make a bike seat more comfortable is choosing the right saddle. You must go for a seat that is made to meet your biking needs. You can either choose a road bike saddle, a saddle for an MTB, or a leisure bike. But choose a saddle that is best suited for your cycling requirements. If you choose a saddle that meets your cycling demands, it will allow you to find the correct option that will go well with your different riding positions. You’ll be in a more comfortable position and will be in better control of your ride. Adjusting the saddle The second most important thing in how to make a bike seat more comfortable is adjusting it correctly. The primary elements here are the height of the seat, its tilt, and its aft/fore position. A seat that is too high/low will make your hips tilt when you are pedaling. And as the motion increases, the potential of chafing and rubbing increases as well. Hence, you need to choose the correct seat position by standing right next to it. Place your hands on your hip bones and make the adjustments according to that height.
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Here Is Why You Should Choose The Best Bike For Tall People. Comfort and Convenience Isn’t true that you would like to be comfortable all the way on your bike? Comfort is determined by the size, style and quality of the bicycle. The right size and style will ensure that the bike is well-fitting for you. So, there’s not the inconvenience of either poor saddle height, narrow handlebars or short stem length that normally result in poor positioning or posture on the bike. When all these are right, you’re always going to be comfortable and confident. Better Performance and Efficiency Whatever purpose you are buying the bicycle for, you want the most efficient model which exhibits high levels of performance. And, this is always the mark of the best bikes for tall guys For example, if it is a mountain bike, you need a bike that would easily climb difficult trails. So it has that climbing power. You also want to move fast, and the bike has that power to accelerate. The right bike would mean that chances of falling or crashing are limited because they possess high rolling resistance against coasting aspects. This enhances the personal safety of the rider, which is our next point. Improve Personal Safety For routine riders, you probably know much better about safety and cycling.
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We have shortlisted them for you so that whichever bike you choose from here is already from the top tier in terms of performance and quality. If you do decide to get a bicycle on your own then there are few things that you should keep in mind to make a better choice. Let’s get into that first. Comfort The first thing that you should look for in a bike is the level of comfort. You are going to be riding the bike for long distances and at the bare minimum you’ll be riding the bike for 20 to 25 minutes if using it for daily commute. For that period of time you should not feel fatigued when you reach your destination. So to make you have the most comfortable bike for yourself you should consult the height to frame size chart below. You should have a bike that you can ride easily and you will be able to do that when you have the right size bike. Then you have to look at the seat, the seat of the bike has to be soft and durable both at the same time. There are few bike models that have suspension installed beneath the seat for the best possible comfort.
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Adjust trekking bikes in 6 steps To sit properly on the trekking bike, you have to adjust everything optimally. If the saddle is set too high, it can cause pain not only on the buttocks but also on the knees, back and wrists. Also, the handlebar must have the ideal position, otherwise the joy of cycling soon after. When adjusting the adjustable elements, it helps to follow the steps below. Step 1: Check the seating position During the first test drive with a trekking bike you should get acquainted with the driving behavior and check the seating position. Most of the time, you notice right away whether the saddle needs to be adjusted lower or higher. Step 2: Adjust the saddle height First, the pedals are brought into the vertical position. Then you sit on the saddle and stretch your legs down. The heels should just touch the down-facing pedal. When cycling, you kick the ball of your foot so that your knees bend slightly automatically. If necessary, a small adjustment for more comfort is possible, but this change should take place in the range of a maximum of 1 cm. Step 3: Adjust the saddle in the longitudinal direction The saddle and the bicycle pedals are brought into the horizontal position for this purpose.
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Even though this saddle is a little chunky compared to their counterpart, but still this saddle is lighter with the weight of 360 grams only. Perfect for a heavy rider. The Selle SMP is suitable for adventure cycling and touring. The Selle Hybrid gel decreases 30% of anatomical pressure to the saddle and also offers the more comfortable ride. The steel rail is built for resistance to stress and minimize vibrations. Versatile saddle suitable for long rides. Brooks England Cambium C-17 Saddle Best Use Cycling Saddle Type Performance Saddle Cover Material Cotton Cushioning Material None Rail Material Steel Dimensions 283 x 162 x 52 millimeters Weight 14.64 ounces Gender Unisex Sustainability Contains organically grown fibers The Brooks Cambium C17 is maintenance free compared to other Brooks leather line. This is made of waterproof material and need not put a set cover during rain. It is one of the best road bike saddle for long rides. Features include total firmness all throughout the ride, it flexes on the bumpy road to provide comfort and adjusts well to your sit bones. Comfortable saddle even out of the box. Compare to other lines of leather Brooks saddle the cambium is waterproof and can withstand in heavy rain and snow. The most customer of brooks cambium is the touring enthusiast and bike packers. Recommended for long rides and century rides.
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Avoid overexerting yourself and instead, increase your cycling mileage gradually. Always wear form-fitting cycling shorts. Grab one of the wider bicycle seats that protect the perineum. Such seats have extra padding which cushions the perineal area. How the Best Bike Saddle For Numbness Helps Your Ride The best scenario is when the majority of your body weight is resting on your “sit bones”. But never on the soft tissues, your riding position notwithstanding. This calls for the most comfortable cycling saddle. The saddle will conform to your body shape and ensure that it supports your weight on the sit bones sparing the soft tissues and your perineum. Best Bike Saddle To Prevent Numbness Advanced engineering studies have led to the development of various seats to prevent and/or limit numbness-related disorders… 1. Padded Bicycle Saddle with Soft Cushion The outstanding feature for this group of bike saddles for numbness is the ideal soft padding. They pride themselves in having the best ability to absorb shocks and to deliver a comforting ride. Their tailored cushioning protects you against prostate problems, numbness, and chronic back pain. Most have a deep center cutout and will distribute pressure away from the sensitive areas and back across the saddle’s surface. The cushioning also enhances their anatomic support helping in preventing sit bone pain.
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The seat features soft padding, waterproof seat cover, dual suspension, and comfort centric design. Backed by a 12-month money back guarantee, this seat will enable you to exercise in comfort and get in shape, providing prostate as well as tailbone relief. Apart from young people, it’s great for seniors with numerous health benefits for the elderly. 7. Serfas FS-243 Hybrid Reactive Full Suspension Saddle Buy now from Amazon → The Serfas FS-243 bike saddle boasts a pressure-eliminating channel & full suspension hybrid base for reduced numbness & discomfort as well as additional ride comfort, which you will need for all those bumps and high mile rides. In addition, this dual density base seat comes with an infinite comfort system for maximum support and comfort you need when it comes to sustained long distance cycling. What’s more, the dual density base ensures your sit bones never hit a hard spot and skin never suffers from saddle friction as well as irritation. Finally, the zero friction gel infused padding optimizes saddle comfort as well as support while reducing saddle friction and chaffing. 6. Giddy Up! Shock Absorbing Universal Fit Bike Seat Buy now from Amazon → This incredible Giddy Up bike seat is designed for both men and women who are looking for a bike seat replacement that is comfortable, waterproof and durable.
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This seat should fit whatever bike you are looking to use it on. Best of all, it is designed with seniors in mind. Because of this, the bike seat features a wide surface area allowing for even weight distribution to minimize stress in the hips, buttocks, and the lower back. Also, its equipped with shock absorber springs suspension which makes it ideal for riding on bumpy pavement. Don’t let uneven surfaces get in your way of being able to enjoy yourself and spend time outdoors with one of your favorite activities. Sunlite Cloud-9 | Most Comfortable See Price at Amazon.com This is another standout on the marketplace when it comes to the riding experience it offers seniors. This seat is purposefully named because when you sit on it, you feel as if you are sitting on a cloud. The seat itself features multi-stage memory foam padding. Meaning, when you sit down on the seat, it will evenly distribute your body-weight to avoid experiencing any discomfort in your lower back or tailbone. Even better, it features both steel rails and elastomer suspension which can help to curb any vibration you would normally experience while riding on bumpy pavement. For seniors, this is a major feature because those bumps can really take a toll on your lower back.
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Key Features: Carbon reinforced shell Ultra-sleek and lightweight design Waterproof microtex cover Weight 0.5 pounds Specification: BrandFizik Pros One of the lightest commercially available seats Remarkably comfortable Made to accommodate serious effort Cons Expensive CHECK PRICE ON AMAZON 8 Bell Memory Foam Saddle The Bell Memory Foam Saddle is another bike seat made to accommodate those that ride a lot but not competitively. To be sure it can handle maximum effort but it weighs too much to ever be considered race material. Still, for dedicated bike commuters and those who enjoy banging down the trails over the weekend this is a comfortable, accommodating saddle. Key Features: Anatomic relief slot Plenty of memory foam padding Fits most any type of bike Weight 2 pounds Specification: BrandBell Model7070533 Weight1.3 pounds Pros Less punishing than other performance oriented saddles Slotted design relieves groin pressure Good for a variety of human frames Cons Exposed stitching is suspect in places CHECK PRICE ON AMAZON 9 Brooks B67 Bicycle Saddle The B67 is an aggressively traditional design for those who like their cycling to have a nostalgic bent. Brooks’ handmade leather bike seats have a timeless appeal but there are more than sepia-toned memories to be had here. Once the seat is broken in it’s actually extremely comfortable and as for durability well, you may never have to change your bike seat again.
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19 of 19 Marvel Studios 1: Black Panther I'm going to be honest, it took me four viewings of ' Black Panther ' before it made it to No. 1. It took me that long to finally realize what a multilayered and brilliant work it is. Nearly every aspect is top-notch. Writing, acting, set design, editing and costumes. But most important are the characters. You could easily make an awesome Okoye, Shuri, Nakia or M'Baku movie. It's Erik Killmonger, though, and his effect on T'Challa that truly made this movie sit head and shoulders above the rest. And I love most of the films on this list! There's so much richness here. So much to unpack. This is Marvel Studios at its most mature. How ironic that it was its youngest director that brought it to fruition. Amazing. Best moment: Killmonger's dream. This is the best scene in the MCU so far. Everything about it, from the acting and writing, to the music and editing, even the set design, is perfect.
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Gal Gadot's brilliant and virtuous take on Wonder Woman is unabashedly itself, showing how powerful the mere will to make the world better really is. Watch Now Captain America: The Winter Soldier If you ask this intrepid writer, Captain America: The Winter Soldier is pound for pound, beat for beat, the best film in the MCU. The Russo Brothers' superhero debut nails the early MCU's all-high-stakes action, while mixing in some of the humor that would come later on. We salute you, Cap. Watch Now Batman Returns If we're being honest, any collection of the best supehero movies out there is incomplete without the Tim Burton/Michael Keaton spin on Batman. Zany, slick, and goth as hell, Batman Returns unexpectedly became a key film in the genre's coming of age. Watch Now Logan Hugh Jackman played Wolverine for 17 years. Seventeen years! That's a lot of push-ups. That said, it's a wonder that his final turn as the hero, Logan, is by far his best as the character—showing the rare portrait of a superhero left battered from a life lived saving others.
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Infinity War manages to be emotionally powerful and incredibly funny (often in the same scene), its scale and scope are mind-bogglingly vast, and the crossover character interactions are unexpected and fun. Perhaps, most importantly, Marvel solves its villain problem in spectacular style, with Josh Brolin’s Thanos being both the driving force of the movie and a plausible bad guy – his grand plan is clearly deranged, but there's a weird, twisted logic to it. And without Infinity War there could be no Endgame. 1. Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) Here it is. The best Marvel movie. The Winter Soldier set a new precedent for the MCU. The Captain America sequel is a totally different take on the universe – a ’70s Cold War thriller that doesn't put a foot wrong. Hell, The Winter Soldier should be named one of the best Marvel movies of all time for the elevator scene alone; a moment so memorable it was homaged in Avengers: Endgame. The movie also has far-reaching implications for the rest of the Marvel universe – such as that SHIELD reveal – and establishes the resurrected Bucky Barnes as a major piece in the puzzle for years to come.
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Marvel/Disney Marvel films – ranked worst to best Guardians of the Galaxy 2. Blasting the Marvel universe into space for an adventure with a truly ragtag group of heroes, including both a talking racoon and a sentient tree-creature, Guardians of the Galaxy is arguably the biggest risk the franchise ever took. And it paid off in spectacular fashion, with director James Gunn giving the superhero genre a light coat of B-movie glee. It also transformed Parks and Recreation star Chris Pratt into the major box office draw he is today. Marvel/Disney Marvel films – ranked worst to best Black Panther 1. Although Black Panther still dutifully fulfils all the requirements of a Marvel film, providing a bridge to films both past and future plus ending in a cinematic battle filled with CGI trickery, Ryan Coogler’s achievement as a director is to use a familiar framework to tell a radical story within mainstream filmmaking. In the strife between Chadwick Boseman’s T’Challa, the ruler of Wakanda, and Michael B Jordan’s Killmonger, he provided a nuanced, layered commentary on colonialism and black identity. It’s a film that triumphs both within its genre, bringing new perspectives to the superhero story, and outside of it, satisfying purely as a piece of narrative drama.
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The Captain America franchise has been buoyed, too, by the coming-aboard of the Russo brothers to steer the proceedings. Under Joe and Anthony Russo — who direct “Civil War,” too — the second film took on darker and more political tones than most MCU outings. “The Winter Soldier,” as I’ve stated before, might well be the best Marvel movie ever. Yet if “Civil War” can surpass “Winter Soldier” creatively, it would achieve the uncommon feat of a third film in a franchise being the best of the bunch. Marvel smartly continues to foster its next generation of cinematic heroes. But for now, Captain America remains the biggest gun as the best solo Avenger on film, given his cinematically chiseled body of work. Read more: Why Captain America is one of Joe Simon’s proudest accomplishments How Marvel is rescuing Sony’s critically dangling Spider-Man First ‘Captain America: Civil War’ trailer brings breakup, rivalry…and the Black Panther!
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Feige and Marvel have additional storylines planned through 2028, resulting in 20 films 'on the docket that are completely different from anything that's come before—intentionally.' Feige noted at the 2019 San Diego Comic-Con that the studio has films scheduled to release after 2021, though they would not announce them nor the release dates at this time. Disney has scheduled additional release dates for untitled Marvel Studios films on February 18, May 6, and July 29, 2022. Section::::Upcoming.:Future.:'Blade'. A feature film starring Mahershala Ali as Eric Brooks / Blade was announced to be in development at the 2019 San Diego Comic-Con. Feige later revealed that Ali called Marvel Studios, proposing to portray the role with a pitch to make a new 'Blade' film. The actor previously portrayed Cornell 'Cottonmouth' Stokes in the first season of 'Luke Cage'. Kevin Feige confirmed that 'Blade' is not part of Phase Four. The film will be a reboot, ignoring the previous 'Blade' film series from production companies New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. Pictures. The film rights reverted to Marvel in May 2013. Development on the project began as early as May 2013, with a working-script for the film.
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3 2023 ( 2023) James Gunn In development Fantastic Four TBA Jon Watts TBA ^ Phase Four also includes multiple series and a special streaming on Disney+. ^ Black Widow will release concurrently on Disney+ with Premier Access. Future At any given time, Marvel Studios has future films planned five-to-six years out from what they have announced. By April 2014, additional storylines were planned through 2028, resulting in many films 'on the docket that are completely different from anything that's come before—intentionally.' Disney has scheduled additional release dates for untitled Marvel Studios films on October 7, 2022, and on February 17, May 5, July 28, and November 3, 2023. Blade See also: Blade (character) § Film By May 2013, Marvel Studios had a working script for a new Blade film after regaining the rights following New Line Cinema 's prior film series. In February 2019, Mahershala Ali approached Marvel Studios about starring in a new film after previously portraying Cornell 'Cottonmouth' Stokes in Marvel Television 's Luke Cage. Kevin Feige officially announced the film with Ali in the title role at the July 2019 San Diego Comic-Con. In February 2021, Stacy Osei-Kuffour was hired to write the film.
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Start now The MCU’s new era will begin with Black Widow, a prequel set between Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War, expanding Natasha Romanoff’s story and (hopefully) solving a couple of mysteries around her character. The MCU will then welcome The Eternals, Shang-Chi, and reunite with Doctor Strange, Thor, Spider-Man, Black Panther, and Captain Marvel. In addition to that, the MCU will expand to the world of streaming thanks to Disney+ and its Marvel series, most notably The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, WandaVision, and Loki. All of Disney+’s Marvel shows will be part of the MCU, with WandaVision and Loki tying into Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. This proper connection between films and TV shows makes way for a lot of possibilities for the MCU’s phase 4, including the return of Ultron, who has some unfinished businesses and still has connections with some of the remaining heroes. Why Ultron Should Return In Marvel’s Phase 4 It’s very well known that the MCU has a villain problem, and Ultron is a good example of it.
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What we’ve seen Along with the events of Endgame itself, Spider-Man: Far From Home also revealed some details about the MCU’s future with its epilogue to Phase 3 of the franchise. Although we didn’t get the multiverse of parallel worlds in the MCU that was teased in early previews of the film, we did get confirmation that Tony Stark, Captain America, Black Widow, and Vision are all presumed dead by the general public in Marvel’s movie-verse. The film also indicated that the Avengers haven’t assembled a new lineup in the aftermath of Endgame yet. Maybe most importantly, however, is that the film revealed that the shape-changing Skrulls — first introduced in Captain Marvel — have been on Earth for an unknown period of time. That means that nearly any character in the MCU could have been a Skrull at some point in the movies, given that Captain Marvel, which unfolded in the mid-1990s, takes place before all of them. What’s rumored and what’s missing Marvel’s Phase 4 lineup is lacking several key franchises. There’s no Spider-Man, no Ant-Man and the Wasp, and most surprisingly, no Avengers.
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A lesser movie franchise would probably be happy to end after 21 excellent movies, and billions of dollars. But Marvel Entertainment knows very well it has several years yet of great movies to keep it going. With Captain Marvel hurtling towards 1 billion at the box office, and Endgame sure to at least approach 2 billion, things are only looking up for the MCU. Kevin Feige has been fairly hush about future movies in Phase 4 (which starts with Spider-Man: Far From Home), but we’ve picked up on a few movies. For one, both Doctor Strange and Black Panther will be getting sequels. Both m Continue Reading Certainly not. A lesser movie franchise would probably be happy to end after 21 excellent movies, and billions of dollars. But Marvel Entertainment knows very well it has several years yet of great movies to keep it going. With Captain Marvel hurtling towards 1 billion at the box office, and Endgame sure to at least approach 2 billion, things are only looking up for the MCU. Kevin Feige has been fairly hush about future movies in Phase 4 (which starts with Spider-Man: Far From Home ), but we’ve picked up on a few movies. For one, both Doctor Strange and Black Panther will be getting sequels.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383024"
}
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MARCO_09_1305693785-2
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There is no doubt that Black Panther was a cultural phenomenon for black people, but these numbers show the broad appeal that a superhero movie with a largely black cast can have. But we should really give credit where credit is due… Marvel’s Marketing Department Changed The Game On Minority Movies Marvel expected black audiences to see this film, so it sought them out. They focused trailers during NBA games, a sport that carries one of the largest black audiences. Marvel selected rapper Kendrick Lamar to curate a soundtrack inspired by the film and had him perform the first ever halftime show at the College Football National Championship. Most marketing teams would stop once they reached their target audience. A minority fil would be marketed to minorities with limited efforts elsewhere. Marvel went beyond that. They worked with designers at New York Fashion Week to showcase a “Black Panther style”, even though diversity at the show has fallen recently. The message was clear. It’s okay for white people to see a movie titled Black Panther. Is Diversity Here To Stay? I hope this diversity is here to stay. Disney is sending out a strong message beginning the year with Black Panther and Wrinkle in Time.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383025"
}
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MARCO_11_840593986-2
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Phase Three was especially crucial for the lead representation of minorities in large Hollywood productions. In 2018, we watched 'Black Panther,' the first film about an African-American superhero that became a worldwide blockbuster, breaking several historical records. And this year, on March 8th, the story of 'Captain Marvel' finally became a movie, the first from the MCU with a solo female superhero. After seeing this vital approach to diversity and inclusion, it's logical to wonder if we will soon see a movie with a Latino superhero from Marvel. The answer is yes. At least that is what Kevin Feige, CEO of Marvel Studios, said in an interview with EFE. 'Our audience is global, and we want people to identify with our stories, which is the core of our plans for the future,' he said. And although he did not give many details, the executive did say this possible film could be included in Phase Four of the MCU, which will begin in 2020 and will include the first story of an Asian superhero, Shang-Chi, the 'Master of Kung Fu.' So, which heroes with Latino heritage could make the leap from comics to the cinema?
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383025"
}
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WAPO_2ddd270fe19cac58768e1c4e71fb6ab4-2
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We’ve seen female heroes taking over for male heroes before, but has it ever been a mantle this big? Thor is royalty at Marvel — within the pages of the comics and in the halls of Marvel editors. And the key thing to remember is that it’s not just about the fanBOY demographic as it often was decades ago anymore. Female readership is a force in the comic-book industry, compelling publishers to address issues of diversity. Before the Internet explodes, let’s see how the new Thor does with the hammer — and how all readers respond to the books — before labeling this merely another publicity stunt. 2 . A champion for diversity Marvel continues to take very seriously its stated promise to make its universe as diverse as its readership. Whether changes involve the biracial Ultimate Spider-Man, a half Latino Nova, the Muslim Ms. Marvel or the all-female X-Men team, Axel Alonso meant it when he assumed the editorship several years ago and said the pages of Marvel Comics would reflect the real world — that no matter who you are, no matter where you’re from or what your religion or sexuality is, everyone deserves to feel like they can be a superhero. 3. Trusting the talent Trust is due to the person crafting this story.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383026"
}
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WAPO_5b7df3c2a723c112c2ef01c43d016387-2
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Her delusion, she says, “spun out of the anti-Muslim sentiment that arose in the ’90s, and the realization that the truth of who I was got lost in the images being spewed out by the media. My protest was embracing my background fully, immersing myself in my faith and culture and finding ways to share that with others.” Today, Amanat is known for such achievements as steering Marvel’s 2014 launch of Kamala Khan, the Pakistani American and Muslim teenager who is Ms. Marvel in the popular comic-book line. Amanat says she is dedicated to creating works that change what images and characters are available to young readers. “My hope is that the next generation doesn’t experience that sort of identity rejection — and that the superhero culture can be a filter through which we can share our unique points of view,” she says, “as well as the commonalities of the human experience.” Comic Riffs caught up with Amanat to talk about the shifting environment for superhero diversity. (This interview has been edited for length and clarity.) MICHAEL CAVNA: What did you think of the event — from the day of dialogue and focused messages to the collective spirit? SANA AMANAT: It felt like a celebration.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383030"
}
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WAPO_5b7df3c2a723c112c2ef01c43d016387-4
|
That’s really the tale of every kind of hero. MC: You noted how much has changed at Marvel in the past six years in terms of character diversity — essentially, since about the time that Axel Alonso was named editor. What factors and forces brought about this shift? SA: Marvel has a history of creating characters that are unique as they are diverse. From the Black Panther to Storm to She-Hulk, the company made strides in representation that didn’t exist at the time that they were doing it. What’s happening today is the continued evolution in the creative strides of the company — as our audience has expanded so have the creators behind the scenes. Gone is the typical fanboy/fangirl, as is the typical writer. From Willow Wilson to Ta-Nehisi Coates to our broad editorial staff, the voices creating our content are bringing their own distinct point of view to the stories they tell. There was no company dictate — just an organic expansion in creative opportunity. MC: Shonda Rhimes, on your panel, said that “single white male” is the default setting among casting [ people] in Hollywood. Does the same hold true in some comics-industry editorial offices? SA: I think that yes, that used to be the standard.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383031"
}
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MARCO_19_1286364023-8
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And they could listen to what new audiences say they want: diversity not just in racial, religious, or sexual terms, but also in terms of the types of stories told: Is there really any more harm in publishing a comic where Captain America has a romantic cup of coffee with his boyfriend Bucky than one where he’s a Nazi ? Asher Elbein, 'The Real Reasons for Marvel Comics' Woes', The Atlantic, (May 24, 2017). What we heard was that people didn’t want any more diversity. They didn’t want female characters out there. That’s what we heard, whether we believe that or not ... We saw the sales of any character that was diverse, any character that was new, our female characters, anything that was not a core Marvel character, people were turning their nose up against. David Gabriel; as quoted in Asher Elbein, 'The Real Reasons for Marvel Comics' Woes', The Atlantic, (May 24, 2017).
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383031"
}
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MARCO_24_436508401-1
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The Myth of Forced Diversity. If you’ve been on the internet, you’ve… | by Anthony Gramuglia | Reflections of a Grown-Up Fan | Medium The Myth of Forced Diversity Anthony Gramuglia Dec 24, 2018 · 8 min read If you’ve been on the internet, you’ve heard of Forced Diversity. It is a concept that you see people throw around a lot at works featuring characters who are not male, PoC, and/or non-cishet. But if Forced Diversity exists, surely there must be a “right” way according to these people how to write a diverse character. If diversity can be “forced,” surely it can, in a corresponding way, be…not forced? Let’s take this exercise as a little thought exercise. Let’s analyze how one might write a story without “Forced Diversity.” But to that that, we have to ask first…what is Forced Diversity? What is Forced Diversity? Awhile ago on Twitter, I asked people to try to explain what “Forced Diversity” meant. I’ve seen the term thrown around a lot on the internet, but never once have I had a real sense of what the term meant. The post drew around 3.5K views, netted 74 likes, and 20 reply chains.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383032"
}
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MARCO_43_353595745-9
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It means that you need to actually buy the books you like. You need to go out to a comic book shop and pick up Wilson’s Ms. Marvel. Or Stohl’s The Mighty Captain Marvel. Or DeConnick’s Bitch Planet. Or Rivera’s America. When asking ComicsVerse CEO, Justin Gilbert Alba, how the recent outspoken push from fans for diversity in writers and characters affected the industry. He said: “Unfortunately, the push from fans for diversity in creators and characters only represent a loud minority. All too often, comics with diverse characters and creators are cancelled due to sagging sales despite critical acclaim. In regards to Marvel particularly, I applaud their attempts to make comics mirror the people who read them. That isn’t to say there isn’t a lot more that can’t be done, there definitely is. In my opinion, if we want real change in terms of minority representation in comics and comic book creators, there’s going to need to be a perfect storm of the right creator, the right characters, organic change, and a great marketing campaign with a definitive push for comics to reach new markets who, maybe, didn’t feel fully included in the past.” Did you read Charles Soule’s She-Hulk a few years ago?
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383032"
}
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WAPO_49520e943a578fcd2bf2b5f2b0de785f-3
|
But whether inadvertently or intentionally, Pine and his tongue-in-cheek monologue once again highlighted Hollywood’s diversity problem, particularly when it comes to big-budget superhero movies. Whereas Marvel Comics has made strides in including more female and minority main characters in its comic books, the company faced backlash last month after David Gabriel, a vice president of sales, suggested that diversity was causing sales to slide. “What we heard was that people didn’t want any more diversity. They didn’t want female characters out there,” Gabriel said at the Marvel Retailer Summit, according to Entertainment Weekly. “We saw the sales of any character that was diverse, any character that was new, our female characters, anything that was not a core Marvel character, people were turning their nose up against. That was difficult for us because we had a lot of fresh, new, exciting ideas that we were trying to get out and nothing new really worked.” Online, readers slammed Marvel for changing old characters rather than coming up with new ones — or reintroducing old ones — that reflected their communities.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383033"
}
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WAPO_JEB4XTRJDFCGTKY2KREHWRXZ3M-2
|
A group of female Marvel employees posted a group selfie in which they were celebrating the legacy of recently deceased comics publisher Flo Steinberg, one of Marvel’s earliest employees who had helped the company’s unique approach to fan outrage. Ironically, a group of comics fans online were enraged at the evidence that women worked for Marvel. They condemned the women as “fake geek girls” and “the creepiest collection of stereotypical SJWs anyone could possibly imagine,” in the words of one enraged tweeter. Another suggested that a woman in the picture looked like “the ‘false rape charge’ type.' Among those joining in the attacks was Richard C. Meyer, who uses the ironic twitter and YouTube handle Diversity & Comics. Meyer became a ringleader of Comicsgate, which rallied around the argument that female, POC and LGBT characters and creators were ruining comic books, and pushing out the views and voices of authentic fans. DC writer Magdalene Visaggio, a trans woman, was a special target; Meyer misgendered her and claimed she was mentally ill. In a private video posted in 2017 and obtained by the Daily Beast, Meyer railed against one female Marvel editor using gendered slurs and attacked others for supposedly exchanging sexual favors for career advancement.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383034"
}
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MARCO_27_1456317022-6
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The Winter Soldier not only marked a seismic shift in the very fabric of the MCU with its reveal that Hydra was part of SHIELD 's very inception, but it was also a Marvel movie unlike any other: a gritty, action yarn stepped in the paranoid conspiracy of a 1970s Cold War political thriller - and it worked like gangbusters. The Winter Soldier brought back the tragic Bucky Barnes/The Winter Soldier (Sebastian Stan) and introduced Sam Wilson/The Falcon (Anthony Mackie) while simultaneously deepening the characters of Steve Rogers and Natasha Romanoff/Black Widow (Scarlett Johansson), making them all flawed but admirable flesh-and-blood people. Now that Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame delivered superhero spectacles unlike any that fans had ever seen, it's easy to forget how revolutionary Captain America: Civil War was back in 2016. While Civil War was essentially Avengers 2.5, it still never lost sight of Steve Rogers trying to save his oldest friend Bucky and what his devotion cost the entire MCU. Along with seamlessly introducing Spider-Man (Tom Holland) and Black Panther (Chadwick Boseman) into the MCU, Civil War 's centerpiece Berlin airport fight was mind-boggling at the time.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383034"
}
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MARCO_30_557724695-1
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Captain America: The Winter Soldier Easter Eggs, Trivia and Allusions | Time Entertainment movies 7 Things You Might Have Missed During Captain America: The Winter Soldier 7 Things You Might Have Missed During Captain America: The Winter Soldier Marvel By Joseph C. Lin April 7, 2014 9:00 AM EDT Note: Spoilers and speculation below — read at your own risk. If you saw Captain America: The Winter Soldier this weekend, you likely spotted a handful of references, intimations and allusions to other characters within and outside the Marvel universe — which makes sense, given how the many characters are forming an intricate web with stories that could take several decades to tell completely. But those Easter eggs also raise a lot of questions: here are some of the most important ones. What’s next for the Winter Soldier? If it struck you curious that the Winter Soldier, played by Stan Sebastian, caught and at one point even wielded Captain America’s shield, you should get used to it, because Chris Evans’ Captain America is most likely going to die and be replaced by the Winter Soldier. In the comics, Captain America does in fact die due to a plot by the Red Skull, and it is Bucky/Winter Soldier who dons his uniform to continue his legacy.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383035"
}
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MARCO_41_106379141-8
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Never mind Civil War; ' The Death of Captain America ' was the Marvel story that really had something to say about the world we live nowadays. 1. The Winter Soldier (Image credit: Marvel Comics) (Captain America #1-9 & #11-14) Ed Brubaker's Winter Soldier saga really consisted of an extended narrative drawn out over several story-arcs, but it remains the definitive modern Captain America tale. Winter Soldier reintroduced Steve Rogers’s long lost partner Bucky as a brainwashed Soviet super-assassin, calling into question almost everything Steve took for granted about his own life and reintroducing Bucky Barnes to the Marvel Universe. Winter Soldier defined the modern Captain America – both in terms of his character, the stories told with him. The shocking twist, the deep political intrigue, and rich supporting cast all made Captain America a must-read title for the first time in years. There's also the little matter of Bucky's ascent to being a fan-favorite character – something that would have seemed sacrilegious and impossible without the level of storytelling involved.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383035"
}
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WAPO_3e0d5feb27111af76955cecb319b004f-1
|
“CAPTAIN AMERICA: The Winter Soldier” is a game-changer. Not only is “The Winter Soldier” a superb adaptation of the Marvel Comics storyline of the same name, but it also may just be the best movie Marvel Studios has ever produced. Kudos go to the directing team of the Russo brothers — Anthony and Joe — for recognizing that the tone of the Winter Soldier (a series of Captain America comics written by Ed Brubaker and illustrated by Steve Epting) was much more serious than what Marvel had released. This movie is dark, with an edge, and stars a Captain America (Chris Evans) who isn’t just a soldier following orders, but a rogue Avenger who isn’t afraid to question the red, white and blue. After fanboys see this film, there shouldn’t much debate as to whether “Captain America: The Winter Soldier” is the best movie of Marvel Studio’s “Phase 2,” but rather where it ranks in the history of all Marvel cinema. Here are One Fanboy’s Five Mostly Non-Spoiler Things that stood out from the latest outing by the star-spangled Avenger. [ ANN HORNADAY: ‘Winter Soldier’ is the most grown-up Avengers movie yet] 1.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383036"
}
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MARCO_27_1457199454-14
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Could Marvel bring Blade into the MCU and the vampires that come with him? Could the magical and mystical elements of Doctor Strange be used as the groundwork for introducing Moon Knight? Or will Marvel opt for someone else entirely ? Regardless of who Marvel chooses, Phase 4 will surely feature a standalone film for a new character. 5 It will feature more diverse casts than any phase before it One area in which Marvel has received criticism in the past is in its lack of representation of minorities in its films. Though Samuel L. Jackson's Nick Fury has been a stalwart in the MCU thus far, the Avengers themselves have lacked diversity. The studio received backlash when it cast Ben Kingsley to play the role of the Mandarin in Iron Man 3 (though it would receive even fiercer backlash when the film's twist revealed his true character to be Trevor Slattery) and again when the role of the Ancient One was filled by Tilda Swinton. On the topic of diversity, Kevin Feige said 'I think that in the movies we've already made, and certainly in the movies that are coming up, it will be as inclusive a group of characters as one could want. For us, it's important that we don't feel like a completely white, European cast.'
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383036"
}
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MARCO_43_353595745-4
|
Journalist Ta-nehisi Coates even took over Black Panther after Secret Wars ended, the Marvel event that shook up the entire universe and changed the status quo a bit. Coates brought in fresh air to the medium for a few reasons: he has a more political background in writing, and he’s a black man writing about a black character. Black Panther played such a pivotal role in Jonathan Hickman’s Avengers and Secret Wars that fans were going to flock to the book no matter who was writing it. It was an excellent move by Marvel to have a person of color writing such a book. Marvel’s determination to hire other non-white male writers continued with the creation of Kamala Khan, the new Ms. Marvel. Kamala, a teenage muslim girl living in Jersey City, has been called by some the new Peter Parker. She’s awkward and nerdy yet strong and loving. Writer G. Willow Wilson and editor Sana Amanat, both women of the muslim faith as well, created the character in 2013 and haven’t looked back since. The series has been on the New York Times Bestseller list, a true indication that this is high quality material. In an interview with Makers, Amanat starts off by noting “authentic storytelling is powerful.” Ms. Marvel works because she’s well rounded.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383037"
}
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KILT_58418911-1
|
Comicsgate Comicsgate is a campaign in opposition to perceived 'forced diversity' and progressivism in the content of North American superhero comic books and the kinds of creators who work in the industry. The name is derived from Gamergate, a similar movement related to video games. Participants argue that 'forced diversity' occurs in both hiring and comics content, and that this has led to a decline in sales. The movement has been described as part of the alt-right movement, and as a harassment campaign which 'targets women, people of color, and LGBT folk in the comic book industry'. It has faced blame for the vandalism of a store that did not stock comics created by its members, and for threats of violence against others. Section::::Views. Members of the movement object to things they feel exemplify problems in the comics industry, which interfere with entertaining its traditional readers. Examples include storylines in which the white male characters that have traditionally had the superhero identities of Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Captain America, and Spider-Man have been temporarily replaced by female and/or racial minority characters, stories dealing with current social issues, and the depiction of women with less sexualized figures.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383037"
}
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MARCO_35_1479408617-1
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Captain Marvel Faces Boycott Backlash Over Brie Larson's 'Man-Hating' Homepage Politics Captain Marvel Faces Boycott Backlash Over Brie Larson’s ‘Man-Hating’ Samantha Chang in Political Opinion Politics March 8, 2019, 2:20 AM Captain Marvel Faces Boycott Backlash Over Brie Larson’s ‘Man-Hating’ Brie Larsen's comments about white males are seeing some backlash. | Source: REUTERS/Mario Anzuoni Brie Larson is kicking off her publicity tour as the first female lead in a Marvel Comics movie with “Captain Marvel.” But she’s facing withering backlash and a boycott from some fans who are turned off by her man-hating rhetoric. The boycott was launched by conservative author Jack Posobiec, a correspondent with One America News. Posobiec started the Twitter hashtag Alita Challenge, urging his legion of social media followers to boycott “Captain Marvel” and see “Alita: Battle Angel” instead. Conservatives are boycotting ‘Marvel Marvel’ for ‘Alita: Battle Angel,” which does not push feminist propaganda. (PR photos) ‘We Are Sick and Tired of SJW Politics’ Posobiec told CCN.com that Larson’s anti-male rhetoric and Marvel Studio’s injection of leftist politics into the action film is insulting and unwarranted.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383038"
}
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WAPO_47CNNN3VWFARDAMNHXYN2ROW4E-1
|
Last weekend, “Captain Marvel” scored $455 million in box office cash, the sixth biggest global movie debut to date. The myth that female- or minority-led films struggle at the box office has been debunked again. “Captain Marvel” succeeded despite right-wing calls for a boycott. Alt-right movie outrage has targeted several films now. Right-wing activists called on moviegoers to skip “Ghostbusters,” “Wonder Woman,” “Black Panther,” “Aquaman,” “Mad Max: Fury Road” and the four newest “Star Wars” films — all films in which the lead wasn’t a white man. The fact that these boycotts have fizzled reveals the alt-right’s limited influence on conservatives offline. The alt-right and pop culture The alt-right label is applied to a variety of causes, from men’s rights activists to neo-Nazis to Internet pranksters. One segment of the alt-right opposes liberal politics in stereotypically male-dominated parts of popular culture, such as video games and comics. The best-known instances are Gamergate and Comicsgate. Alt-right Internet activists get particularly annoyed by action movies that cast a female or nonwhite lead in what was once conceived of as a white man’s role.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383039"
}
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MARCO_13_620495137-9
|
I’m sure Marvel will cite “readership numbers” as their ultimate excuse for straightening and lightening the Marvel comic universe, but it’s a lost opportunity to capture new waves of fans. There’s a reason people are excited about movies like Black Panther and it’s because, except for a few instances, our fiction doesn’t reflect our reality. If Marvel caters only to a myopic group of intolerant readers, they’ll see their numbers continue to dwindle. Other publishers get it. I’m seeing more female heroes. I look at other big imprints and I’m seeing more characters of color. More queerness! More… life. Limiting your palate limits the kind of stories you can tell and invites staleness and predictability. I would love to see Marvel stop all the renumbering and rebooting and simply focus on the world around them, then adjust their comics accordingly.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383039"
}
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MARCO_43_353595745-1
|
Diversity In Comics: What’s Been Done And What Needs to Come | HuffPost Zachary Dern, Contributor Journalist, Tech, Health nut Diversity In Comics: What’s Been Done And What Needs to Come 06/04/2017 03:34 am ET Updated Jun 07, 2017 SOURCE: comicsbeat Diversity and representation. Many claim it’s a recent hot topic, a push from fans and critics alike to portray individuals who aren’t simply white. There are some who argue — and in minor instances they may be right — that inclusion is simply a cash grab. But really, it’s hard to argue that representing the world at large is anything but a good thing. The Earth’s population is so much more than what you see than on shows like Friends and House of Cards. But why is there a push back? Why do some claim inclusion is a bad thing? A Complicated Diverse History in Comics This is a loaded question, so it’s best to narrow it down to one medium: comic books. Comic books have quite an interesting history with diversity, and the perspective you choose to look through will also give you different results. Generally speaking, there are many who will rightfully say the history of comics, particularly Marvel and DC, are very whitewashed.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383040"
}
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KILT_4059023-13
|
South Korea's homegrown search portal, Naver, is used for 70 percent of online searches in the country. Yahoo! Japan and Yahoo! Taiwan are the most popular avenues for Internet searches in Japan and Taiwan, respectively. Section::::Market share.:Europe. Most countries' markets in Western Europe are dominated by Google, except for Czech Republic, where Seznam is a strong competitor. Section::::Search engine bias. Although search engines are programmed to rank websites based on some combination of their popularity and relevancy, empirical studies indicate various political, economic, and social biases in the information they provide and the underlying assumptions about the technology. These biases can be a direct result of economic and commercial processes (e.g., companies that advertise with a search engine can become also more popular in its organic search results), and political processes (e.g., the removal of search results to comply with local laws). For example, Google will not surface certain neo-Nazi websites in France and Germany, where Holocaust denial is illegal. Biases can also be a result of social processes, as search engine algorithms are frequently designed to exclude non-normative viewpoints in favor of more 'popular' results. Indexing algorithms of major search engines skew towards coverage of U.S.-based sites, rather than websites from non-U.S. countries.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383040"
}
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MARCO_18_2680083328-16
|
Yahoo! Japan and Yahoo! Taiwan are the most popular avenues for Internet searches in Japan and Taiwan, respectively. China is one of few countries where Google is not in the top three web search engines for market share. Google was previously a top search engine in China, but had to withdraw after failing to follow China's laws. Europe Most countries' markets in the European Union are dominated by Google, except for the Czech Republic, where Seznam is a strong competitor. Search engine bias Although search engines are programmed to rank websites based on some combination of their popularity and relevancy, empirical studies indicate various political, economic, and social biases in the information they provide and the underlying assumptions about the technology. These biases can be a direct result of economic and commercial processes (e.g., companies that advertise with a search engine can become also more popular in its organic search results), and political processes (e.g., the removal of search results to comply with local laws). For example, Google will not surface certain neo-Nazi websites in France and Germany, where Holocaust denial is illegal. Biases can also be a result of social processes, as search engine algorithms are frequently designed to exclude non-normative viewpoints in favor of more 'popular' results.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.383041"
}
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