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What is the difference between recycling and upcycling? Why are these terms important?
Recycling means processing waste and used materials to make them suitable for reuse while upcycling means adapting for new use without changing the essential form of the material. Making pencil cases using plastic bottles or creating a bucket using old tires could be given as examples of upcycling. Converting glass or plastics into new objects through processing is what recycling stands for. Upcycling saves more energy compared to recycling as industries and some process are needed for recycling. Besides, reusing and reducing should also be highlighted regarding their important roles in today’s world. Waste minimization and using something again whether for its original purpose or a different function are some tips for daily life because reducing consumption leads humankind to reduce production. So less waste is produced as a result of that.
Waste can come in two different forms as liquid and solid. Recyclable type includes aluminum products (like milk and tomato cans), Plastics (grocery shopping bags, plastic bottles), Glass products (like wine and beer bottles), Paper products (newspapers and magazines, cardboard boxes). The waste could be easily separated and thrown into proper trash bins.
As it preserves our resources, protects the nature and it reduces landfills, people should recycle, upcycle, reduce and reuse for a better future.
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Using 3D Laser Scanning Services To Analyze Teeth In Ancient Birds
Technology Offers Many Benefits
When you think of birds, you may think of long or short beaks. However, long ago, when the dinosaurs roamed the earth, some birds had teeth. Researchers have made amazing discoveries of the animals that once inhabited this planet with the help of 3D laser scanning services.
In the 19th century, paleontologists found the Archaeopteryx, and they also found out that these birds replaced teeth similar to the way reptiles do.
However, even though scientists knew about birds with teeth, they still wanted to understand better how the teeth grew in and the process. To do this, they needed to find skeletons and look inside their jaws with 3D laser scanning services. There are so many ways this technology can be used to make discoveries.
How 3D laser scanning services can help scientists:
- Can help detect bones at dig sites
- Can scan bones without touching
- Can collect minimal details
- Every image can be edited for a fuller 3D image
- It can help scientists study the bones in greater detail
With the help of 3D laser scanning services, a team can look at a bird’s jaw to understand the development of teeth. They can do all of this without risking breaking or damaging the skeletal structure. Many researchers have opted to use this technology because of the many benefits.
How 3d laser scanning services help
Using the 3D laser scanning services, the team can look into a jaw, find replacement teeth, and replicate those teeth. It helps them further understand how the teeth are formed inside the jaw, and then they can create models based on the evidence they find.
Replicating bird teeth is a complicated process, and one minor missing detail can affect the entire project or lead to the wrong conclusions. The greatest thing is that it allows the research to be more thorough than human eyes could be. It is a way for a group to collect rapid information that is also highly accurate.
Summing it up
Once the information is uploaded, it can be saved in a partnering system that allows the team to analyze and edit before making a model. For example, sometimes 3D laser scanning services will also connect with 3D printers, which help create physical models. Other times the editing system partners with things that can help create virtual reality for the public to see.
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Maesteg shown within Bridgend
|OS grid reference|
|Ceremonial county||Mid Glamorgan|
|Sovereign state||United Kingdom|
Maesteg (English translation: 'Fair field') is a town and community in Bridgend County Borough, Wales. Maesteg lies at the northernmost end of the Llynfi Valley, close to the border with Neath Port Talbot. In 2011, Maesteg had a population of 20,612.
Historically a part of Glamorgan, the growth of the town started with the opening of ironworks in the 1820s and 1830s. Once a coal mining area, the last pit closed in 1985. With the decline of the coal industry and, more recently, the closure of one large factory producing cosmetics and another manufacturing vehicle components, the valley has become a residential/dormitory area for the Port Talbot, Bridgend and Cardiff journey to work areas. 11% (1,867 out of 20,702) of the town's population speak Welsh.
Before the development of industry in the 1820s, the Llynfi Valley was a sparsely populated area of scattered farms. The nearest settlement was the village of Llangynwyd located on the hillside about two miles south of the present-day town centre of Maesteg. Close to Llangynwyd is an extensive earthwork known as Y Bwlwarcau ("the bulwarks"), an Iron Age enclosure that is probably a remnant of the earliest settlement in the Llynfi district.
During the Middle Ages the valley was part of Tir Iarll (the Earl's Land), an area "famous for its game coverts, its woods and sparkling streams" that was set aside as a hunting reserve by Robert Fitzhamon, Earl of Gloucester, the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan. Up to the 18th century many of the farms of the Llynfi Valley were centres of local culture. For example, Llwydarth, the home of the influential Powell family, was a centre for writers and poets in Glamorgan in the 17th century.
The origins of the present-day community in the Llynfi Valley date from the late 1820s when the area's considerable coal and iron ore resources were developed on an industrial scale for the first time. In 1828 a 15-mile horse-drawn railway was completed between Porthcawl and Garnlwyd in the Llynfi Valley. This was the Dyffryn Llynfi and Porthcawl Railway (DLPR); it was extended to the Coegnant district near the head of the valley in 1830. The railway opened up the district and led to the formation of an iron company which began building a works on Maesteg Uchaf Farm, near the site of the present-day town centre, in 1826. The company took its name from the farm, and by 1831 two furnaces were in blast and the first rows of workers' housing had been completed near the Maesteg Ironworks. At about the same time one of the first zinc smelters in Wales was set up on Coegnant Farm near the northern terminus of the DLPR.
In 1839 work on a second, larger, ironworks commenced at Nantycrynwydd Farm on a site now largely occupied by the Tesco store and car park. The works, which became known as the Llynfi Ironworks (or "The New Works") was started by the unsuccessful Cambrian Iron and Spelter Company and was bought by the ambitious Llynvi Iron Company in 1845. The Cornstores section of the Maesteg Sports Centre and the adjoining base of a blast furnace remain as links to the Llynfi Works and the valley's significant 19th century iron industry. The two ironworks, with associated collieries and new housing, transformed an area of scattered farms with a population of about 400 in 1821 into a growing township with a population of 4,000 by 1841.
The Cambrian/Llynfi Works attracted investment capital from a number of prominent figures of the early Victorian period, including the poet William Wordsworth, who was a Cambrian shareholder in the early 1840s, Sir Felix Booth, the gin distiller, and the writer and radical politician, Dr John Bowring. Bowring invested heavily in the Llynfi Works in the mid-1840s and, for a number of years, that part of the valley around his works was known as Bowrington. During his association with the Maesteg district he campaigned in Parliament for a decimal system of coinage and was largely responsible for the introduction of Britain’s first decimal coin, the florin or two shilling piece (now the ten pence piece). John Bowring lost his capital in the trade depression of the late 1840s although the iron company continued trading. After his Llynfi venture, John Bowring became British Consul in Canton, China, and was Governor of Hong Kong 1854-59.
The iron industry in Maesteg continued, with varying degrees of success, until wrought iron making was replaced by the manufacture of cheaper, mass-produced steel during the 1870s. In its heyday, after the opening of the broad gauge, steam-hauled Llynfi Valley Railway in 1861, the Llynfi Works had a reputation for producing high-quality iron. In the mid-Victorian period there was a flourishing export trade to Southern Italy and Turkey for example, rails were exported to the USA and Llynvi "Navy Quality" No.3 Cable Iron was highly regarded by the makers of Admiralty-tested anchor chains. However, as the Llynfi site could not be adapted for the production of steel, iron making ceased in the Maesteg area in 1885.
During the mid-1880s with the closure of the Llynfi Works and its associated collieries, the Maesteg district, with a population of about 10,000, faced an uncertain future. Fortunately, the local coal industry began to expand with the formation of North's Navigation Collieries Ltd in 1889. The colliery company was led by the remarkable Colonel North, the "Nitrate King" and, some years later, in 1900, another company led by Sir Alfred Jones of the Elder Dempster shipping line also developed collieries in the valley. Due to the expansion programme set in motion by the two mining companies, two of the local, former iron company collieries were modernised (Coegnant and Garth) and two new large collieries were sunk at Caerau and St John's (Cwmdu). With the development of the coal industry, the local population increased from about 10,000 in 1891 to almost 30,000 in 1921.
During the years 1890 to 1925 the valley gained a worldwide reputation as a producer of Admiralty-grade steam coal, high quality coking coal and what was regarded as the best house coal in South Wales. By the early 1920s there were over 7,000 miners at work in the valley. However, as the area depended to such a large extent on the coal export trade, it was seriously affected by the trade depression of 1928-38. During that period of acute poverty and large-scale unemployment, the population of the Llynfi Valley decreased by almost a third as many left the district to seek employment in the new light industries growing up in areas such as West London and the English Midlands.
For many years after the Second World War the local coal industry employed well over 2,000 workers and new jobs were created in local Government-built factories and in new industries in the Port Talbot and Bridgend journey-to-work areas. Due to the buoyant coal industry and the success of the new factories during the years 1950-75, the population of Maesteg and district stabilised at about 20,000, roughly the figure today. With the creation of more jobs in the Bridgend and Port Talbot districts, the Llynfi Valley gradually became a residential area, a process which speeded up with the terminal decline of the coal industry during the period 1977 to 1985.
Today, the valley faces another employment crisis, just as it did in the 1880s and the 1930s, with the closure of two local factories in 2007-08 which were the largest employers in the district.
Llynfi Valley Metal-Working Centres
|Name||In Production||Maximum Workforce|
|Coegnant Spelter (zinc) Works||1830–1847||95 in 1839|
|Maesteg Iron Works||1828–1860||561 in 1841|
|Llynfi Iron Works||1839–1885||2,000 in 1870|
|Llwydarth Tinplate Works||1868–1900||470 in 1886|
Llynfi Valley Collieries
|Name||Sinking Commenced||Year of Closure||Maximum Workforce|
|Garth||1864||1930||1,007 in 1907|
|Oakwood (Davis's Pit)||1868||1928||495 in 1899|
|Coegnant||1881||1981||2,182 in 1914|
|Caerau||1890||1977||2,432 in 1922|
|Maesteg Deep||1868||1930||671 in 1910|
|St John's (Cwmdu)||1908||1985||1,479 in 1920|
Maesteg Market, established in 1881, is situated at the ground floor level of Maesteg Town Hall and offers a variety of goods.
Maesteg has three railway stations, all on the Maesteg Line. Services are operated by Arriva Trains Wales and run directly to Cardiff Central via Bridgend. The services usually continue to Cheltenham Spa via Newport and Gloucester with one daily service continuing north to Holyhead via Wrexham General. The terminus station is Maesteg, the other two stations are the most recently built Maesteg (Ewenny Road), and Garth station which serves the Garth and Cwmfelin villages situated just outside Maesteg. A bus service used to replace a withdrawn rail service from Maesteg to Caerau, however it was removed in January 2012 due to council cutbacks.
In the past, there were other railway stations in Maesteg. Llangynwyd Station used to lie on the Maesteg line a few miles east of where Garth Station is today, and Maesteg (Neath Road) which was on the old Port Talbot Railway Line but these are now closed.
The original Maesteg railway station was situated a few yards west of the terminus that is there today. Remains of the original station are still there behind the Asda Store, including the platforms and the bridge joining the two platforms. The old track was removed in 2007 during the land reclamation project. The present stations were reopened by British Rail in 1992.
Maesteg Bus Station is situated to the rear of the town hall. First Cymru operate the majority of the services from this station. Services run to Bridgend, Swansea via Port Talbot, Caerau Park, Llangynwyd and Cymmer.
Like the rest of Wales, the town has two official languages, English and Welsh. The majority of people in Maesteg are native English speakers, but there is a Welsh-speaking minority. The 2011 census reported that 11% of people over the age of 3 spoke Welsh with large discrepancies between age groups. 27.9% of 3-15 year old spoke Welsh, 8.6% of 16-64 year olds spoke Welsh with the lowest proportion being among the over 65s at 5.3%. Primary and secondary education is available through the medium of Welsh and there are Welsh-language chapels.
Maesteg has six English language state primary schools and one state Welsh language school: Cwmfelin Primary, Plasnewydd Primary, Caerau Primary, Nantyffyllon Primary, Llangynwyd Primary and Garth Primary. There is also a Catholic primary school, St. Mary's and St. Patrick's, and a Welsh-medium school, Ysgol Cynwyd Sant. Plasnewydd School, near the town centre, is one of the biggest primary schools in the Llynfi Valley, with just over 400 pupils, and is an eco-school.
There are two comprehensive schools in Maesteg. Maesteg Comprehensive School recently moved to a new site, at a cost of £17,000,000. The Welsh-medium Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Llangynwyd has relocated to the previous premises of Maesteg Comprehensive School.
The pupils of Ysgol Cynwyd Sant continue their education at Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Llangynwyd, and the pupils of St. Mary's and St. Patrick's pursue their secondary education in Archbishop McGrath Catholic Comprehensive School, located in Brackla, a few miles to the south.
Maesteg Town Council
Maesteg Town Council consists of seventeen councillors representing the Llynfi Valley, made up of the wards of Maesteg West, Maesteg East, Nantyffyllon and Caerau. In total, 15 of the 17 Councillors are Labour, and 2 are Independent.
The largest religion in the valley is Christianity; the majority of denominations are Nonconformist. There are many churches and chapels in the Maesteg area, several of which have been converted into flats because they are no longer used in their religious respect. There is a Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses in one of Maesteg's villages, Nanyffyllon.
Music and art
Maesteg has a tradition of music and theatre. There are many local groups providing music styles from the traditional male voice choir music and Curtain Up Youth Theatre to the more modern rock band, Funeral for a Friend, who originally hail from Maesteg.
Maesteg has a rich tradition of singing, especially in choirs. At present, there are three male voice choirs: Cor Meibion Maesteg A'r Cylch (Maesteg and District Male Voice Choir), Cor Meibion Glerwyr Maesteg Gleemen Male voice Choir, and Cor yr Hen Blwyf (the Old Parish Choir), The largest being Cor Meibion Maesteg. There are also two ladies choirs: Cor merched Cwm Llynfi (Llynfi Valley Ladies Choir) and Harmony Ladies Choir. There are two mixed choirs, Noteworthy mixed choir, and Take Note contemporary vocal group, the most untraditional of the Maesteg choirs.
Maesteg Children's Choir hosts many concerts throughout the year, and Curtain Up Youth Theatre has been performing musicals since the turn of the millennium. Maesteg Amateur Operatic Society recently celebrated its 60th anniversary.[when?]
Artist Christopher Williams was born in Maesteg in 1873. Six of his paintings are on display in Maesteg Town Hall.
The Welsh national anthem Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau was first performed in Maesteg, in the vestry of the original Capel Tabor which is now Maesteg Workingmen's Club.
Maesteg was home to Maesteg Park A.F.C. an association football team founded in 1945 and affiliated to the Football Association of Wales. However the club was dissolved in 2010. There are four Welsh Rugby Union teams in Maesteg. The older is Maesteg RFC founded in 1877, while Maesteg Harlequins RFC were formed in the 1920s. Other rugby union teams from the area include Nantyffyllon RFC, and Maesteg Celtic RFC. Rugby League is also played in the town with South Wales Scorpions playing in the 3rd tier, Championship 1.
Maesteg is also the birthplace of U.S.-based flyweight boxer William P.(Wee Willie) Davies (1907–68).
- Philip Boswood Ballard (1865–1950), pioneering educational psychologist.
- Allan Bateman, Wales and British Lions, rugby union and rugby league player.
- Dave Bowen (1928–1995), Arsenal and Wales, footballer and football manager.
- Henry Bracy (1846–1917), tenor.
- Glyn Owen David, born Caerau 1929 - ), Welsh Flyweight boxing Champion 1951. Champion Farrier of Gt Britain 1968. UK & International Farriery Judge.
- Jason Cook, European boxing champion.
- Matthew Davies-Kreye, Funeral for a Friend (lead vocalist)
- Gwyn Evans, Wales and British Lions, rugby union player.
- Ray 'Chico' Hopkins, Wales and British Lions, rugby union and rugby league player.
- Norah Isaac (1915-2003), author, pioneer of Welsh-language education.
- George Jeffries (1889–1972), founder of the worldwide Elim Pentecostal Church.
- Siân Lloyd, ITV weather presenter.
- Sir Rhys Hopkin Morris, (1888–1956), politician, stipendiary magistrate, first director of the Welsh Region BBC.
- Sir William Beddoe Rees MP (1877–1931), Welsh chapel architect, town-planner and politician.
- Menna Richards, Controller BBC Wales, 2000-2011.
- David Emlyn Thomas (1892–1954), politician and trade unionist.
- Islyn Thomas (1912–2002), U.S.-based author, engineer and industrialist.
- Rees Thomas Rugby league scrum half with Swinton and Wigan (winner Lance Todd trophy 1958).
- Thomas Llyfnwy Thomas (1912–1983), U.S.-based vocalist and T.V. personality.
- Christopher Williams (1873–1934), leading artist, portrait painter.
- John J. Williams, Wales and British Lions, rugby union player and international athlete.
As part of Bridgend County Borough, the local radio station is 106.3 Bridge FM. Bridge FM is the most-listened-to radio station in the County Borough. The town is also served by three local newspapers: The Glamorgan Gazette, published weekly, has its main office in Bridgend, but prints news related to Maesteg; The Gem, formerly The Recorder, a free weekly, printed in Cowbridge, and The Llynfi News, a free monthly paper, based in Maesteg.
- Census 2011, Bridgend B.C. Ward Statistics for the upper Llynfi Valley (Caerau, Maesteg East and West, Llangynwyd). Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 531. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
- Tir Iarll, Frederick Evans (Cardiff 1912)
- D.L.P.R., Brynmor James (Kenfig Hill 1987)
- History of Llangynwyd Parish, T.C. Evans (Cadrawd), (Llanelli 1887)
- The Cambrian Iron and Spelter Company: a Memorial 8 June 1843 (National Archives, PRO C54/12916)
- Parliamentary Papers, Report of the Select Committee on Anchors, March 1860, p.50 (HMSO, 1860)
- The Coal Industry in the Llynfi Valley, David Lewis (Stroud, 2006)
- Figures from: Mines Dept., List of Mines
- The last deep mine in the Llynfi Valley
- Religion statistics for Maesteg East Bridgend County Borough Website
- Religion statistics for Maesteg West Bridgend County Borough Website
- Maesteg Park team profile WelshPremier.com
- ""Wee" Willie Davies". www.cyberboxingzone.com. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- Welsh Coal Mines website - research the histories of local pits and all the others in Wales
- Maesteg Harlequins website
- Maesteg Rugby Club website
- South Wales Scorpions Rugby League club website
- BBC's Maesteg website
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- slide 1 of 4
Early Human Ancestors
The earliest known example of Homo sapiens lived around 200,000 years ago. The earliest human fossil was tall and thin, likely male—and according to the results of a series of studies soon to be published in the Journal of Human Evolution, shared some physical characteristics with Neanderthals.
The studies also share some information about the culture of these first humans, their possible lifestyle and habitat. There’s also some new and interesting information about their neighbors, who, the researchers say, were members of Homo erectus, an early species believed to have been the first human to leave Africa.
- slide 2 of 4
Our Ancestors had some Unexpected Neighbors
The Homo sapiens fossil—dubbed ‘Omo I’ by researchers—belonged to a male who stood around 5’10” and weight around 150 pounds. Parts of the skeleton were excavated in 1967 in southern Ethiopia, along with several other partial and complete skeletons. The remainder of Omo I was unearthed more recently, along with another complete skeleton of the species Homo erectus, which has been named ‘Omo II.’
Dating the two skeletons has shown that both species lived at approximately the same time—meaning that Homo sapiens and Homo erectus may have coexisted here. Both skeletons were excavated from the same geological layer of volcanic rock, allowing scientists to calculate precisely how long ago they existed by examining the ratio of minerals in the rock.
- slide 3 of 4
Geological Detective Work Uncovers Habitat Information
During the study, an anthropologist examined the soil the specimens were found in, hoping to find artifacts relating to their culture. He found stone tools, including hand axes, picks, and spear-like objects, as well as raw materials such as pebbles which had been obtained from nearby locations.
Other excavations at the site revealed information about the habitat of these early humans. Catfish spines and other fish fossils were abundant in the area, and geological evidence also indicated that conditions 200,000 years ago were somewhat wetter. Another study on the large mammals present in the area showed that those early humans lived with abundant species of big game, including elephants, giraffes, zebras, rhinos, hippos, and others.
From this evidence, an archeobiolgist has theorized that these early humans followed the game, practicing a seasonal settlement strategy which ensured they always had access to food. Interestingly, few examples of non-human primates and carnivorous animals were found in the area, perhaps indicating that our ancestors had few or no predators during this period of human evolution.
- slide 4 of 4
More to the Story
For now, Omo I is the world’s fossilized “Adam,” at least until an earlier example of modern humans is found—which is entirely possible. One reason for the discovery of so many well-preserved specimens of early humanity in Ethiopia is that the geology here is particularly conducive to bone preservation.
However, this doesn’t mean there are no fossils present in other locations. Paleontology is an opportunistic science, meaning that discoveries are made only in locations where there are opportunities to find them. The presence of fossils and other evidence can tell a story in the location where they’re found, but it’s not necessarily possible to extrapolate that evidence to other locations.
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The road law most rural drivers should know, but don't
A MOUNT Marshall woman is asking country drivers to take heed of an important road rule that is most relevant in rural areas, yet many don't know exist.
The Department of Transport and Main Roads has issued a public warning to drivers that come in contact with agitated horses.
'If you're driving near a horse rider and they signal that their horse is jumpy or agitated then you must stop at the side of the road and turn off your motor,' the Department tweeted on social media.
'It's for the rider's safety, the horse's safety, and yours.'
According to the state road rules, a driver must not move until they are sure their vehicle's engine or its movement will not aggravate the horse.
Disobeying the rule could land drivers with a fine of up to $2600 if they don't obey.
Mt Marshall heavy horse breeder Clare Gorwyn said if more people followed the rules there would be less anxiety for horse riders who use roads as passageways when riding out.
"I think less and less people ride out on the roads because of the fear of that particular one motorists doesn't slow down," Ms Gorwyn said.
"If I went out there knowing everyone was going to the right thing but I know I have the chance of that one person who doesn't slow does or kicks up a shower of gravel."
She called for more awareness among drivers of the road rules surrounding agitated horses.
"We live in a rural area where people have chosen to come to enjoy an outdoor lifestyle and "country" activities.
"This includes horse-riding just as it does walking (with or without a dog) cycling or motor bike riding," she said.
"(As a rider) you're entitled to ride on the road and naturally would use the verge but there are times when you have to used the road.
"The horses do have right of way as now the law says cars have to stop if the horse is agitated."
As an experienced horse rider and breeder, Ms Gorwyn said signs of an agitated horse can be as subtle as standing still with head held high and ears pricked to odd, restless movements.
"It may start to 'dance' or prance about or start moving sideways - either away from but sometimes towards the road."
Oncoming cars could make horses shy, buck, throw the rider or jump towards the car, Mrs Gorwyn said.
"For the most part 95 per cent of people are really good but when you get that one person flying past you and doesn't care the horse spooks and then they think it's all your fault for being our there on a horse that can't handle traffic."
Queensland is one of the few states where road rules apply to interactions between horse riders and drivers. New South Wales drivers are not governed by specific rules on when or where to stop when around an agitated horse.
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Study Finds "Clear, Durable Effect" in Reducing Pain and Improving Function
By Michael Devitt
According to the National Institutes of Health, more than four million people seek medical care for a knee problem each year.1 A leading cause of chronic knee pain, particularly in young adults, is patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).
The condition occurs most frequently in adolescents who participate in sports, and is one of the most common diagnoses given at orthopedic centers and sports medicine clinics worldwide.
Despite its prevalence, the contributing factors to patellofemoral pain syndrome are unclear. Although several studies have linked knee pain to certain physical activities, there seems to be no direct correlation between the level of pain and the degree of cartilage damage to one's knee, or to the amount of flexion or extension a person's knee experiences.2,3
To date, no single therapy has been shown to be completely effective in treating PFPS. However, acupuncture has shown promise in treating similar conditions such as gonarthrosis and osteoarthritis of the knee.4 In an effort to evaluate its effectiveness on PFPS, a team of researchers from Jensen Fysikalske Institutt in Bergen, Norway performed acupuncture on a group of 70 patients aged 18-45. Their results, which appear in the December 1999 issue of the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, show that acupuncture "may be an alternative treatment" for patients suffering from patellofemoral pain syndrome.5
The study's patients were randomly assigned into an acupuncture group or a control group. The acupuncture group consisted of 36 patients (20 female) with an average age of 29; the control group contained 34 patients (21 female) with an average age of 33.4.
All patients in the acupuncture group received treatment at the ST-34 and SP-10 points. Other points used included LE-5 and ST-35; SP-9 and ST-36; BL-17; BL-18; BL-20; BL-23; LI-4; and CV-4, depending on each patient's diagnosis. Treatment was administered by a licensed acupuncturist twice weekly for four weeks, with each session lasting between 20-25 minutes.
Patients were evaluated both before and after treatment using the Cincinnati Knee Rating System (CRS). The CRS measures symptoms of pain, swelling, giving way and function on a scale of 1-100, with a higher score meaning fewer signs of injury or pain symptoms. A variety of physical tests were also employed, including the Stairs-Hopple test, a quadriceps atrophy exam, and a visual analogue scale for evaluating pain.
Based on the researchers' findings, acupuncture appeared to have a dramatic effect on reducing knee pain and symptoms and improving function. Within six weeks, the CRS scores for patients in the acupuncture group improved between 4.2 and 11.9 points per category (see Table I).
Improvement in the acupuncture group continued far beyond the initial six weeks, the scientists noted. "The score continued to increase more in this group than in the control group for all scales during the 12-month observation time," they said, "and is significantly different from the results in the control group at 12 months after inclusion."
Table I: Patient knee results using the Cincinnati Rating System. The control group was not evaluated for CRS scores at six weeks after the start of the study.
CRS, global score(out of 100)
The CRS scores were further analyzed for the clinical implications of each category. At the start of the study, two patients in the acupuncture group and one patient in the control group experienced no pain, or only occasional pain during rigorous physical activity. Twelve months after treatment, that number had increased to 14 patients in the acupuncture group, versus only three patients in the control group.
Similar results were found for improved knee function. Five acupuncture patients and four control patients reported no or only slight limitation to activity at the start of the study; those figures increased to 17 and seven, respectively, one year after treatment.
The researchers acknowledged that no placebo group was used in the study, reasoning that there is "no fully satisfying way" of designing an acupuncture placebo group. Because almost any needling of the skin may raise the body's endorphin levels or trigger other response systems, it was decided to use an untreated group as controls. As a result, the effect of acupuncture itself could not be evaluated, but rather "the effect for the patient of going to acupuncture treatment."
Nevertheless, the effect did appear to produce the desired results both patients and researchers were looking for - namely, decreased knee pain and increased knee function. While no definitive studies have shown a specific treatment for patellofemoral pain, the scientists concluded that "our study is one of the largest treatment studies on the syndrome, and it shows a clear, durable effect of acupuncture treatment in reducing pain and improving function for the patient."
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Questions and answers about knee problems. Available at www.nih.gov/niams.
Galanty HL, Matthews C, Hergenroeder AC. Anterior knee pain in adolescents. Clin J Sports Med 1994;4:176-181.
Karlsson J, et al. Eleven year followup of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin J Sports Med 1996;6:22-26.
Christensen BV, Iuhl IU, Vilbaek H, Bulow HH, Dreijer NC, Rasmussesn HF. Acupuncture treatment of severe knee osteoarthrosis. A long-term study. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 1992;36:519-525.
Jensen R, Gothesen O, Liseth K, Baerheim A. Acupuncture treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Altern Complement Med Dec 1999;5(6):521-7.
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If you live in the Chicagoland area, you should know that this Saturday, March 29, 8:00-9:00 pm (CST) has been designated Earth Hour – part of a global action to highlight the threat of global warming. Here’s an official description of the effort:
As World Wildlife Fund’s flagship city for the United States, Chicago, a leader in environmental initiatives, is encouraging its residents across the region to make the pledge to help fight global warming by voluntarily turning off their lights for 60 minutes. Signature skyscrapers, key landmarks, theater marquees and shops on the Magnificent Mile will voluntarily turn off their lights.
Earth Hour’s not just about cutting back for one hour. It’s about taking a stand and thinking ahead about what you, your neighbors and your city can do to slow climate change. Seize the Earth Hour moment and change some of your outdated energy-wasting light bulbs to new, efficient and inexpensive compact fluorescents. Think of other ways you can cut your energy usage and trim your electric bill after Earth Hour has passed.
Earth Hour debuted last year in Sydney and this year EH has gone global – participant cities are as far reaching as Aaloborg, Tel Aviv, Bangkok and Manila. Check out their website and click on the clip above for more info. (You will undoubtedly notice the sponsorship of several corporations not known for their love of the environment. Ah, the complexities of global activism…)
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Towards quantum mechanics. The three main discoveries that paved the way to quantum mechanics wereThe law of black body radiation (Max Planck 1900)The quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation (Albert Einstein 1905)Atom model (Niels Bohr 1913) [Discussed in the previous lecture.]Black body radiationGustav Kirchoff (1824-1887) studied the em spectra of material and presented the following general rules:A hot solid object produces light with a continuous spectrum. A hot rare gas produces9444
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
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Exhaust Manifold Hot Rod Engine Bay
Photograph - Photography
In automotive engineering, an exhaust manifold collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one pipe. The word manifold comes from the Old English word manigfeald (from the Anglo-Saxon manig [many] and feald [fold]) and refers to the folding together of multiple inputs and outputs.
In contrast, an inlet manifold is the part of an engine that supplies the air to the cylinders.
Exhaust manifolds are generally simple cast iron or stainless steel units which collect engine exhaust from multiple cylinders and deliver it to the exhaust pipe. For many engines, there are aftermarket tubular exhaust manifolds known as headers in US English, as extractor manifolds in British and Australian English, and simply as "tubular manifolds" in UK English.These consist of individual exhaust headpipes for each cylinder, which then usually converge into one tube called a collector. Headers that do not have collectors are called 'zoomie headers'.
The most common types of aftermarket headers are made of mild steel or stainless steel tubing for the primary tubes along with flat flanges and possibly a larger diameter collector made of a similar material as the primaries. They may be coated with a ceramic-type finish (sometimes both inside and outside), or painted with a heat-resistant finish, or bare. Chrome plated headers are available but they will tend to blue after use. Polished stainless steel will also color (usually a yellow tint), but less than chrome in most cases.
June 13th, 2011
Viewed 55 Times - Last Visitor from Beverly Hills, CA on 03/11/2015 at 8:11 PM
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8th Grade Technology Quizzes & Trivia
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This is the 8th-grade Technology Test for same grade students. Today, technology is all around us, and it is important or one to know how to use the most common gadget, which is the computer. This is why we have a technology...
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Sample QuestionPlagiarism is __________________.
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This quiz is required at the conclusion of 8th Grade computer literacy.
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Sample QuestionA form of memory that holds items that can be read but not erased or changed is called ______.
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Fl. Cochinch. 2 (1790) 519
Monopodial epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial plants. Stem short to much elongated. Leaves few to many, arranged in two rows, sheathing at the base, glabrous, deciduous, duplicate, leathery. Inflorescence lateral, a dense, few- to many-flowered raceme, with the flowers opening in succession. Bracts often laterally flattened and then arranged in two rows. Flowers small to rather large, ephemeral, resupinate, usually whitish or yellowish, often with brown spots. Sepals free. Petals free, usually fairly similar to the dorsal sepal but often slightly narrower. Lip without spur, not mobile, concave, in the centre usually with a callus. Column-foot present. Pollinia 4, unequal, arranged in two bodies, solid, caudicles absent, stipe present, viscidium present.
Sri Lanka, tropical continental Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Pacific islands, east to Samoa. About 140 species; in New Guinea about 11 species.
Epiphytes in lowland and montane forest, also in plantations and on isolated trees. One species [Thrixspermum amplexicaule (Blume) Rchb.f.] terrestrial among shrubs in swampy vegetation.
A genus of monopodial orchids with often rather attractive, but very short-lived flowers. Most are easily recognised by the inflorescences with flattened bracts arranged in two rows, with the flowers appearing one-by-one in succession (section Thrixspermum). Another group of species (section Dendrocolla) lacks such characteristic bracts; they have flowers rather similar to those of Chiloschista, but with an immobile lip. Not very common in cultivation.
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Also found in: Wikipedia.
1. Loosely fitting hose or breeches worn in the 1500s and 1600s.
2. Loose trousers.
3. Chiefly British Leggings.
1. (Clothing & Fashion) loose wide breeches or hose, esp as worn by men in the 17th century
2. (Clothing & Fashion) leather leggings, as worn in the 19th century
[C16: from obsolete French garguesques, from Italian grechesco Greek, from Latin Graecus]
gal•li•gas•kins(ˌgæl ɪˈgæs kɪnz)
n. (used with a pl. v.)
1. loose hose or breeches worn in the 16th and 17th centuries.
2. any loose breeches.
3. leggings or gaiters, usu. of leather.
[1570–80; orig. uncertain]
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As noted previously in this series, grace perfects nature. So we saw that the natural virtue of prudence is elevated by grace in the gift of counsel.
Similarly, fortitude is singular, in that it is both a cardinal virtue and a gift of the Holy Spirit. It comes after the gift of counsel because it gives us the guts to do what the gift of counsel tells our conscience must be done to obey Jesus.
Spiritual fortitude is sometimes called courage, and certainly it is related to courage. But it also goes beyond courage, which relates more to natural fortitude. The natural virtue of fortitude has in view earthly objects and tends to feed off earthly rewards and seek earthly goals.
So, for instance, in 2 Kings 5, we read about a Syrian general named Naaman, whom Scripture describes as a “mighty man of valor.” He had all sorts of natural fortitude and had gone into battle many times, as brave a man as you could ask for. And he had received the reward that such courage receives: rank, pomp, riches and honors.
But then he contracted leprosy. His slave girl, an Israelite, knew of a prophet in Israel named Elisha who was reputed to be able to heal leprosy. So his king dispatched him, not to Elisha (the powerful do not treat with the lower orders), but to the king of Israel. The king of Israel, however, was powerless and afraid of what Syria would do, since he couldn’t come up with a cure. So he sent Naaman and his delegation to Elisha, who told Naaman that God would cure him — if he would go and wash in the muddy waters of the Jordan seven times.
Naaman became furious. He was expecting mystical hocus-pocus and hand waving. Instead, he — the great and powerful he — was being ordered by some peasant to go wash in this dirty stream! What was wrong with the rivers of Syria? Why did he have to jump through hoops for this nobody? It was a direct offense to his dignity! So he stormed off.
However, some of his servants with cooler heads went after him and said, “My father, if the prophet had commanded you to do some great thing, would you not have done it? How much rather, then, when he says to you, ‘Wash, and be clean’” (2 Kings 5:13). With that, Naaman displayed his greatest act of courage yet: He swallowed his pride, humbled himself, washed in the Jordan and was cleansed.
Here we get the picture of the difference between the natural virtue of fortitude and the spiritual gift of fortitude. The latter builds on the former, and the former, while good, is fundamentally incomplete without the latter.
So, again, we see real natural fortitude in the life of Peter the Apostle. He did, after all, do more than most of us would do: He dropped his nets, left everything and followed Jesus. No doubt his wife was not too keen on that. He spent three years following the Master all over the Holy Land and shared the hostility Jesus faced. He promised that he was ready to follow him to prison and to death — and he meant it. He even displayed a certain clumsy natural bravery in pulling out a sword and lopping off the ear of the High Priest’s slave (you try doing that when you are surrounded by a cohort of soldiers). So Peter did have real natural fortitude.
But then, as we know, it all came unglued. He did not have the fortitude to face this mysterious and baffling death wish Jesus seemed to be indulging. He fell apart and denied Jesus three times. He had the natural virtue of fortitude, but not the supernatural gift of fortitude. He required grace to perfect nature. How did he find his nerve again? On that, more next time.
Mark Shea is a Register blogger and columnist.
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The selection principle of valve electric actuator is as follows:
1. There are two main machine structures for operating thrust valve electric device: one is not equipped with thrust disc and directly output torque;The other is provided with a thrust disc, the output torque is converted to output thrust by the stem nut of the thrust disc.
2. Operating torque: the operating torque is the most important parameter for selecting the valve electric device, and the output torque of the electric actuator should be 1.2 ~ 1.5 times of the maximum operating torque of the valve.
3.Type of electric actuator
(1). Angle travel electric actuator (Angle <360 degrees)
Electric actuator output shaft rotation less than a week, that is, less than 360 degrees, usually 90 degrees to achieve the valve opening and closing process control.This kind of electric actuator can be divided into direct connection type and base crank type according to the different way of mounting interface.
A) direct connection type: it refers to the form in which the output shaft of the electric actuator is directly connected to the valve stem.
B) base crank type: refers to the form in which the output shaft is connected to the valve stem through the crank.
This kind of electric actuator is suitable for butterfly valve, ball valve, plug valve, etc.
(2).Multi-turn electric actuator (turn Angle >360)
The rotation of the output shaft of the electric actuator is more than one week, that is, more than 360 degrees. Generally, multiple turns are required to realize the opening and closing process control of the valve.
This kind of electric actuator is suitable for gate valve, globe valve, etc.
(3).Straight stroke (linear motion)
The motion of the output shaft of the electric actuator is linear.
This kind of electric actuator is suitable for single seat regulator, double seat regulator, etc.
4. Output shaft rotation circle count: the number of laps valve electric actuator output shaft rotation with nominal diameter of the valve, the valve stem thread pitch, thread, according to M = H/ZS calculation (M for electric devices should satisfy the total number of rotating ring, H is height of valve opens, S for stem drive screw pitch, Z for the stem thread).
5. Stem diameter to multi-turn type stem valve, if the maximum stem diameter allowed by the electric device cannot pass through the valve stem, it cannot be assembled into an electric valve.Therefore, the inside diameter of the hollow output shaft of the electric device must be larger than the outside diameter of the stem of the stem valve.For the non-rising stem valves in partial rotary valves and multi-rotary valves, the diameter of the stem should not be considered, but the diameter of the stem and the size of the key way should also be taken into full consideration when selecting the valve, so that the assembly can work normally.
6. Output speed: if the opening and closing speed of the valve is too fast, water hammer will easily occur.Therefore, the appropriate opening and closing speed should be selected according to different operating conditions.
Valve actuators have special requirements that limit torque or axial forces.Usually the valve electric device USES the limit torque coupling.When the specification of the electric device is determined, its control torque is also determined.Generally in the predetermined time operation, the motor will not overload.
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What is posthumanism? Think bionics on crack. Posthumanism asks what happens when our technologies allow humans to enhance intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities beyond what biology can give us. What happens when we can eliminate aging? How about downloading consciousness into a computer to live forever in the Matrix? What are the pros, cons, and ethics of these just-around-the-corner technologies?
The Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies is built around these questions, and I'm pleased to report that I've been appointed a Fellow with the IEET. This organization works to ensure that the developments in biotechnology, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence improve the common good. The mission is to use technological progress as a catalyst for positive human development so long as the technologies are safe and equitably distributed.
Here are some questions of the addressed by the IEET:
- Which technologies, especially new ones, are likely to have the greatest impact on human beings and human societies in the 21st century?
- What ethical issues do those technologies and their applications raise for humans, our civilization, and our world?
- How much can we extrapolate from the past and how much accelerating change should we anticipate?
- What sort of policy positions can be recommended to promote the best possible outcomes for individuals and societies?
Check out the pages of the IEET. I'll be interested to know your thoughts on these issues.
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European paper wasps are black wasps with yellow markings including rings on their body. They also have spots on their face and body which show information about gender. The spots might also have information about social status and whether they are aggressive. Faces with more black might show dominance and give information about the size of the wasp. European paper wasps have bright reddish-orange antennae. (Buck, et al., 2008a; Buck, et al., 2008b; Buck, et al., February 19, 2008; Green and Field, 2010)
European paper wasps look like Northern paper wasps, but they are smaller, about 2.0 cm long on average. They have 6 legs, a pair of antennae, and a pair of wings. They have an indentation on the side of the middle part of their bodies, and ridges on the front of their abdomens. They are different from closely related species because they fly with their back legs slightly below their bodies. Females are larger than males, and their undersides are black instead of yellow. Front wings are 9.5 to 13.0 mm long in females, and 8.5 to 12.0 mm long in males. (Buck, et al., 2008a; Buck, et al., February 19, 2008; Cranshaw, 2008)
European paper wasps originally lived in the Mediterranean, northern Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, and eastern China. They were introduced to North America in the 1970s and 1980s. At first, they were mostly found on the East coast of the United States. They have spread into the Midwest and the western and southwestern United States. European paper wasps were introduced to Canada in the 1990s, including Ontario, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia. They have also been introduced to Chile and Argentina and also western Australia. (Cervo, et al., 2000; Jacobs, 2011)
European paper wasps live on land in forests, grasslands, and in the hot and dry chaparral. They live in temperate climates, meaning places where the seasons change. They are found in urban, suburban, and agricultural areas. They tend to be located close to human civilization because they nest in things humans build. They also live in forests and on plants where they can feed and nest. When they are nesting, they choose spaces made by farm machines or things used for recreation. In the winter, pregnant queens stay in protected areas like in the walls of houses or hollow trees. Then, females build nests in these places or somewhere nearby at the beginning of spring. (Buck, et al., February 19, 2008; Jacobs, 2011; Rusina, et al., 2011)
European paper wasp eggs grow into larvae. Queen and worker wasps collect food for the larvae. The larvae go through a pupa state, and then transform into adults. At the right temperature and with enough food, adults take 40 days to develop into adults. Adults drum with their antennae on the larvae, which determines whether the larvae grow up into workers or founder wasps. (Suryanarayanan, et al., 2011)
European paper wasp colonies have a queen who is head of the colony. The queen mates with more than one male, and is more likely to mate with resident males than transient males. Resident males defend a large tree or other spot for multiple days, while transient males move between defending different places. To choose mates, the queen flies over the territories of the males. She probably chooses a resident male because they are often large and aggressive. After the larvae develop, workers help the foundress female provide food to the other larvae. (Beani and Turillazzi, 1987; Beani, et al., 1992)
Queen European paper wasps are more likely to mate with males that don't share their nest. Males don't treat females differently if they are from the same nest. Females are picky in mating. (Liebert, et al., 2010)
Female European paper wasps mate during the spring and have more than one set offspring. They mate once more in the fall, and store male reproductive cells in their bodies until spring. They spend the winter in houses, walls, or outdoors. In April and May, they start to build nests in places that are dark and protected. They nest in places built by humans more often than northern paper wasps. Females nest alone or in combined nests with other females. Once in a while, females stay in the place where they hibernate until they take over an abandoned nest. Nests are built from papery materials and attached to wood, metal, or rock. At the beginning of the season, females lay eggs in the paper holes of the nest. During the season, worker wasps rebuild the nest and make it bigger. (Cranshaw, 2008; Zanette and Field, 2011)
Females lay eggs in the holes of the nest, which grow into adults in 3 to 4 weeks. The eggs hatch into larvae in 3 to 5 days. Then, the queen wasp feeds them chewed-up caterpillars. The larvae close off the top of a nest cell with silk and change from pupae to adults. As adult wasps develop, they become worker wasps in the colony. By the summer, the colony has several dozen wasps. They help the foundress get food for future larvae and build space in the nest for them. Later on in the season, some of the workers reproduce. Only females survive the winter. (Cranshaw, 2008)
Female European paper wasps protect and feed their offspring until after they are able to feed themselves. The eggs develop inside their bodies with yolks, and females keep the eggs in her body until she lays them in a nest. Then, the foundress of the colony feeds her larvae chewed up insects like caterpillars. The first adults become worker wasps who help build the nests and collect food for the next group of young. (Bartelt, 2011)
Queen European paper wasps live longer than workers because queens are protected by females and hibernate during the winter. Colonies start in late March or April, and can have more than one queen. Only females that reproduce survive the winter, so most European paper wasps live less than one year. Females that reproduce can survive more than one season. (Cranshaw, 2008; Strassmann, et al., 2004)
European paper wasps are able to fly and walk. They are social wasps that live in large groups called colonies. Each colony has a hierarchy between the queen and workers. There are also separate hierarchies between the working wasps. Workers spend their time moving around the nest, hunting, building up the nest, and sitting on the nest. European paper wasps are active in the day and come back to the nest at night. Males are sometimes aggressive, and their level of aggression is related to the pattern on their face. Males might be more likely to challenge a weaker rival based on the pattern on its face. (Baracchi, et al., 2010; Cranshaw, 2008)
Female queens hibernate during the winter and lay eggs in early spring. Eggs become workers for the colony and the queen. Together, they build and live in a nest. The female foundresses of the colonies visit fewer areas of the nest than the workers do. By the summer, the colony has several dozen wasps. The wasps born first often have higher social status, and all the workers add to the nest as the colony gets bigger. In smaller colonies, the 6 wasps born first have less interaction with highly ranked wasps. In the next season, females usually choose a spot to build a new nest. (Baracchi, et al., 2010; Cranshaw, 2008; Karsai, et al., 1996)
Scientists don't know much about the size of the home range of European paper wasps.
European paper wasps might not be able to recognize each other as specific individuals. Scientists know this because they are just as aggressive with each other if they have met each other before or not. To figure out if another wasp belongs to their nest or not, they use chemicals on the outside waxy layer of their bodies. (Bruschini, et al., 2011; Sheehan and Tibbetts, 2010)
European paper wasps use touch to communicate dominance. In a behavior called mounting, the dominant wasp drums their antennae on on another wasp's head, and the other wasp lowers its head and antennae. In a behavior called boxing, the wasp uses its front legs to bat at another wasp. They curl up together and the wasp trying to be dominant wraps its body around the other one. European paper wasps also lightly bat the heads of other wasps with their antennae or drum on their bodies apart from struggling for dominance. (Izzo, 2011)
European paper wasps are omnivores, so they eat animals and plants. They eat insect larvae and caterpillars, as well as aphids, honeydew melon, and nectar from flowers. European paper wasps consume more kinds of insects than northern paper wasps, which only eat caterpillars. (Cervo, et al., 2008)
European paper wasps look similar to closely related species, so potential predators may have trouble telling different kinds of wasps apart. (Bartelt, 2011)
European paper wasps help pollinate plants. They also eat insects, especially caterpillars. Where European paper wasps have been introduced, they affect native northern paper wasps. European paper wasps set up their nests before native wasps, so they can increase the size of their colony without a lot of competition. Nesting early also helps them avoid bird predators. European paper wasps eat a bigger variety of insects than native species, which is good for the health of the water. Their success makes it more difficult for native wasps to survive. (Cervo, et al., 2000; Cranshaw, 2008; Jacobs, 2011; Stahlhut, et al., 2006)
Native European paper wasps get infected by parasitic insects that are called parasitoids, such as Endurus argiolus and Xenos vesparum. Adults lay eggs on or inside European paper wasps. They larvae that infect sometimes kill their hosts. In North America, native parasitoids don't recognize European paper wasps as hosts. In Italy and the northeastern United States, European paper wasps can be infected with a bacteria parasite called These North American parasitoids do not generally infect European paper wasps in the United States because they do not recognize them as hosts based on their recent introduction. In Italy and the northeastern United States, European paper wasps can get infected with Wolbachia bacteria. (Cervo, et al., 2000; Jacobs, 2011; Stahlhut, et al., 2006)
European paper wasps sting people and other animals who come too close to their nests. They can also be threatened by native wasps. European paper wasps nest in structures or buildings built by humans more often than their closest relatives. This means people kill them with chemicals and get rid of their nests. (Bartelt, 2011; Buck, et al., 2008a)
European paper wasps benefit humans by pollinating plants. They help reduce the number of insects like caterpillars, hornworm larvae, cabbageworms, tent caterpillars, and sawfly larvae like Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, and Tenthredinidae. (Bartelt, 2011; Cranshaw, 2008)
European paper wasps are not threatened or endangered.
Eliza Stout (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Catherine Kent (editor), Special Projects.
Baracchi, D., M. Zaccaroni, R. Cervo, S. Turillazzi. 2010. Home Range Analysis in the Study of Spatial Organization on the Comb in the Paper Wasp Polistes Dominulus. Ethology, 116(7): 579-587. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft_dat=article%2F7407199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.2010.01770.x&rft.epage=587&rft.title=Ethology&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Baracchi&rft.atitle=Home%20Range%20Analysis%20in%20the%20Study%20of%20Spatial%20Organization%20on%20the%20Comb%20in%20the%20Paper%20Wasp%20Polistes%20Dominulus&rft.spage=579&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=7&rft.issn=0179-1613&rft.au=Zaccaroni%2C%20Marco&rft.au=Cervo%2C%20Rita&rft.au=Turillazzi%2C%20Stefano&rft.genre=article&genre=article&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info:sid/libx%3Aum%3Awww.citeulike.org.
Bartelt, A. 2011. "Polistes dominula" (On-line). Texas Invasives. Accessed February 23, 2012 at http://www.texasinvasives.org/pest_database/detail.php?symbol=24.
Beani, L., R. Cervo, C. Lorenzi, S. Turillazzi. 1992. Landmark-Based Mating Systems in Four Polistes Species (Hymenopter: Vespidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 65.3: 211-217. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://www.jstor.org/stable/25085358 ..
Beani, L., S. Turillazzi. 1987. Alternative mating tactics in males of Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 22: 257-264. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://www.springerlink.com/content/x487j6u411817hn2/.
Bruschini, C., R. Cervo, A. Cini, G. Pieraccini, L. Pontieri, L. Signorotti, S. Turillazzi. 2011. Cuticular hydrocarbons rather than peptides are responsible for nestmate recognition in Polistes dominulus. Chem Senses, 36(8): 715-723. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21632982.
Buck, M., S. Marshall, D. Cheung. February 19, 2008. "Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification" (On-line). Identification Atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Accessed January 28, 2012 at http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/ejournal/bmc_05/74p_dominula.html.
Buck, M., S. Marshall, D. Cheung. 2008. Identification Atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5: 311-312. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/ejournal/bmc_05/pdf/bmc05_txt.pdf.
Buck, M., S. Marshall, D. Cheung. 2008. Identification Atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification. Accessed February 23, 2012 at http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/ejournal/bmc_05/key_polistes.html.
Cervo, R., L. Dapporto, L. Beani, J. Strassmann, S. Turillazzi. 2008. On status badges and quality signals in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus: body size, facial colour patterns and hierarchical rank. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275: 1189-1196. Accessed February 03, 2012 at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602695/?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
Cervo, R., F. Zacchi, S. Turillazzi. 2000. Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) invading North America: some hypotheses for its rapid spread. Insectes Sociaux, 47: 155-157. Accessed February 03, 2012 at http://www.springerlink.com/content/5n1m56tl0dqg9wv9/.
Cranshaw, W. 2008. "European Paper Wasp" (On-line). Colorado State University Extension. Accessed February 03, 2012 at http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05611.html.
Cranshaw, W., H. Larsen, R. Zimmerman. 2011. Notes on Fruit Damage by the European Paper Wasp, Polistes dominula (Christ) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Southwestern Entomologist, 36(1): 103-105. Accessed February 03, 2012 at http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3958/059.036.0110.
Cranshaw, W. 2004. Garden Insects of North America. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Green, J., J. Field. 2010. Interpopulation variation in status signalling in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus. Animal Behaviour, 81: 205-209. Accessed February 03, 2012 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347210004045.
Hesler, L. 2010. Polistes dominula (Christ, 1791) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) found in South Dakota, U.S.A.. Insecta Mundi- A Journal of World Insect Systematics, 0145: 1-3. Accessed January 31, 2012 at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1664&context=insectamundi&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dpolistes%2520dominula%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D14%26ved%3D0CH0QFjAN%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1664%2526context%253Dinsectamundi%26ei%3D0jEoT8HsK8ji2QX7ysDQAg%26usg%3DAFQjCNHHOTfeDz3e6TPhwoVIDn-lB31GfA#search=%22polistes%20dominula%22.
Izzo, A. 2011. Spotting the top male: sexual selection in a lek-mating paper wasp, Polistes dominulus. Doctor of Philosophy (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) Dissertation: 1-102. Accessed March 26, 2012 at deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89661/1/mizzo_1.pdf.
Jacobs, S. 2011. European Paper Wasp. Entomological Notes: 1-2. Accessed February 01, 2012 at http://ento.psu.edu/publications/european-paper-wasp/view.
Jacobs, S. 2002. "Dominulus or European Paper Wasp" (On-line pdf). Entomological Notes. Accessed February 03, 2012 at www.smcmad.org/data/brochures/other_vectors/eu_paperwasp.pdf.
Karsai, I., Z. Pénzes, J. Wenzel. 1996. Dynamics of colony development in Polistes dominulus: a modeling approach. Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology, 39: 97-105. Accessed March 24, 2012 at faculty.etsu.edu/karsai/karsai_Penzes_Wenzel_BES_1996.pdf.
Leadbeater, E., J. Carruthers, J. Green, N. Rosser, J. Field. 2011. Nest Inheritance is the Missing Source of Direct Fitness in a Primitively Eusocial Insect. Science, 333: 874-876. Accessed March 15, 2012 at http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6044/874.full.
Leadbeater, E., J. Carruthers, J. Green, J. van Heusden, J. Field. 2010. Unrelated Helpers in a Primitively Eusocial Wasp: Is Helping Tailored Towards Direct Fitness?. PLOS One, 5(8). Accessed March 19, 2012 at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917371/?tool=pubmed.
Liebert, A., N. Wilson-Rich, C. Johnson, P. Starks. 2010. Sexual interactions and nestmate recognition in invasive populations of Polistes dominulus wasps. Insectes Sociaux, 57: 457-463. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://www.springerlink.com/content/d5j1284236v33341/.
Rusina, L., L. Firman, I. Rusin, C. Starr. 2011. Pulp Partitioning and Worker Specialization in Polistine Wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). Entomological Review, 91.7: 820-827. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://www.springerlink.com/content/au27737k64787177/.
Sheehan, M., E. Tibbetts. 2009. Evolution of Identity Signals: Frequency-Dependent Benefits of Distinctive Phenotypes Used for Individual Recognition. Evolution, 63-12: 3106-3113. Accessed February 01, 2012 at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00833.x/pdf.
Sheehan, M., E. Tibbetts. 2010. Selection for individual recognition and the evolution of polymorphic identity signals in Polistes paper wasps. European Society for Evolutionary Biology, 23: 570-577. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/79348.
Stahlhut, J., A. Liebert, P. Starks, L. Dapporto, J. Jaenike. 2006. Wolbachia in the invasive European paper wasp Polistes dominulus. Insectes Sociaux, 53: 269-273. Accessed February 03, 2012 at http://www.springerlink.com/content/m2888m8324m64604/.
Strassmann, J., A. Fortunato, R. Cervo, S. Turillazzi, J. Damon, D. Queller. 2004. The Cost of Queen Loss in the Social Wasp Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 77(4): 343-355. Accessed March 15, 2012 at http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2317/E-15.1.
Suryanarayanan, S., J. Hermanson, R. Jeanne. 2011. A Mechanical Signal Biases Caste Development in a Social Wasp. Current Biology, 21: 1-5. Accessed March 24, 2012 at www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/.../fpl_2011_suryanarayanan001.pdf.
Theraulaz, G., J. Gervet, B. Thon, M. Pratte, S. Semenoff-Tian-Chanski. 1992. The Dynamics of Colony Organization in the Primitively Eusocial Wasp Polistes dominulus Christ. Ethology: 177-202. Accessed January 31, 2012 at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00862.x/pdf.
Theraulaz, G., M. Pratte, J. Gervet. 1990. Behavioural Profiles in Polistes dominulus (Christ) Wasp Societies: A Quantitative Study. BRILL, 113, 3/4: 223-250. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=223-250&rft.atitle=Behavioral%20Profiles%20in%20Polistes-Dominulus%20%28Christ%29%20Wasp%20Societies%20-%20a%20Quantitative%20Study&rft.jtitle=Behaviour&rft.aulast=Th%C3%A9raulaz&rft.auinit1=G&rft.au=Pratte%2C%20M&rft.au=Gervet%2C%20J&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info:sid/libx%3Aum%3Awww.mendeley.com.
Tibbetts, E., J. Dale. 2004. A Socially Enforced Signal of Quality in a Paper Wasp. Nature, 432: 218-222. Accessed February 01, 2012 at http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7014/full/nature02949.html.
Tibbetts, E., O. Skaldina, V. Zhao, A. Toth, M. Skaldin, L. Beani, J. Dale. 2011. Geographic Variation in the Status Signals of Polistes dominulus Paper Wasps. PLOS ONE, 6.12: 1-8. Accessed March 17, 2012 at http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0028173.
Torres, V., T. Montagna, J. Raizer, W. Antonialli- Junior. 2012. Division of labor in colonies of the eusocial wasp, Mischocyttarus consimilis. Journal of Insect Science, 12.21. Accessed March 15, 2012 at insectscience.org/12.21.
Zanette, L., J. Field. 2011. Founders versus joiners: group formation in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus. Animal Behavior, 82: 699-705. Accessed March 24, 2012 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000334721100279X.
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Alluding to the resemblance between the cactus stem and Aztec sculpture.
Body solitary or clustering, more or less compressed spherical and grey-green. Ribs 8-15, strongly wrinkled and ridged. Spines 1-3 per areole, flattened, upwardly curved and pressed to the stem, often soon shed. Areoles continuous, woolly. Flowers at apex, funnel shaped, to about 1.5 cm wide, 3 cm long, white to pale lilac. Pericarpel and flower tube naked. Fruit concealed in apical wool.
The single species in the genus is A. ritteri (Boed.) Boed. which may be easily grown as a graft.
Characteristic appearance with extremely wrinkled ribs and almost no spines except at the body apex.
1-2 species from NE Mexico (Nuevo Leon).
Source: (1997). Cactaceae. In: . Horticultural Flora of South-eastern Australia. Volume 2. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Part 1. The identification of garden and cultivated plants. University of New South Wales Press.
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| 0.88412 | 236 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Introducing podcasts worth hearing: K12Science
A subject that’s cropped up in a number of our podcast recommendations including Every Classroom Matters from last week is STEM, which stands for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. And this is a topic covered in K12Science hosted by science consultant David Bydlowski.
Each episode begins with an article featured in Science Scope, the National Science Teachers Association’s journal for middle school and junior high school science teachers. Bydlowski then takes the message of that article and expands on it, providing resources and tips for listeners interested in the topic.
In a recent episode, Bydlowski discusses an article on the importance of helping students understand science through effective reading engagement. When choosing reading materials in a STEM class, the goals are typically to relay the lesson being taught, to pique the interest of the student, and to make sure the material is at the appropriate reading level. Tips are given on how to assess reading levels accurately and Bydlowski suggests the website Newsela as a resource. Newsela allows educators to find relevant news stories on a variety of topics that are written at different reading levels. It even allows educators to create text sets for their classrooms.
Other episode topics include improving students’ STEM writing abilities, outstanding earth science books, and how misconceptions about STEM facts can be used as gateways to informative conversations with students.
Each episode is around 5 minutes long or less, so give it a listen!
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Pro rata is a Latin term that means in proportion. Pro rata is related to prorate, a term used in cost accounting.
To illustrate the term pro rata, let's assume that a company's standard costing system has an unfavorable materials price variance of $400,000. If that amount is significant, the company will prorate the $400,000 to its inventory and to its cost of goods sold. Let's also assume that the proration will be based on the company's $1 million of standard materials costs in its inventories and $9 million of standard materials costs in its cost of goods sold. On this basis the inventories' pro rata share of the variance will be $40,000 ($1 million divided by the total of $10 million = 10% times the $400,000 variance). The pro rata share of the variance assigned to the cost of goods sold will be $360,000 ($9 million divided by $10 million = 90% times the $400,000 variance).
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| 0.949975 | 209 | 3.09375 | 3 |
"[Florida]", Bry, Theodore de
Period: 1655 (published)
Publication: Newe Welt und Americanishe Historien
Color: Black & White
7 x 5.8 inches
17.8 x 14.7 cm
This copper engraving is from a remarkable series of publications, illustrating voyages of discovery and travels of exploration to various parts of the world. The project was begun by Theodore de Bry of Frankfurt, in 1590 and was to continue for another 54 years. They became known collectively as the Grands Voyages (to America and the West Indies) and the Petits Voyages (to the Orient and the East Indies). De Bry died after the first six parts of the Grands Voyages were completed. The project was completed initially by his widow and two sons, Johann Theodore de Bry and Johann Israel de Bry, then by his son-in-law, Matthaus Merian in 1644.
A fine view of a chief's wedding party. The chief and his bride are sitting on a platform of logs while the maidens of the village dance in a circle.
One dark spot, else very good.
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| 0.958542 | 240 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Author(s): Andrew Haslam
Using a combination of explanatory text, step-by-step photographs and classic and contemporary examples, this survey brings together over 80 processes involved in creating lettering and applying it to surfaces. It includes: hand-drawn lettering techniques; dimensional lettering; typesetting; printing; lettering on textiles; and, illuminated type.
Andrew Haslam graduated from the Royal College of Art in 1987. He is the author of 28 non-fiction, science, history and geography books for children. In 1994 he won the American Institute of Physics Award for best science writing, and in 1997 the Geographic Society Gold medal for most significant contribution to geography. He was Head of Undergraduate Typography at the London College of Printing and then Course Director of the MA in Communication Design at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, teaching on the course for ten years. Now Programme Leader for undergraduate and postgraduate Graphic Design and Illustration at the University of Brighton, he is the author of Book Design and with Phil Baines co-author of Type & Typography.
Introduction/The anatomy of a letterform Chapter 1: Hand-drawn and painted lettering Calligraphy/Digital calligraphy/Graffiti/Tattooed lettering/Signwriting/Fairground painting/Canal boat painting/Road lettering and markings/Painting stained glass/Mosaic lettering Chapter 2: Typecasting, composition and design Letterpress/Hot metal composition/Book finishing/Punch-press stencils/Typewriters/Braille/Transfer lettering/Snellen eyesight test/Ishihara colour-blindness lettering/Designing type/Creating digital type Chapter 3: Printing Woodblock printing/Letterpress printing/Thermography/Lithography/Screen printing/Vitreous enamel signs/Rubber stamps/Hot foil blocking/Tin plate printing/Gravure printing/Banknotes and security printing/Dye-sublimation/Vinyl lettering/Inkjet printing/Direct to media printing Chapter 4: Cut, engraved and etched three-dimensional printing Lettercutting in wood/Lettercutting stone by hand/Lettercutting stone by machine/Sandblasting /Machine-routed letters/Hot-wire cutting/Laser cutting and etching/Pop-up and paper-cut lettering/Machine engraving/Hand engraving /Glass engraving/Acid-etching glass/Photographic etching Chapter 5: Moulded and cast three-dimensional lettering Rendered lettering/Lettering in paper /Polystyrene moulding/Vacuum-forming and thermoforming/Rapid prototyping/Coins and medals/Lettering with plants/Lettering in food/Sand casting metal/Cast-aluminium and polyurethane signs Chapter 6: Lettering in textiles Embroidery/Flag making/Machine embroidery/Cross stitch/Hand knitting/Machine knitting/Rugmaking/Woven letters Chapter 7: Illumination, animation and motion graphics Fireworks/Illuminated metal and Perspex lettering/Light boxes/Neon signs/Variable message space/Hand-drawn animation/Motion graphics: title sequences/Motion graphics: bumpers and stings Appendix/Further reading/Glossary/Index /Acknowledgements
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| 0.840751 | 689 | 3.140625 | 3 |
How High-Achieving, High-Poverty Schools Explain Their Success
High poverty, high success
A new report from Public Impact investigates why some schools in high-poverty communities produce remarkable success where others fail. The report examines how principals, teachers, parents, and students define the keys to success, and highlights specific strategies and decisions in these high-achieving schools. It also looks at how schools sustain effective practices and what helps them weather reductions in funding. The schools in the study are a mix of traditional public schools, magnet schools, and a charter school, and face common challenges: tightening budgets, restrictive regulatory policies and labor agreements, parents whose socioeconomic situation makes it difficult for them to participate in their child’s education, and a high proportion of students ill-prepared for school. Successful schools in the study have principals who lead with a strong and clear vision, engage staff in problem-solving and decision-making, and remain focused on goals and outcomes. Leaders provide genuine opportunities and incentives for teachers to collaborate and share best practices, and teachers regard student data as clarifying and helpful, using it to inform instruction. Principals and teachers have high expectations for all students and reject excuses, and set high expectations for school discipline and student behavior. Schools offer nontraditional incentives for academic success and good behavior, and students feel valued, loved, and challenged. Principals and teachers do not view lack of parent and community support as an insurmountable barrier to student achievement. Finally, school leaders and teachers seek continuous improvement on many levels.
See the report: http://publicagenda.org/pages/failure-is-not-an-option
More New Resources
Stay Current in Philly's Higher Education and Nonprofit Sector
We compile a weekly email with local events, resources, national conferences, calls for proposals, grant, volunteer and job opportunities in the higher education and nonprofit sectors.
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|Click for interactive:
A 1999 graphic explains
how the interplanetary
Internet might work.
After more than a decade of tinkering, NASA has successfully conducted the first deep-space test of a communication protocol that could serve as the foundation of an interplanetary Internet.
To mark the occasion, NASA team leader Adrian Hooke provided an e-mail reply to a message I wrote him back in 1999, asking when the interplanetary Internet would be deployed. He wrote, "I think that we just made it .... ;-)"
The fact that Hooke saved my nine-year-old e-mail message hints at how doggedly he and his colleagues have pursued the goal of creating a networking system suitable for deep-space missions.
Today, NASA's information superhighway to outer space flows through one major gateway - the Deep Space Network - to a host of space probes, scattered all the way out from Earth orbit to the edge of the solar system. As those probes proliferate, the Deep Space Network has to keep up with an increasingly complex communications schedule.
Hooke's team has been developing new networking tools to cope with the increasing load and the usual glitches and time delays that space missions have to weather. Those tools include a communication protocol known as DTN (which stands for Delay-Tolerant Networking or, more recently, Disruption-Tolerant Networking).
An Internet tough enough for space
The four-decade-old protocols that rule the Internet, known as the TCP/IP communications suite, are designed to work over a continuous end-to-end connection between the various parts of the network. That isn't well-suited for Earth-to-Mars communications, where the delay between sending a message and having it received can run as long as 20 minutes. And that's assuming that the antennas on both sides of the signal are working.
DTN is designed to accommodate a store-and-forward system, with built-in smarts. If one link in a communication chain is broken, a robot on Mars could decide for itself the next-best way to get its data back to Earth.
"By making the best use of the contacts you've got, you can smooth out the load on the network, and avoid having the network just loitering on one spacecraft," said Hooke, who is manager of space-networking architecture, technology and standards at NASA Headquarters.
For years, engineers on Hooke's team have been working with other network experts to wring the bugs out of DTN, through a series of earthly pilot projects. Hooke said the protocol has been used by Laplanders herding reindeer on snowmobiles, as well as cell-phone users on the bleeding edges of their coverage areas. It's even being deployed by the Pentagon for battlefield communications.
"There's quite a community now, the happy band of delay-tolerant networkers," Hooke told me.
Last summer, the UK-DMC satellite used the protocol to send sensor data down from Earth orbit to a British ground station and onward to NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. That set the stage for October's monthlong deep-space test, involving NASA's Epoxi spacecraft.
"We have finally got the resources and the momentum up to take our own technology back and start putting it into space," Hooke said.
Simulated Mars missions
Epoxi used to be known as the Deep Impact spacecraft. After it flew past Comet Tempel 1 in 2005, the craft was recommissioned for a new mission, including a fly-by of Comet Hartley 2 in 2010. Right now, it's 20 million miles from Earth.
Using the DTN protocol, NASA bounced image data between Earth and Epoxi several times via the Deep Space Network. The network knit together 10 nodes, including Epoxi and several computer servers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California that masqueraded as Red Planet probes.
"We have one computer which pretends to be a camera on Phobos [one of Mars' moons], and we have another one pretending to be on Mars," Hooke said.
Epoxi was chosen for the test because the spacecraft's architecture was well-suited for uploading the new communication protocols, Hooke said. "We got the first images on the 20th, and since then we've been running about two passes a week," he said.
Some of the people involved in developing the deep-space Internet also played a role in building the very first Internet - and the first image transmitted as part of the DTN experiment paid tribute to those pioneers: It was a reproduction of a hand-drawn diagram of the original four-node Arpanet, sketched in 1969 by Steve Crocker, who is one of the Internet's founding fathers as well as a participant in the DTN effort.
The second image was a photograph of another networking pioneer, the late J.C.R. Licklider. Licklider's concept of a "Galactic Network" was an inspiration for the present-day Internet as well as the interplanetary Internet, Hooke said.
Among those who have been working on the new protocol is Vinton Cerf, another Internet founding father who is currently a vice president at Google. Cerf continues to be "very hands-on" in his involvement, Hooke said: "I've been in almost daily contact with him for the whole decade."
Hooke said he was surprised to see that the protocol worked as well as it did for automatically routing data back and forth. "In the space community, that goes a long way toward persuading mission managers to put it on their spacecraft," he said.
The next step would be to install the software on the international space station, creating a permanent DTN node in Earth orbit. "These flight demonstrations are really important, because they show the thing working in a real mission environment," Hooke said.
It's hard to predict exactly when DTN will be needed for deep-space communications. Over the past decade, the "mission density" hasn't been heavy enough to require networks built to tolerate significant disruptions, Hooke said. But that time will come someday. Hooke just hopes that DTN will be fully tested and standardized by the time NASA starts building up networks of landers, orbiters and sensors, all talking amongst themselves.
"With Mars, we've already seen point-to-point-to-point archtecture," he noted, referring to the use of NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter as relay satellites for Phoenix Mars Lander. "As you put stuff on the surface that could be networked itself, if you do everything by stitching together links, you end up with a horrible operations problem."
By the time astronauts make humanity's next giant leap, they may well be getting their e-mail via a dot-space address.
"The moon and Mars are probably the primary targets," Hooke said.
Those of us stuck here on Earth, meanwhile, can look forward to a brave new world (video from space!) ... or a brand-new nightmare (spam from space!). Will the interplanetary Internet be any better or worse than today's international Internet? Feel free to weigh in with your comments below.
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A pluralistic approach to thinking about the human microbiome
In “The Conceptual Ecology of the Human Microbiome,” published in the June 2019 issue of The Quarterly Review of Biology, Nicolae Morar and Brendan J. M. Bohannan examine in detail the different metaphors scientists use to describe the human microbiome. Because it appears that each view has both advantages and disadvantages, the authors suggest the pragmatic approach of considering all metaphors when exploring therapies for diseases and disorders.
The human microbiome is the complex system of microorganisms on and in the human body that is crucial to many metabolic and immunity functions. Morar and Bohannan chose five of the most common ways scientists think of the human microbiome, examining the benefits that each conceptual framework offers in designing therapeutics, as well as the limitations of each.
“Each of the common conceptual frameworks we describe here captures important truths — and misses crucial aspects — of our human-microbe selves.” Morar and Bohannan write. “Although there is no evidence (yet) that one conceptual framework is more accurate or more useful or somehow ‘better’ than another, insights emerge as we consider these metaphors together as a whole.”
The “organ” framework views the function of our microbiome as that of an organ of human body. From this perspective, some very specific therapies emerge, in which the infections of the microbiome are viewed as “organ failure” that can be remedied with a transplant. For example, in treating the infection of the gut by the bacterium Clostridium difficile, one study found that a treatment of antibiotics and subsequent transplant of a donor’s feces produced a much higher cure rate than those treated with antibiotics alone.
But while the organ framework captures the important functional contributions that microbes make to human physiology, it misrepresents the fact that the composition is not static, but rather, is ever-changing. The authors write that “[o]rgans tend not to change substantially over time…However, there is ample evidence that changes of the microbiota over time can be associated with significant changes in organism function.”
The “immune system” framework views the human microbiome as a component of the immune system, emphasizing the importance of how the microbiome is acquired early in life and the role that the acquisition may play in the development of the immune system, both by stimulating the development of the immune system and by training it. This view is important when considering the implications, for instance, of vaginal canal birth versus cesarean section. It has been observed that babies delivered through the birth canal have a more diverse microbiome, which could lead to a more robust immune system. Therapies wherein a mother’s vaginal canal is swabbed and transferred to a newborn’s mouth and skin is one such therapy arising from this framework.
Ultimately, the immune system view of the human microbiome is incomplete, because it does not take into account all of the metabolic services we receive from our microbiome, nor does it consider the complexity of host-microbe interactions.
The “superorganism” framework focuses on the coevolved, cooperative mechanisms at play in the human-microbe system. Under this framework, it is assumed that there is a health risk in allowing niches that were formerly occupied by bacterium remain vacant, and emphasis is put on the idea that restoring the ancestral human microbiome will help treat many disorders. This is relevant, for instance, in the potential link between antibiotics and some metabolic diseases, with some researchers even proposing that the rise of modern allergies, asthma, and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes are due to the breakdown of the ancestral microbiome, Morar and Bohannan write.
The framework runs into problems, however, in its assumption that variation in group fitness is genetically heritable. This is not what has been observed, the authors write, citing a 2018 study that estimated fewer than 2% of the microbial taxa in the human microbiome show significant heritability. The framework also downplays the many possible instances where competition occurs among the individuals in a superorganism, since one of the tenants of the framework is that all members are equal in fitness. Although a truly mutualistic situation is plausible, it is most likely rarer than this framework implies.
The “holobiont” framework views humans and their microbes as entities that coevolved together to maximize the fitness of their combined genome. Like the superorganism view, this framework regards humans and their microbes as a tightly-knit product of coevolution, but takes into greater account the dynamism and porosity between host and microbes. One therapy that emerges from this view is probiotic therapy, wherein specific microbes are introduced as a means to promote health. Like the superorganism view, this framework relies on the assumption that human microbiome as a whole has significant heritability, which is not something that scientists have found.
The “ecosystem” framework emphasizes the ongoing movement of microbes entering and leaving the human-microbe system. Heritability is downplayed in this view, with emphasis instead on local factors, as well as even an element of randomness, affecting the movement of microbes and composition of our microbiomes. This framework runs into problems, however, in its failure to recognize the strength of some of the connections between host and microbe, which do have the ability to coevolve. Moreover, this view might present difficulties in developing therapies.
“It has been argued that it is especially difficult to assign causality in complex systems with fluid boundaries…which could make it very difficult to use this metaphor to develop clinical applications,” Morar and Bohannan write. “Thus, the ecosystem metaphor may result in a view of human-microbe systems that is too complex to be helpful.”
The authors suggest that researchers keep all viewpoints in mind when developing therapies, writing that there is not, at present, a clear view of which framework is more “correct” than others. More than likely, each framework is probably very useful in some scenarios and not very useful in others.
Morar and Bohannan write “…that some aspects of our microbial selves can be transplanted successfully (with subsequent transfer of function), while others must be restored gradually and carefully managed over time, and still other aspects may be highly sensitive to their initial development (and may be very difficult to subsequently change).”
The authors also say that “[t]he ultimate goal then is not to avoid using various concepts and metaphors to describe the human-microbe system, nor to choose the ‘best’ conceptual framework, but rather to use all of these concepts to guide the exploration of our complexity as chimeric beings, and ultimately to fully understand the multitude of ways in which we are human.”
Related Journal Article
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Active@ Partition Manager is an application that helps you manage storage devices and the logical drives or partitions that they contain.
You may create, delete, format and name partitions on your computer without shutting down the system. In addition, most of the configuration modification you perform will be applied immediately.
Active@ Partition Manager is a component of Active@ Boot Disk (Windows-based LiveCD). You can add more space to an existing primary partition by extending it into adjacent, contiguous unallocated space on the same disk.
To extend a partition, it must be formatted with the NTFS file system. You can extend a logical drive within contiguous free space in the extended partition that contains it.
If you extend a logical drive beyond the free space available in the extended partition, the extended partition grows to contain the logical drive as long as the extended partition is followed by contiguous unallocated space.
Active@ Partition Manager includes the following features:
- Recognize volumes (partitions) with file systems: FAT, NTFS, NTFS + EFS, MacOS HFS+, Linux Ext2/Ext3/Ext4, Unix UFS, BtrFS
- Create a partition or logical drive (volume)
- Format a logical drive or partition (FAT, exFAT, NTFS)
- Resize logical drive (volume)
- Edit and synchronize boot sectors of FAT, exFAT, NTFS, UFS, HFS+, Ext2/Ext3/Ext4 and Partition Table
- Initialize new disk as MBR or GPT or fix MBR (GPT) on damaged disk
- Convert MBR to GPT or GPT to MBR
- Rollback partition layout changes, such as createdeleteformat partition and disk initialization
- Assign or change partition attributes, drive letter etc.
- Format a Flash memory as NTFS
- Delete a partition or logical drive
- Create FAT32 partitions greater than 32GB in size (up to 1Tb)
- Mark partition as active
- Create several partitions on a USB flash memory device
- View advanced properties and attributes of a partition, logical drive or hard drive (disk)
- Supports Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows XP, Windows 2003, 2008 and 2012 Windows Servers, WinPE
The number of partitions you can create on a hard disk or a USB device depends on the device’s partition style. In Windows, the MBR (Master Boot Record) describes how a disk is partitioned, which partition contains the boot sector and where the boot sector is located.
On MBR devices, you can create up to four primary partitions, or you can create up to three primary partitions and one extended partition. You may create only one extended partition on a drive device. Within the extended partition, you can create an unlimited number of logical drives.
Changes in Active@ Partition Manager 6.0:
- Adopted for HiDPI (high resolution displays)
- Improved GPT volume management and formatting
- Intensive GUI tweaks and bug fixes
Homepage – http://www.pcdisk.com
Size: 19.5 MB
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This is a guest post by Kelly Bilz, Librarian-in-Residence in the Geography and Map Division.
Beneath the surface of west-central Kentucky winds a complex system of rivers and grottos known as Mammoth Cave. Named “mammoth” for its size, the cave doesn’t have much to do with the creature—although mammoths and mastodons did live in Kentucky near Big Bone Lick (which was labelled on a 1784 map by John Filson with the addendum, “Bones are found here”). Instead, Native Americans and later residents of Kentucky were drawn to the cave for its mineral resources and geological curiosities.
The Library of Congress has in its collections an early map of the cave from 1835, created by a civil engineer from Cincinnati, Edmund F. Lee.
Lee labelled different passages of the cave, noted traces of earlier use by Native Americans, and added descriptions for future spelunkers and explorers, such as whether a passage was occupied by bats or had “[h]eaps of broken stones.” The map even contains some information about the surface level above, showing a grove and house at the bottom, belonging to Fleming Gatewood, one of the early owners of the cave.
Though some of the names Lee used on the map have changed since, many remain the same. In the late nineteenth century, the photographer Ben Hains took a series of stereographic cards to promote tourism, as well as interest in the sciences. These can be found on the Library of Congress’s website. A complete list of “interior views” can be found on this card, seen to the left. These stereograph cards let us see some of the fascinating, and occasionally bewildering, sites in the cave listed on the map.
The first is Bottomless Pit, which is about 105 feet deep. This feature was first crossed by the African American guide and explorer, Stephen Bishop, who is buried in the Old Guides Cemetery. The Old Guides Cemetery appears on the 1966 topographic map of the Mammoth Cave area by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Lovers Leap is the next stop. On Lee’s map, it is located next to the “Haunted Chambers.” However, there is no record of anyone actually leaping from this structure—whoever named it was just being imaginative.
Some well-known landmarks in the cave were man-made, like the “Sick Room.” This part represents a peculiar chapter of the cave’s past. The owner of the Mammoth Cave estate and Stephen Bishop’s slaveholder, Dr. John Croghan, believed that the stable cool temperatures in the cave would make it beneficial for tuberculosis patients. In fact, in the early 1840s, he even built structures for patients to live in inside the cave. His experiment did not achieve its goals, but the residences built in the cave remain (and, as you can see, were a popular spot to visit). Several tuberculosis patients who died after living in the cave are also buried in the Old Guides Cemetery.
We see many of these same places appear on the National Park Service’s maps of Mammoth Cave, after the feature became a national park site in 1941. One newspaper article notes the possibility of using the park to treat veterans with tuberculosis, even though Dr. Croghan’s earlier experiment had been unsuccessful.
We also see how the number of landmarks had significantly increased between 1835 and 1941, in large part due to Stephen Bishop’s and other guides’ exploration.
Also, note how the map’s purpose changes its layout and presentation. Both NPS maps have greater detail of the surface, so that tourists could find the entrance and other accommodations, and the representation of the cave itself is much more simplified. The 1950 map of the cave, for instance, is built around the trips offered by the park, so it presents a series of views of the cave.
Because these were structured tours maintained by the park staff, there are none of the “navigational” notes in the 1835 maps about stone debris and bats. Additionally, only the places accessible to the public are included on the map—after all, it is dangerous to just go roaming around a cave.
That’s not to say that exploration of the cave has stopped since it became a national park. It is estimated that there are 600 miles of the cave system that are still unexplored, which means that there are more discoveries (and more maps) in store.
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Good team functioning is a product of cooperative structures and the intelligent, responsible participation of the team's members. (Resource Manual for a Living Revolution, p. 43) Group dynamics and leadership are the core of understanding racism, sexism, and other forms of social prejudice and discrimination. These applications of the field are studied in psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, epidemiology, education, social work, business, and communication studies.
Group Dynamics Group dynamics are any interactions that happen between people when they are put into a group setting. The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behavior of groups and is useful in studies of psychology, sociology, political science, and other fields Psychologists study these behaviors to analyze how we act when around each other. Leadership Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal.
Leaders are considered to have a large influence over the success of groups GOOD LEADERSHIP MEANS: • to accept and clarify feelings of another without threat; • to aid the group's insight into its feelings and attitudes; • to recognize and interpret forces operating in a group; • to sense the development of tension; • to state all sides of a controversy fairly and objectively; • to recognize and articulate themes noticed in discussion; • to summarize group discussion;
• to collect thinking and restate it for group acceptance and action; • to coordinate the questions and steps a group needs to consider in order to reach a decision; • to encourage others to gain experience in and learn skills of leadership REASONS FOR GROUP FORMATION: 1. Have a sense of security:
The group enables the person to reduce a sense of insecurity and have stronger feeling with few self-doubts and more resistant to threats when they are a part of the group. 2. Have a status: The persons in a group can be easily recognized and a status is achieved by them. 3. Develop Self-esteem: The groups can help a person develop a sense of “to – belong”. This provides with feelings of self- worth and develops confidence in its members.
4. Affiliation: The groups can fulfill social needs. People enjoy the regular interaction that comes with the group membership. 5. Power: The power is derived on the strength of closeness of the group members with greater power achieved when in group then if a person is alone or individually
6. Goal achievement: The goal can be achieved more easily when a group effort is present as “United we stand, divided we fall”. The pool of talents, knowledge or power of doing things and management for job – accomplishment is present when individuals act in groups. FUNCTIONS OF THE GROUPS: 1. Formal organizational functions: These relates to basic mission attainment by the organization. The group completes the work, creates ideas and embraces all activities for which they are accountable. 2. Psychological Personal functions:
The group formation facilitates psychological functioning, satisfaction of the needs, outlet for affiliation and helps in getting stability and enhancing the achievements. 1 / 2 3. Mixed or Multiple functions: The formal as well as informal both kinds of roles are taken up by the members of the group. The formal group can try to fulfill various psychological roles and leading to increased loyalty, commitment and energy for effective attainment of the administrative and organizational goals STAGES OF GROUP FORMATION:
1.FORMING: This is characterized by the great deal of uncertainty about groups purpose , structure and the leadership . Members are testing waters to determine the type of action needed or behavior required .The stage is completed when the members have begun to think that they are the parts of the group. 2. STORMING: The members accept the existence of the group but they are still resisting the constraints the group poses on them.
There is conflict as to who will control the group. When this stage completes there does a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership exist in the group. 3. NORMING: This is the one in which there is close relationship between the members and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. There is sense of group identified and this stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of expectations defining the behavior. 4. PERFORMING: The structure at this point is fully functional and accepted.
The group energy is has moved from getting to know and understand each other to performing a task at hand. For permanent work groups this is the last stage. But for the temporary committees, teams, task forces, and similar groups. 5. ADJOURNINIG: The groups prepare to disband.
The high task performance is no longer the required goal. The attention is towards the wrapping up of the activities and responses of the group members .The responses of group members vary in this stage. Some are upbeat, basking in the group’s accomplishment. Some are depressed over the loss of colleagues and friends made during the course. CONCLUSION:
The groups operate on a common task and common attitudes. The group dynamics is concerned with the interaction between the group members in a social situation. This is concerned with the gaining in the knowledge of the group, how they develop and their effect on the individual members and the organization in which they function.
The group dynamics is essential to study since it helps to find how the relationships are made within a group and how the forces act within the group members in a social setting. This helps to recognize the formation of group and how a group should be organized, lead and promoted
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In the first 2 articles for this series, I provide an introduction to what this series will be about and also give feedback on my time spent testing out the sample app on IBM Bluemix. We are slowly getting to the point where Istio will be discussed in detail, but we first need to ensure we have a good understanding of Microservices, Containerization and Kubernetes. This article introduces some of the core differences between Microservices and Monoliths.
Introduction to Microservices
Let’s kick things off with a formal definition:
Microservices is a variant of the SOA (service-oriented architecture) architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled services – Wikipedia
You’ll notice the reference to SOA. Believe it or not, the idea of Microservices has been around since 1994. Back then it was coined SOA or “Service-oriented Architecture”. But, to save you from a boring detailed explanation of the past, Microservices is, in a nutshell, SOA 2.0 or SOA next. The strategy is to take a complex application that contains heavy amounts of code, design and business logic, and convert it into small, fine-grained services.
The Monolithic Application
To understand what constitutes a Monolith application, take a look at the following diagram:
In this example, we have a Single Page Application that’s primarily made up of 3 CRUD Processes:
- Purchase Requisitions
- Credit Requests
- Leave Requests
Each of these processes require Create, Read, Update and Delete functionality. They are also driven by rules and business processes, making them more complex than a typical Reminder or To Do app. Single Page Applications have been a favorite for modern web application development, providing users with a responsive and optimized interface. Now, not all SPAs are considered Monoliths. To this day I highly recommend a SPA strategy. The issue is how the design is put together.
It’s a Monolith Application because…
Using the example application above, we could easily call it a Monolith because:
- All logic exists in 1 design
If you have 3 developers who are each responsible for a CRUD process, they’d have to carefully apply changes, bug fixes and enhancements to the design. If not done right, they risk code conflicts or worse, overwriting of someone else’s code. Sometimes developers even land up waiting for others to finish certain tasks before they can continue.
- Duplication of functionality
This unfortunately happens a lot with multiple developers working on the same design. Each process requires functionality similar to the others. What happens is, functions and logic get created uniquely for each process. Then, later on in the development cycle, the team realize that a lot of the logic can be centralized and reused.
- Client-side and Server-side communication happens natively
Because the application doesn’t have to look anywhere else for logic, most calls to the server-side happen locally and not via an API. If a separate application wanted to query one of the CRUD processes above, it would have to exist on the same server and platform. In other words, our application is silo’d from everything else.
- Unnecessary scaling of application
In the example application above, let’s say only 1 of the CRUD processes gets used aggressively, while the other 2 are rarely used. To provide enough machine resources, you would need to scale the entire application.
These are just some of the reasons why we would call our application a Monolith. Trust me there are more, but I think i’ve made a good enough point? Next, we’re going to see what our application would look like if we developed it using a Microservice strategy.
The Microservice Alternative
A common misconception of a Microservice strategy is that the entire design needs to be converted in one go. This is not true at all. The beauty of Microservices is that small steps can be taken in phases, leading to the end goal of having a complete Microservice architecture in place. As an example, let’s divide our Monolith into 3 phases:
- Phase 1: Separate Client-side from Server-side
To separate the UI and client-side design from the server-side logic is a perfect start. Even if you have no API endpoints for the client-side to connect to, depending on your application platform, you could still have the client-side separated, but keep it on the same platform/server. This way the calls would still happen locally. Obviously there are many application platforms out there and each one has their own way of doing things, but if you have to look carefully, I’m sure you would find a way to implement this kind of phase.
- Phase 2: Everything is an API
This is where things get a bit more involved, but pays off dividends in the end. Expose all the core functionality on the server-side as API endpoints. An example set of APIs for each process could be as easy and fulfilling the CRUD process flow:
- Saving new or updating existing records
- Deleting 1 or more records
- Fetching records based on certain conditions
You may have certain feature functions for each process that related to that specific process. For example, for the Leave Requests, you could have a function that checks available leave for an individual. Wouldn’t this be awesome as a consumable API not only for the current application, but for other applications as well?
- Phase 3: Separate CRUD Processes
Here’s where it starts getting fun. Now that each of the CRUD processes’ core functions are APIs, we can split the server-side logic for each of these processes into separate services. Using the example application above, you could now have 4 server-side runtimes:
- Core Server-side Runtime – Responsible for core functionality that gets used by all 3 CRUD processes
- Approver Roles
- Business Process Management
- Other Random Functionality
- Purchase Requisitions Runtime – Logic only relevant to Purchase Requisitions, but still available as web services
- Credit Requests Runtime – Logic only relevant to Credit Requests, but still available as web services
- Leave Requests Runtime – Logic only relevant to Leave Requests, but still available as web services
Even if at this point, some of the logic is still duplicated, you’ve ended up with 4 runtimes that can stand by themselves and easily communicate with each other using APIs. You are well on your way to implementing a Microservices architecture.
In my next article, I will discuss the use of Containers and how they could be used to deploy our application to a cloud cluster like Kubernetes. Once that’s out the way, I’ll finally focus on Istio itself and the benefits it brings to the table.Cheers for now
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Last year, Saturday Night Live introduced us to David S. Pumpkins, a dancing man in a jack-o-lantern suit who, along with two skeletons, inexplicably shows up on floor after floor of a haunted elevator. He is, he tells the bemused couple seeking Halloween frights, his own thing. “And the skeletons?” they ask in reply. “Part of it!” shout the skeletons. David S. Pumpkins might indeed be his own thing, but whether they knew it or not, the Saturday Night Live writers who came up with those dancing skeletons were tapping into an image with a very long history: the Danse Macabre, a medieval allegory about the inevitability of death.
In the Danse Macabre, or Dance of Death, skeletons escort living humans to their graves in a lively waltz. Kings, knights, and commoners alike join in, conveying that regardless of status, wealth, or accomplishments in life, death comes for everyone. At a time when outbreaks of the Black Death and seemingly endless battles between France and England in the Hundred Years’ War left thousands of people dead, macabre images like the Dance of Death were a way to confront the ever-present prospect of mortality.
Though a few earlier examples exist in literature, the first known visual Dance of Death comes from around 1424. It was a large fresco painted in the open arcade of the charnel house in Paris’s Cemetery of the Holy Innocents. Stretched across a long section of wall and visible from the open courtyard of the cemetery, the fresco depicted human figures (all male) accompanied by cavorting skeletons in a long procession. A verse inscribed on the wall below each of the living figures explained the person’s station in life, arranged in order of social status from pope and emperor to shepherd and farmer. Clothing and accessories, like the pope’s cross-shaped staff and robes, or the farmer’s hoe and simple tunic, also helped identify each person.
Located in a busy part of Paris near the main markets, the cemetery wouldn’t have been a quiet, peaceful place of repose like the burial grounds we’re used to today, nor would it have been frequented only by members of the clergy. Instead, it was a public space used for gatherings and celebrations attended by all sorts of different people. These cemetery visitors, on seeing the Dance of Death, would certainly have been reminded of their own impending doom, but would also have likely appreciated the image for its humorous and satirical aspects as well. The grinning, dancing skeletons mocked the living by poking fun at their dismay and, for those in positions of power, by making light of their high status. Enjoy it now, the skeletons implied, because it’s not going to last.
Inspired by the fresco in Paris, more depictions of the Dance of Death popped up over the course of the 1400s. According to the art historian Elina Gertsman, the imagery first spread throughout France and then to England, Germany, Switzerland, and parts of Italy and eastern Europe. Though some of these frescos, murals, and mosaics survive to the present day, many others have been lost and are now only known through archival references.
In Paris, neither the charnel house nor the cemetery still exists. (The charnel house was demolished in 1669 to widen a nearby street and the cemetery was closed in the 1780s due to overcrowding.) But the fresco lives on as a set of woodcuts created by printer Guyot Marchant in 1485. Marchant’s manuscript replicates each figure in the procession as well as the accompanying verses. After the prints proved popular he went on to make several more editions, including the Danse Macabre des Femmes, a version including women, and an expanded version with ten new characters not found in the original fresco.
As the subject’s popularity continued into the early 1500s, other artists and printers made their own versions of the Dance of Death. The best known of these is a series created by artist Hans Holbein the Younger from 1523 to 1526, first sold as individual woodcuts and then published in book form in 1538. Holbein’s series begins with the very first appearance of Death, after Eve ate the apple and humanity got kicked out of the Garden of Eden, and ends with Death’s final bow at the Last Judgment, when everyone who has ever died reappears again to be sentenced to eternity in heaven or hell.
In between, Holbein shows how Death can strike at any moment, regardless of social status or earthly power. His depictions of the different characters meeting their doom are more pointed than Marchant’s versions. Instead of dancing, the skeletons in this Dance of Death mete out justice, going after their victims in situations that highlight suggested hypocrisies and immorality. A nun, for example, kneels in prayer but looks over her shoulder at her lover while Death snuffs out the candle behind her. And in many of the scenes, peasants and beggars are ignored by the bishops, judges, or kings who are supposed to protect and care for them. Holbein explicitly addresses the peasant’s dismal treatment at the hands of his social superiors in the image of his final character, an elderly farmer kindly helped along by a skeleton. Unlike the rich and powerful, for whom Death represents a loss of status and wealth, the peasant finds relief in dying after a life of hard labor and exploitation.
Holbein’s version of the Dance of Death proved so popular that by the time he died in 1543, dozens of pirated editions were circulating in addition to the official printings. Although the large, public murals, carvings, and frescos which originally depicted the Dance of Death went mostly out of fashion after the 1500s, Holbein’s prints have remained well-known until the present day. Artists continued to find inspiration in the Dance of Death theme over the next few centuries, changing styles and formats to suit their times.
From 1814 to 1816, the English artist Thomas Rowlandson published The English Dance of Death, a series of satirical cartoons in which stereotypical caricatures of English men and women are teased by skeletons with fittingly satirical and cruel fates. A character labeled “The Glutton” dies of overeating, an apothecary is poisoned with his own medicine, and reckless young men driving too fast overturn their carriages. Like the fresco and Marchant’s versions, the cartoons were accompanied by verses, written by the comic poet William Combe under the pen name “Doctor Syntax.”
In 1861, French artist James Tissot explored the subject in a painting exhibited at the Salon in Paris, depicting a line of human dancers with skeletons at the head and tail end of the procession. At the front, two musicians flank the cadaver, who looks directly out of the painting towards us, the viewers. At the end, a shrouded skeleton carries a coffin, hourglass, and scythe. The dancers, oblivious both to the specters around them and the open graves in the rocks near their feet, frolic merrily through the landscape.
Almost seven decades later, in 1929, even Walt Disney crafted his own adaptation of the allegory with “The Skeleton Dance,” an animated short in which skeletons rise from their graves and dance to a lively foxtrot. At times, the music is played on instruments made from their own bones. Though no humans are danced to their graves in this cartoon, the expressive skeletons wouldn’t look out of place in earlier Dances of Death. Other Halloween staples—black cats, owls, tombstones, and bats—add to the spooky mood.
Though the Dance of Death isn’t, strictly speaking, associated with Halloween, the macabre imagery resonates with the holiday’s connections between life and death. Skeletons, skulls, and corpses reminiscent of those grim medieval dancers often show up in haunted houses, as yard decorations, and as costumes. Sometimes grisly, sometimes cartoonish, today’s dancing skeletons are far removed from their predecessors in the Danse Macabre. But, as sanitized and commercialized as Halloween can be, it’s still a holiday that brings a greater awareness of death and forces us to confront our own mortality, even if the frights all vanish when November 1st rolls around.
At the end of the Saturday Night Live sketch, David S. Pumpkins’ skeletons appear by themselves, still dancing even without their main character. When they finish, Pumpkins himself, from behind the perplexed couple asks, “Any questions?” They scream, finally getting the scare they wanted when they got on the haunted elevator. Once the terror subsides and their hearts stop racing, they’ll go about their day, able to ignore the realities of death far more easily than the citizens of Paris could back in the 1400s.
But even after David S. Pumpkins and his skeletons are long gone, there will be another Halloween, reminding us year after year that no matter what, death’s still waiting.
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FAO. 2021. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture – Systems at breaking point. Synthesis report 2021. Rome.
Satisfying the changing food habits and increased demand for food intensifies pressure on the world’s water, land and soil resources. However, agriculture bears great promise to alleviate these pressures and provide multiple opportunities to contribute to global goals. Sustainable agricultural practices lead to water saving, soil conservation, sustainable land management, conservation of natural resources, ecosystem and climate change benefits. Accomplishing this requires accurate information and a major change in how we manage these resources. It also requires complementing efforts from outside the natural resources management domain to maximize synergies and manage trade-offs.
The objective of SOLAW 2021 is to build awareness of the status of land and water resources, highlighting the risks, and informing on related opportunities and challenges, also underlining the essential contribution of appropriate policies, institutions and investments. Recent assessments, projections and scenarios from the international community show the continued and increasing depletion of land and water resources, loss of biodiversity, associated degradation and pollution, and scarcity in the primary natural resources. SOLAW 2021 highlights the major risks and trends related to land and water and presents means of resolving competition among users and generating multiple benefits for people and the environment. The DPSIR framework was followed in order to identify the Drivers, Pressures, Status, Impact and Responses. SOLAW 2021 provides an update of the knowledge base and presents a suite of responses and actions to inform decision-makers in the public, private, and civil sectors for a transformation from degradation and vulnerability toward sustainability and resilience.
Cite this content as:
FAO. 2021. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture – Systems at breaking point. Synthesis report 2021. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7654en
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Oh, as a piano teacher, if I had a dime for every time I heard something like that over the years, I'd be rich. The fact is that virtually everything in music is derived from, or built on, scales.
Technically, scales are an organized series of notes in stepwise motion. Some will gravitate, naturally, to one of the notes. Different structure qualities will create different sound feels, which may generate different feelings in the listener. All that means that the popular and well known 'doh ray mi fah soh la ti doh' gravitates to the doh, is a major feel, and usually generates a bright feeling in the listener.
Now, there are plenty of charts, scale players, and written explanations of scales and their fingerings out there; particularly on the internet. Let's understand something about that. For those of us who wish to play piano, learning scales and how to play them properly is absolutely vital. As usual, I say the best way to do this is with a piano teacher in a private lesson setting.
There is simply too much going on for someone to do it all properly on their own. It's enough that a student needs to practice on their own. The basic learning part needs energizing and prompt verification. Otherwise things will feel uncertain; and that will hamper nearly everything that follows for the would be pianist.
So How Do You Learn Piano Scales?
First and foremost, very slowly and carefully. Always build on clarity and certainty. If your goal is to learn a certain scale hands together, two octaves, ascending and descending, at good speed; then start with hands separately, one octave, ascending and descending, very slowly and clearly. I can not stress this enough. All too often, a student wants to create an effect by playing too quickly too soon; all full of stumbles. I don't know about you, but if my memories are full of stumbles, I wouldn't feel too sure of myself.
Lastly, for now, know that even simple tunes will involve more than one key or scale. So, we do need to learn at least a few different major and minor piano scales to play the piano. Of course, I would suggest learning at least all the majors and all the basic minors.
In case you haven't seen it yet, the Music Scales page is useful. It will also lead to some good scale charts, and more.
The Learn Piano and Shine E-zine for learning piano, playing tips and good points to keep in mind and utilize. This digital newsletter is a quarterly publication with an occasional interim, supplemental issue. You can opt in or out whenever you like, and it's totally free.
To see back issues of this free newsletter please view: Learn Piano Memorables - back issues.
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Every 51 minutes, unusual person dies in an alcohol-related traffic collision. In 2012 alone, more than 10,000 people were killed in drunk driving accidents, accounting for nearly one-third of every fatalities.
You can locate more drunk driving statistics on the Mothers adjacent to Drunk Driving (MADD) website here.
Drunk Driving Prevention In America
In the approach of these staggering numbers, what are governmental agencies and private campaigns accomplish to educate American drivers very nearly drunk driving? This article will provide a survey of the most widely-publicized anti-impaired driving campaigns, and an analysis of their real-world effects.
In the last few years, weve seen numerous ad campaigns, initiated both by state-funded organizations and private immersion groups, advocating for widespread acceptance of something called buzzed driving. fittingly what is it?
Buzzed driving is a no question simple concept. After ingestion, alcohol is absorbed quickly by the bloodstream and common tests, bearing in mind a breathalyzer, can play a part the amount of alcohol in your blood reliably and quickly. Driving behind a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of 0.08 or innovative is illegal in every state. At that concentration, drivers going on for invariably experience sedation and slower wave times. In extra words, its handily risky to drive bearing in mind that much alcohol in your system.
Buzzed driving is comprehensibly having a BAC humiliate than 0.08% but forward-thinking than 0.00%.
One Beer Wont regulate The mannerism I Drive
And significant studies have found that less is no better. One balance from UC San Diego that evaluated crash reports found that buzzed drivers, those with a BAC of 0.01 percent are 46 percent more likely to be officially and solely to blame than sober drivers. The fact is that driving even slightly buzzed is dangerous, in the distance more risky than driving sober.
The genuine suffering is that American pretend and public policy tend to look upon 0.08% as a definitive, meaningful boundary. below that extraction and youre relatively safe, above it youre dangerous. But the researchers at UC San Diego found that the chances of causing a smash increases steadily and dexterously from BAC 0.01 to 0.24 percent, meaning that there is no sudden transition later than comparing a buzzed driver to a drunk driver. It turns out that 0.08% is not a definitive boundary, and that no amount of alcohol is secure in the utter analysis.
The checking account from UC San Diego was published in the British medical journal offend Prevention. You can read a summary here.
The Worlds Stance on Drunk Driving
Much of the world has even more rigorous limits.
China has a real limit of 0.02%
Japan uses 0.03%
Frances authenticated limit is 0.05%
Germanys is 0.05%
Sweden uses 0.02%
Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Bangladesh, and Saudi Arabia all have zero-tolerance policies; any BAC above 0.00% and youll lose your license, be penalized in the same way as gruff fines, and your car can be impounded.
In fact, North America (including Canada and Mexico) is one of the worlds unaided regions to use 0.08% BAC as its genuine limit.
Has The whisk Worked?
The Ad Council, Americas largest non-profit producer of public facilitate announcements, spearheaded the Buzzed Driving vigilance campaign. on their website, they bank account that their ads reached nearly one half of every American adults higher than the age of 21. And that there was a significant growth in the proportion of men age 21 35 who called themselves extremely concerned just about the situation of drunk driving, from 22 percent in 2005 to 27 percent in 2011.
And though public watchfulness is completely important, Americas legislators have yet to answer to our other union of buzzed driving. In fact, bearing in mind most welcome governments direct to zero tolerance, they either limit this prohibition to drivers below 21 or goal understandably that they wont tolerate any driver subsequently a BAC over 0.08%.
Only get older will say whether or not disclose governments follow through on the current research. encourage in 2013, the National Transportation Safety Board recommended lowering Americas authentic limit to 0.05%, but no give leave to enter has yet to take in hand this stricter limit.
Alcohol Addiction Treatment
Another reply has been to contextualize drunk driving, to define it in terms of other tragic condition. As the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) states: drunk driving is often a symptom of a larger problem: alcohol molest and abuse. The underlying premise to this mix up is that some drunk drivers accomplishment vehicles while impaired because (in in view of that many words) they cant back up it. And if you acquire substance dependent persons treatment, you might acknowledge some impaired drivers off the road in the similar gesture.
Also telling is that the NHTSA refers to impaired driving, rather than drunk driving. In stock taking into consideration recent developments in addiction studies, the NHTSA has adopted the scientific convention that finds more relation than contrast surrounded by alcohol abuse and drug addiction in general.
This descent of reasoning seems bolstered by statistical evidence. In a assay released by the National Institute upon Drug Abuse, researchers found that almost half of all drivers who were killed in crashes and tested sure for drugs furthermore had alcohol in their system. In many cases, then, the trouble is mixed. And the solution might be, too.
Description for Trend Disney Ceo Bob Iger Could Earn Up To $423 Million In Compensation inspiration
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An entrepreneur may single handedly owned, controlled and managed the business or a group of persons may take up the same task. When it is owned and managed by a single person it is called sole proprietorship form of business.
The ownership and management by a group of persons may take the form of partnership, joint stock company or cooperative form of business. Joint stock company and cooperative society belong to the corporate forms of organisation and sole proprietorship and partnership are non-corporate forms of organisation. Besides these forms, Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) also undertakes business in India.
However, the form of organisation has lost its importance over the years with the gradual declining of the Joint Hindu Family system. The earliest and the oldest form of business organisation is the sole proprietorship. The area of operation of such business was limited and it was carried on in a small-scale basis.
Meaning of Sole Proprietorship:
Sole proprietorship is the oldest form of business organization. It is also known by other names such as Single Proprietorship, Individual Proprietorship, Sole Trader Business etc. It is as old as civilization. It is the most Common form of organization for business on a small-scale. The sole proprietor or entrepreneur solely makes the investment, manages the business, enjoys the entire profit or bears the entire loss and exercises absolute control over the business. He may take the help of his family members or employ few persons to manage the business but he is his own master. Its formation is very easy and simple.
Anybody can start a business of this form. There are no legal formalities for starting this form of business excepting in few cases where a license is to be obtained. In the eyes of law, there is no distinction between the business concern and the proprietor.
Definitions of Sole Proprietorship:
Sole proprietorship is a form of business organization in which an entrepreneur has to carry out a business and invests his own capital, uses his own skill and intelligence in the management of its affairs and is solely responsible for the results of its operations.
J. L. Hanson defines it as “a type of business unit where one person is solely responsible for providing the capital, for bearing the risk of the enterprise and for the management of business.”
In the words of L. H. Haney, it is “the form of business organization on the head of which stands an individual as the one who is responsible, who directs its operations, who alone runs the risk of failure.”
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Atlantic puffin – Fratercula arctica
Atlantic Puffin – Fratercula arctica
The Atlantic puffin is also known as the common puffin. It is sometimes known as the “sea parrot” or the “clowns of the sea” because of their colorful and comical appearance.
This is a species of seabird in the auk family.
It is one of four species of puffins and is the only puffin that lives in the North Atlantic Ocean. It breeds in Iceland, Norway, Greenland, Newfoundland and many North Atlantic islands, and as far south as Maine in the west and the British Isles in the east. The Atlantic puffin spends the autumn and winter in the open ocean of the cold northern seas and returns to coastal areas at the start of the breeding season in late spring.
The Atlantic puffin has a large population and a wide range. It is not considered to be endangered although there may be local declines in numbers.
This puffin is a short and stocky diving sea bird. It is black on its uppersides and white on its chest and belly. It has bright orange webbed feet and white and large face and cheeks, triangular parrot-like beak that is bright red and yellow.
After the breeding season, some of the horny beak’s outer plates fall off and the beak is smaller and duller. The puffins white face also becomes darker after breeding season. The puffin looks so different during breeding and non-breeding season that it was once thought to be two separate species of bird. Males and females look alike.
The Atlantic puffin dives for its food and uses its wings to swim underwater. It dives both from the air and from the surface of the water and can dive hundreds of meters under the water in pursuit of prey. It catches small fish, crustaceans and mollusks and swallows them while they are still underwater.
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(This paper was written in November 2017 for a class in American Religious History at the University of Northwestern Saint Paul.)
One survivor describes Jonestown in these words, “I’m talking about total isolation — someone takes all your money and brings you to a place where there’s no communication, or if there is you aren’t allowed to use it. Those are the lessons I took from Jonestown, and that’s the message I think the American people should take from it. Trust your gut and don’t give up your liberties.” This was the reality of the members of the Peoples Temple movement for many years.
The mass suicide was prompted by a visit of Rep. Leo Ryan, who came to investigate after hearing rumors of abuse and manipulation. According to Guyana Minister of Information Shirley Field-Ridley, some of the victims “showed signs of violence, including presumed gunshot wounds, which were not consistent with suicide.” The children were forced to drink the cyanide-laced Kool-Aid first, because once a parent loses their child, they lose all other will to go on. Many of the “suicides” were a result of coercion and manipulation.
What makes 900 people decide to leave everything they know to follow a man to a jungle in South America and kill themselves? This is a question that people have been asking for the past 38 years. Unsurprisingly, it did not happen overnight. Between the failures of the American culture, the charisma of Jim Jones, and the community offered by Peoples Temple, many people were attracted to the black hole of Jonestown.
Doyle Johnson states, “It has often been noted that cults and sects tend to arise and flourish in an unstable, highly turbulent, and rapidly changing social environment, when established traditions break down and there is a widespread search for alternative values and normative patterns, lifestyles, and organizational forms.” Turbulent and rapidly changing certainly social environment describes the seventies. Between the civil rights struggles and government corruption, many individuals were looking for something more.
People were drawn to Jonestown because it offered a place of acceptance and equality when American culture failed to do so. Tim Carter, a Jonestown survivor states, “We were a reflection of the economic and political and cultural realities and dynamics of the Civil Rights and Vietnam War generation. Whether one’s intentions had been political or spiritual, the Temple seemed to offer the ideal opportunity to effect social change.”
Jones also took every opportunity possible to paint the American government and capitalism as a whole in a bad light. Occasionally, this involved taking legitimate problems and exaggerating them. Other times, outright lies were told to make socialism and Jim Jones look like the saviors of a completely evil society. Jones preached in a sermon:
I’ve prophesied the date, them hour, the minute and the year they’re gonna put people in this country in concentration camps. They’re gonna put them in gas ovens, just like they did the Jews … We’re in danger from a great fascist state, or a great communist state, and if the church doesn’t build a Utopian society, build an egalitarian society, we’re gonna be in trouble.
Jones used fear of persecution to draw people into his community. One Peoples Temple member wrote, “I am willing to lie my life down. To make sure some of these capitalistic dogs get what is coming to them. Kill every CIA, destroy the whole works, fight as long as I have breath.” Through his negative portrayal of American culture, Jones lured people into the Peoples Temple community.
This was fairly easy to do, as the view of the American government decreased after numerous scandals in the late 60’s and early 70’s. The release of the Pentagon Papers with confidential Vietnam War information was key in turning the view of the American government from protector to conspirator. Pres. Richard Nixon’s wiretapping and subsequent lying regarding the Watergate scandal only helped hurt the media and general public’s view of the government. Not only did the government lack integrity, many leaders lacked integrity in their personal lives as presidential affairs were numerous.
With this view of the American government, lack of civil rights, and frustration with capitalism, many were understandably looking for something different. Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple movement offered just that: equality through socialism. The Peoples Temple movement gave a sense of hope and purpose where the government and culture failed to do so.
While the culture provided an ideal breeding ground for a “cult” to appear, Jim Jones’ charismatic personality was crucial in the creation of Peoples Temple. Ulman and Abse state, “The charismatic leader is among those character types that are habitually intimidating and encouraging, and often rapidly alternating between these polarities. Their charm is based on both inspiring awe and love. This charm is often heightened by an intermittent and sudden outright brutality.” Through his charisma, Jones seemed to have an uncanny ability to not only control Peoples behaviors, but also their hearts and minds. According to Denice Stephenson, “Jim Jones connected directly to Peoples fears, confusion, grief, and anger. He challenged people to actively question established religious practices and to develop a personal belief system that encompassed ways to create change in their everyday lives and express their commitment to social justice.”
Jones was well-respected by the general public for several years. He was seen as a man with a heart for the less fortunate. According to Stephenson:
Peoples Temple sponsored flu inoculation and contributed to social services for seniors, pets, and neighborhoods in San Francisco. Religion in American life, a national interfaith organization, listed Jones as one of the “100 most outstanding clergymen” of 1975. The Los Angeles Times named him “Humanitarian of the Year” in 1976. Later that year, Jim Jones was appointed to a housing commission in San Francisco. In 1977, the National Newspaper Publishers presented their annual Freedom of the Press Award to Peoples Temple.
On the outside, the Peoples Temple movement seemed to embody the ideas of loving one’s neighbor and living in community. Jones drew people in with the promise of equality and by giving them a purpose in life. One member wrote to Jones, “You’re the one that showed us the way, you’re the one that boldly challenged capitalism and put a vision in our hearts, you’re the one that proved to us that nothing is impossible.”
Jones created a family for many who had none and knew how to attract people from every walk of life. One survivor states, “If you wanted religion, Jim Jones could give it to you. If you wanted socialism, he could give it to you. If you were looking for a father figure, he’d be your father. He always homed in on what you needed and managed to bring you in emotionally.” Everybody in the community called Jones Dad. By creating a family, he retained power over the community that no one knew how to break.
Additionally, Jones used Christianity to attract people to his community. However, he took the gospel message and the idea of Christian community and twisted them beyond recognition. While he at first claimed to be following Christ, it soon became clear that the Peoples Temple movement was following Jim Jones.
In 1954, Jim Jones did start his own church. It began as an Independent Assemblies of God church with healings and speaking in tongues. At this point, the church seemed to be doing fairly well. All races were welcome and Jones encouraged people to share their faith.
Things soon began to change. During his trip to Brazil, Jones became involved in the occult and used this power to perform “miracles” in Pentecostal services. Additionally, Jones began to view communism as a religion and himself as a prophet, or even a God. Rebecca Moore writes, “His gradual desertion of biblical principles corresponded to his embrace of Communist, or rather communalist ideals … All of these factors combined with a new confidence in his own powers and persona. The deification of the beloved pastor as a second incarnation of God seemed to have occurred after Jones’ return from his two years in Brazil.” Jim Jones was almost worshipped in his community. The children’s choir recorded a song that stated, “He keeps me singing a happy song He keeps me singing it all day long. Although the days may be drear, He always is near, And that’s why my heart is always filled with song; I’m singing, singing, all day long.” As a “deity,” Jones could and did demand absolute loyalty.
Many of these people willingly followed him to their deaths. One woman stated as she was about to take poison, “It’s been a pleasure walking with all of you in this revolutionary struggle. No other way I would rather go to give up my life for socialism, communism, and I thank Dad very much.”
The darkness of the American culture and the charisma of Jim Jones drew people to Jonestown. However, many people stayed because of the diverse and beautiful community of people they found there. One survivor remembers, “What was good about Jonestown was not Jim Jones. It was the people he attracted. They came from every walk of life, from the very well educated to the totally uneducated. Some had lots of money. Some were living off of Social Security, and some didn’t even have that. It could have been you. It was me.” The community seemed to offer a place of belonging that many did not find anywhere else. One of their songs states, “Your father your future protects you, Keeps you safe from all harm, Little black baby, I feel so glad, You’ll never have things I never had.” With the strong desires for civil rights, the promise of equality was hard to resist.
Dick Tropp, a Peoples Temple member, writes, “We found each other. Our experiences, our backgrounds, were what had kept us apart, but our longing and sickness brought us together, in a terrible realization that we were all victims.” The brokenness that every member faced created a powerful bond.
Every member was given a chance to be useful in the community. Even elderly members made small crafts to sell or helped prepare meals. Annie Moore, a Peoples Temple member, writes, “’I found people who were friendly, mixing all races together, working in a cooperative setting.” Jones attempted to put the ideas of socialism into practice. Nobody owned any property, and every community member was expected to work to contribute towards the common good.
Jones also used music to build community. During rallies, many hymns were sung as a community. Eventually, the choir recorded and published some of their songs. The Peoples Temple album, He’s Able is a fusion of gospel, jazz, and funk. While the cover claims that “making the humanist teachings of Jesus Christ part of our daily lives,” is the message that the album wanted to send, much of it sounds suspiciously as if the people were worshipping Jones himself.
Jonestown’s inhabitants were united by shared struggles, shared work, and shared music. The nature of the Peoples Temple movement demanded complete loyalty. The cohesiveness of this community was partially due to the collective brokenness that these members had experienced. Jonestown promised to be a place of healing and acceptance for those who were hurt by circumstances around them.
Other people stayed in the Jonestown community because they had no choice. Every Peoples Temple member had one thing in common: they were there for the rest of their lives. Once a person joined Peoples Temple, they were required to turn over all their personal cash and belongings. Senior citizens “donated” their Social Security checks to the community. This ensured that they would be dependent on the community for survival.
The Jonestown leaders put extensive effort into ensuring that the community was successful. Edith Roller’s journal states,“There were ten questions visitors might ask; some agencies have indicated that we may have a CIA spy arriving here with a group of our own people and it is important that we all appear happy and exhibit satisfaction and know how to avoid the warning kind of question or not give information which can be used against us.”
Near the end, security began to tighten. Nobody was allowed to leave, and even the slightest complaint could be viewed as treason against the community. While the stated intention was to create a strong community, a spirit of fear and distrust grew instead when Jones began requiring members to spy on each other. According to one young survivor, “He was certain that other disheartened young people in Jonestown were plotting to escape, but they never discussed such plans with each other because each never knew who he could trust.” Members who showed signs of “negative attitudes” or “rebellion were assigned to “learning crews.” Offenses could be as minuscule as a teenager disrespecting parents or complaining about the Jonestown diet. Horrific punishments would be decided by the community leaders, but primarily by Jim Jones. These could entail anything from excessive hard labor, to being drugged to the point of sedation, to imprisonment in a three-foot high box for as long as a week.
Needless to say, fear took over the community. To ensure complete loyalty, Jones instituted suicide rehearsals called White Nights. In one such gathering, Jones proclaimed to the people, “If we’re gonna die, we better all die together. Or we’re gonna live, we better all live together … What we were going to do, our demonstration would be damaged, would it not?” By November 1978, the community was already well conditioned for what they soon would be expected to do. Additionally, some members were held at gun point.
Not only did Jones have physical control over the people, he also could mentally and emotionally manipulate people however he chose. Jones thought he was a God. Peoples Temple members gave up everything to follow him and were well prepared to give up their lives for this man who they were convinced was a divine father figure.
By appearing to satisfy natural human needs, Jones achieved a position of complete authority through manipulation. At first, it appeared that he was following Christian principles. His charity work in California blessed many people. James 1:27 states, “Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress.” (NIV) However, problems began when Jones started to view himself as a God. A wise professor once said that a true leader is simply a “servant on the stage.” Jesus himself said, “Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be your slave just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many” (NIV). Much of the black community in America did have a Christian faith. Jones perverted Christian principles for his own gain. Instead of giving his life for his people, Jones manipulated the people into giving their lives for him.
The Jonestown suicides did not happen in a vacuum. Throughout history, people have been looking for a place where they can belong, or somewhere that violently opposes the injustices that they have faced. People have been drawn to charismatic leaders who give promises of a better future. This is what happened at Jonestown. Many faced injustices due to the rampant racism in America. Jones offered them a community. There was a lack of government and personal integrity among leaders. Jones gave people hope. After luring people into the community, Jones confiscated all of their belongings and information, leaving them with no option to leave. The tragedy of Jonestown occurred because the Peoples Temple community offered a strong leader to follow and a secure place to belong.
The Death of Representative Leo J. Ryan, People’s Temple, and Jonestown: Understanding a Tragedy. Hearing by Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, May 15, 1979, 96th Congress, 1st Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.
Eskridge, Larry. God’s Forever Family: The Jesus People Movement in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Fondakowski, Leigh. Stories from Jonestown. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013. Web.
Frum, David. How We Got Here: The 70’s, the Decade That Brought You Modern Life (for Better or Worse). 1st ed. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000.
Harris, Wilson., and Kona Waruk. Jonestown. London & Boston: Faber and Faber, 1996.
Lewis, Petersen, Lewis, James R., and Petersen, Jesper Aagaard. Controversial New Religions. Second ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Roller, Edith. Diary of Edith Roller 1975-1978. San Diego State University. Last modified January 2014, http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=35699.
Moore, Rebecca. Understanding Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2009.
Stephenson, Denice, ed. Dear People: Remembering Jonestown: Selections from the Peoples Temple Collection at the California Historical Society. San Francisco & Berkeley: California Historical Society Press – Heyday Books, 2005.
Bowden, Henry Warner. “The Church in the World: Jonestown: The Enduring Questions.” Theology Today 36, no. 1 (1979): 66-74.
Cain, Michael Scott. “The Charismatic Leader. (the Cult Phenomenon).” The Humanist 48, no. 6 (1988): 19-23, 36.
Kevin, Brian. “Songs Primarily in the Key of Life. (Gospel Album Recorded by the Peoples Temple Choir and Their Leader Jim Jones).” Colorado Review: A Journal of Contemporary Literature 37, no. 2 (2010): 68.
Johnson, Doyle Paul. “Dilemmas of Charismatic Leadership: The Case of the Peoples Temple.” Sociological Analysis 40, no. 4 (1979): 315-23. doi:10.2307/3709960.
MacMillan, Thomas. “Miracle, Mystery and Authority: Recalling Jonestown.” The Christian Century105, no. 33 (1988): 1014.
Richardson, James T. “Peoples Temple and Jonestown: A Corrective Comparison and Critique.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 19, no. 3 (1980): 239-55. doi:10.2307/1385862.
Ulman, Richard Barrett, and D. Wilfred Abse. “The Group Psychology of Mass Madness: Jonestown.” Political Psychology 4, no. 4 (1983): 637-61. doi:10.2307/3791059.
Peoples Temple Choir. He’s Able. Brotherhood Records – NPC 3. 1973. MP3 http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2006/02/he_was_able_mp3.html.
Gritz, Jennie Rothenberg. “Drinking The Kool-Aid: A Survivor Remembers Jim Jones“. theatlantic.com. N.p., 2011. Web. 7 June 2017.
Krause, Charles A., and Leonard Downie Jr. “The Final Months: A Camp of Horrors.” Washington Post. Nov 23 (1978): 122.
Cumberbatch, Nigel. “Guyana Official Reports Peoples Temple Mass Suicide-murder.” UPIs 20th Century Top Stories (Washington), November 20, 1978.
Quigg, H. “Ryan’s Murder Was Ordered by Cult Leader, Says Mark Lane.” UPIs 20th Century Top Stories (Washington), November 23, 1978.
Moore, Rebecca, ed. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. http://jonestown.sdsu.edu (Accessed November 27, 2017).
Jennie Rothenberg Gritz, “Drinking The Kool-Aid: A Survivor Remembers Jim Jones,” theatlantic.com. Nov. 18, 2011: Web.
Nigel Cumberbatch, “Guyana Official Reports Peoples Temple Mass Suicide-murder.” UPIs 20th Century Top Stories (November 20, 1978): Web.
The Death of Representative Leo J. Ryan, Peoples Temple, and Jonestown: Understanding a Tragedy. Hearing by Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, May 15, 1979, 96th Congress, 1st Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.
Doyle Paul Johnson, “Dilemmas of Charismatic Leadership: The Case of the Peoples Temple,” Sociological Analysis 40, no. 4 (1979): 315.
Denice Stephenson, ed, Dear People: Remembering Jonestown: Selections from the Peoples Temple Collection at the California Historical Society, (San Francisco; Berkeley: California Historical Society Press ; Heyday Books, 2005): 155.
Stephenson, 68.
David Frum, How We Got Here: The 70’s, the Decade That Brought You Modern Life (for Better or Worse). 1st ed. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000): 42.
Frum, 26.
Frum, 28.
Richard Barret Ulman, and D. Wilfred Abse, “The Group Psychology of Mass Madness: Jonestown,” Political Psychology 4, no. 4 (1983): 642.
Ulman and Abse, 32.
Ulman and Abse, 69.
Stephenson, 67.
Rebecca Moore, Understanding Jonestown and Peoples Temple. (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2009): 87.
Moore, 13.
Moore, 20.
Moore, 20.
Peoples Temple Choir, “Welcome,” He’s Able. Brotherhood Records – NPC 3, 1973, MP3 http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2006/02/he_was_able_mp3.html.
Jonestown Death Tape, quoted by Rebecca Moore, 87.
Peoples Temple Choir, “Black Baby,” He’s Able. Brotherhood Records – NPC 3 (1973) MP3 http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2006/02/he_was_able_mp3.html.
Stephenson, 81.
Moore, 47.
Moore, 47.
Stephenson, 56.
Peoples Temple Choir, He’s Able. Brotherhood Records – NPC 3, 1973, MP3 http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2006/02/he_was_able_mp3.html.
Peoples Temple Choir, He’s Able.
Johnson, 319.
Moore, 47.
Moore, 47.
Stephenson, 65.
Charles A Krause and Leonard Downie Jr. “The Final Months: A Camp of Horrors.”Washington Post. November 23 (1978): 122.
Roller, 3/13/78.
Krause and Downie Jr, 121.
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"Our Painted Lady caterpillars made chrysalises yesterday. Today one of them was wiggling like crazy for a little more than a minute. Could you tell us why?"
Many butterfly and moth chrysalises (pupae) wriggle in response to touch or movement. It is assumed that this is a natural instinctive response that discourages predators and parasitoids.
Some butterfly chrysalises do not have a jointed abdominal segment. Monarch and Queen chrysalises are not jointed and cannot move. Species that are jointed often move.
Click here to see Painted Lady chrysalises wiggle, hundreds of them! Other butterfly species like Julia, Gulf Fritillary, Tawny Emperor, Hackberry Emperor, American Lady, and especially Red Admiral chrysalises are extremely active when touched by anything. A Red Admiral chrysalis that has been laid on a table will often wiggle for minutes, often working itself off the table and falling to the floor.
People often think that this wiggling is a sign that that the adult butterfly is about to emerge. This is is an understandable misconception.
If you are in an area of the world where you can raise Julia butterflies, listen to their chrysalises when they move. They squeak!
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|Search This Record Series:|
The Washington Territorial Legislature created Kitsap County on January 16, 1857. It was originally named Slaughter County in honor of Lt. William Slaughter who died in 1855 during the Indian Wars. However, in 1857 the county name changed to Kitsap in honor of a local Native American chief whose name means “Brave.”
There are 3,982 names listed on this census.
For information about this index, email the Historical Records Project at firstname.lastname@example.org
Database: 1889 Kitsap County Census. ONLINE. 2009. Washington Secretary of State. Transcribing and proofreading done by: Joyce Ogden, Olympia, WA; Alice Farmer, Shelton, WA; Cindy Bleazard, Pasco, WA; Nancy Denton, Spokane, WA; Ann Stroupe, Federal Way, WA; and members of the Belfair Genealogical Society.
Available Online: http://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov
Source: State Library Catalog. NW MICRO 929.3797 WASHING 2003 reel 1.
Original material held at the Washington State Library.
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by Dr. Fabo Feng of the University of Hertfordshire.
Edited by Zaira M. Berdiñas and John Strachan.
As humans, we have an innate curiosity about the origins and development of life on Earth. We know that terrestrial life is influenced by the interstellar environment of the Solar System. In fact, there are plenty of studies focused on the effects of supernovae and impact events on the Earth. Some of these phenomena are typically caused by close encounters of stars with the Solar System. Consequently, it is important to study and report such flybys since these events could have played an equivalent roles across the Universe. See some examples of flyby related studies in references1,2,3.
Recently, my research has focused on simulating close encounters between stars. In my last work, done in collaboration with Hugh Jones and Tabassum Tanvir, I have simulated the orbits of more than 0.2 million stars using astrometric and radial velocity data from several catalogs (e.g. the Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution, TGAS; the Radial Velocity Experiment fifth data release, RAVE DR5; or the Large Sky Area Multi-object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope second data release, LAMOST DR2, among others). Our results show about 0.2 million encounter pairs and 2760 stellar encounters of planetary systems4. These encounters will have influenced the planetary systems in the same way as the Earth might have been influenced by, for example, mass extinctions.
The habitability of Proxima b and any other planets in the Proxima-α Centauri system may also have been influenced by close encounters with other stars. For example, the close flybys of stars could have perturbed some Oort- cloud-like structure and trigger impact events on Proxima b. Assuming a rate of 20 encounters per 1 000 000 years, we have estimated that Proxima Centauri has experienced more than 0.1 million encounters closer than 1 parsec in its life time. Although these encounters are still far from the Proxima-α Centauri system their cumulative effect may have changed the dynamics and habitability of the system significantly5. Figure 1 shows the distances of close stellar encounters to α-Centauri (y-axis is the periastron of the orbit of the pair of stars) compared to the orbit of Proxima (grey area).
Thousands of planets have been detected and some planets have been found to be in the habitable zone where they can possibly maintain liquid water in their surface. This has led to a rejuvenation in scientific interest to survey stars in order to identify extraterrestrial life on other planets (e.g. SETI Institute). Furthermore, the fruits of the wealth created by the information age are now starting to be invested in possibilities of interstellar travel and colonization (e.g. Breakthrough Starshot initiative). Interstellar travel and eventual human colonization of these planets will be far more challenging than the Apollo project, and will last for centuries or even thousands of years and require detailed studies of a large sample of nearby planets in order to select appropriate targets to visit. Since the encounter pairs found in this work have/will come closer than 1 parsec typically within 1 000 000 years, it would be more efficient to travel to the stars they will encounter than to nearby stars in terms of the consumption of power and food resources during the travel. The identification of these encounters and detections of potential planets around them would provide a time- varying network of habitable worlds. This network potentially provides the exploration of a route for interstellar colonization.
- Bailer-Jones, C. A. L. “Close encounters of the stellar kind”, A&A, 575, A35 (2015).
- Berski, F. & Dybczyński, P. A. “Gliese 710 will pass the Sun even closer. Close approach parameters recalculated based on the first Gaia data release”, A&A, 595, L10, (2016).
- Mamajek, E. E. et al. “The Closest Known Flyby of a Star to the Solar System”, ApJL, 800, L17 (2015).
- Feng, F. et al. “A catalogue of close encounter pairs”, submitted to MNRAS (2017).
- Feng, F. et al. “Was Proxima captured by alpha Centauri A and B?”, submitted to MNRAS (2017).
Feng, F. et al. “Agatha: disentangling periodic signals from correlated noise in a periodogram framework”, MNRAS, 470, 4794 (2017).
- Feng, F. et al. “Evidence for at least three planet candidates orbiting HD20794”, A&A, 605, A103 (2017).
- Feng, F. et al. “Color Difference Makes a Difference: Four Planet Candidates around τ Ceti”, AJ, 154, 135 (2017).
About the author
Dr. Fabo Feng got his PhD at the Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (Heidelberg, Germany) and he is currently a postdoc fellow working at the University of Hertfordshire (UK). He has developed a framework of periodograms, called Agatha6, to disentangle periodic signals from correlated noise. This software has been used to find the HD 207947 and Tau Ceti8 planets candidates with radial velocity variations as low as 0.4 and 0.3 m/s, respectively.
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An extraordinary group of hitherto unseen colour photographs by Robert Capa, one of the 20th century’s greatest photojournalists, is to be seen for the first time.
The photographs, taken on assignment for US magazines during the second world war and the late 1940s and early 1950s, reveal Capa – one of the masters of black-and-white photography – to have been an early practitioner of colour work. At the time it was a relatively new medium, snubbed by some of his contemporaries as crassly commercial and distorting of reality.
The photographs are among thousands of largely unseen colour images taken by Capa from 1938, when he was covering China’s war with Japan, until 1954, when he was killed by a landmine while covering the conflict in Vietnam.
Though acclaimed for his black-and-white imagery – from the “falling soldier” photograph taken during the Spanish civil war, showing a Republican militiaman being hit by a fascist bullet, to the series of grainy D-Day shots of US soldiers on Omaha Beach – Capa worked in colour for most of his career.
New immigrants disembarking from the Theodor Herzl, near Haifa, Israel], 1949 -50 Photograph: Robert Capa/International Center of Photography/ Magnum PhotosHowever, the question of whether to use the new medium – Kodak introduced Kodachrome in 1936 and Ektachrome in the 1940s – or stay with black and white haunted the photojournalist elite for decades. It became one of the profession’s most bitterly contested battles, with Capa’s close friend and colleague Henri Cartier-Bresson declaring: “Photography in colour? It is something indigestible, the negation of all photography’s three-dimensional values.”
Cartier-Bresson would later destroy a large proportion of his colour negatives and transparencies – despite providing Life magazine with a famous, if uncredited, colour cover shot in 1959 for an in-depth report on China.
Following Capa’s death, his huge body of colour work – including travel, high fashion and Hollywood commissions – has been largely overlooked by photo-historians and biographers. That is about to change.
Next month, the International Centre for Photography (ICP) in New York is staging an exhibition aimed at correcting this distortion of Capa’s creative legacy. Capa in Color will feature 125 images, many on view for the first time, or unseen for nearly 70 years. The ICP estimates that it holds more than 4,200 colour images by Capa, with the vast majority unseen.
Ava Gardner on the set of The Barefoot Contessa, Tivoli, Italy, 1954. Photograph: © Robert Capa/International Center of Photography/Magnum PhotosAmong the colour pictures taken by Capa for bestselling US magazines, including Life, Collier’s, Holiday and Ladies’ Home Journal, and the Magnum photo agency he co-founded in 1947, are studies of his friend Picasso playing with his infant son Claude in the south of France in 1948, and screen idol Ava Gardner, another friend, on the Italian film set of The Barefoot Contessa in 1954.
Capa covered the turbulent founding years of the state of Israel in the late 1940s, and chose to use colour as well as black and white to record the arrival of new immigrants in Haifa. His work in travel journalism also led to one of the most touching of his previously unseen photographs – a Lapp family, in northern Norway, in the early 1950s.
However, technical considerations, as much as philosophical ones, meant that colour photography remained an expensive and slow option in its early days. Capa used Kodachrome film for some of his work while based in Britain during the second world war – his studies of American and British bomber crews are some of his least-known wartime gems – but many of those shots were never used in magazines and remain unseen. The early Kodachrome developing process was notoriously slow – picture sometimes taking days, if not weeks – and, in the wrong hands, could yield disappointing results.
A Lapp family in Norway, 1951. Photograph: Robert Capa/International Center of Photography/Magnum Photos”Capa had those Kodachromes processed at a plant in England,” explains ICP curator Cynthia Young. “But he complained about the processing there. Even now, you can see from those pictures than they are not the classic Kodachrome colours.”
The tonal balance of many of the Capa colour shots on Ektachrome had been lost over the years, as the film’s pigments faded, but the ICP has painstakingly brought them back using digital technology. Astonishingly, the Kodachrome images – between 60 and 75 years old – needed no restoration. Kodak ceased producing Kodachrome film in 2009.
“Capa knew that he had to use colour, to remain relevant to magazines,” says Young. “One of the reasons that we haven’t seen this work of his before is that for the most part they don’t represent the big, heroic events which he was known for. After his death, it just seemed such an anomaly that this great black-and-white master should have done work in colour. That’s why this was forgotten.”
From 1947 on, Capa always used black and white together with colour. When he was killed in Vietnam, one of the two cameras he carried on his last day was found loaded with colour film, the other, black and white.
One of Capa’s greatest colour photo-stories was a detailed look at daily life for women in Russia, written by John Steinbeck and featured in a 1948 edition of Ladies’ Home Journal. Commissioning editor John Morris, who had been Capa’s boss at Life magazine’s London office during the second world war, recalls the assignment. “I don’t remember asking him to shoot colour, but I was glad that he did – otherwise I couldn’t have done that story,” he said.
Now 97, Morris went on to become the first executive editor of the Magnum photo agency that Capa set up with a small band of colleagues, including Cartier-Bresson.
Pablo Picasso playing in the water with his son Claude, Vallauris, France, 1948. Photograph: Robert Capa/International Center of Photography/Magnum Photos”When Capa returned from Russia,” recalls Morris, “the 1947 trip with Steinbeck, he invited me to his hotel room to look at his photos. He showed me a big stack of his black-and-white prints. When I asked if he had any colour shots, he said he hadn’t looked at those yet. So together we went through his strips of colour shots, and from those I found the one possible cover photo that the magazine needed to play that story big.”
With the colour photographs coming to light at last, a new picture of their creator may also begin to emerge, of a creative force not quite so embedded in the trauma of human conflict.
“The exhibition is about bringing his colour to life, what he did with colour, in the later part of his career,” says Cynthia Young. “It was as much about reinventing himself as a photojournalist when he was not covering wars and political conflicts. It was a real challenge for him.”
Capa in Color, the International Centre of Photography, New York, 31 January-4 May 2014. Later venues to be announced. www.icp.org
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How to Create an Interesting Academic Paper: Using Essay Examples
Sometimes, the best way to understand how to write a paper is to read another paper as an example. When your teacher talks about a thesis, topic sentences, structure, flow, and sources, it can seem like they’re not really talking about anything at all unless you already understand what they mean! Using essay examples is a great way to get a better understanding of these critical writing components. But where can you find good essay examples, and how do you use them to improve your work? Here are some tips.
- Find good essay examples. The first step is, obviously, to find some good essay examples to work with. You can ask your teacher for guidance, or check out some of the books on writing at your local library. You can also find essay examples online; for a really professional, top-notch essay example, consider buying a custom essay from a paper writing service, which can be tailored to your unique class and assignments. Just don’t use the example you find as your paper! That could get you in big trouble, so use a custom essay example the same way you would use an essay example you found in a book or magazine.
- Study the way the argument is presented throughout the paper. One of the biggest tricks to a good essay is the structure. You want an essay that makes sense as you read it, with one point leading to another seamlessly. This can be hard to understand without seeing it in action. When reading through your essay example, identify and highlight the thesis and the main points of each paragraph. Study how each topic leads to the next in a logical way. It can help to create a flowchart or make an outline, where you write each point on a separate piece of paper to find out why they are introduced in the order they are introduced in.
- Pay attention to transitions. Sometimes, it’s the little things that really set a good paper apart from a so-so paper. Transitions, meaning the way one sentence or idea leads to another, can be one such thing that give you a better grade automatically. Transitions can usually be identified by looking for words like “furthermore”, “however”, “on the other hand”, “in addition” or “additionally”, or “moreover”. Look for these words and study how to use them appropriately in your paper for a smooth read.
- Learn how to integrate quotes. You want any quote or source that you use to flow with your paper. Study how a professional writer introduces quotes by using phrases like “According to Kant”, “in the words of Hemingway”, or “Einstein’s research showed that”. Note how the introduction to these quotes make them a part of the paper.
- Read the thesis a few times to understand how it works. A thesis is one of the most important aspects of your paper, so understanding how it works can really make a difference in your grade. Break down the thesis to understand what makes it a thesis instead of just another sentence in the paper.
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Stylistic • at the third level of stylistic analysis authors and their devices are also brought explicitly into the discussion • the chancellor spent yesterday making substantial stylistic changes to the speech but the main elements were left untouched. On the contrary, the striking effect of many a stylistic device is based on the logical or emotional emphasis contained in the corre-sponding expressive means and vice versa: a formerly genuine stylistic device can become an expressive means (idioms at large. 1what is stylistics 1) d crystal: linguistics is the academic discipline that studies language scientifically, and stylistics, as a part of this discipline, studies certain aspects stylistics is a means of relating disciplines and subjects, as shown in the following diagram. Define stylistics stylistics synonyms, stylistics pronunciation, stylistics translation, english dictionary definition of stylistics n the study of the use of elements of language style, such as metaphor, in particular contexts n a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of. What are stylistic devices in literature and writing, a figure of speech (also called stylistic device or rhetorical device) is the use of any of a variety of techniques to give an auxiliary meaning, idea, or feeling.
An example of a stylistic analysis the following example text has been written by dan mcintyre, one of the course tutors for the lecture/seminar-based course at lancaster university that mirrors this web-based course. Stylistics studies the means of expressing the supplementary (stylistic) information that accompanies the content of speech a related subject of study is the system of a language’s synonymic means and potentialities at all levels stylistics also studies the linguistic norms of past periods of language development. Stylistics: stylistics, study of the devices in languages (such as rhetorical figures and syntactical patterns) that are considered to produce expressive or literary style style has been an object of study from ancient times aristotle, cicero, demetrius, and quintilian treated style as the proper adornment. If you ask a rhetorical question it means you don’t necessarily expect an answer, but you do want an occasion to talk about something rhetoric is the art of written or spoken communication if you went to school a hundred years ago, your english class would have been called rhetoric.
Stylistics definition, the study and description of the choices of linguistic expression that are characteristic of a group or an individual in specific communicative settings, especially in literary works see more. Stylistics is the linguistic study of style in language it aims to account for how texts project meaning, how readers construct meaning and why readers respond to texts in the way that they do. ‘if audiences can get over a few stylistic tropes that define indian cinema, then the sky's the limit’ ‘as a stylistic template, the power pop formula is simple and to the point, and followed here by starky to the letter. This page has information to help researchers find materials related to stylistics students in e507 will find it of particular interest, but anyone doing research on the topic should find it useful. With all these stylistic devices, your writing can potentially be so much more attractive if you find it difficult to memorize them all, here’s what i recommend you do: make flashcards write a stylistic device on one side of the flashcard and its meaning on the other side, then work on memorizing a few a day.
The paradox of stylistics and translation is: while literary translation is depends upon knowing not only what a text means in an obvious sense but also what it suggests, the discipline which allows such insights is rarely seen as a necessary part of translation theory. Stylistic variation is a reality it does exist in every culture and in every language, and it is something we all do stylistic variation means altering your vocabulary, syntactic structures, discourse structure to match the context and situation. Stylistic describes things relating to the methods and techniques used in creating a piece of writing, music, or art there are some stylistic elements in the statue that just don't make sense american english : stylistic.
90% of the time, speakers of english use just 7,500 words in speech and writing these words appear in red, and are graded with stars one-star words are frequent, two-star words are more frequent, and three-star words are the most frequent the thesaurus of synonyms and related words is fully. The definition of stylistic is something related to the form, art or method of something when you make a decision to write a novel using an information method of writing rather than a formal one, this is an example of a stylistic decision. What does stylistic mean looking for the meaning or definition of the word stylistic here's what it means adjective of or pertaining to style, especially to linguistic or literary style find more words.
According to prof ir galperin`s definition stylistic devise is a conscious and intentional intensification of some type structural or semantic property of a language unit promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model sd must always have some function in the text, besides they bring some. Stylistic / staɪˈlɪstɪk / adj of or relating to style, esp artistic or literary style styˈlistically adv 'stylistic' also found in these entries: victorian - expression - interpretation - japonaiserie - quick - rhetorical - school - stylistics - stylize - that. Writing is a craft skilled writers incorporate stylistic techniques into their writing for rhetorical effect in other words, stylistic techniques enhance a piece of writing’s aesthetic, emotional or intellectual appeal certainly, the content of a text is important, but a writer who can organize.
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Editor: Caroline Feller Bauer
Illustrator: Margot Tomes
Publisher: Harper Collins
Description: Grab your mittens and scarf and join LeVar in a wintry wonderland. Inspired by SNOWY DAY: STORIES AND POEMS, LeVar travels to Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Viewers will experience a variety of ways to beat winter's chills and enjoy all of its snowy thrills!
Activity Suggestion: To compare the volume of frozen water to liquid, collect some snow (or if you don't have snow use crushed ice or frost from the freezer) in a clear plastic container. Measure the amount of frozen matter, then let it melt and measure the amount of water. The measurement should be approximately 1/10th as much as the amount of snow.
For activity ideas beyond what is listed, contact Canadian Learning CompanyŽ for information about obtaining a teacher's guide. Call 1-800-267-2977.
Reading Rainbow Home Page
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Coventry and Warwickshire residents are being urged to exercise caution as the invasive weed Giant Hogweed takes hold this summer.
The plant’s sap is extremely toxic to the skin in sunlight, making it a danger to public health, say national trade body The Property Care Association.
And experts from the PCA say if anyone comes into contact with any part of the plant, followed by exposure to sunlight, they can sustain severe blistering to the skin and discomfort, which can become a long-term condition, recurring in subsequent summers.
Professor Max Wade, Chairman of the PCA’s Invasive Weed Control Group, said: “Giant Hogweed is turning out to be a problem again this summer. It is continuing to spread and, in one area alone, I’ve seen it appear in five new locations.
“It is really important that the plant is spotted and that its toxic sap does not come into contact with skin in the sunlight.
“If this occurs, it can lead to a nasty rash, itching and blisters when skin first makes contact with it.
“The rash and the itching can reoccur and flare up for years afterwards when skin is exposed to sunlight.
“An added concern is the fact that Giant Hogweed sap which comes into contact with items such as clothing and equipment can also be transferred via touch, so it can possibly affect somebody else.”
In previous years, there have been a number of reports of people sustaining injuries after coming into contact with the invasive weed in the UK.
Professor Wade advises that if contact is made with the plant, the affected area should be covered from sunlight and the skin washed with water as quickly as possible.
Professor Wade added: “The chemical in the plant, a furanocoumarin, needs bright light to react with the skin and causes blistering and other health problems, so this is the time of year when problems can ensue.
“The general public, as well as local authorities, statutory agencies and landowners on whose property people can come into contact with the plant should be aware of the risks and Giant Hogweed needs to be controlled and managed professionally.”
The plant can grow up to three metres high with a two centimetre diameter stem and a large, white, umbrella shaped flowering head.
It has sharply serrated or divided leaves which can grow up to 2 metres with bristles on the underside.
The stem is usually covered in bristles and has blotchy purple markings. It can be confused with the native hogweed but this is much smaller in size in all aspects.
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If you serve a liturgical church, today is the day when we are halfway through Lent. Many people give up something for Lent. Common examples include caffeine, smoking, chocolate, or even all desserts. I know a lot of organists that give up certain stops on the organ for the season. No reeds, no mixture, and certainly no Trompette-en-chamade! What if instead of giving up stops, we gave up notes? What would happen to our improvisations if we used not just fewer stops, but fewer pitches?
Can you improvise a piece using only one note? Harmony completely disappears from consideration if we only use one pitch to create our piece. Can you build a melody by moving the note up and down to different octaves? Rhythm and tone color seem to be the primary musical options for us when we only have one note to work with. Drum solos can last several minutes, so it is definitely possible to keep someone’s attention using primarily rhythm. How long can you keep the listener engaged while using only one note? What does it do to your own sense and awareness of rhythm? I managed about 2.5 minutes…
And then there were two
Using only one note is pretty tough. What if we give ourselves permission to use two different notes? Which two would you choose? How far apart would they be? A fifth? A third? Only a half-step?
With two notes, we now have some melodic and harmonic elements to work with in addition to rhythm. Is it easier to make a longer piece now? How much longer can you go? What difference does the choice of interval between the notes have on your creative ability?
I managed an extra 10-15 seconds with 2 notes…
A few more
Before going running back to a full set of 7 or 12 pitches, try using only 4, 5, or 6. If you can play for 2 minutes using only 2 notes, can you improvise for 5-6 by creating a B-section with 2 other notes and then return to your original material and pitches for a rounded binary or ternary form? Imagine 6 minutes of music using only 4 notes? What might that sound like?
The pentatonic scale only has five notes and has generated numerous folk melodies. How much time have you spent improvising with those five notes? Beginning keyboard students often have pieces that do not require moving the hands beyond the five notes that are directly below the fingers. What sort of music can you create in five-finger mode?
The whole-tone scale has six notes. Composers have made ample use of it to create impressionistic pieces and transitions. The traditional major and minor triads aren’t available in this set. How do you create harmonic tension or interest when all the notes are the same distance apart?
Giving up chocolate, alcohol, or caffeine for Lent might be difficult, but I believe the practice of restricting ourselves for a limited time makes us better in the long run. While it is not easy to improvise using only one or two notes, the practice makes us aware of other elements in music that we may not pay as much attention to normally. Even though Lent is now halfway over, I encourage you to spend at least a few minutes exploring how you can improvise using only a handful of notes.
Newsletter Issue 64 – 2017 03 23
See the complete list of past newsletter issues here.
Sign up to receive future issues using the box to the right on this page.
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Nose Reshaping (Rhinoplasty)
Nose shape is largely determined but its underlying skeleton. The nose bones shape the top half while cartilage (often called grizzle) shapes the lower half. It is the cartilage with gives the springy shape to both our noses and ears. To change the shape of the nose, one needs to change the shape of the this bone and cartilage skeleton. To access the ‘skeleton’ of the nose a tunnel is made between the skin/soft tissue and the underlying bone/cartilage skeleton of the nose.
- a bump on the nose is to be reduced then the prominent bone / cartilage is removed
- a bulbous or round tip is to be refined then the cartilage supporting it is trimmed and/or reshaped
- the bone portion of the nose is then often broken so as to narrow the top of the nose
To increase the size of a small nose tissue is either added or extra support is given. This is a common procedure in those of Asian descent. The extra support or tissue can sometimes be derived from ones own tissue or sometimes an artificial material can be used – either is a compromise to some extent – use of own tissues necessitates a larger and more expensive procedure. Use of artificial material can be quicker and less expensive but may have a higher chance of problems like infection which can sometimes occur a long time after the original operation
Frequently after an accident the airway is often also blocked and needs correction.
The underlying bone and cartilage must be broken, remodelled and supported in a straightened position while healing.
As with all operations complications can sometimes occur
- General operations – bleeding, infection, healing problems
- Specific Complications – are more related to incomplete correction of your problem or concern. Further operations are sometimes required in this situation.
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Become a Fair Trade School
Goal 1: Set up a Fair Trade working group
Form a Fair Trade working group* with both teachers and students.
|Have teachers and students in the Working Group||
Students can organise all the activities, take on responsibilities, and learn new knowledge and skills.
Teachers can help students get themselves organised and help garner support for Fair Trade at different levels
|Involve both junior and senior students||So that junior students can learn from senior ones, senior students can practice their leadership skills, it also helps build common understanding on the school’s plans for FT and that can strengthen continuity|
|Keep minutes of the meetings and upload them||
To provide evidence for the Fair Trade School Awards Scheme and for the Group next year to make reference to this years’ discussions and activities
Don’t forget to assign a student every time to be responsible for this!
*It doesn’t matter what type of a group the working group is, it can be a steering committee, society, concern group, club, etc. as long as the group is composed of teachers and mainly students and is dedicated to promoting Fair Trade.
- Every school is different, but one to two teachers and eight to ten students are a good number to start with
- Include students from both senior and junior forms in the Working Group to help ensure continuity year after year
- Gather aspirations and activity ideas from all members of the Group, including what the next steps are and who will do what to get started with the action plan for the year
- List everything related to Fair Trade that’s already going on, your school may already be well on the way to achieving all four goals!
Useful meetings to have:
At the start of the year
- Gather everyone’s ideas about what to do for the year, review last year’s experiences and make plans and assign tasks for the new year
Meetings during the school year for the implementation of the action plan
- Check on progress of activities, making sure events are well planned out and tasks are completed (use the event planner to help you!)
Final meeting at the end of the year
- Reflect on the activities of the past year and discuss (and document!) how they went and how it can be improved
- Start thinking about next year! Given the experiences this year, what does the Group think should be done next year?
Invite other people to join the group, e.g. other teachers, one or 2 parents, canteen operators, school administration, etc. to join your meetings and ask for their opinion so the whole school can be involved!
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Blue light negatively affects your body at night more than redder wavelengths. Your circadian system detects the blue and senses a false daytime sky, with the artificial delay in nighttime contributing to sleep loss and other physical woes. The document Seeing Blue sums up the science of how the body interprets light at night. To reign in the harmful component, you should eliminate blue from your diet of lights at night.
The f.lux app automatically lessens the blue output on your electronic displays. The app gradually adjusts the screen brightness as twilight segues into night. The redder hue can be awkward at first, but if you need full color, say, to work on a PhotoShop project, you can simply override the app for the duration of your task.
A handy feature called f.luxometer compares different electronic devices and lighting types at different temperatures, with temperature being the Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) in Kelvins. For example, the iPhone5 at 6500K has a significant blue presence in the bell curve to the left, which is the region where your circadian system is most sensitive.
When the f.lux app kicks in, however, the screen's output is significantly redder, and the bell curve to the left isn't dominated by blue. Below is the same iPhone5 at at cooler 1900K. The Interntional Dark-Sky Association (IDA) recommends lights have a CCT of 3000K or less.
Those parents who tell their kids to turn off the electronics at night are actually on to something--more than they likely knew. I encourage anyone who accesses an electronic device to change your way of looking at color at night, and as the URL suggests, just get f.lux. Please, give it a try. You have nothing to lose but the blues.
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Hamster Logic, a Brain Game
In this puzzle game, each kid has one hamster which is in
an adjacent horizontal or vertical square.
To avoid fights, hamsters must be kept well apart from each other.
Hamster squares cannot touch horizontally, vertically or even diagonally.
the red numbers show the number of hamsters in each row and column.
Pick a marker:
Then mark a square.
- must be a hamster,
- can't be a hamster
- can't tell yet
©Courseware Solutions Inc.
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The IEEE MBCET student branch spearheaded the WIE STAR program in the Kerala section.
The IEEE Student-Teacher and Research Engineer/Scientist (STAR) program was developed to address the growing concern that, at a young age, girls are discouraged from careers in mathematics, science, and engineering. This educational outreach program promotes involvement of IEEE members with local junior high and high schools in order to create a positive image of engineering careers.
Through a one-to-one interaction between society volunteers and a Student-Teacher Team, STAR’s aim was to create a technical support network for teachers and a mentoring program for students.
Identifying a School
The best way to get started was to identify a school or group (such as a Girl Scout Troop) to work with. Some suggestions include:
- School your children or friend’s children attend
- School near your place of wok.
- Many companies have educational outreach programs (commonly referred as K-12 Programs). By calling corporate headquarters at your company or the department of education at your university, one can find out about the established programs. Quite often these programs have relationships with local schools.
Visiting the School and organizing a program
Call the principal or headmaster at your school of choice and introduce yourself. Ask the principal to recommend an energetic science teacher who would be interested in this program. Contact the teacher to set up a meeting. Next, visit the school to speak and meet with the teacher. Be prepared to discuss a curriculum or plan for the mentoring activities. Some suggested activities are as follows.
- Bring a laptop computer and access the Web. By doing this, you can let the students become familiar with the Web and hunt down experiments of interest.
- The WIE Web site has a list of science and mentoring program resources. Set up a series of experiments to build or study something.
- Set up a field trip to visit your company, local university, or a local science museum.
- Coordinate best paper contests.
- Invite women engineers from industry and research institutes for a discussion on their experiences and careers.
- Invite the students to visit a local university research program that is involved with simple engineering projects.
Work with the teacher to decide how many students to include in the program. IEEE has found that a program has a better chance to succeed if the teacher had previously selected students who may not have opportunities for involvement in programs such as STAR. The teacher will then ask the students if they would like to participate.
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Physical Literacy can be described as the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life – Margaret Whitehead (IPLA, 2017).
Physical Literacy is when children have developed the skills, confidence and love of movement to be physically active for life (Active for Life, 2020).
A recent research article by Study International Staff revealed that kids today are lacking Physical Literacy. That comes as no surprise given the sedentary lifestyles children embrace and a life filled with smartphones and electronic devices. Poor Physical Literacy has long-lasting impacts, even into adulthood. Inactivity can lead to obesity and health-related diseases. Our indoor lifestyles are even affecting our social skills. The above-mentioned article discussed a longitudinal study conducted over 15 years. Fifteen years ago children were able to bounce and catch a ball 14 times in 20 seconds. Today they can only bounce and catch a ball 8 times. Fifteen years ago, kindergarten children could stand on one leg for 22 seconds. Presently, they can only achieve 15.4 seconds.
An article by Behan et al., (2018) on Getting Ireland’s Children Moving, quotes that the World Health Organisation predicts that Ireland will be ‘the most obese nation in Europe by 2030’. The researchers stated that fundamental movement skills (FMS) proficiency has been associated with beneficial health outcomes and is most successfully developed during the early school years. They found that 78% of children scored ‘very poor’ or ‘below average’ in FMS proficiency.
We were born to move. Movement is essential to learning and a good understanding of what Physical Literacy is will help children to be:
- Competent to move
- Motivated to move
- Confident to move.
Children need a wide variety of physical activities in multiple environments (water, land, air, snow). They need to experience many different movement activities such as running, jumping, swimming, balancing, kicking, etc. These movement experiences need to be fun and positive.
Neuroscientists have documented that the brain grows by experiences. Each experience builds a neural connection (or synapsis) in the brain. The more experiences, the more synapses. Each time the experience is repeated, the connection becomes stronger and more permanent.
Children also need to participate in sport, both at an individual and a team level. And finally, they need a good understanding of physical development, nutrition and exercise. All these concepts are the foundation of Physical Literacy and will motivate them to pursue physical activity which in turn will develop their confidence to be active for life (Cleland, 2018).
The benefits of being physically active are well documented:
- Increased self-esteem and happiness
- Higher test scores
- Reduced risk of health-related diseases (heart disease, stroke, diabetes)
- Impacts cognitive skills (concentration and attention)
- Improved academic performance
- Improved classroom attitudes and behaviours
- Improved social skills through sports participation
Furthermore, there are strong links between being physically active and better brain development. Physical activity can increase brain development by strengthening the neural connections in our brain (Boettcher, 2017).
A very good article by Active For Life states the importance of Physical Literacy across the lifespan:
- For the 0-3 age group parents should encourage early movement.
- For children aged 3-5 years parents need to expand on their child’s play and keep it fun.
- At 5-8 years of age parents should increase the focus on fundamental movement skills.
- From 8-12 years, parents should introduce more complex skills when they feel their kids are ready.
Physical Literacy is a simple solution to help kids become more active, more healthy and successful for life. Tune in to CoDex360 podcasts for tips and ideas on how to ‘Move to Learn & Learn to Move’, with Aled Hughes and Marinet Brennan.
For ideas on how to develop 'Movement and Listening Skills' at home, please go to our YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpc_nE7ejnXc89dosXIXZYw?view_as=subscriber
Throughout our podcasts we will also endeavour to illustrate the importance of movement as a foundation skill to learning: Move to Learn, Learn to Move.
To listen to Aled Hughes and Marinet Brennan’s podcasts on the topic of ‘Movement and Listening’ click on the Apple / iTunes Podcast link below. You can also find us on Spotify.
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Definition of Ceded
1. Verb. (past of cede) ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Ceded
1. cede [v] - See also: cede
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Ceded Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Ceded
Literary usage of Ceded
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. International Law: A Treatise by Lassa Oppenheim (1905)
"Veto of third Powers. the transaction, and whatever may be the compensation, if any, for the cession, the ceded territory is transferred to the new ..."
2. Commentaries on American Law by James Kent, William Hardcastle Browne (1894)
"Jurisdiction over ceded Places. The state governments have no jurisdiction in places ceded to the United States. They may lose all jurisdiction over places ..."
3. Elements of International Law by Henry Wheaton (1904)
"II. providing for the payment of the debts of the territory ceded. Thus, —r™ when Holland and Belgium were united in 181-1, it was provided that pa™ent Of ..."
4. The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review by Isaac Smith Homans, William Buck Dana (1854)
"Formed out of territory ceded to United States by South Carolina and ... Formed of territory ceded by Mexico. Admitted into the Union September 9, 1850. ..."
5. History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution of the by George Ticknor Curtis (1861)
"The cession was made with the reservation of such a portion of the territory ceded, between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami, as might be required to make ..."
6. The Law of Nations: Or, Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the by Emer de Vattel, Joseph Chitty (1883)
"215. and But whatever is ceded to the enemy by a treaty of peace, ceded'tTh *8 tru'^ an(* completely alienated. It has no longer any enemy.0 " claim to the ..."
7. The Imperial Gazetteer of India by Sir William Wilson Hunter (1886)
"... local chieftains in the south clung to their independence after their country was ceded to the British. On the west coast, the feudal aristocracy of the ..."
8. Opinions of Eminent Lawyers on Various Points of English Jurisprudence by George Chalmers (1858)
"... remained in ths ceded countries after the peace of 1763, were aliens or ... who remain in the ceded countries in America, are to be considered as aliens ..."
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Groundwater/ Surface Water Interaction
California State University, Sacramento
Quantifying Hyporheic Interactions
Upon completion of this unit students should be able to:
Discuss tracer tests that use different scales and tracer types
Evaluate the effects of transient storage
1) Jones and Mulholland: pp. 3-41
2) Harvey, J. W., Wagner, B. J., and Bencala, K. E., Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 32, pp. 2441-2451.
3) Zellweger, G. W., 1994, Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, pp. 155-165.
4) Zellweger, G. W., Avanzino, R. J., and Bencala, K. E., 1989, Comparison of tracer-dilution and current-meter discharge measurements in a small gravel-bed stream, Little Lost Man Creek, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 89-4150, 20 p.
Tim's summary of Jones and Mulholland, pp. 1-43:
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In July of 1861, photographer Carleton Watkins journeyed to the “newly discovered” wonder of the West: Yosemite. He was accompanied by a dozen mules that carried his bulky cameras, photographic equipment and supplies. Watkins used two cameras: a large format camera using 22 x 18 glass negatives and a stereographic camera that took parallel images used to create 3D views known as stereographs. He wrestled cameras to now iconic scenic views of the Valley, developed glass negatives on site and left Yosemite with 30 mammoth plates and 100 stereo views.
Watkins sent prints to the Reverend Starr King, a traveler who had written a popular series of letters to the Boston Evening Transcript while traveling in “Yo-semite” in 1859. King’s account of his visit to the “vegetable titans” of the Mariposa Grove had met with disbelief. Readers wrote to King requesting photographs of Yosemite and the Giant Sequoias. Watkins’ photographs gave proof for the Reverend’s account of the wonders he had seen.
An 1862 exhibition of Watkins photographs in New York City marked the beginning of a movement to preserve Yosemite as a public trust. Portfolios of Watkins’ photographs were presented to Congressmen, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Frederick Law Olmstead and other influential public figures who urged that the Valley and Grove be set aside for the enjoyment of future generations. In 1864, Abraham Lincoln signed the Yosemite Land Grant to protect the area from development and commercial exploitation, the first step in the eventual creation of the National Park of today.
View a slide show of a sampling of Carleton Watkins’ 1861 Yosemite photos.
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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français|
Relating Information on causes of deaths to implementation of health interventions provides vital information for program planning and evaluation. This paper from Ballabgarh Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) site in north India looks at temporal trends and gender differentials in the causes of death among under-five children.
Data on causes of death for 1972-74, 1982-84, 1992-94, 2002-04 were taken from existing HDSS publications and database. Physicians’ assigned causes of death were based on narratives by lay health worker till 1994 and later by verbal autopsy. Cause Specific Mortality Fractions (CSMF) and Cause Specific Mortality Rates (CSMR) per 1000 live births were calculated for neonatal (<1month) and childhood (1-59months) period. Gender difference was estimated by calculating ratio of CSMR between girls and boys. Available information on coverage of childhood interventions in the HDSS was retrieved and compiled.
The CSMF of prematurity and sepsis was 32% and 17.6% during neonatal period in 2002-04. The share of infections in all childhood deaths decreased from 55.2% in 1972-74 to 43.6% in 2002-04. All major causes of mortality (malnutrition, diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infection) except injuries showed a steep decline among children and seem to have plateued in last decade. Most of disease specific public health interventions were launched in mid eighties. . Girls reported significantly higher mortality rates for prematurity (RR 1.52; 95% CI 1.01-2.29); diarrhea (2.29; 1.59 – 3.29), and malnutrition (3.37; 2.05 – 5.53).
The findings of the study point out to the need to move away from disease-specific to a comprehensive approach and to address gender inequity in child survival through socio-behavioural approaches.
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The technology behind Ipv4 has always been known as a limited option. There can only be 4.3 billion addresses that are available using it. While that is a large number, the number needed for businesses and private residences are far outstripping it. The population is growing in the world and the internet is reaching more of that number. The Routing and Addressing Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force has been working on this issue. An ipv4 transfer and Ipv6 implementation have helped, but not fast enough. They still have a ways to go, considering there was one exhaustion that occurred in 2011.
What Is Using Internet Addressing
People don’t consider all the devices that have an address. Cellular devices are extremely popular, so they have them. Every website out there has an address. There are places that need a connection that is always on, so they have dedicated addresses. There are also people connected with one address using a virtual private network that has another one. At the same time, they are using messaging via their cell phone and that uses another address. Companies require multiple ones for the various sites they have and their websites.
Transferring Via Ipv4
Currently, the only technology that is being used for internet addresses is IPv4. The regional Internet registries ran out of new addresses to give January 2011. That means one of the ways to get a new address is to purchase it from someone who owns it but is not using it. That means that the different regional registries have to have a structure in place for transferring them. The transfers also have to deal with the availability. Keeping that organized is the new priority of the governing body of the internet.
The Use Of Ipv6
IPv6 is also in use at this time. There are more available, but it is getting exhausted just as IPv4 has been. 6 has been in use since 1982 and has been heavily used. Most of the top level domains use it, but the use of it was uneven in the implementation. All operating systems now are compatible. Since 2005, the United States government has required the use of it. Most nations in the world that have at least a reasonable amount of internet usage require it. The various regional groups and the main governing body are having to decide how to deal with exhaustion when it occurs.
While there are some stopgap procedures in place for internet addressing, there are bigger solutions needed. The people who are in charge know this and have research happening and plans being implemented. The last of IPv4 is already being organized in a manner that addresses can be recycled. IPv6 is going to be following it soon and must be handled in the same manner. Regional internet registries are having to keep up with this and leave the plans to the governing body. The Internet Engineering Task Force is also working on how to implement solutions via open source.
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The Three Pioneers in this exhibit are Muriel Cooper, Marvin Minsky, and Seymour Papert, all founding faculty members at the MIT Media Lab. I worked on the project with Nicholas Negroponte, its founding Director.
Cooper was MIT’s first graphic designer and head designer for the MIT Press, where she developed their iconic logo and led the design of over 500 books. Cooper’s computer graphics work at the Media Lab was years ahead of its time.
Minsky, one of the founders artificial intelligence, has explored the idea that human thought and consciousness result from simple machine-like processes. In his AI work, Minksy has tried to understand how to teach computers common sense.
Seymour Papert developed LOGO, the first computer language designed for children. By using LOGO to program the movement of “turtles,” and by de-bugging their programs, Papert proposed, children would “think about thinking.” His research resulted in LOGO being taught worldwide.
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An introductory survey of western philosophy from the 6th-century bc presocratics to the 16th-century scholastics the lectures will focus primarily on plato. Aretism: an ancient sports philosophy for the modern sports world applies a robust ancient ethic to the widely-acknowledged problems faced by medieval. What are the similarities and differences between greek philosophy and medieval descartes is usually considered the start of modern philosophy which. Ancient philosophy classical languages medieval & early modern literature moral philosophy: a reader (fourth edition. Modern philosophy refers to the philosophy that originated in western europe in the 17th century and later spread to other parts of the world modern philosophy began.
Ancient greek and roman philosophy medieval this paper investigates the differences between ancient greek and modern ancient greek and roman ethics in. A brief introduction to philosophy and philosophers with an overview of history of philosophy from the ancient most important medieval philosophers modern. Jewish philosophy and philosophies of judaism the philosophy of the medieval thinkers but in the modern period philosophy was largely pursued by. Reciprocity and co-interest at the roots of the christian tradition this project challenges the modern vs self-negating centre for ancient and medieval.
As athens gave way to rome as the cultural epicenter of the ancient world, the philosophy of of medieval philosophy modern philosophy,. Chapter 1 the significance of ancient indian history chapter 2 modern historians of ancient india chapter 3 nature india chapter 31 from ancient to medieval. Ancient and medieval history early modern history economic, cambridge has one of the largest concentrations of ancient and medieval historians in the world,.
Philosophy: by historical period medieval between medieval philosophy and the start of modern back to the ancient greeks but also set. The islamic scholar who gave us modern philosophy the various famous ancient schools long it is not surprising that the place of philosophy in medieval. In general, western medieval philosophy was heavily dependent upon ancient greek philosophy as there is no such thing as ancient vs modern,. Compare the similarities and differences between the ancient and the hellenistic medieval and early modern theories the difference between greek and modern. Early modern india, analytic philosophy in empiricism — see rationalism vs empiricism ancient and medieval projected table of contents browse.
What’s the difference between the renaissance and the enlightenment what’s the difference between the renaissance and the philosophy, mathematics. Ancient greece was the birthplace of science, science and mathematics in ancient greek culture ancient worlds, modern reflections,. Free modern philosophy papers, essays, ancient philosophy covers greek and roman philosophy medieval philosophy deals with the great attempts by christian,. A quick history of philosophy medieval philosophy | early modern philosophy into one discipline, and to reconcile the philosophy of the ancient classical.
A history of philosophy, volume 3: late medieval and philosophers from ancient greece of philosophy, the modern ones pay next to no. Modern morality and ancient ethics anscombe points out in her classical paper modern moral philosophy (1958). Since the 'discovery' of eastern philosophy by western any differences cited by modern-day writers similarities between eastern & western philosophy. Ancient and medieval philosophy lecture 1a ancient and medieval history ancient vs modern philosophy - duration:.
The courses that i am petitioning for in this narrative are as follows: philosophy 309, history of western philosophy i: ancient to medieval and philosophy 310. Choose from 500 different sets of philosophy test 1 flashcards on quizlet ancient 650 bc-350 ad medieval 350 ad- 1450 ad absolutes vs universals. The 5 great schools of ancient greek philosophy is the first of the central figures of ancient philosophy and he is the origins of early modern philosophy. And modern philosophy the ancient era was dominated by greek philosophical schools which more were accepted during the ancient, medieval and modern eras,.
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Page 2–The GeoRecord Vol 7.3
From the Director
by Lee Allison,
Director and State Geologist
needs an ongoing geologic hazards identification and mitigation program.
We owe it to the people whose homes and lives may be affected by landslides,
expansive soils, and, yes, even earthquakes.
When we talk about earthquakes and landslides, we generally don’t
think of Kansas. We usually associate those natural disasters with California
and the mountainous states. Natural disasters in Kansas are dominated
by tornadoes and floods. Do we really need to worry about geologic hazards?
The three families in Johnson County whose homes collapsed in landslides
in 1995 would likely say we do.
Although landslides are not a pervasive problem in Kansas, they are potentially
serious, particularly in the eastern part of the state, with its steep
bluffs and hills. Recent mapping by Survey geologist Greg Ohlmacher in
the Atchison area is the start of a detailed statewide assessment of landslide
hazards. State geological surveys also are working with the U.S. Geological
Survey to develop a national cooperative landslide hazard reduction program,
modeled in part on the extremely successful National Cooperative Geological
Mapping Program. In this proposed program, landslide is used as a catch-all
term for any kind of related hazard, including debris flows, sinkholes,
collapsible soils, and subsidence.
That definition also includes expansive soils, a more pervasive problem
in Kansas. These are common in areas underlain by clay deposits. Water
can easily be trapped between clay layers, causing the clays and derivative
soils to expand. During dry periods, the water evaporates and the clays
and soils shrink. The result is soils that heave and shrink from season
to season, cracking foundations, driveways, and sidewalks. Most everyone
knows someone who has had foundation problems caused by problem soils.
No one has estimated the damages and losses to expansive soils in the
state. Detailed maps are needed to help develop avoidance and mitigation
The earthquake hazard in Kansas also is not well understood. Only a handful
of felt earthquakes have occurred in modern Kansas history, the largest
in the Manhattan region. Many of the large earthquakes have been associated
with the Humboldt fault zone, a distributed system that runs from Oklahoma,
across Kansas, into Nebraska. Survey research, plus the results of a 12-year
seismic monitoring program in the 1970’s and 1980’s, indicates
that the Tuttle Creek Dam in Riley County is susceptible to seismic shaking.
The Survey presented this conclusion recently to a joint legislative committee.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which operates Tuttle Creek Reservoir,
has completed extensive seismic-hazard analysis of the dam and determined
that an earthquake of magnitude 5.7 or larger under the dam could cause
it to fail. A decision needs to be made whether to upgrade the dam’s
ability to withstand seismic events, leave the dam as it is and risk the
possibility of failure, or remove the dam altogether. Retrofitting the
dam is expensive, but the consequences of a dam failure would be catastrophic.
The Survey’s mission is to investigate and report on the geology, resources, and hazards of the state. Our programs in resources—oil, natural gas, and ground water—are large, highly visible, and influential. The results of these programs lead to economic development. We need to put similar resources to work in saving lives and property.
Online February 10, 2003
Comments to: firstname.lastname@example.org
Kansas Geological Survey
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An interesting article in the Washington Post discusses some new research on the correlation between childhood exposure to lead and increased propensity to crime in adulthood. Further on in the article one expert notes that lead exposure has been found to be associated with worse impulse control in general, and that could explain the correlation.
On the other hand, lead exposure also correlates with socioeconomic class, because poorer areas are more likely to have buildings with old, peeling lead paint, for example. The way I read the article, though, indicates that the researchers controlled for income and perhaps also for education. If this is true, the findings can be useful.
But be careful about how much to attribute to lead. The crucial paragraphs are these:
The theory offered by the economist, Rick Nevin, is that lead poisoning accounts for much of the variation in violent crime in the United States. It offers a unifying new neurochemical theory for fluctuations in the crime rate, and it is based on studies linking children's exposure to lead with violent behavior later in their lives.
What makes Nevin's work persuasive is that he has shown an identical, decades-long association between lead poisoning and crime rates in nine countries.
"It is stunning how strong the association is," Nevin said in an interview. "Sixty-five to ninety percent or more of the substantial variation in violent crime in all these countries was explained by lead."
Note the word "variation". It is not the case that lead exposure would explain 65-90% of all crime, only in variations of that crime rate across locales and perhaps time periods. To give a rough example (with no actual basis in any real numbers), suppose that violent crime has increased by 10% over some time period in one place. Then what Nevin argues is that between 6.5 and 9 of those percentage points are attributable to greater lead exposure.
That is still quite a strong finding, if true.
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This is Part 4 of a 5-part series: Honoring Africa’s Traditional Music
Continue to Parts 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
The photograph is blurry, perhaps to be expected from an image taken with a simple camera in 1946. In it, a little boy stands firmly on a concrete floor. He is naked - save for a cloth tied around his waist, shell beads around his neck and chalky dust that cakes his lower legs and feet.
Struggle to Honor World’s First Musicians
The boy is strumming a guitar, made roughly from a wooden plank, wire and animal skin, in the room in which he lives on a diamond mining compound in the then Belgian Congo. His head is cast slightly backwards, his eyes tightly shut; his mouth open to reveal a perfect set of teeth, almost fluorescent in their whiteness.
It’s a powerful picture of the ability of music to offer transcendence, however momentary, to human beings eager to escape their often mundane and painful lives.
The photograph was taken by Hugh Tracey, a pioneer ethnomusicologist who spent half a century journeying through Africa, from the 1920s until his death in 1977, recording and preserving the continent’s indigenous music. It forms part of the ‘For Future Generations’ exhibition, currently in South Africa, to honor his legacy and to celebrate indigenous and ancient African music.
Hugh Tracey (left) and his son, Andrew, recording musicians on one of their many fieldtrips
‘Most remarkable demonstration’
Upon entering the show, one is confronted by a black and white film projected onto a large wall. It was taken by Hugh Tracey in 1938 and shows Zulu men playing mouth bows with gourds attached as resonators.
There are photographs on the walls of Tracey recording musicians from myriad African ethnic groups. Glass cases are filled with ancient African musical instruments, such as likembe thumb pianos from the lower Congo River, wooden muranzi side-blown flutes from Zimbabwe and bamboo reed-pipes from Tanzania.
Six listening stations, replete with headphones, offer visitors the opportunity to hear a few of the more than 20,000 sound items collected by Tracey on his excursions across Africa. “It’s the most remarkable demonstration of Africa’s musical past,” said Prof. Diane Thram, the director of the International Library of African Music in South Africa.
Part of an exhibition to pay tribute to Hugh Tracey and African music contains glass cases filled with ancient instruments he collected (Photo: Darren Taylor)
First musicians were African
But, said Andrew Tracey, Hugh Tracey’s son and also an ethnomusicologist, based in South Africa, many Africans were “fixated” on the present and “don’t see the need” to respect the music of their forebears.
“Music for modern Africans means, basically, the music of where they are – which is mostly in cities and towns. People living in town want to make town music and that means very much Westernized music,” he said.
While Andrew understood this, and also understood why most modern Africans were “infatuated” with American rap, soul and R&B music, he was “at a loss” to explain why they weren’t “at least” trying to honor their musical heritage and the continent’s musical heroes of the past.
“Maybe they feel their roots music and instruments are inferior to those of the West. They shouldn’t feel this way, because they’re in many ways superior,” he commented, explaining further, “Anthropological finds prove that Africans were making music many, many centuries before anyone else. They were the world’s first musicians. Why Africans ignore this heritage is for someone more qualified than me to answer.”
One of the many traditional African horns Hugh Tracey collected during his long career as an ethnomusicologist
Zulu folk masters
Andrew said another reason for indigenous African music not appealing to modern people, including Africans, was that “it makes a lot of demands on listeners. You can’t just listen to a traditional piece of African music and say, ‘wow, that’s great, groovy music.’ You have to listen to it (closely) and get into it and understand its meaning, its structure.”
He explained that many old African songs were structured like stories, not like modern songs, which generally have a chorus and a few verses and are “much easier to digest.”
He maintained, though, that Africa’s musical past was not just about complex story songs, but was also “overflowing” with “wonderful, melodious” compositions. “If people just dug a little deeper and became more open-minded, they’d find music like that made by the Herman Magwaza Guitar Band in 1950s South Africa,” said Andrew.
Magwaza and his group pioneered Zulu folk music. “This band proved that Zulu music is about far more than near-naked warriors banging on tribal drums. But who would know the beauty of the compositions made by Herman Magwaza if it wasn’t preserved, and if they didn’t bother to search out their past?” he asked.
A Zulu man dances while blowing a whistle on a mine near Johannesburg in this photograph taken by Hugh Tracey in the late 1940s
‘The sound is in their blood’
Christian Carver manages a company that makes traditional African musical instruments in South Africa. Most of his sales, he said, were outside of Africa.
“African music has become disregarded even in Africa. I have so many (school) kids (visiting) here and you ask them, ‘can anyone tell me what this (instrument) is?’ And it’s from their own culture…. but they can’t,” Carver said, shaking his head. He continued, “Yet as soon as you play it, you see the lights go on in their eyes. And that’s because they have very, very strong cultural linkages to these instruments. The sound of these instruments is in their blood – but they don’t know it.”
As an example, he cited the uhadi musical bow, traditionally used by South Africa’s Xhosa people. “The musical scale that comes out of the (uhadi’s) overtone tuning system is the basis of Xhosa (musical) scales and so (Xhosa) kids recognize that instantly…. This happens even though in many cases they’ve never seen or heard an uhadi.”
African music = basis for modern pop music
Like Andrew Tracey, Carver believed the roots of modern music were in Africa. He stated, “It’s the African-ness (sic) of (modern) popular music that makes it popular. I believe that African music is the basis for all popular music.”
Musical bows, including a Xhosa uhadi (left), on display at an International Library of African Music exhibition in South Africa
He cited a band such as the United States’ Vampire Weekend as evidence of this. Vampire Weekend mix African-influenced rhythms with modern chamber pop music, according to international music critics.
Andrew said perhaps the “greatest influence” on modern pop music was the music made in the past by black Americans. He asked, “And who were the forebears of these black American musicians? They were slaves from Africa, who took their music and rhythms and harmonies with them on the slave ships to America.”
Thram said, “So many young people are so ignorant about how African music has penetrated and effected and created all these new styles, like blues, that are based on African music.”
‘No more excuses’
Carver said while the “rest of the world” seemed to “tip their hat” to the immense influence of African music, “and even in monetary terms recognizes its value and the importance of preserving it,” Africans themselves, and especially the continent’s authorities, generally did not.
Music experts say Africa’s musical history is rich…. But largely ignored
“Africans are disregarding it in favor of trying to sing Verdi and Bach and whatever. In (African) choir competitions, you might have one traditional number but everything else is tending towards the sort of western art music line,” said Carver.
This, Andrew maintained, wasn’t because African music of the past was inferior. “It’s just that Africans have for too long ignored their musical past. This of course is in large part to do with the terrible effects of colonialism, which taught that all things African were inferior, but we now know that this is nonsense. It’s time for Africa to stand up and reclaim its terrific musical past.”
But Andrew acknowledged that the achievement of this needed “significant” funding and the support of the continent’s political authorities. “As yet, there’s no sign of this happening,” he said.
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Stalemate West of Masan
In war events of importance are the result of trivial causes.
JULIUS CAESAR, Bellum Gallicum
When enemy penetrations in the Pusan Perimeter at the bulge of the Naktong caused General Walker to withdraw the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade from Task Force Kean, he ordered the 25th Division to take up defensive positions on the army southern flank west of Masan. By 15 August the 25th Division had moved into these positions.
The terrain west of Masan dictated the choice of the positions. The mountain barrier west of Masan was the first readily defensible ground east of the Chinju pass. (See Map IV.) The two thousand-foot mountain ridges of Sobuk-san and P'il-bong dominated the area and protected the Komam-ni (Saga)-Haman-Chindong-ni road, the only means of north-south communication in the army zone west of Masan.
Northward from the Masan-Chinju highway to the Nam River there were a number of possible defensive positions. The best one was the Notch and adjacent high ground near Chungam-ni, which controlled the important road junction connecting the Masan road with the one over the Nam River to Uiryong. This position, however, had the disadvantage of including a 15-mile stretch of the Nam River to the point of its confluence with the Naktong, thus greatly lengthening the line. It was mandatory that the 25th Division right flank connect with the left flank of the 24th Division at the confluence of the Nam and the Naktong Rivers. Within this limitation, it was also necessary that the 25th Division line include and protect the Komam-ni road intersection where the Chindong-ni-Haman road met the Masan-Chinju highway.
The Southern Anchor of the Army Line 1st
From Komam-ni a 2-mile-wide belt of rice paddy land extended north four miles to the Nam River. On the west of this paddy land a broken spur of P'il-bong, dominated by 900-foot-high Sibidang-san, dropped down to the Nam. Sibidang provided excellent observation, and artillery emplaced in the Komam-ni area could interdict the road junction at Chungam-ni. Colonel Fisher, therefore, selected the Sibidang-Komam-ni position for his 35th Infantry Regiment in the northern part of the 25th Division defense line. The 35th Regiment line extended from a point two miles west of
STALEMATE WEST OF MASAN Page 365
Komam-ni to the Nam River and then turned east along that stream to its confluence with the Naktong. It was a long regimental line-about 26,000 yards.
The part of the line held by the 35th Infantry-covering as it did the main Masan-Chinju highway, the railroad, and the Nam River corridor, and forming the hinge with the 24th Division to the north-was potentially the most critical and important sector of the 25th Division front. Lt. Col. Bernard G. Teeter's 1st Battalion held the regimental left west of Komam-ni; Colonel Wilkins' 2d Battalion held the regimental right along the Nam River. Maj. Robert L. Woolfolk's 3d Battalion (1st Battalion, 29th Infantry) was in reserve on the road south of Chirwon from where it could move quickly to any part of the line.
South of the 35th Infantry, Colonel Champney's 24th Infantry, known among the men in the regiment as the "Deuce-Four," took up the middle part of the division front in the mountain area west of Haman.
Below (south) the 24th Infantry and west of Chindong-ni, Colonel Throckmorton's 5th Regimental Combat Team was on the division left. On division orders, Throckmorton at first held the ground above the Chindong-ni coastal road only as far as Fox Hill, or Yaban-san. General Kean soon decided, however, that the 5th Regimental Combat Team should close the gap northward between it and the 24th Infantry. When Throckmorton sent a ROK unit of 100 men under American officers to the higher slope of Sobuk-san, enemy troops already there drove them back. General Kean then ordered the 5th Regimental Combat Team to take this ground, but it was too late.
The N.K. 6th Division Regroups West of Masan
1stIn front of the 25th Division, the N.K. 6th Division had now received orders from the North Korean command to take up defensive positions and to await reinforcements before continuing the attack. From north to south, the division had its 13th, 15th, and 14th Regiments on line in that order. The first replacements for the division arrived at Chinju on or about 12 August. Approximately 2,000 unarmed South Koreans conscripted in the Seoul area joined the division by 15 August. At Chinju, the 6th Division issued them grenades and told the recruits they would have to pick up weapons from killed and wounded on the battlefield and to use captured ones. A diarist in this group records that he arrived at Chinju on 13 August and was in combat for the first time on 19 August. Two days later he wrote in his diary, "I am much distressed by the pounding artillery and aerial attacks. We have no food and no water, we suffer a great deal.... I am on a hill close to Masan."
Another group of 2,500 replacements conscripted in the Seoul area joined the 6th Division on or about 21 August, bringing the division strength to approximately 8,500 men. In the last week
35th Inf Unit Hist, Aug 50. Interv, author with Throckmorton, 20 Aug 52: Throckmorton, Notes for author, 17 Apr 53. ATIS Res Supp Interrog Rpts, Issue 100 (N.K. 6th Div), pp. 37-38. Ibid., p. 38; ATIS Interrog Rpts, Issue 2, Rpt 712, p. 31, Chon Kwan O; ATIS Supp Enemy Docs, Issue 2, p. 70, Diary of Yun Hung Xi, 25 Jul-21 Aug 50.
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of August and the first week of September, 3,000 more recruits conscripted in southwest Korea joined the division. The 6th Division used this last body of recruits in labor details at first and only later employed them as combat troops.
As a part of the enemy build-up in the south, another division now arrived there-the 7th Division. This division was activated on 3 July 1950; its troops included 2,000 recruits and the 7th Border Constabulary Brigade of 4,000 men. An artillery regiment had joined this division at Kaesong near the end of July. In Seoul on 30 July, 2,000 more recruits conscripted from South Korea brought the 7th Division's strength to 10,000. The division departed Seoul on 1 August, the men wading the neck-deep Han River while their vehicles and heavy weapons crossed on the pontoon bridge, except for the division artillery which was left behind. The 7th Division marched south through Taejon, Chonju, and Namwon. The 1st and 3d Regiments arrived at Chinju on or about 15 August. Two days later some elements of the division reached T'ongyong at the southern end of the peninsula, twenty-five air miles southwest of Masan. The 2d Regiment arrived at Yosu on or about 15 August to garrison that port. The 7th Division, therefore, upon first arriving in southwest Korea occupied key ports to protect the 6th Division against possible landings in its rear.
The reinforced battalion that had driven the ROK police out of T'ongyong did not hold it long. U.N. naval forces heavily shelled T'ongyong on 19 August as three companies of ROK marines from Koje Island made an amphibious landing near the town. The ROK force then attacked the North Koreans and, supported by naval gun fire, drove them out. The enemy in this action at T'ongyong lost about 350 men, or about half their reinforced battalion; the survivors withdrew to Chinju.
By 17 August, the reinforced North Koreans had closed on the 25th Division defensive line and had begun a series of probing attacks that were to continue throughout the month. What the N.K. 6th Division called "aggressive patrolling" soon became, in the U.S. 24th and 35th Infantry sectors, attacks of company and sometimes of battalion strength. Most of these attacks came in the high mountains west of Haman, in the Battle Mountain, P'il-bong, and Sobuk-san area. There the 6th Division seemed peculiarly sensitive where any terrain features afforded observation of its supply and concentration area in the deeply cut valley to the west.
Enemy Attacks at Komam-ni (Saga) 1st
It soon became apparent that the enemy 6th Division had shifted its axis of attack and that its main effort now would be in the northern part of the Chinju-Masan corridor just below the Nam River. General Kean had placed his strongest regiment, the 35th Infantry, in this area. Competent observers considered its commanding officer, Colonel Fisher, one of the ablest regimental com-
ATIS Res Supp Interrog Rpts, Issue 100 (N.K. 6th Div), p. 38. ATIS Res Supp Interrog Rpts, Issue 99 (N.K. 7th Div), p. 34; ATIS Interrog Rpts, Issue 2, p. 94, Capt So Won Sok, 7th Div. ATIS Res Supp Interrog Rpts, Issue 99 (N.K. 7th Div), pp. 34-35; ATIS Interrog Rpts, Issue 2, p. 94, Capt So; GHQ FEC G-3 Opn Rpt 57, 20 Aug 50; New York Times, August 21, 1950.
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menders in Korea. Calm, somewhat retiring, ruddy faced, and possessed of a strong, compact body, this officer was a fine example of the professional soldier. He possessed an exact knowledge of the capabilities of the weapons used in an infantry regiment and was skilled in their use. He was a technician in the tactical employment of troops. Of quiet temperament, he did not court publicity. One of his fellow regimental commanders called him "the mainstay of the division."
The 35th Infantry set to work to cover its front with trip flares, but they were in short supply and gradually it became impossible to replace those tripped by the enemy. As important to the front line companies as the flares were the 60-mm. mortar illuminating shells. This ammunition had deteriorated to such a degree, however, that only about 20 percent of the supply issued to the regiment was effective. The 155-mm. howitzer illuminating shells were in short supply. Even when employed, the time lapse between a request for them and delivery by the big howitzers allowed some enemy infiltration before the threatened area was illuminated.
Lt. Col. Arthur H. Logan's 64th Field Artillery Battalion, with C Battery, 90th Field Artillery Battalion, attached, and Captain Harvey's A Company, 88th Medium Tank Battalion, supported Colonel Fisher's regiment. Three medium M4A3 tanks, from positions at Komam-ni, acted as artillery and placed interdiction fire on Chungam-ni. Six other medium M26 tanks in a similar manner placed interdiction fire on Uiryong across the Nam River.
In the pre-dawn hours of 17 August an enemy attack got under way against the 35th Infantry. North Korean artillery fire began falling on the 1st Battalion command post in Komam-ni at 0300, and an hour later enemy infantry attacked A Company, forcing two of its platoons from their positions, and overrunning a mortar position. After daylight, a counterattack by B Company regained the lost ground. This was the beginning of a 5-day battle by Colonel Teeter's 1st Battalion along the southern spurs of Sibidang, two miles west of Komam-ni. The North Koreans endeavored there to turn the left flank of the 35th Regiment and split the 25th Division line. On the morning of 18 August, A Company again lost its position to enemy attack and again regained it by counterattack. Two companies of South Korean police arrived to reinforce the battalion right flank. Against the continuing North Korean attack, artillery supporting the 1st Battalion fired an average of 200 rounds an hour during the night of 19-20 August.
After three days and nights of this battle, C Company of the 35th Infantry and A Company of the 29th Infantry moved up astride the Komam-ni road during the morning of 20 August to bolster A and B Companies on Sibidang. While this reinforcement was in prog-
Interv, author with Corley, 6 Nov 51; Interv, author with Throckmorton, 20 Aug 52 Interv, author with Brig Gen Arthur S. Champney, 22 Jul 51. Throckmorton and Champney agreed substantially with Corley's opinion. 1st Bn, 35th Inf WD, 14-31 Aug 50, Summ of Supply Problem. 35th Inf WD, 14-31 Aug 50: 88th Med Tank Bn WD, 16-17 Aug 50. 35th Inf WD, 17-20 Aug 50; 1st Bn, 35th Inf WD, 19 Aug 50.
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ress, Colonel Fisher from a forward observation post saw a large enemy concentration advancing to renew the attack. He directed artillery fire on this force and called in an air strike. Observers estimated that the artillery fire and the air strike killed about 350 enemy troops, half the attack group.
The North Koreans made still another try in the same place. In the pre-dawn hours of 22 August, enemy infantry started a very heavy attack against the 1st Battalion. Employing no artillery or mortar preparatory fires, the enemy force in the darkness cut the four-strand barbed wire and attacked at close quarters with small arms and grenades. This assault engaged three American companies and drove one of them from its position. After three hours of fighting A Company counterattacked at 0700 and regained its lost position. The next day, 23 August, the North Koreans, frustrated in this area, withdrew from contact in the 35th Infantry sector.
At the same time that the North Koreans were trying to penetrate the 35th Infantry positions in the Sibidang-Komam-ni area, they sent strong patrols and probing attacks against the mountainous middle part of the 25th Division line. Since this part of the division line became a continuing problem in the defense of the Perimeter, more should be said about the terrain there and some of its critical features.
Old mine shafts and tunnels on the western slope of Sobuk-san provided the North Koreans in this area with ready-made underground bunkers, assembly points, and supply depots. As early as the first week of August, the North Koreans were in this mountain fastness and had never been driven out. It was the assembly area for their combat operations on the Masan front all during the month. Even when American troops had held the Notch position beyond Chungam-ni, their combat patrols had never been able to penetrate along the mountain trail that branches off the Masan road and twists its way up the narrow mountain valley to the mining villages of Ogok and Tundok, at the western base of Battle Mountain and P'ilbong, two peaks of Sobuk-san. The patrols always were either ambushed or driven back by enemy action. The North Koreans firmly protected all approaches to their Sobuk-san stronghold.
When the 25th Division issued orders to its subordinate units to take up defensive positions west of Masan, the 2d Battalion, 24th Infantry, was still trying to seize Obong-san, the mountain ridge just west of Battle Mountain and P'il-bong, and across a gorgelike valley from them. At daybreak of 15 August, the 2d Battalion broke contact with the enemy and withdrew to Battle Mountain and the ridge west of Haman. The 3d Battalion of the 24th Infantry now came to the Haman area to help in the regimental defense of this sector.
This high ground west of Haman on
1st Bn, 35th Inf WD, 20 Aug 50; 25th Div WD, 20 Aug 50. 35th Inf WD, 22 Aug 50; 25th Div WD, 23 Aug 50. Interv, author with Fisher, 5 Jan 52: 159th FA Bn WD, 12-15 Aug 50; 1st Bn, 24th Inf WD, 15 Aug 50. 2d Bn, 24th Inf WD, 15 Aug 50; 25th Div WD, 15 Aug 50.
STALEMATE WEST OF MASAN Page 369
which the 24th Infantry established its defensive line was part of the Sobuk-san mountain mass. Sobuk-san reaches its highest elevation, 2,400 feet, at P'il-bong (Hill 743), eight miles northwest of Chindong-ni and three miles southwest of Haman. From P'il-bong the crest of the ridge line drops and curves slightly northwestward, to rise again a mile away in the bald peak which became known as Battle Mountain (Hill 665). It also was variously known as Napalm Hill, Old Baldy, and Bloody Knob. Between P'il-bong and Battle Mountain the ridge line narrows to a rocky ledge which the troops called the Rocky Crags. Northward from Battle Mountain toward the Nam River, the ground drops sharply in two long spur ridges. Men who fought there called the eastern one Green Peak.
At the western base (enemy side) of Battle Mountain and P'il-bong lay Ogok and Tundok, one and a quarter air miles from the crest. A generally north-south mountain road-trail crossed a high saddle just north of these villages and climbed to the 1,100-foot level of the west slope, or about halfway to the top, of Battle Mountain. This road gave the North Koreans an advantage in mounting and supplying their attacks in this area. A trail system ran from Ogok and Tundok to the crests of Battle Mountain and P'il-bong. From the top of Battle Mountain an observer could look directly down into this enemy-held valley, upon its mining villages and numerous mine shafts. Conversely, from Battle Mountain the North Koreans could look down into the Haman valley eastward and keep the 24th Infantry command post, supply road, artillery positions, and approach trails under observation. Whichever side held the crest of Battle Mountain could see into the rear areas of the other. Both forces fully understood the advantages of holding the crest of Battle Mountain and each tried to do it in a 6-week-long battle.
The approach to Battle Mountain and P'il-bong was much more difficult from the east, the American-held side, than from the west, the North Korean side. On the east side there was no road climbing halfway to the top; from the base of the mountain at the edge of the Haman valley the only way to make the ascent was by foot trail. Stout climbers required from 2 to 3 hours to reach the top of P'il-bong from the reservoir area, one and a half air miles eastward; they required from 3 to 4 hours to get on top of Battle Mountain from the valley floor. The turnaround time for porter pack trains to Battle Mountain was 6 hours. Often a dispatch runner required 8 hours to go up Battle Mountain and come back down. In some places the trail was so steep that men climbed with the help of ropes stretched at the side of the trail. Enemy night patrols constantly cut telephone lines. The wire men had a difficult and dangerous job trying to maintain wire communication with units on the mountain.
Bringing dead and seriously wounded down from the top was an arduous task. It required a litter bearer team of six men to carry a wounded man on a stretcher down the mountain. In addition, a medical aide was needed to ad-
Interv, author with 1st Lt Louis M. Daniels, 2 Sep 51 (CO I&R Plat, 24th Inf, and during the Aug 50 action was a MSgt (Intel Sgt) in the 1st Bn, 24th Inf); Interv, author with Corley, 4 Jan 52 (Corley in Aug 50 was CO, 3d Bn, 24th Inf; in September of that year he became the regimental commander); AMS Map, Korea, 1:50,000.
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minister medical care during the trip if the man was critically wounded, and riflemen often accompanied the party to protect it from enemy snipers along the trail. A critically wounded man might, and sometimes did, die before he reached the bottom where surgical and further medical care could be administered. This possibility was one of the factors that lowered morale in the 24th Infantry units fighting on Battle Mountain. Many men were afraid that if they were wounded there they would die before reaching adequate medical care.
In arranging the artillery and mortar support for the 24th Infantry on Battle Mountain and P'il-bong, Colonel Champney placed the 4.2-inch mortars and the 159th Field Artillery Battalion in the valley south of Haman. On 19 August the artillery moved farther to the rear, except for C Battery, which remained in the creek bed north of Haman at Champney's insistence. Champney in the meantime had ordered his engineers to improve a trail running from Haman northeast to the main Komam-ni-Masan road. He intended to use it for an evacuation road by the artillery, if that became necessary, and to improve the tactical and logistical road net of the regimental sector. This road became known as the Engineer Road.
When Colonel Champney on 15 August established his line there was a 4,000-yard gap in the P'il-bong area between the 24th Infantry and the 5th Infantry southward. The 24th Infantry had not performed well during the Task Force Kean action and this fact made a big gap adjacent to it a matter of serious concern. General Kean sent 432 ROK National Police to Champney the next day and the latter placed them in this gap.
The first attack against the mountain line of the 24th Infantry came on the morning of 18 August, when the enemy partly overran E Company on the northern spur of Battle Mountain and killed the company commander. During the day, Lt. Col. Paul F. Roberts succeeded Lt. Col. George R. Cole in command of the 2d Battalion there. The next day, the enemy attacked C Company on Battle Mountain and routed it. Officers could collect only forty men to bring them back into position. Many ROK police on P'il-bong also ran away-only fifty-six of them remained in their defensive positions. American officers used threats and physical force to get others back into position. A gap of nearly a mile in the line north of P'il-bong existed in the 24th Infantry lines at the close of the day, and an unknown number of North Koreans were moving into it.
On to August, all of C Company except the company commander and about twenty-five men abandoned their position on Battle Mountain. Upon reaching the bottom of the mountain those who had fled reported erroneously that the company commander had been killed and their position surrounded, then over-
Interv, author with Corley, 4 Jan 52; Interv, author with Daniels, 2 Sep 51; Interv, author with Champney, 22 Jul 51; 24th Inf WD, 1-31 Aug 50, Special Problems and Lessons. Interv, author with Champney, 22 Jul 51; 159th FA Bn WD, Aug 50, and sketch maps 5 and 6. Col William 0. Perry, EUSAK IG Rpt, 24th Inf Regt, 1950, testimony of Capt Alfred F. Thompson, Arty Line Off with 24th Inf, 24 Aug 50; 24th Inf WD, 15-16 Aug 50. 1st Bn, 24th Inf WD, 19 Aug 50; 159th FA Bn WD, 19 Aug 50.
STALEMATE WEST OF MASAN Page 371
run by the enemy. On the basis of this misinformation, American artillery and mortars fired concentrations on C Company's former position, and fighter-bombers, in thirty-eight sorties, attacked the crest of Battle Mountain, using napalm, fragmentation bombs, rockets, and strafing. This friendly action, based upon completely erroneous reports, forced the company commander and his remnant of twenty-five men off Battle Mountain after they had held it for nearly twenty hours. A platoon of E Company, except for eight or ten men, also left its position on the mountain under similar circumstances. On the regimental left, a ROK patrol from K Company's position on Sobuk-san had the luck to capture the commanding officer of the N.K. 15th Regiment but, unfortunately, he was killed a few minutes later while trying to escape. The patrol removed important documents from his body. And on this day of general melee along Battle Mountain and P'il-bong, the North Koreans drove off the ROK police from the 24th Infantry's left flank on Sobuk-san.
General Kean now alerted Colonel Throckmorton to prepare a force from the 5th Infantry to attack Sobuk-san. On the morning of 21 August, the 1st Battalion (less A Company), 5th Regimental Combat Team, attacked across the 24th Infantry boundary and secured Sobuk-san against light resistance. That evening a strong force of North Koreans counterattacked and drove the 1st Battalion off the mountain. At noon the next day, the 1st Battalion again attacked the heights, and five hours later B Company seized the peak. General Kean now changed the boundary line between the 5th Regimental Combat Team and the 24th Infantry, giving the Sobuk-san peak to the former. During the night, the North Koreans launched counterattacks against the 1st Battalion, 5th Regimental Combat Team, and prevented it from consolidating its position. On the morning of 23 August, A Company tried to secure the high ground 1,000 yards southwest of Sobuk and link up with B Company, but was unable to do so. The enemy considered this particular terrain feature so important that he continued to repulse all efforts to capture it, and kept A Company, 5th Regimental Combat Team, nearby, under almost daily attack.
Northward from B Company's position on Sobuk, the battle situation was similar. Enemy troops in the Rocky Crags, which extended from Sobuk-san toward P'il-bong, took cover during air strikes, and napalm, 500-pound bombs, and strafing had little effect. As soon as the planes departed they reoccupied their battle positions. Elements of the 24th Infantry were not able to extend southward and join with B Company of the 5th Regimental Combat Team.
Still farther northward along the mountain spine, in the Battle Mountain area, affairs were going badly for the
24th Inf WD, 20 Aug 50; 3d Bn, 24th Inf WD, 20 Aug 50; EUSAK IG Rpt, 24th Inf. testimony of Maj Eugene J. Carson, Ex Off, 2d Bn, 24th Inf, answer to question 141, 14 Sep 50; Ibid., statement of Capt Merwin J. Camp, 9 Sep 50. Interv, author with Throckmorton. 20 Aug 52; Throckmorton, Notes and sketch maps, 17 Apr 53; 25th Div WD, 21-24 Aug 50; EUSAK WD, G-3 Sec, 21-22 Aug 50; Ibid., 23 Aug 50. 1st Bn, 24th Inf WD, 23 Aug 50: Corley, Notes for author, 27 Jul 53. The code name King I was given to this rocky ledge extending from P'il-bong south toward Sobuk-san. See 159th FA Bn WD, 19 Aug 50.
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[Caption] ENEMY SIDE OF THE ROCKY CRAGS
24th Infantry. After C Company lost Battle Mountain, air and artillery worked over its crest in preparation for an infantry attack planned to regain Old Baldy. The hot and sultry weather made climbing the steep slope grueling work, but L Company was on top by noon, 21 August. Enemy troops had left the crest under the punishing fire of air, artillery, and mortar. They in turn now placed mortar fire on the crest and prevented L Company from consolidating its position. This situation continued until midafternoon when an enemy platoon came out of zigzag trenches a short distance down the reverse slope of Old Baldy and surprised L Company. One enemy soldier even succeeded in dropping a grenade in a platoon leader's foxhole. The other two platoons of the company, upon hearing firing, started to leave their positions and drift down the hill. The North Koreans swiftly reoccupied Old Baldy while officers tried to assemble L and I Companies on the eastern slope. Elements of E Company also left their position during the day.
American air, artillery, mortar, and tank fire now concentrated on Battle Mountain, and I and L Companies prepared to counterattack. This attack made slow progress and at midnight it halted to wait for daylight. Shortly after dawn, 22 August, I and L Companies resumed the attack. Lt. R. P. Stevens led L Company up the mountain, with I Company supplying a base of fire. Lt. Gerald N. Alexander testified that, with no enemy fire whatever, it took him an hour to get
Corley, notes for author, 27 Jul 53: Interv, author with Corley, 4 Jan 52; EUSAK IG Rpt, 24th Inf Regt, 1950, testimony of 2d Lt Gerald N. Alexander, L Co, 24th Inf, 2 Sep 50; Ibid., testimony of Maj Horace E. Donaho, Ex Off, 2d Bn, 24th Inf, 22 Aug 50; 24th Inf WD, 21 Aug 50; EUSAK WD, G-3 Sec, 21 Aug 50.
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his men to move 200 yards. When they eventually reached their objective, three enemy grenades wounded six of then, and at this his group ran off the hill. Alexander stopped them 100 yards down the slope and ordered them to go back up. None would go. Finally, he and a BAR man climbed back and found no defending enemy on the crest. His men slowly rejoined him. The remainder of the company reached the objective on Battle Mountain with a total loss of 17 casualties in three hours' time. A few hours later, when a small enemy force worked around its right flank, the company withdrew back down the hill to I Company's position.
Fighting continued on Battle Mountain the next day, 23 August, with ROK police units arriving to reinforce I and L Companies. The American and South Korean troops finally secured precarious possession of Old Baldy, mainly because of the excellent supporting fires of the 81-mm. and 4.2-inch mortars covering the enemy's avenues of approach on the western slope. Before its relief on the mountain, L Company reported a foxhole strength of 17 men, yet, halfway down the slope, its strength had jumped to 48 men, and by the next morning it was more than 100. Colonel Corley, in command of the 3d Battalion, 24th Infantry, said, "Companies of my battalion dwindle to platoon size when engaged with the enemy. My chain of command stops at company level. If this unit is to continue to fight as a battalion it is recommended that the T/O of officers be doubled. One officer must lead and the other must drive." The situation in the Haman area caused General Walker to alert the Marine brigade for possible movement to this part of the front.
On 25 and 26 August, C Company beat off a number of North Korean thrusts on Battle Mountain-all coming along one avenue of approach, the long finger ridge extending upward from the mines at Tundok. At one point in this series of actions, a flight of Air Force planes caught about 100 enemy soldiers in the open and immediately napalmed, bombed, and strafed them. There were few survivors. Task Force Baker, commanded by Colonel Cole, and comprising C Company, a platoon of E Company, 24th Infantry, and a ROK police company, defended Battle Mountain at this time. The special command was established because of the isolated Battle Mountain area and the extended regimental battle frontage. It buried many enemy dead killed within or in front of its positions during these two days.
The 3d Battalion, 24th Infantry, now relieved the 1st Battalion in the Battle Mountain-P'il-bong area, except for C Company which, as part of Task Force Baker, remained on Old Baldy. Corley's battalion completed this relief by 1800, 27 August.
The North Korean attacks continued. On the 28th, an enemy company-sized
Interv, author with Corley, 4 Jan 52; EUSAK WD, G-3 Sec, 22 Aug 50; Ibid., Summ, 22 Aug 50; EUSAK IG Rpt, 24th Inf Regt, 1950, testimony of Corley, 26 Aug 50, and testimony of Alexander, 2 Sep 50. 24th Inf WD, 24 Aug 50; Interv, author with Corley, 4 Jan 52; EUSAK IG Rpt, 24th Inf Regt, 1950, testimony of Alexander, 2 Sep 50, and testimony of Corley, 26 Aug 50. 1st Bn, 24th Inf WD, 26 Aug 50; 24th Inf WD, 26 Aug 50; 24th Div WD, 26 Aug 50. 3d Bn, 24th Inf WD, 27 Aug 50; 25th Div WD, 27 Aug 50.
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attack struck between C and I Companies before dawn. That night, enemy mortar fire fell on C Company on Old Baldy, some of it obviously directed at the company command post. After midnight, an enemy force appeared in the rear area and captured the command post. Some men of C Company left their positions on Battle Mountain when the attack began at 0245, 29 August. The North Koreans swung their attack toward E Company and overran part of its positions. Airdrops after daylight kept C Company supplied with ammunition, and a curtain of artillery fire, sealing off approaches from the enemy's main position, prevented any substantial reinforcement from arriving on the crest. All day artillery fire and air strikes pounded the North Koreans occupying E Company's old positions. Then, in the evening, E Company counterattacked and reoccupied the lost ground.
An hour before midnight, North Koreans attacked C Company. Men on the left flank of the company position jumped from their holes and ran down the mountain yelling, "They have broken through!" The panic spread. Again the enemy had possession of Battle Mountain. Capt. Lawrence M. Corcoran, the company commander, was left with only the seventeen men in his command post, which included several wounded. After daylight on the 30th, air strikes again came in on Battle Mountain, and artillery, mortar, and tank fire from the valley concentrated on the enemy-held peak. A wounded man came down off the mountain where, cut off, he had hidden for several hours. He reported that the main body of the North Koreans had withdrawn to the wooded ridges west of the peak for better cover, leaving only a small covering force on Old Baldy itself. At 1100, B Company, with the 3d Battalion in support, attacked toward the heights and two hours later was on top.
Units of the 24th Infantry always captured Battle Mountain in the same way. Artillery, mortar, and tank fire raked the crest and air strikes employing napalm blanketed the scorched top. Then the infantry attacked from the hill beneath Old Baldy on the east slope, where supporting mortars set up a base of fire and kept the heights under a hail of steel until the infantry had arrived at a point just short of the crest. The mortar fire then lifted and the infantry moved rapidly up the last stretch to the top, usually to find it deserted by the enemy.
Battle Mountain changed hands so often during August that there is no agreement on the exact number of times. The intelligence sergeant of the 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry, said that according to his count the peak changed hands nineteen time. From 18 August to the end of the month, scarcely a night passed that the North Koreans did not attack
24th Inf WD, 29 Aug 50. Ibid.; 25th Div WD, 29 Aug 50; EUSAK IG Rpt, 24th Inf Div, 1950, testimony of Corcoran, 1 Sep 50. Corcoran said fire discipline in his company was very poor, that his men would fire at targets out of range until they had exhausted their ammunition and at night would fire when there were no targets. He said that in his entire company he had twenty- five men he considered soldiers and that they carried the rest. 24th Inf WD, 30 Aug 50; 25th Div WD, 30 Aug 50. Interv, author with Corley, 4 Jan 52. Interv, author with Daniels, 2 Sep 51.
STALEMATE WEST OF MASAN Page 375
Old Baldy. The peak often changed hands two or three times in a 24-hour period. The usual pattern was for the enemy to take it at night and the 24th Infantry to recapture it the next day. This type of fluctuating battle resulted in relatively high losses among artillery forward observers and their equipment. During the period of 15-31 August, seven forward observers and eight other members of the Observer and Liaison Section of the 159th Field Artillery Battalion, supporting the 24th Infantry, were casualties; and they lost 8 radios, 11 telephones, and 2 vehicles to enemy action.
In its defense of that part of Sobuk-san south of Battle Mountain and P'ilbong, the 1st Battalion, 5th Regimental Combat Team, also had nearly continuous action in the last week of the month. MSgt. Melvin O. Handrich of C Company, 5th Regimental Combat Team, on 25 and 26 August distinguished himself as a heroic combat leader. From a forward position he directed artillery fire on an attacking enemy force and at one point personally kept part of the company from abandoning its positions. Although wounded, Sergeant Handrich returned to his forward position, to continue directing artillery fire, and there alone engaged North Koreans until he was killed. When the 5th Regimental Combat Team regained possession of his corner "of a foreign field" it counted more than seventy dead North Koreans in the vicinity.
The month of August ended with the fighting in the mountain's on the southern front, west of Masan, a stalemate. Neither side had secured a definite advantage. The 25th Division had held the central part of its line, at Battle Mountain and Sobuk-san, only with difficulty and with mounting concern for the future.
159th FA Bn WD, 1-31 Aug 50. Department of the Army General Order 60, 2 August 1951 awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously to Sergeant Handrich.
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NEW BERLIN, TX
NEW BERLIN, TEXAS. New Berlin is on Farm Road 2538 eleven miles southwest of Seguin in southwestern Guadalupe County. Many of the early settlers were German immigrants who came to the area in the 1870s. Ed Tewes built the first store at New Berlin, and the town had a post office from 1878 to 1906. By the mid-1880s New Berlin had two steam gristmills and cotton gins, a general store, and seventy residents. The community served as a shipping point for cotton, cottonseed, corn, and oats. In 1904 fifty-six students attended the one-teacher school. The population of New Berlin fell to forty in 1949. The town was incorporated in 1980, when 253 residents were reported. In 1990 the population was 188.
Willie Mae Weinert, An Authentic History of Guadalupe County (Seguin, Texas: Seguin Enterprise, 1951; rpt. 1976).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Vivian Elizabeth Smyrl, "NEW BERLIN, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hln07), accessed October 04, 2015. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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The philosophy of STEAM revolves around the concept:
STEAM = Science & Technology interpreted through
Engineering & the Arts, all based in Mathematical elements.
Just as all of the natural processes on earth are interconnected, so too are the ways in which we perceive and learn about the world. And what better way to celebrate this concept than to use poetry to reflect upon the beauty of nature!
"Yet one smile more, departing, distant sun! One mellow smile through the soft vapory air, Ere, o’er the frozen earth, the loud winds run, Or snows are sifted o’er the meadows bare. One smile on the brown hills and naked trees, And the dark rocks whose summer wreaths are cast, And the blue gentian flower, that, in the breeze, Nods lonely, of her beauteous race the last. Yet a few sunny days, in which the bee Shall murmur by the hedge that skirts the way, The cricket chirp upon the russet lea, And man delight to linger in thy ray. Yet one rich smile, and we will try to bear The piercing winter frost, and winds, and darkened air"
William Cullen Bryant, 1794 - 1878
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Protected trout is breeding itself into extinction
Mating with rainbows may endanger westslope cutthroats
Published 10:00 pm, Sunday, April 7, 2002
WASHINGTON -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is wrestling with a sexy little question. Should it protect a fish when it may be mating itself out of existence?
The westslope cutthroat trout, which was plentiful in Western waters when Lewis and Clark made their expedition, has been interbreeding with rainbow trout that are stocked in its native lakes, rivers and streams.
The result is that the fish has harmed its chances for survival, and the Endangered Species Act isn't clear about how to handle this type of situation.
In deciding a suit filed by five environmental groups and a sport fisherman, a U.S. district judge in Washington last week told the government to rethink its 2000 decision not to protect the cutthroat under the Endangered Species Act.
Judge Emmet Sullivan said the agency should have better weighed the risks created when the native cutthroat breed with non-native fish.
In a ruling that touches on genetic purity and species protections, Sullivan was particularly troubled by the government's decision to count the hybrid fish when it tallied the westslope cutthroat population, and still conclude that interbreeding threatens the fish.
Within one year, he wants the government to finish a new review about whether to protect the fish.
Westslope cutts live in parts of Montana, Idaho, northwestern Wyoming, Eastern Washington and the John Day River Basin in Oregon. In 1997, American Wildlands and other environmental groups petitioned the Fish and Wildlife Service protect the fish as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.
Lynn Kaeding, Fish and Wildlife's supervisory fishery biologist in Bozeman, Mont., said he doesn't know what the agency will do next, though it is considering an appeal.
"This is a head-scratcher," he said. "I have a hard time personally and professionally coming to the conclusion that the (hybrid) fish isn't important."
Kaeding thinks the ruling may mean the agency has to improve the criteria used when it decides whether a fish is close enough to a cutthroat to be counted as one.
That may require more biochemical testing, which means the fish have to be killed to study them. This is less than desirable and costly, Kaeding said.
Cutthroats are highly dependent on clean, cold streams. But logging, mining and other development in wild lands are making it more difficult for the trout to find suitable habitat.
Other trout that have been introduced in the westslope cutthroat's waters -- including rainbow and brook trout -- are also out-competing the cutthroat.
Cutthroat trout can be distinguished from rainbows most easily by the bright red-orange slashes of color under their lower jaws. Unlike rainbows, they have teeth in their throats between the gill arches, and typically have longer heads and jaws.
Colorations vary, but the dark spots on the cutthroats' sides are generally larger than those on rainbows. Anglers know them as the most aggressive biters of the trout species, making them easier to hook than rainbows, brook trout or German browns.
Rob Ament, executive director of American Wildlands, and other environmentalists see the case as the first major suit to question interbreeding and hybrid fish.
If the cutthroat disappear, Ament believes, the country is in danger of losing a piece of its heritage. Lewis and Clark described the cutthroat in 1805 during their expedition west, and the fish's scientific name is Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi.
Abigail Dillen, an attorney with Earthjustice, which represented the environmentalists, said the government can take actions to limit hybridization. Those include prohibitions on stocking non-native fish, putting up barriers to isolate fish and even using poisons and other means to kill hybrid fish and replace them with pure ones.
"The fact is that you are really taking a gamble with hybridized fish," she said. "It is not an abstract concern about the genetic makeup of the fish."
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The term "malignant neoplasm" means that a tumor is cancerous. A doctor may suspect this diagnosis based on observation — such as during a colonoscopy — but usually a biopsy of the lesion or mass is needed to tell for sure whether it is malignant or benign (not cancerous).
Pathology: Examining Tissue for Signs of Cancer
When a polyp or other area of suspicious tissue is seen during a cancer screening test, the doctor may take a tissue sample — called a biopsy — right away, depending on the bodily location being examined, or at a later date, if doing so requires a second procedure. A pathologist then examines the tissue under a microscope to look for cancerous cells.
To better visualize the various parts of the tissue, the pathologist often stains it, sometimes with multiple dyes.
The pathologist looks for abnormalities in the shape and size of cells, shape and size of cell nuclei, and distribution of the cells in the tissue, indicating cancer.
Once the pathologist has confirmed that a biopsy shows cancer, other lab tests may be done to help classify the cancer, which can in turn help to guide treatment.
While much of the work of examining tissue samples is still done by individuals looking through microscopes, advances in automated detection and classification of cancer cells promise faster diagnosis and treatment.
Therapy: Treatment Options for Cancer Vary
Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.
Surgery may involve removing a small tumor or polyp only, or removing a tumor and a portion of the surrounding tissue, if the tumor is larger or has spread into nearby tissue. The surgeon may also remove some lymph nodes near the area of cancer if it’s known the cancer has spread to them, or to see if the cancer has spread to them.
Chemotherapy — drug therapy — may be used before surgery to shrink the size of tumors, or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells that may have spread to other parts of the body.
Radiation therapy may similarly be given to shrink tumors before surgery or to kill any remaining cancer cells after surgery. It may also be used in place of surgery in some cases.
Prognosis: Disease Course Often Hard to Predict
In the United States, improved cancer screening and treatment have reduced the number of people who die from certain cancers, such as colon cancer. However, your chances of survival are generally decreased if a cancer has spread beyond its primary location.
Malignant tumors can vary in their aggressiveness, so it is difficult to predict how rapidly they will grow. A medical oncologist can recommend appropriate testing and treatment to give you the best chance of survival.
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Your lower legs throb and ache after workouts, so you think you have shin splints. There's a good chance you're wrong.
People often incorrectly self-diagnose shin splints. With the information readily available to the public, it's not hard to see why. WebMD lists shin splints as a pathology, and other websites classify it similarly. Their descriptions usually read something like this: "Shin splints refer to pain in the lower leg." But as an athletic trainer, I can tell you: This doesn't provide you with nearly enough information.
When people say they have shin splints, usually what they are really saying is that their shins hurt and they don't know why. But many injuries can manifest themselves as shin pain, including some that don't even originate in the shin. If we're going to understand how to treat the problem, we first need to understand what the problem actually is. Should we treat a stress fracture the same way we would treat tendonitis? Certainly not. If that problem isn't addressed, the pain won't be either.
RELATED: Exercises to Prevent Shin Splints
What it isn't
A similar common junk term we hear is Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS.) Shin splints and MTSS are used interchangeably in a lot of literature. This is not akin to calling a "fracture" a "broken bone." Rather, it implies that we've thrown up our hands and given up on making an effort to properly classify each injury. This is most notable in studies where investigators try to find the best treatment for MTSS and fall short with a poor conclusion, because they were never sure what the injury was in the first place. MTSS is not definable because it is too broad a term. Commonly, however, it's used to describe periostitis (inflammation of the outer layer of bone on the tibia), which can be the beginning of a stress fracture.
Athletes typically label general pain somewhere on their lower leg as "shin splints." They don't really think beyond that generality, and they try things like foam rolling, ice buckets, massage and stretching to ease the pain. This can be a huge mistake. They are not treating the source of the pain, only the symptoms. The treatment they give themselves may not be optimal and can sometimes be detrimental.
So why do their shins hurt? Over a dozen common injuries are associated with shin pain. The best way to know is to get a professional evaluation. Terms like MTSS and shin splints are broad general terms for an unknown pathology, and any term that covers everything doesn't tell you anything.
No concrete data exists on the most common injuries classified as "shin splints," because they aren't often properly diagnosed. In my experience, the most common maladies are periostitis and posterior tibialis tendonitis. The posterior tibialis tendon runs along the mid shaft of the tibia and is adhered to by connective tissue, making it sometimes difficult to differentiate in terms of pain.
Athletes who have pain that increases during activity and are tender directly on the tibia may have periostitis. If pain and stiffness initially subside during activity and return once the muscle has less blood flow, it is more likely to be posterior tibialis tendonitis. Again, this doesn't rule out the possibility of a stress fracture or other less-common injuries such as tendonosis (a longer term degeneration of the tendon sheath). The only thing this injury is not: shin splints.
What to do
If you're experiencing lower-leg pain, step one is always to see a sports medicine orthopedist or certified athletic trainer. There are simple ways to differentiate among the major injuries and large red flags that require referral for further testing. A physical therapist may be more accessible but not trained to diagnose injuries—unless he or she also has an athletic training certification.
When physical therapists evaluate athletes, a prescription from an orthopedist identifies the injury. If you must do a self-assessment to narrow down the source of the injury, use your thumb to press down and pinpoint the actual pain. If it's clearly on the bone, you probably need an x-ray to rule out a stress fracture. If it's more in the soft tissue, it may be tendonitis caused by overtraining, improper training, an increased workload or bad mechanics. Don't assume it's either one. Get a qualified professional's opinion.
Beyond the injury
We also need to think a level deeper than simply looking at the shins. Stress fractures and tendonitis are common in runners, but for many different reasons. Especially in the context of running, pain below the knee is often caused by a problem at or above the knee. Weak glutes, anteverted hips, poor posture, patellafemoral syndrome and other issues can cause excess pounding on the tibia, eventually causing further injury. Flat feet can cause concern as well. Again, you need a full evaluation. Alleviating the pain in your shins may immediately help, but treating the cause of the pain is more important.
Since shin pain is often accompanied by another structural issue, you need to work hard to correct it. For example, if you have flat feet, often you'll also have squinting patella, an inward rotation of the kneecap, which can also be seen with excessive internal rotation of the hip. So, the question is: which came first? The flat feet, the shin pain or the rotated hips? This question needs to be answered by a professional.
On the flip side, athletes should do things proactively to prevent these types of injuries in the first place. Proper mobility in the shoulders and hip joints, strengthening the muscles and connective tissue around joints, and proper posture all contribute to establishing a stable base before you engage in athletic activities.
Since some of the most common athletic issues stem from general lack of mobility, core instability and weakness in the glute muscles, some general mobility exercises such as long Lunges and Shoulder Pull-Aparts with a band are great ways to determine your own baseline. To test your own lower-body strength, perform a Depth Jump from a 24-inch box, landing on both feet at the same time. If your knees cave in, more than likely you need to strengthen your hips before considering running or strength sports. You need to get a comprehensive evaluation to look at all the possibilities. Otherwise you'll just be slapping tape on your shins.
Br J Sports Med 2011;45:e2 doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.081570.9
Moen MH, Holtslag L, Bakker E, Barten C, Weir A, Tol JL, Backx F. "The treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome in athletes; a randomized clinical trial." Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2012 Mar 30;4:12.
Moen MH, Rayer S, Schipper M, Schmikli S, Weir A, Tol JL, Backx FJ. "Shockwave treatment for medial tibial stress syndrome in athletes; a prospective controlled study." Br J Sports Med. 2012 Mar;46(4):253-7.
Photo Credit: Getty Images // Thinkstock
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Materials that self-assemble and self-destruct once their work is done are highly advantageous for a number of applications – as components in temporary data storage systems or for medical devices. For example, such materials could seal blood vessels during surgery and re-open them subsequently.
Dr. Andreas Walther, research group leader at DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials in Aachen, developed an aqueous system that uses a single starting point to induce self-assembly formation, whose stability is pre-programmed with a lifetime before disassembly occurs without any additional external signal – hence presenting an artificial self-regulation mechanism in closed conditions.
Biologically inspired principles for synthesis of complex materials are one of Andreas Walther’s key research interests. To allow the preparation of very small, elaborate objects, nanotechnology uses self-assembly.
Usually, in man-made self-assemblies, molecular interactions guide tiny building blocks to aggregate into 3D architectures until equilibrium is reached. However, nature goes one step further and prevents certain processes from reaching equilibrium.
Assembly competes with disassembly, and self-regulation occurs. For example, microtubules, components of the cytoskeleton, continuously grow, shrink and rearrange. Once they run out of their biological fuel, they will disassemble.
This motivated Andreas Walther and his team to develop an aqueous, closed system, in which the precise balance between assembly reaction and programmed activation of the degradation reaction controls the lifetime of the materials.
A single starting injection initiates the whole process, which distinguishes this new approach from current responsive systems that always require a second signal to trigger the disassembly.
The approach uses pH changes to control the process. The scientists press the start button by adding a base and a dormant deactivator.
This first rapidly increases the pH and the building blocks – block copolymers, nanoparticles or peptides – then assemble into a three-dimensional structure. At the same time, the change of pH stimulates the dormant deactivator.
PhD student Thomas Heuser explains: “The dormant deactivator slowly becomes activated and triggers an off-switch. But it takes a while before the off-switch unfolds its full potential. Depending on the molecular structure of the deactivator, this can be minutes, hours or a whole day. Until then, the self-assembled nanostructures remain stable.”
Currently a hydrolytic reaction is used to activate the dormant deactivator. However, Andreas Walther and his team are already working on more sophisticated versions, which include an enzymatic reaction to slowly start the self-destruction mechanism.
Dr. Janine Hillmer | idw - Informationsdienst Wissenschaft
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For the purposes of this report, a climate scenario refers to a plausible future climate that has been constructed for explicit use in investigating the potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change. Such climate scenarios should represent future conditions that account for both human-induced climate change and natural climate variability. We distinguish a climate scenario from a climate projection (discussed in Chapters 9 and 10), which refers to a description of the response of the climate system to a scenario of greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions, as simulated by a climate model. Climate projections alone rarely provide sufficient information to estimate future impacts of climate change; model outputs commonly have to be manipulated and combined with observed climate data to be usable, for example, as inputs to impact models.
To further illustrate this point, Box 13.1 presents a simple example of climate scenario construction based on climate projections. The example also illustrates some other common considerations in performing an impact assessment that touch on issues discussed later in this chapter.
Box 13.1: Example of scenario construction.
Example of basic scenario construction for an impact study: the case of climate change and world food supply (Rosenzweig and Parry, 1994).
Aim of the study
To the extent possible, the scenarios were mutually consistent, such that scenarios of population (United Nations medium range estimate) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (moderate growth) were broadly in line with the transient scenario of greenhouse gas emissions (based on the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) scenario A, see Hansen et al., 1988), and hence CO2 concentrations. Similarly, the climate scenarios were based on 2xCO2 equilibrium GCM projections from three models, where the radiative forcing of climate was interpreted as the combined concentrations of CO2 (555 ppm) and other greenhouse gases (contributing about 15% of the change in forcing) equivalent to a doubling of CO2, assumed to occur in about 2060.
Construction of the climate scenario
Figure 13.1: Example of the stages in the formation of a simple climate scenario for temperature using Poza Rica (20.3° N, 97.3° W) as a typical site used in the Mexican part of the Rosenzweig and Parry (1994) study.
(a) Mean monthly differences (D) (2xCO2 minus control) of average temperature (°C) as calculated from the control and 2xCO2 runs of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) GCM (Manabe and Wetherald, 1987) for the model grid box that includes the geographic location of Poza Rica. The climate model spatial resolution is 4.4° latitude by 7.5° longitude.
(b) The average 17-year (1973 to 1989) observed mean monthly maximum temperature for Poza Rica (solid line) and the 2xCO2 mean monthly maximum temperature produced by adding the differences portrayed in (a) to this baseline (dashed line). The crop models, however, require daily climate data for input.
(c) A sample of one year's (1975) observed daily maximum temperature data (solid line) and the 2xCO2 daily values created by adding the monthly differences in a) to the daily data (dashed line). Thus, the dashed line is the actual daily maximum temperature time-series describing future climate that was used as one of the weather inputs to the crop models for this study and for this location (see Liverman et al., 1994 for further details).
We also distinguish between a climate scenario and a climate change scenario. The latter term is sometimes used in the scientific literature to denote a plausible future climate. However, this term should strictly refer to a representation of the difference between some plausible future climate and the current or control climate (usually as represented in a climate model) (see Box 13.1, Figure 13.1a). A climate change scenario can be viewed as an interim step toward constructing a climate scenario. Usually a climate scenario requires combining the climate change scenario with a description of the current climate as represented by climate observations (Figure 13.1b). In a climate impacts context, it is the contrasting effects of these two climates - one current (the observed "baseline" climate), one future (the climate scenario) on the exposure unit1 that determines the impact of the climate change (Figure 13.1c).
A treatment of climate scenario development, in this specific sense, has been largely absent in the earlier IPCC Assessment Reports. The subject has been presented in independent IPCC Technical Guidelines documents (IPCC, 1992, 1994), which were briefly summarised in the Second Assessment Report of Working Group II (Carter et al., 1996b). These documents, while serving a useful purpose in providing guidelines for scenario use, did not fully address the science of climate scenario development. This may be, in part, because the field has been slow to develop and because only recently has a critical mass of important research issues coalesced and matured such that a full chapter is now warranted.
The chapter also serves as a bridge between this Report of Working Group I and the IPCC Third Assessment Report of Working Group II (IPCC, 2001) (hereafter TAR WG II) of climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. As such it also embodies the maturation in the IPCC assessment process - that is, a recognition of the interconnections among the different segments of the assessment process and a desire to further integrate these segments. Chapter 3 performs a similar role in the TAR WG II (Carter and La Rovere, 2001) also discussing climate scenarios, but treating, in addition, all other scenarios (socio-economic, land use, environmental, etc.) needed for undertaking policy-relevant impact assessment. Chapter 3 serves in part as the other half of the bridge between the two Working Group Reports.
Scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts of future conditions. Rather they describe alternative plausible futures that conform to sets of circumstances or constraints within which they occur (Hammond, 1996). The true purpose of scenarios is to illuminate uncertainty, as they help in determining the possible ramifications of an issue (in this case, climate change) along one or more plausible (but indeterminate) paths (Fisher, 1996).
Not all possibly imaginable futures can be considered viable scenarios of future climate. For example, most climate scenarios include the characteristic of increased lower tropospheric temperature (except in some isolated regions and physical circumstances), since most climatologists have very high confidence in that characteristic (Schneider et al., 1990; Mahlman, 1997). Given our present state of knowledge, a scenario that portrayed global tropospheric cooling for the 21st century would not be viable. We shall see in this chapter that what constitutes a viable scenario of future climate has evolved along with our understanding of the climate system and how this understanding might develop in the future.
It is worth noting that the development of climate scenarios predates the issue of global warming. In the mid-1970s, for example, when a concern emerged regarding global cooling due to the possible effect of aircraft on the stratosphere, simple incremental scenarios of climate change were formulated to evaluate what the possible effects might be worldwide (CIAP, 1975).
The purpose of this chapter is to assess the current state of climate scenario development. It discusses research issues that are addressed by researchers who develop climate scenarios and that must be considered by impacts researchers when they select scenarios for use in impact assessments. This chapter is not concerned, however, with presenting a comprehensive set of climate scenarios for the IPCC Third Assessment Report.
Other reports in this collection
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Head and body length ranges from 28 to 33 inches in females and 30-36 inches in males. Height ranges from about 3-1/4 feet to 5-1/2 feet. Weight is from 99 pounds to 176 pounds. Captives may be heavier. Arm-spread is 50% greater than height. No tail. Face bare, skin pink in infancy darkening to black in adulthood. Baldness is frequent in adults, typically a triangle on the forehead of male, more extensive in females. Hair color is black. Infants have white tail tuft and older males (20 or over) may develop grey back patch.
GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE AND HABITAT:
Western and Central Africa, north of river Zaire, from Senegal to Tanzania, from 14 degrees north to 10 degrees south. Humid forest, deciduous woodland or mixed savanna; presence in open areas depends on access to evergreen fruit-producing forest. Found from sea level to 6500 feet.
Omnivorous. Feed on a wide variety of foodstuffs (over 80 different items have been catalogued) with the largest proportion consisting of fruit and young leaves. In long dry seasons, buds and blossoms, soft pitch, stems, galls, honey, bark and resin, seeds and nuts are also eaten. Animal prey makes up as much as five percent of the diet, with social insects, such as ants and termites, providing the largest amounts. On rare occasions small game (monkeys, pigs, and antelope) is hunted. Feeding is essentially an individual activity, but after a cooperative hunt may share morsels in response to begging by others. There seem to be "cultural" differences between groups of chimpanzees in the variety of food taken and the techniques for processing it. (West African chimps use wood and stone tools as hammers to open nuts.)
LIFE CYCLE/SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
Females in heat have prominent swelling of the pink perineal skin, lasting two to three weeks or more, and occurring every four to six weeks. Males have relatively huge testes. Puberty in both sexes occurs at about seven years, but males are not fully integrated into the social hierarchy until 15 or so. Females raised in captivity begin mating at eight to nine years and give birth for the first time at 10-11 years old. Wild females mature three to four years later. There is no breeding season. Chimpanzee females are not receptive for three to four years after giving birth, then resume sexual activities for one to six months until conception. Females mate only when in heat. For the first week or more, female chimps are promiscuous and mate on an average of six times a day. Toward the last week of estrus, when ovulation occurs, high ranking males may compete for mating rights. Occasionally, an exclusive "consortship" is formed, a female and male eluding other members of the community for days or weeks. Reproductive capability in the female may last at least until the age of 40. Maximum life span in the wild may be 60 years. The newborn is helpless with only a weak grasping reflex and needs support from the mother's hand during travel. Within a few days it clings to the mother's ventral surface without assistance, and begins riding "jockey-style" at 5-7 months. By four years, the infant travels mostly by walking, but stays with its mother until at least five to seven years old. Weaning begins in the third year. Chimp communities are made up of 15 to 120 animals. These communities lack a definite leader and are usually split into a number of subgroups which are temporary and change in composition within a matter of hours or days ("fusion-fission" groups). Mothers often travel alone with only their offspring. Males seldom or never leave the community into which they were born, whereas most females migrate to a new community during an adolescent estrus period. In male relationships, tension is routinely expressed in dominance interactions when parties meet, but males also spend much time grooming each other. They form a loose dominance hierarchy.
For sleeping at night, each chimp (except infants who nest with their mothers) constructs a nest of vegetation 9-12 meters high in a tree. Males may hunt cooperatively for baby monkeys or bush pigs and even "share" some of the meat. Dr. Jane Goodall has documented serious territorial fights.
Chimps travel mostly on the ground where they "knuckle-walk". They are one of the few mammals that manufacture and use "tools." They often feed by poking a twig or vine into a termite nest hole. When the twig has become covered with insects, they pull it out and nibble them off. They also use sticks to enlarge holes so that ants can be reached. Some populations chew leaves to make them more absorbent and dip for water from holes in trees. Many also use leaves to clean the body. West African chimps use stones to crack hard seeds.
The chimpanzees can be found in the Tropical Rainforest.
STATUS IN WILD:
Although there may be as many as 35,000 chimps in the wild, chimp populations have been reduced and fragmented by human encroachment into their habitats. In addition, hunting by people for food or commercial exportation for the animal trade has led to them being placed on Appendix II (threatened) of CITES, listed as endangered by the IUCN, and considered endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Every day this Advent we will be sharing reflections from Christian authors. Today's is by Tim Keller.
JESUS IS WITH US
There are three ideas in “Immanuel”: He is God, he is human, and he is with us. It would have been astonish‐ ing enough if the Son of God had become human and simply lived temporarily among us and then left, leaving a set of teachings. But his designs were infinitely greater than that. In the Gospel of Mark it says that Jesus Christ chose twelve apostles and appointed them so that they would be with him (3:14). What does “with him” mean? From that text and the rest of the Gospels we can see that it means being in Jesus’ presence, conversing with him, learning from him, having his comfort moment by moment. The purpose of the incarnation is that we would have a relationship with him. In Jesus the ineffable, unapproachable God becomes a human being who can be known and loved. And, through faith, we can know this love.
This does not stun us as much as it should. Look at the Old Testament. Anytime anyone drew near to God it was completely terrifying. God appears to Abraham as a smoking furnace, to Israel as a pillar of fire, to Job as a hurricane or tornado. When Moses asked to see the face of God, he was told it would kill him, that at best he could only get near God’s outskirts, his “back” (Exodus 33: 18– 23). When Moses came down off the mountain, his face was so bright with radiance that the people could not look at him (Exodus 34: 29– 30)— so great, so high and unapproachable is God.
Can you imagine, then, if Moses were present today, and he were to hear the message of Christmas, namely that “the Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the one and only Son” (John 1:14)? Moses would cry out, “Do you realize what this means? This is the very thing I was denied! This means that through Jesus Christ you can meet God. You can know him personally and without terror. He can come into your life. Do you realize what’s going on? Where’s your joy? Where’s your amazement? This should be the driving force of your life!”
When God showed up in Jesus Christ, he was not a pillar of fire, not a tornado, but a baby. There is nothing like a baby. Even young children have their own agenda and can run from you. But the little babies can be picked up, hugged, kissed, and they’re open to it, they cling to you. Why would God come this time in the form of a baby, rather than a firestorm or whirl‐ wind? Because this time he has come not to bring judgment but to bear it, to pay the penalty for our sins, to take away the barrier between humanity and God, so we can be together. Jesus is God with us.
The Fathers of Jesus
The incarnation did not happen merely to let us know that God exists. It happened to bring him near, so he can be with us and we with him. Millions of people every Christmas sing, “Jesus, our Immanuel,” but are they really with him? Do they know him or do they only know about him? Jesus literally moved heaven and earth to get near us— what should we be doing now to truly be with him?
What are the elements of a genuine, personal relationship with Jesus? It requires, as does any close relationship, that you communicate with him regularly, candidly, lovingly. That means not simply “saying your prayers” but having a prayer life that leads to real communion with God, a sense of his presence in your heart and life. Consider Psalms 27, 63, 84, 131 to see this kind of prayer. On the other hand, being in a close relationship means he communicates with you. That comes from a deep acquaintance with the Bible, the ability to read it, understand it, and meditate on it. Consider Psalms 1 and 119 to see how to have the Bible become a vital force in your life.8 Those are only the most individual “means of grace” that enable you to draw near to God. There are other, more communal means, such as worship and prayer, baptism and the Lord’s Supper, and the other resources available in the gathered church, the people of God (Hebrews 10: 22– 25).
Extract taken from Hidden Christmas by Tim Keller
Hidden Christmas by Timothy Keller - The New Testament begins not with a dramatic narrative or lofty poetry but with a genealogy. Provocatively, Matthew's gospel includes women in Jesus' family line - something that wasn't customary in an ancient culture, where women were largely powerless and uninfluential. In this surprising take on the Christmas story, Tim Keller reveals how, by focusing on the women in Jesus' birth narratives, a colourful, scandalous, and refreshing tale of grace emerges.
December 1st, 2018 - Posted & Written by The Editor
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Solving traffic jams with maths
Make the traffic control the lights, instead of the other way around
A Swiss traffic management and transport economics expert believes a combination of queue management and computing can help solve the gridlock that plagues the modern city.
Dr Dirk Helbing of ETH Zurich, a professor of sociology specializing in modeling and simulation, says “self organizing” traffic control systems, using massively parallel, decentralized control, are needed to avoid gridlocks. The problem, he told Tages Anzeiger (in German) is the inflexibility of current traffic control systems.
Today’s designs over-generalize: traffic lights are phased for typical behavior for a particular time of day (and day of week), and cope badly with anything unexpected. As a result, traffic lights have no response to an accident at an intersection; the previous set of lights will continue allowing traffic into an already-congested section of road, and eventually, the congestion feeds back into the rest of the road network.
Instead of typical queues, Dr Helbing says, the system is suddenly asked to cope with “extremely varied” queues.
Using sensors to measure variables like the amount of traffic already in a road section, how quickly it is moving, and how long to the next change of lights, Dr Helbing’s approach is designed to respond to unexpected events.
For example, the system would detect that traffic on one section of road is slowing down or has stopped, and divert it to alternate routes to prevent the backfill causing gridlock.
Dr Helbing told Tages Anzeiger that the mathematical modeling needed to represent such complex systems was “my most difficult trial”.
While lobbying Zurich to trial the system, Dr Helbing says the city of Dresden in Germany has already taken the plunge, and is about to launch a trial. ®
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Success in conservation is rooted in increasingly sophisticated science: computer models, ecological research and careful analyses.
Here’s the thing: science can only get conservation so far.
Take Prince of Wales Island in Southeast Alaska, where I’ve spent the last couple of days learning about forest restoration with Conservancy colleagues Keith Rush and Michael Kampnich. The island had been heavily logged 30+ years ago, and today much of the island is covered in dense, uniform stands of young growth trees that are of little value to wildlife.
There is extensive research behind the restoration, including how to create markets for the young growth trees cleared by restoration activities. Different kinds of research inform foresters on how to transition the logging industry on the island from old growth trees to young growth trees. (See yesterday’s blog for an in-depth feature on this work and the science behind it). But, ultimately, the science is only part of what will make this conservation successful. The rest lies with people and their relationships.
That’s why I’m now at a small sawmill in the forest, one where logs sit are stowed in abandoned pick-up trucks. As lumber mills go, this one frankly doesn’t look like much.
I’ve toured large timber mills, with computerized cutting and automated packaging lines. Here, though, one man does most of this work by hand. Which isn’t to say it’s inexact: the boards here are straight and clean, the work of a skilled timber man.
Mel Cook, who owns and operates this mill, at first seems taciturn, reluctant to answer questions. Then the topic turns to wood, and he comes alive, looking at logs, handling 2 x 4s, sizing up his product.
“I bought the equipment here to build a house in 1982,” says Cook. “I still haven’t built the house, but I’ve been cutting wood ever since.”
Cook says he’s seen a lot of changes in that time, “mostly due to environmentalists,” he says with a huff.
And so at first glance it may seem unlikely that Cook, and other mill owners like him, could be essential in restoring the forests of Prince of Wales Island in southeastern Alaska, where his mill is located. But that is exactly the case.
Yes, the research that informs the restoration of a uniform, young growth forest is extensive and impressive. But in the end, the success will depend in part whether mill owners like Mel Cook are willing to work with wood from young growth trees.
That’s not a given. Many of the mill owners here have worked with old growth wood for decades. There’s tradition. There’s peer pressure. There’s suspicion of conservation groups.
Cook has been willing to work with the Conservancy by utilizing young growth wood, and provides honest feedback. “I’ve been doing this a long time but I’m still always learning,” he says.
He is also interested in the studies being done wood strength and quality of young growth, how it will hold nails, screws and fastenings. He is interested to how his boards compare to those made from young growth in the Pacific Northwest.
He also hates waste, and any sawmill generates a lot of it in the form of sawdust. Piles of it frame his lumber yard. “It’s like sitting on a bomb,” he says. “Right now, we have to burn it or it will go up in smoke anyhow.”
Here, too, conservationists are proposing a solution: A biomass plant that converts sawdust to fuel for pellet stoves. It could help add value to young growth and provide extra income to folks like Cook.
Ultimately, for folks like him to sign on, it will take more than research: it will take trust and solid relationships with conservationists.
No computer model can provide that. No peer-reviewed literature can provide an instruction manual for building trust.
To some, that may sound close to heresy. The reality is, anywhere in the world, the research can move conservationists in the right direction but the success or failure of a project is ultimately determined by communities, by individuals and by relationships.
That’s why on-the-ground conservation staff – the heart and soul of The Nature Conservancy, in my opinion – do not have to only be versed in the science, they also have to be adept at understanding people.
Field representative Michael Kampnich understands this. I spent hours talking to him about the science of restoration, but he sees it as only part of the work. Even more important are meetings like this, talking wood quality with folks like Mel Cook. He understands well where the loggers are coming from: he worked for years as a commercial logger.
Riding in his truck, he told me of cutting a massive spruce tree and then sitting down to lunch and counting 800 rings. He knows the world of bucking logs and fixing chainsaws and sizing up wood quality. He spends weeks of each summer working as a commercial fisherman. He knows well the struggles faced by folks here, because he still sees himself as one of them.
“The sawmill owners and workers are not doing this to get rich,” he says. “They’re their own bosses. They have some freedom. Every last one of them will tell you they love it. They need to feel the sawdust running through their fingers.”
Of New Starts and Young Growth
After leaving Cook’s facility, we drive down the road to another mill, named Good Faith. Rush and Kampnich had heard there was a new cabinet maker working there who was amenable to working with young growth.
Michael Farr, the cabinet maker, handles plywood with the same easy grace as did Mel Cook, but Farr does not quite look the part of the Alaska timber man. He reminds me of a neighbor from my youth in the eastern United States. For good reason: it turns out that Farr lived most of his life just 25 miles away from my childhood home in central Pennsylvania, where my parents and brother still live.
Farr built his own highly successful custom cabinetry business, North Mountain Joinery, in Pennsylvania. In the 90s, he began noticing changes. “People no longer saw quality as the top priority. Cheaper is better became the mentality,” he says. “Then the recession wiped me out.”
He smiled but worry lines etched his face. “I never thought I’d leave central Pennsylvania,” he says. “But I took a risk and moved here to start over six weeks ago. It feels like I moved to another planet.”
Before we rejoin my Conservancy colleagues, Farr asks if I live on Prince of Wales. His face registers disappointment when I say no, perhaps because he was hoping to have someone to share memories of home. “This is a good place for me, a mom-and-pop operation where I can run a custom shop,” he says, but his eyes redden. “But keep me in your prayers. I took a big risk moving here. A big risk.”
He is soon back to looking at wood, discussing products with Kampnich and Rush. The anxiety is replaced with pride as he shows his craftsmanship. Unlike many people who work with wood on Prince of Wales Island, he is not tied to old growth product – he’s worked with young growth wood throughout his career.
Michael Farr may not only be making a fresh start, but also playing his own role in helping shape how forests are managed in southeastern Alaska. He has the expertise, the skill and the history to demonstrate how young growth can add value to sawmill operations.
Connections to people like him will help build a new industry built around young growth. The Conservancy’s Keith Rush is exploring many market possibilities, but ultimately he needs businesses and individuals willing to work with young trees – people like Farr and businesses like the Good Faith Mill.
In my twelve years working with The Nature Conservancy, I value these moments: when people take time to share their stories, to share their own hopes and worries and dreams. I’ve listened to Idaho ranchers tell stories of roping badgers and helped them pack freezers of beef. I’ve heard Colombia landowners describes how grassland conservation might shape a new future after dealing with decades of unspeakable violence. I’ve sat quietly as a former shark finner shared the moment he realized he wanted to save sharks, not kill them. And following my trip to the sawmills, I sat with members of the Haida and Tlingit communities who see salmon restoration and totem pole carving as parallel paths to restoring pride among their people (check back for an upcoming blog on this topic)
These are not the stories you read in a science journal article. But I would argue that scientists have to pay heed: they represent the point where the conservation plan, the research paper, meets the real world. The human world. Without relationships, the best any conservation plan can be is an abstract aspiration.
It might seem daunting, even unrealistic, when one thinks of all the handshakes, the cups of coffee, the listening, actually required for an on-the-ground conservation project to work.
I look at it differently: Sometimes the list of conservation challenges seems so overwhelming that solutions are difficult to envision. It’s easy to imagine throwing up one’s hands in despair in the face of climate change, deforestation, habitat destruction, species loss.
When I travel to places like Prince of Wales Island, though, I realize this: Individuals still matter hugely in this conservation effort. Relationships matter. You matter.
Science is the foundation of the Conservancy’s work on Prince of Wales. It directs staff and partners on where and how to conduct forest restoration and how to make it work economically. But I’m comforted to know that it is human relationship – in all its complexity – that ultimately determines what happens next.
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People have kept journals for a myriad of reasons: during frightening times of war, as a way to record travels and exploration, or just to lament about school and crushes. Journals and diaries are particularly important during times of trouble because they provide historical evidence for major historic events. But daily journals kept during times of peace also provide information for what life was like for the average person. This list features books written in a notebook or diary format, from the silly to the serious. Some are written as fictional stories and others are copied from actual diaries and memories. Perhaps these honest tales will inspire you to write down your own.
When searching for books in a diary format, try searching the subject phrases “juvenile literature” or “juvenile fiction” with subject phrases like “diaries,” “personal narratives,” and “children’s diaries.”
Diary of a Fly. 2007.
A young fly discovers, day by day, that there is a lot to learn about being an insect, including the dangers of flypaper and that heroes come in all shapes and sizes.
[SSHEL S Collection S.E. C881di]
Diary of a Baby Wombat. 2010.
Through a week of diary entries, a wombat describes his life of sleeping, playing, and helping his mother look for a bigger hole in which to make their home.
[SSHEL S Collection Q. SE. F888d2010]
Beginner and Intermediate Nonfiction
The Log of Christopher Columbus’ First Voyage to America in the Year 1492. 1989.
Presents the log of Christopher Columbus as copied out in brief by his companion, Bartholomew Las Casas, relating the day-to-day drama of a long sea voyage into the unknown.
[SSHEL S Collection SB.C726C1]
The Lewis and Clark Journals. 2003.
Provides a history of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, including excerpts from journals that Lewis and Clark kept during the journey, and describes how historical documents such as these can be restored and preserved.
[SSHEL S Collection S.917.804 C245l]
Li, Judith L.
Ellie’s Log: Exploring the Forest Where the Great Tree Fell. 2013.
With help from her parents, a forest manager and a wildlife biologist, and in the company of new friend Ricky, eleven-year-old Ellie fills a field notebook with sketches and notes about nature in the woods near her home. Includes suggestions on how to keep a field notebook. A teacher’s guide is available online.
[SSHEL S Collection S.577 L6121e]
Amelia’s 5th-Grade Notebook. 2003.
Amelia uses her diary to record the great events in her life during the year which she spent in the fifth grade.
[SSHEL S Collection S.M855a5]
Cartboy Goes to Camp. 2014.
Filled with photos, drawings, and timelines, Hal’s journal chronicles his hilarious adventures at Camp Jamestown — where nothing has changed in 400 years.
[SSHEL S Collection S. C1531ca]
Dear Diary. 2000.
Peek between these droll pages for the hand-lettered story of one very strange day in the life of just about everyone and everything in sight. This unusual title is an oddball assortment of diary writers who tell all in a quirky, colorful picture-book collage with a touch of attitude.
[SSHEL S Collection S.F2131d]
Pirate Diary: The Journal of Jake Carpenter. 2001.
The fictional diary of a nine-year-old boy who, in 1716 sets off from North Carolina to become a sailor, but ends up a pirate instead.
[SSHEL S Collection Q. S.P697p]
Teens and Young Adult
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Greg Heffley’s Journal. 2007.
Greg records his sixth grade experiences in a middle school where he and his best friend, Rowley, undersized weaklings amid boys who need to shave twice daily, hope just to survive, but when Rowley grows more popular, Greg must take drastic measures to save their friendship.
[SSHEL S Collection S. K623di]
Dork Diaries: Tales from a Not-So-Fabulous Life. 2009.
Fourteen-year-old Nikki Maxwell writes in her diary of her struggle to be popular at her exclusive new private school, then of finding her place after she gives up on being part of the elite group.
[SSHEL S Collection S. R917d]
Angus, Thongs, and Full-Frontal Snogging: Confessions of Georgia Nicolson. 2000.
Presents the humorous journal of a year in the life of a fourteen-year-old British girl who tries to reduce the size of her nose, stop her mad cat from terrorizing the neighborhood animals, and win the love of handsome hunk Robbie.
[SSHEL S Collection S. R2952a2000]
Revenge of the Titan. 2012.
Preparing for a first competition with the Grizzlies only to learn from mean girl Clementine Prescott that her popularity has tanked, Maddy harbors suspicions that her new secret friend, Katie Parker, may be responsible.
[SSHEL S Collection S. Ev151r]
Nonfiction Teens and Young Adult
Thura’s Diary: My Life in Wartime Iraq. 2004.
Nineteen-year-old Thura al-Windawi kept a diary during the conflict in Iraq, saying that it was her way of “controlling the chaos.” The diary, which documents the days leading up to the bombings, the war itself, and the lawless aftermath, puts a personal face on life in Baghdad.
[SSHEL S Collection SB. A316t]
We’re Alive and Life Goes on: A Theresienstadt Diary. 1998.
Presents the diary entries of a young woman living in the Jewish ghetto of Theresienstadt, a model concentration camp designed by the Nazis to show to the Red Cross and other humanitarian organizations.
[SSHEL S Collection SB. R853w:E]
Greenberg, Judith E.
Journal of a Revolutionary War Woman. 1996.
Entries from the journal of Mary Titus Post written during the American Revolution are presented with background information to help explain their historical context.
[SSHEL S Collection SB.P8572G]
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What other names is Coenzyme Q-10 known by?
Co Q10, Co Q-10, Coenzima Q-10, Co-Enzyme 10, Coenzyme Q 10, Coenzyme Q10
, Co-Enzyme Q10, Co-Enzyme Q-10, Co-Q 10, CoQ10, Co-Q10, CoQ-10, Ubidcarenone, Ubidécarénone, Ubiquinone-10.
What is Coenzyme Q-10?
Coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10) is a vitamin-like substance found throughout the body, but especially in the heart, liver, kidney, and pancreas. It is eaten in small amounts in meats and seafood. Coenzyme Q-10 can also be made in a laboratory. It is used as medicine.
Likely Effective for...
- Coenzyme Q-10 deficiency (very rare).
- Mitochondrial disorders, inherited or acquired disorders that limit energy production in the cells of the body.
Possibly Effective for...
- Congestive heart failure (CHF), in combination with other medications.
- Decreasing the risk of additional heart problems in people who have had a recent heart attack (myocardial infarction).
- Huntington's disease.
- Preventing blood vessel complications caused by heart bypass surgery.
- High blood pressure (hypertension) in combination with other medications.
- Preventing migraine headache.
- Parkinson's disease. Some research shows that taking coenzyme Q-10 supplements might slow functional decline in people with early Parkinson's disease. But taking a coenzyme Q-10 supplement in people with mid-stage Parkinson's disease does not seem to improve symptoms.
- Improving the immune system of people with HIV/AIDS.
- Muscular dystrophy, an inherited disorder involving muscle wasting.
Likely Ineffective for...
- Improving exercise performance.
- Dental (periodontal) disease, when applied directly to the teeth and gums.
Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).
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The Jinni, more well known as genies in the West, but also known in Djinn in Eastern culture, are what you may also call demons.
Powerful, elemental beings, they used to share the world with human kind. Mention of Jinni can be found in the Bible, but more commonly in Arabic tales, most famously Arabian Nights (also known as One thousand and one nights).
The most well known depiction of a genie is probably from Aladdin, where the genie is trapped within a lamp until the lamp is rubbed. This idea can be traced back to King Solomon and his Seal. Within Arabian Nights there is a tale of a genie being trapped with a copper bottle by a lead seal stamped by the ring.
They are often depicted as deceitful and selfish beings, who can offer you great wealth and power, but always at a cost. You may think you are getting a good deal, but no matter what it seems, there is always a catch. But not all Jinn are bad, just like us they have the capacity for good and evil.
Although they can appear as humans, they are essentially made of fire or wind. In Islamic folklore they make up the three sentient beings of Allah, the other two being humans and angels.
Are there still Jinni around us in human form? What would you wish for were to come across one? Or would you never dare wish, fearing the repurcussions?
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Learning to save money is an important life skill that will be useful at every stage of life.
Whether you're a Freshman or a seasoned student, you are probably well aware that money trees don't grow on campus. By applying simple money saving tips to everyday life, you’ll find that you have extra cash on hand when you need it and extra funds in the bank for emergencies.
Long term goals
What are the things you want? We suggest creating a simple list that is broken into three parts.
- What I want
- When I want it
- How much it costs
You're in charge.
One of the first steps to adulting: Take responsibility for your own finances. There is no better time than the present to start acting the part by creating a realistic budget or plan and sticking to it.
First, you will need to figure out your total monthly income. This should include your take-home pay (income after taxes), any allowance, gifts, odd jobs or other income.
Know your cash flow
You control your money, you determine how you spend or save it. If you pace your spending and increase saving by cutting unnecessary things like eating out or shopping, your money is going to last longer.
An important step in budgeting is figuring out how much you spend and on what. We suggest keeping track of your spending for a month. At the end of the month, tally up how much you spent and where it all went (entertainment, clothes, food, gifts, charity, etc.).
Once you have tracked both your income and your expenses for a month, subtract your total monthly expenses from your total monthly income. How much is left over? If you saved all of the leftover money every month, how long would it take you to save for your long-term goals?
Utilize your bank account.
Banks are more than just a vault to store your money in. They offer valuable services that students can benefit from like check cashing, debit cards, online and mobile banking, balance alerts, direct deposit, financial education and some offer identity theft protection. Consider putting that extra cash into your savings account, or if you have direct deposit, ask your employer to put a portion of your paycheck in your savings account automatically.
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On October 26, we learned that Kenya’s rank in Transparency Interational's Corruption Perceptions Index dropped seven places since 2009. Kenya now ranks 154 out of 178 countries—well below most of its EAC neighbors. But how bad is it, in fact? Will the new Constitution do anything to make the situation better?
In Kenya, no one seriously doubts that corruption is a key constraint to greater growth and prosperity.
Corruption comes in two forms. Petty corruption occurs when citizens are asked for kitu kidogo (“a little something”): to get a document stamped, a service provided, or an infraction overlooked. The amounts are small, but hardly petty to the many victims living on less than $1 a day. Kenya also has large-scale corruption—public purchases made at inflated prices; public benefits handed out to people who are not entitled; fictitious companies being paid for contracts that they never executed.
Update: This post has generated a very interesting discussion in a different blog. See it here.
I gave a lunch talk at a recent conference of civil society and technology people organized by the Tech@State people at the U.S. State Department. I thought I’d share it more widely.
In the old days—that is, the 1950s and 1960s—development was about correcting market failures. Influenced by the “big push” theories of economists like Rosenstein-Rodan, post-war Keynesian economics and the apparent success of the Soviet Union, policymakers in developing countries saw the role of government as providing public goods (bridges, roads and ports), addressing externalities (protecting “infant industries”) and redistributing income to poor people (by, for instance, keeping food prices low). Donors supported these countries by financing some of the public goods—a bridge, say. Knowledge assistance consisted of helping to identify the market failure, and then designing the “optimal bridge”.
Depuis ces dernières années, la région Afrique a été victime d’une série d’inondation répétitive, résultant de fortes pluviométries, qui non-seulement sont de plus en plus fréquentes mais dont l’ampleur s’intensifie. Pour ne citer que le cas du Togo, qui depuis 2007, ne cesse de subir les effets de fortes pluies tous les ans; à Madagascar, les fortes tempêtes tropicales Ivan et Jowke ont affecté une bonne partie de l’ile en 2008. En 2009, la Namibie, la République Centrafricaine, le Burkina Faso, le Mali, le Sénégal, et la Mauritanie ont consécutivement été touchées.
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Trish Staine had just finished running 10 miles while training for a half-marathon when she started going into labor. The mother of three said she hadn't gained any weight or felt any fetal movement in the months before and had no idea she was pregnant. Is it possible for a woman not to know she's pregnant before she starts giving birth?
Yes, but it's rare. It's not uncommon for a woman to have an unplanned pregnancy — that's the case for half of all pregnancies in the United States. Most pregnancies, regardless of planning, are detected in the first 20 weeks. Only a very small number of mothers make it to the labor stage without finding out they're expecting. It's hard to say just how many births we're talking about. A frequently cited study in the British Medical Journal found that surprise births happened in Berlin "about three times more often than triplets." The authors came up with an estimate of 1 in 300 to 600 pregnancies, but to be more conservative, since the probability of triplets in America is about 1 in 8,000, you could estimate that the probability of not detecting a pregnancy before labor is about 1 in 2,700.
The women most susceptible to surprises of this nature are those who have irregular periods, for they are less likely to notice the most obvious early indicator of pregnancy: suspension of the menstrual cycle. There's more than one reason a woman might not have her period for several consecutive months. She might be an underweight athlete or anorexic. Or she might suffer from polycystic ovary syndrome. Certain medications can suppress menstruation, too.
There are plenty of reasons why pregnancy may never cross a woman's mind. She might think she's too old to get pregnant. She might think she or her partner is infertile. She might have an overly strong faith in the effectiveness of birth control. Of course, she could also be in denial. A woman may not want a baby and therefore ignore the indicators that she's pregnant.
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Saturn's innermost moon, which resembles the Death Star from Star Wars, may be a "stealth" ocean world, according to new research.
Mimas, which is the smallest and closest to Saturn of the ringed planet's 82 moons, may contain a liquid internal ocean.
"If Mimas has an ocean, it represents a new class of small, 'stealth' ocean worlds with surfaces that do not betray the ocean's existence," said study author Alyssa Rhoden, a scientist Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, in a statement.
The study published last week in the journal Icarus.
Mimas was first discovered in 1789 by English astronomer William Herschel as a tiny dot near Saturn. The Voyager probes imaged the small moon in 1980, and NASA's Cassini mission conducted flybys of it while studying Saturn between 2004 and 2017.
The moon is only 115,000 miles (186,000 kilometers) from Saturn and takes just over 22 hours to complete one orbit around the planet. Mimas is covered in craters, but the largest one is 80 miles (130 kilometers) across and gives the moon its distinctive Death Star appearance.
Scientists have long been intrigued by Mimas because it's likely made almost entirely of ice. Craters scattered across the moon suggest that its surface has remained frozen for a long time.
However, before the Cassini mission came to an end in 2017, it detected an oscillation in the moon's rotation that suggested Mimas may contain a subsurface ocean.
Our solar system is home to multiple ocean worlds, or moons where oceans exist beneath thick ice shells, including Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus. These differ from Earth, which is at the right distance from the sun to include liquid water oceans on its surface.
Interior water ocean worlds, or IWOWs, are much further from the sun -- but they could still support life within their oceans.
"Because the surface of Mimas is heavily cratered, we thought it was just a frozen block of ice," said Rhoden, who is also the co-leader of NASA's Network for Ocean Worlds Research Coordination Network.
"IWOWs, such as Enceladus and Europa, tend to be fractured and show other signs of geologic activity. Turns out, Mimas' surface was tricking us, and our new understanding has greatly expanded the definition of a potentially habitable world in our solar system and beyond."
Mimas is tidally locked in its orbit around Saturn, meaning that the same side of the moon always faces the planet -- like our moon as it orbits Earth. The researchers believe a phenomenon called tidal heating allows for the subsurface ocean to exist on Mimas.
Tidal heating causes an internal increase of temperature in a moon due to its gravitational relationship with a planet.
To re-create the oscillation detected in Mimas' rotation by Cassini, the researchers used models to show that tidal heating occurring in the small moon is enough to maintain an ocean beneath an ice shell that is between 14 to 20 miles (22.5 to 32 kilometers) thick.
This finding could be useful as future spacecraft study ocean worlds in our solar system, but it also shows that Mimas and Saturn's other moons may be worth observing more moving forward. Future spacecraft could confirm that Mimas is indeed one of these interior water ocean worlds.
"Evaluating Mimas' status as an ocean moon would benchmark models of its formation and evolution," Rhoden said.
"This would help us better understand Saturn's rings and mid-sized moons as well as the prevalence of potentially habitable ocean moons, particularly at Uranus. Mimas is a compelling target for continued investigation."
The-CNN-Wire & 2022 Cable News Network, Inc., a WarnerMedia Company. All rights reserved.
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For people who wonder about these sorts of things...
In the study of history, a primary source (also called original source or “evidence”) is an artifact, a document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, a recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study. It serves as an original source of information about the topic.
Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources, which cite, comment on, or build upon primary sources. Generally, accounts written after the fact with the benefit (and possible distortions) of hindsight are secondary.
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We know that Hitler back in WW2 implemented the eugenics or population reduction program.
When he died everyone in the world was happy and it was business as usual. But, what we didn’t know was that this plan never died when Hitler died. It was just kept in the closet.
On March 20, 1969, Dr. Richard Day, the National Medical Director of the Rockefeller sponsored “Planned
Parenthood” program and professor of Pediatrics at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, spoke before a group of students and health professionals at the Pittsburgh Pediatric Society.
Dr. Day, an atheist and a eugenics advocate, was aware of the “Secret Agenda” hidden in the closet within organized medicine to reduce the world’s population. Despite this being a closely guarded secret or conspiracy, it was time to open the closet door whereby Day said, “…everything is in place and nobody can stop us now.
So, not too long ago, the Pope and many people in the “haves” group preached about how essential it is to greatly reduce the population. Unfortunately, all they are doing is expounding upon Hitler’s plan, which was revealed roughly five decades ago.
Despite Hitler losing the war, the Rockefellers, Prescott Bush, I.G. Farben and other “haves” including Bayer/Monsanto decided to push forward with emphasis and implementation of the following:
Permission to have babies;
Redirecting the purpose of sex to have sex without reproduction and reproduction without sex;
Contraception universally available to all;
Sex education and to direct the youth as a tool of world government;
Tax funded abortion to ease population control;
Encouraging homosexuality and introducing it in elementary schools;
Technology created for reproduction without sex;
Families to diminish in importance;
Euthanasia and the “demise” pill (Remember the movie Soylent Green);
Limiting access to affordable medical care making the elimination of the elderly easier;
Medicine would be tightly controlled;
Elimination of private doctors;
New difficult to diagnose and untreatable diseases;
Suppressing cancer cures as a means of population control;
Inducing heart attacks as a form of assassination;
Education as a tool for the accelerating the onset of puberty and evolution;
Blending all religions into one and eliminating old religions;
Changing the teaching of the Bible through revisions of key words;
Restructuring education as a tool of indoctrination;
Have kids spend more time in schools but learning less;
Controlling who has access to information;
Making schools the hub of the community;
Having books disappear from the libraries;
Changing laws to promote moral and social chaos;
Encouraging drug use to create a jungle atmosphere in cities and towns;
Promoting alcohol abuse;
Restrictions on travel;
The need for more jails and using hospitals as jails;
No more psychological or physical security;
Crime used to manage society;
Curtailment of US industrial preeminence;
Shifting populations and economies and tearing out social roots;
Sports as a tool of social engineering and change;
Sex and violence being accepted through entertainment;
Travel restrictions and implanted I.D. cards;
Know how people respond and make them do what you want;
Falsified scientific research and the use of terrorism;
Surveillance implants and televisions that watch you;
Home ownership a thing of the past;
The arrival of a totalitarian global system.
And last but not least, creating viruses to institute mandatory vaccinations.
If you look at what’s happening today with government, food choices, the pharmaceutical industry and Bayer/Monsanto, you can see many of the issues Dr. Day spoke about coming into play.
When discussing cancer cures they talked about numerous cancer cures sitting at the Rockefeller Institute and withheld from the public and the medical profession. While Dr. Day spoke about this, he also said, “You will forget most or much of what I’m going to tell you tonight”.
Why would they forget? Do you think a huge sumptuous meal and unlimited alcohol would have anything to do with that? Even then people were dumbed down.
When talking about changing the image of the doctor it was to turn them into a high-paid technician rather than a professional who exercises independent judgment on behalf of his independent patient. Looking at today’s physician, for the most part you see a “hooker” for the Big pHarma “pimp” treating a symptom endlessly with toxic, synthetic chemicals instead of trying to dig for the cure. And what does this lifetime of filling the body with endless toxic chemicals do? It shortens the life span.
Then they compared the Americans to the Europeans and said that the Americans were too trusting and never ask the right questions while the Europeans were more skeptical and more sophisticated. The Americans had a lack of discernment and were easily tricked because they were too trusting.
In other words, if you want someone to do something and you know that initially he might balk at it because it’s against his morals or religious beliefs, you would have to substitute another reason that will be acceptable. And then, after he accepts it, it will be a done deal and there would be no turning back.
In this vein, look how quickly so-called AIDS education was introduced and ultimately accepted. If a group wanted to introduce the concept of sodomy or initiate sex earlier and earlier in children and that was the reason given, most parents would not go for it. So, you change the reason and it’s accepted. And the new reason was to protect the children from AIDS. So now that education is available from K to 12 grades. But, it is a great boon to the homosexual network because they now have access to the kids from their earliest years.
You see, the emphasis on youth was stated explicitly because people beyond a certain age are set in their ways and they are not likely to change or discard their values. But the kids are pliable and can be molded in any direction you want to point them in. So, you target the young because they will be around a lot longer than the old fogies that will be dying off anyway.
Dr. Day recognized homosexual activity as a bizarre abnormal behavior, but that activity was just another element in the law of the jungle because “people who are stupid enough to go along with it are not fit to inhabit the planet and they will just go by the wayside. And if you are dumb enough to be convinced by the promotion of homosexuality you don’t deserve a place and we’ll be rid of you soon enough. The people who will survive this are also smart enough not to be deluded by our propaganda”. The guy was a true humanitarian.
From this promotion of homosexuality came the concept of downgrading or eliminating God from the equation altogether. The concept of not being able to see Him led to the propaganda of doubting His existence. After all, since God heartily denounced, rejected and punished homosexual behavior, if you can Him out of the picture than anything goes. Wait and see how long it will be before pedophilia emerges big time.
Actually, pedophilia exists right now in the Catholic Church. And what happens when a priest is found to be a pedophile? He is sent to another parish.
When Dr. Day attacked religion, because he was an atheist, he advocated creating “our own religion”, because in doing so they could then define what religion is. And their target – the Roman Catholic Church. “Once that falls, the rest of Christianity will be easy”. Along these lines there was an article in the Honolulu Star Advertiser on November 11, 2013 about a church service in Los Angeles made up of atheists finding camaraderie without religion. “The movement dovetails with new studies that show an increasing number of Americans drifting away from any religious affiliation”. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life released a study last year that found 20 percent of Americans say they have no religious affiliations, which was an increase from 15 percent in the last five years.
Maybe the concept of abandoning religious or spiritual values has not encompassed all of society, but as you can see it is growing. And what fruit does a Godless society bear? Chaos, quarrel and confusion. All leading to reduction.
Regarding the Bible, Dr. Day said the plan was underfoot to change wording. As he put it, “Words are weapons”. An example would be changing the word “alter” to “table” or “sacrifice” to “meal”. When you change words, you change ideas and thoughts.
Take the word “gay” for example. Years ago it meant “happy”. Today, it’s a pervert and never used in any other way. Then we have “sex education”. Is that not just a euphemism for conditioning? And why was the word “homophobe” created? The answer is obvious. That being the case, why has the word “heterophobe” never been used in the mainstream media? “Pimps. Hookers and Tricks”!
Let’s look at the reason for promoting abortion: when you kill them off early you will be left with “oldies” that will die sooner with fewer behind them. Does this not blend in perfectly with population reduction?
So the concept of sex without reproduction was greatly emphasized. Hello birth control pills, abortions at will, and sense enjoyment “ubber alles”. Hitler said, “Deutchland ubber alles” (Germany over all others). Now it’s sex over morality.
The subject of population control was easily solved. The use of microchips solved that issue. By implanting microchip, population control is simplified. Everything about an individual will be public. Their money, their sex lives, their contacts, their thoughts will be made available for the “haves”. Try to buck the system and your plug gets pulled. At that point you will have no life. But the “haves” will be exempt from that and will have their privacy reserved. No one else!
When it comes to music the young and the old have different tastes. The old like it quiet and the young like it loud and busy. The problem that this creates is turmoil in the family because of the sound variations in the house. So, in rebellion the youth take to the streets or vacate the house causing family dissention and distancing.
To implement these changes, the “New Authority” would have to present itself and its ideas. What better time than in the winter on a weekend. The reason for this is that in the winter people are less apt to travel and on the weekend government agencies are closed making it so no one would be able to question anything. Also, an agreement would have to be signed. Sign and you’re good. Don’t sign any and you will not get any electrical impulses in your bank accounts, no impulses to pay your electric bills or your mortgage or buy food. So, when the impulses are gone, so is your livelihood and means of existence.
Your expenditures, through electronic surveillance would be tightly watched. If you spend too much money at your supermarket someone would come to you and say, “How come? What are you doing with all this food? You don’t look fat. You don’t have that many people to feed. We know you are not entertaining. What are you doing with all that food?” God forbid you reply, “I have seven people in my basement who object to the New World Order and I’m feeding them”.
Then you would be told that they do not belong there and you cannot feed them, and since you are sympathetic to them maybe your allegiance isn’t very trustworthy either.
Look what happened in China when they wanted to enforce the “one child family” concept. All education for the second child was cut off, and food rations were cut, and if someone found a way around that the government instituted compulsory abortions and compulsory plugging in of the IUD’s.
In the USA we have Planned Parenthood espousing “freedom of choice”. Really? One of the medical directors of Planned Parenthood, Dr. Allen Gootmacher said, “Well, if people limit their families and do what we say, fine. But, if we need compulsory population control, we’re going to have it”.
The New World Order is not supportive of homeless people living in boxes on the street. In keeping with the actions of the Nazi’s and the Communists, people came in the middle of the night and by morning all those people were gone. Where did they go? Don’t ask. After all, when a person lives in a box he is littering. So, a truck comes at night and removes the litter. If you ask questions you draw attention to yourself. So, you mind your own business and step over the starving man on the street who didn’t play ball.
I was recently visiting a high school buddy who lived in a retirement home in New Jersey. I noticed that the exit was convoluted and not simple. So, here’s this little retirement community with one exit and entrance, no young people, and a hassle to get out of. Why? Maybe to minimize the times someone leaves so they stay home longer.
So, for everyone reading this, make sure that your kids see their grandparents frequently no matter how much that entails. If you see someone infrequently you forget they exist. If you forget they exist, love is lost. When that happens and you tell your child his/her grampa or gramma died, the last thing you want to hear is, “Who”?
Back in the late 30’s and early 40’s, manure was the fertilizer and the soil, being rich in sulfur, kept people healthy. The Rockefellers, under the guise of enabling the farmer to plant more crops and less time shoveling shit, switched to the petro-chemical fertilizers and killing all the sulfur in the soil. Illnesses abounded.
Then the food companies got involved and figured out if they could extend shelf life they could make more profit. This opened the door to synthetic chemicals being added to the food.
The pharmaceutical industry paid for more advertising and the mainstream media began running more drug ads in the newspapers and on television. That was unheard of in the 40’s and early 50’s.
Enter the biotech industry supplying us with heavily pesticide and insecticide sprayed foods telling us they were safe. Does anyone remember the Viet Nam war and the use of Agent Orange, which left enormous amounts of people dealing with illnesses and kids born with birth defects for the rest of their lives? Yet, Monsanto said that the corn-fields in the U.S. sprayed with 2-4-D, Agent Orange’s active ingredient is safe to eat.
Back in the 50s, fluoride used to be disposed of in lead-lined drums as a toxic waste product to the tune of millions of dollars a year. That was easily fixed. A PR campaign was undertaken and now it is dumped into the water supply as a dental cavity panacea and those polluters rake in millions of dollars a year.
There’s a couple of interesting facts about fluoride:
*NYC and Boston have been fluoridated since the 60’s and experience a dental cavity rate 4 times higher than the national average. How come no one spends time teaching people about how to brush and floss the teeth or how the ingestion of sugar leads to cavities?
*In the year 2000, Hawaii’s Dental Chief, Dr. Mark Greer, said on Hawaii Public Radio that the toxicology tests proved that fluoride was safe and effective. The problem with that statement is that the only independent toxicology report on fluoride was done by the National Research Council in 2007. They found that fluoride, in excess of .7ppm, was extremely detrimental to one’s health (at present, in addition to fluoride in the water supply and people ingesting foods sprayed with fluoridated water, people are getting 8ppm on a daily basis).
In 2003, we had a fluoride hearing in Honolulu. I followed Dr. Greer in testimony. I said that Dr. Greer was multi-faceted and that he missed his calling. He should have been president of the Liar’s Club. I then said I called our Dental Chief and liar in front of at least 400 “witnesses” and said that I opened a defamation of character lawsuit. I then asked if there was a lawyer in the house and if there was, I begged him to take the case because in trial Dr. Greer would have to present the toxicology report he referred to, which did not exist.
Seventeen years later, except for the military bases, no fluoride in Hawaii’s water supply and no lawsuit.
So, here we are. All the things that Dr. Day spoke about get implemented little by little. Today, Dr. Anthony Fauci has joined hands with Bill Gates calling for mandatory vaccinations and microchips for everyone and making Gates the current Adolf Hitler and Fauci the current Josef Mengele.
But, we have three things we have no control over and three things we have control over. We have no control over getting old, no control over dying, and no control over karma. What we do have control over is being healthy, being fit, and actually having a relationship with God.
To be healthy we should adhere to a plant-based diet centered around organics and avoiding GMOs at all costs. So, if soy, corn, cotton or any products do not say “organic” or “non-GMO”, you must not eat them. There is no such thing as “organic expeller-pressed” canola oil. How does an industrial solvent become “organic”?
Also, plant-based foods leave the body in two to three days, while flesh based foods leave the body in seven days. My question is, if flesh foods stay in the body up to seven days, where do all those poisons go?
If eating a plant-based diet not centered around organics you will need to detoxify your system. The options are chlorella and spirulina or organic sulfur crystals, which you can read about on my website, www.healthtalkhawaii.com/Products). But, the point is to take responsibility for yourself and get out from under your doctor’s grip with toxic, synthetic chemicals.
To get fit, those long things below your waist are legs and putting one in front of the other is called walking and this is the simplest form of exercise. An hour a day keeps the doctor away,
We can no longer remain complacent and simply bend over forward for the “powers-to-be”. Kind of like what Whole Foods did with Bayer/Monsanto denying us the right to know what we are eating.
We have to become vocal, strong and assertive. If not, you will become a puppet on a string or a “sheeple” controlled by those that want us gone so they can “enjoy” false enjoyment.
The human form is the only form that has a choice: Derive false pleasure through the temporary gratification of the senses of the body, which puts you on a roller coaster ride for life, or try to develop a personal relationship with God by linking up with Him, following His will, and rendering service to Him. Isn’t that what Jesus did his whole life – trying to connect you with your and his father?
It will change the way you look at life and give you more actual pleasure, internal peace, a more, clear position of life in the human form, and a greater clarity of what’s real and what’s illusion.
To fully understand spiritual life, you have to recognize the superficiality, hypocrisy, and duplicity of material life whereby you can accept being IN the world but not OF the world. Once you understand what this entails, you can fully understand the meaning of a peaceful life through not getting caught up in the ups and downs of happiness and distress.
Connecting with God is easy. In Psalms it constantly tells us His names will save us. He has millions of names that all refer to aspects of His personality. For example:
Jehovah means the All-Mighty One
Eloi or Eluhaynu means the Dear Friend
Krishna means the All-Attractive Person
Allah means the All-Compassionate One (Imagine blowing up people as a service to the All-Compassionate One)
Gopala means Protector of the Cows
Govinda means the One that Pleases the Senses
Abba means Father
Ajita means the Unconquerable One
So, find a name of His you like and talk to Him. As He is in your heart, He will know if you are serious.
Let you be in control of your life not some government run by uncaring dickheads.
www.naruralnews.com (re: Monsanto, Rx Druds, Bayer)
New Order of the Barbarians: Overlords of Chaos
Bhagavad Gita As-It-Is
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This is a photograph of a foldscope viewing of a sample of water taken from Lily pond by Baxter lecture hall. The sample was obtained from the Lily pond during the day of 4/9/19 at an unknown time. This photograph was taken the same day at 9:00 PM.
The small green organism near the center of the picture is probably a bacterium. We can guess this based on its small size and unusual color. The magnification of the foldscope is 140x and the length of a typical bacterium is 7 μm, so the small size is consistent. I wonder if the greenish area on the side of the image could also be an organism. To test this I would have to examine some of the other pictures I took and compare them to a chart of microorganisms. Additionally, in the future I would like to clean the lens in order to get a clearer view of the organisms.
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September 20, 2010 — A recent study by researchers at the University of Utah determined that the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) caused a higher rate of neurological complications in children than the seasonal flu. The most common complications observed were seizures and encephalopathy. Full details of the study, the most extensive evaluation of neurological complications following H1N1 flu in children, are published in the September 2010 issue of Annals of Neurology, a journal of the American Neurological Association.
The H1N1 virus (swine flu) was identified in Mexico and the United States in April 2009 and quickly spread worldwide, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare the novel influenza A virus a pandemic. According to estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 43 million to 89 million Americans were infected with H1N1 between April 2009 and April 10, 2010, with approximately 14 million to 28 million of those cases in children 17 years of age and younger. On Aug. 10, 2010, the WHO International Health Regulations Emergency Committee officially declared an end to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.
In their retrospective study, Josh Bonkowsky, M.D., Ph.D., and colleagues examined neurological complications in children with H1N1 compared to the seasonal flu. Children (younger than 19 years of age) who were hospitalized with H1N1 and neurological complications between April 1 and Nov. 30, 2009, were included in the study. In the comparison group, the research team used records of children hospitalized with seasonal flu and neurological complications from July 1, 2004, to June 30, 2008. Neurological complications observed included seizures, febrile seizures, status epilepticus, encephalopathy, encephalitis, myositis, myalgia, aphasia, ataxia, neuropathy, Gullain-Barre syndrome, or other focal neurological complaints.
Researchers identified 303 children who were hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 of which 18 experienced neurological complications. Eight-three percent of these pediatric patients had an underlying medical condition-primarily neurological issues (66 percent). The research team found the most common neurologic symptoms in this group were seizures (67%) and encephalopathy (50 percent). More than half of those children who experienced seizures presented in a life-threatening state known as status epilepticus, where continuous seizure activity occurs for more than 5 to 30 minutes1.
The comparison group included 234 children who were hospitalized for seasonal flu with 16 patients experiencing neurological issues. In the seasonal flu cohort only 25 percent of patients had underlying medical conditions. The researchers also noted that none of the patients with seasonal flu and neurological complications had encephalopathy, aphasia, or focal neurological deficits.
Compared to seasonal influenza, patients with H1N1 were more likely to have abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) findings. “We found that more pediatric H1N1 patients had neurological deficits and required ongoing treatment with anti-epileptic medications upon discharge from the hospital,” said Bonkowsky, an assistant professor of pediatrics in the University of Utah School of Medicine.
Additionally, researchers found the use of steroids or intravenous immunoglobulin was not beneficial in the treatment of encephalopathy. “The absence of proven treatments for influenza-related neurological complications underlines the importance of vaccination,” Bonkowsky added. For protection against the flu, the CDC recommends yearly flu vaccination and the U.S. 2010-2011 seasonal influenza vaccine will protect against an H3N2 virus, influenza B, and the 2009 H1N1 virus.
1. Epilepsy Foundation, http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/about/types/types/statusepilepticus.cfm
This study is published in Annals of Neurology. Media wishing to receive a PDF of this article may contact email@example.com.
“Heightened Neurologic Complications in Children with Pandemic H1N1 Influenza.” Jeffrey J. Ekstrand, Amy Herbener, Julia Rawlings, Beth Turney, Krow Ampofo, E. Kent Korgenski, Joshua L. Bonkowsky. Annals of Neurology; Published Online: XXX, 2010 (DOI:10.1002/ana.XXX); Print issue: XXX 2010.
Annals of Neurology, the official journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, publishes articles of broad interest with potential for high impact in understanding the mechanisms and treatment of diseases of the human nervous system. All areas of clinical and basic neuroscience, including new technologies, cellular and molecular neurobiology, population sciences, and studies of behavior, addiction, and psychiatric diseases are of interest to the journal.
Wiley-Blackwell is the international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., with strengths in every major academic and professional field and partnerships with many of the world’s leading societies. Wiley-Blackwell publishes nearly 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols. For more information, please visit www.wileyblackwell.com or our new online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), one of the world’s most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities.
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Small fish fell from sky in Sri Lankan village on Monday bringing delight to the villagers. stock.exchange
A village in western Sri Lanka has been in awe of an unusual event – rainfall of small fish.
The fish rain happened in a village in the district of Chilaw on Monday when villagers saw fish as small as 5 to 8cm falling on the roads and roofs, BBC reported.
The phenomenon took place during a storm and the fish are believed to have been carried away from a river by a strong wind.
The delighted villagers put some of the fish that were still alive at fall in water and ate them later.
According to the report, this is the third such incident recorded in Sri Lanka. People in the south of the country had witnessed prawns raining down in 2012.
Fish rain happens at several places around the world. In fact, occurrences of this meteorological phenomenon involving the fall of fish, frog and birds have been reported from many countries throughout history.
The most recent instance of raining animals within the United Kingdom was reported in 2004 in the village of Knighton, in Powys, Wales, where fish fell from the sky.
According to Met Office, such rainfall of creatures happens when whirlwinds or mini-tornadoes, formed during thunderstorms, pick fish or frogs or any other small creatures, which come in their path over water bodies.
The clouds later on drop these animals along with the rain.
Steve Cleaton, forecaster at BBC Weather Centre, explained in the report: “In the Sri Lankan storm, a tornado probably formed over land, drifted over river systems or coastal waters and sucked up light fish that were lifted all the way into the base of the storm cloud. Later the fish were rained out of the cloud.”
However, Cleaton said the likelihood of such fish rain is very less in the USA, where tornadoes are more frequent.
“Tornadoes there [in USA] usually form well away from any mass expanses of water,” he said.
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Fruit Flies Information
The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes fruit flies. Another unrelated family of flies, Tephritidae, also includes species known as “small fruit flies”. The best known species of the Drosophilidae is Drosophila melanogaster, within the genus Drosophila, and this species is used extensively for studies concerning genetics, development, physiology, ecology and behaviour. This fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual aging. As in other species, temperature influences the life history of the animal. Several genes have been identified that can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects. Additionally, Drosophila subobscura, also within the genus Drosophila, has been reputed as a model organism for evolutionary-biological studies. Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae. The species is often referred to as the fruit fly, though its common name is more accurately the vinegar fly.
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Rowing exercise. This is a great way to learn to apply power with your whole body coordinated. Need to open a sticky drawer and want to appy mind/body principles while you do it? Read on.
How to do it.
- Keep your chest out, your eyes (and mind) forward.
- The power for this exercise - and really, for all aikido - comes from One-Point, the center of balance for the body that is located between the hips. Move One-Point smoothly forward and back, and let the motion of your hands follow.
- Leave your hands open as you extend your arms forward. Close them into a light fist as you bring them back to your sides.
- Remember - you're only moving air. Don't use any unnecessary muscle to do this exercise.
- So how does this apply to opening a sticky drawer? Stand with one foot forward. Grasp the handles of the drawer. Move your hips back first, then bring your hands (grasping the drawer) toward your hips. This is a lot easier than just pulling with the muscles of your arms.
- What can you expect to get out of this ki exercise? A feeling that your mind and body are moving comfortably as one.
- Try to apply the idea of using the power of One-Point in all that you do. When you open a door, when you serve a tennis ball, when you lift something heavy. Don't make a big deal of it. Just pay attention to how One-Point can help.
- You can work with a friend to get better at this ki exercise. Follow the directions from above, only this time, have your friend stand facing you, holding both of your wrists.
- Now, when you move forward, your friend pushes against your wrists to make it harder. When you move your wrists back toward your hips, your friend resists by gently pulling. Try doing the exercise by just moving your arms. Try again moving your hips. Which is better?
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As a known anti-inflammatory and pain reliever, CBD has been found to be effective for various benefits such as chronic pain, sleep improvement, and anxiety mitigation. Medical cannabis use has been found to reduce pressure in the eye thus aiding glaucoma patients.
Though research is in its infancy, CBD has shown many benefits that can improve eye health.
Since the 2018 Agriculture Improvement Act, cannabidiol has been legal in all 50 states. This has led to a significant increase in interest in using CBD for various health and wellness benefits. Many people have started to examine whether using CBD oil for eyes can improve overall eye health or treat certain conditions such as glaucoma. Read on to learn a little more about CBD oil and eyesight.
Why Would CBD Help Eye Health?
CBD has known anti-inflammatory and pain-killing benefits. Although research into the substance is still relatively new and incomplete, medical professionals have found CBD to be effective for various benefits including treating chronic pain, improving sleep and mitigating anxiety.
More specifically, glaucoma has a long-established association with medicinal cannabis use. It is believed to help reduce pressure in the eye that can worsen glaucoma. Many patients report positive benefits and pain relief.
What Is the Research Saying?
Currently, the research on CBD oil for glaucoma and other eye health issues is in its infancy. For example, a 2016 paper examined cannabinoid receptors in vervet monkeys. It found that manipulating the endocannabinoid system can help improve vision and eye health. However, this was performed on non-human subjects and is only a step on the way to showing real medical benefits.
Another study reviewed research on cannabinoids and glaucoma. It determined that there is some evidence that the antioxidant properties of CBD may help prevent nerve damage in the eye.
However, another study found that CBD oil actually increased eye pressure in rats. In other words, the research is mixed. Nonetheless, CBD oil has documented benefits and researchers will certainly continue to examine it as an option for glaucoma and other conditions.
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From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
|Bees are well-known for stinging flowers and pollinating humans.|
|Weight||0.5 ounces to 3.5 pounds|
|Length||0.01 inches to 8 inches|
|Special attack||Poison Sting|
|Conserving honey and corpses for the winter|
Bees are a special kind of fly with a stinger and a sweet tooth. They are like ants, but can fly around and impale in addition to bite. Despite this, most species of bees are peaceful and only attack their evil foes.
Bees often die as a result of their attacks. Thus, a great debate rages amongst biologists as to whether they are leftover World War II kamikaze fighters or modern-day radical Islam jihadists. They all fight for their queen, and anyone opposed to her is considered an infidel and must be slain.
Bees should not be confused with hornets, wasps or yellowjackets. Bees are peaceful creatures that are easily offended by the racist idea that they all look alike. They will sting you to death for confusing them with their even more violent cousins.
The word "bee" is amazingly unimaginative. In fact, to promote their movement, bees have taken over the second letter of the English alphabet in great force and numbers, thus reserving the word for themselves. The bumps on the letter B are representative of the bumps on a victim's skin after being stung, and the letter originally more closely resembled the letter I.
Bees are very closely related to flies, which they have evolved from. Somewhere down the line, a fly decided to replace its regular meal of dead things and feces with a drop of some sweet-smelling nectar from a nearby flower. One taste of this nectar convinced the fly to give up its former diet altogether, and it and its closest friends hung out by flowers all day to slurp up the sweet liquid coming out of them, leading to the invention of the bar.
Other flies and animals started becoming curious about the nectar, since the flies spent all day drinking it, and wanted to try some too. The bee forerunners became very aggressive as a result of drinking concentrated sugar all day long, and they first drove away the moochers with tiny daggers. Over time, as their foes became bolder, so did these prehistoric bees, eventually gaining the idea of sticking the dagger handles inside their anuses so they could fill up with their venomous feces. Thus, the modern stinger evolved.
One last evolutionary step remained. The fly-bees discovered that the flowers they depended on for sustenance had a tendency to disappear when snow started to fall, and it also got chilly outside. To avoid death from starvation and hypothermia, the fly-bees sought the construction of artificial caves and grew their own natural fur coats. To ensure everyone had their own private room inside these caves, the fly-bees made extensive hexagonal grids using the only material they had on hand: their own earwax. Some entrepreneurial fly-bees also had the idea to place their excess nectar in these wax cells, where it could ferment into a mead-like substance. A sprinkle of pollen was also added for flavoring, which marked the invention of honey.
Now that they had a proper hive structure, Mother Nature's OSHA safety inspectors came by to make sure everything was up to code. They were largely satisfied, except the fly-bees were now required to wear safety yellow with black striping at all times to warn other species of their occupational hazards. With everything finalized and meeting regulatory approval, the modern bee was finally in business.
Since their first common ancestors with flies, bees have loved all kinds of sweet and sugary drinks. This most commonly includes nectar and the honey they produce from it. It can also include maple syrup, soft drinks, fruit juice, booze, and antifreeze. Death by a thousand stings awaits anyone who tries to give them Diet Coke instead of real Coke.
Of course, bees can't just live on sugar water alone. Thus, they are always looking for an excuse to get pissed off at some innocent animal or human, so they can sting them to death and bring the body back to the hive, where it is dismembered, stored and eaten for protein. Hornets, wasps and yellowjackets share this love for protein and seek it even more strongly, enabling them to generally grow larger and more dangerous.
Relationship with wasps, hornets and yellowjackets
Bees are not the same thing as wasps, hornets, and yellowjackets, although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. In order to tell all of these insects apart, please consult the below handy table.
|Will sting, if provoked||Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes|
|Will sting, even if unprovoked||No||Yes||Yes||Yes|
|Wear yellow and black||Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes|
|Are fuzzy and cuddly||Yes||No||No||No|
Bees do not get along well with these other creatures. The peaceful religion of bees dictates that they must not tolerate the violent ways of other species, as they are infidels and must be eradicated. They will seek to dismantle the hives of their competitors and kill every last member through either dismemberment or stinging, often killing themselves in the process and becoming martyrs. Some sociology experts suggest humans would do well to learn the peaceful ways bees resolve conflicts in a mature fashion.
Bees live in a structure called a "hive", named after the bumps which occur all over a human's arm after insertion into the hive entrance. The hive is built out of earwax, as mentioned above, and is arranged in several parallel sheets called "honeycombs", named after the Honeycomb breakfast cereal their repeating hexagonal pattern resembles. Each sheet has zillions of tiny six-sided holes called "cells", which contain either honey or a bee larva.
Inside each bee hive are several types of bees, each with its own role in contributing to the colony's success as a whole.
99.6% of bees belong to the worker caste. Their daily lives consist of flying around in search of flowers, violating the flowers to get at their nectar, transporting the nectar back to the hive, barfing it into an empty cell or a screaming larva's mouth, doing some crazy interpretive dance moves to tell the other bees where the flowers are, then flying out in search of more nectar. This process will repeat in an endless cycle, similar to the daily activities of ants or human office workers. Sweet release from this hellish life of workaholism occurs only when a bee stings someone they don't like, killing themselves in the process. It is no wonder then why they seem so eager to attack sometimes.
Glorified maggots which get to sit in a cozy honey-filled cell all day, doing nothing more constructive than begging for food from their worker mommies. Useless initially, they eventually redeem themselves when they metamorphose into something with wings and a stinger, then either feed their own little wriggly brats or commit a suicidal attack in the name of their queen. Some larvae are chosen to be fed a substance called "royal jelly", which contains mutagens leading to the development of a new queen. The newly-hatched queen will then fight the current one to the death for hive control; sometimes bees get bored and feed royal jelly to their larvae as a prank on their queen.
Some people eat honeycombs whole, in which case there are likely still some larvae trapped inside. These sugar-filled maggots make honey eaten this way an excellent dietary source of protein.
The queen is the one all other bees in the hive bow down to. She is waited on hand-and-foot 24/7, and she never leaves the comfortable seclusion of her hive. Despite being the monarch of the hive, her only real power is exclusive egg-laying rights, which she exercises constantly. Each egg hatches to become another larva, adding yet another unit to her personal army to fling at anyone she finds out about outside. Consequently, most bee queens are terrible at diplomatic relations with other hives or species.
Colony Collapse Disorder
Some bee colonies are in danger of disappearing due to Colony Collapse Disorder. More socially-progressive bee hives allow for their members to marry through gay marriage practices, which only makes sense when one considers that normally only the queen gets to mate and almost every bee is female. However, this leads to a sharp drop-off in productivity and reproductive rates, as well as a myriad of supernatural disasters Fred Phelps could have warned them about. More conservative bee colonies instead are praying to The Bee-Jesus for salvation.
The future of bees
Bees were wildly successful prior to the outbreaks of Colony Collapse Disorder; however, now that the Supreme Court of the United States has legalized gay marriage, their lesbian marriages are now better supported by their queens, even if reluctantly in some of the more conservative hives. This allows bees to once again focus on their R&D efforts to become even deadlier and more productive than ever before, leading mainly to military applications.
Killer robotic bees
Israel has funded military research into the creation of killer robotic bees, although research has stagnated since 2006 due to all the lead scientists on the project being stung to death. However, given the recent turmoil with ISIS in the Middle East, the government has renewed efforts to continue development.
Black ops bees
In 2008, a truck carrying a load of classified black ops bees overturned on Freeway 13 in Santa Barbara, California. Despite a U.S. military press release indicating the contrary, it is now widely agreed that the United States is actively investigating insect warfare tactics. An ongoing debate since this incident has been whether the existence of these specific bees would be a violation of the Geneva Conventions' international ban on living weapons. Note that the aforementioned Israeli killer robotic bees are not in violation of these treaties, since they are mainly intended as a homeland security measure, thus classifying as guard animals.
Bees have peaceful applications as well. One increasingly popular use for them is as the primary material in articles of clothing. Obviating child labor to sew garments and tailors to fit them to the client, bees can be summoned to cover the desired areas of skin (such as by tossing a rock at their hive as a friendly "hello" gesture), making for a fuzzy sweater. Bee trousers provide the texture formerly achieved with corduroy or velvet, though sitting is problematic. These are examples of the "bee suits" that bee keepers wear while they work with the insects. Bees can also make a great alternative to naturally-grown beards and mustaches.
Living clothes comprising masses of bees work remarkably well for staying warm in cool climates, although it can work too well for some species other than humans. Japanese giant hornets often die of heat stroke if they so much as attempt to wear a bee top hat. This has slowed the adoption of bee clothing as a form of pet apparel, especially for huskies and poodles.
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Challenging ELA for Gifted 4th Graders
Reviewed by Linda Biondi
There has been a demand for increased rigor in our classrooms and learning environments. As a classroom teacher, I am always looking for more challenging work for my students – work that will inspire and motivate them.
I want my students to be able to synthesize what they are learning, but also apply this knowledge to real life experiences. I want to be able to provide activities and resources that will enrich the reading, speaking and writing standards for fourth grade kids.
Lindsay Kasten’s book centers on academically “gifted and advanced learners.” Kasten is a teacher of gifted students in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, as well as a mentor and leader in the area of gifted education.
Kasten was recognized by her professor while attending Louisiana State University as a perfect match for teaching gifted students. After doing fieldwork in the area of gifted education, Kasten recognized her passion was teaching gifted students. The rest is …history.
Published by Prufrock Press, a leading publisher supporting the education of gifted and advanced learners, this book is an excellent resource for GATE teachers, but with a little bit of work and creativity can also be adapted to provide thorough, provoking, research-based activities for all students.
Four PBL challenges
I like this literacy based workbook because each of the four mini units model Project Based Learning in which students explore real-world problems and challenges and are inspired to obtain a deeper knowledge of the subjects they are studying.
As students become immersed in the units, they have a chance to interact with four themes: The Impact of Inventions on Our Lives; Remnants of a Past Life (the unintended effects of western expansion on Native Americans); Nature Versus the Human Spirit (the different effects nature has on people, positive or negative); and Overcoming Struggles (people who have overcome hardships and have become inspirational to others).
“Walk a mile in my shoes” is what echoed in my mind as I reviewed each unit. Through higher order reading and questions, courageous conversations, and kid-created projects/products, students will be given a chance to learn more about how others faced, grappled with, and overcame adversity in order to succeed – and about how such struggles pertain to their own growth and development.
Engaging and user-friendly lessons
It is challenging to keep students academically engaged while “covering the curriculum” and meeting the standards. Kasten’s book encourages students to work with the “big ideas,” and although her book is based on language arts lessons, all content areas (e.g., language arts, social studies, math, science, visual and performing arts) are included.
The lessons are user friendly and easy to understand and apply in the classroom. The reading is rigorous for average fourth grade students. Each unit follows a predictable, easy to apply structure:
- CCSS are listed by number.
- Many readings are from the Appendix B of the CCSS: Text Exemplars and Sample Performance Tasks of the CCSS ELA.
- Links to current online resources and text sets are present.
- Objectives highlight what students will learn or accomplish.
- An overview of lesson content provides a quick guide of activities.
- There’s a description of prior knowledge needed as a prerequisite to understand and apply the activities in the lesson.
- Each unit’s extension activities can be done individually, in groups, at school or at home.
- Text exemplars meet criteria from the Center for Gifted Education (2011).
- A literacy based, culminating essay assesses student’s synthesis and understanding of each unit.
Collaboration, stamina and research skills
Using an interdisciplinary approach, the book invites collaboration, stamina, and development of research skills, and establishes the building blocks of learning that are required for success in future academic years, careers, and civic life.
I can just picture students immersed in these projects while using online and printed texts. Throughout the units there are opportunities to assess and evaluate students while ideas are exchanged, lively discussions emerge, and many “Aha moments” are shared.
The book is complete with many excellent resources such as the listing of suggested material, both print and online, and workbook pages that can be used as is or modified to meet the teacher’s needs. A detailed instructional sequence walks the educator through the lesson, step by step with project suggestions and descriptions, grading rubrics, and suggested answer keys.
The biggest drawback to this book is that some books may not be readily found free online such as the recommended and centerpiece text in one of the units, 1999’s Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis ($7 at Amazon). Students and teachers would need to locate a copy of the book and be familiar with the theme and text. However, using a little bit of ingenuity and legwork by checking local libraries or adding the suggested materials to the library or classroom budget, these exemplar texts can be put in the hands of the students.
I would recommend this book specifically to teachers of gifted students, from third to fifth grade, depending on the levels and needs of the students. The book and units meet the requirements of gifted education by providing units that are rigorous, challenging so students can learn beyond grade-level concepts and skills, and provide an opportunity for students to produce “high-end” work that is meaningful and meets the Standards. You will be pleased with the results.
Linda Biondi is a fourth grade teacher at Sharon Elementary School in Robbinsville, NJ, and a long-time Morning Meeting practitioner. She’s also the recipient of several educational grants, a Teacher Consultant with the National Writing Project, and a participant on the NJ Department of Education Teacher Advisory Panel. Linda participates in ECET2 Celebrate Teaching which has posted an interview with her.
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Healthy Cooking Methods
Healthy eating begins by selecting healthy ingredients. But you also need to be mindful of how the items are cooked. For instance, mushrooms on their own have a variety of health benefits, but eating deep-fried mushrooms is far different than eating those that have been sautéed. Here are some cooking techniques that will allow the natural taste of fresh ingredients to come through while using only a minimum amount of
fat or salt.
Popular in Asian cuisine, stir-frying is an excellent, healthy cooking method when a meal needs to be prepared quickly. While stir-frying is usually done in a wok, a wide, shallow pan will also work just fine. When stir-frying, only a small amount of oil or seasoned sauce is necessary. Stir-fries are a go-to cooking method for health-minded folks because of the technique’s versatility. Uniformly cut vegetables, skinless chicken breast, tofu, fish and lean meat can be used to make an endless variety of stir-fries.
Anything but boring, steaming is a nutritious and delicious way of preparing foods. Steaming is typically done in a perforated basket that is held over a pot of boiling water for a set amount of time. Flavor can be added by placing fresh herbs and spices in the water or directly on top of the food. Vegetables, fish and shellfish lend themselves beautifully to steaming.
This simple but delicious healthy cooking method can be done by gently simmering ingredients in a pan of water until the food is tender and cooked through. Bouillon, broth or juice is often used in place of water to infuse additional flavor into foods. Poaching works well for skinless chicken breast, salmon, white fish, eggs and some fruits and vegetables.
Relying on direct oven heat, roasting gives food a sweet and caramelized taste with little fat. Practically any vegetable can be roasted, as can whole chickens and lean cuts of meat. The ingredients are generally placed in a roasting pan or on a baking sheet with an assortment of herbs and a small amount of good-quality oil.
Broiling uses high heat, allowing foods to cook in a short period of time. It is an ideal low fat way of cooking meat, as the fat simply “drips away.” The overhead heat source cooks the outside surface of foods quickly, so thicker pieces of meat, vegetables or seafood may need to be sliced thinner or placed further from the heat source for even cooking.
Grilling is a great option for cooking foods using a minimal amount of fat. The heat of the grill browns the outside of the food, sealing in rich flavors, while fat drips off the food, similar to broiling. With the ability to grill either over direct or indirect heat, almost any food can be grilled including lean cuts of meat, poultry, fish, tofu, vegetables and fruits. Get creative with your grilling skills utilizing skewers, grill-top baskets and foil-packets.
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Mathematics, statistics and probability can be difficult concepts for children to grasp, even in normal teaching settings. With distance and “virtual” learning the norm for many this fall, the challenge of understanding these and other academic disciplines may be even greater. Strat-O-Matic (www.strat-o-matic.com), the leader in sports simulation games, has helped launch “Strat School,” a FREE platform which will help kids, especially budding sports fans, learn basics and even more advanced math, writing and more through its new series of lesson plans aimed at kids ages 6- 9 and ages 10 and up.
Strat-O-Matic offers detailed lesson plans for teachers and parents interested in using the game as a teaching device. For kids ages 6-9, Strat-O-Matic Baseball Express helps children learn about making decisions using probability, computing statistics like batting average and ERA, and developing writing skills with simple game recaps, among others. For ages 10 and up, Strat-O-Matic Baseball takes it to the next level, with higher math and statistics, emphasis on the quick computation that comes with each dice roll and ways to encourage students to learn more about the players from sets like the Hall of Famers, and even about the civil rights movement through Strat’s Negro League Stars.
The skills that kids can learn while playing Strat-O-Matic board games come naturally. How often is this particular batter likely to get a hit or home run? Which relief pitcher would be most effective against the upcoming batter? How is ERA calculated? What are the key moments of the game to include in a written recap? What more can students learn about particular historically significant players? In the fun environment of playing Strat-O-Matic baseball, all of these educational benefits are possible.
“Playing Strat-O-Matic has always been a great way for kids to enhance important skills almost unconsciously,” said Hal Richman, Strat-O-Matic President. “By following our comprehensive plans, teachers and parents can help them stay engaged as they learn not just the math and statistics that are inherent to game play, but lessons like writing and history that are natural extensions of enjoying the game.”
Those interested in learning more about how Strat-O-Matic can be a valuable teaching tool can contact Strat-O-Matic at [email protected]
A series of short videos highlighting some of these benefits are available on the Strat-O-Matic YouTube page at https://www.youtube.com/StratOMaticMarketing.
Strat-O-Matic was invented by 11-year-old Hal Richman in his bedroom in Great Neck, N.Y. in 1948 as a result of his frustration with the statistical randomness of other baseball board games. He discovered that the statistical predictability of dice would give his game the realism he craved. Over the next decade, he perfected the game at summer camp and then as a student at Bucknell University. After producing All-Star sets in 1961 and ‘62, he parlayed a $5,000 loan from his father (and made a deal that if it didn’t work out he would work for his father’s insurance company) into the original 1962 Strat-O-Matic Baseball season game. Needless to say, Hal never had to take a job with his father.
Strat-O-Matic, based in Glen Head, NY and on the Internet at www.strat-o-matic.com, manufactures the top selling sports board games and realism/stats sports digital games. The Company publishes baseball, football, basketball and hockey games to play both on and off your computer and mobile screens. “Strat-O” games are known throughout the sports community for their statistical realism and accuracy. The Company has the world’s greatest sports game stat libraries with top-of-the-line seasons dating back to the early 1900’s. At the start of the 2016 MLB season, Strat-O-Matic introduced Baseball Daily, its first product featuring digital player cards that update every day to reflect real life current player performance as the season progresses.
The Company has a loyal celebrity following including a bevy of sports broadcasters such as Bob Costas, Jon Miller and Dan Shulman, former MLB’ers Keith Hernandez, Doug Glanville and Cal Ripken Jr., and sports super fans including Drew Carey, Ben Bernanke, Bryant Gumbel, Spike Lee and Tim Robbins. More information is available at: www.strat-o-matic.com.
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CLAIM: Why are the people of Egypt held responsible for the actions of Pharaoh? Isn’t this cruel and unusual? They didn’t disobey God. Why would they be held responsible?
RESPONSE: A number of responses can be made:
First, the Egyptians were far from innocent. Pharaoh had murdered all of the infant Hebrew boys by drowning them in the Nile River (Ex. 1:22). Egypt had grown rich by enslaving the Jewish people for 400 years (Gen. 15:13). While Pharaoh carried out this plot, the Egyptian people benefited from his decision to enslave the Jews. Now, the Egyptian people were being held culpable for standing idly by, while this was happening. God had promised to curse those who cursed Israel (Gen. 12:3). If God did not act, he would have been reneging on his promise to Abraham.
Second, while Pharaoh killed every Hebrew infant boy, God only judged the firstborn of Egypt. God’s judgment was mild in comparison to Pharaoh’s judgment. Moreover, the text never states that Pharaoh’s edict (to kill the Hebrew infants) was ever rescinded. It’s possible that the Pharaoh was currently killing the Hebrew boys at the time of the plagues.
Third, some Egyptians escaped from judgment with the Hebrews. Exodus 9:20-21 demonstrates that some of Pharaoh’s own advisors were spared from judgment, during the plague of hail. Exodus 12:38 states that a “mixed multitude” of people escaped Pharaoh along with the Israelites. If these escaping Egyptian households were struck, it isn’t likely that they would flee along with the Israelites. Moreover, even the instructions for the Passover meal mentions the “alien,” who decides to participate in the Passover supper (Ex. 12:19). Therefore, when the text says that “all” of the Egyptian households were struck with a plague (Ex. 12:29), this no doubt refers to those unbelieving households.
Fourth, the tenth plague was last on the list, because it was a last resort. Pharaoh had been warned by God for nine straight plagues. God had given Pharaoh multiple opportunities to change his mind and avoid judgment. Pharaoh, on the other hand, did not give the Jews any “ways out,” when he killed the Hebrew boys. While God waited patiently and gave many chances for repentance, Pharaoh gave none.
Fifth, the firstborn sons of Egypt were below the age of accountability. Isaiah writes that there is an age before a child is able to “know to refuse the evil and choose the good” (Is. 7:16 NASB). The children of Israel were not held responsible for the sins of their parents during the Wandering, because they had “no knowledge of good or evil” (Deut. 1:39 NASB). David said he would go to be with his infant baby, who had died (2 Sam. 12:23). David believed in an afterlife, and he thought that he was going to be with God after death (Ps. 16:10-11), and the New Testament authors claim that he is in heaven, too (Rom. 4:6-8). This demonstrates that his infant must be in heaven. In addition, Jesus implies that little children will be in heaven (Mk. 10:14; Mt. 18:3; 19:14). Because God judged the children of Egypt, he would have brought them immediately into his presence in heaven, because they are below the age of accountability.
Sixth, God has certain moral rights over human life that we don’t. As the author and creator of life, God has a unique right over all human life. Philosopher Richard Swinburne writes, “God as the author of our being would have rights over us that we do not have over our fellow humans.” To illustrate this, a parent has certain rights over their own children, which they do not have over other children (e.g. discipline). Since God is the creator and sustainer of all people, he decides how long we get to live (Ps. 139:16). God takes everyone’s life at some point. It’s called death. We acknowledge this, when a surgeon is bringing someone back to life. We say that he is “Playing God.” God allows everyone to die; the question is –when? We live everyday –not as a right –but by the mercy of God. When God took the lives of the firstborn in Egypt, he was acting on prerogatives that rightly belong to him. In fact, these Egyptian boys probably died in their sleep (“Now it came about at midnight…” Ex. 12:29). Of course, the Hebrew infants were given no such mercy, drowning in the Nile River (Ex. 1:22).
Seventh, the God who took the firstborn son gave up his own firstborn son. We would be remiss if we didn’t point this out. While we might feel horror at the fact that God would judge the firstborn of Egypt, he need to remember that we’re dealing with the same God who paid this great and terrible price himself by giving up his “only begotten son” (Jn. 3:16). While God is willing and able to judge, he was also willing to take our place in judgment.
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Balance exercise is one of the four types of exercise along with strength, endurance and flexibility. Ideally, all four types of exercise would be included in a healthy workout routine and AHA provides easy-to-follow guidelines for endurance and strength-training in its Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults.
They don’t all need to be done every day, but variety helps keep the body fit and healthy, and makes exercise interesting. You can do a variety of exercises to keep the body fit and healthy and to keep your physical activity routine exciting. Many different types of exercises can improve strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance. For example, practicing yoga can improve your balance, strength, and flexibility. A lot of lower-body strength-training exercises also will improve your balance.
Having good balance is important for many activities we do every day, such as walking and going up and down the stairs. Exercises that improve balance can help prevent falls, a common problem in older adults and stroke patients. They can also benefit those who are obese since weight is not always carried or distributed evenly throughout the body. A loss of balance can occur when standing or moving suddenly. Often we are not fully aware that we may have weak balance until we try balance exercises.
How much do I need?
Balance exercises can be done every day or as many days as you like and as often as you like. Preferably, older adults at risk of falls should do balance training 3 or more days a week and do standardized exercises from a program demonstrated to reduce falls. It’s not known whether different combinations of type, amount, or frequency of activity can reduce falls to a greater degree. If you think you might be at risk of falling, talk to your doctor.
Tai chi exercises also may help prevent falls. Balance, strength and flexibility exercises can be combined.
Try these balance exercises:
- See how long you can stand on one foot, or try holding for 10 seconds on each side.
- Walk heel to toe for 20 steps. Steady yourself with a wall if you need a little extra support.
- Walk normally in as straight a line as you can.
If you find standing on one foot very challenging at first, try this progression to improve your balance:
- Hold on to a wall or sturdy chair with both hands to support yourself.
- Next, hold on with only one hand.
- Then support yourself with only one finger.
- When you are steady on your feet, try balancing with no support at all.
Examples of balance exercises:
You can do balance exercises anytime or anywhere.
- Try standing on one foot while working in the kitchen, waiting in line or brushing your teeth.
- Walk heel to toe around the house or office.
- Yoga and Tai Chi do not require expensive classes or equipment. Find an instructional book, DVD or website to get started at home. Local recreation centers and senior centers may also offer free or low-cost classes.
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What if I’m recovering from a cardiac event or stroke?
Some people are afraid to exercise after a heart attack. But regular physical activity can help reduce your chances of having another heart attack.
The AHA published a statement in 2014 that doctors should prescribe exercise to stroke patients since there is strong evidence that physical activity and exercise after stroke can improve cardiovascular fitness, walking ability and upper arm strength.
If you’ve had a heart attack or stroke, talk with your doctor before starting any exercise to be sure you’re following a safe, effective physical activity program.
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|Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior
|List Price: $15.00
Our Price: $3.78
You Save: $11.22 (75%)
I don't know if people will ever be able to talk to animals the way Doctor Doolittle could, or whether animals will be able to talk back. Maybe science will have something to say about that. But I do know people can learn to "talk" to animals, and to hear what animals have to say, better than they do now. --From Animals in Translation
Why would a cow lick a tractor? Why are collies getting dumber? Why do dolphins sometimes kill for fun? How can a parrot learn to spell? How did wolves teach man to evolve? Temple Grandin draws upon a long, distinguished career as an animal scientist and her own experiences with autism to deliver an extraordinary message about how animals act, think, and feel. She has a perspective like that of no other expert in the field, which allows her to offer unparalleled observations and groundbreaking ideas.
People with autism can often think the way animals think, putting them in the perfect position to translate "animal talk." Grandin is a faithful guide into their world, exploring animal pain, fear, aggression, love, friendship, communication, learning, and, yes, even animal genius. The sweep of Animals in Translation is immense and will forever change the way we think about animals.
*includes a Behavior and Training Troubleshooting Guide
Among its provocative ideas, the book:
- argues that language is not a requirement for consciousness--and that animals do have consciousness
- applies the autism theory of "hyper-specificity" to animals, showing that animals and autistic people are so sensitive to detail that they "can't see the forest for the trees"--a talent as well as a "deficit"
- explores the "interpreter" in the normal human brain that filters out detail, leaving people blind to much of the reality that surrounds them--a reality animals and autistic people see, sometimes all too clearly
- explains how animals have "superhuman" skills: animals have animal genius
- compares animals to autistic savants, declaring that animals may in fact be autistic savants, with special forms of genius that normal people do not possess and sometimes cannot even see
- examines how humans and animals use their emotions to think, to decide, and even to predict the future
- reveals the remarkable abilities of handicapped people and animals
- maintains that the single worst thing you can do to an animal is to make it feel afraid
- Animals in Translation
A very enlightening concept of how animals think and how the autistic mind provides insights. Provides a better understanding of the animal, as well as the autistic mind and the role it could play in society....more info
This is a terrific book. I learned about animal behavior and autism. I am a science teacher and I gained understanding of my autistic students and my pets and insight to share with students regarding animal behavior....more info
- ANIMALS IN TRANSLATION
I THOUGHT THIS BOOK WAS SO GREAT I BOUGHT 5 MORE TO GIVE TO FRIENDS AND FAMILY....more info
- Animals R Us
Animals in Translation is a revelation! Temple Grandin opens up for us a
path to the understanding of what we once called "dumb animals."
Of course, in this usage, "dumb" means "mute," but too often we interpolate
it to mean, "unfeeling,"or "unable to think." Grandin erases all such
nonsense, and takes us on a journey to into the minds of animals --
including our pets -- that decreases the emotional and intellectual
distance between us. On reading this book, you will see your
dog, cat, horse, rabbit, or even your turtle, as a member of your
family, and you will be forever conscious of how your treatment affects
and molds your relationship. For dog owners, this book, together with
"Merle's Door," will make you worthy of your pet's admiration....more info
- excellent look into autism
she has several positive points to make about her own autism which is a change form other books i have read,...more info
- Humans, Their Animal Partners and Autism
With all the force of revelation, an autistic scientist offers the rest of us revolutionary insights into the animal mind. It is written in clear, deceptively simple prose. There's so much here that it is hard to keep it in the bounds of a short review:
The first section is about Temple Grandin and her autism, how she has coped with it and used her unique perception to help animals and the people who work with them. This is an inspiring story.
The second section talks about how animals perceive the immediate environment and how people do not. This was literally an eye-opener! Since then, I have become a better observer of my own animals. My horse trusts me more because I can respond to his alerts. My dog has an ability to detect the approach of dangerous weather.
The third section discusses animal feelings in a scientific manner and challenges some modern methods of animal breeding, care or confinement that produce abnormal behaviors. This is a fascinating chapter that covers many aspects of animal behavior and altered my own. After reading this chapter, I started buying only eggs that were labeled "cage-free".
The chapter on animal aggression had a lot of information about dogs and cats, animals of prey that have become our closest companions. A fundamental difference exists between a dog happily killing a squirrel and a dog angrily biting a human.
She makes an equally fundamental point in the following chapter about animals masking pain that suddenly explained why a horse I once had who had just broken a bone suddenly put his head down and started to eat grass as if everything was fine. In following chapters there was food for thought in how animals think and about animal genius.
In short, if you like animals, this is an invaluable book made more useful and effective by its wide-ranging focus on a variety of species. ...more info
- Insight into both animals and the author
Temple Grandin is fascinating. She is clearly brilliant, and clearly very different from everyone else.
Grandin purports to understand animal behavior well because her own autistic thought processes are similar in some ways to the thought processes of various animals. Through a range of examples and anecdotes, Grandin makes very good arguments for her interpretations of animals' motives for various behaviors.
Grandin has improved conditions for farm animals by creating pragmatic strategies for farming, based on observation and insight.
I finished the book convinced that she is brilliant and has done a great deal of good. I waver on what role her autism plays in her effectiveness. I understand her argument, but it could be that she's been effective because she's so smart, so creative, such a keen observer and loves animals so much.
As a sidelight, I'd recommend this to readers who enjoy Richard Feynman's memoirs. Again, informal writing by a brilliant scientist with tremendous observational skill....more info
- Intriguing, original and a great read
This is a beautiful book and a fascinating read. We see and interact with so many animals in our daily lives, but never really understand what's going on inside their heads. Temple Grandin offers the best understanding of animal's minds I've ever read. She shows how animals aren't less intelligent than humans, they are *differently* intelligent and how their actions are direct responses to how they perceive their world. I'm already re-reading it!...more info
- Wholly Fascinating!
This is the most fascinating book I have ever read. The amazing Temple Grandin takes two subjects: autism and animal behavior,and draws comparisons with remarkable insight. She brings the world of animal behavior into sharp focus with examples and explanations and makes it easy for the lay reader to understand. She and coauthor, Catherine Johnson, write with a conversational prose that makes even the most difficult concepts easy to grasp. Every chapter elicits a "Wow".
Although the dry title may put some people off because it sounds clinical and cerebral, this absolutely exciting book holds a plethora of facts and wonders about the animals we come into contact with on a daily basis. A real eye-opener!
- C.A. Wulff, www.yelodoggie.com...more info
- The BEST book ever on animals
The BEST book ever on learning the insights into animal behavior and their emotions. Anyone who loves animals should read this book...and keep it for a life long reference! Temple's insight into the world of animals is very profound and really makes you think about your animals life and well being. Covers several species of animals and is filled with info on studies done on both humans and animals that are so very interesting and informative. I cannot say enough GOOD things about this book....more info
Anyone who lives with animals needs this book. Anyone involved with special needs children needs this book. Anyone with a curious bone needs this book. I learned more about autism and animal behavior in the first 20 pages than I did in 25 years of teaching special ed and 46 years with horses and other critters. Temple Grandin has a tremendous talent for making the obscure clear as a bell. Her theories are easily tested at home with fascinating results. Love it!...more info
- First book I will read all the way through
This may sound strange to alot of people but I have never enjoyed reading before, but there was something about this book that kept me reading. Everything that I have read so far is interesting and explained well. I am a person that has struggled my entire life with Dislexia and didn't find out that I was until recently. When I started going to college I wanted to be a child thyripist for the autisic & when I saw this book in the book store I just knew I had to read it! I have always know there was something else to animals then meets the eye!...more info
- she's not a "typical human"
I have a loaned out print copy of this, but mostly have experience with the audio version. (Someone who has heard her says that it may be a blessing that she is not reading this herself.)
But I'm finding myself thinking "Temple Grandin says" two or three times a day. When what I've done right with my dogs works. When I wonder why ritalin works with ADHD, how anti-anxiety drugs work. When I consider how a friend interacts with her wolf hybrids--Grandin thinks that wolves socialized us as much as we created domestic dogs. When I have have a moment of, what is it, inattentional blindness--where I can't see what I'm not expecting. And when I realize why the horse I had as a kid was such a disaster for us--broken bones for both my parents, for instance.
I'd class it as a book to browse, not read straight through. Even though I was delighted to have it running every time I got in the car. Twice....more info
- For more than just animal lovers....
For anyone who is interested in not only developing better understandings of animals and the way they 'think' and view the world, but also in developing better understandings of we humans - how we think and view the world - the similarities and differences. This is a fascinating insight into the world of those whose brains function differently to most of ours, and the amazing benefits and the great difficulties that this brings them. I found this book enlightening and challenging. It helped me understand my animals better and adjust some of my interactions and expectations of them. It is also a really useful personal development tool for anyone interested in understanding themselves better and developing an awareness and understanding of those with brain function differences - whether that be autism, ADHD, or other. The brain is an amazing place! ...more info
Was very taken with this book. A whole new world of understanding opened up for a layperson like me. So much more understanding of animals. Lent it to my own vet - people that work with animals probably had that knowledge but for me it was an eye opener and I tried to find everything else Temple had written. Very grateful to have read it....more info
- Oh Temple, I wish you have wrtten this book years ago...
Now, looking back for answers I have been seeking for when trying to understand my dogs' behavior, it all suddenly makes so much sense. They do think in pictures they remember pictures, yes, this is it!!!
If you are an animal lover or not, by being part of nature, this book is a must read.
Thank you, Temple, for the illumination.
- A must read for anyone who works with animals
This book is perfect for anyone who works with animals, and especially anyone STUDYING to work with animals. It is written in a style more akin to a textbook or training manual - which I was not expecting. It is extremely insightful, and the language is easy to understand - with lots of examples to help explain. It covers a broad spectrum of animals from lab, and farm animals to wild animals and domestic animals such as dogs and cats. If you have any regular interaction with an animal, you are likely to get something from this book. Grandin doesn't just explain her views on a situation either, she explains the differing views of others as well. She also compares animal behaviors and ways of thinking, to that of autistic people - the similarities are amazing in my opinion. It's no wonder to me that she has been able to discover these insights into animals that other "normal" people have not been able to. Her insight is simultaneously both more simplified, yet more complex - she figures out that it's usually a simple fix to the problem, not something major, yet, no one else is able to see that - it's simple for her but not them. Her techniques of finding the problem (such as trying to see the animal's world from ITS point of view) make you wonder why no one else figured out that you should do that. It makes so much sense, especially when you consider the old saying of how you can't understand someone until you've walked a mile in their shoes - it's the same for animals: you need to understand where they're coming from. At the end of the book there is also a guide to the different behaviors she covered, as well as troubleshooting for dealing with that specific behavior or problem cause. Overall I found this to be a very educational and insightful book and would recommend it to anyone interested in animals and the way they think and behave, as well as why....more info
- 'Dogs make us human'
For those who don't have the time to commune with animals, "Animals in Translation" provides plenty of helpful insights. Though, when she's not writing books, Temple Grandin is a superstar in the world of slaughterhouse design, so while reading I couldn't keep lines from Monty Python's "Architects Sketch" from nagging my conscience. ...more info
- The best animal-related book I've ever read (and I've read hundreds!)
I have owned, trained, bred and exhibited champion Doberman pinschers for 35 years. I have never read a more insightful, helpful, on-the-money guide to living with animals as Ms. Grandin's book. There's an "Aha!" on every page, and the only frustration is that she's not sitting across from you as you read to discuss or elaborate each point. This book should be required reading for everyone who lives with an animal - much less trains or breeds them....more info
- It's a must...
Fantastic read! Have recommended to everyone since devouring this book! After hearing Grandin deliver a very interesting lecture at my university I decided to buy her book and check it out. I couldn't put it down! The book is not only an asset to anyone wanting to work with animals but also gives great insight into one's own mind and actions. I bought 2 other copies for friends in animal training and handling the same week! It should be a requirement for anyone working hands on with animals because her methods make sense, are simple to execute, and really do work. From the position of someone who has worked with wild, captive, and domestic animals, I feel Grandin's knowledge will greatly enhance the success of my career.
Even if you have no intention of working with animals personally, this book is fun, light-hearted, and plainly explained in lay-man's terms. Grandin not only made her book scientifically accurate, but fresh and enjoyable. No wonder it's on the National Best Sellers List! Once you've read her book, you can't help but try to see more detail in everyday life. Though I don't have kids myself, the understanding of early brain development in how a child thinks and visualizes the world as described by Grandin (especially one with autism) also seems very useful for parents and teachers. ...more info
What an interesting approach... if you want to dive deeper into the issues addressed here I recommend "Adam's Task: Calling Animals by Name," by Vicki Hearne, which combines animal training with philosophy and literary criticism. If you are an animal trainer-- or even just an animal lover-- it's definitely worth checking out....more info
- great reading
a great book that offers insight into animals, humans and their interaction and similarities and differences. it seems that despite the obvious handicaps that autism carries with it, there is also an insight into life that is hidden from "normal" people. I highly recommend this book, full of references and facts and theories, yet as readable as a grisham novel....more info
- Animals in Translation.
I'm half way through reading this book and already it is a huge wealth of information. Informative on the subject of all animals. If you know someone who loves animals,this makes a great gift....more info
- Life expanding read
Every so often a book enters one's life in such a way that thoughts that were once unformed crystalize and become clear. This book had that effect on me.
I had the great honor of listening to Dr. Grandin speak once and I remain profoundly grateful for her works, both in these pages of illumination and in the practical world of reducing animal suffering.
I recommend this book wholeheartedly!...more info
- Couldn't put it down
I really enjoyed this book and have recommended it to several others. A friend gave me a copy, and I was intrigued to read it because I love dogs and thought that was the sole focus. I did learn lots of interesting things about dog behavior, but I was also fascinated by what the book has to offer about other animals and how the brain works and about autism, about which I previously knew very little. I look at animals in an entirely different way after having read this book, and it has really enriched my appreciation of the human/animal relationship. Thanks, Temple Grandin....more info
- A Page-Turner... on Science!
Temple Grandin, PhD, has done something extraordinary: combined her experiences as an animal scientist and an autistic person to give us new insights into the amazing inner world of animals. In her irresistably fun, anecdotal style, Grandin describes the most recent research on the senses, the brain, and emotions, ultimately explaining our own feelings and actions as well as those of animals. Entertainment Weekly says it best: "At once hilarious, fascinating, and just plain weird, Animals is one of those rare books that elicit a `wow' on almost every page."
Doni Tamblyn is author of Laugh and Learn: 95 Ways to Use Humor for More Effective Teaching and Training and The Big Book of Humorous Training Games (Big Book of Business Games Series)...more info
We watch animals and marvel at their antics. We see them in context and we also see their environment. What we cannot see is what they see and how they interpret and use the information. We look where their ears, nose, eyes are directed and the human sees the surroundings, the landscape. The animal is fine tuned to detail. And in fact that tiny tidbit of information the animal received but we missed is of ultimate importance.
Temple Grandin is amazing and her book a reference source I will refer back to for a long time. She shares with readers what she has learned about animals and how she knows about these insights in ways other people might not. I am also reading some of her references, presently "The Emotional Brain", LeDoux. And when I regard animals now I search for details, sound, sight, or smell, the fine points.
Thank-you Temple Grandin....more info
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A Canadian Timeline
1634 - Lord Alexander, a member of Edinburgh Lodge No. 1 at Mary's Chapel, is the first recorded freemason in Canada, then known as New France. He founded a colony of Scots on the banks of the St. Lawrence River.
1738 – The first Masonic lodge in the colony of Canada is constituted in Annapolis, Nova Scotia.
1755 – The Lodge of the 8th or Kings Own Regiment of Foot is issued a field warrant. This lodge brings Masonry to Niagara in the late 1700s.
1795 – The first meeting of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Upper Canada is called. Also in this year the civilian lodge in Niagara, originally called St. John’s of Friendship, is re-warranted as Lodge No. 2.
1802 – The Schismatic Grand Lodge at Niagara is formed.
1823 – The Book of Constitutions is printed in Kingston.
1855 – The Grand Lodge of Canada is formed in order to separate colonial Masons from the Mother Grand Lodge in England.
1859 – The Grand Lodges of Upper Canada and Lower Canada amalgamate.
1866 – The Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia is formed.
1867 - The Dominion of Canada is established on July 1st. Freemason Sir John A. MacDonald becomes Canada's first prime minister. The Grand Lodge of New Brunswick is formed.
1869 – The Grand Lodge of Québec is created.
1871 – The Grand Lodge of British Columbia is formed.
1875 – The Grand Lodges of Manitoba and Prince Edward Island are founded.
1887 – The previously named Grand Lodge of Canada, located in Ontario, officially changes its name to the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Canada in the Province of Ontario.
The Grand Lodge of Canada
The Mother Grand Lodge in England was understandably slow to forward warrants, certificates and complete other tasks for lodges in Canada, given the distance between England and its colony. This led to dissatisfaction and a desire for Masonic independence from England.
Dissatisfaction, ultimately, led to rebellion.
On the 10th of October, 1855, a meeting of lodges was held in Hamilton. Each of the more than 80 lodges in Canada were invited and 41, representing Masons from Montreal to Windsor, attended.
A resolution calling for the formation of a Grand Lodge for Canada, free from the Mother Grand Lodge, was ruled out of order by Deputy Grand Master Ridout. (Sir Allan Napier MacNab, Provincial Grand Master, was opposed to the plan and did not attend). However, after adjournment, another meeting was held and the Grand Lodge of Canada was formed by the members.
The next morning the officers were elected and W. Bro. Wilson was confirmed as Grand Master. The officers were installed by M.W. Bro. Hon. H.T. Backus, Past Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Michigan, on November 2nd, 1855.
The Politics of a Name Change
When the Grand Lodge of Canada was formed in 1855, the colony of Canada was made up of what are now the provinces of Ontario and Québec. When the two rival Grand Lodges of Upper Canada and Lower Canada amalgamated in 1859, our Grand Lodge included nearly all of the lodges in both Canada East and Canada West.
In 1869, sixteen lodges in Québec formed the Grand Lodge of Québec. The rest of the lodges located in la belle province remained in the Grand Lodge of Canada. In 1874, the Grand Lodge of Canada withdrew from Québec.
There were no doubt many protests about Ontario’s Grand Lodge calling itself the Grand Lodge of Canada when, by 1875, there were six other Grand Lodges in the country—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia, Québec, Prince Edward Island and Manitoba.
On the flip side, many of our members likely objected to the possibility of changing our name to the Grand Lodge of Ontario, when we had been founded as the Grand Lodge of Canada.
In 1885, a committee of the Grand Lodge of Canada recommended that its name should be changed to the Grand Lodge, A.F. & A.M., of Canada in the Province of Ontario. The new name was adopted in 1887.
Many brethren in both Canada and the U.S. still object to the name, but we retain the words "of Canada" in our title because, when we were founded, we were the only Grand Lodge in the colony of Canada.
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Open Education, the emerging trend of online learning which became a reality through Open Educational Resources (OER). The development of OER is a long process which requires a high cost and long-term planning even they are available to access through the Internet free of charges.
There are a lot of challenges and issues which the OER development team has to concern in the teachers’, developers’ and learners’ perspectives. However, I have categorised the issues and barriers according to the responsible party to address them as follows.
- Implementation issues in the design and development stages
- Adaptation and maintaining issues in the delivery stage
The following 3 issues which I concern as very important since they are required to consider at the initial stage of the design and development of OERs. I believe these three issues are the foundation for the whole project and scaffold to address for the next stage issues like; sustainability and learner support. These issues have to be addressed within the organisation.
Initially, with the development of learning objects, there was no consideration of pedagogical aspects in online teaching and learning. Most developers only considered the technology and the content for online teaching materials. But leaners find such learning is not motivational.
Everybody expects the quality of the content, delivery method and novel information in all the online resources. Therefore we need to maintain the quality in all the aspects of OERs.
Present generation mostly refers as the “Google generation” is very confident and familiar with the latest technologies. If the OERs are not embraced with the latest technology, the learner will not tend to adopt it.
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Everyone appreciates a nice breeze while sitting outside in the garden, but strong gusts and steady winds can mean a world of damage when it comes to outdoor structures and delicate plants. Rather than forgoing a well-planned yard altogether, gardeners in areas exposed to continuous or high winds should design the landscape with the weather in mind.
Create a Windbreak
Creating windbreaks is a logical first step when landscaping your windy site. You can use a collection of trees or shrubs, capable of handling strong winds and grown close together, to create a garden windbreak. These plants act as a natural wall to diminish the strength of the wind. Consider trees and shrubs with dense foliage. Plants that function well in a windbreak include Eastern red cedars (Juniperus virginiana), which thrive in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 2a to 9b, and mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), which grows well in USDA hardiness zones 3 to 8.
Select Tolerant Plants
Choose native plants because they are already adapted to your region. In the case of strong winds, going the extra step and picking plants known for their wind tolerance is essential, particularly if you choose not to create a windbreak first. Consider Northern catalpas (Catalpa speciosa), a large tree that grows up to 80 feet tall with a display of white flared flowers; this tree thrives in USDA hardiness zones 4 to 8. For extra color, Sargent cherry trees (Prunus sargentii) display profuse pink spring blossoms and orange fall foliage, and grow to a height of up to 50 feet. Sargent cherries thrive in USDA hardiness zones 5 to 8. Washington hawthorns, well-suited for use as smaller specimens, grow 20 to 30 feet in USDA hardiness zones 5 to 8. These hawthorns add color to the windy garden with small cream-hued flowers and green leaves with red-orange fall color and vivid red cool-weather fruit.
Fencing and Walls
To decrease the need for extra planning regarding plants, gardeners can simply put up a solid fence or wall. Sturdy materials, such as concrete or brick to make a wall, or wood for a stockade fence, create protective enclosures so gardeners can grow most types of plant within the yard. Fences can either surround the entire yard or add concentrated protection for smaller plants such as vegetables or delicate flowers. Trees planted within a fenced-in area stand a better chance against nature's elements, as well, because wind-damaged trees quickly become susceptible to problems that include disease and insect infestations.
Prune and Mulch
Proper care helps keep a windy landscape healthy. Gardeners should go above and beyond meeting general needs, such as sun exposure and irrigation, and protect trees with additional cultural landscaping. Prune trees evenly, according to the needs of each species and before branches reach an inch in diameter to protect them from wind damage, advises the University of Georgia School of Forest Resources Extension. In addition, lay a 3- to 4-inch layer of mulch on the soil surrounding plants to protect them from wind damage and other problems, including moisture loss and weed competition. Mulching is especially helpful, because wind erodes soil and dries trees out. Use a heavier type of mulch, such as large wood chips, to prevent it from blowing away. The best mulching material varies from plant to plant, but organic mulch works well for most gardens.
- Colorado State University Extension: Planning & Planting a Windbreak
- University of Florida IFAS Extension: Juniperus Virginiana -- Eastern Redcedar
- Utah State University Cooperative Extension: Curl-Leaf Mountain Mahogany in the Landscape
- University of Illinois Extension: Tree Selector -- Wind
- University of Illinois Extension: Northern Catalpa
- University of Illinois Extension: Sargent Cherry
- University of Illinois Extension: Washington Hawthorn
- Colorado State University Extension: Vegetable Site Tips
- Colorado State University Extension: Mulches for Home Grounds
- University of Georgia School of Forest Resources Extension: Storm Damaged Trees -- Prevention & Treatments
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
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Why stress is more likely to cause depression in men than in women and how to handle it
Researchers have defined stress as any major changes to the status quo (existing balance) that may potentially cause mental or emotional strain or tension. These stressful life events can include marriage, divorce, separation, marital reconciliation, personal injury or illness, dismissal from work or retirement.
Men are more likely to have depressive episodes following work difficulties, divorce and separation. Women, on the other hand, are more sensitive to conflict, serious illness or death happening in their close social network. In fact, research suggests that most of the stressful events that cause depression among women are related to their close social network, such as romantic and marital relationships, child-rearing and parenting.
Research suggests that compared to men, women tend to ruminate (the technical term for “overthinking”) more about stressors and have negative thoughts that cause depression. And at least one study suggests that this explains the gender difference in the prevalence of depression. Rumination can make stress worse, and unfortunately, it is more common among women.
These findings suggest that psychosocial causes of depression may be at least partially gender-specific, and that these disparities are rooted in different life conditions – social inequalities – that men and women experience. And, in general, women tend to experience greater social inequality and social stress, and therefore depression, than men.
The gender gap in depression is largest in countries with highest gender inequalities. Gender difference in burden of depression is highest in the countries where women and men differ more in access to resources and social equity.
And that, oddly, might explain why men might be more susceptible to the depression-inducing effects of stress. They aren’t as used to dealing with it.
Men are more vulnerable to the effects of stress over time
In new research, my colleague Maryam Moghani Lankarani and I found that stressful life events are more likely to predict depression in men than in women.
In fact, men are more susceptible to the depression-inducing effects of each additional stressor over long-term periods.
We looked at data from a nationally representative study that examined how psychological factors affect physical and mental health of individuals over time.
We studied the effects of stressful life events men and women reported at the beginning of the study to their rates of depression 25 years later. We found that the effect of each life stressor on the risk of clinical depression was 50 percent stronger for men than women.
These findings correspond with a study we published in late 2015 that showed white men may be most vulnerable to the effect of stress on depression, possibly because they have a lower exposure to stress compared to any other demographic group.
It’s possible that cumulative exposure to stress may build resilience or habituation to stressors. In other words, people who cope with stress all the time can get used to it.
So the social group exposed to the lowest stressors (living the most privileged life) may at the same time be most vulnerable to each additional stressor. They have not learned to cope with stress as effectively as those who experience it more.
This is potentially the cost of living an easier, and therefore, less stressful life.
Men who experience depression may not seek care
Men may also be vulnerable to the effects of stress because they may perceive depression as a weakness. They may also define talking about emotion, and seeking help for an emotional problem, such as depression, as a weakness. This is especially the case in developing countries where traditional gender roles are more strongly endorsed.
These beliefs strongly shape behaviors of men who are in need of mental health care, and make men vulnerable when stress and emotional problem happens. All these result in men ignoring depression when it develops, and avoiding care when needed, not to look weak.
This also partially explains why more men with depression kill themselves (particularly white men) than women with depression. Originall article
So what should modern man do to short-circuit his ingrained tendencies?
10 Ways to Deal With Stress
Here are 10 ways to reduce stress and its toxic effects on the body:
- Exercise regularly. Exercise has been proven to reduce stress levels, helping you burn off pent-up energy and tension. It also improves overall health.
- Eat and sleep well. Good nutrition and 6 to 8 hours of sleep each night can help your body recover from past stress and be better prepared to deal with new stress. Avoid caffeine and other stimulants that might promote stress and sleeplessness. Avoid alcohol, which might deepen any depression you may be feeling.
- Meditate. Spend at least 15 to 20 minutes a day in quiet contemplation. Depending on your preference, you might like to devote the time to meditation or prayer, or practicing yoga or tai chi if you want more of a physical component. Breathe deeply and clear your mind.
- Solve the cause of your stress. Dealing with the problems that cause tension can relieve you of that stress. Inaction just allows it to build. If your neighbor's dog barks constantly, talk with him about it. Talk to your boss to figure out solutions for problems at work. Ask for help if you can’t meet all the demands placed on you.
- Avoid stressful situations. Recent research suggests that men’s stress levels soar 60 percent in traffic jams — seven times higher than women’s. If possible, time your driving to avoid rush hour. Shop when you know the store won't be packed with people. And cut down on the time you spend with people who get on your nerves.
- Accept things you can't change. There are going to be things in your life that you can't control, no matter how hard you try. For example, there's no use allowing snow or rain to bother you — how would you go about changing the weather? Instead, look for ways to enjoy uncontrollable circumstances. Play in the snow like you did when you were a kid; spend a rainy day reading, another stress reliever.
- Don’t take on more than you can handle. We often create our own stress by over-scheduling ourselves and failing to say no when too much is asked of us, whether it’s the boss, spouse, or friend making the request. Don't overpromise, and give yourself time to finish the things you do agree to tackle.
- Try a “glass half full” attitude. Always looking on the sunny side sounds cliché, but it can make a world of difference. Having a negative outlook can turn even the most minor annoyances into huge problems in your mind.
- Tackle first things first. Become a master at triage — that’s determining the most important of the tasks you’re trying to handle and methodically completing those first, then moving on to less critical jobs. Resist trying to do multiple projects at once.
- Savor your victories. When you accomplish a personal goal or finish a major project, do something nice for yourself. It can be as simple as getting a massage or as extravagant as taking a weekend getaway. Celebrate your achievement before you jump into the next project.
Your outlook is such an important factor in how your body deals with stress. Following these 10 steps will help you put stress in perspective and start enjoying your life again.
Learn more about men’s health basics.
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These is a drawing of the interior of Io.
Click on image for full size
Interior of Io
The diagram to the left shows the interior of Io.
When the Galileo spacecraft flew by Io it took measurements which showed that Io was separated into two layers, as shown in this picture.
Thus scientists think that Io has a large core, covered with a rocky material. There is no ice within Io.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
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Yêu Tiếng Anh - Read the article below about distance education and try to decide what the missing word might be in each case. None of the missing words are longer than four letters long. The majority are articles (a, an, the) or prepositions (in, at, on etc.).
Not so long ago, getting (1)_________college degree meant enrolling in a three or four year program and heading off (2)________campus every day. Now, with the proliferation (3)___________correspondence and on-line courses, getting a degree might appear to be easier than ever.
Distance learning or education is completing a curriculum of studies without being present (4)___________a class room. The quality of education (5)_________often equal (6)________or better than that (7)________a class room since most individuals who choose distance learning to obtain their education are more self motivated and every bit as conscientious about their education as their counterpart (8)________the class room. Due to today's technology, made (9)_________part (10)__________the internet, more people than ever before are choosing distance learning over traditional class room settings as (11)____________vehicle of choice to obtain their education. Convenience, cost of travel and other costs associated with a more traditional setting and busy schedules are just some of (12)__________reasons more students are studying for (13)__________degree through distance education institutions. After all, consider the commuting time to and (14)_____________a campus and the delays between classes. Wouldn't your time be better spent (15)____________studies or leisure time.
Distance degree programs are delivered using videotape, DVD's or VCD's, others are delivered entirely online, and some use (16)____________combination of media. Some degree programs require you to attend (17)__________few classes a year (18)___________the university (19)______________question.
Despite the obvious advantages (20)____________studying for a degree online, it is important to choose (21)_________university to study at (22)____________great care.
Links to some of (23)________better universities, offering distance degrees:
Tommy Bảo - Yêu Tiếng Anh
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