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We prove that the filling order is quadratic for a large class of solvable groups and asymptotically quadratic for all Q-rank one lattices in semisimple groups of R-rank at least 3. As a byproduct of auxiliary results we give a shorter proof of the theorem on the nondistorsion of horospheres providing also an estimate of a nondistorsion constant.
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arxiv:math/0110107
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Given a holomorphic vector bundle $E:EX X$ over a compact K\"ahler manifold, one introduces twisted GW-invariants of $X$ replacing virtual fundamental cycles of moduli spaces of stable maps $f: \Sigma \to X$ by their cap-product with a chosen multiplicative characteristic class of $H^0(\Sigma, f^* E) - H^1(\Sigma, f^*E)$. Using the formalism of quantized quadratic hamiltonians, we express the descendent potential for the twisted theory in terms of that for $X$. The result (Theorem 1) is a consequence of Mumford's Riemann -- Roch -- Grothendieck formula applied to the universal stable map. When $E$ is concave, and the inverse $\CC^{\times}$-equivariant Euler class is chosen, the twisted theory yields GW-invariants of $EX$. The ``non-linear Serre duality principle'' expresses GW-invariants of $EX$ via those of the supermanifold $\Pi E^*X$, where the Euler class and $E^*$ replace the inverse Euler class and $E$. We derive from Theorem 1 the nonlinear Serre duality in a very general form (Corollary 2). When the bundle $E$ is convex, and a submanifold $Y\subset X$ is defined by a global section, the genus 0 GW-invariants of $\Pi E X$ coincide with those of $Y$. We prove a ``quantum Lefschetz hyperplane section principle'' (Theorem 2) expressing genus 0 GW-invariants of a complete intersection $Y$ via those of $X$. This extends earlier results of Y.-P. Lee and A. Gathmann and yields most of the known mirror formulas for toric complete intersections.
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arxiv:math/0110142
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Final version. To appear in Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - A.
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arxiv:math/0110194
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The spin of particles on a non-commutative geometry is investigated within the framework of the representation theory of the q-deformed Poincare algebra. An overview of the q-Lorentz algebra is given, including its representation theory with explicit formulas for the q-Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. The vectorial form of the q-Lorentz algebra (Wess), the quantum double form (Woronowicz), and the dual of the q-Lorentz group (Majid) are shown to be essentially isomorphic. The construction of q-Minkowski space and the q-Poincare algebra is reviewed. The q-Euclidean sub-algebra, generated by rotations and translations, is studied in detail. The results allow for the construction of the q-Pauli-Lubanski vector, which, in turn, is used to determine the q-spin Casimir and the q-little algebras for both the massive and the massless case. Irreducible spin representations of the q-Poincare algebra are constructed in an angular momentum basis, accessible to physical interpretation. It is shown how representations can be constructed, alternatively, by the method of induction. Reducible representations by q-Lorentz spinor wave functions are considered. Wave equations on these spaces are found, demanding that the spaces of solutions reproduce the irreducible representations. As generic examples the q-Dirac equation and the q-Maxwell equations are computed explicitly and their uniqueness is shown.
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arxiv:math/0110219
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We show the existence of smooth isolated curves of different degrees and genera in Calabi-Yau threefolds that are complete intersections in homogeneous spaces. Along the way, we classify all degrees and genera of smooth curves on BN general K3 surfaces of low genera. By results of Mukai, these are the K3 surfaces that can be realised as complete intersections in certain homogeneous spaces.
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arxiv:math/0110220
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We show how to find series expansions for $\pi$ of the form $\pi=\sum_{n=0}^\infty {S(n)}\big/{\binom{mn}{pn}a^n}$, where S(n) is some polynomial in $n$ (depending on $m,p,a$). We prove that there exist such expansions for $m=8k$, $p=4k$, $a=(-4)^k$, for any $k$, and give explicit examples for such expansions for small values of $m$, $p$ and $a$.
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arxiv:math/0110238
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The Jacobi matrices with bounded elements whose spectrum of multiplicity 2 is separated from its simple spectrum and contains an interval of absolutely continuous spectrum are considered. A new type of spectral data, which are analogous for scattering data, is introduced for this matrix. An integral equation that allows us to reconstruct the matrix from this spectral data is obtained. We use this equation to solve the Cauchy problem for the Toda lattice with the initial data that are not stabilized.
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arxiv:math/0110276
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A nonnegative number d_infinity, called asymptotic dimension, is associated with any metric space. Such number detects the asymptotic properties of the space (being zero on bounded metric spaces), fulfills the properties of a dimension, and is invariant under rough isometries. It is then shown that for a class of open manifolds with bounded geometry the asymptotic dimension coincides with the 0-th Novikov-Shubin number alpha_0 defined previously (math.OA/9802015, cf. also math.DG/0110294). Thus the dimensional interpretation of alpha_0 given in the mentioned paper in the framework of noncommutative geometry is established on metrics grounds. Since the asymptotic dimension of a covering manifold coincides with the polynomial growth of its covering group, the stated equality generalises to open manifolds a result by Varopoulos.
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arxiv:math/0110295
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In this paper we develop homotopy theoretical methods for studying diagrams. In particular we explain how to construct homotopy colimits and limits in an arbitrary model category. The key concept we introduce is that of a model approximation. Our key result says that if a category admits a model approximation then so does any diagram category with values in this category. From the homotopy theoretical point of view categories with model approximations have similar properties to those of model categories. They admit homotopy categories (localizations with respect to weak equivalences). They also can be used to construct derived functors by taking the analogs of fibrant and cofibrant replacements. A category with weak equivalences can have several useful model approximations. We take advantage of this possibility and in each situation choose one that suits our needs. In this way we prove all the fundamental properties of the homotopy colimit and limit: Fubini Theorem (the homotopy colimit -respectively limit- commutes with itself), Thomason's theorem about diagrams indexed by Grothendieck constructions, and cofinality statements. Since the model approximations we present here consist of certain functors "indexed by spaces", the key role in all our arguments is played by the geometric nature of the indexing categories.
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arxiv:math/0110316
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We use homological perturbation machinery specific for the algebra category [P. Real. Homological Perturbation Theory and Associativity. Homology, Homotopy and Applications vol. 2, n. 5 (2000) 51-88] to give an algorithm for computing the differential structure of a small 1--homological model for commutative differential graded algebras (briefly, CDGAs). The complexity of the procedure is studied and a computer package in Mathematica is described for determining such models.
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arxiv:math/0110331
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We show that string algebras are `homologically tame' in the following sense: First, the syzygies of arbitrary representations of a finite dimensional string algebra $\Lambda$ are direct sums of cyclic representations, and the left finitistic dimensions, both little and big, of $\Lambda$ can be computed from a finite set of cyclic left ideals contained in the Jacobson radical. Second, our main result shows that the functorial finiteness status of the full subcategory $\Cal P$ consisting of the finitely generated left $\Lambda$-modules of finite projective dimension is completely determined by a finite number of, possibly infinite dimensional, string modules -- one for each simple $\Lambda$-module -- which are algorithmically constructible from quiver and relations of $\Lambda$. Namely, $\Cal P$ is contravariantly finite in $\Lambda$-mod precisely when all of these string modules are finite dimensional, in which case they coincide with the minimal $\Cal P$-approximations of the corresponding simple modules. Yet, even when $\Cal P$ fails to be contravariantly finite, these `characteristic' string modules encode, in an accessible format, all desirable homological information about $\Lambda$-mod.
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arxiv:math/0111001
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We prove that there is no genus-2 curve over F_q whose Jacobian has characteristic polynomial of Frobenius equal to x^4 + (1 - 2q) x^2 + q^2. Maisner and Nart had observed (by direct computation) that this was true for all q less than 65.
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arxiv:math/0111006
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Let $M$ be a $2m$-dimensional compact Riemannian manifold. We show that the spectrum of the Hodge Laplacian acting on $m$-forms does not determine whether the manifold has boundary, nor does it determine the lengths of the closed geodesics. Among the many examples are a projective space and a hemisphere that have the same Hodge spectrum on 1-forms, and hyperbolic surfaces, mutually isospectral on 1-forms, with different injectivity radii. The Hodge $m$-spectrum also does not distinguish orbifolds from manifolds.
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arxiv:math/0111016
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We obtain a geometric construction of a ``standard monomial basis'' for the homogeneous coordinate ring associated with any ample line bundle on any flag variety. This basis is compatible with Schubert varieties, opposite Schubert varieties, and unions of intersections of these varieties. Our approach relies on vanishing theorems and a degeneration of the diagonal ; it also yields a standard monomial basis for the multi-homogeneous coordinate rings of flag varieties of classical type.
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arxiv:math/0111054
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We review some relations occurring between the combinatorial intersection theory on the moduli spaces of stable curves and the asymptotic behavior of the 't Hooft-Kontsevich matrix integrals. In particular, we give an alternative proof of the Witten-Di Francesco-Itzykson-Zuber theorem --which expresses derivatives of the partition function of intersection numbers as matrix integrals-- using techniques based on diagrammatic calculus and combinatorial relations among intersection numbers. These techniques extend to a more general interaction potential.
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arxiv:math/0111082
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An A-infinity algebra is given by a codifferential on the tensor coalgebra of a (graded) vector space. An associative algebra is a special case of an A-infinity algebra, determined by a quadratic codifferential. The notions of Hochschild and cyclic cohomology generalize from associative to A-infinity algebras, and classify the infinitesimal deformations of the algebra, and those deformations preserving an invariant inner product, respectively. Similarly, an L-infinity algebra is given by a codifferential on the exterior coalgebra of a vector space, with Lie algebras being special cases given by quadratic codifferentials. There are natural definitions of cohomology and cyclic cohomology, generalizing the usual Lie algebra cohomology and cyclic cohomology, which classify deformations of the algebra and those which preserve an invariant inner product. This article explores the definitions of these infinity algebras, their cohomology and cyclic cohomology, and the relation to their infinitesimal deformations.
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arxiv:math/0111088
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We consider an integral dissipative operator in its Brodskii-Livshits triangular representation. The main question we are concerned with is similarity of the operator to a normal one. We obtain necessary as well as sufficient conditions for the similarity. The study is based on functional model technique.
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arxiv:math/0111124
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This paper goes some way in explaining how to construct an integrable hierarchy of flows on the space of conformally immersed tori in n-space. These flows have first occured in mathematical physics -- the Novikov-Veselov and Davey-Stewartson hierarchies -- as kernel dimension preserving deformations of the Dirac operator. Later, using spinorial representations of surfaces, the same flows were interpreted as deformations of surfaces in 3- and 4-space preserving the Willmore energy. This last property suggest that the correct geometric setting for this theory is Moebius invariant surface geometry. We develop this view point in the first part of the paper where we derive the fundamental invariants -- the Schwarzian derivative, the Hopf differential and a normal connection -- of a conformal immersion into n-space together with their integrability equations. To demonstrate the effectivness of our approach we discuss and prove a variety of old and new results from conformal surface theory. In the the second part of the paper we derive the Novikov-Veselov and Davey-Stewartson flows on conformally immersed tori by Moebius invariant geometric deformations. We point out the analogy to a similar derivation of the KdV hierarchy as flows on Schwarzian's of meromorphic functions. Special surface classes, e.g. Willmore surfaces and isothermic surfaces, are preserved by the flows.
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arxiv:math/0111169
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There exists a covariant non-injective functor from the space of generic Riemann surfaces to the so-called toric AF-algebras; such a functor maps isomorphic Riemann surfaces to the stably isomorphic toric AF-algebras. We use the functor to construct a faithful representation of the mapping class group of surface of genus g>1 into the matrix group GL(6g-6, Z).
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arxiv:math/0111173
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The Tango bundle T over P^5 is proved to be the pull-back of the twisted Cayley bundle C(1) via a map f : P^5 --> Q_5 existing only in characteristic 2. The Frobenius morphism F factorizes via such f. Using f the cohomology of T is computed in terms of F^*(C), Sym^2(C), C and the tensor product of S by C, while these are computed by applying Borel-Bott-Weil theorem. By machine-aided computation the mimimal resolutions of C and T are given; incidentally the matrix presenting the spinor bundle S over Q_5 is shown.
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arxiv:math/0111207
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A lattice diagram is a finite list L=((p_1,q_1),...,(p_n,q_n) of lattice cells. The corresponding lattice diagram determinant is \Delta_L(X;Y)=\det \| x_i^{p_j}y_i^{q_j} \|. These lattice diagram determinants are crucial in the study of the so-called ``n! conjecture'' of A. Garsia and M. Haiman. The space M_L is the space spanned by all partial derivatives of \Delta_L(X;Y). The ``shift operators'', which are particular partial symmetric derivative operators are very useful in the comprehension of the structure of the M_L spaces. We describe here how a Schur function partial derivative operator acts on lattice diagrams with distinct cells in the positive quadrant.
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arxiv:math/0111246
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A characterization of $n$-dimensional spaces via continuous selections avoiding $Z_n$-sets is given, and a selection theorem for strongly countable-dimensional spaces is established. We apply these results to prove a generalized Ostrand's theorem and to obtain a new alternative proof of the Hurewicz formula.
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arxiv:math/0111254
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New estimates are derived concerning the behavior of self-dual hamonic 2-forms on a compact Riemannian 4-manifold with non-trivial Seiberg-Witten invariants. Applications include a vanishing theorem for certain Seiberg-Witten invariants on compact 4-manifolds of constant negative sectional curvature.
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arxiv:math/0111265
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We formulate a very general conjecture relating the analytical invariants of a normal surface singularity to the Seiberg-Witten invariants of its link provided that the link is a rational homology sphere. As supporting evidence, we establish its validity for a large class of singularities: some rational and minimally elliptic (including the cyclic quotient and `polygonal') singularities, and Brieskorn-Hamm complete intersections. Some of the verifications are based on a result which describes (in terms of the plumbing graph) the Reidemeister-Turaev sign refined torsion (or, equivalently, the Seiberg-Witten invariant) of a rational homology 3-manifold M, provided that M is given by a negative definite plumbing. These results extend previous work of Artin, Laufer and S S-T Yau, respectively of Fintushel-Stern and Neumann-Wahl.
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arxiv:math/0111298
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Starting with the superYangian Y(M|N) based on gl(M|N), we define twisted superYangians Y^+(M|N) and Y^-(M|N). Only Y^+(M|2n) and Y^-(2m|N) can be defined, and appear to be isomorphic one with each other. We study their finite-dimensional irreducible highest weight representations.
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arxiv:math/0111308
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We show that C.J.Read's example of an operator T on l_1 which does not have any non-trivial invariant subspaces is not the adjoint of an operator on a predual of l_1. Furthermore, we present a bounded diagonal operator D such that even though its inverse is unbounded, but D^{-1}TD is a bounded operator with invariant subspaces, and is adjoint to an operator on c_0.
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arxiv:math/0112010
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In his Ph. D. thesis, C. Lehr offers an algorithm which gives the stable model for p-cyclic covers of the projective line over a p-adic field under the conditions that the branch locus whose cardinal is m+1 has the so called equidistant geometry and m<p. In this note we give an algorithm also in the equidistant geometry case but without condition on m. In particular we are able to study the reduction at 2 of hyperelliptic curves with equidistant branch locus.
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arxiv:math/0112042
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In this paper we describe the Hopf algebras on planar binary trees used to renormalize the Feynman propagators of quantum electrodynamics, and the coaction which describes the renormalization procedure. Both structures are related to some semi-direct coproduct of Hopf algebras.
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arxiv:math/0112043
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We classify all Kahler metrics in an open subset of $C^2$ whose real geodesics are circles. All such metrics are equivalent (via complex projective transformations) to Fubini metrics (i.e. to Fubini-Study metric on $CP^2$ restricted to an affine chart, to the complex hyperbolic metric in the unit ball model or to the Euclidean metric).
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arxiv:math/0112053
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The literature on Dedekind sums is vast. In this expository paper we show that there is a common thread to many generalizations of Dedekind sums, namely through the study of lattice point enumeration of rational polytopes. In particular, there are some natural finite Fourier series which we call Fourier-Dedekind sums, and which form the building blocks of the number of partitions of an integer from a finite set of positive integers. This problem also goes by the name of the `coin exchange problem'. Dedekind sums have enjoyed a resurgence of interest recently, from such diverse fields as topology, number theory, and combinatorial geometry. The Fourier-Dedekind sums we study here include as special cases generalized Dedekind sums studied by Berndt, Carlitz, Grosswald, Knuth, Rademacher, and Zagier. Our interest in these sums stems from the appearance of Dedekind's and Zagier's sums in lattice point count formulas for polytopes. Using some simple generating functions, we show that generalized Dedekind sums are natural ingredients for such formulas. As immediate `geometric' corollaries to our formulas, we obtain and generalize reciprocity laws of Dedekind, Zagier, and Gessel. Finally, we prove a polynomial-time complexity result for Zagier's higher-dimensional Dedekind sums.
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arxiv:math/0112076
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Let $G$ be a finitely generated abelian-by-finite group and $k$ a field of characteristic $p\ge 0$. The Euler class $[k_G]$ of $G$ over $k$ is the class of the trivial $kG$-module in the Grothendieck group $G_0(kG)$. We show that $[k_G]$ has finite order if and only if every $p$-regular element of $G$ has infinite centralizer in $G$. We also give a lower bound for the order of the Euler class in terms of suitable finite subgroups of $G$. This lower bound is derived from a more general result on finite-dimensional representations of smash products of Hopf algebras.
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arxiv:math/0112129
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We show that a continuous local semiflow of $C^k$-maps on a finite-dimensional $C^k$-manifold M can be embedded into a local $C^k$-flow on M under some weak (necessary) assumptions. This result is applied to an open problem in [fil/tei:01]. We prove that finite-dimensional realizations for interest rate models are highly regular objects, namely given by submanifolds M of $D(A^{\infty})$, where A is the generator of a strongly continuous semigroup.
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arxiv:math/0112244
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L-modules are a combinatorial analogue of constructible sheaves on the reductive Borel-Serre compactification of a locally symmetric space. We define the micro-support of an L-module; it is a set of irreducible modules for the Levi quotients of the parabolic Q-subgroups associated to the strata. We prove a vanishing theorem for the global cohomology of an L-module in term of the micro-support. We calculate the micro-support of the middle weight profile weighted cohomology and the middle perversity intersection cohomology L-modules. (For intersection cohomology we must assume the Q-root system has no component of type D_n, E_n, or F_4.) Finally we prove a functoriality theorem concerning the behavior of micro-support upon restriction of an L-module to the pre-image of a Satake stratum. As an application we settle a conjecture made independently by Rapoport and by Goresky and MacPherson, namely, that the intersection cohomology (for either middle perversity) of the reductive Borel-Serre compactification of a Hermitian locally symmetric space is isomorphic to the intersection cohomology of the Baily-Borel-Satake compactification. We also obtain a new proof of the main result of Goresky, Harder, and MacPherson on weighted cohomology as well as generalizations of both of these results to general Satake compactifications with equal-rank real boundary components. An overview of the theory of L-modules and the above conjecture, as well as an application to the cohomology of arithmetic groups, can be found in math.RT/0112250 .
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arxiv:math/0112251
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The well-studied local postage stamp problem (LPSP) is the following: given a positive integer k, a set of postive integers 1 = a1 < a2 < ... < ak and an integer h >= 1, what is the smallest positive integer which cannot be represented as a linear combination x1 a1 + ... + xk ak where x1 + ... + xk <= h and each xi is a non-negative integer? In this note we prove that LPSP is NP-hard under Turing reductions, but can be solved in polynomial time if k is fixed.
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arxiv:math/0112257
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The analogy between Yetter's deformation theory form (lax) monoidal functors and Gerstenahaber's deformation theory for associative algebras is solidified by shown that under reasonable conditions the category of functors with an action of a lax monoidal functor is abelian, that an analogue of the Hochschild cohomology of an algebra with coefficients in a bimodule exists for monoidal functors, and is given by right derived functors. The deformation cohmology of a monoidal natural transformation is shown to be a special case.
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arxiv:math/0112307
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Applying Zeilberger's algorithm of creative telescoping to a family of certain very-well-poised hypergeometric series involving linear forms in Catalan's constant with rational coefficients, we obtain a second-order difference equation for these forms and their coefficients. As a consequence we obtain a new way of fast calculation of Catalan's constant as well as a new continued-fraction expansion for it. Similar arguments can be put forward to indicate a second-order difference equation and a new continued fraction for $\zeta(4)=\pi^4/90$, and we announce corresponding results at the end of this paper.
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arxiv:math/0201024
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The second author classified configurations of the singularities on tame sextics of torus type. In this paper, we give a complete classification of the singularities on irreducible sextics of torus type, without assuming the tameness of the sextics. We show that there exists 121 configurations and there are 5 pairs and a triple of configurations for which the corresponding moduli spaces coincide, ignoring the respective torus decomposition.
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arxiv:math/0201035
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A generalised Thurston-Bennequin invariant for a Q-singularity of a real algebraic variety is defined as a linking form on the homologies of the real link of the singularity. The main goal of this paper is to present a method to calculate the linking form in terms of the very good resolution graph of a real normal unibranch surface singularity. For such singularities, the value of the linking form is the Thurston-Bennequin number of the real link of the singularity. As a special case of unibranch surface singularities, the behaviour of the linking form is investigated on the Brieskorn double points x^m+y^n\pm z^2=0.
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arxiv:math/0201057
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The geometric Satake isomorphism is an equivalence between the categories of spherical perverse sheaves on affine Grassmanian and the category of representations of the Langlands dual group. We provide a similar description for derived categories of l-adic sheaves on an affine flag variety which are geometric counterparts of a maximal commutative subalgebra in the Iwahori Hecke algebra; of the anti-spherical module over this algebra; and of the space of Iwahori-invariant Whitakker functions.
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arxiv:math/0201073
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The purpose of this note is to make some connection between the sub-Riemannian geometry on Carnot-Caratheodory groups and symplectic geometry. We shall concentrate here on the Heisenberg group, although it is transparent that almost everything can be done on a general Carnot-Caratheodory group. Such generalisations will be the subject of a forthcoming note.
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arxiv:math/0201107
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To encode an important property of the "no broken circuit bases" of the Orlik-Solomon-Terao algebras, Andras Szenes has introduced a particular type of bases, the so called "diagonal basis". We prove that this definition extends naturally to a large class of algebras, the so called chi-algebras. Our definitions make also use of an "iterative residue formula" based on the matroidal operation of contraction. This formula can be seen as the combinatorial analogue of an iterative residue formula introduced by Szenes. As an application we deduce nice formulas to express a pure element in a diagonal basis.
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arxiv:math/0201174
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In this paper we continue to explore the connection between tensor algebras and displacement structure. We focus on recursive orthonormalization and we develop an analogue of the Szego type theory of orthogonal polynomials in the unit circle for several noncommuting variables. Thus, we obtain the recurrence equations and Christoffel-Darboux type formulas, as well as a Favard type result. Also we continue to study a Szego kernel for the N-dimnesional unit ball of an infinite dimensional Hilbert space.
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arxiv:math/0201213
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This paper proves that the maximum number of rational points on a smooth, absolutely irreducible genus 4 curve over the field of 8 elements is 25. The body of the paper shows that 27 points is not possible using techniques from algebraic geometry. The appendix shows that 26 points is not possible by examining the zeta functions.
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arxiv:math/0201226
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The existence problem for holomorphic structures on vector bundles over non-algebraic surfaces is in general still open. We solve this problem in the case of rank 2 vector bundles over K3 surfaces and in the case of vector bundles of arbitrary rank over all known surfaces of class VII. Our methods, which are based on Donaldson theory and deformation theory, can be used to solve the existence problem of holomorphic vector bundles on further classes of non-algebraic surfaces.
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arxiv:math/0201236
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In this paper, which is a sequel to math.DG/9902111, we analyze the limit of the p-form Laplacian under a collapse with bounded sectional curvature and bounded diameter to a singular limit space. As applications, we give results about upper and lower bounds on the j-th eigenvalue of the p-form Laplacian, in terms of sectional curvature and diameter.
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arxiv:math/0201289
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Cohomology theory of links, introduced by the author, is combinatorial. Dror Bar-Natan recently wrote a program that found ranks of cohomology groups of all prime knots with up to 11 crossings. His surprising experimental data is discussed in this note.
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arxiv:math/0201306
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We show that the automorphism group of the complex of pants decompositions for a surface is isomorphic to the mapping class group for that surface.
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arxiv:math/0201319
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Let \Sigma be a minimal submanifold of \R^{n+m} that can be represented as the graph of a smooth map f:\R^n-->\R^m. We apply a formula we derived in the study of mean curvature flow to obtain conditions under which \Sigma must be an affine subspace. Our result covers all known ones in the general case. The conditions are stated in terms of the singular values of $df$.
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arxiv:math/0202011
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The continuous analogue of a Toeplitz determinant identity for Wiener-Hopf operators is proved. An example which arises from random matrix theory is studied and an error term for the asymptotics of the determinant is computed.
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arxiv:math/0202062
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Classical theory of Complex Multiplication (CM) shows that all abelian extensions of a complex quadratic field $K$ are generated by the values of appropriate modular functions at the points of finite order of elliptic curves whose endomorphism rings are orders in $K$. For real quadratic fields, a similar description is not known. However, the relevant (still unproved) case of Stark conjectures ([St1]) strongly suggests that such a description must exist. In this paper we propose to use two--dimensional quantum tori corresponding to real quadratic irrationalities as a replacement of elliptic curves with complex multiplication. We discuss some basic constructions of the theory of quantum tori from the perspective of this Real Multiplication (RM) research project.
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arxiv:math/0202109
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The primary goal of this paper is to systematically exploit the method of Deligne-Illusie to obtain Kodaira type vanishing theorems for vector bundles and more generally coherent sheaves on algebraic varieties. The key idea is to introduce a number which provides a cohomological measure of the positivity of a coherent sheaf called the Frobenius or F-amplitude. As the terminology indicates, the definition is most natural over a field of positive characteristic, however it can be forced into characteristic 0 by standard tricks. The F-amplitude enters into the statement of the basic vanishing theorem, and this leads to the problem of calculating, or at least estimating, this number. Most of the work in this paper is devoted to doing this various situations. The key result in this direction is a bound on the F-amplitude of an ample vector bundle. When combined with the vanishing theorem, this has some reasonably down to earth corollaries (both old and new).
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arxiv:math/0202129
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We describe the spaces of minimal rank last syzygies for the Mukai Varieties of sectional genus 6,7 and 8. Based on this we show: 1. The first geometric syzygies of a general canonical curve of genus 6 form a non degenerate configuration of 5 lines in P^4. 2. The first geometric syzygies of a general canonical curve of genus 7 form a non degenerate, linearly normal, ruled surface of degree 84 on a spinor variety S in P^15. 3. The second geometric syzygies of a general canonical curve of genus 8 form a non degenerate configuration of 14 conics on a 2-uple embedded P^5 in P^20. This proves a natural generalization of Green's conjecture [1984], namely that the geometric syzygies should span the space of all syzygies, in these cases. We have generalized results 1 and 3 to general curves of even genus in math.AG/0108078. Result 2 is the main new result of this paper.
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arxiv:math/0202133
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A holomorphic 1-form on a compact Riemann surface S naturally defines a flat metric on S with cone-type singularities. We present the following surprising phenomenon: having found a geodesic segment (saddle connection) joining a pair of conical points one can find with a nonzero probability another saddle connection on S having the same direction and the same length as the initial one. The similar phenomenon is valid for the families of parallel closed geodesics. We give a complete description of all possible configurations of parallel saddle connections (and of families of parallel closed geodesics) which might be found on a generic flat surface S. We count the number of saddle connections of length less than L on a generic flat surface S; we also count the number of admissible configurations of pairs (triples,...) of saddle connections; we count the analogous numbers of configurations of families of closed geodesics. By the previous result of A.Eskin and H.Masur these numbers have quadratic asymptotics with respect to L. Here we explicitly compute the constant in this quqadratic asymptotics for a configuration of every type. The constant is found from a Siegel--Veech formula. To perform this computation we elaborate the detailed description of the principal part of the boundary of the moduli space of holomorphic 1-forms and we find the numerical value of the normalized volume of the tubular neighborhood of the boundary. We use this for evaluation of integrals over the moduli space.
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arxiv:math/0202134
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We explain how a version of Floer homology can be used as an invariant of symplectic manifolds with $b_1>0$. As a concrete example, we look at four-manifolds produced from braids by a surgery construction. The outcome shows that the invariant is nontrivial; however, it is an open question whether it is stronger than the known ones.
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arxiv:math/0202135
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Let $\rho(x)=x-[x]$, $\chi=\chi_{(0,1)}$. In $L_2(0,\infty)$ consider the subspace $\B$ generated by $\{\rho_a | a \geq 1\}$ where $\rho_a(x):=\rho(\frac{1}{ax})$. By the Nyman-Beurling criterion the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the statement $\chi\in\bar{\B}$. For some time it has been conjectured, and proved in this paper, that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the stronger statement that $\chi\in\bar{\Bnat}$ where $\Bnat$ is the much smaller subspace generated by $\{\rho_a | a\in\Nat\}$.
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arxiv:math/0202141
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Let $n$ be the maximal nilpotent subalgebra of a simple complex Lie algebra $g$. We introduce the notion of imaginary vector in the dual canonical basis of $U_q(n)$, and we give examples of such vectors for types $A_n (n\ge 5)$, $B_n (n\ge 3)$, $C_n (n\ge 3)$, $D_n (n\ge 4)$, and all exceptional types. This disproves a conjecture of Berenstein and Zelevinsky about $q$-commuting products of vectors of the dual canonical basis. It also shows the existence of finite-dimensional irreducible representations of quantum affine algebras whose tensor square is not irreducible.
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arxiv:math/0202148
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We present constructions of simply connected symplectic 4-manifolds which have (up to sign) one basic class and which fill up the geographical region between the half-Noether and Noether lines.
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arxiv:math/0202195
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We give a lower bound on the number of small positive eigenvalues of the p-form Laplacian in a certain type of collapse with curvature bounded below.
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arxiv:math/0202196
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Let (N,F) be an F-isocrystal, with associated Newton vector \nu in (Q^n)_+. To any lattice M in N (an F-crystal) is associated its Hodge vector \mu(M) in (Z^n)_+. By Mazur's inequality we have \mu(M)>= \nu. We show that, conversely, for any \mu in (Z^n)_+ with \mu >= \nu, there exists a lattice M in N such that \mu=\mu(M). We also give variants of this existence theorem for symplectic F-isocrystals, and for periodic lattice chains.
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arxiv:math/0202229
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In this paper we use the theory of multiplier ideals to show that the valuation ideals of a rank one Abhyankar valuation centered at a smooth point of a complex algebraic variety are approximated, in a quite strong sense, by sequences of powers of fixed ideals. Fix a rank one valuation v centered at a smooth point x on an algebraic variety over a field of characteristic zero. Assume that v is Abhyankar, that is, that its rational rank plus its transcendence degree equal the dimension of the variety. Let a_m denote the ideal of elements in the local ring of x whose valuations are at least m. Our main theorem is that there exists e>0 such that a_{mn} is contained in (a_{m-e})^n for all m and n. This can be viewed as a greatly strengthened form of Izumi's Theorem for Abhyankar valuations centered on smooth complex varieties.
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arxiv:math/0202303
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It can be conjectured that the colored Jones function of a knot can be computed in terms of counting paths on the graph of a planar projection of a knot. On the combinatorial level, the colored Jones function can be replaced by its weight system. We give two curious formulas for the weight system of a colored Jones function: one in terms of the permanent of a matrix associated to a chord diagram, and another in terms of counting paths of intersecting chords.
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arxiv:math/0203012
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The general class of the graded Lie algebras is defined. These algebras could be constructed using an arbitrary dynamical systems with discrete time and with invarinat measure. In this papers we consider the case of the central extension of Lie algebras which corresponds to the ordinary crossed product (as associative algebra) - series A. The structure of those Lie algebras is similar to Kac-Moody algebras, and these are a special case of so called algebras with continuous root system which were introduced by author with M.Saveliev in 90-th. The central extension open a new possibilty in algebraic theory of dynamical systems. The simpliest example corresponds to rotation of the circle (sine-algebra="quantum torus") and to adding of unity the additvie group of the p-adic integers.
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arxiv:math/0203018
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Various concepts associated with quadratic algebras admit natural generalizations when the quadratic algebras are replaced by graded algebras which are finitely generated in degree 1 with homogeneous relations of degree N. Such algebras are referred to as {\sl homogeneous algebras of degree N}. In particular it is shown that the Koszul complexes of quadratic algebras generalize as N-complexes for homogeneous algebras of degree N.
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arxiv:math/0203035
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We prove that for every integer k>1 there is a simply connected rational homology 5-sphere $\scriptstyle{M^5_k}$ with spin such that $\scriptstyle{H_2(M^5_k,\bbz)}$ has order $\scriptstyle{k^2},$ and $\scriptstyle{M^5_k}$ admits a Riemannian metric of positive Ricci curvature. Moreover, if the prime number decomposition of $\scriptstyle{k}$ has the form $\scriptstyle{k=p_1... p_r}$ for distinct primes $\scriptstyle{p_i}$ then $\scriptstyle{M^5_k}$ is uniquely determined.
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arxiv:math/0203048
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We investigate universal bounds on spherical codes and spherical designs that could be obtained using Delsarte's linear programming methods. We give a lower estimate for the LP upper bound on codes, and an upper estimate for the LP lower bound on designs. Specifically, when the distance of the code is fixed and the dimension goes to infinity, the LP upper bound on codes is at least as large as the average of the best known upper and lower bounds. When the dimension n of the design is fixed, and the strength k goes to infinity, the LP bound on designs turns out, in conjunction with known lower bounds, to be proportional to k^{n-1}.
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arxiv:math/0203059
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We introduce a new approach to the study of a system of algebraic equations in the algebraic torus whose Newton polytopes have sufficiently general relative positions. Our method is based on the theory of Parshin's residues and tame symbols on toroidal varieties. It provides a uniform algebraic explanation of the recent result of Khovanskii on the product of the roots of such systems and the Gel'fond--Khovanskii result on the sum of the values of a Laurent polynomial over the roots of such systems, and extends them to the case of an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic.
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arxiv:math/0203114
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We provide a complete description of the critical threshold phenomena for the two-dimensional localized Euler-Poisson equations, introduced by the authors in [Liu & Tadmor, Comm. Math Phys., To appear]. Here, the questions of global regularity vs. finite-time breakdown for the 2D Restricted Euler-Poisson solutions are classified in terms of precise explicit formulae, describing a remarkable variety of critical threshold surfaces of initial configurations. In particular, it is shown that the 2D critical thresholds depend on the relative size of three quantities: the initial density, the initial divergence as well as the initial spectral gap, that is, the difference between the two eigenvalues of the $2 \times 2$ initial velocity gradient.
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arxiv:math/0203145
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The Klein-Gordon - Schroedinger system with Yukawa coupling is shown to have a unique global solution for rough data, which not necessarily have finite energy. The proof uses a generalized bilinear estimate of Strichartz type and Bourgain's idea to split the data into low and high frequency parts.
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arxiv:math/0203219
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A proof of the Willmore conjecture is presented. With the help of the global Weierstrass representation the variational problem of the Willmore functional is transformed into a constrained variational problem on the moduli space of all spectral curves corresponding to periodic solutions of the Davey-Stewartson equation. The subsets of this moduli space, which correspond to bounded first integrals, are shown to be compact. With respect to another topology the moduli space is shown to be a Banach manifold. The subset of all periodic solutions of the Davey-Stewartson equation, which correspond to immersion of tori into the three-dimensional Euclidean space, are characterized by a singularity condition on the corresponding spectral curves. This yields a proof of the existence of minimizers for all conformal classes and the determination of the absolute minimum, which is realized by the Clifford torus.
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arxiv:math/0203224
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We generalize a result of Ein-Lazarsfeld-Smith (math.AG/0202303), proving that for an arbitrary sequence of zero-dimensional ideals, the multiplicity of the sequence is equal with its volume. This is done using a deformation to monomial ideals. As a consequence of our result, we obtain a formula which computes the multiplicity of an ideal I in terms of the multiplicities of the initial monomial ideals of the powers I^m. We use this to give a new proof of the inequality between multiplicity and the log canonical threshold due to de Fernex, Ein and the author.
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arxiv:math/0203235
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We compute the rank of the first homology group and we study the higher Betti numbers of the real points of the Deligne-Mumford-Knudsen compactification of stable n-pointed curves of genus 0,which coincides with the Chow quotient (RP^1)^n//PGL(2,R)(after Kapranov).
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arxiv:math/0204003
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The Lawrence-Krammer representation of the braid groups recently came to prominence when it was shown to be faithful by myself and Krammer. It is an action of the braid group on a certain homology module $H_2(\tilde{C})$ over the ring of Laurent polynomials in $q$ and $t$. In this paper we describe some surfaces in $\tilde{C}$ representing elements of homology. We use these to give a new proof that $H_2(\tilde{C})$ is a free module. We also show that the $(n-2,2)$ representation of the Temperley-Lieb algebra is the image of a map to relative homology at $t=-q^{-1}$, clarifying work of Lawrence.
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arxiv:math/0204057
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We calculate the ordered K_0-group of a graph C*-algebra and mention applications of this result to AF-algebras, states on the K_0-group of a graph algebra, and tracial states of graph algebras.
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arxiv:math/0204095
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We construct real polarizable Hodge structures on the reduced leafwise cohomology of K\"ahler-Riemann foliations by complex manifolds. As in the classical case one obtains a hard Lefschetz theorem for this cohomology. Serre's K\"ahlerian analogue of the Weil conjectures carries over as well. Generalizing a construction of Looijenga and Lunts one obtains possibly infinite dimensional Lie algebras attached to K\"ahler-Riemann foliations. Finally using $(\mathfrak{g},K)$-cohomology we discuss a class of examples obtained by dividing a product of symmetric spaces by a cocompact lattice and considering the foliations coming from the factors.
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arxiv:math/0204111
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We investigate the existence of well-ordered sequences of Baire 1 functions on separable metric spaces.
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arxiv:math/0204124
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We interpret the "explicit formulas" in the sense of analytic number theory for the zeta function of an elliptic curve over a finite field as a transversal index theorem on a 3-dimensional laminated space.
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arxiv:math/0204194
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We study the Hochschild homology groups of the algebra of complete symbols on a foliated manifold $(M,F)$. The first step is to relate these groups to the Poisson homology of $(M,F)$ and of other related foliated manifolds. We then establish several general properties of the Poisson homology groups of foliated manifolds. As an example, we completely determine these Hochschild homology groups for the algebra of complete symbols on the irrational slope foliation of a torus (under some diophantine approximation assumptions). We also use our calculations to determine all residue traces on algebras of pseudodifferential operators along the leaves of a foliation.
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arxiv:math/0204205
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Let $G$ be an abelian group of order $n$ and let $R$ be a commutative ring which admits a homomorphism ${\Bbb Z}[\zeta_{n}]\ra R$, where $\zeta_{n}$ is a (complex) primitive $n$-th root of unity. Given a finite $R[G\e]$-module $M$, we derive a formula relating the order of $M$ to the product of the orders of the various isotypic components $M^{\e\chi}$ of $M$, where $\chi$ ranges over the group of $R$-valued characters of $G$. We then give conditions under which the order of $M$ is exactly equal to the product of the orders of the $M^{\chi}$. To derive these conditions, we build on work of E.Aljadeff and obtain, as a by-product of our considerations, a new criterion for cohomological triviality which improves the well-known criterion of T.Nakayama. We also give applications to abelian varieties and to class groups of abelian fields, obtaining in particular some new class number formulas. Our results also have applications to "non-semisimple" Iwasawa theory, but we do not develop these here. In general, the results of this paper can be used to strengthen a variety of known results involving finite $R[G\e]$-modules whose hypotheses include (an equivalent form of) the following assumption: ``the order of $G$ is invertible in $R$".}
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arxiv:math/0204210
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We discuss an algorithm computing the push-forward to projective space of several classes associated to a (possibly singular, reducible, nonreduced) projective scheme. For example, the algorithm yields the topological Euler characteristic of the support of a projective scheme $S$, given the homogeneous ideal of $S$. The algorithm has been implemented in Macaulay2.
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arxiv:math/0204230
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We give a formula computing the number of one-nodal rational curves that pass through an appropriate collection of constraints in a complex projective space. We combine the methods and results from three different papers.
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arxiv:math/0204236
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We compute the stringy E function of the moduli space of rank 2 bundles over a Riemann surface of genus 3. In doing so, we answer a question of Batyrev about the stringy E functions of the GIT quotients of linear representations.
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arxiv:math/0204239
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Paper is withdrawn due to errors (superseded by math.AG/0604303). Formula 6.5 is false. Section 6 is false, and the main statement is true only for bundles $B$ with $c_1(B)$ SU(2)-invariant.
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arxiv:math/0204240
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By a generalized Tannaka-Krein reconstruction we associate to the admissible representations of the category O of a Kac-Moody algebra, and its category of admissible duals a monoid with a coordinate ring. The Kac-Moody group is the Zariski open dense unit group of this monoid. The restriction of the coordinate ring to the Kac-Moody group is the algebra of strongly regular functions introduced by Kac and Peterson. This monoid has similar structural properties as a reductive algebraic monoid. In particular it is unit regular, its idempotents related to the faces of the Tits cone. It has Bruhat and Birkhoff decompositions. The Kac-Moody algebra is isomorphic to the Lie algebra of this monoid.
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arxiv:math/0204246
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We show that graph-theoretic thickness and geometric thickness are not asymptotically equivalent: for every t, there exists a graph with thickness three and geometric thickness >= t.
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arxiv:math/0204252
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Let f:X-->Y be a semi-stable family of complex abelian varieties over a curve Y of genus q, and smooth over the complement of s points. If F(1,0) denotes the non-flat (1,0) part of the corresponding variation of Hodge structures, the Arakelov inequalities say that 2deg(F(1,0)) is bounded from above by g=rank(F(1,0))(2q-2+s). We show that for s>0 families reaching this bound are isogenous to the g-fold product of a modular family of elliptic curves, and a constant abelian variety. The content of this note became part of the article "A characterization of certain Shimura curves in the moduly stack of abelian varieties" (math.AG/0207228), where we also handle the case s=0.
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arxiv:math/0204261
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Suppose D is an effective divisor on a smooth projective algebraic variety X. For each point x of X we associate a numberical invariant called the moving Seshadri constant of D at x which is a numerical measure of positivity of the divisor D at x. We determine the base locus of a large multiple of D by studying these moving Seshadri constants-- the drawback to this method is that these moving Seshadri constants are extremely difficult to compute.
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arxiv:math/0204284
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We shall develop a new deformation theory of geometric structures in terms of closed differential forms. This theory is a generalization of Kodaira -Spencer theory and further we obtain a criterion of unobstructed deformations. We apply this theory to certain geometric structures: Calabi-Yau, HyperK\"ahler, $\G$ and $\Spin$ structures and show that these deformation spaces are smooth in a systematic way.
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arxiv:math/0204288
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Inspired by the Borcherds' work on ``$G$-vertex algebras,'' we formulate and study an axiomatic counterpart of Borcherds' notion of $G$-vertex algebra for the simplest nontrivial elementary vertex group, which we denote by $G_{1}$. Specifically, we formulate a notion of axiomatic $G_{1}$-vertex algebra, prove certain basic properties and give certain examples, where the notion of axiomatic $G_{1}$-vertex algebra is a nonlocal generalization of the notion of vertex algebra. We also show how to construct axiomatic $G_{1}$-vertex algebras from a set of compatible $G_{1}$-vertex operators. The results of this paper were reported in June 2001, at the International Conference on Lie Algebras in the Morningside center, Beijing, China, and were reported on November 30, 2001, in the Quantum Mathematics Seminar, at Rutgers-New Brunswick. We noticed that a paper of Bakalov and Kac appeared today (math.QA/0204282) on noncommutative generalizations of vertex algebras, which has certain overlaps with the current paper. On the other hand, most of their results are orthogonal to the results of this paper.
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arxiv:math/0204308
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This work introduces the notion of edge oriented reinforced random walk which proposes in a general framework an alternative understanding of the annealed law of random walks in random environment.
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arxiv:math/0204315
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A special K\"ahler-Ricci potential on a K\"ahler manifold is any nonconstant $C^\infty$ function $\tau$ such that $J(\nabla\tau)$ is a Killing vector field and, at every point with $d\tau\ne 0$, all nonzero tangent vectors orthogonal to $\nabla\tau$ and $J(\nabla\tau)$ are eigenvectors of both $\nabla d\tau$ and the Ricci tensor. For instance, this is always the case if $\tau$ is a nonconstant $C^\infty$ function on a K\"ahler manifold $(M,g)$ of complex dimension $m>2$ and the metric $\tilde g=g/\tau^2$, defined wherever $\tau\ne 0$, is Einstein. (When such $\tau$ exists, $(M,g)$ may be called {\it almost-everywhere conformally Einstein}.) We provide a complete classification of compact K\"ahler manifolds with special K\"ahler-Ricci potentials and use it to prove a structure theorem for compact K\"ahler manifolds of any complex dimension $m>2$ which are almost-everywhere conformally Einstein.
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arxiv:math/0204328
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We study the ring of sections A(X) of a complete symmetric variety X, that is of the wonderful completion of G/H where G is an adjoint semi-simple group and H is the fixed subgroup for an involutorial automorphism of G. We find generators for Pic(X), we generalize the PRV conjecture to complete symmetric varieties and construct a standard monomial theory for A(X) that is compatible with G orbit closures in X. This gives a degeneration result and the rational singularityness for A(X).
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arxiv:math/0204354
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Suppose that an equilibrium is asymptotically stable when external inputs vanish. Then, every bounded trajectory which corresponds to a control which approaches zero and which lies in the domain of attraction of the unforced system, must also converge to the equilibrium. This "well-known" but hard-to-cite fact is proved and slightly generalized here.
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arxiv:math/0205016
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In this paper it is proved that the ideal $I_w$ of the weak polynomial identities of the superalgebra $M_{1,1}(E)$ is generated by the proper polynomials $[x_1,x_2,x_3]$ and $[x_2,x_1][x_3,x_1][x_4,x_1]$. This is proved for any infinite field $F$ of characteristic different from 2. Precisely, if $B$ is the subalgebra of the proper polynomials of $F< X>$, we determine a basis and the dimension of any multihomogeneous component of the quotient algebra $B / B \cap I_w$. We compute also the Hilbert series of this algebra. One of the main tools of the paper is a variant we found of the Knuth-Robinson-Schensted correspondence defined for single semistandard tableaux of double shape.
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arxiv:math/0205024
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By considering a limiting form of the q-Dixon_4\phi_3 summation, we prove a weighted partition theorem involving odd parts differing by >= 4. A two parameter refinement of this theorem is then deduced from a quartic reformulation of Goellnitz's (Big) theorem due to Alladi, and this leads to a two parameter extension of Jacobi's triple product identity for theta functions. Finally, refinements of certain modular identities of Alladi connected to the Goellnitz-Gordon series are shown to follow from a limiting form of the q-Dixon_4\phi_3 summation.
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arxiv:math/0205031
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The first Szego limit theorem has been extended by Bump-Diaconis and Tracy-Widom to limits of other minors of Toeplitz matrices. We extend their results still further to allow more general measures and more general determinants. We also give a new extension to higher dimensions, which extends a theorem of Helson and Lowdenslager.
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arxiv:math/0205052
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In this paper we prove that any degree $d$ deformation of a generic logarithmic polynomial differential equation with a persistent center must be logarithmic again. This is a generalization of Ilyashenko's result on Hamiltonian differential equations. The main tools are Picard-Lefschetz theory of a polynomial with complex coefficients in two variables, specially the Gusein-Zade/A'Campo's theorem on calculating the Dynkin diagram of the polynomial, and the action of Gauss-Manin connection on the so called Brieskorn lattice/Petrov module of the polynomial. Some applications on the cyclicity of cycles and the Bautin ideals will be given.
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arxiv:math/0205068
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We show that any $k$ Osserman Lorentzian algebraic curvature tensor has constant sectional curvature and give an elementary proof that any local 2 point homogeneous Lorentzian manifold has constant sectional curvature. We also show that a Szab\'o Lorentzian covariant derivative algebraic curvature tensor vanishes.
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arxiv:math/0205074
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Let M be a pseudo-Riemannian manifold with a pseudo-Hermitian complex structure $J$. We give necessary and sufficient conditions that the curvature operator $R(\pi)$ is complex linear when $\pi$ is a $J$ invariant real 2 plane. Under this assumption, we study when M is complex IP - i.e. the spectrum, or more generally the Jordan normal form, of $R(\pi)$ is constant on the Grassmannian of complex spacelike or timelike lines. Methods from algebraic topology are used to obtain restrictions on the spectrum of a complex IP algebraic curvature tensor.
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arxiv:math/0205078
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In this paper we prove some results about K3 surfaces with Picard number 1 and 2. In particular, we give a new simple proof of a theorem due to Oguiso which shows that, given an integer $N$, there is a K3 surface with Picard number 2 and at least $N$ non-isomorphic FM-partners. We describe also the Mukai vectors of the moduli spaces associated to the Fourier-Mukai partners of K3 surfaces with Picard number 1.
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arxiv:math/0205126
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We study the moduli spaces of flat SL(r)- and PGL(r)-connections, or equivalently, Higgs bundles, on an algebraic curve. These spaces are noncompact Calabi-Yau orbifolds; we show that they can be regarded as mirror partners in two different senses. First, they satisfy the requirements laid down by Strominger-Yau-Zaslow (SYZ), in a suitably general sense involving a B-field or flat unitary gerbe. To show this, we use their hyperkahler structures and Hitchin's integrable systems. Second, their Hodge numbers, again in a suitably general sense, are equal. These spaces provide significant evidence in support of SYZ. Moreover, they throw a bridge from mirror symmetry to the duality theory of Lie groups and, more broadly, to the geometric Langlands program.
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arxiv:math/0205236
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