Datasets:

OpenTransformer
/

web-crawl-v1

Modalities:

Dataset Preview

Duplicate

Split (1)

train

The full dataset viewer is not available (click to read why). Only showing a preview of the rows.

The dataset generation failed because of a cast error

Error code:   DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception:    DatasetGenerationCastError
Message:      An error occurred while generating the dataset

All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 9 new columns ({'alt', 'file', 'size_bytes', 'source_page', 'height', 'title', 'width', 'format', 'context'}) and 6 missing columns ({'text', 'html_len', 'fetch_ms', 'text_len', 'status', 'links'}).

This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using

gzip://images_20260113.jsonl::hf://datasets/OpenTransformer/web-crawl-v1@60a0942dc2f3ff398d5308710dd4f29a27924b0c/data/images_20260113.jsonl.gz

Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1831, in _prepare_split_single
                  writer.write_table(table)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 714, in write_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2272, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2218, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              url: string
              source_page: string
              domain: string
              timestamp: string
              alt: string
              title: string
              context: string
              width: int64
              height: int64
              format: string
              size_bytes: int64
              hash: string
              file: string
              to
              {'url': Value('string'), 'domain': Value('string'), 'timestamp': Value('string'), 'status': Value('int64'), 'text': Value('string'), 'text_len': Value('int64'), 'html_len': Value('int64'), 'links': Value('int64'), 'fetch_ms': Value('int64'), 'hash': Value('string')}
              because column names don't match
              
              During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1334, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
                                                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 911, in stream_convert_to_parquet
                  builder._prepare_split(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1702, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1833, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
              
              All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 9 new columns ({'alt', 'file', 'size_bytes', 'source_page', 'height', 'title', 'width', 'format', 'context'}) and 6 missing columns ({'text', 'html_len', 'fetch_ms', 'text_len', 'status', 'links'}).
              
              This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
              
              gzip://images_20260113.jsonl::hf://datasets/OpenTransformer/web-crawl-v1@60a0942dc2f3ff398d5308710dd4f29a27924b0c/data/images_20260113.jsonl.gz
              
              Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)

Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.

url string	domain string	timestamp string	status int64	text string	text_len int64	html_len int64	links int64	fetch_ms int64	hash string
https://plato.stanford.edu	plato.stanford.edu	2026-01-13T02:43:27.714039	200	Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Search Browse Table of Contents What's New Archives Random Entry The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy organizes scholars from around the world in philosophy and related disciplines to create and maintain an up-to-date reference work. Co-Principal Editors: Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman Masthead \| Editorial Board Current Operations Are Supported By: The Offices of the Provost, the Dean of Humanities and Sciences, and the Dean of Research, Stanford University The SEP Library Fund: containing contributions from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the membership dues of academic libraries that have joined SEPIA . The O.C. Tanner SEP Fund: containing a gift from the O.C. Tanner Company. The John Perry Fund and The SEP Fund: containing contributions from individual donors. The Friends of the SEP Society Fund: containing membership dues from individuals who have joined the Friends of the SEP Society to obtain such member benefits as nicely formatted PDF versions of SEP entries. The SEP gratefully acknowledges founding support from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Science Foundation, The American Philosophical Association/Pacific Division, The Canadian Philosophical Association, and the Philosophy Documentation Center. Fundraising efforts were supported by a grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Accessibility Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Mirror Sites View this site from another server: USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054	2,430	11,636	33	942	a03b5ded69298cbf
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More episodes Recommended Features All articles How Much Energy Does It Take To Think? By Conor Feehly Tiny Tweaks to Neurons Can Rewire Animal Motion By Elise Cutts Brainless Embryos Suggest Bioelectricity Guides Growth By Katia Moskvitch All articles Multimedia More multimedia The Quantum Mechanics of Greenhouse Gases explainers The Quantum Mechanics of Greenhouse Gases By Joseph Howlett +1 authors Mark Belan Read Later Earth’s radiation can send some molecules spinning or vibrating, which is what makes them greenhouse gases. This infographic explains how relatively few heat-trapping molecules can have a planetary effect. More multimedia About Quanta Magazine Illuminating basic science and math research through public service journalism. More about us Quanta Magazine is committed to in-depth, accurate journalism that serves the public interest. Each article braids the complexities of science with the malleable art of storytelling and is meticulously reported, edited and fact-checked. Launched and funded by the Simons Foundation, Quanta is editorially independent — our articles do not reflect or represent the views of the foundation. More about us The Quanta Newsletter Get highlights of the most important news delivered to your email inbox Recent newsletters Log in to Quanta Use your social network or Don't have an account yet? Sign up Forgot your password? We’ll email you instructions to reset your password Change your password Enter your new password Sign Up Creating an account means you accept Quanta Magazine's Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy We care about your data, and we'd like to use cookies to give you a smooth browsing experience. Please agree and read more about our privacy policy. AGREE DISMISS	5,569	243,556	105	1,653	ea1c8a1e9b2d015a
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https://www.theatlantic.com/progress/	www.theatlantic.com	2026-01-13T02:43:28.498686	200	Latest Illustration by The Atlantic The Last Americans Really Paying Taxes The tax code is becoming more chaotic and less fair. Annie Lowrey September 17, 2025 Illustration by The Atlantic. Source: Alex Wong / Getty. The Era of Step-on-a-Rake Capitalism Trumponomics isn’t about economics. It’s about creating pain and demanding tribute. Derek Thompson September 11, 2025 Illustration by Jonelle Afurong / The Atlantic. Sources: Dimitri Otis / Getty; Javier Zayas Photography / Getty. The Job Market Is Hell Young people are using ChatGPT to write their applications; HR is using AI to read them; no one is getting hired. Annie Lowrey September 8, 2025 Illustration by Akshita Chandra / The Atlantic. Source: Getty. Something Alarming Is Happening to the Job Market A new sign that AI is competing with college grads Derek Thompson April 30, 2025 Illustration by Akshita Chandra / The Atlantic. Source: Getty. Buy, Borrow, Die How to be a billionaire and pay no taxes Rogé Karma March 17, 2025 Illustration by The Atlantic. Source: Getty. America’s ‘Marriage Material’ Shortage Adults are significantly less likely to be married or to live with a partner than they used to be. Derek Thompson February 3, 2025 Illustration by The Atlantic. Sources: Getty; Gina Ferazzi / Getty; Chris Putnam / Getty; Jeff Greenberg / Getty. Why Democrats Got the Politics of Immigration So Wrong for So Long They spent more than a decade tacking left on the issue to win Latino votes. It may have cost them the White House—twice. Rogé Karma December 10, 2024 Illustration by The Atlantic. Sources: Kevin Dietsch / Getty; deliormanli / Getty. RFK Jr. Is a Bellwether Kennedy embodies several trends across politics, science, and society, which require careful attention to understand how America is changing Derek Thompson December 4, 2024 Illustration by The Atlantic. Source: Getty. The Three Pillars of the Bro-Economy Day-trading, sports betting, and crypto are about to get bigger. Annie Lowrey November 19, 2024 Illustration by Ben Kothe / The Atlantic. Sources: Andrew Harnik / Getty; Brandon Bell / Getty. The Cost-of-Living Crisis Explains Everything The economy under Biden looked good but felt bad. Annie Lowrey November 11, 2024 View More	2,354	137,005	111	466	507e316f7a349c9a
https://www.britannica.com	www.britannica.com	2026-01-13T02:43:28.549651	200	Ask the Chatbot Games & Quizzes History & Society Science & Tech Biographies Animals & Nature Geography & Travel Arts & Culture ProCon Money Videos Trending Iranian Protests Cost to Buy Greenland Jerome Powell Ilia Malinin Press Freedom Grateful Dead Timothée Chalamet January 12, 2026 When Haiti Was Shaken Sixteen years ago today, one of the largest earthquakes in history devastated Haiti , especially its capital, Port-au-Prince . The magnitude-7.0 quake , which was soon followed by two strong aftershocks , claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, left more than one million people homeless, and touched off a massive international relief effort . It was the strongest earthquake to hit Haiti since the 18th century, and it occurred during a period of political instability —it was under a United Nations Peacekeeping Forces mission at the time—compounding the country’s problems. The Largest Earthquakes in History Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The 2010 Haiti Earthquake: A Country in Ruins Joe Raedle/Getty Images How Earthquakes Are Measured Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Discover More Video: Can We Predict Natural Disasters? Quiz: Disasters of Historic Proportion Call of a Wild Life Today is the 150th birth anniversary of author Jack London , whose novels and short stories—including The Call of the Wild , White Fang , “ To Build a Fire ,” and The Iron Heel —made him one of the most successful American authors of the early 20th century. Less well known is his biography, which is every bit as daring and determined as the protagonists of his tales. Teenage wanderlust Raised in Oakland , California, London quit school at age 14 to escape poverty and gain adventure. He explored San Francisco Bay in his sloop , alternately stealing oysters or working for the government fish patrol. He went to Japan as a sailor and saw much of the United States as a hobo riding freight trains , and as a member of Charles T. Kelly’s industrial army (one of the many protest armies of the unemployed born of the financial panic of 1893). The following year London became a militant socialist. Incredibly, he packed all of that into only about five years. To Yukon London educated himself at public libraries and at age 19 he crammed a four-year high school course into one year. He then entered the University of California , Berkeley, but after a year, he quit school to seek a fortune in the Klondike gold rush . Returning to California the next year, still poor and unable to find work, he decided to earn a living as a writer. London set himself a daily schedule of producing sonnets , ballads , jokes, anecdotes, adventure stories, or horror stories, steadily increasing his output. Prolific years Within two years, stories of his Alaskan adventures began to win acceptance for their fresh subject matter and virile force. His first book, The Son of the Wolf: Tales of the Far North (1900), a collection of previously published short stories , gained a wide audience. He detailed this time of his life in the semi-autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1909). He would remain prolific until the end of his life, writing some 50 books of fiction and nonfiction in 17 years—and becoming the highest-paid writer in the United States in the process. New on Britannica 2026 Iranian Protests In late December protests erupted in Tehran amid an economic crisis, and then quickly spread across the country. The Best Movies of 2025 As the 2025–26 awards season kicks into gear, this “critic’s choice” list of lists offers clues on who will win. Milano Cortina Olympics: Athletes to watch Next month’s Olympic Games will feature 116 events, drawing some 2,900 athletes from 90 countries. Who is Marty Supreme based on? Though the film is not a biopic and much of its plot is fictional, it is inspired by a real person. Investing Trading Retirement Household Finance Finance & the Economy Companies Chevron Corporation K-shaped economy: When growth moves in two different directions Take a good look at that annual budget BYD Co. Ltd. Popular ProCon Debate Topics Fighting in Hockey Should Fighting Be Allowed in Hockey? A Current Affairs Program For Students & Nonstudents Pit Bull Bans Should Breed-Specific Legislation (“Pit Bull Bans”) Be Enacted? Football Should Youth Play Tackle Football? Featured Games See All Quordle Can you solve four words at once? Reunion - NEW A daily word puzzle Revealed Uncover something interesting Tightrope A daily trivia game Blossom Pick the best words Octordle The party starts at eight Pilfer A delightful ruthless word game The Missing Letter A daily crossword with a twist Games Newsletter Get free tips, tricks, and teases in your inbox Twofer Goofer Think you know it, poet? Victordle Play head-to-head! Sudoku Your daily logic challenge Trending Quizzes See All Quizzes Where in America is That? Crisscross the U.S. by placing these famous landmarks. From Athena to Zeus: Basics of Greek Mythology Do you know which hero took a dip in the River Styx? Or what mysteries lurk inside the Labyrinth? Ultimate Animals Quiz What is a rattlesnake’s rattle made of? What animals can go over 180 miles an hour? Guess the Language! Quiz Can you recognize a language by its greeting? Best Picture Movie Quote Quiz Take this quiz or you may regret it. Maybe not today, maybe not tomorrow, but soon, and for the rest of your life. American Civil Rights Movement Quiz Test your knowledge of Americans’ tumultuous fight to end racial segregation and discrimination. Name That Thing: Tools A handy quiz to test your tool acumen. The Dog Breed Quiz Find out which breed can outrun a cheetah, which breed was created by monks, and much more. Baking and Baked Goods Quiz You may have a sweet tooth, but how much do you know about baking and baked goods? Test your knowledge with this quiz. First Ladies of the United States Quiz They have been hostesses, helpers, advisers, gatekeepers, guardians, confidantes, and sometimes formidable powers behind... Featured Videos See All Videos Why Do Movie Theaters Serve Popcorn? Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Why Do Movie Theaters Serve Popcorn? Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. How Talkies Replaced Silent Films Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. How a Foley Artist Creates Sound Effects for Screen Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The History of Bollywood: From the Golden Age to Today Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; thumbnail © LanKS/Shutterstock.com How Old Are the Academy Awards? Britannica Premium Subscription Unlock Exclusive Content! Britannica's content is among the most trusted in the world. Subscribe to Britannica Premium and unlock our entire database of trusted content today. Subscribe Now! Explore Britannica History & Society How the Opioid Crisis Devastated Families and Communities Who Was Renee Nicole Macklin Good? Science & Tech Why Is Fracking Harmful? Are There Really Right-Brained and Left-Brained People? Biographies Deaths in 2025 Delcy Rodríguez Animals & Nature 10 of the World’s Most Dangerous Fish How Can Some Trees Survive for Thousands of Years? Geography & Travel Mini Monarchies: 6 Small Kingdoms Where Is "Old" Zealand? Arts & Culture A Guide to Modern Art Styles and Movements Regency Dress Calculators Mortgage Payment Calculator Estimate your monthly mortgage payments with our free mortgage calculator. Account for interest rates, compound frequency and pay back schedule. Compound Interest Calculator Compounding means getting returns on your previous returns plus your initial investment. Learn how to grow your savings with our compound interest calculator. Percentage Increase Calculator Calculate the increase from one value to another with our free percentage increase calculator. Evaluate population growth, inflation, stock values and more. Retirement Income Calculator Are you on track for retirement? Use our free retirement calculator to help determine how much you'll need to save each year to retire at your desired age. Time Value of Money (TVM) Calculator The time value of money (TVM) principle asserts that the same amount of money is worth more now than in the future. Use our TVM calculator to estimate future value, present value & more. More From Britannica ProCon Award-winning ProCon promotes critical thinking, education, and informed citizenship by presenting the pro and con arguments to controversial issues in a straightforward, nonpartisan, freely accessible way. Britannica Money Discover all you need to know about retirement, investing, and household finance, without the jargon or agenda. Get reliable guidance, insight, and easy-to-understand explanations, written, edited, and verified to Britannica’s exacting standards. Advocacy for Animals Presenting Advocacy for Animals , a blog focused primarily on animal rights, wildlife conservation, environmental health and safety, and the legal and cultural issues related to these topics. This blog is a source of information and a call to action. It is meant to be a provocation and a stimulus to thought regarding humanity’s relationship with nonhuman animals. Alain Elkann Interviews Alain has been writing a weekly interview column for the Italian newspaper La Stampa since 1989. His interviews celebrate some of the best known and successful personalities of the present day.	9,709	139,726	183	1,759	f1caf57201662a31
https://news.ycombinator.com	news.ycombinator.com	2026-01-13T02:43:28.597212	200	Hacker News new \| past \| comments \| ask \| show \| jobs \| submit login 1. Cowork: Claude Code for the rest of your work ( claude.com ) 658 points by adocomplete 7 hours ago \| hide \| 343 comments 2. TimeCapsuleLLM: LLM trained only on data from 1800-1875 ( github.com/haykgrigo3 ) 495 points by admp 10 hours ago \| hide \| 206 comments 3. The Cray-1 Computer System (1977) [pdf] ( computerhistory.org ) 28 points by LordGrey 2 hours ago \| hide \| 9 comments 4. Postal Arbitrage ( walzr.com ) 278 points by The28thDuck 9 hours ago \| hide \| 141 comments 5. The chess bot on Delta Air Lines will destroy you (2024) [video] ( youtube.com ) 159 points by cjaackie 6 hours ago \| hide \| 114 comments 6. Some ecologists fear their field is losing touch with nature ( nature.com ) 55 points by Growtika 4 hours ago \| hide \| 26 comments 7. Floppy disks turn out to be the greatest TV remote for kids ( smartere.dk ) 507 points by mchro 13 hours ago \| hide \| 297 comments 8. Fabrice Bellard's TS Zip (2024) ( bellard.org ) 110 points by everlier 6 hours ago \| hide \| 47 comments 9. Unauthenticated remote code execution in OpenCode ( cy.md ) 239 points by CyberShadow 8 hours ago \| hide \| 66 comments 10. Date is out, Temporal is in ( piccalil.li ) 323 points by alexanderameye 11 hours ago \| hide \| 114 comments 11. LLVM: The bad parts ( npopov.com ) 287 points by vitaut 12 hours ago \| hide \| 55 comments 12. Show HN: AI in SolidWorks ( trylad.com ) 131 points by WillNickols 9 hours ago \| hide \| 74 comments 13. Show HN: Yolobox – Run AI coding agents with full sudo without nuking home dir ( github.com/finbarr ) 54 points by Finbarr 8 hours ago \| hide \| 40 comments 14. F2 (YC S25) Is Hiring ( ycombinator.com ) 4 hours ago \| hide 15. Show HN: Agent-of-empires: OpenCode and Claude Code session manager ( github.com/njbrake ) 68 points by river_otter 7 hours ago \| hide \| 19 comments 16. Perlsecret – Perl secret operators and constants ( metacpan.org ) 63 points by mjs 8 hours ago \| hide \| 21 comments 17. Google removes AI health summaries after investigation finds dangerous flaws ( arstechnica.com ) 92 points by barishnamazov 3 hours ago \| hide \| 45 comments 18. Apple picks Google's Gemini to power Siri ( cnbc.com ) 672 points by stygiansonic 11 hours ago \| hide \| 389 comments 19. Tell HN: DigitalOcean's managed services broke each other after update 31 points by neilfrndes 1 hour ago \| hide \| 10 comments 20. Anthropic made a mistake in cutting off third-party clients ( archaeologist.dev ) 221 points by codesparkle 15 hours ago \| hide \| 179 comments 21. Windows 8 Desktop Environment for Linux ( github.com/er-bharat ) 155 points by edent 13 hours ago \| hide \| 152 comments 22. What old tennis players teach us (2017) ( raphkoster.com ) 36 points by surprisetalk 6 hours ago \| hide \| 20 comments 23. Ai, Japanese chimpanzee who counted and painted dies at 49 ( bbc.com ) 178 points by reconnecting 17 hours ago \| hide \| 60 comments 24. Message Queues: A Simple Guide with Analogies (2024) ( cloudamqp.com ) 78 points by byt3h3ad 9 hours ago \| hide \| 21 comments 25. Zen-C: Write like a high-level language, run like C ( github.com/z-libs ) 163 points by simonpure 13 hours ago \| hide \| 94 comments 26. Ansible battle tested hardening for Linux, SSH, Nginx, MySQL ( github.com/dev-sec ) 55 points by walterbell 8 hours ago \| hide \| 11 comments 27. Ozempic is changing the foods Americans buy ( cornell.edu ) 334 points by giuliomagnifico 14 hours ago \| hide \| 578 comments 28. Personal thoughts/notes from working on Zootopia 2 ( yiningkarlli.com ) 320 points by pantalaimon 18 hours ago \| hide \| 72 comments 29. Building a 25 Gbit/s workstation for the SCION Association ( github.com/scionassociation ) 67 points by romshark 10 hours ago \| hide \| 26 comments 30. Show HN: Fall asleep by watching JavaScript load ( github.com/sarusso ) 50 points by sarusso 8 hours ago \| hide \| 17 comments More Guidelines \| FAQ \| Lists \| API \| Security \| Legal \| Apply to YC \| Contact	4,268	34,212	197	1,825	8e7585867e6161d6
https://hbr.org	hbr.org	2026-01-13T02:43:28.661770	200	Skip to content AI and Machine Learning Survey: How Executives Are Thinking About AI in 2026 Leaders from Fortune 1000 and leading global brands are bullish about their AI investments—but face common problems around adoption and change management. How Retailers Can Capitalize on the “Refund Effect” Don’t Cling to Your Old Job After Being Promoted The Latest Regaining Momentum After a Holiday Break To Execute a Unified Strategy, Leaders Need to Shadow Each Other Leading After the Founder Sign up for HBR Executive Agenda - for insights you need to steer your business now. Only available to HBR Executive subscribers. Sign Up What Companies that Excel at Strategic Foresight Do Differently Wendi Backler, Alan Iny and Moe Turner How to Handle a Difficult Board Member Rachel DuRose When Being a Family Business Becomes a Competitive Advantage Vasilis Theoharakis, Armodios Yannidis, Josh Baron and Moe Khant-Thu Audio How to Strengthen Your Focus When Demands Never Let Up Research: Why Some Companies Weather Trade Wars Better Than Others Di Fan, Daphne W. Yiu, Pengcheng Ma and Lin Cui Our Favorite Management Tips on Creating Meaning and Happiness at Work HBR Editors Sponsor Content How Bristol Myers Squibb Transformed Working Capital to Fund Its Future Sponsor content from EY-Parthenon. The Risks of Prioritizing Short-Term Revenue Over Customer Fit Eric Janssen, Brian Denenberg and Benson P. Shapiro Trust in the Workplace How Leaders Can Build Stakeholder Trust in Uncertain Times If Trust Is So Important, Why Aren’t We Measuring It? Workers Don’t Trust AI. Here’s How Companies Can Change That. Read More Bring Your Best Self into the New Year 4 Ways to Make a Bigger Impact How to navigate another year of unpredictability and constant change. Read More Strategize Your Life Use Strategic Thinking to Create the Life You Want 5 Barriers to Career Change — and How to Overcome Them Our Favorite Advice on Work, Change, and Life Read More The Magazine Current Issue The Archives Leading After the Founder Samantha Hellauer, Sanja Kos, Julie Vermoote, Sapna Sadarangani Werner and BJ Wright Get Off the Transformation Treadmill Darrell Rigby and Zach First “We Want to Make Ourselves Better” Adi Ignatius Product Development What Sets Successful Product Launches Apart? Savvy Store Managers. How to Monetize Your Data When to Innovate and When to Imitate Employee Retention Is Your Leadership Style Too Nice? Weave Mentorship into the Fabric of Your Organization A Better Way to Manage Internal Talent Markets Sponsor Content Why Chief Technology Officers Can’t Afford to Guess on Planning AI Sponsor Content from Google Cloud. Advertising Marketing at the Speed of Culture How to Do Influencer Marketing That Customers Actually Trust The Importance of Trust and Transparency in Retail Media Networks Time Management Your New Role Requires Strategic Thinking…But You’re Stuck in the Weeds Finish the Year Strong with a Team Wrap-Up Week How to Let Go When a New Hire Takes on Your Old Responsibilities Delegating Great Leaders Empower Strategic Decision-Making Across the Organization Don’t Cling to Your Old Job After Being Promoted When You’re Suddenly Managing More People—and Feeling Buried Work-life Balance When Professional and Personal Setbacks Hit at the Same Time Life’s Work: An Interview with Esther Duflo How to Let Go When a New Hire Takes on Your Old Responsibilities Organizational Change How Work Changed in 2025, According to HBR Readers Most AI Initiatives Fail. This 5-Part Framework Can Help. Overcoming the Organizational Barriers to AI Adoption 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 More Topics Popular When There’s Nowhere to Promote a Star Employee Sustainability as a Business-Model Transformation Our Favorite Management Tips of 2025 AI-Generated “Workslop” Is Destroying Productivity Newsletters More Newsletters HBR Executive Agenda Sign up for the HBR Executive Agenda for insights you need to steer your business now. Sign Up Weekly Hotlist A roundup of Harvard Business Review’s most popular ideas and advice. Sign Up Management Tip of the Day Quick, practical management advice to help you do your job better. Sign Up HBR Subscriber Exclusives Access for subscribers only. Case Selections Tesla and Elon Musk Data & Visuals Are You a Collaborative Leader? HBR Essential Articles Building Your Company's Vision Podcasts More Podcasts Psychology How to Strengthen Your Focus When Demands Never Let Up Business Management Where McKinsey—and Consulting—Go From Here Business Management How Equitable Confronted Its Inertia After 160 Years in Business Partner Center	4,867	328,694	171	1,869	618ba0d3d5accc3e
https://www.scientificamerican.com	www.scientificamerican.com	2026-01-13T02:43:28.683362	200	Scientific American Animals January 12, 2026 New Study Probes How Same-Sex Behaviors Evolved in Nonhuman Primates New research links same-sex behaviors in nonhuman primates to the evolution of complex social structures Jackie Flynn Mogensen Space Exploration January 12, 2026 Sick Astronaut on ISS Forces Early Command Transfer from NASA Crew Member to Russian Cosmonaut Claire Cameron Mathematics January 12, 2026 The Math behind a Perfect Poker Deck Emma R. Hasson Planetary Science January 12, 2026 Far-Out Exoplanet Breaks a Cardinal Rule of Astronomy Jenna Ahart Games January 12, 2026 Spellements: Monday, January 12, 2026 Emma R. Hasson NEW YEAR SALE: SAVE 36% ON PRINT! 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Math Puzzles Stretch your math muscles with these puzzles. All Games Science inspired games, puzzles and quizzes Special Edition Mathematics Mathematicians Discover a New Kind of Shape That’s All over Nature Elise Cutts Mathematics Mathematicians’ Favorite Shapes Hold the Key to Big Mathematical Mysteries Rachel Crowell, Violet Frances Neurology How Squishy Math Is Revealing Doughnuts in the Brain Kelsey Houston-Edwards Cognition Babies Are Born with an Innate Number Sense Jacob Beck, Sam Clarke Mathematics Citizens’ Assemblies Are Upgrading Democracy: Fair Algorithms Are Part of the Program Ariel Procaccia Mathematics Inside Mathematicians’ Search for the Mysterious ‘Einstein Tile’ Craig S. Kaplan View Full Issue Explore Archive Thank you for signing up! Check out our other newsletters Podcasts January 12, 2026 How Woodpeckers Peck with Power, Why Flu Is Spiking, and What AI and Robots Mean for Tech’s Future Kendra Pierre-Louis, Eric Sullivan, Fonda Mwangi, Alex Sugiura Health January 9, 2026 Inside the Weight-Loss Drug Revolution: Promises, Pitfalls and a Pharma Arms Race Kendra Pierre-Louis, Sushmita Pathak, Alex Sugiura Public Health January 7, 2026 From Vaccines to Gender-Affirming Care: What New Policy Shifts Mean for Kids Kendra Pierre-Louis, Dan Vergano, Fonda Mwangi, Alex Sugiura Behavior January 5, 2026 Want to Make Your Resolution Stick This Year? Behavioral Science Has the Answers Kendra Pierre-Louis, Sushmita Pathak, Fonda Mwangi Climate Change December 24, 2025 Fighting Drought and Heat: The Science of Growing Climate-Resilient Christmas Trees Kendra Pierre-Louis, Fonda Mwangi, Sushmita Pathak More Podcasts Popular Stories Mathematics January 10, 2026 Why 2026 Is a Mathematically Special Number Neither a square nor prime number, 2026 is still intriguing Manon Bischoff Space Exploration January 10, 2026 NASA Announces Return Date for Evacuating ISS Astronauts Four ISS crew members are set to touch down on Thursday after NASA announced the first medical evacuation in the space station’s history Jackie Flynn Mogensen Space Exploration January 8, 2026 In Unprecedented Move, NASA to Rush Astronauts Home after Medical Incident on ISS NASA on Thursday announced it would take the extraordinary step of bringing four crewmembers back to Earth from the space station before their official mission end Meghan Bartels Climate Change January 7, 2026 Hundreds of Iceberg Earthquakes Rattle Antarctica’s Doomsday Glacier Capsizing icebergs are violently clashing with the crumbling end of the Doomsday Glacier Thanh-Son Pham, The Conversation US Mind & Brain January 9, 2026 Why Your Brain Puts Off Doing Unpleasant Tasks A new study in macaques identifies a brain circuit that acts like a “brake” on motivation Jackie Flynn Mogensen Health January 9, 2026 Inside the Weight-Loss Drug Revolution: Promises, Pitfalls and a Pharma Arms Race Behind the hype of GLP-1 medications lies complex science, serious side effects and a pharmaceutical arms race. 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https://plato.stanford.edu/special-characters.html	plato.stanford.edu	2026-01-13T02:43:28.692055	200	Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Displaying Special Characters Microsoft Windows 7 – 10; Mac OS X 10.6 – 10.15 Microsoft Windows/Vista and Mac OS X/Leopard (10.5) Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, and other Unix OSes Microsoft Windows XP, NT, 2000, ME, and 98 Apple Mac OS X/Tiger (Panther, etc.) and Mac OS 9 A Note About the Special Characters in our Entries Note: If your browser is having trouble displaying the uppercase cursive (‘script’) characters that we have started to use in some technical entries, please follow the instructions for installing Computer Modern Symbol font (cmsy10.ttf) from the CTAN TeX Archive site: BaKoMa TTF fonts Once you have reached the above page, all you need to do is search for ‘cmsy10.ttf’ and download/install that font. Microsoft Windows 7 – 10; Mac OS X 10.6 – 10.15 At this time, there are no known issues when displaying our webpages in Windows 7 – 10, or on any of the following Mac systems: Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard), Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), Mac OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion), Mac OS X 10.9 (Mavericks), Mac OS X 10.10 (Yosemite), Mac OS X 10.11 (El Capitan), or macOS 10.12 (Sierra), macOS 10.13 (High Sierra), macOS 10.14 (Mojave), or macOS 10.15 (Catalina). Microsoft Windows/Vista and Mac OS X/Leopard (10.5) Windows/Vista . Though we have had limited opportunities to test our pages on Vista machines, the best results are obtained when using Firefox as the browser using its default font. We've had reports that Internet Explorer may lack certain special Unicode characters that we use. If you can't install Firefox, then try: Start → Settings → Control Panel; switch to the Classic View of the Control Panel; select Regional and Language → Languages and then check both “Install files for complex script” and “Install files for East Asian languages”. Then Restart your computer so the new fonts will get loaded. Mac OS X/Leopard (10.5) . The versions of Safari, Firefox, Camino, Mozilla, and OmniWeb that run under Mac OS X 10.5 have all been tested successfully. However, for the best results, you should set the font to Times or Lucida Grande, since these fonts seems to have the widest support for Unicode characters in Mac OS X. We've also tested Opera with pretty good success. See also Alan Wood's Unicode Resources: Unicode fonts for Macintosh OS X computers . Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, and other Unix OSes Firefox, Chrome, and Opera all provide reasonably good support for the special characters used in SEP entries, assuming you use the default font. However, we haven't test our pages with these systems as widely as we have the Windows and Mac platforms. So we cannot supply more specific information about what works best, i.e., what browser/font combination supports the widest range of Unicode characters. Microsoft Windows XP, NT, 2000, ME, and 98 Firefox gives the best results. If you are using IE 7 under Windows XP, or IE 6 under Windows XP, 2000, ME or 98, try setting your font to Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Times, Times New Roman or Courier New fonts, all of which are supposed to support the Unicode named character entities we use in our documents. It is important to remember that not all of these fonts will support all the Unicode characters, so you may need to try different fonts for entries which have obscure characters. Some things to do if special characters aren't displayed : Some users need only use the Windows Update mechanism built into Internet Explorer to install support for the East Asian languages on your Windows machine. For some reason, this makes the Unicode fonts available to IE! In IE select the Tools → Windows Update menu item In the window that comes up, choose to scan your system If the scan completes and shows new updates to install, select Windows updates in the left frame of the window; if it says no new updates are available, then try Option 2 below Under the Language Support category in the lower right frame, click the 'Add' button for each of the Asian languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) [we are not sure whether all of these are required, but they do seem to be jointly sufficient] Click review and install in the upper right frame of the browser window Wait for installation to complete Restart web browser If, after scanning your system, IE reports that there are no new updates available, you may instead have to use the Control Panel to install support for the East Asian languages on your Windows machine. Again, for some reason, this makes the Unicode fonts available to IE! Just follow the first 4 instructions on the following web page: Installing East Asian Language Support Under Windows XP Installing East Asian Language Support Under Windows Professional 2000 Alternatively, try following the instructions at Alan Wood's Unicode Resources page: Unicode fonts for Windows computers Alternatively, install and use any of the other web browsers mentioned below: Firefox Safari Opera Generally these browsers work without any special configuration under Windows XP and Windows 2000, but for these browsers to work correctly under ME/98, you may have to (a) follow Step 2 above (except installing the Asian language support from your install CD) and (b) set Preferences in these browsers to use a Unicode-enabled font (Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Times, Times New Roman). We should also note the following for Windows XP users. Our pages, and all other web pages, will look better if you set the following: Control Panel → Display → Appearance → Effects → Use the following method to smooth edges of screen fonts → ClearType. Apple Mac OS X/Tiger (Panther, etc.) Mac OS X Tiger (Panther, etc.) . Safari and Firefox work well. For Safari, set the font to either Time Roman or Lucida Grande. For Firefox, use the default font. A Note About the Special Characters in our Entries We have tried to format our entries in XHTML so that they display properly in a wide range of web browsers. We have developed a web page of special characters which display correctly in a variety of current browsers. See Widely Supported HTML 4 and Unicode Characters But many of our entries use special symbols, such as logical, mathematical, and other symbols, which are not widely supported. Here is a list of such symbols: Special Symbols Not Widely Supported In the past, we used many more of the "low-resolution" screen shots of these characters and displayed the resulting graphics in the entry as small images, as we have done on the page cited immediately above. But, recently, after being convinced that there was wide support for Unicode characters among web browsers and operating systems, we starting replacing the low-resolution graphics with widely supported font-based Unicode characters. We are slowly but surely making all of our older entries compatible with the newer XHTML standard in the process. Indeed, we have now configured our publishing system so that our entries must parse as valid HTML (i.e., be in compliance with the international standards set by the authoritative W3C organization ) before they are published on the web. (We determine validity by sending our entries, pre-publication, to < https://validator.w3.org/ > and fixing any errors reported when this engine tries to determine whether our documents are valid.) Invariably, our best intentions are sometimes defeated by the technologies involved. If your browser is not properly displaying the named character entities in an entry (e.g., logical symbols, mathematical symbols, etc.), then we hope the above suggestions prove useful. Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Accessibility Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Mirror Sites View this site from another server: USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054	8,777	18,736	43	970	e464ff68d1056b59
https://plato.stanford.edu/support/	plato.stanford.edu	2026-01-13T02:43:28.694808	200	Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Support the SEP The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) needs your support. Over 1500 professional philosophers are donating their time and labor to collaboratively write, referee, and maintain our reference work. Our goal is to offer high-quality and authoritative discussions about values, science, religion, politics, and ideas in general. Our authors and editors are jointly producing entries on such topics as democracy, civil rights, quantum mechanics, consciousness, voluntary euthanasia, and on many other topics important to the human condition, all freely available. To cover the annual costs of administering and supporting this volunteer effort, Stanford University has partnered with the International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC) and the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) for the purpose of building an endowment fund for the SEP. The National Endowment for the Humanities has endorsed and supported our efforts with a Challenge Grant of $500,000. Three Ways to Support The SEP Become a Friend of the SEP and Access PDFs . Though SEP entries are freely available in HTML, you can pay modest membership dues to join the Friends of the SEP Society and become entitled to download high quality PDF (Portable Document Format) versions of SEP entries. Make a Donation . Please consider supporting the SEP by making a generous tax-deductible contribution. SEPIA for Libraries . We encourage libraries and other institutions to support the SEP by joining the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy International Association and receiving member benefits. We encourage professional scholars , general readers , and librarians to read the following open letters and start a constructive dialogue about supporting the SEP. An Open Letter to Professional Scholars An Open Letter to General Readers An Open Letter to Librarians YouTube Video Highlighting the SEP Stanford News Service Interview with John Perry and Edward N. Zalta A List of Other Documents of Interest ICOLC's Call for Global Library Community Action (PDF document, January 25, 2005 version) The Problems With a Traditional Funding Model The SEP's Publishing Model Recent Access Statistics (SEP Editorial Information page) The SEP's Value for Research, Education, the Profession, and the Public The SEP's Archives The SEP's Editorial Board Letters from Professional Organizations in Support of SEP Grant Proposals American Philosophical Association Canadian Philosophical Association Australasian Association of Philosophy European Association of Analytic Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Accessibility Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Mirror Sites View this site from another server: USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054	3,693	13,201	44	971	95945d3f3c98a8d2
https://plato.stanford.edu/board.html	plato.stanford.edu	2026-01-13T02:43:28.703641	200	Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Editorial Board Executive Editors Co-Principal Editors: Edward N. Zalta (Stanford University) Uri Nodelman (Stanford University) Associate Editors: Colin Allen (University of Pittsburgh) Hannah Kim (University of Arizona) Paul Oppenheimer (Stanford University & University of Adelaide) Subject Editors Philosophy of Action: Luca Ferrero (University of California/Riverside) Derk Pereboom (Cornell University) Aesthetics: Robert Stecker (Central Michigan University) Alex Neill (University of Southampton) James Shelley (Auburn University) Rachel E. 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McDonough (Harvard University) Anat Schechtman (University of Texas/Austin) Patrick Connolly (Johns Hopkins University) 18th Century Philosophy: Lisa Downing (Ohio State University) Douglas Jesseph (University of South Florida) Antonia LoLordo (University of Virginia) Andrew Janiak (Duke University) 19th Century Philosophy: Allen Wood (Stanford University) Kristin Gjesdal (Temple University) William Mander (University of Oxford) 20th Century Philosophy: Juliet Floyd (Boston University) Hans-Johann Glock (University of Zurich) Sara Heinämaa (University of Jyväskylä) Axel Honneth (Columbia University) Fred Kroon (University of Auckland) Leonard Lawlor (Pennsylvania State University) Cheryl Misak (University of Toronto) David Sosa (University of Texas/Austin) Nicolas de Warren (Pennsylvania State University) Dan Zahavi (University of Copenhagen) Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Accessibility Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Mirror Sites View this site from another server: USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054	10,710	38,218	216	976	b4ef9c7e51d09098
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/2026/01/kidnapped-baghdad/685470/	www.theatlantic.com	2026-01-13T02:43:28.721175	200	Listen 1.0x 0:00 18:43 Four men searched my mouth for implanted tracking devices. I had told them I didn’t have any—that, as far as I knew, such things existed only in movies. They asked if I had fillings, and I confessed that I did. They looked again. “No, you don’t,” one of them corrected me, having failed to find any glint of silver. My fillings are white. The men, wearing dark civilian clothes and balaclavas, seemed convinced that these unfamiliar fillings posed a threat to their operational security. That’s when I knew that my kidnapping was going to be a little bit different. I was violently snatched on March 21, 2023, from the outskirts of Baghdad, where I had been conducting fieldwork for my Ph.D. at Princeton University. When my kidnappers delivered me to my cell, they cut the restraints they’d placed around my arms and legs, and lifted the cloth bag off my head. The secret prison where I was brought was run by Kataib Hezbollah, an Iraqi militia backed by Iran. That was my first day of captivity. Nine hundred and two more followed. I spent the first four and a half months in a prison usually used for holding the militia’s Iraqi victims. The militiamen, I later learned, worked for one of Iraq’s security agencies, many of which have been extensively penetrated by pro-Iranian paramilitary groups. Even so, my kidnapping was purely opportunistic—I was taken for ransom, not for any political reason. From the May 2021 issue: A kidnapping gone very wrong I have researched the Levant for almost two decades under the auspices of several think tanks, conducting fieldwork across the region. The kidnappers knew I was a Russian national affiliated with an American university—which was why they saw me as a lucrative target for kidnap and ransom. What they did not know—and what I was not eager for them to learn—was that although I was born in Russia, I am also an Israeli citizen. The kidnapping itself was extremely violent, but for the first month of my imprisonment, I was not otherwise physically abused. I was given very little to eat—mostly rice and bread, in one or two meals a day—something that I came to understand was intended to weaken me, to soften me up for interrogation. An officer who introduced himself as Maher led the interrogations. He wore a balaclava throughout so that I would not be able to identify him. The idea of a Russian doing academic research on Iraq was utterly befuddling to Maher and his colleagues. They felt that as a Russian, I should research Russia alone. Maher promised that if I was able to prove that foreign researchers conducted fieldwork in Russia , then he would be my “greatest defender.” When I started listing some, he looked downcast. He did not become my greatest defender. The problem I faced was that my interrogations were premised on the idea that legions of foreign spies are roaming the streets of Iraq, and that all foreigners in Iraq are spies: Maher once asked me whether the entire building in a gated area of Baghdad in which I briefly resided was occupied by spies. Compounding my difficulty of proving a negative—that I was the rare foreigner who wasn’t a spy—was their incompetence at interrogation. One officer didn’t bother to give me a fake name, but I’ll call him the Short Pervert because of his constant grabbing of my body and his foul language. The Short Pervert claimed that his organization had recordings and photos proving my espionage work, though he declined to produce any such evidence when I asked for it. The interrogators kept threatening me with torture, but in those opening weeks, they refrained from acting on the threats—I assume on orders from higher up. Instead, because they were clearly untrained in conducting interrogations that did not involve torture, they fell back on interrogation methods they had probably seen in movies. To intimidate me, Maher would blow smoke in my face, but because he was using an e-cigarette, all I got was a gust of strawberry-smelling vape. It wasn’t quite the tough-guy routine he was after. Later, he tried the “good cop, bad cop” routine on me but undermined the effect by playing both characters himself, on alternate days, which just made him seem deranged. The comic aspect of this all changed when, a month after my capture, the kidnappers opened my phone after forcing me to give them the passcode and discovered that I was Israeli. Now they didn’t need to ask me to admit I was a spy; they could torture me to say so. Authoritarian regimes —and the militias and security agencies that buttress them—rely on instilling fear in their subjects. They rule by enforcing conformity and obedience through terror. I knew something about this, not solely because of my research but also from my upbringing. I was born in late 1986 in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) as the Soviet Union was sunsetting. Both of my parents were dissidents in the U.S.S.R. My father spent seven years in prison and another two years doing hard labor in Siberia for writing anti-regime flyers from a democratic Marxist point of view. My mother, for her part, was sentenced to three years in a Siberian prison after the KGB ransacked her apartment and found an extensive collection of anti-Soviet jokes that she had diligently collected from her dissident friends during their gatherings. This was the era of samizdat literature, when regime critics copied and shared reading material—essays, polemics, news—that they had diligently typed and retyped on paper, because publication was impossible. A typical satirical jest from my mother’s collection: A judge comes out of a Soviet courtroom laughing. A prosecutor asks him, “Why are you laughing?” The judge responds, “I’d tell you, but I just sentenced someone for five years in prison for telling this joke.” In my own captivity, I recognized what many dissidents, including my mother, realized before me: Humor is a weapon that can be used even by the very weak to undermine the ruling authority, to break its terrorizing effect, to lift one’s morale. Repressive regimes fear being mocked because they hate having their incompetence and ignorance exposed. This is why they penalize the circulation of political jokes. Read: I watched stand-up in Saudi Arabia Once, when I was singing in my cell to keep my spirits up, a torturer who went by the name Yasser—a corpulent man who gave himself the rank of major—ordered me to lower my voice: “Volume down!” Then he asked in Arabic whether his English usage was correct. He was pleased with himself when I said it was. His need for affirmation was so pathetic that in other circumstances, it would have been touching. Even more pathetic was when Maher, who initially had claimed to be a captain, discovered that Yasser’s imaginary rank outranked his own. He immediately corrected himself, insisting that I call him Major Maher. Even during my time in solitary in the torture facility, I would occasionally replay the interrogation scenes in my head—not to relive the torture but to lighten my mood by recalling my tormentors revealing their bottomless ignorance. These supposed intelligence agents knew little about their proclaimed enemies, Israel and the United States. One of the torturers, a chain-smoker who visited me only twice, insisted that 60 percent of Americans live in poverty and that the U.S. works to make Iraqi girls disobey their fathers and go out of the home without their permission. Inwardly laughing at them made my situation more bearable, a little less scary. But my captors’ lack of professionalism about intelligence work contrasted with an almost medical-level of knowledge of how to torture—an expertise, I can only assume, gained through inflicting horrors on countless Iraqi citizens. They knew how to beat my face without leaving marks on it, by smashing the jaw from below. Maher discoursed on the different methods of torture they used on me, accurately ranking the pain dosed out by each method. Maher could also tell whether my shoulder was dislocated just by briskly touching it. He bragged in my presence to a colleague that, whereas other operatives would merely hang me from the ceiling with my wrists handcuffed behind my back and then beat my knees so that I couldn’t support my weight to relieve the pressure on my shoulder joints and spine, he had started using an even more painful technique. This method, which involved handcuffing my arms crisscrossed behind my back, is known as “the Scorpion” in Iraq. It stops the flow of blood to the palms and causes immense pain in the shoulders that lasts for weeks. (Being strung up by these methods caused two of my discs to herniate and left permanent nerve damage in my hands.) One day, the torture team presented me with the results of a misguided attempt at open-source intelligence, showing me screenshots from Facebook of foreign visitors to Iraq whom they insisted I knew and could identify. This presented me with a horrible problem: I could not confess my way out of the torture, as I usually would—making up any plausible answer I knew they would accept—because, although I genuinely did not know any of these individuals, the torturers had their names. From the May 2021 issue: The awful wisdom of a hostage The militiamen strung me up and their commander, a man I knew as the Colonel, proceeded to whip me all over with a flat plastic pipe. When I passed out from the pain, the men lowered me to the floor, doused me with water, then strung me up again. I fainted again; they repeated the drill. On the third time, through a fog of agony, I thought that if I pretended I was still unconscious, they might leave me lying on the floor longer. But they’d done this so many times, and they knew I was faking. “Have you rested enough?” Maher asked, mockingly. They yanked the chain again to haul me into the air, placing me in a kneeling position. I could not stabilize myself even on my knees, and was spinning like a dreidel. Although I was close to fainting with dizziness, they could detect that I was conscious. After these sessions, they would usually give me time to rest in my cell and serve me some food. Then they’d take me back to record the “confession” I’d already made. For that, they would remove my handcuffs, as if I was confessing of my own volition. I kept telling them that before my departure to the U.S. for graduate school in 2017, I had worked for human-rights organizations in Israel. Surely, they’d realize that I would be just about the last person the Israeli security apparatus would want to recruit. I repeatedly asked them to Google my name so that they could see the articles I’d written and the social-media comments I’d posted that were critical of Israeli-government policies. But they refused to do a search. In any case, they read only Arabic. I had no interest in “resisting” interrogation under torture—after all, I had nothing real to hide, nothing I would not want to confess. So I freely admitted to whatever they seemed to want to hear: that I worked for the CIA and was a Mossad spy. To be both, of course, was hardly possible, but as these men beat me again and again over the next 14 weeks, I learned their bizarre conspiracy theories—and tried to match my fables to theirs. The Colonel insisted that Masons and Zionists ran the world. Yet later on, he declared that Israel had been established by Saudi Arabia, Iran’s chief regional rival. If Jews were all powerful, why did they need the Saudis to help them establish the “Zionist entity”? All of my torturers believed that the Islamic State was created as a joint operation by Israel, the U.S., and Saudi Arabia to subvert Iraq. One of ISIS’s brutalities was to execute homosexuals by throwing them off buildings, but Maher saw no contradiction when he told me that the U.S. used male-only cafés to spread homosexuality in the country. The torturers insisted that I provide them with an account of my Mossad-CIA training, so I made one up—it gave me something to think about while I lay prostrate in my cell between the torture sessions. Because I had to concoct something I knew nothing about, I ran out of content after two weeks of material, so I decided simply to claim that it took two weeks. Counting on their not knowing any better was a fair assumption. Because they so often betrayed their ignorance, I quickly realized that as long as my confessions matched their distorted view of reality, they would believe anything I confessed to, no matter how fantastical. They compounded their ignorance with incompetence in basic aspects of tradecraft. Maher told me that his organization had followed my movements around Baghdad by accessing CCTV footage—except that this was contradicted by the Short Pervert, who described tailing me in the street and at a coffee shop, mentioning details that he could not have known otherwise. All of the torturers brought smartphones into the chamber where I would be screaming. Israel’s ability to hack smartphones and turn them into listening and recording devices has been widely reported . In addition, my torturers repeatedly provided pieces of information that could prove helpful in identifying them as part of investigations by the FBI and other agencies. Two years later, in a second prison where I was not subjected to physical abuse and felt confident that I would not be tortured again, I dared to tell an Iranian officer the truth: that all of my confessions had been lies produced under torture. At first, he did not believe me, spitting back, “But how did you know that Mossad training takes two weeks?” “I knew I could make up anything,” I told him, “since the Mossad has penetrated you, but you have not penetrated the Mossad.” After believing for two years that I was indeed a spy, he appeared to accept the truth. Their ignorance makes these militiamen quite ineffective at halting their own intelligence breaches. In February 2024, shortly after a Kataib Hezbollah attack killed three U.S. service members in Jordan, the U.S. assassinated the commander responsible in Baghdad. Four years earlier, the U.S. had assassinated the previous commander of Kataib Hezbollah, Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, alongside Qassem Soleimani, the Iranian commander in charge of running Iran’s proxy militias. This mix of woeful ignorance and expert brutality may appear odd, but it is a hallmark of regimes that are born of marginalized, typically rural, victims of prior rulers. The downtrodden take power and exact revenge against the previous elites, and mete out violence against every suspected opponent. Such a regime existed in Iraq previously: Under Saddam Hussein, the Baath leadership was drawn largely from the Sunni minority, but the lower ranks of the security agencies, the interrogators and torturers, were recruited from the poor Shia-majority provinces. In Syria, an equivalent system existed under the Assad dynasty, in which rural Alawites (a heterodox sect that emerged from Shiism) dominated the security agencies that policed a Sunni majority. Going further back in history, Maoist China and Khmer Rouge Cambodia followed the same pattern. Under such regimes, the state uses indiscriminate barbarity to instill constant terror in the population. The purpose is to deter resistance, but the arbitrary nature of the violence can stem from the unreliable information produced by ignorant interrogators: Informers may be settling personal scores; torture victims will, like me, say anything . Security agencies staffed by dumb thugs are typically inept at identifying genuine subversive threats. As my experience showed, a heavy reliance on physical abuse makes for proficient torturers, not skilled interrogators. Again and again , torture has proved to produce false confessions and bad intelligence. The only knowledge that torture provides is the ultimate confirmation bias: information about the threats facing the regime that is entirely in line with the worldview of the torturers, who characteristically share the regime’s generalized paranoia. From the September 2003 issue: The truth about torture This principle became my guide to confession. When I adopted conspiracy theories that the torturers believed in—a practice I’d refused during my first month’s captivity, before I was tortured—the militiamen were deeply satisfied with the verification. So when I confessed that the 2019 popular revolt against Iraq’s corrupt, militia-backed order was a Western plot, Maher was delighted: “And you were saying it’s a conspiracy theory!” Just for him, I was planning a detailed confession about spreading homosexuality in Iraq, but I was transferred out of the torture prison before I got a chance to present it. History suggests that the proficient cruelty of such regimes is unable to compensate for the stupidity and incompetence of their cadres. Their security apparatuses have a distorted view of the threats facing the regime. The Kataib militiamen tried to come up with solutions for their vulnerability, but their countermeasures were laughable. My captors told me that they’d recruited informers in the anti-government protest movement to confirm that its activists are foreign agents (they’re not). Their lack of insight into their adversaries’ intelligence capability makes these militiamen demonstrably ineffectual at halting intelligence breaches. In the last facility where I was held—briefly, just before my release on September 9—the men in charge of security were no more adept. They ordered the guards sitting with me not only to hide their faces with medical masks but also to wear medical gloves. I’m no spy, but I don’t think latex gloves will do the trick. About the Author Elizabeth Tsurkov Elizabeth Tsurkov is a research fellow at the New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy, and a Ph.D. candidate in politics at Princeton University. Explore More Topics Hezbollah , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Russia , Saudi Arabia	17,984	165,883	140	222	2b442ad70e90cd5b
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" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A University/Library Partnership in Support of Scholarly Communications and Open Access ," by Edward N. Zalta, in College & Research Libraries News (a publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries), 67/8 (September 2006): 502–504, 507. I Hear the Train A Comin' , by Greg Tananbaum (President, Berkeley Electronic Press), in Against the Grain , 18/1 (February 2006): 84–85. Reprinted with permission from the author and publisher. The Best Content Award , by The Charleston Advisor , Volume 7/No. 2 (October 2005), p. 3. Review: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , by Heather Morrison and Michael McIntosh, The Charleston Advisor , Volume 6/No. 3 (January 2005): 51–53. Review: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Wants Libraries to do WHAT? , by Margaret Landesman, in The Charleston Advisor , Volume 6/No. 3 (January 2005): 53–55. (The PDF containing the Morrison/McIntosh review also contains the Landesman review. Scroll to p. 53.) A List of Other Documents Of Interest ICOLC's Call for Global Library Community Action (PDF document, January 25, 2005 version) The Problems With a Traditional Funding Model The SEP's Publishing Model Recent Access Statistics (SEP Editorial Information page) The SEP's Value for Research, Education, the Profession, and the Public The SEP's Archives The SEP's Editorial Board Letters from Professional Organizations in Support of SEP Grant Proposals American Philosophical Association Canadian Philosophical Association Australasian Association of Philosophy European Association of Analytic Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Accessibility Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Mirror Sites View this site from another server: USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054	6,155	16,614	54	1,023	b9003fa22fa1e344
https://plato.stanford.edu/accessibility.html	plato.stanford.edu	2026-01-13T02:43:28.752082	200	Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Digital Accessibility Access to websites and electronic content is integral to the academic, research, and engagement activities available at Stanford University. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) is committed to making its electronic content accessible to its students, faculty, staff, and all other individuals with disabilities participating or engaging in the programs and services of the University. Reporting Accessibility Issues If you cannot access content or use features on any SEP webpage due to a disability, please report your accessibility issue to editors @ plato . stanford . edu . Digital Accessibility Policy The SEP website endeavors to comply with the University's Accessibility of Electronic Content policy , which addresses the responsibilities and processes for Stanford University branded websites with regard to electronic content and accessibility for individuals with disabilities. Office of Digital Accessibility Further information can be obtained at the Office of Digital Accessibility website, which serves the Stanford community by providing technical guidance, techniques for achieving accessibility, and best practices for accessible electronic content. The Office of Digital Accessibility website includes solutions for evaluating website accessibility, website scanning and monitoring tools, accessibility guidance for common applications, and other informational resources. Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Accessibility Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Mirror Sites View this site from another server: USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054	2,490	10,881	34	1,034	37b230caaaa68aa8
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/	plato.stanford.edu	2026-01-13T02:43:28.757283	200	Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Archives of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Notice: These archives contain periodically fixed editions of the Encyclopedia which may be used for purposes of citation. The content of these editions is neither updated nor modified in any way once the archive is made. The external links (to places on the World Wide Web) and author email addresses contained in the entries of these editions may no longer be functional! Also, you can search the entire archives only at the main Stanford website; you can search only the last 8–10 years of archives at the mirror sites. Search The Archives How to Cite This Encyclopedia The Fixed Editions: Winter 2025 Edition (December 21, 2025) Fall 2025 Edition (September 21, 2025) Summer 2025 Edition (June 21, 2025) Spring 2025 Edition (March 21, 2025) Winter 2024 Edition (December 21, 2024) Fall 2024 Edition (September 21, 2024) Summer 2024 Edition (June 21, 2024) Spring 2024 Edition (March 21, 2024) Winter 2023 Edition (December 21, 2023) Fall 2023 Edition (September 21, 2023) Summer 2023 Edition (June 21, 2023) Spring 2023 Edition (March 21, 2023) Winter 2022 Edition (December 21, 2022) Fall 2022 Edition (September 21, 2022) Summer 2022 Edition (June 21, 2022) Spring 2022 Edition (March 21, 2022) Winter 2021 Edition (December 21, 2021) Fall 2021 Edition (September 21, 2021) Summer 2021 Edition (June 21, 2021) Spring 2021 Edition (March 21, 2021) Winter 2020 Edition (December 21, 2020) Fall 2020 Edition (September 21, 2020) Summer 2020 Edition (June 21, 2020) Spring 2020 Edition (March 21, 2020) Winter 2019 Edition (December 21, 2019) Fall 2019 Edition (September 21, 2019) Summer 2019 Edition (June 21, 2019) Spring 2019 Edition (March 21, 2019) Winter 2018 Edition (December 21, 2018) Fall 2018 Edition (September 21, 2018) Summer 2018 Edition (June 21, 2018) Spring 2018 Edition (March 21, 2018) Winter 2017 Edition (December 21, 2017) Fall 2017 Edition (September 21, 2017) Summer 2017 Edition (June 21, 2017) Spring 2017 Edition (March 21, 2017) Winter 2016 Edition (December 21, 2016) Fall 2016 Edition (September 21, 2016) Summer 2016 Edition (June 21, 2016) Spring 2016 Edition (March 21, 2016) Winter 2015 Edition (December 21, 2015) Fall 2015 Edition (September 21, 2015) Summer 2015 Edition (June 21, 2015) Spring 2015 Edition (March 21, 2015) Winter 2014 Edition (December 21, 2014) Fall 2014 Edition (September 21, 2014) Summer 2014 Edition (June 21, 2014) Spring 2014 Edition (March 21, 2014) Winter 2013 Edition (December 21, 2013) Fall 2013 Edition (September 21, 2013) Summer 2013 Edition (June 21, 2013) Spring 2013 Edition (March 21, 2013) Winter 2012 Edition (December 21, 2012) Fall 2012 Edition (September 21, 2012) Summer 2012 Edition (June 21, 2012) Spring 2012 Edition (March 21, 2012) Winter 2011 Edition (December 21, 2011) Fall 2011 Edition (September 21, 2011) Summer 2011 Edition (June 21, 2011) Spring 2011 Edition (March 21, 2011) Winter 2010 Edition (December 21, 2010) Fall 2010 Edition (September 21, 2010) Summer 2010 Edition (June 21, 2010) Spring 2010 Edition (March 21, 2010) Winter 2009 Edition (December 21, 2009) Fall 2009 Edition (September 21, 2009) Summer 2009 Edition (June 21, 2009) Spring 2009 Edition (March 21, 2009) Winter 2008 Edition (December 21, 2008) Fall 2008 Edition (September 21, 2008) Summer 2008 Edition (June 21, 2008) Spring 2008 Edition (March 21, 2008) Winter 2007 Edition (December 21, 2007) Fall 2007 Edition (September 21, 2007) Summer 2007 Edition (June 21, 2007) Spring 2007 Edition (March 21, 2007) Winter 2006 Edition (December 21, 2006) Fall 2006 Edition (September 21, 2006) Summer 2006 Edition (June 21, 2006) Spring 2006 Edition (March 21, 2006) Winter 2005 Edition (December 21, 2005) Fall 2005 Edition (September 21, 2005) Summer 2005 Edition (June 21, 2005) Spring 2005 Edition (March 21, 2005) Winter 2004 Edition (December 21, 2004) Fall 2004 Edition (September 21, 2004) Summer 2004 Edition (June 21, 2004) Spring 2004 Edition (March 21, 2004) Winter 2003 Edition (December 21, 2003) Fall 2003 Edition (September 21, 2003) Summer 2003 Edition (June 21, 2003) Spring 2003 Edition (March 21, 2003) Winter 2002 Edition (December 21, 2002) Fall 2002 Edition (September 21, 2002) Summer 2002 Edition (June 21, 2002) Spring 2002 Edition (March 21, 2002) Winter 2001 Edition (December 21, 2001) Fall 2001 Edition (September 21, 2001) Summer 2001 Edition (June 21, 2001) Spring 2001 Edition (March 21, 2000) Winter 2000 Edition (December 21, 2000) Fall 2000 Edition (September 21, 2000) Summer 2000 Edition (June 21, 2000) Spring 2000 Edition (March 21, 2000) Winter 1999 Edition (December 21, 1999) Fall 1999 Edition (September 21, 1999) Summer 1999 Edition (June 21, 1999) Spring 1999 Edition (March 21, 1999) Winter 1998 Edition (December 21, 1998) Fall 1998 Edition (September 21, 1998) Summer 1998 Edition (June 21, 1998) Spring 1998 Edition (March 21, 1998) Winter 1997 Edition (December 21, 1997) Fall 1997 Edition (September 21, 1997) Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Accessibility Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Mirror Sites View this site from another server: USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054	6,271	18,081	146	1,026	8f68df690df3ab8f
https://plato.stanford.edu/about.html	plato.stanford.edu	2026-01-13T02:43:28.762379	200	Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries About the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Brief Description The SEP's Publishing Model History History of Grants Publications Acknowledgements Brief Description Welcome to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), which as of Summer 2023, has nearly 1800 entries online. From its inception, the SEP was designed so that each entry is maintained and kept up-to-date by an expert or group of experts in the field. All entries and substantive updates are refereed by the members of a distinguished Editorial Board before they are made public. Consequently, our dynamic reference work maintains academic standards while evolving and adapting in response to new research. You can cite fixed editions that are created on a quarterly basis and stored in our Archives (every entry contains a link to its complete archival history, identifying the fixed edition the reader should cite). The Table of Contents lists entries that are published or assigned. The Projected Table of Contents also lists entries which are currently unassigned but nevertheless projected. The SEP's Publishing Model The combination of features exhibited by the SEP publishing model distinguishes it from other attempts to build scholarly resources on the web. Our open access model has the following features: (1) a password-protected web interface for authors, which allows them to download entry templates, submit private drafts for review, and remotely edit/update their entries; (2) a password-protected web interface for the subject editors, which allows them to add new topics, commission new entries, referee unpublished entries and updates (updates can be displayed with the original and updated versions side-by-side with the differences highlighted ) and accept/reject entries and revisions; (3) a secure administrative web interface for the principal editor, by which the entire collaborative process can be managed with a very small staff (the principal editor can add people, add entries, assign entries to editors, issue invitations, track deadlines, publish entries and updates, etc.); (4) a tracking system which logs the actions taken at the web interfaces, monitors the state of every entry, determines who owes work and when, automatically sends occasional, friendly email reminders, and provides a summary to the principal editor; (5) software which dynamically cross-references the SEP when new entries are published, and which periodically checks for broken links throughout the content; (6) software which automatically creates an archive every quarter, providing the proper basis for scholarly citation; and (7) mirror sites at universities in other parts of the world, which provide faster access to readers worldwide, provide access when the Stanford server is down for maintenance, and safeguard the digital content as extra backups. The SEP's publishing model therefore has the ability to deliver, with very low administrative and production costs, quality content meeting the highest of academic standards via a medium that is universally accessible. Few dynamic reference works have been built to the specifications described in the previous paragraph. Most of the other encyclopedia projects available on the web lack some of the dynamic and scholarly features of the SEP. Usually, one of the following applies: (a) they are costly and behind a subscription wall, invisible to search engines and so not as useful to academics and the general public; (b) they don't have an administrative system capable of screening new entries and updates prior to publication and ensuring that entries are responsive to new research; (c) they don't allow the authors/editors to directly contact the server to update/referee the content of the entries; (d) they lack a system of archives for stable, scholarly citation (thus, when entries change, the old content is just lost, and any citations to, or quotations from, prior content become impossible to verify); or (e) they lack a university-based Advisory Board to vet the members of its Editorial Board. The SEP's model may therefore represent a unique digital library concept: a scholarly dynamic reference work. A scholarly dynamic reference work differs from an academic journal, for academic journals (1) do not typically update the articles they publish, (2) do not aim to publish articles on a comprehensive set of topics, but rather, for the most part, publish articles that are randomly submitted by the members of the profession, (3) do not aim to cross-reference and create links among the concepts used in the articles they publish, (4) typically serve a narrow audience of specialists, and (5) do not have to deal with the asynchronous activity of updating, refereeing, and tracking separate deadlines for entries, since they are published on a synchronized schedule. Moreover, our reference work differs from preprint exchanges, for the latter not only exhibit features (1), (2), (3), and (4) just mentioned, but also do not referee their publications and so need not incorporate a work-flow system that handles the asynchronous refereeing process that occurs between upload and publication in a dynamic reference work. None of this is to say that electronic journals and preprint exchanges have a faulty design, but rather that a scholarly dynamic reference work is a distinctive new kind of publication that represents a unique digital library concept. History The SEP project began in September 1995 when John Perry was the Director of the Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI). Perry's suggestion that CSLI enhance its web presence by creating a (static) online dictionary of philosophy was taken up by Edward N. Zalta , who developed the idea into that of a dynamic reference work. Zalta then started designing the SEP to be an online encyclopedia that would satisfy the highest academic standards. After two years of support from CSLI, our prototype became a proof of concept that earned the first of a series of successful grant applications. (See the History of Grants below.) The addition of Colin Allen and Uri Nodelman to the project in 1998 resulted in significant enhancements to the design and implementation of our new academic publishing model. They introduced browser-based file-upload, workflow principles that categorized the state of every entry and possible state transitions, remote HTML editing, an engine which compares an original and revised entry side-by-side in the browser with the differences highlighted, etc. Paul Daniell programmed/developed the new search engine that the SEP brought online in September 2006. The SEP project moved to the Department of Philosophy in September 2021. See the masthead on the Editorial Information page, for a list of other people involved in the project. History of Grants Grant Duration Grant Number Granting Organization Amount 10/1998–09/2000 #PA-23167-98 NEH/Preservation and Access Division $131,400 10/2000–09/2003 #IIS-9981549 NSF/Information and Intelligent Systems (with support from NEH) $528,900 02/2002–08/2002 Officer's Grant Andrew W. Mellon Foundation $43,000 10/2003–09/2005 #PA-50133-03 NEH/Preservation and Access Division $300,828 01/2005–12/2008 #CH-50156 NEH/Office of Challenge Grants (awarded to SOLINET for the SEP) $500,000 10/2005–09/2007 #PA-51255-05 NEH/Preservation and Access Division $150,000 09/2005–08/2007 #2005-6238 William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Education, Technology, Open Content $190,000 Publications About the Stanford Encyclopedia Information about our dynamic reference work can be found in the following papers and abstracts: “ From SEP to SEPIA: How and why Indiana University is helping the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ”, by Colin Allen and Cecile Jagodzinski, in Against the Grain , 18/4 (September 2006): 42–43. “ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A University/Library Partnership in Support of Scholarly Communications and Open Access ,” by Edward N. Zalta, in College & Research Libraries News (a publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries), 67/8 (September 2006): 502–504, 507. “ I Hear the Train A Comin'  ”, by Greg Tananbaum, in Against the Grain , 18/1 (February 2006): 84–85. Abstracts: “ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A Dynamic Reference Work ”, by Colin Allen, Uri Nodelman, and Edward N. Zalta, in Proceedings of the Third ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (May 27–31, 2003), New York: Association for Computing Machinery Publications, p. 383. “ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A Dynamic Reference Work ”, by Uri Nodelman, Colin Allen, and Edward N. Zalta, in Proceedings of the Second ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (July 14–18, 2002), New York: Association for Computing Machinery Publications, p. 380. “ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A Dynamic Reference Work ”, by Edward N. Zalta, Colin Allen, and Uri Nodelman, in Proceedings of the First ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (June 24–28, 2001), New York: Association for Computing Machinery Publications, p. 457. “ Digital Workflow Concepts for Dynamic Reference Works ”, abstract of talk delivered by Edward N. Zalta at the Ancient Studies — New Technology Conference , Salve Regina University, December 2000. “ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A Developed Dynamic Reference Work ” (285K PDF document), by Colin Allen, Uri Nodelman, and Edward N. Zalta, in Metaphilosophy , 33/1-2 (January 2002): 210–228; reprinted in CyberPhilosophy: The Intersection of Philosophy and Computing , James H. Moor and Terrell Ward Bynum, (eds.), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 201–218. “ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ”, by Edward N. Zalta, SPARC E-News (October/November 1999), published by The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, online publication. (This issue is now archived offline; the above link is to our preprint.) “ A Solution to the Problem of Updating Encyclopedias ”, by Eric Hammer and Edward N. Zalta, Computers and the Humanities , 31/1 (1997): 47–60. [Note: The ftp-based file upload system described in this paper was superseded by a browser-based file upload system which uses special password-protected web interfaces for the authors and editors.] “ Why Philosophy Needs a ‘Dynamic’ Encyclopedia ”, by John Perry and Edward N. Zalta, URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/pubs/why.html>, November 1997. Acknowledgments The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is indebted to many people, both at Stanford and elsewhere, who have supported the efforts of the project in significant ways. First, and foremost, we'd like to thank Professor John Perry, who has served as the principal investigator on the SEP grants, provided high-level supervision on the project, serves as the SEP's advocate to the Stanford administration, and gave generously of his time in SEP fund-raising activities. After Perry served as the SEP's Faculty Sponsor for many years, the role finally turned over first to Helen Longino, and then to R. Lanier Anderson. Administrative Assistance The SEP would like to acknowledge significant support from the Administrative Staff of the Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) from Fall 1995 (when the SEP project started) through Fall 2021, when the SEP moved to the Department of Philosophy. We especially thank Amita Kumar and Michelle Lodwick for their tireless efforts on behalf of the SEP. The project would not be what it is today without their work. Editorial Assistance The SEP would also like to thank the following people: Nathan Tawil, Ben Wolfson, Tamar Lando, Matthew Barrett, and Arezoo Islami have provided, and in some cases continue to provide, valuable editorial and document-editing assistance. Kirsta Anderson (M.A./Philosophy) served as Assistant Editor during the 2003–2004 academic year, and did an outstanding job in SEP communications and control, offering many suggestions on how to improve our workflow system. Daniel McKenzie served as Assistant Editor during the 2004–2005 academic year, and did a great job juggling communications/control and copy-editing. Meica Magnani served as Assistant Editor from 2013–2017 and helped handle many tasks from communications to copyediting through a period of significant growth. Others, including Matthew Barrett and Justin Pront, have helped on a smaller scale with SEP editorial duties. Benjamin Patrick Przybocki also helped convert entries to HTML/MathJax. Fund-Raising Assistance We are especially indebted to the O.C. Tanner Company for a generous gift to the SEP in 2022, as well as The Byrne Foundation for a generous gift to the SEP in 2007, creating the John Perry Fund. We are also deeply indebted to Michelle Wachs (J.D., Harvard, 1993) of Giving Solutions, whose tireless and enthusiastic efforts as the SEP's fund-raising consultant during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 academic years helped us achieve our fund-raising goals for those years. We were able to hire Michelle with funds from a generous grant by the Hewlett Foundation. We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Javier Ergueta (M.B.A., Stanford, 1980), for his efforts and work in developing a business plan for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy during the first six months of 2002. Javier's time was paid for through a generous grant by the Mellon Foundation. Thanks go the following students in John Perry's Fall 2004 Proseminar, for their help and assistance in implementing an important element of the SEP's fund-raising plan: Dan Giberman, Tomohiro Hoshi, Alistair Isaac, Daniel Long, Lindsay McLeary, Sarah Paul, Josh Snyder, Quayshawn Spencer and Johanna Wolff. Programming Assistance The Associate Editor (Colin Allen) and the Senior Editor (Uri Nodelman) have been the Principal and Associate Perl Programmers, respectively, on this project since 1998. Paul Daniell not only developed a customized search engine for the SEP, but also developed the software that administers the Friends of the SEP Society . During the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 years, Jesse Alama has contributed his programming skills, in addition to his document editing skills. Eric Hammer (Expedia.com) programmed on the project in its early years, from 1995 to 1997. During the 2000–2001 and 2001–2002 academic years, David James Anderson (M.A./Philosophy) wrote important Perl programs and made other contributions to the project. We'd also like to thank John MacFarlane for developing a program that produces PDF versions of SEP entries in two-column landscape mode. Web Design Assistance In March 2014, the SEP launched a new website design. We are indebted to the team at Stanford Web Services , and especially Sara Worrell-Berg, Megan Miller, Anna Cobb, and Brian Young. They did a terrific job with the new design. In this connection, we are also indebted to Scott Stocker, Zach Chandler, Lisa Lapin, and John Etchemendy, for playing a role and helping to facilitate this initiative. New Technologies Assistance The Encyclopedia would like acknowledge and thank the researchers and programmers who are contributing to SEP-enhancement initiatives being pursued by the Internet Philosophy Ontology project (InPhO), directed by Colin Allen. Special thanks go to: Cameron Buckner , Ruth Eberle , Nubli Kasa, and Jaimie Murdock , Mathias Niepert , Scott Weingart . Using a combination of text mining, human feedback, and machine reasoning, the InPhO project is enhancing such critical functions as cross-referencing the SEP, classifying topics, and organizing its bibliographic database. We also indebted to the InPhO team for hosting a backup server for the SEP. We are grateful for the MathJax project which we are now starting to use for mathematical formatting in our entries. And we would also like to acknowledge John MacFarlane 's work on pandoc , which has become an important part of our workflow in converting LaTeX document to HTML with MathJax. General Assistance The Encyclopedia would like to acknowledge the volunteer services of Gintautas Miliauskas, Greg Stokley, Jason Wu, Yong Wei Chong Gabrielle, and Emily Fox-Penner for carefully reading and copy-editing SEP entries and notifying us about typographical and other errors found therein. We'd like to thank Nathan Tawil, who helped design the Encyclopedia entry format when the project started in 1995, and who has assisted the Principal Editor in editing certain entries. We're also indebted to David Barker-Plummer , Mark Greaves, Emma Pease , Susanne Riehemann , and Lynn Allen for their many helpful suggestions concerning the Encyclopedia project and the construction of this Web site. Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Accessibility Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Mirror Sites View this site from another server: USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054	18,238	30,040	65	1,033	f6960310a672f4bb
https://plato.stanford.edu/contact.html	plato.stanford.edu	2026-01-13T02:43:28.764355	200	Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Contact Information Email Email is the most reliable way of contacting the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy project about an issue, since we can respond at any time of the day or night without disturbing you, no matter what part of the world you live in. Email Address: editors @ plato . stanford . edu The above email address for the Encyclopedia project is monitored on University business days only. The Encyclopedia project endeavors to respond to email messages within 1–3 University business days. Letters Feel free to send us ordinary mail for matters which do not require a reply, or for matters which aren't urgent. Please include an email address, if reply by email is an option, since reply by email will save energy, paper, and other resources. You can write to the Encyclopedia project at the following postal address: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy c/o Metaphysics Research Lab Cordura Hall/Room 202 Stanford University 210 Panama Street Stanford, CA 94305-4115 Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Accessibility Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Mirror Sites View this site from another server: USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University Info about mirror sites The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2026 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054	2,064	10,384	32	1,039	519a4b2cf2cb0a87

End of preview.

YAML Metadata Warning: empty or missing yaml metadata in repo card (https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/datasets-cards)

OpenTransformers Web Crawl v1

Your data. Your company. No apologies.

Stats

Total pages: 45,026
Total text: 651.3 MB
Crawled: 2026-01-13

Format

JSONL (gzipped), one document per line:

{
  "url": "https://example.com/page",
  "domain": "example.com", 
  "timestamp": "2026-01-13T02:43:19.685727",
  "status": 200,
  "text": "Clean extracted text content...",
  "text_len": 1234,
  "html_len": 5678,
  "links": 42,
  "fetch_ms": 150,
  "hash": "abc123..."
}

Sources

Diverse high-quality web content: Hacker News, Reddit (ML/programming/science), arXiv, Wikipedia, tech blogs, news sites, and discovered links.

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("OpenTransformer/web-crawl-v1")

License

Public domain. Do whatever you want.

Crawled by OpenTransformers Ltd https://github.com/OpenTransformer

Downloads last month: 91