Dataset Card for ParaCrawl_Context

This is a dataset for document-level machine translation introduced in the ACL 2024 paper Document-Level Machine Translation with Large-Scale Public Parallel Data. It is a dataset consisting of parallel sentence pairs from the ParaCrawl dataset along with corresponding preceding context extracted from the webpages the sentences were crawled from.

Dataset Details

Dataset Description

This dataset adds document-level context to parallel corpora released by ParaCrawl. This is useful for training document-level (context-aware) machine translation models, for which very few large-scale datasets exist in public. While the ParaCrawl project released large-scale parallel corpora at the sentence level, they did not preserve document context from the webpages they were originally extracted from. We used additional data sources to retrieve the contexts from the original web text, and thus create datasets that can be used to train document-level MT models.

• Curated by: Proyag Pal, Alexandra Birch, Kenneth Heafield, from data released by ParaCrawl
• Language pairs: eng-deu, eng-fra, eng-ces, eng-pol, eng-rus
• License: Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0)
• Repository: https://github.com/Proyag/ParaCrawl-Context
• Paper: https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.712/

Uses

This dataset is intended for document-level (context-aware) machine translation.

Direct Use

The ideal usage of this dataset is to use the sentence fields as the source and target translations, and provide the contexts as additional information to a model. This could be done, for example, with a dual-encoder model, where one encoder encodes the source sentence, while the second encoder encodes the source/target context. For an example, see our associated paper.

Out-of-Scope Use

We expect that this dataset will not work very well for the document-level translation scenario where an entire concatenated document is provided as input and a full translation is produced by the model.
This is because of how the data was extracted - by matching sentences to their originating URLs and extracting the preceding context from - which means:

• There is no guarantee that the preceding context automatically extracted from the originating URL is related to the sentence pair at all.
• Many sentences came from multiple URLs and thus multiple contexts, so source and target contexts concatenated with source and target sentences may not produce parallel "documents" at all in many cases.

However, most examples in our datasets have a unique context, so concatenation might work better if only those examples are used.

We have not validated this experimentally, and you are encouraged to try and let us know if it works!

Dataset Structure

There are three versions of the dataset for each language pair. For a language pair SRC-TRG, they are:

• SRC-TRG.src_contexts - which has preceding context for only the SRC side
• SRC-TRG.trg_contexts - which has preceding context for only the TRG side
• SRC-TRG.both_contexts - which has preceding context for both SRC and TRG sides

Data Instances

Example from eng-deu.both_contexts:

{
    'eng': 'This stage is 32.8 km long and can be accomplished in 8 hours and 30 minutes.',
    'eng_context': "Cars <docline> Glungezer chair lift <docline> Patscherkofel cable cars <docline> Service <docline> Classifications of Hiking Routes <docline> Safety in the Mountains <docline> Mountain huts and alpine restaurants <docline> Guides <docline> Sport Shops <docline> Brochures and Maps <docline> Hiking <docline> Free hiking programme <docline> Hiking <docline> Hikes <docline> Long-distance walking trails <docline> Summit Tours <docline> Family hikes <docline> Education and nature trails <docline> Nature reserves <docline> Geocaching <docline> Lifts & cable cars <docline> Axamer Lizum <docline> Innsbruck Nordkette cable cars <docline> Drei-Seen-Bahn in Kühtai <docline> Muttereralm <docline> Oberperfuss Cable Cars <docline> Glungezer chair lift <docline> Patscherkofel cable cars <docline> Service <docline> Classifications of Hiking Routes <docline> Safety in the Mountains <docline> Mountain huts and alpine restaurants <docline> Guides <docline> Sport Shops <docline> Brochures and Maps <docline> today <docline> 12°C/54°F <docline> 70% Fineweather <docline> 2500mm <docline> Frostborder <docline> Tuesday <docline> 17°C/63°F <docline> 50% Fineweather <docline> 3100mm <docline> Frostborder <docline> Wednesday <docline> 18°C/64°F <docline> 40% Fineweather <docline> 3400mm <docline> Frostborder <docline> Forecast <docline> We will see a nice start to the day with sunshine. Clouds will however gradually increase at all levels producing showers in the afternoon. <docline> Tendency <docline> Air pressure will rise over Central Europe and there will be some clearer spells at times. A period of fine weather is not forecast, however. Until Thursday, sunny spells will alternate with showers in the afternoon. <docline> Need help? Contact us! <docline> Innsbruck Tourism <docline> +43 512 / 59 850 <docline> office@innsbruck.info <docline> Mon - Fri: 8.00 am - 5.00 pm <docline> Hotel- and group reservations <docline> +43 512 / 56 2000 <docline> incoming@innsbruck.info <docline> Mon - Fri: 9.00 am - 5.00 pm <docline> Tourist info <docline> +43 512 / 53 56-0 <docline> info@innsbruck.info <docline> Mon - Sat: 9.00 am - 5.00 pm <docline> DE <docline> EN <docline> IT <docline> FR <docline> NL <docline> ES <docline> Hikes <docline> innsbruck.info <docline> Hiking <docline> Hiking <docline> Hikes <docline> Hike with the family, as a couple or alone, short or long, to the summit or on the flat. Search out the correct route for you around Innsbruck. The filter below is here to help. Choose the length of walk, the difficulty level, duration and much more. The results will then deliver tailor-made hiking tips for your holiday. <docline> The Tyrolean section of The Way of St. James through Innsbruck <docline> https://www.innsbruck.info/fileadmin/userdaten/contwise/poi-28003079-jakobsweg_sterbach_in_muehlau_42027886.jpg <docline> Back Overview <docline> Difficulty <docline> easy <docline> Altitude up <docline> 900 METER <docline> Max. route length <docline> 81.4 KM <docline> Best season <docline> April - October <docline> Information/food <docline> GPX Download Route to start <docline> Three of the sections along the main route of The Way of St. James pass through the Innsbruck holiday region. <docline> From Terfens to Innsbruck: <docline> This stage is 24.2 kilometres long and is possible in 6 hours and 15 minutes. The Way of St. James leads from the medieval town of Hall in Tirol via the villages of Absam and Thaur, through the market town of Rum and on to the city of Innsbruck. Once in Innsbruck, the route continues to St. James' Cathedral. <docline> From Innsbruck to Pfaffenhofen: <docline>",
    'deu_context': 'mit Kindern <docline> Webcams <docline> Prospekte <docline> Aktuelle Top-Themen auf Innsbruck.info <docline> Welcome Card <docline> Innsbruck Card <docline> Bräuche im Sommer <docline> Walks to explore <docline> Innsbruck Webcams <docline> Hiking <docline> Bergwanderprogramm <docline> Wandern <docline> Wanderungen <docline> Weitwanderungen <docline> Gipfeltouren <docline> Familienwanderungen <docline> Themen- und Naturlehrpfade <docline> Naturschauplätze <docline> Geocaching <docline> Bergbahnen und Lifte <docline> Axamer Lizum <docline> Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen <docline> Dreiseenbahn Kühtai <docline> Muttereralm <docline> Bergbahn Oberperfuss <docline> Glungezerbahn <docline> Patscherkofelbahn <docline> Service <docline> Klassifizierung der Wanderwege <docline> Sicherheit am Berg <docline> Almhütten und Bergrestaurants <docline> Bergführer und Guides <docline> Sportshops <docline> Prospekte und Karten <docline> Hiking <docline> Bergwanderprogramm <docline> Wandern <docline> Wanderungen <docline> Weitwanderungen <docline> Gipfeltouren <docline> Familienwanderungen <docline> Themen- und Naturlehrpfade <docline> Naturschauplätze <docline> Geocaching <docline> Bergbahnen und Lifte <docline> Axamer Lizum <docline> Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen <docline> Dreiseenbahn Kühtai <docline> Muttereralm <docline> Bergbahn Oberperfuss <docline> Glungezerbahn <docline> Patscherkofelbahn <docline> Service <docline> Klassifizierung der Wanderwege <docline> Sicherheit am Berg <docline> Almhütten und Bergrestaurants <docline> Bergführer und Guides <docline> Sportshops <docline> Prospekte und Karten <docline> Heute <docline> 18°C <docline> 30% Sonne <docline> 3610mm <docline> Frostgrenze <docline> Dienstag <docline> 17°C <docline> 50% Sonne <docline> 3100mm <docline> Frostgrenze <docline> Mittwoch <docline> 18°C <docline> 40% Sonne <docline> 3400mm <docline> Frostgrenze <docline> Vorhersage <docline> Der Tag beginnt zunächst noch recht beschaulich und die Sonne scheint. Allerdings nimmt die Bewölkung nach und nach in allen Schichten zu und am Nachmittag kommt es dann zu Schauern. <docline> Tendenz <docline> Über Mitteleuropa steigt in der Folge der Luftdruck und zeitweise lockert es auf. Dauerhaftes Schönwetter stellt sich jedoch noch nicht ein: Bis zum Donnerstag gibt es neben Sonne vor allem jeweils nachmittags auch Schauer. <docline> Können wir helfen? Kontaktieren Sie uns! <docline> Innsbruck Tourismus <docline> +43 512 / 59 850 <docline> office@innsbruck.info <docline> Mo - Fr: 8:00 - 17:00 Uhr <docline> Hotel- u. Gruppenreservierung <docline> +43 512 / 56 2000 <docline> incoming@innsbruck.info <docline> Mo - Fr: 9:00 - 17:00 Uhr <docline> Tourismus Information <docline> +43 512 / 53 56-0 <docline> info@innsbruck.info <docline> Mo - Sa: 9:00 - 17:00 Uhr <docline> DE <docline> EN <docline> IT <docline> FR <docline> NL <docline> ES <docline> Wanderungen <docline> innsbruck.info <docline> Wandern <docline> Wandern <docline> Wanderungen <docline> Wandern mit Familie, zu zweit oder solo, weit oder kurz, zum Gipfelkreuz oder entspannt ohne viel Steigung. Suchen Sie sich die passende Wanderung rund um Innsbruck aus. Die Filter oberhalb der Ergebnisliste helfen dabei: Wählen Sie Streckenlänge, Schwierigkeitsgrad, Gehzeit und einiges mehr. Die Ergebnisse darunter liefern maßgeschneiderte Wandertipps für Ihren Urlaub. <docline> Tiroler Jakobsweg durch Innsbruck <docline> https://www.innsbruck.info/fileadmin/userdaten/contwise/poi-28003079-jakobsweg_sterbach_in_muehlau_42027886.jpg <docline> Zurück Zur Übersicht <docline> Schwierigkeit <docline> leicht <docline> Höhenmeter bergauf <docline> 900 METER <docline> Streckenlänge <docline> 81.4 KM <docline> Beste Jahreszeit <docline> April bis Oktober <docline> Mit Einkehrmöglichkeit <docline> GPX Download Route zum Startpunkt <docline> Drei Abschnitte der Hauptroute des Jakobswegs verlaufen durch die Ferienregion Innsbruck. <docline> Von Terfens nach Innsbruck: <docline> In 6 Stunden 15 Minuten sind die 24,2 Kilometer dieses Abschnittes zu schaffen. Von der mittelalterlichen Stadt Hall über Absam und Thaur führt der Jakobsweg durch die Marktgemeinde Rum und weiter nach Innsbruck. Dort angelangt kommt man zum Dom St.Jakob. <docline> Von Innsbruck bis Pfaffenhofen: <docline>',
    'deu': 'Der Abschnitt ist 32,8 Kilometer lang und in einer Zeit von 8 Stunden und 30 Minuten zu schaffen.'
}

eng-deu.src_contexts will have the eng, eng_context, and deu fields, while eng-deu.trg_contexts will have the eng, deu_context, and deu fields.

This example only has one context one each side, but there may be one or more alternative contexts separated by ||| delimiters.

Data Fields

For SRC-TRG.src_contexts or SRC-TRG.trg_contexts, there are 3 fields:

• SRC - containing the source (English) sentence.
• TRG - containing the target language sentence.
• SRC_context or TRG_context - containing the source/target context(s). There may be multiple contexts from multiple webpages separated by the delimiter |||. Within each context, line breaks have been replaced with a <docline> token.

SRC-TRG.both_contexts contains 4 fields, since it has both the SRC_context and TRG_context fields.

Remember to replace SRC and TRG in these examples with the actual language codes in each case. SRC is always eng, while TRG can be deu, fra, ces, pol, or rus.

Data Splits

This dataset does not contain any validation or test sets; all the provided data is intended to be used for training.

If you need document-level validation/test sets for use while training models with this data, it should be quite simple to construct them in the same format from other readily available test sets with document information such as WMT test sets.

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

While document-level machine translation has inherent advantages over sentence-level approaches, there are very few large-scale document-level parallel corpora available publicly. Parallel corpora constructed from web crawls often discard document context in the process of extracting sentence pairs. ParaCrawl released sentence-level parallel corpora with their source URLs, and separately also released raw web text, so we are able to match the URLs to recover the context that the sentences originally occurred in. This enables us to create large-scale parallel corpora for training document-level machine translation models.

Source Data

This dataset was extracted entirely from parallel corpora and raw web text released by ParaCrawl. Please refer to the ParaCrawl paper for more information about the source of the data.

Data Collection and Processing

To extract the contexts for ParaCrawl sentence pairs, we used the following method (copied from the paper):

1. Extract the source URLs and corresponding sentences from the TMX files from ParaCrawl release 9 (or the bonus release in the case of eng-rus). Each sentence is usually associated with many different source URLs, and we keep all of them.
2. Match the extracted URLs with the URLs from all the raw text data and get the corresponding base64-encoded webpage/document, if available.
3. Decode the base64 documents and try to match the original sentence. If the sentence is not found in the document, discard the document. Otherwise, keep the 512 tokens preceding the sentence (where a token is anything separated by a space), replace line breaks with a special <docline> token, and store it as the document context. Since some very common sentences correspond to huge numbers of source URLs, we keep a maximum of 1000 unique contexts per sentence separated by a delimiter ||| in the final dataset.
4. Finally, we compile three different files per language pair – a dataset with all sentence pairs where we have one or more source contexts (*.src_contexts), one with all sentence pairs with target contexts (*.trg_contexts), and a third dataset with both contexts (*.both_contexts).

Who are the source data producers?

See the ParaCrawl paper.

Personal and Sensitive Information

This dataset is constructed from web crawled data, and thus may contain sensitive or harmful data. The ParaCrawl datasets were released after some filtering at the sentence pair level, but please note that the contexts we extracted from the original webpages have not been filtered in any way.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

[This section has been copied from the paper, which you can refer to for details.]

Relevance of context: Our work assumes that any extracted text preceding a given sentence on a webpage is relevant “document context” for that sentence. However, it is likely in many cases that the extracted context is unrelated to the sentence, since most webpages are not formatted as a coherent “document”. As a result, the dataset often includes irrelevant context like lists of products, UI elements, or video titles extracted from webpages which will not be directly helpful to document-level translation models.

Unaligned contexts: For sentences with multiple matching contexts, the source and target contexts may not always be aligned. However, the vast majority of sentence pairs have exactly one source/target context, and should therefore have aligned contexts. We recommend filtering on this basis if aligned contexts are required.

Language coverage: ParaCrawl was focused on European Union languages with only a few “bonus” releases for other languages. Moreover, most of the corpora were for English-centric language pairs. Due to the high computational requirements to extract these corpora, our work further chose only a subset of these languages, resulting in corpora for only a few European languages, some of them closely related. Given the availability of raw data and tools to extract such corpora for many more languages from all over the world, we hope the community is encouraged to build such resources for a much larger variety of language pairs.

Harmful content: The main released corpora from ParaCrawl were filtered to remove sensitive content, particularly pornography. Due to pornographic websites typically containing large amounts of machine translated text, this filtering also improved the quality of the resulting corpora. However, when we match sentences with their source URLs, it often happens that an innocuous sentence was extracted from a webpage with harmful content, and this content is present in our document contexts. We may release filtered versions of these corpora in the future, pending further work to filter harmful content at the document level.

Recommendations

Please be aware that this contains unfiltered data from the internet, and may contain harmful content. For details about the content and limitations of this dataset, read this dataset card as well as our paper before using the data for anything where the translated content or its usage might be sensitive.

Citation

Please cite the paper if you use this dataset.

@inproceedings{pal-etal-2024-document,
    title = "Document-Level Machine Translation with Large-Scale Public Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Pal, Proyag  and
      Birch, Alexandra  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    editor = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Martins, Andre  and
      Srikumar, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Bangkok, Thailand",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.712/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.712",
    pages = "13185--13197",
    abstract = "Despite the fact that document-level machine translation has inherent advantages over sentence-level machine translation due to additional information available to a model from document context, most translation systems continue to operate at a sentence level. This is primarily due to the severe lack of publicly available large-scale parallel corpora at the document level. We release a large-scale open parallel corpus with document context extracted from ParaCrawl in five language pairs, along with code to compile document-level datasets for any language pair supported by ParaCrawl. We train context-aware models on these datasets and find improvements in terms of overall translation quality and targeted document-level phenomena. We also analyse how much long-range information is useful to model some of these discourse phenomena and find models are able to utilise context from several preceding sentences."
}

Dataset Card Authors

This dataset card was written by Proyag Pal. The paper this dataset was created for was written by Proyag Pal, Alexandra Birch, and Kenneth Heafield at the University of Edinburgh.

Dataset Card Contact

If you have any comments or questions, contact Proyag Pal.

Acknowledgements

This work has received support from the European Union's Horizon Europe (HE) Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No 101070350 and 101070631 and from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the UK government’s Horizon Europe funding guarantee [grant numbers 10052546 and 10039436].