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124,803 | 124,461 |
57324359b9d445190005e949
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His parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading. Chores were regularly assigned and rotated among all the children, and misbehavior was met with unequivocal discipline, usually from David. His mother, previously a member (with David) of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites, joined the International Bible Students Association, later known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Eisenhower never joined the International Bible Students. His later decision to attend West Point saddened his mother, who felt that warfare was "rather wicked," but she did not overrule him. While speaking of himself in 1948, Eisenhower said he was "one of the most deeply religious men I know" though unattached to any "sect or organization". He was baptized in the Presbyterian Church in 1953.
|
What church did Eisenhower join in 1953?
|
{'text': 'Presbyterian', 'answer_start': 863}
|
64,759 | 64,417 |
5ace390232bba1001ae49f13
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Pfizer, once the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On 22 January 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In December 2008, the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities, and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of Lotus Engineering, General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center. The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.
|
What pharmaceutical company was Ann Arbor's largest employer?
|
{'text': 'Pfizer', 'answer_start': 0}
|
103,765 | 103,423 |
572ea93ec246551400ce448d
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generic
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On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used, the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011.
|
Why didn't Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position?
|
{'text': 'Earth was in a different location', 'answer_start': 176}
|
123,147 | 122,805 |
5731f0150fdd8d15006c6681
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generic
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Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people. Additionally, there are also many smaller bodies such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches.
|
What is the largest body of Lutheran churches?
|
{'text': 'The Lutheran World Federation', 'answer_start': 230}
|
117,521 | 117,179 |
5730aa008ab72b1400f9c63e
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generic
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By the time of the Uruk period (c. 4100–2900 BC calibrated), the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large, stratified, temple-centered cities (with populations of over 10,000 people) where centralized administrations employed specialized workers. It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labor captured from the hill country, and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts. Artifacts, and even colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a wide area—from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and as far east as central Iran.
|
What have been found as far east as central Iran?
|
{'text': 'Artifacts', 'answer_start': 551}
|
67,308 | 66,966 |
5726ad34dd62a815002e8ca9
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The rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically "soft" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by the armature interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either PMs or another winding a field coil, as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft. The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns, keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field, so that the rotor never stops (like a compass needle does), but rather keeps rotating as long as power is applied.
|
What rotates the motor shaft?
|
{'text': 'force between the two magnetic fields', 'answer_start': 437}
|
69,913 | 69,571 |
5ace652832bba1001ae4a589
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While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:
|
Who believe existance required sensory data input?
|
{'text': 'Avicenna', 'answer_start': 241}
|
121,697 | 121,355 |
5a77a8f1b73996001af5a4d8
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Although the initial focus of the humanist scholars in the university was the discovery, exposition and insertion of ancient texts and languages into the university, and the ideas of those texts into society generally, their influence was ultimately quite progressive. The emergence of classical texts brought new ideas and led to a more creative university climate (as the notable list of scholars above attests to). A focus on knowledge coming from self, from the human, has a direct implication for new forms of scholarship and instruction, and was the foundation for what is commonly known as the humanities. This disposition toward knowledge manifested in not simply the translation and propagation of ancient texts, but also their adaptation and expansion. For instance, Vesalius was imperative for advocating the use of Galen, but he also invigorated this text with experimentation, disagreements and further research. The propagation of these texts, especially within the universities, was greatly aided by the emergence of the printing press and the beginning of the use of the vernacular, which allowed for the printing of relatively large texts at reasonable prices.
|
What spread the use of texts by Vesalius within universities?
|
{'text': 'the printing press', 'answer_start': 1032}
|
6,925 | 6,583 |
56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b7
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In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.
|
What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?
|
{'text': 'wolf', 'answer_start': 372}
|
85,185 | 84,843 |
572814644b864d19001643ff
|
generic
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The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20–30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period.
|
Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?
|
{'text': '20–30 minutes one-way', 'answer_start': 614}
|
49,479 | 49,137 |
5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef3
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generic
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In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother. To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble. In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, the Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. Appalled, Albert travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years. Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".
|
During which year did Victoria's mother die?
|
{'text': '1861', 'answer_start': 9}
|
39,737 | 39,395 |
570c46e9fed7b91900d4581e
|
generic
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Melbourne (/ˈmɛlbərn/, AU i/ˈmɛlbən/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name "Melbourne" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.
|
What is the population of Melbourne?
|
{'text': '4,347,955 as of 2013', 'answer_start': 667}
|
77,958 | 77,616 |
5a5e44e15bc9f4001a75aeab
|
generic
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In Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of "personal god", unlike Samkhya. The epistemology of the Yoga school, like the Sāmkhya school, relies on three of six prāmaṇas as the means of gaining reliable knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference) and śabda (āptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources).
|
What does Yoga mean?
|
{'text': 'personal god', 'answer_start': 326}
|
40,486 | 40,144 |
5ad566455b96ef001a10add7
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generic
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From 2001 to 2008, Mac sales increased continuously on an annual basis. Apple reported worldwide sales of 3.36 million Macs during the 2009 holiday season. As of Mid-2011, the Macintosh continues to enjoy rapid market share increase in the US, growing from 7.3% of all computer shipments in 2010 to 9.3% in 2011. According to IDC's quarterly PC tracker, globally, in 3rd quarter of 2014, Apple's PC market share increased 5.7 percent year over year, with record sales of 5.5 million units. Apple now sits in the number five spot, with a global market share of about 6% during 2014, behind Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer.
|
What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2000?
|
{'text': '7.3%', 'answer_start': 257}
|
6,208 | 5,866 |
56d36ce959d6e4140014635e
|
generic
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In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.
|
How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol?
|
{'text': 'ten', 'answer_start': 173}
|
22,321 | 21,979 |
56f731b83d8e2e1400e37430
|
generic
|
The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period, which includes Medieval (500–1400) and Renaissance (1400–1600) eras, and the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1830) and Romantic (1804–1910) eras. Since 1900, classical periods have been reckoned more by calendar century than by particular stylistic movements that have become fragmented and difficult to define. The 20th century calendar period (1901–2000) includes most of the early modern musical era (1890–1930), the entire high modern (mid 20th-century), and the first 25 years of the contemporary or postmodern musical era (1975–current). The 21st century has so far been characterized by a continuation of the contemporary/postmodern musical era.
|
What period was from 500-1400?
|
{'text': 'Medieval', 'answer_start': 98}
|
99,626 | 99,284 |
572b3f4734ae481900dead45
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generic
|
Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations. This misses some key discussion concerning conditions under which such "groups of permanent possibilities of sensation" might exist in the first place. Berkeley put God in that gap; the phenomenalists, including Mill, essentially left the question unanswered. In the end, lacking an acknowledgement of an aspect of "reality" that goes beyond mere "possibilities of sensation", such a position leads to a version of subjective idealism. Questions of how floor beams continue to support a floor while unobserved, how trees continue to grow while unobserved and untouched by human hands, etc., remain unanswered, and perhaps unanswerable in these terms. Secondly, Mill's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all". Thirdly, Mill's position, by calling mathematics merely another species of inductive inference, misapprehends mathematics. It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.
|
What did Mill say knowledge comes from?
|
{'text': 'an inductive inference from direct experience', 'answer_start': 89}
|
94,601 | 94,259 |
5a74e55542eae6001a389b21
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generic
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The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.
|
How many words does Latin have for painting?
|
{'text': 'ten', 'answer_start': 487}
|
88,800 | 88,458 |
5a3ca628cc5d22001a521e4a
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generic
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Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God, while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, their ostensible free will might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.
|
What were philosophical debates about among free agents?
|
{'text': "God's omniscience", 'answer_start': 256}
|
107,222 | 106,880 |
5a7b853f21c2de001afea0f6
|
generic
|
Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like "MPF" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts of other naming schemes, for example a PN2222A is a (possibly Fairchild Semiconductor) 2N2222A in a plastic case (but a PN108 is a plastic version of a BC108, not a 2N108, while the PN100 is unrelated to other xx100 devices).
|
What manufacturer creates the most devices?
|
{'text': 'Motorola', 'answer_start': 206}
|
53,980 | 53,638 |
57260a8fec44d21400f3d82b
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generic
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Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and—by agreement with the United States—occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered. By 1948, two separate governments had been set up. Both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. On that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83: Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation and dispatch of the UN Forces in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel.
|
What nation ruled Korea in 1910?
|
{'text': 'Japan', 'answer_start': 261}
|
93,917 | 93,575 |
572974216aef051400154f15
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generic
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The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons, equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e. It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current. In practice, it is measured in conventional electrical units, and so given the symbol F90. Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.
|
How is the Faraday constant determined?
|
{'text': 'by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current.', 'answer_start': 157}
|
63,377 | 63,035 |
5a711df70efcfe001a8afd53
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generic
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Some evidence shows that alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of chemicals. For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction in crops.[unreliable source?] In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65% and experienced a 15% crop increase.[unreliable source?] A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not appearing until the third season of the study.
|
What kind of crops were studied in Sweden?
|
{'text': 'Maize fields', 'answer_start': 350}
|
112,823 | 112,481 |
5732388ae99e3014001e659b
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generic
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Ozawa's "Northern Force" had four aircraft carriers, two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers, three cruisers and nine destroyers. The carriers had only 108 planes. The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16:40 on 24 October. At 20:00 Toyoda ordered all remaining Japanese forces to attack. Halsey saw an opportunity to destroy the remnants of the Japanese carrier force. The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable – nine large carriers, eight light carriers, six battleships, 17 cruisers, 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes – and completely outgunned Ozawa's force. Halsey's ships set out in pursuit of Ozawa just after midnight. U.S. commanders ignored reports that Kurita had turned back towards San Bernardino Strait. They had taken the bait set by Ozawa. On the morning of 25 October Ozawa launched 75 planes. Most were shot down by U.S. fighter patrols. By 08:00 U.S. fighters had destroyed the screen of Japanese fighters and were hitting ships. By evening, they had sunk the carriers Zuikaku, Zuihō, and Chiyoda, and a destroyer. The fourth carrier, Chitose, and a cruiser were disabled and later sank.
|
How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?
|
{'text': '63', 'answer_start': 502}
|
103,527 | 103,185 |
5aceb4fb32bba1001ae4b0ea
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generic
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Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close—in conjunction—to Jupiter in the night sky; hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. At his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day. This apparent backward motion is created when Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet. Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope. In July 2009, University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the 'star' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars.
|
Who proved that the the star Galileo observed was fixed?
|
{'text': 'David Jamieson', 'answer_start': 845}
|
69,418 | 69,076 |
5a7d0f8a70df9f001a874f48
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generic
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As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.
|
Who collected songs as poems from West Asia?
|
{'text': 'Chinese aristocracy', 'answer_start': 710}
|
49,072 | 48,730 |
571b074c9499d21900609be5
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generic
|
In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery. A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants.
|
How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?
|
{'text': 'half', 'answer_start': 538}
|
7,277 | 6,935 |
56d9c243dc89441400fdb7aa
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generic
|
Wolves, and their dog descendants, would have derived significant benefits from living in human camps—more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes.
|
What would wolves have gotten from living with humans?
|
{'text': 'significant benefits', 'answer_start': 54}
|
34,989 | 34,647 |
570a807e6d058f1900182ed2
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generic
|
On matchdays, in a tradition going back to 1962, players walk out to the theme tune to Z-Cars, named "Johnny Todd", a traditional Liverpool children's song collected in 1890 by Frank Kidson which tells the story of a sailor betrayed by his lover while away at sea, although on two separate occasions in the 1994, they ran out to different songs. In August 1994, the club played 2 Unlimited's song "Get Ready For This", and a month later, a reworking of the Creedence Clearwater Revival classic "Bad Moon Rising". Both were met with complete disapproval by Everton fans.
|
What song did the Everton club replace its player walkout theme with in August 1994?
|
{'text': 'Get Ready For This', 'answer_start': 398}
|
48,778 | 48,436 |
5acf7f9177cf76001a684fcc
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generic
|
According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca. Muhammad descended from Abd Manāf via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the Quraish). However Muslim Shia historians suspect that Umayya was an adopted son of Abd Shams so he was not a blood relative of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai. Umayya was later discarded from the noble family. Sunni historians disagree with this and view Shia claims as nothing more than outright polemics due to their hostility to the Umayyad family in general. They point to the fact that the grand sons of Uthman, Zaid bin amr bin uthman bin affan and Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman got married to the Sukaina and Fatima the daughters of Hussein son of Ali to show closeness of Banu hashem and Bani Ummayah.
|
Which historians agree with the Muslim Shia historians?
|
{'text': 'Sunni', 'answer_start': 691}
|
119,511 | 119,169 |
57314ace05b4da19006bcfe5
|
generic
|
LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage reference in electronic circuits. The forward voltage drop (e.g. about 1.7 V for a normal red LED) can be used instead of a Zener diode in low-voltage regulators. Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee. Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve and are useless for this purpose. Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode, Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available.
|
LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode?
|
{'text': 'Zener', 'answer_start': 418}
|
30,282 | 29,940 |
570646b852bb8914006899be
|
generic
|
Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed]
|
A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?
|
{'text': 'temporary', 'answer_start': 135}
|
24,369 | 24,027 |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b3
|
generic
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The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility's Commonwealth because the king was elected by all interested members of hereditary nobility and Poland was considered to be the property of this class, not of the king or the ruling dynasty. This state of affairs grew up in part because of the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty (first the Piasts, then the Jagiellons), and the selection by the nobility of the Polish king from among the dynasty's female-line descendants.
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The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom?
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{'text': "dynasty's female-line descendants.", 'answer_start': 739}
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113,220 | 112,878 |
5ad4d5565b96ef001a10a26e
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generic
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San Diego hosts several major producers of wireless cellular technology. Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego, and is one of the largest private-sector employers in San Diego. Other wireless industry manufacturers headquartered here include Nokia, LG Electronics, Kyocera International., Cricket Communications and Novatel Wireless. The largest software company in San Diego is security software company Websense Inc. San Diego also has the U.S. headquarters for the Slovakian security company ESET. San Diego has been designated as an iHub Innovation Center for collaboration potentially between wireless and life sciences.
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What sector does SEET fall under?
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{'text': 'security', 'answer_start': 495}
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15,798 | 15,456 |
5acd1c7207355d001abf3575
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generic
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Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.
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How would you measure voiced aspiration?
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{'text': "by noting the consonant's voice-onset time", 'answer_start': 320}
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127,147 | 126,805 |
5a69525a5ce1a5001a9695b6
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generic
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Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
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When was the phrase "prisoners of war" first used?
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{'text': 'Genocide', 'answer_start': 0}
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134 | 134 |
138413
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pubqa
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An increased number of suspected outbreaks of gastroenteritis linked to bathing water were reported to the Finnish food- and waterborne outbreak (FWO) registry in July and August 2014. The investigation reports were assessed by a national outbreak investigation panel. Eight confirmed outbreaks were identified among the 15 suspected outbreaks linked to bathing water that had been reported to the FWO registry. According to the outbreak investigation reports, 1,453 persons fell ill during these outbreaks. Epidemiological and microbiological data revealed noroviruses as the main causative agents. During the outbreaks, exceptionally warm weather had boosted the use of beaches. Six of eight outbreaks occurred at small lakes; for those, the investigation strongly suggested that the beach users were the source of contamination. In one of those eight outbreaks, an external source of contamination was identified and elevated levels of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were noted in water. In the remaining outbreaks, FIB analyses were insufficient to describe the hygienic quality of the water. Restrictions against bathing proved effective in controlling the outbreaks. In spring 2015, the National Institute for Health and Welfare(THL)and the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira) published guidelines for outbreak control to prevent bathing water outbreaks. In July 2014, THL received primary information on several suspected outbreaks linked to bathing water via the media, while no notifications were reported to the FWO registry. This resulted in direct contacts with the health authorities, and a reminder about notifying outbreaks related to bathing water was posted in a THL Infectious Disease Bulletin sent to the municipal health authorities. The message was also distributed to municipal environmental authorities by the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira). Following these reminders, several notifications were reported to the FWO registry. We identified outbreaks caused by bathing water from the FWO registry for 2014 and reviewed the epidemiological and microbio- logical data in order to assess and compile guidelines for outbreak control to prevent similar outbreaks in the future. Methods Epidemiological investigation We reviewed outbreak notifications and investigation reports from the FWO registry for 2014. Outbreaks with a suspected link to bathing water were included in this study. We evaluated the strength of association for waterborne outbreaks based on classification criteria (Table 1) modified from those presented by Tillett et al. [12] and on information collected from local investigation reports (i.e. time and place of swimming, number of ill persons, clinical and microbiological findings). Microbiological investigation Description of the laboratories and their roles Analyses of enteric virus were carried out in four laboratories. Clinical samples were analysed at the Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and/or at the Viral Infection Unit of the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). Water samples were analysed either at the Water and Health Unit of the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) or at the Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki (UH). Surface samples were analysed at the UH. Pathogenic bacteria, faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and water temperature analyses were conducted in local clinical and/or environmental laboratories. Clinical samples Viruses were analysed in patients stools for seven out- breaks. At the HUSLAB laboratory, noroviruses were analysed according to Kanerva et al. [13]. For astrovi- ruses, viral RNA was extracted from a 10% suspension of the stool using MagNa Pure LC (Roche, Germany). After RT-PCR, the amplified DNA was detected by liquid hybridisation using an astrovirus-specific probe [14]. At the THL laboratory, norovirus RNAs were extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) and the polymerase/capsid gene junction was amplified as pre- viously described [14]. Genotyping analysis was done for several norovirus isolates at the THL laboratory. Viral RNA was amplified in polymerase region A using a one-step RT-PCR kit (Qiagen) according to Vinj et al. [15]. Sequences were analysed using Geneious soft- ware. NoroNet online software was used for genotyp- ing. For three outbreaks, stool specimens were tested for pathogenic bacteria (Campylobacter,Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia) by routine methods [16]. Water samples At the THL laboratory, noroviruses and adenoviruses were concentrated from 0.52 L water samples as Table1 Classification criteria used for evaluating the strength of association for waterborne outbreaks, Finland, 2014 A: Same pathogen identified in patients and in the environment B: Water quality failure or other deviation in the quality of environment C: Association between illness and environment shown in analytical epidemiological investigation D: Descriptive epidemiological investigation suggests that the outbreak is related to the environment and excludes other obvious exposures Strong association: A + C or A + D or B + C. Probable association: B + D or C or A. Possible association: B or D. Criteria modified from Tillett et al. [12]. 3 www.eurosurveillance.org previously described [17] and using glass fibre pre- filters (Millipore). Viral nucleic acids were extracted and detected using RT-qPCR and qPCR methods, as previously described [18,19], with the exception of using Taqman Environmental Master Mix 2.0 (Life Technologies) in the adenovirus qPCR. At the UH laboratory, noroviruses and adenoviruses were concentrated by using membrane disks HA and Nanoceram to filter a total volume of 4.5 L of water. When necessary, a prefilter (Waterra) was used, oth- erwise the protocol was as described in Maunula et al. [14]. As a modification, Taqman primerprobe sets were applied as published in ISO/TS 152162 [20] for norovirus GI and GII. Mengovirus was added as a pro- cess control. MPN of E. coli and CFU of intestinal enterococci were analysed according to standards ISO 93082 and ISO 78992, respectively [21,22]. Surface samples In outbreak IV, 10 environmental swabs were taken from the toilet facilities (toilets for females, toilets for males and two latrines). Swabs taken from taps, door handles and toilet seats were analysed for noroviruses according to Rnnqvist et al. using nucleic acid detec- tion by RT-qPCR [23]. For adenovirus investigation, a primerprobe set from Jothikumar et al. was included [24]. Statistical analyses The statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 22 software for Windows. The related samples Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test the significance of temperature and FIB analyses, while comparing the outbreak samples with frequent-monitoring samples collected during the summer. Differences were consid- ered significant if the p value was < 0.05. Results Review of the outbreak notifications and investigation reports In 2014, 15 outbreaks suspected to be caused by bath- ing water were reported to the FWO registry. We identi- fied eight outbreaks in which an association between bathing water and the illness could be confirmed based on classification criteria (Table 1). These out- breaks occurred on public beaches in different parts of Finland in July and August, 2014 (Table 2; Table 3). Six of eight confirmed outbreaks occurred at rather small lakes or ponds (< 141 ha) and eight of 13 beaches were categorised as large public beaches with more than 100 bathers per day (Table 2). According to the BWD classification criteria based on the last four bathing seasons, all these large public beaches were classified as excellent, except for one beach that was opened in 2012 and therefore did not have data for classification. Restrictions against bathing were set for each beach (Table 2). The length of these restrictions varied from 2 days to more than 3 weeks and for one beach, the advice against bathing was set for the rest of the bathing season. Seven of eight outbreaks occurred at inland lakes where no clear source of contamination was identified according to the bathing water profiles and/or outbreak investigation reports, although for five of these outbreaks at inland lakes, non-specific quality deviations were reported (Table 3). In the one Table2 Description of beaches with outbreaks linked to recreational water, Finland, summer 2014 (n = 13) Outbreak Type Size (ha) Category Estimated number of bathers/day EU BWD classification (2014)a Estimated outbreak start time Restriction against bathing I Lake 2,420 Small < 100 NA 26 July 16 August II Lake 2.9 Large 150500 Excellent 25 July 29 July21 August IIIb Lake 5.5141 2/6 small 4/6 large < 100 > 100 NA Excellent 2427 July 28 July12 August IV Lake 16.6 Large 1002,000 Excellent 24 July 31 July31 August (until the end of the bathing season) V Lake 9.7 Small < 100 NA 3 August 1522 August VI Lake 71.1 Large 150 Excellent 5 August 1121 August VII Sea 393,00,000 Small < 100 NA NK 1315 August and 19 August9 September VIII Lake/pond 0.8 Large 1,000 NAc 27 July 621 August EU BWD: European Unions Bathing Water Directive [5]; NA: not available; NK: not known. a Based on frequent monitoring during the last four bathing seasons [5]. b Combined results from six beaches. c New beach, no classification. 4 www.eurosurveillance.org coastal sea water outbreak, a wastewater overflow was identified as a potential source of contamination. According to the outbreak investigation reports, 1,453 persons fell ill in these outbreaks (Table 3). The most common symptoms were vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pain, and fever. Information on the incubation period was available for four outbreaks, the median incuba- tion period ranging from 20 to 62 hours. The dura- tion of illness was reported for five outbreaks, with a median ranging from 19 to 60 hours. None of the patients required hospital care. Patient samples were collected in seven outbreaks and tested for gastrointestinal pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Several types of norovirus were identified, with norovirus GI.2 detected in three outbreaks (Table 3). In addition, norovirus GI.4, GII.2 and GII.4 were detected in patient samples. In one patient, astrovirus was identified. According to outbreak investigation reports, pathogenic bacteria were analyzed in three investigations (outbreaks III, IV and VIII). Campylobacter was found in one patient (outbreak III). Salmonella, Shigella or Yersinia spp. were not found in any of the specimens tested. Water samples were collected for noro- and adenovi- rus analyses in seven outbreaks, and noro- and/or adenoviruses were detected in the samples from three outbreaks (Table 3). In the remaining outbreak, these analyses were not requested by the municipal health protection authority. FIB were analysed from water in all outbreaks. In addition, water quality monitoring was carried out at every beach according to EU BWD and national regulations. Elevated levels of both FIB were found in two of the outbreaks (VII and VIII; Table 4), but only in outbreak VII did the number of E. coli exceed the limit for management actions, with maximum con- centrations of 1,100 and 190 CFU/100 mL for E. coli and enterococci, respectively. Elevated levels of ente- rococci were also noted in outbreak I. In the remain- ing outbreaks, the levels of FIB were low. Overall, no statistical difference in the levels of E. coli (p = 0.8) or enterococci (p = 0.086) were noted between the out- break samples (n = 14) and the frequent-monitoring samples (n = 42), excluding the samples from outbreak VII, where a clear contamination source was noted. At one outbreak (IV), 10 surface samples from the toi- let area were analysed, and norovirus GII was found on the tap of the womens toilet. Adenoviruses were not detected in the surface samples. Water temperature During the outbreak period, exceptionally warm weather raised the temperature of the bathing water by several degrees (Table 4). The average tempera- ture of the bathing water samples collected during the outbreaks was 24.3 1.3 C (n = 16), while the average temperature of other frequent-monitoring samples col- lected at these beaches in summer 2014 (2 June to 26 August) was 19.4 3.6 C (n = 47; p = 0.002). Table3 Strength of association for waterborne outbreaks, number of patients, virological findings and observed quality deviations, Finland, summer 2014 (n = 1,453 patients) Outbreak Strength of associationa No. of patients Viruses found in patients No. of virus findings per water samples tested Viruses found in water Observed quality deviation I Possible (D) 40 NA 0/1 ND Not observed II Probable (A + B) 85 Norovirus GI.2 2/4 Adenovirus, norovirus GI Untidy toilets IIIb Strong (B + C) 819b 1,093c Norovirus GI.2, GI.4, GII.2 0/3 ND Untidy toilets, defecation in water IV Strong (A + B + D) 185 Norovirus GII 0/1 ND Untidy toilets V Probable (A) 4 Norovirus GI.2 and GII.4 1/2 Norovirus GII Not observed VI Possible (B) 17 Norovirus (not typed) 0/2 ND Untidy toilets, used nappies in water VII Possible (B) 2 Norovirus GI NA NA Wastewater overflow VIII Possible (B) 27 Astrovirus 1/3 Adenovirus Faeces on the dock NA: not analysed; ND: not detected. a Letters refer to classification criteria detailed in Table 1. b Combined results from six beaches that were investigated in detail. c Total number from all 32 suspected beaches from which the local health authority received notifications of illness. 5 www.eurosurveillance.org Discussion In 2014, an increased number of suspected outbreaks linked to bathing water were reported to the Finnish FWO registry. Reminders about the need to notify outbreaks borne by bathing water were sent to the municipal authorities and probably triggered the fol- lowing notifications seeing as only one outbreak linked to bathing water had been reported during the period 2012 to 2013. In addition, the publicity around out- breaks in 2014 probably made the beach users more alert so that they reported their suspicions of bath- ing water-related sickness to the health authorities. Generally, it could be difficult to attribute individually reported gastroenteritis cases to a particular bathing activity and therefore these outbreaks may remain undocumented. Nearly 1,500 persons fell ill during the outbreaks linked to bathing water in 2014. Although the exact number of people visiting the beaches was not known, some municipal investigation reports estimated that hun- dreds to thousands of persons per day had been swim- ming at each beach during the outbreak period before restrictions against bathing were set. In the summer of 2014, the period of continuous hot weather in Finland, with temperatures of more than 25 C, was exception- ally long and lasted for 38 days [25]. Because of this heatwave, it is likely that more people than usual were visiting the beaches and spent more time in the water. A previous study noted a positive correlation between the number of days with temperatures over 25 C and the number of outbreaks per bathing season [26]. Some investigation reports also stated that the toilets at the beaches were untidy, rubbish bins were overloaded, and used nappies were floating in the water, indicating overcrowded conditions. In 2015, no outbreaks linked to bathing water were reported. This was probably due in part to the weather conditions, namely 3 days with temperatures over 25 C in July 2015, compared with 26 such days in July 2014. In Helsinki, the average tem- perature and precipitation in July differed considerably between 2015 and 2014 (16.2 C/76.1 mm vs 20 C/12.5 mm) [27]. Most of the beaches were small, suggesting that the volume of users exceeded the self-cleaning capacity of the beach. For example, the volume of the smallest lake (outbreak VIII) is 20,800 m3. In theory, if a single infected person excreted large numbers of noroviruses (up to 1011 genomic copies/g) [28], and if these viruses were evenly diluted in the total volume of the lake, 1 g of faeces would result in a virus concentration of nearly 5,000 genomic copies/L. Considering the low infectious dose of norovirus (as few as 18 virus particles) [29] and the average ingestion of water while swimming (37 mL and 16 mL for children and adults, respectively, per Table4 Levels of faecal indicator bacteria and water temperature in outbreak samples (n = 17) and frequent-monitoring samples (n = 47), Finland, summer 2014 Outbreak No. of analysed water samples Escherichia coli MPN/100 mL Intestinal enterococci CFU/100 mL Temperature C I Outbreak samples Monitoring samples 1 3 6 8 6 190 4 2 25.7 22.1 3.3 II Outbreak samples Monitoring samples 2 6 39 26 72 72 9 8 6 4 25.0 1.4 20.5 4.4 IIIa Outbreak samples Monitoring samples 5 18 14 10 19 4 3 3 15 22 25.2 0 19.0 3.8 IV Outbreak samples Monitoring samples 1 4 9 3 3 7 1 2 24.0 19.8 4.2 V Outbreak samples Monitoring samples 1 2 12 34 47 22 6 8 24.0 19.3 2.5 VI Outbreak samples Monitoring samples 2 4 4 1 1 0 3 2 1 1 23.0 0 17.5 3.7 VII Outbreak samples Monitoring samples 3 5 670 580 2 4 110 98 4 4 22.3 1b 20.2 3.5 VIII Outbreak samples Monitoring samples 2 5 130 120 17 5 48 46 8 7 23.9 1 18.1 2.2 CFU: colony-forming units; MPN: most probable number. a Combined results from the five beaches for which indicator bacteria were analysed. b Average from n = 2 samples. 6 www.eurosurveillance.org 45 min swimming session [30]), it is obvious that the bathing water at this particular beach would have the potential to cause a considerable number of infections. Norovirus was detected in ill persons in most of the out- breaks. The symptoms reported by municipal authori- ties fit the clinical picture of a norovirus illness [31]. In three outbreaks, norovirus GI.2 was identified. In addi- tion, also GI.4, GII.2 and GII.4 were detected in patient samples. The prevalence of GI in these outbreaks is consistent with the observation that GI genotypes are more frequently involved in food- or waterborne out- breaks than GII, which could imply that GI is more sta- ble in the environment [32,33]. Genotype GII.4 is the most common genotype causing infections in humans and is more likely to be associated with person-to-per- son transmission [34]. In two outbreaks, norovirus GI and GII were found in bathing water and in one outbreak, GII was determined in a swab taken from the tap of the toilet, but the num- ber of particles obtained was too small to allow typ- ing of these viruses. Therefore, an exact comparison between patient and water samples could not be car- ried out. In two outbreaks, adenovirus was found in water. Adenoviruses are commonly found in human wastewater and owing to their high stability in aqueous environments, they are recognised as good viral indi- cators of human sewage pollution [19,35,36]. Moreover, adenoviruses can spread via contaminated water and they have been linked to waterborne outbreaks [14,37,38]. Since adenoviruses most often result in subclinical disease, and symptomatic infections tend to be mild and self-resolving, most infections remain undocumented [39]. In the outbreaks of this study, no adenoviruses were identified in ill persons. In Finland, the hygienic quality of the bathing water is evaluated according to BWD and national regulations [3-5]. According to Finnish legislation, the minimum number of bathing water samples to be taken during a bathing season is three for small public beaches and four for large public beaches. The legislation con- tains rules how to monitor and manage bathing waters, indicates microbiological threshold values, regulates measures to be taken when bathing water fails to meet the quality and requires the dissemination of informa- tion about bathing water quality. In Finland, the concen- trations of FIB in bathing water are typically very low; 70% of the E. coli and 58% of the intestinal enterococci concentrations were < 10 CFU or MPN/100 mL in bathing water samples collected from all large public beaches (n = 302) during the seasons from 2013 to 2015 (data not shown). In this study, the microbiological thresh- old for management actions was exceeded only in one of eight outbreaks. For this outbreak, a clear external contamination source was identified as 2,0003,000 m3 of raw wastewater had overflowed near the bath- ing site. In the other outbreaks, the levels of FIB were low and the bathing water quality was classified as excellent according to the BWD criteria. The sources of contamination in these outbreaks were most probably the bathers and other beach users. This suggestion is supported by the observed pollution of the beach environment. The poor indicator value of FIB in these outbreaks raises questions about the current practices for assessing bathing water quality. This finding is consistent with a recent study showing high prevalence of adenovi- ruses (75%) in bathing water samples, which neverthe- less complied with the regulations for recreational use [40]. Moreover, Boehm et al. reviewed the lack of cor- relation between FIB and human pathogen concentra- tions and between FIB and human health, especially in recreational areas of non-point-source contamination [41]. It is also widely known that pathogenic microbes, especially enteric viruses, survive substantially bet- ter than the currently used FIB in water environments. Therefore, new candidates, such as Clostridium per- fringens, coliphages, Bacteroides and human enteric viruses as well as new genomic approaches, e.g. metagenomics, have been proposed for water quality assessment [41-43]. However, during the summer, the higher temperature of bathing water and the increased amount of ultraviolet light have a negative impact on microbe survival. In this study, noro- and adenoviruses in outbreak II were detected in the water on at least six days but fewer than 12 days. These relatively short contamination episodes may remain undetected with routine FIB sampling. In most of the outbreaks, the quality of bathing water was questioned only after people visiting the beaches fell ill, and restrictions against bathing were set for the beaches only then. The length of the restrictions was determined according to the results of water analyses and proved effective in con- trolling of the outbreaks. Investigation reports of outbreaks linked to bathing water were assessed by a panel that included experts from THL, Valvira and UH. By using agreed criteria, reports can be assessed more consistently over time [12]. When the same pathogen has been identified in patients and in the beach environment, results from the analytical epidemiological study point towards a certain source and water quality failures have been detected, outbreaks are often easy to categorise. More discussion in the panel will be needed on the relation between illness and the beach environment when pol- lution of the beach is mentioned but no obvious other exposures are described in outbreak reports. In this study, eight outbreaks were identified among the 15 outbreaks suspected to be caused by bathing water that were reported to the FWO registry. Four outbreaks were classified as having a strong or probable associa- tion with the beach environment, and four as having a possible association. Analytical epidemiological inves- tigations were lacking in all but one investigation, indi- cating that more training and practical experience in analytical epidemiology may be needed in the munici- pal outbreak investigation groups. 7 www.eurosurveillance.org Because of an increase in the number of bathing water outbreaks in the summer of 2014, THL and Valvira pub- lished guidelines for outbreak control in spring 2015 to prevent bathing water outbreaks. If, based on the labo- ratory or epidemiological findings, the water is consid- ered to be contaminated, visitors should be informed about a bathing prohibition or advice against bath- ing should be posted by means of the international symbols presented in the Commission Implementing Decision (2011/321/EU) [44]. To prevent outbreaks, rooms intended for washing and dressing as well as toilets at the beach should be kept clean, and soap, hand towels and toilet paper should be available. Visitors should be encouraged to wash their hands or use freshen-up towels. Nappies should not be changed and the babies bottoms should not be washed in the bathing water, and people with gastrointestinal illness should avoid swimming. In the case of an outbreak suspicion, municipal authorities should notify the FWO registry and an outbreak investigation, including epi- demiological and microbiological analyses, should be initiated. Acknowledgements Appreciation is given to the municipal health authorities for their investigations and assistance. We acknowledge the help of the personnel at the National Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Helsinki. The research at THL was partly supported by the personal research grant to Ari Kauppinen from the Doctoral School of the University of Eastern Finland. The research at UH was partly supported by EU project Aquavalens (311846). Conflict of interest None declared. Authors contributions Ari Kauppinen, Haider Al-Hello, Outi Zacheus, Jaana Kilponen, Leena Maunula, Sari Huusko, Ilkka Miettinen, Soile Blomqvist and Ruska Rimhanen-Finne participated in the national outbreak evaluation panel and the design of the study. Ruska Rimhanen-Finne coordinated the national panel. Ari Kauppinen was responsible for performing the data analyses and virus analyses from water performed at THL. Haider Al-Hello, Soile Blomqvist and Maija Lappalainen were responsible for analysing viruses from patient samples. Leena Maunula was responsible for analysing viruses from the water and environmental samples performed at UH. Ari Kauppinen and Ruska Rimhanen-Finne drafted the manu- script. All authors were involved in the preparation and re- view of the manuscript and approved the final version. References 1. Zacheus O, Miettinen IT. Increased information on waterborne outbreaks through efficient notification system enforces actions towards safe drinking water.J Water Health. 2011;9(4):763-72. DOI: 10.2166/wh.2011.021 PMID: 22048435 2. Finnish Decree. Valtioneuvoston asetus elintarvikkeiden ja veden vlityksell levivien epidemioiden selvittmisest. [Government Decree concerning the follow-up and reporting of food- and waterborne outbreaks]. Document no. 1365/2011. Helsinki: Finlex database; 2011. Finnish. Available from: http:// www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2011/20111365 3. Finnish Decree. Sosiaali- ja terveysministerin asetus yleisten uimarantojen uimaveden laatuvaatimuksista ja valvonnasta. [Decree of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health concerning the quality requirements and surveillance of bathing water in public beaches]. Document no. 177/2008. Helsinki: Finlex database; 2008. Finnish. Available from: http://www.finlex.fi/ fi/laki/alkup/2008/20080177 4. Finnish Decree. Sosiaali- ja terveysministerin asetus pienten yleisten uimarantojen uimaveden laatuvaatimuksista ja valvonnasta. [Decree of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health concerning the quality requirements and surveillance of bathing water in small public beaches]. Document no. 354/2008. Helsinki: Finlex database; 2008. Finnish. Available from: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2008/20080354 5. European Union. Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC. Off J Eur Union. 2006;L64:37-51. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32006L0007 6. Shuval H. Estimating the global burden of thalassogenic diseases: human infectious diseases caused by wastewater pollution of the marine environment.J Water Health. 2003;1(2):53-64.PMID: 15382734 7. Gibson KE. Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies.Curr Opin Virol. 2014;4:50-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005 PMID: 24440908 8. Hoebe CJ, Vennema H, de Roda Husman AM, van Duynhoven YT. Norovirus outbreak among primary schoolchildren who had played in a recreational water fountain.J Infect Dis. 2004;189(4):699-705. DOI: 10.1086/381534 PMID: 14767824 9. Maunula L, Kalso S, Von Bonsdorff CH, Pnk A. Wading pool water contaminated with both noroviruses and astroviruses as the source of a gastroenteritis outbreak.Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132(4):737-43. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268804002249 PMID: 15310176 10. Zlot A, Simckes M, Vines J, Reynolds L, Sullivan A, Scott AK, et al. Norovirus outbreak associated with a natural lake used for recreation - Oregon, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(18):485-90.PMID: 25974632 11. Sinclair RG, Jones EL, Gerba CP. Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: a review.J Appl Microbiol. 2009;107(6):1769-80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04367.x PMID: 19486213 12. Tillett HE, de Louvois J, Wall PG. Surveillance of outbreaks of waterborne infectious disease: categorizing levels of evidence.Epidemiol Infect. 1998;120(1):37-42. DOI: 10.1017/ S0950268897008431 PMID: 9528816 13. Kanerva M, Maunula L, Lappalainen M, Mannonen L, von Bonsdorff CH, Anttila VJ. Prolonged norovirus outbreak in a Finnish tertiary care hospital caused by GII.4-2006b subvariants.J Hosp Infect. 2009;71(3):206-13. DOI: 10.1016/j. jhin.2008.11.016 PMID: 19157648 14. Maunula L, Klemola P, Kauppinen A, Soderberg K, Nguyen T, Pitknen T, et al. Enteric viruses in a large waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Finland. Food Environ Virol. 2009;1(1):31-6. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-008-9004-3 15. Vinj J, Hamidjaja RA, Sobsey MD. Development and application of a capsid VP1 (region D) based reverse transcription PCR assay for genotyping of genogroup I and II noroviruses.J Virol Methods. 2004;116(2):109-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.11.001 PMID: 14738976 16. Humphries RM, Linscott AJ. Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(1):3-31. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00073-14 PMID: 25567220 17. Jalava K, Rintala H, Ollgren J, Maunula L, Gomez-Alvarez V, Revez J, et al. Novel microbiological and spatial statistical methods to improve strength of epidemiological evidence in a community-wide waterborne outbreak. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104713. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104713 PMID: 25147923 18. Kauppinen A, Ikonen J, Pursiainen A, Pitknen T, Miettinen IT. Decontamination of a drinking water pipeline system contaminated with adenovirus and Escherichia coli utilizing peracetic acid and chlorine.J Water Health. 2012;10(3):406-18. DOI: 10.2166/wh.2012.003 PMID: 22960485 19. Kauppinen A, Martikainen K, Matikka V, Veijalainen A-M, Pitknen T, Heinonen-Tanski H, et al. Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate. J Environ Manage. 2014;133:206-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.008 PMID: 24384282 8 www.eurosurveillance.org 20. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO/TS 15216-1. Microbiology of food and animal feed - Horizontal method for determination of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food using real-time RT-PCR - Part 1: Method for quantification. Geneva: ISO; 2013. Available from: http://www.iso.org/iso/ catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=55382 21. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 9308- 2. Water quality -- Enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria -- Part 2: Most probable number method. Geneva: ISO; 2012. Available from: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/ catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52246 22. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 7899- 2. Water quality -- Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci -- Part 2: Membrane filtration method. Geneva: ISO; 2000. Geneva, Switzerland. Available from: http://www. iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=14854 23. Rnnqvist M, Rtt M, Tuominen P, Salo S, Maunula L. Swabs as a tool for monitoring the presence of norovirus on environmental surfaces in the food industry.J Food Prot. 2013;76(8):1421-8. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-371 PMID: 23905799 24. Jothikumar N, Cromeans TL, Hill VR, Lu X, Sobsey MD, Erdman DD. Quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection of human adenoviruses and identification of serotypes 40 and 41.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(6):3131-6. DOI: 10.1128/ AEM.71.6.3131-3136.2005 PMID: 15933012 25. An exceptionally long heatwave. Press release. Helsinki: Finnish Meteorological Institute; 15 Aug 2014. Available from: http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/press-release/10014539 26. Schets FM, De Roda Husman AM, Havelaar AH. Disease outbreaks associated with untreated recreational water use.Epidemiol Infect. 2011;139(7):1114-25. DOI: 10.1017/ S0950268810002347 PMID: 21062530 27. Temperature and precipitation statistics from 1961 onwards. Helsinki: Finnish Meteorological Institute. [Accessed: 23 Aug 2016]. Available from: http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ statistics-from-1961-onwards 28. Atmar RL, Opekun AR, Gilger MA, Estes MK, Crawford SE, Neill FH, et al. Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(10):1553-7. DOI: 10.3201/ eid1410.080117 PMID: 18826818 29. Teunis PF, Moe CL, Liu P, Miller SE, Lindesmith L, Baric RS, et al. Norwalk virus: how infectious is it? J Med Virol. 2008;80(8):1468-76. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21237 PMID: 18551613 30. Dufour AP, Evans O, Behymer TD, Cant R. Water ingestion during swimming activities in a pool: a pilot study.J Water Health. 2006;4(4):425-30.PMID: 17176813 31. Robilotti E, Deresinski S, Pinsky BA. Norovirus.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(1):134-64. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00075-14 PMID: 25567225 32. Prez-Sautu U, Sano D, Guix S, Kasimir G, Pint RM, Bosch A. Human norovirus occurrence and diversity in the Llobregat river catchment, Spain.Environ Microbiol. 2012;14(2):494-502. DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02642.x PMID: 22118046 33. Lysn M, Thorhagen M, Brytting M, Hjertqvist M, Andersson Y, Hedlund KO. Genetic diversity among food-borne and waterborne norovirus strains causing outbreaks in Sweden.J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(8):2411-8. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02168-08 PMID: 19494060 34. Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N, Shirley SH, Lee D, Vinj J. Genotypic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States, 2009 to 2013.J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(1):147-55. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02680-13 PMID: 24172151 35. Enriquez CE, Hurst CJ, Gerba CP. Survival of the enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in tap, sea, and waste water.Water Res. 1995;29(11):2548-53. DOI: 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00070-2 36. Pina S, Puig M, Lucena F, Jofre J, Girones R. Viral pollution in the environment and in shellfish: human adenovirus detection by PCR as an index of human viruses.Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(9):3376-82.PMID: 9726885 37. Divizia M, Gabrieli R, Donia D, Macaluso A, Bosch A, Guix S, et al. Waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak in Albania. Water Sci Technol. 2004;50(1):57-61.PMID: 15318487 38. Kukkula M, Arstila P, Klossner ML, Maunula L, Bonsdorff CH, Jaatinen P. Waterborne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis.Scand J Infect Dis. 1997;29(4):415-8. DOI: 10.3109/00365549709011840 PMID: 9360259 39. Rhee EG, Barouch DH. Adenoviruses. In: Mandell G, Bennet J, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2010;2027-33. 40. Jovanovi Galovi A, Bijelovi S, Miloevi V, Hrnjakovi Cvjetkovic I, Popovi M, Kovaevi G, et al. Testing for viral material in water of public bathing areas of the Danube during summer, Vojvodina, Serbia, 2014. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(15):30196. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917. ES.2016.21.15.30196 PMID: 27105473 41. Boehm AB, Ashbolt NJ, Colford JM, Dunbar LE, Fleming LE, Gold MA, et al. A sea change ahead for recreational water quality criteria. J Water Health. 2009;7(1):9-20. DOI: 10.2166/ wh.2009.122 PMID: 18957771 42. Fujioka RS, Solo-Gabriele HM, Byappanahalli MN, Kirs M. U.S. Recreational Water Quality Criteria: A Vision for the Future.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(7):7752-76. DOI: 10.3390/ ijerph120707752 PMID: 26184253 43. Updyke EA, Wang Z, Sun S, Connell C, Kirs M, Wong M, et al. Human enteric viruses--potential indicators for enhanced monitoring of recreational water quality. Virol Sin. 2015;30(5):344-53. DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3644-x PMID: 26494480 44. European Union. Commission Implementing Decision 2011/321/ EU of 27 May 2011 establishing, pursuant to Directive 2006/7/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, a symbol for information to the public on bathing water classification and any bathing prohibition or advice against bathing. Off J. Eur Union. 2011;L143:38-40. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa. eu/eli/dec_impl/2011/321/oj License and copyright This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indi- cate if changes were made. This article is copyright of the authors, 2017.
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What is the location of the event?
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{'answer_id': 273711, 'document_id': 445540, 'question_id': 138413, 'text': 'Finland', 'answer_start': 7453, 'answer_category': 'SHORT'}
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17,237 | 16,895 |
5a5518a4134fea001a0e1913
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generic
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Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.
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What was the price for limited internet access?
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{'text': '$150 to $300', 'answer_start': 173}
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19,966 | 19,624 |
5ad3bac0604f3c001a3feeb2
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generic
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The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water. The first undisputed landing was made in 1643 by the crew of the Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot.
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When do some sources say the British made the first landing?
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{'text': '1520', 'answer_start': 346}
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41,570 | 41,228 |
570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c5
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generic
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Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom—which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the Lay of the Cid. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk Jérôme as bishop of the See of Valencia. El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife Ximena Díaz ruled in his place for two years.
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Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?
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{'text': 'Abd al-Aziz', 'answer_start': 146}
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10,548 | 10,206 |
56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c2
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generic
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Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
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What kind of courts did congress establish?
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{'text': 'legislative courts', 'answer_start': 24}
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21,163 | 20,821 |
5ad269dfd7d075001a4292f2
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generic
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The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility.
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What is the status of language solely determined by?
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{'text': 'linguistic criteria', 'answer_start': 53}
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16,969 | 16,627 |
5a21d8428a6e4f001aa08f64
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generic
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The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.
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What was published prior to 1917?
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{'text': 'first Code of Canon Law', 'answer_start': 4}
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123,065 | 122,723 |
5731d461e17f3d1400422467
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generic
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The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements.
|
When was the Third Great Awakening?
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{'text': 'the late 1850s to the early 20th century', 'answer_start': 137}
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77,139 | 76,797 |
572791ab5951b619008f8dcc
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generic
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The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine." McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. The French critic Joseph Bédier likewise became disenchanted with the stemmatic method, and concluded that the editor should choose the best available text, and emend it as little as possible.
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What was the initial definition of copy-text?
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{'text': 'the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine', 'answer_start': 133}
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8,784 | 8,442 |
56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b548
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The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.
|
In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?
|
{'text': '1984', 'answer_start': 248}
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30,742 | 30,400 |
5ad2a0e8d7d075001a429ca8
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generic
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Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10, 2005 to be "House Unity Day" in Chicago, in celebration of the "21st anniversary of house music" (actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records, an independent Chicago-based house label). The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of house music and that the music's original creators "were inspired by the love of their city, with the dream that someday their music would spread a message of peace and unity throughout the world". DJs such as Frankie Knuckles, Marshall Jefferson, Paul Johnson and Mickey Oliver celebrated the proclamation at the Summer Dance Series, an event organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs.
|
What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate Oliver music?
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{'text': 'Summer Dance Series', 'answer_start': 631}
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57,979 | 57,637 |
572823673acd2414000df577
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generic
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Brigham Young University (often referred to as BYU or, colloquially, The Y) is a private research university located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and, excluding online students, is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States, with 29,672 on-campus students. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, and one-third of its US students are from Utah.
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Who owns and operates Brigham University?
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{'text': 'The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints', 'answer_start': 176}
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121,175 | 120,833 |
5731dfa30fdd8d15006c65e0
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generic
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Of the Christian minority in Egypt over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church. Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria, such as the Syro-Lebanese, who belong to Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations.
|
Where are other Non-native Christian communities found?
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{'text': 'urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria', 'answer_start': 354}
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129,789 | 129,447 |
57344f09879d6814001ca4d6
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generic
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Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting. What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds) or "stalking" (deer) in Britain. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with hounds. Pairs of Sight hounds (or long-dogs), such as greyhounds, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.
|
How do the English hunt foxes?
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{'text': 'on horseback with hounds', 'answer_start': 20}
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78,089 | 77,747 |
5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba6
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generic
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Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exists independently, while soul and matter are dependent. Thus soul and matter have an existence that is separate yet dependent. Further, Brahman is a controller, the soul is the enjoyer, and matter the thing enjoyed. Also, the highest object of worship is Krishna and his consort Radha, attended by thousands of gopis; of the Vrindavan; and devotion consists in self-surrender.
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Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?
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{'text': 'Krishna', 'answer_start': 574}
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99,876 | 99,534 |
572b734bf75d5e190021fde7
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generic
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Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." The famous "thing-in-itself" was called a product of philosophical habit, which seeks to introduce a grammatical subject: because wherever there is cognition, there must be a thing that is cognized and allegedly it must be added to ontology as a being (whereas, to Nietzsche, only the world as ever changing appearances can be assumed). Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant's critique of the latter (see above).
|
Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?
|
{'text': 'Descartes', 'answer_start': 691}
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47,225 | 46,883 |
5a8cd294fd22b3001a8d8ef3
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generic
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Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. Long-term memory, on the other hand, is maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The hippocampus is essential (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored into long-term memory, as learned from patient Henry Molaison after removal of both his hippocampi, and there will be a very short attention span. Furthermore, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.
|
What two brain lobe regions does long-term memory depend on?
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{'text': 'frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe', 'answer_start': 108}
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59,067 | 58,725 |
5726691add62a815002e8407
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generic
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Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws. Florida requires felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges. As in other aspects of the criminal justice system, this law has disproportionate effects for minorities. As a result, according to Brent Staples, based on data from The Sentencing Project, the effect of Florida's law is such that in 2014 "[m]ore than one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions."
|
How does it effect elections
|
{'text': 'one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions', 'answer_start': 506}
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38,882 | 38,540 |
570c9aa8b3d812140066d247
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generic
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During the 1950s the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo di Stéfano, who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup, with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee. In 2002, the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the "Match of The Century" by Spanish media, and Madrid's win was watched by more than 500 million people.
|
What was a match between Real Madrid and Barcelona called in 2002?
|
{'text': 'Match of The Century', 'answer_start': 462}
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78,540 | 78,198 |
5a304406f1f7c7001ab92d13
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generic
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Contemporary a cappella includes many vocal groups and bands who add vocal percussion or beatboxing to create a pop/rock/gospel sound, in some cases very similar to bands with instruments. Examples of such professional groups include Straight No Chaser, Pentatonix, The House Jacks, Rockapella, Mosaic, and M-pact. There also remains a strong a cappella presence within Christian music, as some denominations purposefully do not use instruments during worship. Examples of such groups are Take 6, Glad and Acappella. Arrangements of popular music for small a cappella ensembles typically include one voice singing the lead melody, one singing a rhythmic bass line, and the remaining voices contributing chordal or polyphonic accompaniment.
|
In Christian music who uses beatboxing during worship?
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{'text': 'some denominations', 'answer_start': 390}
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2,180 | 1,838 |
56cc6e346d243a140015efaa
|
generic
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The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock.
|
Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?
|
{'text': 'fifth', 'answer_start': 388}
|
69,135 | 68,793 |
57277c08708984140094dee4
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generic
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Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.
|
What form must an NPO make available to the public?
|
{'text': '990 forms', 'answer_start': 495}
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92,911 | 92,569 |
5728fce01d04691400778f1b
|
generic
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The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):
|
What did 'samurai' mean at first?
|
{'text': 'those who serve in close attendance to nobility', 'answer_start': 35}
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56,015 | 55,673 |
5726c2cc5951b619008f7d85
|
generic
|
Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.
|
Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?
|
{'text': 'in the state of Wu', 'answer_start': 57}
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122,406 | 122,064 |
5731a60de17f3d14004222b2
|
generic
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Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television. While YouTube's revenue-sharing "Partner Program" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million—in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as "a free-to-use... promotional platform for the music labels". In 2013 Forbes' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media. In 2013, videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo. By early 2013 Billboard had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 100 and related genre charts.
|
Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube?
|
{'text': '90.3%', 'answer_start': 1182}
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83,152 | 82,810 |
572816beff5b5019007d9ce6
|
generic
|
The Feinberg School of Medicine (previously the Northwestern University Medical School) has produced a number of notable graduates, including Mary Harris Thompson, Class of 1870, ad eundem, first female surgeon in Chicago, first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital, and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital, Roswell Park, Class of 1876, prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York, is named, Daniel Hale Williams, Class of 1883, performed the first successful American open heart surgery; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons, Charles Horace Mayo, Class of 1888, co-founder of Mayo Clinic, Carlos Montezuma, Class of 1889, one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school, and founder of the Society of American Indians, Howard T. Ricketts, Class of 1897, who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever, Allen B. Kanavel, Class of 1899, founder, regent, and president of the American College of Surgeons, internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery, Robert F. Furchgott, Class of 1940, received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide, Thomas E. Starzl, Class of 1952, performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012, Joseph P. Kerwin, first physician in space, flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA, C. Richard Schlegel, Class of 1972, developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus (administered as Gardasil) to prevent cervical cancer, David J. Skorton, Class of 1974, a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006, and Andrew E. Senyei, Class of 1979, inventor, venture capitalist, and entrepreneur, founder of biotech and genetics companies, and a university trustee.
|
Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine co-founded the Mayo Clinic?
|
{'text': 'Charles Horace Mayo', 'answer_start': 593}
|
62,609 | 62,267 |
5a818e2831013a001a334ca8
|
generic
|
GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, so GM cotton was grown on 88% of the cotton area. This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton in the world. A long-term study on the economic impacts of Bt cotton in India, published in the Journal PNAS in 2012, showed that Bt cotton has increased yields, profits, and living standards of smallholder farmers. The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011. The initial introduction of GM cotton proved to be a success in Australia – the yields were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the crop used much less pesticide to produce (85% reduction). The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95% of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009 making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world. Other GM cotton growing countries in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica.
|
At what rank does US non-trangenic cotton stand in the world?
|
{'text': 'second largest', 'answer_start': 579}
|
109,915 | 109,573 |
572fafeca23a5019007fc89d
|
generic
|
The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model. In practice usually a given DBMS uses the same data model for both the external and the conceptual levels (e.g., relational model). The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation, requires a different level of detail and uses its own types of data structure types.
|
What type of view does the conceptual view offer?
|
{'text': 'common', 'answer_start': 109}
|
48,156 | 47,814 |
571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d1
|
generic
|
While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations. Amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications. It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s.
|
What were some uses for Amphetamine?
|
{'text': 'narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications', 'answer_start': 775}
|
9,149 | 8,807 |
5a11e57f6614be00188f2480
|
generic
|
The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.
|
What Republic replaced the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland?
|
{'text': 'Batavian Republic', 'answer_start': 527}
|
65,351 | 65,009 |
5acfca0f77cf76001a685fd6
|
generic
|
The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s, drawing at first from sources of limited data, namely the opinions of Guillaume Apollinaire. It came to rely heavily on Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus (published in 1920), which centered on the developments of Picasso, Braque, Léger, and Gris. The terms "analytical" and "synthetic" which subsequently emerged have been widely accepted since the mid-1930s. Both terms are historical impositions that occurred after the facts they identify. Neither phase was designated as such at the time corresponding works were created. "If Kahnweiler considers Cubism as Picasso and Braque," wrote Daniel Robbins, "our only fault is in subjecting other Cubists' works to the rigors of that limited definition."
|
When did the historical study of Cubism end?
|
{'text': '1920s', 'answer_start': 49}
|
115,961 | 115,619 |
5730342e947a6a140053d284
|
generic
|
The term "Immersive app" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as "Metro-style apps" in reference to the Metro design language. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that "Metro" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release. Following these reports, the terms "Modern UI-style apps", "Windows 8-style apps" and "Windows Store apps" began to be used by various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that "Windows Store apps" would be the official term for the apps. An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term "Modern design" to refer to the language as a whole.
|
Who is Soma Somasegar?
|
{'text': "vice president of Microsoft's development software division", 'answer_start': 734}
|
84,283 | 83,941 |
572800c5ff5b5019007d9abd
|
generic
|
Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and "perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced.
|
What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?
|
{'text': 'modern weaponry', 'answer_start': 446}
|
13,622 | 13,280 |
5acd5b4007355d001abf3ea3
|
generic
|
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.
|
Hunter-gatherer cultures today represent what?
|
{'text': '"pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples', 'answer_start': 308}
|
82,645 | 82,303 |
5a12520e6614be00188f24f1
|
generic
|
It also used to be commonplace to have a team play an exhibition against Minor League affiliates during the regular season, but worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues, have made this very rare. Exhibitions between inter-city teams in different leagues, like Chicago's Crosstown Classic and New York's Subway Series which used to be played solely as exhibitions for bragging rights are now blended into interleague play. The annual MLB All-Star Game, played in July between players from AL teams and players from NL teams, was long considered an exhibition match, but as of 2003 this status was questioned because the league whose team wins the All-Star game has been awarded home field advantage for the upcoming World Series.
|
What kind of play is now for bragging rights only
|
{'text': 'interleague play', 'answer_start': 420}
|
69,971 | 69,629 |
5acea7e632bba1001ae4af20
|
generic
|
Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the "flying man" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").
|
What subject is never seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?
|
{'text': 'classical psychology', 'answer_start': 21}
|
95,528 | 95,186 |
5a552e38134fea001a0e19ad
|
generic
|
Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 other markets were planned to have either CBC or Radio-Canada in digital. In mid-August 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC an extension, until August 31, 2012, to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline. This CRTC decision prevented many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for CBC or Radio-Canada, or both at the transition deadline. At the transition deadline, Barrie, Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating.
|
The CRTC realized that it needed to break up the CBC's monopoly after it extended the deadline in order to prevent what?
|
{'text': 'many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for CBC or Radio-Canada', 'answer_start': 614}
|
39,306 | 38,964 |
570c347e6b8089140040fc36
|
generic
|
The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s. The bureau has participated to varying degrees, which has ranged from direct involvement in the creative process of film or TV series development, to providing consultation on operations and closed cases. A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the 1993-2002 series The X-Files, which concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional Special Agents and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) agency in the TV drama 24, which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division. The 1991 movie Point Break is based on the true story of an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers. The 1997 movie Donnie Brasco is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone infiltrating the Mafia.
|
When did the FBI first appear in popular media?
|
{'text': '1930s', 'answer_start': 64}
|
124,567 | 124,225 |
5ad3d5d6604f3c001a3ff2df
|
generic
|
Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs, most notably by visiting people from house to house, distributing literature published by the Watch Tower Society in 700 languages. The objective is to start a regular "Bible study" with any person who is not already a member, with the intention that the student be baptized as a member of the group; Witnesses are advised to consider discontinuing Bible studies with students who show no interest in becoming members. Witnesses are taught they are under a biblical command to engage in public preaching. They are instructed to devote as much time as possible to their ministry and are required to submit an individual monthly "Field Service Report". Baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching are termed "irregular" and may be counseled by elders; those who do not submit reports for six consecutive months are termed "inactive".
|
How many doors does the average Jehovah's Witnesses knock on each month?
|
{'text': '700', 'answer_start': 203}
|
119,845 | 119,503 |
5731e1c3b9d445190005e607
|
generic
|
The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For diurnal migrants, the sun is used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an internal clock. Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the constellations surrounding Polaris. These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth's geomagnetism through specialised photoreceptors.
|
In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night?
|
{'text': 'diurnal migrants', 'answer_start': 337}
|
81,886 | 81,544 |
5a4c52557a6c4c001a2bbbee
|
generic
|
The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.
|
How much land does the Sahara cover?
|
{'text': '1,101,700 km2', 'answer_start': 486}
|
23,420 | 23,078 |
56f722b5711bf01900a449cc
|
generic
|
In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol.
|
What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law?
|
{'text': 'a protocol', 'answer_start': 50}
|
46,130 | 45,788 |
5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba0
|
generic
|
In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was "a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate," and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a "collective act", and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, not just any witness was considered to be credible; "Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants." Two factors were taken into account: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution". In other words, only civil society were considered for Boyle's public.
|
Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed?
|
{'text': 'Robert Boyle', 'answer_start': 263}
|
104,880 | 104,538 |
573051b9069b53140083203f
|
generic
|
Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure."
|
What is the name of Charleston's sister city?
|
{'text': 'Spoleto', 'answer_start': 41}
|
11,126 | 10,784 |
56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b781
|
generic
|
The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.
|
Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?
|
{'text': 'Brasília, Brazil', 'answer_start': 59}
|
11,471 | 11,129 |
5a832318e60761001a2eb43f
|
generic
|
Mechanically scanned, 30-line television broadcasts by John Logie Baird began in 1929, using the BBC transmitter in London, and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in Brookmans Park. Television production was switched from Baird's company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, and continued until September 1935. Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was "Opening of the BBC Television Service" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. The VHF broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for German bombers homing in on London, and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort, in particular the radar programme.
|
What year did 30-line television broadcasts by Logie John Baird begin?
|
{'text': '1929', 'answer_start': 81}
|
99,754 | 99,412 |
5a7c6618e8bc7e001a9e1d5f
|
generic
|
Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or "ideal" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism. The historical influence of this branch of idealism remains central even to the schools that rejected its metaphysical assumptions, such as Marxism, pragmatism and positivism.
|
Whose philosophy did Immanuel Kant write against?
|
{'text': 'idealists', 'answer_start': 37}
|
116,399 | 116,057 |
573055dc2461fd1900a9cd54
|
generic
|
The Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called "kwetfwasa". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for various reasons, such the cause of sickness or even death. His diagnosis is based on "kubhula", a process of communication, through trance, with the natural superpowers. The Inyanga (a medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms) possesses the bone throwing skill ("kushaya ematsambo") used to determine the cause of the sickness.
|
What is a Sangoma in Swaziland?
|
{'text': 'a traditional diviner', 'answer_start': 15}
|
86,480 | 86,138 |
5acfb4ef77cf76001a6859b3
|
generic
|
The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power. During the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliament's approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills. In 1678, Charles II withheld his assent from a bill "for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia, and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days," suggesting that he, not parliament, should control the militia. The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by the British parliament.
|
Charles I performed legally legitimate what?
|
{'text': 'actions', 'answer_start': 299}
|
72,507 | 72,165 |
5a35c60c788daf001a5f8668
|
generic
|
Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated.
|
What are found on every coninant including Australia?
|
{'text': 'Glaciers', 'answer_start': 0}
|
100,437 | 100,095 |
572ba77b34ae481900deaec8
|
generic
|
Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]
|
What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?
|
{'text': 'charitable funding', 'answer_start': 188}
|
103,734 | 103,392 |
572ea63ac246551400ce446e
|
generic
|
The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2). The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images.
|
What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune?
|
{'text': 'southern cyclonic storm', 'answer_start': 433}
|
20,361 | 20,019 |
5acf612677cf76001a684ce2
|
generic
|
The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and royal blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference. KU has won thirteen National Championships: five in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and three NCAA championships), three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, one in men's cross country and one in women's outdoor track and field. The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm. Their most recent championship came on June 8, 2013 when the KU women's track and field team won the NCAA outdoor in Eugene, Oregon becoming the first University of Kansas women's team to win a national title.
|
How many times has the male baseball team from Kansas won a national title?
|
{'text': 'five', 'answer_start': 207}
|
101,743 | 101,401 |
5a8dca8edf8bba001a0f9c2e
|
generic
|
He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics—an unprecedented feat—but did rather poorly on the history and English portions. Attendees at Feynman's first seminar included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. He received a PhD from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. Feynman's thesis applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laying the groundwork for the "path integral" approach and Feynman diagrams, and was titled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics".
|
When did Feynman lose his PhD?
|
{'text': '1942', 'answer_start': 335}
|
97,840 | 97,498 |
5ace430732bba1001ae4a10e
|
generic
|
The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the ijāzat al-tadrīs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.
|
What type of license is very different from the ijazat al-tadris?
|
{'text': 'licentia docendi', 'answer_start': 132}
|
26,626 | 26,284 |
5a56892f6349e2001acdce14
|
generic
|
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty's Government, and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces.
|
What does the British Armed Forces implement?
|
{'text': 'the defence policy', 'answer_start': 96}
|
43,273 | 42,931 |
5ad0b728645df0001a2d0138
|
generic
|
In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.
|
In what year was the Asmara-Massawa Cableway completed?
|
{'text': '1888', 'answer_start': 142}
|
72,719 | 72,377 |
57270fc85951b619008f8567
|
generic
|
On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania, -based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company, for $775 million cash. In this deal Comcast acquired approximately 230,000 basic cable customers, 71,000 digital cable customers, and 86,000 high-speed Internet customers. Comcast previously owned approximately 30 percent of Susquehanna Communications through affiliate company Lenfest. In December 2005, Comcast announced the creation of Comcast Interactive Media, a new division focused on online media.
|
What Pennsylvania cable provider did Comcast buy controlling interest in during 2005?
|
{'text': 'Susquehanna Communications', 'answer_start': 320}
|
92,751 | 92,409 |
5728ee173acd2414000e01fd
|
generic
|
The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i-taishōgun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, or Kamakura Bakufu. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate in Kamakura, near his base of power. "Bakufu" means "tent government", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government.
|
Which clans fought in the Gempei War?
|
{'text': 'The Taira and the Minamoto', 'answer_start': 0}
|
27,585 | 27,243 |
56f9f8dc8f12f31900630027
|
generic
|
Irir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name "Somali" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (dhawamaal), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.
|
What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?
|
{'text': 'livestock', 'answer_start': 453}
|
99,672 | 99,330 |
5a57dca7770dc0001aeefe3a
|
generic
|
In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a rational reconstruction of knowledge into the language of an objective spatio-temporal physics. That is, instead of translating sentences about physical objects into sense-data, such sentences were to be translated into so-called protocol sentences, for example, "X at location Y and at time T observes such and such." The central theses of logical positivism (verificationism, the analytic-synthetic distinction, reductionism, etc.) came under sharp attack after World War II by thinkers such as Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty. By the late 1960s, it had become evident to most philosophers that the movement had pretty much run its course, though its influence is still significant among contemporary analytic philosophers such as Michael Dummett and other anti-realists.
|
What position did Hilary Putnam favour?
|
{'text': 'logical positivism', 'answer_start': 661}
|
107,488 | 107,146 |
572f3d1f04bcaa1900d767b2
|
generic
|
Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status. This era name means "Enlightened Rule". In Japan, the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s, marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines. Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period. In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi, reacted against the bureaucratic superstate, and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite, and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes. They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining. They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan. They enlarged history by using the methods of social history. It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously. Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations. The hyobusho (war office) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department. The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years.
|
How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?
|
{'text': 'modernization', 'answer_start': 158}
|
125,190 | 124,848 |
573284b6b3a91d1900202dff
|
generic
|
Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one.
|
From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?
|
{'text': 'United States Army', 'answer_start': 318}
|
84,382 | 84,040 |
572820a64b864d19001644ff
|
generic
|
On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that "any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR". On 15 July, US marines landed in Lebanon, and British special forces in Jordan, upon the request of those countries' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces. Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked. On 19 July, for the first time, he declared that he was opting for full Arab union, although he had no plan to merge Iraq with the UAR. While most members of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) favored Iraqi-UAR unity, Qasim sought to keep Iraq independent and resented Nasser's large popular base in the country.
|
What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?
|
{'text': 'Nuri al-Said', 'answer_start': 176}
|
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