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# Karl Theodor Fahr
**Karl Theodor Fahr** (`{{IPA|de|kaʁl ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈfaːɐ̯}}`{=mediawiki}; 3 October 1877 -- 29 October 1945) was a German pathologist born in Pirmasens of the Rhineland-Palatinate.
In 1903 he earned his medical doctorate from the University of Giessen, afterwards continuing his studies with Eugen Bostroem (1850-1926) in Giessen, under Morris Simmonds (1855-1925) in Hamburg and with Ilya Ilyich Metchnikoff (1845-1916) in Paris. In 1924, he became director of the pathological institute at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf.
Fahr is remembered for his work in nephrology and research of kidney disorders. With internist Franz Volhard (1872-1950) he published a comprehensive monograph on Bright\'s disease titled *Die Brightsche Nierenkrankheit*. In 1923, he provided an early correlation between lung cancer (*Bronchialkarzinom*) and tobacco smoking. Today his name is associated with Fahr\'s disease, which is a degenerative neurological disorder characterized by calcifications and cell loss within the basal ganglia. Fahr was however not the first describe the disease and there are suggestions that the eponym be avoided.
In 1933 Fahr signed the *Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State*. He committed suicide in 1945.
## Selected writings {#selected_writings}
- *Die Bright'sche Nierenkrankheit: Klinik, Pathologie und Atlas*. (Bright\'s kidney disease: clinic, pathology and atlas); with Franz Volhard, Springer, Berlin 1914.
- *Die Nierengewächse*. In: Friedrich Henke und Otto Lubarsch (Hrsg.): Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie. Band 6, 1. Berlin 1925.
- *Zusammenhangstrennung und durch Gewaltanwendung bedingte krankhafte Veränderungen des Nierenbeckens und des Harnleiters*. In: Friedrich Henke und Otto Lubarsch (Hrsg.): Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Antomie und Histologie. Band 6, 1. Berlin 1925. - Connection and disconnection caused by morbid changes of the renal pelvis and ureter
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# East Saddle River Road
**East Saddle River Road** is a north--south road from Ridgewood, New Jersey to Monsey, New York
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# Ceratocystis fimbriata
***Ceratocystis fimbriata*** is a fungus and a plant pathogen, attacking such diverse plants as the sweet potato (*black rot*) and the tapping panels of the Para rubber tree (*moldy rot*). It is a diverse species that attacks a wide variety of annual and perennial plants. There are several host-specialized strains, some of which, such as *Ceratocystis platani* that attacks plane trees, are now described as distinct species.
## Taxonomy
*Ceratocystis fimbriata*, the type species of the genus *Ceratocystis*, was originally described on the sweet potato (*Ipomoea batatus*) in 1890. It has since been found on a wide variety of annual and perennial plants. It is a large, diverse complex of species that cause wilt-type diseases of many economically important plants. There are thought to be three broad geographic clades, the North American, the Latin American and the Asian clades.
It is thought likely that *Ceratocystis fimbriata* contains many undescribed, hidden species. One form of the fungus that causes a wilt disease in cacao was in 2005 described as a new species *Ceratocystis cacaofunesta*. Another form that causes a disease on plane trees (*Platanus*), and which was previously known as *Ceratocystis fimbriata f. platani*, was in 2005 elevated to species *Ceratocystis platani*.
### Host and symptoms {#host_and_symptoms}
*Ceratocystis fimbriata* is an ascomycete fungal pathogen. The species as a whole can infect a wide variety of hosts, but particular strains are host-specific. One example is the Ipomoea form of the fungus, which is specific to sweet potato (*Ipomea batatas*) and wild morning glory. Symptoms can be found on the fleshy root or visible in plants. On sweet potato, *Ceratocystis fimbriata* causes a disease called \'black rot,\' which displays firm and dry circular brown/black rots. Infected plants often show stunted growth, wilting, and yellowing. Wilting occurs because this pathogen can also travel through xylem and infect vascular system. During disease, white, fuzzy mycelia with long black perithecia grow out from the lesions. Additionally, research demonstrates that sweet potatoes infected with *C. fimbriata* demonstrate increased respiration which is partially due to the infection\'s influence on protein metabolism. Higher respiration rates cause dry weight loss in the tubers which poses a problem for marketability.
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# Ceratocystis fimbriata
## Diseases
### Black rot of sweet potato {#black_rot_of_sweet_potato}
The Ipomoea form of the fungus that attacks the sweet potato (*Ipomoea batatas*), is thought likely to be native to Latin America, as is the sweet potato itself. It has spread to many locations probably on storage roots. The fungus may appear as a dry, black rot, usually with perithecia and ascospores. In some countries (such as China and Japan) it is an important constraint to sweet potato production. In other areas (such as southeastern USA) the damage is less severe due to the use of resistant varieties and sanitary measures. Fungicides can be used in sweet potato fields or as post-harvest dips of sweet potato roots.
### Disease cycle {#disease_cycle}
*Ceratocystis fimbriata* produces ascospores, and these spores are found at the top of fruiting bodies known as perithecia. There are also chlamydospores, which aid in survival as they overwinter in the soil and on roots.
Chlamydospores survive on infected roots/slips or in the soil and develop on the next season\'s plant material during spring. Then, mycelium produce long, black perithecia (fruiting structures) that have a sticky mass of ascospores at the top. These ascospores enter and infect new plants through wounds on any part of the plant/tuber/etc and are commonly dispersed by insects, wind, and equipment. After infecting tubers, the disease can be spread up the xylem tissue of the stem causing wilt. Ultimately, this pathogen will continue its lifecycle through vegetative propagation (transplants) of diseased tissue or chlamydospores that overwinter in roots or soil to spread the disease into the next season.
### Environment
Environmental conditions such as temperature and nutrient levels are important for *C. fimbriata*\'s success. Specifically, temperatures ranging from 23-27 degrees Celsius encourage sporulation and disease growth. Also, pre-sprouting roots at warm temperature favors disease and should be avoided when growing sweet potatoes. This is because roots infected with black rot produce sprouts that frequently rot at the attachment point of the root or the roots develop lesions on the stem that rot below ground. Boron deficiencies in the soil can also enhance the disease. Since many sweet potatoes are grown from roots or slips, any diseased tissue present can lead to more widespread infection.
### Management
In order to prevent black rot, it\'s absolutely essential to avoid using infected seed roots as this is a major way of disease transmission. Host resistance has been found and used successfully against *C. fimbriata* on sweet potatoes. It is also recommended to perform crop rotation every 2--3 years. Importantly, fungicides only work on seeds and sweet potato slips so if *C. fimbriata* is already established, fungicides will not control or eliminate disease. Thiabendazole and difenoconazole are effective on *C. fimbriata.* Finally, good management practices include cleaning all equipment to prevent disease spread. Tubers should be washed and dried before storage and this storage should be in ventilated boxes/crates to eliminate environmental conditions conducive to fungal growth.
### Mouldy rot of rubber {#mouldy_rot_of_rubber}
On rubber trees (*Hevea brasiliensis*), *C. fimbriata* attacks the tapping panel, causing a pale-grey mould on the surface of the panel and dark discoloration in the wood under the surface. Fungicides can be used to treat tapping panels of Hevea.
### Wilt and canker of coffee {#wilt_and_canker_of_coffee}
A fungus attacking *Coffea* in Indonesia was described as *Rostrella coffea* in 1900 and this species was synonymized with *Ceratocystis fimbriata* in 1951. It is widespread in Central America and northern South America, and is a particularly damaging disease in Colombia.
### Mango wilt {#mango_wilt}
Mango wilt is known only in Brazil, even though mango trees (*Mangifera indica*) are grown in other areas where *C. fimbriata* is common on other plants. Infection typically occurs through fresh wounds on trees although root infections also occur. Infection is often accompanied by secondary attack by various ambrosia beetles.
### Ficus wilt {#ficus_wilt}
Ficus wilt is a severe disease found in fig trees (*Ficus carica*) in Brazil. There is also an Asian form of Ficus wilt caused by *C. fimbriata* found in southern Japan.
### Rapid \'Ohi\'a death {#rapid_ohia_death}
A fungus initially identified as a form of *Ceratocystis fimbriata* was identified in 2015 as the cause of widespread mortality in \'ohi\'a trees (*Metrosideros polymorpha*) in the Puna District on the island of Hawai\'i. The source of the outbreak is currently unknown. In April 2018, researchers published descriptions of two species of *Ceratocystis* new to science that are believed to be responsible for rapid \'ohi\'a death: *C. huliohia* and *C. lukuohia*. The specific names are derived from the Hawai\'ian language, meaning \"changes the natural state of \'ohi\'a\" and \"destroyer of \'ohi\'a\", respectively. In May 2018, it was reported that infected \'ohi\'a trees have been found on the Hawai\'ian island of Kauai. The public has been asked to avoid transportation of \'ohi\'a trees or products to slow the spread of the disease.
### In other plants {#in_other_plants}
Many other plants are harmed by *C. fimbriata*. It has caused serious mortality in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil as well as in the Congo and Uganda. Almonds (*Prunus dulcis*) in California have been affected by the disease. It has also caused losses in pomegranates (*Punica granatum*) in India. It causes a dark, dry rot in Taro tubers
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# Cercospora medicaginis
***Cercospora medicaginis*** is a fungal plant pathogen. It is a slow-growing pathogen found on *Medicago* species, which are widespread Tunisia
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# 1999 Fed Cup
{{ Infobox tennis circuit season \| name = 1999 Fed Cup \| image = \| image_caption = \| duration = 17 April -- 19 September \| edition = 37th \| previous = 1998 \| next = 2000 }}
The **1999 Fed Cup** was the 37th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women\'s tennis. In the finals, the United States defeated Russia at Taube Tennis Stadium in Stanford, CA, United States, on 18--19 September, giving the Americans their 16th title. `{{TOC limit|3}}`{=mediawiki}
## World Group {#world_group}
### Participating teams {#participating_teams}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
### Draw
## World Group II {#world_group_ii}
The World Group II was the second highest level of Fed Cup competition in 1998. Winners advanced to the World Group for 2000, and losers played in the World Group II play-offs.
Date: 17--18 April
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
--------------------- -------------- ------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------
0--5 **`{{fed|BEL}}`{=mediawiki}**
Minsk, Belarus Indoor clay 1--4
Klagenfurt, Austria **`{{fed|AUT}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--2
Hamburg, Germany Outdoor clay **`{{fed|GER}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--2
## World Group II play-offs {#world_group_ii_play_offs}
The four losing teams from World Group II (Australia, Belarus, Japan and Netherlands) were divided into two pools of four with qualifiers from Zonal Group I. Two teams qualified from Europe/Africa Zone (Romania and Slovenia), one team from the Asia/Oceania Zone (Chinese Taipei), and one team from the Americas Zone (Argentina).
The two top teams from each pool played-off against each, with the winner promoted to 2000 World Group. All other teams were relegated to Zonal Competition in 2000.
Venue: University Sports Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands (outdoor hard)
Dates: 21--24 July
### Pools
### Play-off {#play_off}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Kristie Boogert \|5 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Jelena Dokić \|7 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1= \|T1P2= \| \| \| \|T2P1= \|T2P2= \| \| \| \|np=}} }}
## Americas Zone {#americas_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i}
Venue: Buenos Aires T.C., Buenos Aires, Argentina (outdoor clay)
Dates: 13--18 April
#### Participating teams {#participating_teams_1}
-
-
-
-
-
- *`{{fed|ECU}}`{=mediawiki}*
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-
-
-
### Group II {#group_ii}
Venue: Costa Rica Country Club, San José, Costa Rica (outdoor hard)
Dates: 23--27 February
#### Participating teams {#participating_teams_2}
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-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|CUB}}`{=mediawiki}**
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-
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|URU}}`{=mediawiki}**
## Asia/Oceania Zone {#asiaoceania_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i_1}
Venue: Thana City Golf Club, Samutpakarn, Thailand (outdoor hard)
Dates: 22--27 February
#### Participating teams {#participating_teams_3}
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-
-
-
-
-
- *Pacific Oceania*
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-
- *`{{fed|UZB}}`{=mediawiki}*
### Group II {#group_ii_1}
Venue: Thana City Golf Club, Samutpakarn, Thailand (outdoor hard)
Dates: 22--26 February
#### Participating teams {#participating_teams_4}
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-
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-
-
## Europe/Africa Zone {#europeafrica_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition
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# Chondrostereum purpureum
***Chondrostereum purpureum*** is a fungal plant pathogen which causes **silver leaf** disease of trees. It attacks most species of the rose family Rosaceae, particularly the genus *Prunus*. The disease is progressive and often fatal. The common name is taken from the progressive silvering of leaves on affected branches. It is spread by airborne spores landing on freshly exposed sapwood. For this reason cherries and plums are pruned in summer, when spores are least likely to be present and when disease is visible. Silver leaf can also occur on poming fruits like apples and pears; plums are especially vulnerable.
## Taxonomy
In the past the name *Stereum purpureum* Pers. was widely used for this fungus, but according to modern taxonomy it is only distantly related to *Stereum*, actually belonging to order Agaricales whereas *Stereum* is in order *Russulales*.
## Description
It is a pathogen of various, mostly deciduous trees including species of *Acer*, *Aesculus*, *Alnus*, *Betula*, *Crataegus*, *Fagus*, *Larix*, *Malus*, *Ostrya*, *Picea*, *Populus*, *Prunus*, *Salix*, and *Sorbus*.
After starting as just a crust on the wood, the fruiting structure develops undulating intergrowing brackets up to about 3 cm broad, which have a tough rubbery texture. The edges and fertile lower surfaces show a fairly vivid violet colour while the fungus is growing, and the upper surfaces have a grey aspect (sometimes with zonation and usually a lighter edge) and are covered with whitish hairs. After a week or two the fructification dries out, becomes brittle, and turns a drab brown or beige. Infected wood can be recognized because it is stained a darker tint.
The spores are rounded cylinders approximately 5--8 μm x 3--4 μm in size. The hyphal structure is monomitic with clamp connections.
It is often found on old stumps and dead wood, but can also be a serious parasite of living trees. As well as plum trees it attacks many other broad-leafed species (other *Prunus*, apple, pear, willow, poplar, maple, hornbeam, plane, oak, elm, lilac, and many others). Occasionally it also infects conifers (e.g. fir, spruce, and *Thuja*). Geographically it is roughly just as widespread as its hosts; it is common in woods, orchards and tree plantations in temperate climates.
### Similar species {#similar_species}
*Amylostereum areolatum* is considered to be similar, and usually has moss covering its cap. *Phlebiopsis crassa* does not form caps, while members of *Trichaptum* form a continuous surface covered by teeth or pores.
## As a human pathogen {#as_a_human_pathogen}
A single case report confirmed human infection with *Chondrostereum purpureum* in a non immunocompromised man who had been working with infected plant material. It was resolved by treating him with antifungal medication, but indicates potential for a broader host range for plant fungus than previously believed.
## Mycoherbicide
*Chondrostereum purpureum* is commercially available as a method of combatting forest \'weed trees\' such as aspens, beech, birches, maples, pin cherry, poplars, and other species. The fungus is applied directly to the weed trees in a nutrient paste which can be stored and handled conveniently.
The first regulatory approval was granted in 2001 to Myco-Forestis Corporation and targeted species \"including birch, pin-cherry, poplar/aspen, red maple, sugar maple, and speckled alder in the Boreal and Mixed forest regions of Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains\". It had not been reported as of 2001 to cause any diseases in coniferous tree species but apparently does.
According to a 2007 regulatory decision of the Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency, the use of this control method in paste form on Sitka spruce and red alder will only have a limited impact on non-target trees since the fungal spores are ubiquitous anyway and healthy trees are resistant to attack
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# Venturia carpophila
***Venturia carpophila*** is a species of fungus in the family Venturiaceae. A plant pathogen, it causes freckle, black spot, peach scab or black scab of peach. It has a cosmopolitan distribution. The species was described as new to science in 1961 by the Australian mycologist Eileen E. Fisher
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# Colletotrichum acutatum
***Colletotrichum acutatum*** is a plant pathogen and endophyte. It is the organism that causes the most destructive fungal disease, anthracnose, of lupin species worldwide. It also causes the disease postbloom fruit drop on many varieties of citrus, especially Valencia and navel oranges in Florida.
## Host and symptoms {#host_and_symptoms}
*Colletotrichum acutatum* has a broad host range, but is most important in strawberries. The pathogen causes black spot of fruit, but can also be seen attacking the plant at its crowns, roots and leaves. After planting, stunting and yellowing as well as wilting may occur. General symptoms of the disease in other plants can also be seen on flowers, petioles, and roots. Stems are also a prominent place to see symptoms. Lesions on the stem can appear dark colored, oval shaped, and possibly have immersed spots located on petioles and runners. Once *C.acutatum* infects these parts of the plant, it can cause other diseases to unfold such as crown root rot, defoliation, bloom blight and fruit rot. Unfortunately, the most significant loss can be seen once the fruit is attacked. If the fruit is infected it will develop small brown spots (green fruit) or black spots (red fruit) and can expand throughout the fruits\' surface.
## Environment
This pathogen has a wide geographical distribution. Strains of the pathogen are present throughout various climates worldwide. Temperature can affect how symptoms appear on the host. Optimal temperature for growth of *C. acutatum* is 25 degrees Celsius. For instance, in weather with high humidity, orange colored spores appear on the hosts\' lesions. Specifically in strawberries, this disease appears to be more harmful in warm climates. Transference of disease occurs when conidia are spread by water, specifically rain or irrigation water. Another way of contamination is from infected equipment or wind.
## Taxonomic history {#taxonomic_history}
Historically fungi that were pathogenic on different plants were often given different names, even though they often had near identical morphology. In 1957 [Josef Adolf von Arx](https://www.studiesinmycology.org/sim/Sim31/fulltext/index.html?i=1) synonymized about 600 fungal species names as *Colletotrichum gloeosporioides*. In 1965 *C. gloeosporioides* strains that had acute conidia and slower growth were renamed as *Colletotrichum acutatum*. With the invention of easy and affordable DNA sequencing technologies, species identification switched from being based on morphology to being based on a combination of morphology and molecular phylogenetics. In 2012 the *C. acutatum* species was split up into more than two dozen new species, and is now referred to as the *C. acutatum* species complex. The *C. acutatum* species complex still includes a species called *C. acutatum,* but it is now defined more narrowly than it had been from 1965 to 2012.
## As a Biocontrol Agent {#as_a_biocontrol_agent}
This fungus attacks the Australian species *Hakea sericea* in South Africa, where this shrub is an invasive species. For this reason, local researchers have been investigating the application of this fungus as a means of biological control.
## Pest Management {#pest_management}
### Cultural control {#cultural_control}
Sanitation is critical in controlling the disease. Thoroughly washing plants by removing all the dirt could reduce occurrence. This method has also been demonstrated to reduce pests such has anthracnose. Proper sanitation of equipment could reduce exposure of contracting the pathogen. This would be equipment used in transportation, packing, storage, etc. Crop rotation, as well as the removal of weeds is also helpful in reducing the pathogen in the soil. Removing weeds from the field is a critical step; the pathogen on the dead weeds could still produce spores.
### Chemical control {#chemical_control}
A common method of control for this disease is the use of fungicides. Fungicides are soil fumigants that are used to decrease amount of inoculum in the soil. Chloropicrin, a fungicide, has seen good results with regular application. Unfortunately, relying on just one fungicide heavily can increase the disease\'s tolerance. Moreover, the timing of the application is very crucial. With poorly timed applications, there could be an increase of disease severity due to the disturbance of natural biocontrol mechanisms and increased crop susceptibility. Pest control is also crucial in the containment of the disease. After rainfall or irrigation, anthracnose symptoms may occur. Using foliar fungicide can help prevent spread of the disease and minimize anthracnose
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# Abraham Kohn
**Abraham Kohn** (June 13, 1806 in Zalužany, Bohemia -- September 7, 1848 at Lemberg, Galicia) was the liberal Chief Rabbi of Lemberg, and was poisoned to death.
In 1828, he entered the University of Prague, where he applied himself to philosophy, while devoting his spare time to rabbinical studies. In July, 1833, he was appointed rabbi of Hohenems, Vorarlberg, where he remained for eleven years. Besides organizing various charitable societies, he greatly improved the educational facilities for the young, and introduced many reforms into the public service. In May, 1844, he accepted the rabbinate of Lemberg. Here in a comparatively short time he opened a well-equipped \"Normalschule\" of which he was the superintendent, dedicated a new reform temple, abolished many old abuses, and did not rest until the degrading tax on kosher meat and Sabbath candles, imposed upon the Jewish community by the government, was removed.
In 1902 the Lviv/Lemberg Jewish community commissioned a portrait of Abraham Kohn. The posthumous portrait was painted by a Lviv-based Jewish painter Wilhelm Wachtel (1875-1952). Presently this portrait is in the collection of the Voznytsky Lviv National Gallery in Lviv, Ukraine.
## Death
While the less traditional element rallied about him, the traditionalists of the community bitterly protested changes to their religion. On September 6, 1848, Abraham Ber Pilpel, said to be hired by a fanatical clique, entered Kohn\'s kitchen and poisoned the family\'s dinner with arsenic. While the other members of his family recovered, Kohn and his youngest daughter (cf. \"Reformed Judaism and its Pioneers\" by E. Schreiber, where he writes that the only victim of the murder was Rabbi Kohn himself and the rest of the family recovered), died the following day. After Kohn died Pilpel stood trial for his murder and was convicted. However, on appeal this was overturned. After the verdict was overturned, it was again reviewed by the highest court and the appellate court\'s judgment was upheld
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# Gibberella bresadolae
***Gibberella bresadolae*** is a fungal plant pathogen
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# Gibberella avenacea
***Gibberella avenacea*** is a fungus that infects plants
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# Gibberella pulicaris
***Gibberella pulicaris*** is a fungal plant pathogen infecting several hosts including potato, strawberry, hop, alfalfa and Douglas-fir.
## Synonyms
- *Sphaeria pulicaris* Fr., Mykologische Hefte 2: 37 (1823) \[MB#239256\]
- *Gibbera pulicaris* (Fr.) Fr., Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae 2: 402 (1849) \[MB#190097\]
- *Botryosphaeria pulicaris* (Fr.) Ces. & De Not. (1863) \[MB#184344\]
- *Nectria pulicaris* (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Selecta Fungorum Carpologia: Nectriei- Phacidiei- Pezizei 3: 63 (1865) \[MB#465479\]
- *Cucurbitaria pulicaris* (Fr.) Quél., Mémoires de la Société d\'Émulation de Montbéliard sér. 2, 5: 511 (1875) \[MB#504675\]
- *Sphaeria cyanogena* Desm., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique sér
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# Golf Magazine
***Golf Magazine*** is a monthly golf magazine. One of the first \"special interest\" magazines of its kind, it was started in April 1959 by Arnold Abramson and Robert Abramson, the owners of Universal Publishing and Distributing Corporation, who sold it to Times Mirror in 1972. Time Inc. acquired it in 2000. It was acquired by Howard Milstein in 2018. It was the world\'s most widely read golf publication from August 2006 to January 2007. The magazine is for golfers of all skill levels. Some features it includes are instruction from the top 100 teachers in America, interviews with famous golfers, tips on the best values for golf courses to go to on vacation, and an annual club test.
## Top 100 courses {#top_100_courses}
*Golf Magazine* conducts an annual survey of experts to determine the best course in the United States and the world.
### Top 100 in the United States {#top_100_in_the_united_states}
The best courses in the United States in 2024-25 were:
Rank Name Location Designer, *Year*
------ -------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------
1 Pine Valley Pine Valley, New Jersey George Crump/Harry Colt, *1918*
2 Cypress Point Pebble Beach, California Alister MacKenzie, *1928*
3 Shinnecock Hills Southampton, New York William Flynn, *1931*
4 National Golf Links of America Southampton, New York Charles B. Macdonald, *1911*
5 Oakmont Oakmont, Pennsylvania Henry Fownes, *1903*
6 Augusta National Augusta, Georgia Alister MacKenzie/Bobby Jones, *1933*
7 Sand Hills Mullen, Nebraska Bill Coore/Ben Crenshaw, *1995*
8 Merion (East) Ardmore, Pennsylvania Hugh Wilson, *1912*
9 Pebble Beach Pebble Beach, California Jack Neville/Douglas Grant, *1919*
10 Los Angeles (North) Los Angeles, California George C. Thomas Jr., *1927*
### Top 100 in the world {#top_100_in_the_world}
Here are the top ten courses in the world in 2023-24:
Rank Name Location Country Designer, *Year*
------ -------------------------------- -------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------
1 Pine Valley Pine Valley, New Jersey United States George Crump/Harry Colt, *1918*
2 Cypress Point Pebble Beach, California United States Alister MacKenzie, *1928*
3 St Andrews (Old Course) St Andrews Scotland Nature
4 Shinnecock Hills Southampton, New York United States William Flynn, *1931*
5 National Golf Links of America Southampton, New York United States C.B. MacDonald, *1911*
6 Royal County Down Newcastle, County Down Northern Ireland Tom Morris, *1889*
7 Royal Melbourne (West) Black Rock, Victoria Australia Alister MacKenzie, *1931*
8 Oakmont Oakmont, Pennsylvania United States Henry Fownes, *1903*
9 Augusta National Augusta, Georgia United States Alister MacKenzie/Bobby Jones, *1933*
10 Royal Dornoch (Championship) Dornoch Scotland Old Tom Morris, *1886*
## Annual Club Test {#annual_club_test}
*Golf Magazine* also conducts an annual test of some of the finest golf products available so that the golfer will be armed with the knowledge of which club is the best value. As of 2025, the Magazine no longer provides a \"rating\" nor does it rank each club. *Golf Magazine* thoroughly reviews all the newest club models on the market with the help of player testers. In the end, it groups the best clubs for 2025 into categories to make your purchasing choice easier. The below table summarizes the type of clubs as well as the categories for each tested for each:
Type of Golf Club Categories Assessed
------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Driver Forgiveness, Speed, Shot Correction, Slower Swinger Speeds, Low Spin Drivers.
Irons Game Improvement, Better Player, Players Distance, Super Game Improvement Elite Irons.
Fairway Woods Speed, Forgiveness, Slower Swing Speeds, Low Spin.
Hybrids Forgiveness, Playability, Shot Correction, Slower Swing Speeds.
## Top 100 Teachers in America {#top_100_teachers_in_america}
*Golf Magazine* also honours some of the best instructors in the business. On the emeritus list are:
Name Hometown
-------------------- --------------------------------
Jimmy Ballard Key Largo, Florida
Peggy Kirk Bell Southern Pines, North Carolina
Chuck Cook Austin, Texas
Manuel de la Torre River Hills, Wisconsin
Michael Hebron Smithtown, New York
David Leadbetter Champions Gate, Florida
Eddie Merrins Los Angeles, California
Dave Pelz Austin, Texas
Phil Ritson Winter Garden, Florida
Phil Rodgers La Jolla, California
Craig Shankland Daytona Beach, Florida
Dr. Jim Suttie Naples, Florida
Bob Toski Coconut Creek, Florida
Dr. Gary Wiren West Palm Beach, Florida
| 667 |
Golf Magazine
| 0 |
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# Golf Magazine
## 2011 player of the year selection {#player_of_the_year_selection}
On November 1, 2011, *Golf Magazine* selected Rory McIlroy over Yani Tseng for its 2011 player of year. The magazine\'s editor, David Clarke wrote, "We are pleased to name Rory McIlroy as our inaugural Player of the Year." Americans have embraced this young Northern Irishman, taking him into their hearts not just out of admiration for his amazing talent, but also for the grace he has shown in victory and defeat, his generosity of time with fans, and his commitments to causes beyond golf."
The McIlroy selection was heavily criticized by golf bloggers. The #1 male player in the world at the time, Luke Donald, tweeted, \"So rude and disrespectful of Yani. Whoever had final decision just diminished your magazine
| 131 |
Golf Magazine
| 1 |
11,063,492 |
# Saving Shiloh
***Saving Shiloh*** is a 2006 American family drama film directed by Sandy Tung, based on the book of the same name written by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor. It is the third and final film in the trilogy, whose other members are *Shiloh* and *Shiloh Season*.
## Plot
The movie begins with Marty Preston (Jason Dolley) explaining the events of *Shiloh* and *Shiloh 2: Shiloh Season*. Then Judd Travers (Scott Wilson) shows up at the Preston home with dead squirrels as a present for Marty and his family for helping him after his truck accident in the second film. A fearful Shiloh runs into the kitchen since he is still scared of Judd. Marty\'s sister, Becky (Liberty Smith), embarrasses her mother, Lou (Ann Dowd) when she calls Judd the meanest man, since Judd says he has eaten dead squirrels all his life. Soon, Marty hears from his two best friends, David Howard (Jordan Garrett) and Sam Wallace (Taylor Momsen), that after a fist fight, a drunken Judd has been charged with murder. Marty brings Judd some squirrel stew and offers to help Judd, believing that he has not committed murder, which is confirmed when Marty, David, and Shiloh help capture the real culprits. Soon after, when Marty is helping Judd build a fence for his hunting dogs, Judd accidentally steps on one of his dog\'s paws. The dog starts attacking Judd, biting his good leg. Judd doesn\'t show any fear, grabbing the dog and swinging him at a fence. Afterward, when Dara Lynn (Kyle Chavarria), another of Marty\'s sisters, falls into a lake, Marty jumps in to save her. Shiloh jumps in to help but gets caught in the current, which leads toward Miller Falls. Marty goes back into the lake to save Shiloh but gets caught in a branch. Seeing this, Judd jumps off a cliff into the lake to free Marty. Marty explains to Judd that Shiloh is going to go over the waterfall unless he saves him. Judd saves Shiloh and begins a friendship with Marty and Shiloh. Judd joins the local fire and rescue department after his acts of bravery. The film ends with Marty saying, \"If you open your heart, anything is possible\".
## Cast
- Scott Wilson as Judd Travers
- Gerald McRaney as Raymond \"Ray\" Preston
- Jason Dolley as Martin \"Marty\" Preston
- Ann Dowd as Louise \"Lou\" Preston
- Kyle Chavarria as Dara Lynn Preston
- Jordan Garrett as David Howard
- Taylor Momsen as Samantha \"Sam\" Wallace
- Liberty Smith as Rebecca \"Becky\" Preston
- Bonnie Bartlett as Mrs. Wallace
- Kari as Shiloh
## Reception
While Richard Roeper said that he felt as if he \"were being preached to throughout this film\", Roger Ebert says that it is a \"family film that deals with real problems and teaches real values, and yet is exciting and entertaining\". It has a rating of 41% on Rotten Tomatoes
| 487 |
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| 0 |
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# Revista 22
***Revista 22*** (*22 Magazine*) is a Romanian weekly magazine, issued by the Group for Social Dialogue and focused mainly on politics and culture.
## History and profile {#history_and_profile}
*Revista 22* was started in 1990. The first edition of the magazine was printed on 20 January 1990. The magazine was named in memory of 22 December 1989, the day the communist regime in Romania was overthrown. The founder was the Group for Social Dialogue, which is also the publisher. The magazine is published in Bucharest weekly on Tuesdays
| 90 |
Revista 22
| 0 |
11,063,496 |
# Association of Green Esperantists
The **Association of Green Esperantists** (*Asocio de Verduloj Esperantistaj*, **AVE**) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to using the Esperanto language, informing Greens about Esperanto, informing Esperantists about Green issues, and translating important documents.
AVE believes that Esperanto should be supported by Greens because it is a language designed to spread peace through international understanding; Esperanto protects the diversity of regional languages against the excessive use of imperialistic languages; and by using the neutral language Esperanto, Greens can help reduce language discrimination during their own international meetings.
## History
AVE was founded at the first meeting of the European Green Parties in 1984 in Liège, Belgium
| 111 |
Association of Green Esperantists
| 0 |
11,063,593 |
# Mihály Pataki
**Mihály Pataki** (7 December 1893 in Budapest -- 28 November 1977 in Budapest) was a Hungarian amateur football player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the Hungarian Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament and one in the consolation tournament. In the final of the consolation tournament, Pataki scored one goal against Austria. He also briefly served as Hungary\'s national football team manager in 1930
| 77 |
Mihály Pataki
| 0 |
11,063,598 |
# Faith Heritage School
**Faith Heritage School** is a private, non-denominational Christian, K-12 school in Syracuse, New York that was established in 1972. As of the 2003--2004 school year, its total enrollment was 557, with a student-to-teacher ratio of 14.3, according to NCES figures provided by the United States Department of Education. Figures reported by Syracuse\'s Post-Standard indicate that the school\'s enrollment for the 2006--2007 school year was down to 375 and that its executive director, Jeff Shaver, was spearheading an effort to increase enrollment, improve the school\'s financial aid offerings, and raise donations to fill the nearly 20% expected gap between tuition and expenditures in the school\'s \$2.1 million budget
| 111 |
Faith Heritage School
| 0 |
11,063,655 |
# Talk Like Blood
***Talk Like Blood*** is the fifth full-length album by 31knots. It was released on October 11, 2005 by Polyvinyl Records in the US and by [Own Records](http://www.OwnRecords.com) in Europe.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"City of Dust\" - 3:39
2. \"Hearsay\" - 3:59
3. \"Thousand Wars\" - 1:38
4. \"Intuition Imperfected\" - 3:27
5. \"Chain Reaction\" - 6:05
6. \"Untitled (Interlude)\" - 2:07
7. \"A Void Employs a Kiss\" - 3:18
8. \"Proxy And Dominion\" - 2:14
9. \"Talk Like Blood\" - 4:13
10. \"Busy Is Bold\" - 3:58
11
| 94 |
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| 0 |
11,063,671 |
# Sakoku Edict of 1635
The **Sakoku Edict** (*Sakoku-rei*, 鎖国令) of 1635 was a Japanese decree intended to eliminate foreign influence, enforced by strict government rules and regulations to impose these ideas. It was the third of a series issued by Tokugawa Iemitsu, *shōgun* of Japan from 1623 to 1651. The Edict of 1635 is considered a prime example of the Japanese desire for seclusion. The Edict of 1635 was written to the two commissioners of Nagasaki, a port city located in southwestern Japan.
## Japan before seclusion {#japan_before_seclusion}
Before the issuing of the exclusion edicts in 1633, Japanese fascination with European culture brought trade of various goods and commercial success to the country. Items such as eyeglasses, clocks, firearms, and artillery were in high demand in Japan, and trade began to flourish between the Japanese and Europe.
With the exchange of goods came the exchange of ideas as well. Christian missionaries, such as Francis Xavier, were among the first to travel to Japan to teach Catholicism. For a time, they were encouraged to enlighten the Japanese people, and Oda Nobunaga, during his reign as military leader of Japan in the 1570s and 1580s, encouraged the conversion of the Japanese to Catholicism. His hopes of competing with his Buddhist rivals led him to allow Catholic missionary activity in Japan. In Kyoto, Japan's capital city, a large portion of the population had already been converted to Christianity by the seventeenth century.
Following Nobunaga was Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who ruled over Japan from 1582 to 1598. Anti-European attitudes began under Hideyoshi, whose suspicion of the Europeans first began with their intimidating appearance; their armed ships and sophisticated military power produced doubt and distrust, and following the conquest of the Philippines by the Spanish, Hideyoshi was convinced they were not to be trusted. The true motives of the Europeans came quickly into question.
Those who converted to Catholicism were questioned about their loyalty to Japan, and in 1597, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixion of nine Catholic missionaries and seventeen Japanese converts. This was only the start of the hostility towards European influence and interaction; persecutions, decapitations, and forced conversions would all but eliminate the Christian community over the next few decades.
Tokugawa Ieyasu, who conquered Japan in 1600, was skeptical of the Spanish and Portuguese, due in part to the influence of his English advisor William Adams. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603, Japan began trading with the Dutch East India Company and English East India Company through factories at Hirado in present-day Nagasaki Prefecture. Ieyasu\'s successor Hidetada significantly curtailed Catholic activity in Japan and banned foreign trading in Osaka and Kyoto.
## Decrees of the Edict {#decrees_of_the_edict}
The key points of the Edict of 1635 included:
- The Japanese were to be kept within Japan's own boundaries. Strict rules were set to prevent them from leaving the country. Anyone caught trying to leave the country, or anyone who managed to leave and then returned from abroad, was to be executed. Europeans who entered Japan illegally would face the death penalty too.
- Catholicism was strictly forbidden. Those found practicing the Christian faith were subject to investigation, and anyone associated with Catholicism would be punished. To encourage the search for those who still followed Christianity, rewards were given to those who were willing to turn them in. Prevention of missionary activity was also stressed by the edict; no missionary was allowed to enter, and if apprehended by the government, he would face imprisonment.
- Trade restrictions and strict limitations on goods were set to limit the ports open to trade, and the merchants who would be allowed to engage in trade. Relations with the Portuguese were cut off entirely; Chinese merchants and those of the Dutch East India Company were restricted to enclaves in Nagasaki. Trade was also conducted with China through the semi-independent vassal kingdom of the Ryukyus, with Korea via the Tsushima Domain, and also with the Ainu people through the Matsumae Domain.
## Enforcement
As a way of enforcing the edict, investigation methods such as the anti-Christian inquisition were established to expose those still practicing Catholicism. The *fumi-e* ceremony was considered yet another way of detecting a Christian; to reveal any individual that was still loyal to the Christian faith, a picture resembling that of Jesus or Mary was placed on the floor of a pagoda, and everyone within the building was required to step on it. If any hesitation was visible, or any reluctance was detected, that individual was automatically suspect and subject to investigation.
Monetary rewards were also offered to anyone who had information regarding the violation of the edict. Anyone suspect of disregarding the decree would undergo a thorough investigation, and punishment usually followed. The allowance of ships was strictly regulated; only specific vessels were permitted to enter Japan, and merchants had to obtain special licenses to trade. Although trade was not cut off completely, it was very rare. To discourage those from embracing anything even remotely related to Europe, the Tokugawa punished any offenders that happened to surface. Many were publicly tortured, and often faced the death penalty as a result of their practices.
| 859 |
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| 0 |
11,063,671 |
# Sakoku Edict of 1635
## After the Edict {#after_the_edict}
Following the precedence of this seclusion edict, others followed in its footsteps. One example is the edict detailing the Exclusion of the Portuguese in 1639. This isolationist policy would continue to thrive until 1854, over two hundred years later, when Commodore Matthew Perry from the Americas compelled Japan at the Convention of Kanagawa (*Nichibei Washin Jōyaku*, 日米和親条約). Although the isolationist policy was not willingly given up, on July 29, 1858, Japan and the United States signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (*Nichibei Shūkō Tsūshō Jōyaku*, 日米修好通商条約), also known as the Harris Treaty. The signing of this document opened numerous trade ports in areas such as Edo, Kobe, Nagasaki, Niigata and Yokohama along Japan's coast
| 125 |
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| 1 |
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# 1998 Super League season
Man of Steel \| top_scorer = `{{flagicon|WAL}}`{=mediawiki} Iestyn Harris (255) \| top_scorer_link = \| top try scorer = `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Anthony Sullivan (20) \| top try scorer_link= \| membership_type = New franchise \| join = Gateshead Thunder \| join_method = Awarded to \| promote = Hull Sharks\
Huddersfield Giants \| promote_from = Division One \| relegate = \| relegate_to = \| playoffs = \| playoffs_link = \| conf1 = \| conf1_link = \| conf1_champ = \| conf1-runner-up = \| conf2 = \| conf2_link = \| conf2_champ = \| conf2-runner-up = \| playoffs_MVP = \| playoffs_MVP_link = \| finals = \| finals_link = \| finals_champ = \| finals-runner-up = \| finals_MVP = \| finals_MVP_link = \| prevseason_link = Super League II \| prevseason_year = 1997 \| nextseason_link = Super League IV \| nextseason_year = 1999 }} JJB Sports **Super League III** was the official name for the year 1998\'s Super League championship season, the 104th season of top-level professional rugby league football in Britain, and the third season played in summer.
The League format changed in 1998, with a playoff series being used to determine the Super League Champions for the first time since the 1972--73 season.
The team which finished on the top of the table were, from this season, awarded the League Leaders\' Shield, with the inaugural honours going to Wigan. Huddersfield Giants, the league\'s bottom club was saved from relegation in 1998 due to the expansion of the league to fourteen teams in Super League IV. The season culminated in the grand final between Leeds Rhinos and Wigan Warriors, which Wigan won, claiming the 1998 Championship.
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# 1998 Super League season
## Notable events {#notable_events}
### League affairs and broadcasting {#league_affairs_and_broadcasting}
The 1998 pre-season marked the departure of Rugby Football League chief executive Maurice Lindsay, who was asked to resign by RFL president Rodney Walker in early January. He was succeeded by his right-hand man, former deputy chief executive Neil Tunnicliffe. However, Lindsay immediately signed up for the position of managing director at Super League (Europe), the parent company of Super League. The deal brokered between the RFL and SLE for his transfer entailed the payment of Lindsay\'s salary by the RFL for two years, as well as the payment to SLE of about £500,000 previously earmarked for the defunct Paris Saint-Germain and Oldham clubs.
Lindsay\'s move which quickly followed by another row over which organization would represent Super League clubs in their negotiations with Sky for the sport\'s next television contract. The deal was eventually signed between Sky and Super League Europe, although it still required the approval of FASDA (the group representing the RFL\'s minor league clubs), who was offered the sum of £10.8 million by Sky in exchange for their approval. However, FASDA stalled deal in order to obtain assurances from SLE that the promotion system would be preserved, even as talks were underway with expansion teams in Gateshead and South Wales. Two weeks later, FASDA and SLE reached an agreement keeping promotion and relegation.
This paved the way for the signing of the new TV deal on 15 July. The total amount was £44 million over four years, plus a £1 million signing bonus for the Super League itself, and another £1 million to the RFL for the rights to select international matches not covered by main broadcasting contracts. With the new agreement secured, Rodney Walker, who had previously hinted at his resignation from the RFL due to recurring tensions within the organization and possible scheduling conflicts with his new job as chairman of the UK Sports Council, announced that he would likely reconsider, which he did. Meanwhile, towards the end of 1998, reports that Lindsay had started investing in betting booths at several racetracks all but confirmed the rumor that he was intent on leaving the sport of rugby league at the end of his two-year deal with SLE.
### Other
Despite FASDA rejecting a proposal to officially recognize farm team agreements at the end of the previous season, player call-ups continued unabated amidst several Super League clubs\' decision to shut down their reserve teams. As a result, FASDA demanded in January that the number of players concerned by such arrangements be capped to three. In July, a committee headed by technical director Joe Lydon proposed to abolish transfer fees for players above the age of twenty-four.
## Teams
Legend
--------
Team Stadium Capacity City/Area
-- --------------------- -------------------- ---------- --------------------------------
Bradford Bulls Odsal 27,000 Bradford, West Yorkshire
Castleford Tigers Wheldon Road 11,750 Castleford, West Yorkshire
Halifax Blue Sox Thrum Hall 9,832 Halifax, West Yorkshire
Huddersfield Giants Galpharm Stadium 24,500 Huddersfield, West Yorkshire
Hull Sharks The Boulevard 10,500 Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire
Leeds Rhinos Headingley 21,500 Leeds, West Yorkshire
London Broncos The Valley 27,000 Charlton, Greater London
Salford Reds The Willows 11,363 Salford, Greater Manchester
Sheffield Eagles Don Valley Stadium 25,000 Sheffield, South Yorkshire
St Helens Knowsley Road 17,500 St Helens, Mersyside
Warrington Wolves Wilderspool 9,200 Warrington, Cheshire
Wigan Warriors Central Park 18,000 Wigan, Greater Manchester
## Table
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL
\|team1=WIG \|team2=LEE \|team3=HFX \|team4=STH \|team5=BRA \|team6=CAS \|team7=LON \|team8=SHE \|team9=HUL \|team10=WAR \|team11=SAL \|team12=HUD
\|result1=SF \|result2=QSF \|result3=QSF \|result4=ESF \|result5=ESF
\|win_BRA=12 \|draw_BRA=0 \|loss_BRA=11 \|gf_BRA=498 \|ga_BRA=450 \|win_CAS=10 \|draw_CAS=1 \|loss_CAS=12 \|gf_CAS=446 \|ga_CAS=522 \|win_HUD=2 \|draw_HUD=0 \|loss_HUD=21 \|gf_HUD=288 \|ga_HUD=825 \|win_HUL=8 \|draw_HUL=0 \|loss_HUL=15 \|gf_HUL=431 \|ga_HUL=574 \|win_LEE=19 \|draw_LEE=0 \|loss_LEE=4 \|gf_LEE=662 \|ga_LEE=369 \|win_LON=10 \|draw_LON=0 \|loss_LON=13 \|gf_LON=415 \|ga_LON=476 \|win_HFX=18 \|draw_HFX=0 \|loss_HFX=5 \|gf_HFX=658 \|ga_HFX=390 \|win_SAL=6 \|draw_SAL=1 \|loss_SAL=16 \|gf_SAL=319 \|ga_SAL=575 \|win_SHE=8 \|draw_SHE=2 \|loss_SHE=13 \|gf_SHE=495 \|ga_SHE=541 \|win_STH=14 \|draw_STH=1 \|loss_STH=8 \|gf_STH=673 \|ga_STH=459 \|win_WAR=7 \|draw_WAR=1 \|loss_WAR=15 \|gf_WAR=411 \|ga_WAR=645 \|win_WIG=21 \|draw_WIG=0 \|loss_WIG=2 \|gf_WIG=762 \|ga_WIG=222
\|status_text_L=League Leaders
\|status_WIG=LC
\|name_BRA=`{{leagueicon|bradford|16}}`{=mediawiki} Bradford Bulls \|name_CAS=`{{leagueicon|castleford|16}}`{=mediawiki} Castleford Tigers \|name_HFX=`{{leagueicon|halifax|16}}`{=mediawiki} Halifax Blue Sox \|name_LEE=`{{leagueicon|leeds|16}}`{=mediawiki} Leeds Rhinos \|name_LON=`{{leagueicon|london|16}}`{=mediawiki} London Broncos \|name_SAL=`{{leagueicon|salford city|16}}`{=mediawiki} Salford Reds \|name_STH=`{{leagueicon|st helens |16}}`{=mediawiki} St Helens \|name_SHE=`{{leagueicon|sheffield|16}}`{=mediawiki} Sheffield Eagles \|name_WAR=`{{leagueicon|warrington|16}}`{=mediawiki} Warrington Wolves \|name_WIG=`{{leagueicon|wigan|16}}`{=mediawiki} Wigan Warriors \|name_HUL=`{{leagueicon|hull|16}}`{=mediawiki} Hull Sharks \|name_HUD=`{{leagueicon|huddersfield|16}}`{=mediawiki} Huddersfield Giants
\|class_rules = 1) Points; 2) Points difference; 3) Number of points scored;
\|for_against_style=points \|update=complete \|source= \|winpoints=2 \|drawpoints=1 \|losspoints=0
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_SF=green1 \|text_SF=Semi Final \|col_QSF=yellow1 \|text_QSF=Qualifying Semi Final \|col_ESF=blue1 \|text_ESF=Elimination Semi Final }}
| 720 |
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| 1 |
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# 1998 Super League season
## Play-offs {#play_offs}
The top five clubs at the end of the 23-round regular season entered the play-offs to decide the championship.
The format was to have an elimination play off between the fourth and fifth teams (the fourth team gaining home advantage) and then have a qualifying play-off between the second and third placed teams (the second placed team gaining home advantage). The winner of the qualifier would play the team finishing first in the first semi final whilst the losing team got a second chance and played against the winner of the eliminating play off between fourth and fifth. The winner of the qualifying semi final would progress to the final of the Super League championship and the losing side would get another chance and play against the winning side of the elimination semi final
| 142 |
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| 2 |
11,063,687 |
# Zoltán Blum
**Zoltán Blum** (also known as **Zoltán Virág**; 3 January 1892 -- 25 December 1959) was a Hungarian amateur football (soccer) player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
## Life
Blum was born in Pápa. He was a member of the Hungarian Olympic squad and played two matches in the consolation tournament. He was also part of the team at the 1924 Summer Olympics but did not play. He died in Budapest, aged 67
| 77 |
Zoltán Blum
| 0 |
11,063,688 |
# 1999 Super League season
Man of Steel \| top_scorer = `{{flagicon|WAL}}`{=mediawiki} Iestyn Harris (325) \| top_scorer_link = \| top try scorer = `{{flagicon|NZL}}`{=mediawiki} Toa Kohe-Love (25) \| top try scorer_link= \| promote = \| promoted_from = \| relegate = \| relegate_to = \| join = \| join_reason = \| membership_type = Left League \| leave = Gateshead Thunder;\
Sheffield Eagles \| leave_reason = Merged with Hull FC\
Merger with Huddersfield Giants \| playoffs = \| playoffs_link = \| conf1 = \| conf1_link = \| conf1_champ = \| conf1-runner-up = \| conf2 = \| conf2_link = \| conf2_champ = \| conf2-runner-up = \| playoffs_MVP = \| playoffs_MVP_link = \| finals = \| finals_link = \| finals_champ = \| finals-runner-up = \| finals_MVP = \| finals_MVP_link = \| prevseason_link = Super League III \| prevseason_year = 1998 \| nextseason_link = Super League V \| nextseason_year = 2000 }}
JJB Sports **Super League IV** was the official name for the year 1999\'s Super League championship season, the 105th season of top-level professional rugby league football in Britain, and the fourth championship run by the Super League. The start of Super League IV saw the emergence of a North East based Rugby League Club, Gateshead Thunder as well as newly promoted Wakefield Trinity Wildcats to expand the league to fourteen teams.
## Rule changes {#rule_changes}
- The 40/20 rule was introduced to reward accurate kicking in general play. The rule, which had been used in Australia since 1997, gave the head and feed at the resulting scrum to a team that kicked the ball from behind their 40-metre line so that it bounced in the field of play before going into touch behind their opponent\'s 20 metre line.`{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/rules_and_equipment/4216338.stm |publisher= British Broadcasting Corporation |title=The 40/20 kick |author=BBC Sport |date=2005-09-12 |access-date=2009-09-23}}`{=mediawiki}
## Teams
Legend
--------
Team Stadium Capacity City/Area
-- --------------------- --------------------------------- ---------- --------------------------------
Bradford Bulls Odsal 27,000 Bradford, West Yorkshire
Castleford Tigers Wheldon Road 11,750 Castleford, West Yorkshire
Gateshead Thunder Gateshead International Stadium 11,800 Gateshead, Tyne and Wear
Halifax Blue Sox Thrum Hall 9,832 Halifax, West Yorkshire
Huddersfield Giants Galpharm Stadium 24,500 Huddersfield, West Yorkshire
Hull Sharks The Boulevard 10,500 Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire
Leeds Rhinos Headingley 21,500 Leeds, West Yorkshire
London Broncos The Valley 27,000 Charlton, Greater London
Salford Reds The Willows 11,363 Salford, Greater Manchester
Sheffield Eagles Don Valley Stadium 25,000 Sheffield, South Yorkshire
St
| 397 |
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| 0 |
11,063,689 |
# John de Pilmuir
**John de Pilmuir** \[**Pilmor**, **Pylmore**\] (died 1362) was a 14th-century prelate based in Scotland. He was probably the son of Adam de Pilmuir, a Dundee burgess, and the brother of Richard de Pilmuir, Bishop of Dunkeld (1337/38--1345/47).
Originally a canon of the diocese of Ross, on 30 March 1326, he was consecrated by Pope John XXII as Bishop of Moray at Avignon. The diocese of Moray had been reserved during the episcopate of David de Moravia, and this along with the lack of any record of an election in Moray makes it probable that Pilmuir was a direct appointment of the papacy. He had previously been the vicar in spirituals of Pierre Roger, Archbishop of Rouen, the future Pope Clement VI.
As a bishop, Pilmuir was a frequent petitioner to the papacy. He completed the foundation of the Scots College in Paris, initiated by his predecessor in Moray David de Moravia. The college remain the responsibility of the Bishops of Moray until the Reformation. He died at episcopal residence of Spynie Castle on 28 September 1362. His episcopate was followed by the famous and eventful episcopate of Alexander Bur
| 193 |
John de Pilmuir
| 0 |
11,063,698 |
# 2000 Super League season
Man of Steel \| top_scorer = `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Sean Long (352) \| top_scorer_link = \| top try scorer = `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Sean Long\
`{{Flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy Martyn (22) \| top try scorer_link= \| promote = \| promoted_from = \| relegate = \| relegate_to = \| playoffs = \| playoffs_link = \| conf1 = \| conf1_link = \| conf1_champ = \| conf1-runner-up = \| conf2 = \| conf2_link = \| conf2_champ = \| conf2-runner-up = \| playoffs_MVP = \| playoffs_MVP_link = \| finals = \| finals_link = \| finals_champ = \| finals-runner-up = \| finals_MVP = \| finals_MVP_link = \| prevseason_link = Super League IV \| prevseason_year = 1999 \| nextseason_link = Super League VI \| nextseason_year = 2001 }}
**Tetley\'s Bitter Super League** was the official name for the year 2000\'s Super League championship season, the 106th season of top-level professional rugby league football in Britain, and the fifth championship run by the Super League. The season culminated in the Grand Final between St Helens R.F.C. and Wigan Warriors, which St Helens won, claiming their second consecutive Championship.
## Table
## Play-offs {#play_offs}
### Wide to West {#wide_to_west}
St Helens, who finished second in the regular season table, hosted Bradford Bulls for the **qualifying play-off** in week one of the play-offs. One of Super League\'s most well known tries was scored in the final seconds of the match. Bradford led the game 11--10 into the final minute when, deep in the St Helens half with the match seemingly lost, St Helens were awarded a penalty. The try scored on the second tackle by Chris Joynt became known as \"Wide to West\" due to the phrase being used in live commentary by Eddie Hemmings. St Helens won 16--11.
Eddie Hemmings and Mike Stephenson commentated for Sky Sports:
Hemmings: It\'s gonna be the match for Bradford.\
Stephenson: He\'s given a penalty.\
Hemmings: Oh, he has.\
Stephenson: He\'d called held there. They\'re still not out of it. Oh, they\'ve taken a short one, they know they\'ve only got ten seconds. Will they get this play-the-ball in? They\'re holding him down.\
Crowd: \[counting down until the end of match\] 5, 4, 3, 2, 1\
Hemmings: Sculthorpe wants to get on with it, Bradford: counting down.\
Stephenson: Kick and chase now?\
Hemmings: This is the last play. Long\... kicks it wide to Iro. Iro to Hall. Hall is trapped. Back it goes to Hoppe. Over the shoulder to Hall. There is Jonkers. Here is Long, and Long fancies it. Long fancies it. It\'s wide to West. It\'s wide to West. Dwayne West. Inside to Joynt. Joynt. JOYNT. JOYNT! OH! OH! FANTASTIC!\
Stephenson: I wouldn\'t believe it!\
Hemmings: They\'ve won it, they\'ve won it, they\'ve won it. Chris Joynt; Chris Joynt has won it. It is unbelievable here, it is, frankly, unbelievable. Chris Joynt has won the match for St Helens
| 477 |
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| 0 |
11,063,710 |
# 2002 Super League season
Man of Steel \| top_scorer = `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Deacon (301) \| top_scorer_link = \| top try scorer = `{{flagicon|AUS}}`{=mediawiki} Dennis Moran (22) \| top try scorer_link= \| promote = Huddersfield Giants \| promote_from = National League One \| relegate = Salford City Reds \| relegate_to = National League One \| playoffs = \| playoffs_link = \| conf1 = \| conf1_link = \| conf1_champ = \| conf1-runner-up = \| conf2 = \| conf2_link = \| conf2_champ = \| conf2-runner-up = \| playoffs_MVP = \| playoffs_MVP_link = \| finals = \| finals_link = \| finals_champ = \| finals-runner-up = \| finals_MVP = \| finals_MVP_link = \| prevseason_link = Super League VI \| prevseason_year = 2001 \| nextseason_link = Super League VIII \| nextseason_year = 2003 }} **Super League VII** (styled **Tetley\'s Super League VII** due to sponsorship from Tetley\'s Brewery) was the year 2002\'s Super League championship season, the 108th season of top-level professional rugby league in Britain, and the seventh run by the Super League. Twelve clubs from across England competed during the season, culminating in the 2002 Super League Grand Final between St. Helens and Bradford Bulls, which St Helens won, claiming their third premiership in four seasons.
Lee Briers of Warrington Wolves scored a record-equalling 5 drop goals against Halifax Blue Sox in the Super League match on 25 May 2002.
## Operational rules {#operational_rules}
Salary cap limits were adjusted in an attempt to make Super League more competitive:
- The cap for money spent on players\' salaries was set at £1.8 million per club from the 2002 season. The previous limit had allowed the clubs to spend either £0.75 million per year or a higher amount as long as it was no more than 50% of the clubs \"salary cap relevant income\".
- The cap change allowed some clubs in Super League to spend more money on players than they had previously but forced a reduction in spending at others. Wigan Warriors were given 12 months\' dispensation to spend up to £2.3 million due to existing contract commitments
| 345 |
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| 0 |
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# Johannes de Quadris
**Johannes de Quadris** (Quatris) (before 1410 -- 1457?) was an Italian composer of the early Renaissance. He was one of the first composers of polyphony associated with the basilica of St. Mark\'s in Venice, and the earliest known composer to write a polyphonic setting of the Magnificat for four voices.
## Life
He was a priest, and originally from the diocese of Valva-Sulmona, in the vicinity of L\'Aquila, in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. Sometime before 1436 he began to work as a singer at San Marco in Venice, which was then at the very beginning of its rise to fame; the first mention of a choir there is found in a document of 1403 (by the end of the 16th century, it was one of the most renowned musical institutions in Europe). Quadris worked at San Marco from at least 1436, the date given on his Magnificat, to the time that a Vatican document listed him as \"deceased\", in 1457. He made repeated requests (1450, 1452, 1454) to Pope Nicholas V to obtain a prebend in Aquileia.
## Music
His musical style is highly varied, and possibly he wrote his surviving pieces over a career of more than the twenty documented years. The motet *Gaudeat ecclesia* and the *Magnificat* are stylistically related to the music of the late Middle Ages, with a cantus firmus surrounded by texturally distinct vocal lines; the other works, with their lighter texture, are more characteristic of Italian composers writing later in the century. Clarity of the text is foremost in these works, as is liturgical utility. According to Giulio Cattin, writing in the *New Grove*: \"Taken as a whole, his output developed in a way typical of the 15th century, from a northern late Gothic idiom to the expressive, tuneful simplicity of Italian music.\"
The Magnificat is the earliest polyphonic setting of the Canticle for four voices; the few surviving earlier settings are all for two or three only. It is marked \"pbr. Johannes de Quatris: 1436 mensis maij Venet\[iis\]\" -- a much-debated notation which may refer to the time and place of composition (May 1436, Venice) or perhaps an occasion for performance, or even the date the manuscript was copied.
Quadris\'s music remained popular for more than half a century, as shown by the many copies made of his hymn *Iste confessor*, as well as the printing of his music for the Passion by Ottaviano Petrucci in 1506 (the only source that gives Quadris as the composer). The music for the Passion, which includes Lessons for Matins as well as a set of Lamentations, also has been found in a manuscript, now in Vicenza, which was copied around 1440. His settings of the Lamentations were in use at San Marco until they were replaced by those by Giovanni Croce in 1603, another indication of the esteem in which they were held
| 483 |
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| 0 |
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# 2003 Super League season
Man of Steel \| top_scorer = `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Deacon (286) \| top_scorer_link = \| top try scorer = `{{flagicon|AUS}}`{=mediawiki} Dennis Moran (24) \| top try scorer_link= \| promote = Salford City Reds \| promote_from = National League One \| relegate = Halifax \| relegate_to = National League One \| playoffs = \| playoffs_link = \| conf1 = \| conf1_link = \| conf1_champ = \| conf1-runner-up = \| conf2 = \| conf2_link = \| conf2_champ = \| conf2-runner-up = \| playoffs_MVP = \| playoffs_MVP_link = \| finals = \| finals_link = \| finals_champ = \| finals-runner-up = \| finals_MVP = \| finals_MVP_link = \| prevseason_link = Super League VII \| prevseason_year = 2002 \| nextseason_link = Super League IX \| nextseason_year = 2004 }} **Tetley\'s Super League VIII** was the official name for the year 2003\'s Super League championship season, the 109th season of top-level professional rugby league held in Britain, and the eighth championship run by Super League.
The season culminated in a replay of the 2001 Grand Final between Bradford Bulls and Wigan Warriors, and again Bradford won, claiming the 2003 Championship, their second in three years.
## Rule changes {#rule_changes}
- The knock-on rule was modified so that if in the referee\'s judgement a player did not play at the ball, a knock-on would not be given.
- Super League coaches voted 12-0 for new interchange and substitution rules for the 2003 season. The number of interchanges, which now included blood bins, increased from 6 to 12 using a pool of 4 substitutes. This change aimed to retain the element of wearing down a team\'s opponents during the game -- which was considered part of the character of the sport. Stuart Cummings, the Rugby Football League\'s technical controller said the changes \"bring us into line with the international rules\" and ruled out future increases as well as declaring, \"We will never see the unlimited interchange introduced into rugby league in Britain,\" a change that had caused controversy in Australia during its experiment there.
## Table
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL
\|team1=BRA \|team2=LEE \|team3=WIG \|team4=STH \|team5=LON \|team6=WAR \|team7=HUL \|team8=CAS \|team9=WID \|team10=HUD \|team11=WAK \|team12=HFX
\|result1=SF \|result2=SF \|result3=ESF \|result4=ESF \|result5=ESF \|result6=ESF \|result12=REL
\|win_BRA=22 \|draw_BRA=0 \|loss_BRA=6 \|gf_BRA=878 \|ga_BRA=529 \|win_CAS=12 \|draw_CAS=1 \|loss_CAS=15 \|gf_CAS=612 \|ga_CAS=633 \|win_HUD=11 \|draw_HUD=1 \|loss_HUD=16 \|gf_HUD=628 \|ga_HUD=715 \|win_HUL=13 \|draw_HUL=3 \|loss_HUL=12 \|gf_HUL=701 \|ga_HUL=577 \|win_LEE=19 \|draw_LEE=3 \|loss_LEE=6 \|gf_LEE=751 \|ga_LEE=555 \|win_LON=14 \|draw_LON=2 \|loss_LON=12 \|gf_LON=643 \|ga_LON=696 \|win_HFX=1 \|draw_HFX=0 \|loss_HFX=27 \|gf_HFX=372 \|ga_HFX=1227 \|win_WID=12 \|draw_WID=1 \|loss_WID=15 \|gf_WID=640 \|ga_WID=727 \|win_STH=16 \|draw_STH=1 \|loss_STH=11 \|gf_STH=845 \|ga_STH=535 \|win_WAR=14 \|draw_WAR=1 \|loss_WAR=13 \|gf_WAR=748 \|ga_WAR=619 \|win_WAK=7 \|draw_WAK=1 \|loss_WAK=20 \|gf_WAK=505 \|ga_WAK=774 \|win_WIG=19 \|draw_WIG=2 \|loss_WIG=7 \|gf_WIG=776 \|ga_WIG=512
\|status_text_L=League Leaders\' Shield Winners \|res_col_header=Q
\|status_BRA=LC \|status_HFX=R
\|name_BRA=`{{leagueicon|bradford|16}}`{=mediawiki} Bradford Bulls \|name_CAS=`{{leagueicon|castleford|16}}`{=mediawiki} Castleford Tigers \|name_HFX=`{{leagueicon|halifax|16}}`{=mediawiki} Halifax \|name_LEE=`{{leagueicon|leeds|16}}`{=mediawiki} Leeds Rhinos \|name_LON=`{{leagueicon|london|16}}`{=mediawiki} London Broncos \|name_HUD=`{{leagueicon|huddersfield|16}}`{=mediawiki} Huddersfield Giants \|name_STH=`{{leagueicon|st helens |16}}`{=mediawiki} St Helens \|name_WAR=`{{leagueicon|warrington|16}}`{=mediawiki} Warrington Wolves \|name_WIG=`{{leagueicon|wigan|16}}`{=mediawiki} Wigan Warriors \|name_HUL=`{{leagueicon|hull|16}}`{=mediawiki} Hull F.C. \|name_WID=`{{leagueicon|Widnes|16}}`{=mediawiki} Widnes Vikings \|name_WAK=`{{leagueicon|wakefield|16}}`{=mediawiki} Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
\|adjust_points_STH=-2 \|hth_STH=St Helens deducted 2 points for salary cap breaches. \|adjust_points_HUL=-2 \|hth_HUL=Hull FC deducted 2 points for salary cap breaches. \|adjust_points_HFX=-2 \|hth_HFX=Halifax deducted 2 points for salary cap breaches.
\|class_rules = 1) Points; 2) Points difference; 3) Number of points scored;
\|for_against_style=points \|update=complete \|source=[Rugby League Project](https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/super-league-viii-2003/summary.html) \|winpoints=2 \|drawpoints=1 \|losspoints=0
\|col_SF=green1 \|text_SF=Semi Final \|col_ESF=yellow1 \|text_ESF=Elimination Semi Final \|col_REL=red1 \|text_REL=Relegation to National League One }}
## Play-offs {#play_offs}
Source: Rugby League Project
### Grand Final {#grand_final}
| 542 |
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| 0 |
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# 2003 Super League season
## Media
### Television
This season was the final year of Sky Sports\' contract with the Rugby Football League allowing them to broadcast matches exclusively live, the deal ended in November 2003.
## Records
On 2 March, Matt Crowther of Hull F.C. equalled the club record for goals in a match when he was successful 14 times against Sheffield Eagles.
## 2003 Transfers
### Players
Player 2002 Club 2003 Club
-------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
data-sort-value=\"Costin, Brandon\"\| Brandon Costin Bradford Bulls Huddersfield Giants
data-sort-value=\"McDermott, Brian\"\| Brian McDermott Bradford Bulls Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Gay, Richard\"\| Richard Gay Castleford Tigers Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Mather, Barrie-Jon\"\| Barrie-Jon Mather Castleford Tigers Kubota Spears (Japanese rugby union)
data-sort-value=\"Mercer, Gary\"\| Gary Mercer Castleford Tigers Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Warren, Kyle\"\| Kyle Warren Castleford Tigers Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Wells, Jon\"\| Jon Wells Castleford Tigers Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
data-sort-value=\"Beckett, Robbie\"\| Robbie Beckett Halifax Blue Sox NRL: Wests Tigers
data-sort-value=\"Bloem, Jamie\"\| Jamie Bloem Halifax Blue Sox Huddersfield Giants
data-sort-value=\"Clinch, Gavin\"\| Gavin Clinch Halifax Blue Sox Salford City Reds (National League One)
data-sort-value=\"Dunemann, Andrew\"\| Andrew Dunemann Halifax Blue Sox Leeds Rhinos
data-sort-value=\"Flowers, Jason\"\| Jason Flowers Halifax Blue Sox Salford City Reds (National League One)
data-sort-value=\"Gannon, Jim\"\| Jim Gannon Halifax Blue Sox Huddersfield Giants
data-sort-value=\"Goldspink, Brett\"\| Brett Goldspink Halifax Blue Sox Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Hammond, Karle\"\| Karle Hammond Halifax Blue Sox Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Thackray, Jamie\"\| Jamie Thackray Halifax Blue Sox Castleford Tigers
data-sort-value=\"Woods, David\"\| David Woods Halifax Blue Sox Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Jackson, Lee\"\| Lee Jackson Hull F.C. York City Knights
data-sort-value=\"Mackay, Graham\"\| Graham Mackay Hull F.C. Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Carroll, Tonie\"\| Tonie Carroll Leeds Rhinos NRL: Brisbane Broncos
data-sort-value=\"Fleary, Darren\"\| Darren Fleary Leeds Rhinos Huddersfield Giants
data-sort-value=\"Hay, Andy\"\| Andy Hay Leeds Rhinos Widnes Vikings
data-sort-value=\"Pratt, Karl\"\| Karl Pratt Leeds Rhinos Bradford Bulls
data-sort-value=\"Sheridan, Ryan\"\| Ryan Sheridan Leeds Rhinos Widnes Vikings
data-sort-value=\"St Hilaire, Marcus\"\| Marcus St Hilaire Leeds Rhinos Huddersfield Giants
data-sort-value=\"Vowles, Adrian\"\| Adrian Vowles Leeds Rhinos Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
data-sort-value=\"Walker, Ben\"\| Ben Walker Leeds Rhinos NRL: Manly Warringah Sea Eagles
data-sort-value=\"Barnett, Richie\"\| Richie Barnett London Broncos Hull F.C.
data-sort-value=\"Evans, Wayne\"\| Wayne Evans London Broncos Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Gillett, Michael\"\| Michael Gillett London Broncos Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Hetherington, Jason\"\| Jason Hetherington London Broncos Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Corvo, Mark\"\| Mark Corvo Salford City Reds Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Gibson, Damian\"\| Damian Gibson Salford City Reds Castleford Tigers
data-sort-value=\"Hancock, Michael\"\| Michael Hancock Salford City Reds Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Holroyd, Graham\"\| Graham Holroyd Salford City Reds Huddersfield Giants
data-sort-value=\"Jowitt, Warren\"\| Warren Jowitt Salford City Reds Hull F.C.
data-sort-value=\"Maloney, Francis\"\| Francis Maloney Salford City Reds Castleford Tigers
data-sort-value=\"Nicol, Jason\"\| Jason Nicol Salford City Reds Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Pinkney, Nick\"\| Nick Pinkney Salford City Reds Hull Kingston Rovers (National League One)
data-sort-value=\"Shaw, Darren\"\| Darren Shaw Salford City Reds Oldham (National League One)
data-sort-value=\"Treacy, Darren\"\| Darren Treacy Salford City Reds NRL: Parramatta Eels
data-sort-value=\"Wainwright, Mike\"\| Mike Wainwright Salford City Reds Warrington Wolves
data-sort-value=\"Britt, Darren\"\| Darren Britt St. Helens Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Hoppe, Sean\"\| Sean Hoppe St. Helens Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Nickle, Sonny\"\| Sonny Nickle St. Helens Leigh Centurions (National League One)
data-sort-value=\"Shiels, Peter\"\| Peter Shiels St. Helens Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Bird, Deon\"\| Deon Bird Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Widnes Vikings
data-sort-value=\"Broadbent, Paul\"\| Paul Broadbent Wakefield Trinity Wildcats York City Knights
data-sort-value=\"Feather, Chris\"\| Chris Feather Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Leeds Rhinos
data-sort-value=\"Frew, Andrew\"\| Andrew Frew Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Halifax
data-sort-value=\"Hassan, Phil\"\| Phil Hassan Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Swinton Lions
data-sort-value=\"Jackson, Paul\"\| Paul Jackson Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Castleford Tigers
data-sort-value=\"Law, Neil\"\| Neil Law Wakefield Trinity Wildcats York City Knights
data-sort-value=\"Moana, Martin\"\| Martin Moana Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Halifax
data-sort-value=\"Tassell, Kris\"\| Kris Tassell Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Swinton Lions
data-sort-value=\"Wood, Nathan\"\| Nathan Wood Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Warrington Wolves
data-sort-value=\"Busby, Dean\"\| Dean Busby Warrington Wolves Hull Kingston Rovers (National League One)
data-sort-value=\"Laughton, Dale\"\| Dale Laughton Warrington Wolves Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Marquet, Paul\"\| Paul Marquet Warrington Wolves Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Rodwell, Matthew\"\| Matthew Rodwell Warrington Wolves Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Carter, Steve\"\| Steve Carter Widnes Vikings Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Stone, Troy\"\| Troy Stone Widnes Vikings Retirement
data-sort-value=\"Weston, Craig\"\| Craig Weston Widnes Vikings Hiatus
data-sort-value=\"Connolly, Gary\"\| Gary Connolly Wigan Warriors Leeds Rhinos
data-sort-value=\"Furner, David\"\| David Furner Wigan Warriors Leeds Rhinos
data-sort-value=\"Howard, Harvey\"\| Harvey Howard Wigan Warriors Hull Kingston Rovers (National League One)
data-sort-value=\"Golden, Marvin\"\| Marvin Golden Doncaster Dragons (Northern Ford Premiership) Widnes Vikings
data-sort-value=\"Thorman, Chris\"\| Chris Thorman Huddersfield Giants (Northern Ford Premiership) London Broncos
data-sort-value=\"Calland, Matt\"\| Matt Calland Rochdale Hornets (Northern Ford Premiership) Huddersfield Giants
data-sort-value=\"Smith, Darren\"\| Darren Smith NRL: Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs St. Helens
data-sort-value=\"Best, Colin\"\| Colin Best NRL: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks Hull F.C.
data-sort-value=\"Graham, Nick\"\| Nick Graham NRL: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks Wigan Warriors
data-sort-value=\"McKenna, Chris\"\| Chris McKenna NRL: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks Leeds Rhinos
data-sort-value=\"Mellor, Paul\"\| Paul Mellor NRL: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks Castleford Tigers
data-sort-value=\"Treister, Dean\"\| Dean Treister NRL: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks Hull F.C.
data-sort-value=\"Sibbit, Ian\"\| Ian Sibbit NRL: Melbourne Storm Warrington Wolves
data-sort-value=\"Bailey, Julian\"\| Julian Bailey NRL: Newcastle Knights Huddersfield Giants
data-sort-value=\"O\'Brien, Clinton\"\| Clinton O\'Brien NRL: Newcastle Knights Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
data-sort-value=\"Peden, Bill\"\| Bill Peden NRL: Newcastle Knights London Broncos
data-sort-value=\"Hape, Shontayne\"\| Shontayne Hape NRL: New Zealand Warriors Bradford Bulls
data-sort-value=\"Colella, Anthony\"\| Anthony Colella NRL: South Sydney Rabbitohs Huddersfield Giants
data-sort-value=\"Grose, Brent\"\| Brent Grose NRL: South Sydney Rabbitohs Warrington Wolves
data-sort-value=\"Hooper, Jason\"\| Jason Hooper NRL: St. George Illawarra Dragons St. Helens
data-sort-value=\"Millard, Shane\"\| Shane Millard NRL: St
| 824 |
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# 2004 Super League season
Man of Steel \| top_scorer = `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Kevin Sinfield (277) \| top_scorer_link = \| top try scorer = `{{flagicon|TON}}`{=mediawiki} Lesley Vainikolo (36) \| top try scorer_link= \| promote = Leigh Centurions \| promote_from = National League One \| relegate = Castleford Tigers \| relegate_to = National League One \| playoffs = \| playoffs_link = \| conf1 = \| conf1_link = \| conf1_champ = \| conf1-runner-up = \| conf2 = \| conf2_link = \| conf2_champ = \| conf2-runner-up = \| playoffs_MVP = \| playoffs_MVP_link = \| finals = \| finals_link = \| finals_champ = \| finals-runner-up = \| finals_MVP = \| finals_MVP_link = \| prevseason_link = Super League VIII \| prevseason_year = 2003 \| nextseason_link = Super League X \| nextseason_year = 2005 }} **Tetley\'s Super League IX** was the name of the 2004 Super League championship season due to sponsorship by Tetley\'s Bitter. This was the 110th season of top-level professional rugby league held in Britain, and the ninth championship decided by Super League. The season culminated in the grand final between Leeds Rhinos and Bradford Bulls, which Leeds won, claiming the 2004 title.
## Season summary {#season_summary}
During this season Leeds claimed a couple of records, they became the 1st team until Castleford in 2017 to accumulate 50 points from the regular rounds and finished a record 9 points clear of 2nd placed Bradford Bulls, they also became only the 2nd team in the Super League era to finish at home with a 100% record in the regular weekly rounds. Lesley Vainikolo scored more tries than anybody else that season with 37, beating Danny McGuire who finished on 36.
## Table
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL
\|team1=LEE \|team2=BRA \|team3=HUL \|team4=WIG \|team5=STH \|team6=WAK \|team7=HUD \|team8=WAR \|team9=SAL \|team10=LON \|team11=WID \|team12=CAS
\|result1=SF \|result2=SF \|result3=ESF \|result4=ESF \|result5=ESF \|result6=ESF \|result12=REL
\|win_BRA=20 \|draw_BRA=1 \|loss_BRA=7 \|gf_BRA=918 \|ga_BRA=565 \|win_CAS=6 \|draw_CAS=0 \|loss_CAS=22 \|gf_CAS=515 \|ga_CAS=924 \|win_HUD=12 \|draw_HUD=0 \|loss_HUD=16 \|gf_HUD=518 \|ga_HUD=757 \|win_HUL=19 \|draw_HUL=2 \|loss_HUL=7 \|gf_HUL=843 \|ga_HUL=478 \|win_LEE=24 \|draw_LEE=2 \|loss_LEE=2 \|gf_LEE=1037 \|ga_LEE=443 \|win_LON=7 \|draw_LON=1 \|loss_LON=20 \|gf_LON=561 \|ga_LON=968 \|win_SAL=8 \|draw_SAL=0 \|loss_SAL=20 \|gf_SAL=507 \|ga_SAL=828 \|win_STH=17 \|draw_STH=1 \|loss_STH=10 \|gf_STH=821 \|ga_STH=662 \|win_WAR=10 \|draw_WAR=1 \|loss_WAR=17 \|gf_WAR=700 \|ga_WAR=715 \|win_WAK=15 \|draw_WAK=0 \|loss_WAK=13 \|gf_WAK=788 \|ga_WAK=662 \|win_WID=7 \|draw_WID=0 \|loss_WID=21 \|gf_WID=466 \|ga_WID=850 \|win_WIG=17 \|draw_WIG=4 \|loss_WIG=7 \|gf_WIG=736 \|ga_WIG=558
\|status_text_L=League Leaders\' Shield Winners \|res_col_header=Q
\|status_LEE=LC \|status_CAS=R
\|name_BRA=`{{leagueicon|bradford|16}}`{=mediawiki} Bradford Bulls \|name_CAS=`{{leagueicon|castleford|16}}`{=mediawiki} Castleford Tigers \|name_HUD=`{{leagueicon|Huddersfield|16}}`{=mediawiki} Huddersfield Giants \|name_LEE=`{{leagueicon|leeds|16}}`{=mediawiki} Leeds Rhinos \|name_LON=`{{leagueicon|london|16}}`{=mediawiki} London Broncos \|name_SAL=`{{leagueicon|salford city|16}}`{=mediawiki} Salford City Reds \|name_STH=`{{leagueicon|st helens |16}}`{=mediawiki} St Helens \|name_WAR=`{{leagueicon|warrington|16}}`{=mediawiki} Warrington Wolves \|name_WIG=`{{leagueicon|wigan|16}}`{=mediawiki} Wigan Warriors \|name_HUL=`{{leagueicon|hull|16}}`{=mediawiki} Hull F.C. \|name_WID=`{{leagueicon|Widnes|16}}`{=mediawiki} Widnes Vikings \|name_WAK=`{{leagueicon|wakefield|16}}`{=mediawiki} Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
\|class_rules = 1) Points; 2) Points difference; 3) Number of points scored;
\|for_against_style=points \|update=complete \|source=[Rugby League Project](https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/super-league-ix-2004/summary.html) \|winpoints=2 \|drawpoints=1 \|losspoints=0
\|col_SF=green1 \|text_SF=Semi Final \|col_ESF=yellow1 \|text_ESF=Elimination Semi Final \|col_REL=red1 \|text_REL=Relegation to National League One }}
## Play-offs {#play_offs}
| 443 |
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| 0 |
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# 2004 Super League season
## Media
### Television
Live Super League IX matches were broadcast in the United Kingdom by Sky Sports in the first year of a new five-year television deal. The contract was signed less than three weeks before the start of the season. The deal, worth £53 million, represented a 15 percent, or £7 million, increase on the last contract. The contract would run until the end of the 2008 season and also cover the international game minus the 2008 World Cup, which is worth £5 million of the total amount. It was speculated in the media that clubs would receive around £700,000-£800,000 per year from the deal - less than the £1 million clubs received in 1995 when British rugby league agreed to switch to a summer season. The clubs had received in initial offer of £55.5 million from Sky, one of two offers rejected; after that offer was declined the amount was reduced with the final figure agreed being settled later after an intervention by Maurice Lindsay. Sky\'s offer took into account their dissatisfaction with the - BBC requested - proposed move of the Challenge Cup Final to between May and August in 2005, which they believed was too near to the October Grand Final. An RFL spokesman said: \"To increase our overall take in a falling market is a major step forward for our game\". Vic Wakeling speaking for Sky said: \"Our relationship with rugby league is one of the longest in the 12-year history of Sky Sports and we are delighted to be announcing the same again in terms of Super League and international rights.
The BBC secured secondary broadcast rights to show the Super League play-offs and Grand Final nationally with a provision to show match highlights of regular season games. Previously, a deal with the BBC had seen a Sky highlights package shown in the BBC\'s northern regions
| 318 |
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| 1 |
11,063,727 |
# Harry B. Wolf
**Harry Benjamin Wolf** (June 16, 1880 -- February 17, 1944) was an American politician and Congressman from Maryland.
## Formation
Born in Baltimore, Maryland from Jacob Wolf and Mollie Furstenberg Wolf, he had two other siblings.
Wolf attended the public schools of the city. To earn money, he was a paperboy and sold fruit, before he and his brother bought a horse and a wagon in order to sell bananas bought on the waterfront to Baltimore shopkeepers, earning an important sum of money.
He graduated from the law department of the University of Maryland, Baltimore in 1901.
## Law career {#law_career}
He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced the practice of law in Baltimore, specialising in criminal cases, and also engaged in the real estate business and hotel-property investments, even creating a successful ferry company.
In 1922, defending 19-year-old Walter Socolow, one of the five persons arrested for the murder of William Norris, Wolf saved him from hanging, while being held guilty by the jury, by conspiring with one of Socolow\'s accomplices to destroy the confession of another accomplice, who had turned State\'s evidence. Wolf was held guilty of obstructing justice, disbarred, fined and placed on probation.
From 1911, Wolf, along with other lawyers, was involved in a scheme to get cheaper housemaids for prominent Baltimore families by using Habeas corpus writs for Rosewood Center mentally challenged inmates. Once released into the custody of these families, they were often mistreated, with a low or even no pay, and sometimes abandoned in the streets when these families complained about their low productivity, or else dying from the poor labor conditions. This scheme was denounced by Leo Kanner in 1937.
## Politics
Wolf served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1906 to 1908.
He was nominated by the local section of the Democratic party, and was elected as a Democrat to the Sixtieth Congress, serving from March 4, 1907, to March 3, 1909. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1908 to the Sixty-first Congress, being beaten by John Kronmiller, and resumed the practice of his profession and other business interests in Baltimore.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married Sara and they had four sons, Frederick S. Wolf, Edwin J. Wolf, Harry B. Wolf Jr. and Alan M. Wolf. Sara died on August 12, 1964.
He was named grand master of the Independent Order of B\'rith Shalom.
## Death
He died in Baltimore, and is interred in the Hebrew Friendship Cemetery
| 422 |
Harry B. Wolf
| 0 |
11,063,770 |
# Frank C. Wachter
**Frank Charles Wachter** (September 16, 1861 -- July 1, 1910) was an American politician and Congressman from Maryland.
## Biography
Born in Baltimore, Maryland to German immigrants, Wachter attended private schools and St. Paul\'s Evangelical School at Baltimore. He learned the trade of cloth cutting and in 1892 engaged in the cloth-shrinking business. He served as a member of the jail board of Baltimore from 1896 to 1898, and was an unsuccessful candidate for police commissioner of Baltimore in 1898.
Wachter was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-sixth and to the three succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1899 to March 3, 1907. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1906, and resumed his former business pursuits in Baltimore. He served as a member of the board of managers of Maryland Penitentiary from 1909 until his death in Baltimore. He is interred in Loudon Park Cemetery
| 152 |
Frank C. Wachter
| 0 |
11,063,778 |
# Gáspár Borbás
**Gáspár Borbás** (26 July 1884 -- 14 October 1976) was a Hungarian amateur association football player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was in the Hungarian Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament as well as two matches in the consolation tournament.
He scored the first goal of the Hungary national team in 1903 against Cech. The fast left winger played 41 times in the national team and scored 11 goals between (1903 and 1916). He started his career in Ferencvaros, and he scored the club\'s first championship goal in 1901. On 1904 he went to MAC, but returned to the Ferencvaros in 1910. He ended his career in 1916.
He holds that scoring a goal is the responsibility of the internal strikers. Whatever celebration comes to the one who scores the winning goal, he passes that joy on to someone else. He misses a lot of goals when he only centers instead of a safe shot. He is the most famous Hungarian player. He is also considered the greatest abroad. On the news that he is playing, the opponent changes tactics and usually a player is assigned solely to catch him
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# List of shapeshifters
Various characters and creatures in fiction, folklore and legend have the ability to shapeshift.
## Human turning into an animal {#human_turning_into_an_animal}
- Berserker
- Erchitu
- Ijiraq
- Nagual
- Māui
- Nanaue - the shark-man of Hawaiian legend
- Nereus
- Púca
- Skin-walker
- Wendigo
- Werecat
- Weredog
- Werehyena
- Werejaguar
- Weretiger
- Werewolf
## Animal turning into a human {#animal_turning_into_a_human}
- Bak (Assamese aqueous creature)
- Bakeneko and Nekomata (cat)
- Boto Encantado (river dolphin)
- Itachi (weasel or marten)
- Jorōgumo and Tsuchigumo (spider)
- Kitsune, Huli Jing, hồ ly tinh and Kumiho (fox)
- Kawauso (river otter)
- Kushtaka (otter)
- Lady White Snake, Ichchhadhari Nag and Yuxa (snake)
- Pipa Jing (jade pipa)
- Selkie (seal)
- Tanuki (racoon dog)
- Mujina (badger)
- Toyotama-hime (crocodile or shark)
- Tsuru Nyōbō (crane)
- Kaeru Nyōbō (frog)
- Hamaguri Nyōbō (clam)
- Tako Nyōbō (octopus)
## Other
- Ala
- Aswang
- Baba Yaga
- Banshee
- Changeling
- Demon
- Doppelgänger
- Empousa
- Hellhounds in Latin American folklore like Huay Chivo and Nahual.
- Jinn
- Kelpie
- Lamia
- Moura Encantada
- Monkey King (from *Journey to the West*)
- Mangkukulam
- Māui
- Mimic
- Nixie
- Rakshasa
- Saci
- Spring-heeled Jack
- Tengu
- Tiyanak
- Verechelen
- Yaksha
- Yokai
- Yaoguai
- Yogoe
## In fiction {#in_fiction}
- Aku
- Amethyst
- Beast Boy
- Ben Tennyson
- Cosmo and Wanda (fairy)
- Clayface
- Jake
- Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde
- Jenny Wakeman
- Mahito
- Martian Manhunter
- Nimona
- SpongeBob
- Werebat: Human with the ability to change into a bat-like form, appears in modern fiction.
- Werecoyote: Human with the ability to change into a coyote form comparable to a werewolf, appears in modern fiction. It has been associated with America
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# Gyula Rumbold
`{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}`{=mediawiki} `{{eastern name order|Rumbold Gyula}}`{=mediawiki}
**Gyula Rumbold** (6 December 1887 -- 5 October 1959) was a Hungarian amateur association football player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the Hungarian Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament as well as two matches in the consolation tournament. He also won seven Hungarian titles with Ferencvárosi TC, and was capped 33 times in the Hungary national team
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# Sir Henry Meux, 2nd Baronet
**Sir Henry Meux, 2nd Baronet** (pronounced \"Mews\") (28 December 1817 -- 1 January 1883), was head of Meux and Co., a London brewery, and a Member of Parliament (MP).
## Early life {#early_life}
He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. On the death of his father on 7 April 1841, he succeeded to the baronetcy`{{self-published source|date=April 2017}}`{=mediawiki} and took over the running of Meux\'s brewery off the Tottenham Court Road (later the Horse Shoe Brewery), which was at the time one of the largest producers of porter in London.
## Career
He served as High Sheriff of Hertfordshire in 1845. He was then Conservative MP for Hertfordshire from 1847 to 1859.
By 1855 Meux began showing signs of mental decline and from 1858 he was bedbound with general paresis of the insane, now known to have been caused by tertiary syphilis. He refused to stand down at the March 1857 election and, despite his condition, the Conservatives decided to nominate him rather than risk a contest. He was returned unopposed and the party secured a pair for him for the entire session. On 3 July 1857 he amended his will to leave his entire estate to his wife. His disinherited sisters contested this change and in June 1858 the Commissioners in Lunacy considered whether he had been of sound mind at the time. Evidence of his occasional work and social activity later in 1857 caused the will to be upheld.
After his insanity, his business affairs were handled by trustees. In 1870 they bought an estate at East Overton, Wiltshire (now part of West Overton parish), and they later paid for the rebuilding of the parish church. From 1877 he was the owner of Dauntsey Park House, near Malmesbury in Wiltshire. His son Henry Bruce Meux took over the running of the brewery in 1878.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married Lady Louisa Caroline Brudenell-Bruce on 19 January 1856, the eldest daughter of Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury and his wife, the former Hon. Louisa Elizabeth Horsley-Beresford (daughter of John Horsley-Beresford, 2nd Baron Decies). Together, they were the parents of:
- Sir Henry Bruce Meux, 3rd Baronet (1856--1900), who married socialite Valerie Langdon in 1878.
Sir Henry died on 1 January 1883. His widow, Lady Louisa, died in December 1894
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# Grafton Green
**Grafton Green** (August 12, 1872 -- January 27, 1947) was an American jurist who served on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1910 to 1947, including more than 23 years as chief justice.
Green was born in Lebanon, Tennessee, the son of Nathan Green Jr., who taught law for 63 years at Cumberland School of Law of Cumberland University and served as the law school\'s chancellor. His paternal grandfather, Nathan Green Sr., had been a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court for 20 years.
Green earned an LL.B from Cumberland School of Law in 1893, being called to the bar that same year. He operated a law practice in Nashville until 1910, when he was elected as an associate justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court. He was subsequently re-elected in 1918, 1926, 1934, and 1942. Green became the chief justice of Tennessee in 1923, serving until his death. As of 2011, he holds the record as the person who served the longest on Tennessee\'s highest court.
In 1927, Green presided over the appeal of John T. Scopes, who had been convicted of teaching evolution. The court found the law against teaching of evolution to be constitutional, but overturned Scopes\' conviction on a technicality. Five years later, Green also presided over *Evans v. McCabe*, 52 S.W. 2d 159 (1932) which held that the state constitution prohibits personal income taxes on wages, but not on interest-bearing investments.
A bust of Green is displayed in the Tennessee Supreme Court Building in Nashville
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# Tennessee State Route 78
**State Route 78** (**SR 78**) is a 36.93 mi long primary state highway in northwestern Tennessee, USA. This highway carries a dual primary and secondary designation, however, the majority of this highway is signed as a Primary State Highway. The only portion of SR 78 designated as secondary is between its southern terminus at SR 104 to US 51 in Dyersburg.
## Route description {#route_description}
**SR 78** begins in Dyersburg as a 5-lane urban highway (with center turn lane) featuring a 40 mi/h speed limit. North of US 51/SR 3 the road expands to a 7-lane urban highway and features the highest traffic counts in the Dyersburg area, frequently rising above 30,000 AADT. This section of SR 78 at one time featured 40 mi/h speed limits, however, due to excessive traffic this section has been reduced to a 30 mi/h speed limit. Locals in Dyersburg refer to the section between US 51 and I-155 as \'Hamburger Alley\' because of the number of fast food restaurants lining this section of the highway. North of I-155 the highway quickly transitions from a 4-lane divided highway to a rural 2-lane highway carrying a 55 mi/h speed limit. There is also a short 4-lane undivided section within the Ridgely city limits. SR 78 provides direct access to Reelfoot Lake State Park via SR 213 on the west side of the lake, and the park\'s headquarters and visitor\'s center on the south end of the lake via SR 21/SR 22. Access to the Northwest Correctional Complex is accomplished via SR 212 north of Tiptonville.
SR 78 is bannered as a Tennessee Scenic Parkway from its southern terminus in Dyersburg to Tiptonville at the intersection of SR 78 and SR 21/SR 22. SR 78 also carries the Great River Road designation from its intersection with SR 79 all the way to its northern terminus at the Kentucky/Tennessee state line. This highway starts out in rolling, hilly terrain and descends the first Chickasaw Bluff shortly before reaching Bogota, from this point north, the highway traverses low-lying farmland and bottomland. The Obion River crossing south of Bogota, Tennessee once held the distinction of being the oldest highway bridge in Tennessee that was still in service. The old bridge at this river crossing has since been demolished and replaced by a modern concrete bridge featuring two lanes with full-width shoulders
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# 2002 MLS All-Star Game
The **2002 Major League Soccer All-Star Game** was the 7th edition of the Major League Soccer All-Star Game, played on August 3, 2002 at RFK Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C. The match was contested by the MLS All-Stars team and the United States on the invitation of MLS, who looked to capitalize on their success at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Bruce Arena assembled a roster of the national team\'s most prominent domestic players in the last decade in place of the European-based players from the 2002 World Cup roster to rest them; then-San Jose Earthquakes head coach Frank Yallop formed an All-Star team of the top talent among the league\'s remaining players.
## The match {#the_match}
### Summary
Despite bad weather leading to a rain delay in the first half, the game saw a flurry of goals toward its conclusion. U.S. standout and San Jose Earthquakes\' forward Landon Donovan opened the scoring for the national team, while the Dallas Burn\'s Jason Kreis responded with the equalizer in the following minute.
D.C. United midfielder and MVP Marco Etcheverry gave the All-Stars the lead with help from fellow Bolivian Joselito Vaca. The Los Angeles Galaxy\'s Cobi Jones tied the game on a Brian McBride cross, but the New England Revolution\'s Steve Ralston scored late in the second half to give MLS the All-Star Game win. {{-}}
### Details
------------------ --------
GK **18**
DF **3**
DF **12**
DF **4**
MF **14**
MF **8**
MF **10**
MF **21**
MF **20**
FW **33**
FW **15**
**Substitutes:**
GK **1**
DF **24**
MF
MF
MF **11**
FW **7**
FW **9**
**Manager:**
Frank Yallop
------------------ --------
\|valign=\"top\"\| \|valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\"\|
------------------
GK
DF
DF
DF
MF
MF
DF
MF
MF
FW
FW
**Substitutes:**
GK
DF
DF
MF
MF
MF
FW
**Manager:**
Bruce Arena
------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| **MLS All-Star MVP:**\ | **Match rules** |
| `{{flagicon|US|1960}}`{=mediawiki} Marco Etcheverry (MLS All-Stars)\ | |
| **Assistant referees:**\ | - 90 minutes. |
| Nathan Clement\ | - Unlimited substitutions. |
| Craig Lowry\ | - No extra time. |
| **Fourth official:**\ | - Penalty shoot-out if scores still level
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# John Winnington
**John Francis Sartorius Winnington** `{{post-nominals|DSO}}`{=mediawiki} (17 September 1876 -- 22 September 1918) was an English first-class cricketer who played in one match for Worcestershire against Oxford University at The University Parks in 1908. He scored 0 and 20 in Worcestershire\'s crushing 332-run victory. He was born in Charlton Kings, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.
Winnington was commissioned into a Militia battalion of the Worcestershire Regiment in 1895. He later transferred to the Regular Army and was promoted captain in 1901. In the First World War, Winnington was promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1915. As well as being awarded the DSO, he was mentioned in dispatches four times. He died of wounds near Kefar Kassin, Ramle, Palestine at the age of 42 while commanding a battalion of the Northamptonshire Regiment
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# Marie Boivin
**Marie-Anne Victoire Gillain Boivin** (9 April 1773 -- 16 May 1841) was a French midwife, inventor, and obstetrics writer. Mme Boivin has been called one of the most important women in medicine in the 19th century. Boivin invented a new pelvimeter and a vaginal speculum, and the medical textbooks that she wrote were translated to different languages and became highly influential.
## Biography and career {#biography_and_career}
Marie Anne Victoire Gillain was born in 1773 at Versailles. She was educated by nursing nuns at a nunnery in Étampes, where her talents attracted the attention of Madame Élisabeth, sister of King Louis XVI. When the nunnery was destroyed during the French Revolution, she spent three years studying anatomy and midwifery.
Her medical studies were interrupted when she married a government bureaucrat, Louis Boivin, in 1797. Louis Boivin died shortly thereafter, leaving her with a daughter and little money.
She returned to Paris to study in the medical field and became Marie-Louise Lachapelle\'s student, assistant, and friend at La Maternité. She received her diploma in 1800, and stayed at Versailles to practice. She became a midwife at a local hospital, and in 1801 became its superintendent. In that role she convinced Jean-Antoine Chaptal to add a special school of obstetrics. During that time, Mme Boivin developed a close relationship with Dr. François Chaussier. Because of professional jealousy of her colleague and friend Mme Lachapelle, Mme Boivin resigned her position in 1811. She accepted a position for servants\' wages at a Paris hospital for fallen women. In the subsequent years she served as co-director or director at a number of hospitals, including the General Hospital for Seine-et-Oise (1814), a temporary military hospital (1815), the Hospice de la Maternité, and the Maison Royale de Santé. She was also member of several medical societies. She has published articles and books about her own case and her uterine speculum. Her *Mémorial de l\'art des accouchements* (1817) went through several editions and became a standard textbook. She rejected the offer of Mme Lachapelle\'s position after the latter died in 1822.
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# Marie Boivin
## Contribution
Mme Boivin invented a new pelvimeter, and a vaginal speculum which was used to dilate the vagina in order to examine the cervix. Her invention helped not only her female patients, but also medical practitioners. She is one of the first to use stethoscopes to listen to the fetal heart. She was given credit for discovering the cause of certain types of bleeding, the cause of miscarriages and diseases of the placenta and uterus. Radcliffe stated that Mme Boivin \"was undertaking surgical treatments which in other countries were the prerogative of the men\". Mme Boivin was also one of the first surgeons to amputate the cervix uteri for a cancerous growth. Because Mme Boivin was an innovative and skillful gynecological surgeon, German universities became more open to the idea of women becoming skilled in gynecological surgery.
From 1812 to 1823, Mme Boivin had many publications, both original and translations. Her first edition of *Memorial de l\'Art des Accouchemens* was published in 1812. It included notes she had taken from Marie-Louise Lachapelle\'s teaching, and the book was used as a handbook for medical students and midwives. The third edition of *Memorial de l\'Art des Accouchemens* was translated into several European languages. Her work of the causes of miscarriages received a commendation from the Royal Society of Medicine at Bordeaux. She also has published articles about her own cases and her uterine speculum in the bulletins of the faculty of medicin and of the Amcademie royale de medecine de Paris. Mme Boivin then focused on more advanced writings in gynecology, such as *Nouveau Traité des Hemorragies de l\'Uterus* and *Traité de Maladies de l\'Uterus et des Annexes*, which was her most important work. It included 41 plates and 116 figures which she colored herself, and superseded the textbook which had been in use for 150 years
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# American Tree Farm System
The **American Tree Farm System** (**ATFS**) is the largest and oldest woodland certification system in America. It is internationally recognized by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification and meets strict third-party certification standards. It is one of three certification systems currently recognized in the United States (the others include the Forest Stewardship Council and the Sustainable Forestry Initiative). ATFS specializes in certifying private forests, primarily those held by individuals and families and currently certifies over 24 million acres (110,000 km²) of forestland. The ATFS Standard for Certification is owned by the American Forest Foundation, a national nonprofit organization focused on promoting sustainable stewardship of America\'s woodlands and related environmental education through Project Learning Tree.
## History
The tree farm movement began in 1941 in an effort to promote resources on private land, ensuring plentiful fiber production for timber and paper companies. With declining virgin saw timber available, the industry began to promote forestry practices to ensure sufficient fiber production for the future. Prior to 1941, the majority of fiber came from industrial lands. The first tract of land labeled as a Tree Farm was organized and marketed by the Weyerhaeuser Company to help change public attitudes toward timber production and protect natural resources from forest fires and other natural disasters. This first official tree farm, the 120,000-acre Clemons Tree Farm, was dedicated in Montesano, Washington, on June 12, 1941. The title of \"tree farm\" was chosen in large part because Weyerhaeuser felt that the 1940s public understood farming as crop production, and similarly tree farming was focused on producing more timber, with frequent replanting post-harvest. The early sponsors of the tree-farming movement defined it as \"privately owned forest-land dedicated to the growing of forest crops for commercial purposes, protected and managed for continuous production of forest products.\" Alabama was the first state to launch a statewide tree farm system, and a formal dedication ceremony was held in Brewton on April 4, 1942, with 25 individuals and companies presented certificates. Emmett N. McCall was certified as the nation\'s first individual tree farmer. In the early 1940s the concept of \"tree-farming\" on private land was promoted by American Forest Products Industries, a subsidiary of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association in an organized campaign to engage timberland owners in conservative timber production. In 1954, American Forest Products Industries, under the leadership of William B. Greeley, drafted and approved a "Principles of the American Tree Farm System." This code established a set criteria for tree farm certification.
Throughout its history, ATFS has relied on celebrity Tree Farmers to relay its message to the public. Celebrities include actor Andy Griffith, actress Andie MacDowell, former President Jimmy Carter, and Rolling Stone keyboardist Chuck Leavell.
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# American Tree Farm System
## Current
Since 1941, the system has shifted to focus on whole stewardship, rather than strictly fiber production. According to the Standards of Certification for ATFS, woodland owners must own 10 or more acres and have a management plan. In that management plan, woodland owners must recognize wildlife habitat, protection of water quality, threatened and endangered species, and sustainable harvest levels. The certification standard is subject to multi-stakeholder involvement in the development and revision of the standard, third-party audits, and a publicly available certification of audit summaries. The minimum acreage to qualify for a tree farm refers to \"woodland\" i.e., forested land. So acreage which includes grazing or other non-wooded lands must have at least 10 acres in forest to qualify. Furthermore, programs in different areas which support tree farming activities may require larger forested acreages as well as additional criteria. For example, The Forest Ag Program in Colorado requires the following standards:
> To be eligible for the Forest Ag Program, properties must meet several criteria:
>
> - The landowner must perform forest management activities to produce tangible wood products for the primary purpose of obtaining a monetary profit. Tangible wood products include transplants, Christmas trees and boughs, sawlogs, posts, poles and firewood.
> - The landowner must have at least 40 forested acres.
> - The landowner must submit a Colorado State Forest Service-approved forest management plan that is prepared by a professional forester or natural resources professional.
>
> Landowners must annually submit (1) a request for inspection, (2) an inspection fee, (3) an accomplishment report, and (4) an annual work plan for the following year, and have the enrolled property inspected by a CSFS forester.
As a program of the American Forest Foundation (AFF), the American Tree Farm System focuses on the long-term sustainability of America\'s forests in ecological and economic terms. The vision statement of AFF states, \"AFF is committed to creating a future where North American forests are sustained by the public that understand and values the social, economic, and environmental benefits they provide to our communities, our nation, and the world.\"
The network of over 90,000 woodland owners is organized through state committees and governed at the national level. Currently 45 of the 50 states have committees. Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, North Dakota and Utah currently do not have programs. With national coordination, ATFS strives to \"work on-the-ground with families\...to promote stewardship and protect our nation\'s forest heritage.\" The state networks also include tree farm inspectors, who certify the forests and conduct outreach efforts on behalf of ATFS and partnered organizations.
Each year ATFS hosts a National Tree Farmer Convention and awards an individual or family with the National Outstanding Tree Farmer of the Year award. It also awards a National Outstanding Inspector Award to a resource professional who has demonstrated exceptional outreach efforts to engage landowners and the general public in sustainable forestry
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# Yasin Çakmak
**Yasin Çakmak** (born January 6, 1985, in Rize, Turkey) is a Turkish former professional football player.
## Club career {#club_career}
On August 3, 2007, Yasin completed his move to Fenerbahçe S.K. July 8, 2009, Yasin Çakmak was sent To Sivasspor in exchange for Fabio Bilica and €2 million.
During his spell at Giresunspor, Çakmak picked up a long time injury in 2014. In 2015, Çakmak retired from professional football at the age of 30.
## International career {#international_career}
Yasin was called up to the Turkey national football team for EURO 2008 qualifiers in March 2007. His first cap came on April 12, 2006, against Azerbaijan
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# Rule 184
**Rule 184** is a one-dimensional binary cellular automaton rule, notable for solving the majority problem as well as for its ability to simultaneously describe several, seemingly quite different, particle systems:
- Rule 184 can be used as a simple model for traffic flow in a single lane of a highway, and forms the basis for many cellular automaton models of traffic flow with greater sophistication. In this model, particles (representing vehicles) move in a single direction, stopping and starting depending on the cars in front of them. The number of particles remains unchanged throughout the simulation. Because of this application, Rule 184 is sometimes called the \"traffic rule\".
- Rule 184 also models a form of deposition of particles onto an irregular surface, in which each local minimum of the surface is filled with a particle in each step. At each step of the simulation, the number of particles increases. Once placed, a particle never moves.
- Rule 184 can be understood in terms of ballistic annihilation, a system of particles moving both leftwards and rightwards through a one-dimensional medium. When two such particles collide, they annihilate each other, so that at each step the number of particles remains unchanged or decreases.
The apparent contradiction between these descriptions is resolved by different ways of associating features of the automaton\'s state with particles.
The name of Rule 184 is a Wolfram code that defines the evolution of its states. The earliest research on Rule 184 is by `{{harvtxt|Li|1987}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{harvtxt|Krug|Spohn|1988}}`{=mediawiki}. In particular, Krug and Spohn already describe all three types of particle system modeled by Rule 184.
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# Rule 184
## Definition
A state of the Rule 184 automaton consists of a one-dimensional array of cells, each containing a binary value (0 or 1). In each step of its evolution, the Rule 184 automaton applies the following rule to each of the cells in the array, simultaneously for all cells, to determine the new state of the cell:
current pattern 111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000
--------------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
new state for center cell 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
An entry in this table defines the new state of each cell as a function of the previous state and the previous values of the neighboring cells on either side. The name for this rule, Rule 184, is the Wolfram code describing the state table above: the bottom row of the table, 10111000, when viewed as a binary number, is equal to the decimal number 184.
The rule set for Rule 184 may also be described intuitively, in several different ways:
- At each step, whenever there exists in the current state a 1 immediately followed by a 0, these two symbols swap places. Based on this description, `{{harvtxt|Krug|Spohn|1988}}`{=mediawiki} call Rule 184 a deterministic version of a \"kinetic Ising model with asymmetric spin-exchange dynamics\".
- At each step, if a cell with value 1 has a cell with value 0 immediately to its right, the 1 moves rightwards leaving a 0 behind. A 1 with another 1 to its right remains in place, while a 0 that does not have a 1 to its left stays a 0. This description is most apt for the application to traffic flow modeling.
- If a cell has state 0, its new state is taken from the cell to its left. Otherwise, its new state is taken from the cell to its right. That is, each cell can be implemented by a two-way demultiplexer with the two adjacent cells being inputs, and the cell itself acting as the selector line. Each cell\'s next state is determined by the demultiplexer\'s output. This operation is closely related to a Fredkin gate.
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# Rule 184
## Dynamics and majority classification {#dynamics_and_majority_classification}
From the descriptions of the rules above, two important properties of its dynamics may immediately be seen. First, in Rule 184, for any finite set of cells with periodic boundary conditions, the number of 1s and the number of 0s in a pattern remains invariant throughout the pattern\'s evolution. Rule 184 and its reflection are the only nontrivial elementary cellular automata to have this property of number conservation. Similarly, if the density of 1s is well-defined for an infinite array of cells, it remains invariant as the automaton carries out its steps. And second, although Rule 184 is not symmetric under left-right reversal, it does have a different symmetry: reversing left and right and at the same time swapping the roles of the 0 and 1 symbols produces a cellular automaton with the same update rule.
Patterns in Rule 184 typically quickly stabilize, either to a pattern in which the cell states move in lockstep one position leftwards at each step, or to a pattern that moves one position rightwards at each step. Specifically, if the initial density of cells with state 1 is less than 50%, the pattern stabilizes into clusters of cells in state 1, spaced two units apart, with the clusters separated by blocks of cells in state 0. Patterns of this type move rightwards. If, on the other hand, the initial density is greater than 50%, the pattern stabilizes into clusters of cells in state 0, spaced two units apart, with the clusters separated by blocks of cells in state 1, and patterns of this type move leftwards. If the density is exactly 50%, the initial pattern stabilizes (more slowly) to a pattern that can equivalently be viewed as moving either leftwards or rightwards at each step: an alternating sequence of 0s and 1s.
The majority problem is the problem of constructing a cellular automaton that, when run on any finite set of cells, can compute the value held by a majority of its cells. In a sense, Rule 184 solves this problem, as follows. if Rule 184 is run on a finite set of cells with periodic boundary conditions, with an unequal number of 0s and 1s, then each cell will eventually see two consecutive states of the majority value infinitely often, but will see two consecutive states of the minority value only finitely many times. The majority problem cannot be solved perfectly if it is required that all cells eventually stabilize to the majority state but the Rule 184 solution avoids this impossibility result by relaxing the criterion by which the automaton recognizes a majority.
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# Rule 184
## Traffic flow {#traffic_flow}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Rule 184 interpreted as a simulation of traffic flow. Each 1 cell corresponds to a vehicle, and each vehicle moves forward only if it has open space in front of it. If one interprets each 1-cell in Rule 184 as containing a particle, these particles behave in many ways similarly to automobiles in a single lane of traffic: they move forward at a constant speed if there is open space in front of them, and otherwise they stop. Traffic models such as Rule 184 and its generalizations that discretize both space and time are commonly called *particle-hopping models*. Although very primitive, the Rule 184 model of traffic flow already predicts some of the familiar emergent features of real traffic: clusters of freely moving cars separated by stretches of open road when traffic is light, and waves of stop-and-go traffic when it is heavy.
It is difficult to pinpoint the first use of Rule 184 for traffic flow simulation, in part because the focus of research in this area has been less on achieving the greatest level of mathematical abstraction and more on verisimilitude: even the earlier papers on cellular automaton based traffic flow simulation typically make the model more complex in order to more accurately simulate real traffic. Nevertheless, Rule 184 is fundamental to traffic simulation by cellular automata. `{{harvtxt|Wang|Kwong|Hui|1998}}`{=mediawiki}, for instance, state that \"the basic cellular automaton model describing a one-dimensional traffic flow problem is rule 184.\" `{{harvtxt|Nagel|1996}}`{=mediawiki} writes \"Much work using CA models for traffic is based on this model.\" Several authors describe one-dimensional models with vehicles moving at multiple speeds; such models degenerate to Rule 184 in the single-speed case. `{{harvtxt|Gaylord|Nishidate|1996}}`{=mediawiki} extend the Rule 184 dynamics to two-lane highway traffic with lane changes; their model shares with Rule 184 the property that it is symmetric under simultaneous left-right and 0-1 reversal. `{{harvtxt|Biham|Middleton|Levine|1992}}`{=mediawiki} describe a two-dimensional city grid model in which the dynamics of individual lanes of traffic is essentially that of Rule 184. For an in-depth survey of cellular automaton traffic modeling and associated statistical mechanics, see `{{harvtxt|Maerivoet|De Moor|2005}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{harvtxt|Chowdhury|Santen|Schadschneider|2000}}`{=mediawiki}.
When viewing Rule 184 as a traffic model, it is natural to consider the average speed of the vehicles. When the density of traffic is less than 50%, this average speed is simply one unit of distance per unit of time: after the system stabilizes, no car ever slows. However, when the density is a number ρ greater than 1/2, the average speed of traffic is $\tfrac{1-\rho}{\rho}$. Thus, the system exhibits a second-order kinetic phase transition at `{{math|1=''ρ'' = 1/2}}`{=mediawiki}. When Rule 184 is interpreted as a traffic model, and started from a random configuration whose density is at this critical value `{{math|1=''ρ'' = 1/2}}`{=mediawiki}, then the average speed approaches its stationary limit as the square root of the number of steps. Instead, for random configurations whose density is not at the critical value, the approach to the limiting speed is exponential.
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# Rule 184
## Surface deposition {#surface_deposition}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Rule 184 as a model of surface deposition. In a layer of particles forming a diagonally-oriented square lattice, new particles stick in each time step to the local minima of the surface. The cellular automaton states model the local slope of the surface. As shown in the figure, and as originally described by `{{harvtxt|Krug|Spohn|1988}}`{=mediawiki}, Rule 184 may be used to model deposition of particles onto a surface. In this model, one has a set of particles that occupy a subset of the positions in a square lattice oriented diagonally (the darker particles in the figure). If a particle is present at some position of the lattice, the lattice positions below and to the right, and below and to the left of the particle must also be filled, so the filled part of the lattice extends infinitely downward to the left and right. The boundary between filled and unfilled positions (the thin black line in the figure) is interpreted as modeling a surface, onto which more particles may be deposited. At each time step, the surface grows by the deposition of new particles in each local minimum of the surface; that is, at each position where it is possible to add one new particle that has existing particles below it on both sides (the lighter particles in the figure).
To model this process by Rule 184, observe that the boundary between filled and unfilled lattice positions can be marked by a polygonal line, the segments of which separate adjacent lattice positions and have slopes +1 and −1. Model a segment with slope +1 by an automaton cell with state 0, and a segment with slope −1 by an automaton cell with state 1. The local minima of the surface are the points where a segment of slope −1 lies to the left of a segment of slope +1; that is, in the automaton, a position where a cell with state 1 lies to the left of a cell with state 0. Adding a particle to that position corresponds to changing the states of these two adjacent cells from 1,0 to 0,1, so advancing the polygonal line. This is exactly the behavior of Rule 184.
Related work on this model concerns deposition in which the arrival times of additional particles are random, rather than having particles arrive at all local minima simultaneously. These stochastic growth processes can be modeled as an asynchronous cellular automaton. {{-}}
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# Rule 184
## Ballistic annihilation {#ballistic_annihilation}
thumb\|upright=1.35\|Rule 184 as a model of ballistic annihilation. Particles and antiparticles (modeled by consecutive cells with the same state) move in opposite directions and annihilate each other when they collide. Ballistic annihilation describes a process by which moving particles and antiparticles annihilate each other when they collide. In the simplest version of this process, the system consists of a single type of particle and antiparticle, moving at equal speeds in opposite directions in a one-dimensional medium.
This process can be modeled by Rule 184, as follows. The particles are modeled as points that are aligned, not with the cells of the automaton, but rather with the interstices between cells. Two consecutive cells that both have state 0 model a particle at the space between these two cells that moves rightwards one cell at each time step. Symmetrically, two consecutive cells that both have state 1 model an antiparticle that moves leftwards one cell at each time step. The remaining possibilities for two consecutive cells are that they both have differing states; this is interpreted as modeling a background material without any particles in it, through which the particles move. With this interpretation, the particles and antiparticles interact by ballistic annihilation: when a rightwards-moving particle and a leftwards-moving antiparticle meet, the result is a region of background from which both particles have vanished, without any effect on any other nearby particles.
The behavior of certain other systems, such as one-dimensional cyclic cellular automata, can also be described in terms of ballistic annihilation. There is a technical restriction on the particle positions for the ballistic annihilation view of Rule 184 that does not arise in these other systems, stemming from the alternating pattern of the background: in the particle system corresponding to a Rule 184 state, if two consecutive particles are both of the same type they must be an odd number of cells apart, while if they are of opposite types they must be an even number of cells apart. However this parity restriction does not play a role in the statistical behavior of this system.
uses a similar but more complicated particle-system view of Rule 184: he not only views alternating 0--1 regions as background, but also considers regions consisting solely of a single state to be background as well. Based on this view he describes seven different particles formed by boundaries between regions, and classifies their possible interactions. See `{{harvtxt|Chopard|Droz|1998|pages=188–190}}`{=mediawiki} for a more general survey of the cellular automaton models of annihilation processes.
## Context-free parsing {#context_free_parsing}
In his book *A New Kind of Science*, Stephen Wolfram points out that rule 184, when run on patterns with density 50%, can be interpreted as parsing the context-free language describing strings formed from nested parentheses. This interpretation is closely related to the ballistic annihilation view of rule 184: in Wolfram\'s interpretation, an open parenthesis corresponds to a left-moving particle while a close parenthesis corresponds to a right-moving particle
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# Historical reenactment in Australia
**Historical re-enactment in Australia** has been occurring since at least the early 1970s. With no conventional land battles and few protracted civil disturbances since the British colonisation of Australia, most military re-enactment in Australia focuses on events from other countries (mostly European), including the European Feudal, medieval, and renaissance eras.
The Dark Ages, medieval, and Renaissance periods are popular eras for re-enactments, and the three largest events, as measured by participants, focus on these eras of history. 18th and 19th century re-enactment groups are also popular, and convey Australian interest in early colonial pre-federation military regiments. The history of the Australian Light Horse regiments are the area of Australian history with wide interest, with nearly 15 groups, the first starting in 1978 formed to reenact this period of military history. There is also some focus on the Australian Pioneer era.
## Groups
The oldest surviving re-enactment groups in Australia are the Ancient and Medieval Martial Arts Society, originally established in 1971 and the New Varangian Guard founded in early 80s. The Knights Guild of Wessex and Mercia Inc was formed in Queensland in 1979. Other early groups that no longer exist were the Melbourne Vikings, founded in the early 1970s, the Medieval Society of Tasmania. While focused more on living history rather than re-enactment, the Society for Creative Anachronism was formed as a local group in Sydney in 1980, before officially joining the US-based group in late 1981.
Three main umbrella groups represent the interests of re-enactment and living history groups around Australia: the Queensland Living History Federation(QLHF); the Australasian Living History Federation (ALHF) - and the Australian Re-enactors Association (ARA). The Australasian Register of Living History Organisations (ARLHO) is a website that provides links to living history groups in Australia and New Zealand.
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# Historical reenactment in Australia
## Periods
### Classical
Several groups and individuals reenact the classical period, with an emphasis on Greece and Republican Rome. Local and state groups include: Ancient Roman Reenactors Victoria, the Sydney Ancients Hoplite and Roman Society, Pax Romana (Qld), and Mare Nostrvm (Qld).
In 2020, a national association formed as a subsidiary and local chapter of Nova Roma in Oceania, called Australia Nova Romana. Like its parent organisation, this group offers a broad community with a focus on ancient Roman living history and education, with emphases on the use of Latin, study of Roman politics and practice of the *cultus deorum romanum*, the Roman religion.
### Early medieval period {#early_medieval_period}
Many groups focus on the Viking, late Roman, and Early Byzantine eras. The New England Medieval Arts Society (NEMAS) Easter Festival focuses on this era, and 25 or so living history groups that specialise in this era attend this event. One of the larger groups, the New Varangian Guard (NVG), with chapters in a number of cities, focuses on both this period and the early medieval period. Other groups include Scholai located in Melbourne and one of the best \"fighting\" forces of the Byzantine Empire, Ironguard Medieval Society located in Central West NSW, the Blue Mountains NSW and Illawarra NSW. One of the older and most established groups Europa at Springwood NSW who focus on the Viking occupation of York. Queensland groups portraying this period include, Staraya Ladoga, Saga Vikings Inc. In the ACT, the Dark Ages re-enactment group, Ancient Arts Fellowship (AAF) focuses on Viking, Norman, and Anglo Saxon portrayal.
This is a popular area of focus for the Kingdom of Lochac, a subgroup of the Society for Creative Anachronism in Australia.
### Medieval
The Society for Creative Anachronism was probably the largest group to focus on this period, however in recent years metal-edged groups have become increasingly popular and rival SCA numbers today. Other groups include Company of the Staple, The Knights Order of Lion Rampant (Qld), Company of the Wolf, Condottieri (Qld), the Company of the Phoenix (Qld), Medieval Combat & Culture (MCC). Based in Southern Highlands and Central West NSW, Black Company (NSW), the Enterprise of the Black Garter and Oltramar (Qld).Two multi era groups are The Fyrd Inc (VIC) and Order of the Horse(QLD). Order of the Horse one of the largest multi era historical cavalry groups that covers 12thc 2nd,3rd Crusades Saracen and the 2nd to the 6thc Crusades up to early 13thc, the late 14thc cavalry and joust. The Order of the Horse is the first to create a complete Saracen mounted combat cavalry under Sultan Salah-ad-Din late 12thc Sultan. The Knights Guild of Wessex and Mercia researches daily life in 12th century England and are located in South East Queensland.
### Renaissance -- Early Modern {#renaissance_early_modern}
While less numerous, there are a number of groups that focus on this period. The largest is the Pike and Musket Society (also known as the Routiers) and the New England Colonial Living History Group. There are a number of schools that teach historical fencing techniques from this era, including the [Stoccata school of Defence](http://www.stoccata.org) and Prima Spada School of Fence (Qld). Other groups in this period include Das Törichte Leben (Qld), and Historia Germanica (Qld).
### 19th century {#th_century}
A number of groups focus on the activity of early colonial units. Sometimes these groups are based around a particular feature, like an historical fort. Other times, they focus on the history of an actual unit from the area. An example is New England Colonial Living History Group, located in Armidale, NSW There is some interest in American Civil War re-enactment, perhaps as a result of Australia\'s role in the conflict. Groups in Queensland focusing on this period include: 19th Century Queensland, The Queensland Colonial Association, and the Victoria Barracks Historical Society. Order of the Horse (QLD) also focuses on Napoleonic cavalry specialising in heavy cavalry. Order of the Horse founder of the group was the first to create the French 3eme,4eme Dragoon cavalry, 3e French Cuirassiers and the Brunswick Hussars unit in Australia.
Gympie, Queensland is home to the Gympie Historical Re-enactment Association which recreates the days of the Bush Rangers and the gold rush.
### 20th century {#th_century_1}
Many groups focus on later periods, still within living memory -- World War I, World War II and the Vietnam War. While there may be some opposition to groups with such a focus, many individuals have connections to this period through family and friends who served. There are a number of groups who portray this era in Queensland including, Army Group South, Contact Front -- Vietnam War Living History Australia, Cobbers in Khaki and Green, and The Standard Bearers - Although most of these groups are now defunct.
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# Historical reenactment in Australia
## Periods
### Australian Light Horse {#australian_light_horse}
The focus on Australian Light Horse in Australia is quite large, considering that most participants must provide their own horse. There are many Australian groups that participate in light horse re-enactment. Unusual for Living history groups, the Light Horse groups participate in war memorial services. It was up until only recently that actual veterans from the campaigns still rode in memorial services, and the Light Horse re-enactors often have connections with their local Returned Services League. Groups normally reenact the units that were historically active in their areas. The oldest historical re-enactment group in Australia is \"A Troop -- Richmond/Windsor\", started in 1978.
### Historical European Martial Arts in Australia {#historical_european_martial_arts_in_australia}
See full article Historical European Martial Arts in Australia
While HEMA is not historical reenactment per se, as largely it focuses on the study of historical combat, while using modern clothing and equipment, there is some crossover activity with the extra study of historical context. Additionally, some HEMA practitioners study armoured combat, and some experiment with the practice of HEMA wearing period style clothing.
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# Historical reenactment in Australia
## Events
A number of smaller feasts, drill practices, weekend events, and tournaments are held throughout the year. These typically focus on the period dealt with by the group. Some historical groups are involved in ceremonial duties and teaching history. The Light Horse living history group and many 20th Century groups have associations with the Returned Services League (RSL) and are usually involved in ANZAC day duties. There has been a re-enactment of the Castle Hill convict rebellion (also known as the Battle of Vinegar Hill) and the Eureka Stockade, two historical battles of significance on Australian soil. The Australian Medieval Conference is a large biennial event focusing on arts, culture, and combat of this period.
There are several large living history events held regularly:
### NECLHG Winter Solstice 18th Century Masquerade Party {#neclhg_winter_solstice_18th_century_masquerade_party}
This event is hosted every mid-winter by the New England Colonial Living History Group in Wychwood Forest near Armidale, New England New South Wales.
### NEMAS Easter Gathering -- Armidale {#nemas_easter_gathering_armidale}
This event is a large Dark Age biennial Easter Gathering in Armidale in northern New South Wales. This is a combination of re-enactment groups from various parts of the world namely Australia and New Zealand, held every second Easter in The Armidale Pine Forest. It is attended by around 500 people, with numbers growing every year.
### Rowany Festival {#rowany_festival}
The Society for Creative Anachronism has held the Rowany Festival annually since April 1983, and is the longest running medieval/living history event in Australia. About 1,200 re-enactors usually attend, the largest number of Society members at any one event in Australia. SCA Heavy Combat activities at Rowany Festival have had more than 300 participants.
### Medieval Conference {#medieval_conference}
The Medieval Conference is a four-day event which has been held biennially since 1983. The first conference was held in the mid-1970s in a back yard, with the second hosted at the Macquarie University playing fields (now the M2 Toll Plaza) in October 1983. Participants sought to recreate the life and times of a number of specific periods of history from the ancient period to around 1650 AD. There were many activities, including lectures and workshops on historical and cultural topics, arts and crafts, feasts, games, and combat. It was an opportunity for all re-enactment groups to showcase what they do and to share their knowledge.
There was no conference held in 2015, a committee has been formed to hold the 2017 conference at a private property near Goulburn, NSW.
### Abbey Tournament {#abbey_tournament}
Held at the Abbey Museum of Art and Archaeology in Caboolture, the Abbey Medieval Festival is a large festival held to educate the public and fund the Museum. It includes over 30 medieval re-enactment groups covering the period from 600 to 1600 AD in Europe and the Middle East. It features combat, music, dance, craft, and two large medieval banquets. It is the largest living history event by attendance, attracting over 37,000 spectators in 2012.
### History Alive: A Journey Through Time {#history_alive_a_journey_through_time}
History Alive: A Journey Through Time is a multi-period re-enactment event with living history groups representing periods from the Roman era to the Vietnam War era. The event is run by the Queensland Living History Federation and aims to showcase many different periods of re-enactment. The event offers visitors a great day out with a historical focus.
It is held annually over the June weekend which has the second Monday, which was historically the Queens Birthday public holiday.
Until 2018, the annual event was held at Fort Lytton National Park in Lytton, Queensland - ongoing parking problems let to a change of venue and in 2019 Rocklea Showgrounds will be trialled as the venue.
### St Ives Medieval Faire {#st_ives_medieval_faire}
Held annually on the 23rd and 24 September, the St Ives Medieval Faire hosts the international jousting championships. The faire has been running since 2013, except in 2020 and 2021. It features reenactors from the dark ages to the 17th century. The Faire hosts many well known re-enactment societies, including the New Varangian Guard (NVG), Order of the Horse (OOTH), Europa as well as the Pike and Musket society
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# Feud (video game)
***Feud*** is an adventure game designed by John Pickford for Binary Design and published in 1987 as the first game under the Bulldog Software label of Mastertronic. Versions were released for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, MSX, and ZX Spectrum. The player takes on the role of the sorcerer Learic, and must fight his evil brother Leanoric.
## Gameplay
In *Feud*, the players control Learic who has to fight against his evil brother Leanoric. To achieve the objective, the player must collect many herbs scattered across the map and mix them in a cauldron to make offensive and defensive spells. The spells vary from fireballs and lightning to invisibility and even turning peaceful villagers into zombies. A compass indicates Leanoric\'s location. Several of the herbs are found in a garden, tended by a gardener. The gardener, though slow-moving, is also able to inflict damage on Learic.
Leanoric, as a non-player character, has to do the same thing, collecting herbs to mix in his cauldron before hunting down in order to attack.
## Development
After developing *Zub*, John Pickford went on to design a game that he wasn\'t going to program. This required designing the game on paper before development started and overseeing the work of a different programming team.
## Reception
Reviewer \"Ben\" for *CRASH* gave a positive review and called it \"brilliant\" and \"playable\". Robert Swan for *Atari User* magazine praised the game for its \"fantastic\" graphics, \"great\" sound, \"addictive\" gameplay and the low price
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# Tangent measure
In measure theory, **tangent measures** are used to study the local behavior of Radon measures, in much the same way as tangent spaces are used to study the local behavior of differentiable manifolds. Tangent measures (introduced by David Preiss in his study of rectifiable sets) are a useful tool in geometric measure theory. For example, they are used in proving Marstrand\'s theorem and Preiss\' theorem.
## Definition
Consider a Radon measure *μ* defined on an open subset Ω of *n*-dimensional Euclidean space **R**^*n*^ and let *a* be an arbitrary point in Ω. We can \"zoom in\" on a small open ball of radius *r* around *a*, *B*~*r*~(*a*), via the transformation
: $T_{a,r}(x)=\frac{x-a}{r},$
which enlarges the ball of radius *r* about *a* to a ball of radius 1 centered at 0. With this, we may now zoom in on how *μ* behaves on *B*~*r*~(*a*) by looking at the push-forward measure defined by
$$T_{a,r \#}\mu(A)=\mu(a+rA)$$ where
$$a+rA=\{a+rx:x\in A\}.$$ As *r* gets smaller, this transformation on the measure *μ* spreads out and enlarges the portion of *μ* supported around the point *a*. We can get information about our measure around *a* by looking at what these measures tend to look like in the limit as *r* approaches zero.
: **Definition.** A *tangent measure* of a Radon measure *μ* at the point *a* is a second Radon measure *ν* such that there exist sequences of positive numbers *c*~*i*~ \> 0 and decreasing radii *r*~*i*~ → 0 such that
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
:
: $\lim_{i\rightarrow\infty} c_{i}T_{a,r_{i}\#}\mu =\nu$
```{=html}
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```
: where the limit is taken in the weak-∗ topology, i.e., for any continuous function *φ* with compact support in Ω,
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
:
: $\lim_{i\rightarrow\infty}\int_{\Omega} \varphi \, \mathrm{d} (c_{i}T_{a,r_{i}\#}\mu)=\int_{\Omega} \varphi \, \mathrm{d} \nu.$
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: We denote the set of tangent measures of *μ* at *a* by Tan(*μ*, *a*).
## Existence
The set Tan(*μ*, *a*) of tangent measures of a measure *μ* at a point *a* in the support of *μ* is nonempty on mild conditions on *μ*. By the weak compactness of Radon measures, Tan(*μ*, *a*) is nonempty if one of the following conditions hold:
- *μ* is asymptotically doubling at *a*, i.e. $\limsup_{r\downarrow 0} \frac{\mu(B(a,2r))}{\mu(B(a,r))}<\infty$
- *μ* has positive and finite upper density, i.e. $0<\limsup_{r\downarrow 0}\frac{\mu(B(a,r))}{r^s}<\infty$ for some $0<s<\infty$.
## Properties
The collection of tangent measures at a point is closed under two types of scaling. Cones of measures were also defined by Preiss.
- The set Tan(*μ*, *a*) of tangent measures of a measure *μ* at a point *a* in the support of *μ* is a *cone* of measures, i.e. if $\nu\in \mathrm{Tan}(\mu,a)$ and $c>0$, then $c\nu\in \mathrm{Tan}(\mu,a)$.
- The cone Tan(*μ*, *a*) of tangent measures of a measure *μ* at a point *a* in the support of *μ* is a *d-cone* or *dilation invariant*, i.e. if $\nu\in \mathrm{Tan}(\mu,a)$ and $r>0$, then $T_{0,r\#}\nu \in \mathrm{Tan}(\mu,a)$.
At typical points in the support of a measure, the cone of tangent measures is also closed under translations.
- At *μ* almost every *a* in the support of *μ*, the cone Tan(*μ*, *a*) of tangent measures of *μ* at *a* is *translation invariant*, i.e. if $\nu\in\mathrm{Tan}(\mu,a)$ and *x* is in the support of *ν*, then $T_{x,1\#}\nu\in\mathrm{Tan}(\mu,a)$.
## Examples
- Suppose we have a circle in **R**^2^ with uniform measure on that circle. Then, for any point *a* in the circle, the set of tangent measures will just be positive constants times 1-dimensional Hausdorff measure supported on the line tangent to the circle at that point.
- In 1995, Toby O\'Neil produced an example of a Radon measure *μ* on **R**^*d*^ such that, for μ-almost every point *a* ∈ **R**^*d*^, Tan(*μ*, *a*) consists of all nonzero Radon measures.
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# Tangent measure
## Related concepts {#related_concepts}
There is an associated notion of the tangent space of a measure. A *k*-dimensional subspace *P* of **R**^*n*^ is called the *k*-dimensional tangent space of *μ* at *a* ∈ Ω if --- after appropriate rescaling --- *μ* \"looks like\" *k*-dimensional Hausdorff measure *H*^*k*^ on *P*. More precisely:
: **Definition.** *P* is the *k*-*dimensional tangent space* of *μ* at *a* if there is a *θ* \> 0 such that
$$\mu_{a, r} \xrightarrow[r \to 0]{*} \theta H^{k} \lfloor_{P},$$
: where *μ*~*a*,*r*~ is the translated and rescaled measure given by
$$\mu_{a, r} (A) = \frac1{r^{n - 1}} \mu(a + r A).$$
: The number *θ* is called the *multiplicity* of *μ* at *a*, and the tangent space of *μ* at *a* is denoted T~*a*~(*μ*).
Further study of tangent measures and tangent spaces leads to the notion of a varifold
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# István Tóth (footballer)
**István Tóth-Potya** (28 July 1891 -- 6 February 1945) was a Hungarian amateur footballer who played as a forward.
He was a member of the Hungarian Olympic squad at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was an unused reserve player for the duration of the games and did not play a match in the 1912 football tournament.
For the Hungary national team he played 19 games and scored 8 goals. He later had a coaching career, with alternating spells managing teams in Hungary and Italy.
## Death
Returning from Italy and serving as a reserve officer in the Hungarian army, during World War II he became a member of the Hungarian anti-fascist resistance following Hungary\'s invasion by Germany, in association with former teammate Geza Kertesz helping several hundred people escape from Nazi custody and death. He and Kertesz were arrested by the German Gestapo in late 1944 and executed in February 1945 in Budapest by Hitler\'s Hungarian allies, Szálasi\'s Arrow Cross henchmen.
His body and that of Kertesz were reburied after the war in April 1946 in Kerepesi Cemetery, Budapest
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# Albert Einstein International School of San Pedro Sula
The **Albert Einstein International School of San Pedro Sula** (**AEIS**) is a college-preparatory international school located in San Pedro Sula, the second largest and industrial city of Honduras. It is a private coeducational day school, which offers an American education system to Honduran and foreign students in San Pedro Sula. The school offers a comprehensive college preparatory program from kindergarten through 12th grade. The school, previously named Albert Einstein School of San Pedro Sula or Escuela Bilingue Albert Einstein, was founded in 1990.
In 2005, the school administration decided to make a total change to the school. The change consisted in making the institution an international school for San Pedro Sula. This consisted of several aspects, including a change in school governance, a change in the curriculum to a program modeled on sound United States education practices, more education relations with U.S. entities, creation of U.S. educational programs and services in the school, creation of the American high school program, addition of North American and foreign staff to the school, etc.
In 2009, French language courses were included for all levels due to the school\'s compromise in offering a comprehensive college preparatory program similar to that of American overseas schools.
In 2010, Albert Einstein International School of San Pedro Sula made a uniform change allowing boys to wear a blue polo shirt, and girls to wear their original shirts with different skirts.
AEIS started as a bilingual school with seven students. Now, it is an international school with 350 students.
From second grade through eleventh grade, students take U.S. assessments such as the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test, in which the school checks its program and compares its students with those attending United States schools.
In the American high school program, students need to earn 24 Carnegie credits to get the high school diploma. Additionally, students have programs to be ready to attend U.S. colleges and universities.
- The Honors Program is composed of rigorous courses in which the student gains strength and preparation for U.S. college and university courses.
- The Advanced Placement program (\"AP\") with rigorous courses in which the student gets college and university credits while in high school. Those credits are valid in all U.S. colleges and universities and important universities around the world. The AP courses at A.E.I.S. are instructed by certified professors who have taught in prestigious U.S. universities such as Stanford, Princeton, Michigan State University, and Harvard.
Albert Einstein International School of San Pedro Sula is one of the official test centers of the American College Test or ACT test and PSAT for San Pedro Sula.
## Admissions
At Albert Einstein International School of San Pedro Sula, registration starts in May. The matriculation period is opened to all students. Prospective parents need to pay a registration fee of US\$100. Tuition costs vary by the grade in which the student is registered. Tuition and fees start from US\$1,200.
## Student body and faculty {#student_body_and_faculty}
The student body is around 350 students: 87% Hondurans, 10% Americans, 3% other nationalities. The faculty is composed of 30% U.S. & Canadian, 5% European, 5% Guatemalan, and 60% Honduran teachers.
## Activities
The school offers co-curricular and extracurricular activities: the yearbook club, Model United Nations in which students attend a conference in the United States hosted by the University of Chicago, chess, folkloric groups, U.S. Beta Club, etc.
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# Albert Einstein International School of San Pedro Sula
## Athletics
The school\'s sport strength is volleyball and the school offers soccer. A.E.I.S. participates in several regional tournaments. A.E.I.S. varsity high school athletes can easily apply to Division I or II of U.S. universities because all high school courses are recognized by the NCAA.
## Facilities
The school is located in the Los Andes neighborhood, one of the most fashionable and safe suburbs of San Pedro Sula. The one-acre campus is divided into five areas. The school has 20 classrooms, including a computer lab in the elementary, middle and high school buildings. The administrative offices and apartments for foreign teachers are in separate areas.
In 2008, AEIS opened new facilities at \"Area E\" of the campus. The project consisted of making a new gymnasium, a new library, and a science lab. The gymnasium, normally called \"AEIS GYM\", has all the basic amenities associated with comparable facilities at international schools and is still being remodeled. The new crystal/glass-enclosed library and science laboratory has all the basic amenities associated with comparable facilities in the United States. The project was administered by the U.S. Middle States Council.
In addition, the campus has two outdoor hard-surface courts for basketball, volleyball and soccer
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# Monastery of Saint Mary Deipara
The **Monastery of Saint Mary El-Sourian** is a Coptic Orthodox monastery located in Wadi El Natrun in the Nitrian Desert, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. It is located about 500 meters northwest of the Monastery of Saint Pishoy.
The monastery is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and carries her name. In scholarly references from the nineteenth century it is generally called the convent or monastery of Saint Mary Deipara. It is better known nowadays as the **Syriac Monastery** or the **monastery of the Syriacs** (Arabic: *Dayr al-Suryān*) because it was mainly used by monks of the Syriac Orthodox Church from the 8th to the 14th century.
## Etymology, foundation and ancient history {#etymology_foundation_and_ancient_history}
The exact date of the monastery\'s foundation is unknown. Most sources seem however to agree that its foundation took place in the sixth century AD. The establishment of the monastery is closely connected to the Julianist heresy, which spread in Egypt during the papacy of Pope Timothy III of Alexandria. The Julianists believed in the incorruptibility of Christ\'s body. This was in contradiction with the teaching of the Orthodox Church, which held that Christ had taken human flesh that prevented him from being ideal and abstract, and therefore corruptible. Yet, in the monasteries of Scetes, a majority of the monks embraced the Julian heresy. In reaction, those who did not follow the heresy obtained permission from the governor Aristomachus to erect new churches and monasteries, so that they could settle apart from the Julianists. These new facilities were often built alongside the old ones, even keeping the same name but adding to it the word *Theotokos*, thus recognizing the significance of the incarnation, which the Julians seemed to minimize. The Syrian Monastery was therefore established by those monks of the Monastery of Saint Pishoy who rejected the Julian heresy. At the time of its construction, they called it the *Monastery of the Holy Virgin Theotokos*.
Towards the beginning of the eighth century AD, the monastery was sold to a group of wealthy Syriac merchants from Tikrit, who had settled in Cairo, for 12,000 dinars. These merchants converted the monastery for use by Syrian monks, and rebaptized it *Monastery of the Holy Virgin of the Syrians*. This could be one of the sources of the monastery\'s modern name. Yet, it is also possible that the monastery had already been inhabited by Syrian monks since the fourth century AD, which could trace the monastery\'s name to that period.
The Syrian Monastery, like the rest of the monasteries in Scetes, was subject to fierce attacks by desert Bedouins and Berbers. The fifth of these attacks, which took place in 817 AD, was particularly disastrous to this monastery. The monastery was then rebuilt in 850 AD by two monks, named Matthew and Abraham.
In 927 AD, one of the monastery\'s monks, known as Moses of Nisibis, traveled to Baghdad to ask the Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadir to grant tax exemption to the monasteries. Moses then traveled through Syria region and Mesopotamia in search of manuscripts. After three years of traveling, he returned to Egypt, bringing with him 250 Syriac manuscript. This made of the Syrian Monastery a prosperous and important facility, possessing many artistic treasures and a library rich in Syriac texts.
Inside the monastery, there is a large door known as the Door of Prophecies or Gate of Prophecies, that features symbolic diagrams depicting the past and the future of the Christian faith through the eyes of Christian monks of the tenth century.
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# Monastery of Saint Mary Deipara
## Medieval history {#medieval_history}
Based on a census taken by Mawhub ibn Mansur ibn Mufarrig, the co-author of the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria, the Syrian Monastery had some sixty monks in 1088 AD. It was the third at the time in the Nitrian Desert, after the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great and the Monastery of Saint John the Dwarf.
In the middle of the twelfth century, the Syrian Monastery witnessed a period of trouble, when no Syrian priest was present. However, in 2000 an inscription from 1285/1286 was found, \"which recorded building or other activities in the Monastery\". This may have reflected an influx of Syrian refugees in the 1250s. In the fourteenth century, the monastery was decimated by the plague. When a monk named Moses from the Monastery of Mar Gabriel in Tur Abdin visited the monastery in 1413 AD, he found only one remaining Syrian monk.
Towards the end of the fifteenth century, the Patriarch of Antioch visited the Syrian Monastery, granting it many privileges and donations, in order to restore it to its former glory. However, Egyptian monks continued to populate the monastery and, by 1516 AD, only 18 out of 43 monks were Syrian. By the time of Pope Gabriel VII of Alexandria, who himself had been a monk at the Syrian Monastery, it was able to supply ten monks to the Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite and twenty to the Monastery of Saint Anthony in the Eastern Desert when those two communities were damaged by Bedouin raids.
In the seventeenth century, western travelers from France, Germany and England visited the monastery and reported that there were two churches, one for the Syrians and one for the Egyptians (Copts). They also mention a miraculous *Tree of Saint Ephrem*. According to tradition, Saint Ephrem was a fourth-century Syrian theologian and ascetic from Nisibis. He sought to meet the holy monk Saint Pishoy, and thus came to the monastic centers of Scetes. When the two men met, they were unable to communicate because Ephrem spoke only Syriac. Yet, suddenly and miraculously, Saint Pishoy began to express himself in that language, enabling his visitor to understand him. During this exchange, it is said that Saint Ephrem leaned his staff against the door of the hermitage and all at once it became rooted and even sprouted foliage. Near the church of the Holy Virgin, monks will continue to point out even today this tamarind, miraculously born from Ephrem\'s staff.
When Peter Heyling, a Lutheran missionary from Lübeck, and Yusuf Simaan Assemani, a Lebanese envoy of Pope Clement XI of Rome, visited the Syrian monastery between the mid-seventeenth and mid-eighteenth centuries, they found no Syrian monks living in it. The latter managed to acquire forty precious manuscripts from the monastery\'s library, which are kept today in the Vatican Library.
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# Monastery of Saint Mary Deipara
## Modern history {#modern_history}
Between 1839 and 1851, the British Museum in London was able to purchase about five hundred Syriac manuscripts from the monastery\'s library, concerned not only with religious topics, but also with philosophy and literature. Famous visitors to the monastery during this time included Lansing (1862), Chester (1873), Junkers (1875), Jullien (1881) and Butler (1883).
The manuscripts found in the Syrian monastery inspired intense research on the Syriac language and culture, for until that time, many classical texts from Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, Hippocrates and Galen were known to Western scholars only in their thirteenth-century Latin translations. Even these were often translations from earlier Arabic sources. These documents are the oldest copies of important Greek classical texts, with some dating back to the fifth century.
Today, the Syrian monastery provides a great opportunity to study the development of Coptic wall painting. Between 1991 and 1999, several segments of wall paintings layered on top of each other were uncovered in the Church of the Holy Virgin and the Chapel of the Forty-Nine Martyrs, dating from between the seventh and the thirteenth centuries. There is currently an ongoing project to uncover, restore and conserve wall paintings within the monastery.
The monastery is enclosed by a large wall, built towards the end of the ninth century, and whose height varies between 9.5 and 11.5 meters. The monastery also includes a keep (tower) and a refectory. The five churches inside the monastery are named after the Virgin Mary (2 of the churches), the Forty-Nine Martyrs, Saints Honnos and Marutha, and Saint John the Dwarf.
## Popes from the Syrian Monastery {#popes_from_the_syrian_monastery}
1. Pope Gabriel VII (1525--1570)
2
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# William Hinson Cole
**William Hinson Cole** (January 11, 1837 -- July 8, 1886) was an American politician and Congressman from Maryland.
## Biography
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Cole attended private school and studied medicine and law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Baltimore in 1857. He later moved to Kansas City, Kansas, to practice law, and also served as a member of the Kansas Territorial House of Representatives. He graduated from the University of Louisiana (present day Tulane University) in 1860.
During the American Civil War, Cole enlisted in the Confederate States Army as a surgeon of Francis S. Bartow\'s Eighth Georgia Regiment. He served in the Battle of Gettysburg, then took charge of the wounded in General James Longstreet\'s corps. He was captured and held as prisoner at Fort McHenry in Baltimore for six months, until he was returned South and acted as surgeon on the staff of Gen. Bradley Johnson of Maryland until the close of the war.
After the war, Cole was appointed deputy register of Baltimore in 1870, but resigned when he was elected chief clerk of the first branch of the Baltimore City council. He served as a reading clerk of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1874 to 1878, and later became a reporter on the *Baltimore Evening Commercial*, and later its proprietor. He connected with the *Baltimore Gazette*, and afterward with its successor, *The Baltimore Day*, continuing with the press until 1885. It was at this point he was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-ninth Congress, and served from March 4, 1885 until his death in Washington, D.C. He is interred in Bonnie Brae Cemetery of Baltimore
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# South East Asia Graduate School of Theology
The **South East Asia Graduate School of Theology** (SEAGST) is a Protestant graduate school of theology, established in 1966 and operated by the Association for Theological Education in South East Asia (ATESEA) in cooperation with and on behalf of member schools of ATESEA. The headquarters is located in the offices of ATESEA in Manila, Philippines.
## Objectives and aims {#objectives_and_aims}
### Academics
SEAGST conducts programs of advanced and postgraduate theological studies at the masters and doctoral levels and grants the degree of Master of Theology (MTheol) and Doctor of Theology (DTheol) to students who would study at one of the approved campuses of SEAGST in the region.
The program makes available to graduates of approved theological schools in South East Asia the combined academic resources of the participating accredited schools so that suitable students may have the opportunity of continuing their studies within South East Asia. Selected students from outside the region may also be admitted to the program upon presentation of proper credentials and application form.
### Aims
The specific aims of SEAGST are:
1. To assist in the intellectual and spiritual development of Asian theologians so that their Christian ministry will be enrich and be more effective.
2. To contribute to the emergence of contextual and Asia-oriented theology by providing the facilities, and opportunities for research into, and reflection upon, the Christian faith as it relates to the living faiths, cultures and traditions of Asia, and to contemporary Asian society and its problems.
3. To further the training of competent teachers for the theology faculties of the region and of leaders for Christian ministry in church and society.
4. To promote opportunities for the interchange of the graduate students and faculty members between the different participating institutions with a view to enhancing both a regional consciousness and Christian fellowship across the barriers of race, cultures and nations.
SEAGST claims to be ecumenical in doctrine and in its relationships to the Churches and participating schools. The faculty and students represent a board spectrum of Christian belief and denominational affiliation.
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# South East Asia Graduate School of Theology
## Organisation
### Governance
SEAGST is governed by a Board of Governors which is responsible for all financial and budgetary matters of SEAGST; takes action on requests from accredited schools to participate in program; upon the recommendation of Senate, authorizes conferment of degrees on successful candidates; appoints the Dean, and appoints the faculty of SEAGST on the recommendation of the Senate.
The current Chairperson of the Board of Governors is Dr. Thu En Yu from Malaysia.
### Regional Campuses {#regional_campuses}
As the SEAGST functions as a consortium of participating schools accredited by ATESEA and as a validator of the postgraduate degrees issued, the faculty and campuses of SEAGST is spread out over the whole South East Asian region. There are a total of 27 schools in seven geographical areas; each one headed by an Area Dean; within SEAGST. To qualify as a participating school, an institution normally must have at least three teachers with a Ph.D. or Th.D. or equivalent and sufficient library holdings or research at master and doctoral level.
The current geographical areas and their participating schools are:
#### Hong Kong Area {#hong_kong_area}
*Area Dean: Dr. Ying Fuk-Tsang*
- Divinity School of Chung Chi College, Chinese University of Hong Kong ^[website](http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/theology/)^
: Shatin, New Territories
- Lutheran Theological Seminary ^[website](http://www.lts.edu/)^
: Shatin, New Territories
#### Eastern Indonesia Area {#eastern_indonesia_area}
*Area Dean: Dr. Zakaria J. Ngelow*
- Faculty of Theology, Indonesian Christian University of Tomohon
: Tomohon, North Sulawesi
- Theology Department, Indonesian Christian University of Maluku
: Ambon, Maluku
- Theological Seminary of Eastern Indonesia Makassar (STT INTIM Makassar) ^[website](https://web.archive.org/web/20060208201700/http://www.geocities.com/sttintim/)^
: Makassar, South Sulawesi
- Faculty of Theology, Artha Wacana Christian University
: Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara
- Toraja State Christian Institute (IAKN Toraja) ^[website](https://web.archive.org/web/20070515165616/http://www.stakntoraja.net/)^
: Rantepao, South Sulawesi
#### Western Indonesia Area {#western_indonesia_area}
*Area Dean: Dr. E. Gerrit Singgih*
- HKBP Theological Seminary (STT HKBP)
: Pematang Siantar, North Sumatra
- Jakarta Theological Seminary (STT Jakarta) ^[website](http://www.sttjakarta.ac.id/)^
: Jakarta, DKI Jakarta
- Faculty of Theology, Duta Wacana Christian University ^[website](http://www.ukdw.ac.id/)^
: Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta
- Cipanas Theological Seminary (STT Cipanas) ^[website](http://www.sttcipanas.ac.id/)^
: Cipanas, West Java
#### Malaysia-Singapore Area {#malaysia_singapore_area}
*Area Dean: Dr. Ezra Kok*
- Trinity Theological College ^[website](http://www.ttc.edu.sg)^
: Upper Bukit Timah Road, Singapore
- McGilvary College of Divinity, Payap University ^[website](https://web.archive.org/web/20070531211920/http://www.payap.ac.th/english/divinity/)^
: Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand
- Malaysia Theological Seminary ^[website](http://www.stm.edu.my)^
: Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Sabah Theological Seminary ^[website](http://www.stssabah.org)^
: Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
#### Myanmar Area {#myanmar_area}
*Area Dean: Dr. Anna May Say Pa*
- Myanmar Institute of Theology ^[website](https://web.archive.org/web/20070210154827/http://www.mitheology.net/)^
: Insein, Yangon Division
- Myanmar Institute of Christian Theology
: Insein, Yangon Division
- Kayin Baptist Seminary
: Insein, Yangon Division
- Holy Cross Theological College
: Yangon, Yangon Division
- Kachin Theological College
Nawng Nang, Myitkyina, Kachin State
#### Philippines Area {#philippines_area}
: *Area Dean: The Very Rev Thomas Maddela*
- Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies ^[website](http://www.aiias.edu/)^
: Silang, Cavite
- Central Philippine University College of Theology
: Iloilo City, Iloilo
- Silliman University Divinity School
: Dumaguete, Negros Oriental
- St. Andrew\'s Theological Seminary
: Quezon City, Metro Manila
- Union Theological Seminary
: Dasmariñas, Cavite
#### Taiwan Area {#taiwan_area}
\'\'Area Dean: Dr. Huang Po-ho
- Tainan Theological College and Seminary ^[website](http://www.ttcs.org.tw/)^
: Tainan
- Taiwan Theological College and Seminary ^[website](http://www.taitheo.org.tw/)^
: Taipei
- Yu-Shan Theological College and Seminary ^[website](http://www.yushanth.org.tw/)^
: Hualien, Hualien County
### Accreditation
As an institution under the auspices of ATESEA, SEAGST is accredited by the same organisation
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# WMFD (AM)
**WMFD** (630 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Wilmington, North Carolina. It is owned by the Capitol Broadcasting Company and broadcasts a sports format, primarily from ESPN Radio. The radio studios and offices are on North Kerr Avenue in Wilmington.
By day, WMFD's power is 800 watts; at night it slightly increases its power to 1,000 watts. A directional antenna with a two-tower array is used during the day and three-tower array at night to protect other stations on 630 AM from interference. The transmitter is off Sampson Street in Navassa, North Carolina. Programming is simulcast on 250-watt FM translator **W269DF** at 101.7 MHz. WMFD is also heard on the HD Radio digital subchannel of co-owned 99.9 WKXB-HD3.
## History
WMFD signed on the air on `{{start date and age|1935|9|15}}`{=mediawiki}. It is Wilmington\'s oldest, though not its first, radio station. It has retained its original call sign throughout its history.
In 1954, the station launched WMFD-TV Channel 6, Wilmington\'s first TV station, now WECT.
In May 1996, Community Broadcasting sold radio stations WMFD, WUOY, and WBMS to a new company called Ocean Broadcasting. As a talk station, WMFD added Dr. Laura Schlessinger and The Fabulous Sports Babe, as well as CNN Headline News part of the time. In 1999, WMFD was airing Don Imus\' morning show from New York City.
In 2000, WMFD changed to sports radio and added the minor-league baseball team Wilmington Waves.
In July 2004, NextMedia Group purchased WRQR, WAZO, and WMFD from Ocean Broadcasting, and WKXB and WSFM from Sea-Comm Inc.
In July 2008, Capitol Broadcasting announced its purchase of NextMedia\'s Wilmington stations.
## Translator
In addition to the main station, WMFD is relayed by FM translator **W269DF** 101.7 to widen its broadcast area. This station rebroadcast WLTT prior to 2014
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# Libdca
**libdca** (formerly **libdts**) is a free library for decoding DTS Coherent Acoustics streams. It is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, and is developed by Gildas Bazin of the VideoLAN team. The library is based on the DTS Coherent Acoustics standard (ETSI 102 114 v1.2.1).
The library is used in VLC media player and is able to decode DTS audio tracks from DVDs. It can also decode DTS files (.dts) directly, as well as DTS-WAV files (.wav). libdca is able to decode DTS-ES streams as well, however can only decode the standard 6 channels as the additional \"Extended Surround\" extensions (for Matrix and 6.1 Discrete) require ES Extensions to the codec.
libdca comes packaged with a small proof of concept decoder **dcadec** (formerly **dtsdec**). This program is able to decode DTS audio streams into stereo WAV or into a single multichannel WAV, as well as being able to be played back through the sound card.
The development for libdca is mostly frozen by 2007 (version 0.0.5). The 2018 update (version 0.0.6) only includes changes to the build system. An unrelated program and library from 2016, also known as **dcadec**, provides some extra functions including support for the ES and HD extensions, the 96/24 format, and Master Audio streams. It has since displaced libdca in providing DCA/DTS support as an integral part of ffmpeg
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# Phage group
The **phage group** (sometimes called the **American Phage Group**) was an informal network of biologists centered on Max Delbrück that contributed heavily to bacterial genetics and the origins of molecular biology in the mid-20th century. The phage group takes its name from bacteriophages, the bacteria-infecting viruses that the group used as experimental model organisms. In addition to Delbrück, important scientists associated with the phage group include: Niels Jerne, Salvador Luria, Alfred Hershey, Seymour Benzer, Charles Steinberg, Gunther Stent, James D. Watson, Frank Stahl, and Renato Dulbecco.
## Origins of the phage group: people, ideas, experiments and personal relationships {#origins_of_the_phage_group_people_ideas_experiments_and_personal_relationships}
Bacteriophages had been a subject of experimental investigation since Félix d\'Herelle had isolated and developed methods for detecting and culturing them, beginning in 1917. Delbrück, a physicist-turned biologist seeking the simplest possible experimental system to probe the fundamental laws of life, first encountered phages during a 1937 visit to T. H. Morgan\'s fly lab at Caltech. Delbrück was unimpressed with Morgan\'s experimentally complex model organism *Drosophila*, but another researcher, Emory Ellis, was working with the more elementary phage. During the next few years, Ellis and Delbrück collaborated on methods of counting phage and tracking growth curves; they established the basic step-wise pattern of virus growth (the most obvious features of the lytic cycle).
### Emory Ellis (1906--2003) and Max Delbrück (1906--1981) {#emory_ellis_19062003_and_max_delbrück_19061981}
In a retrospective article, Emory Ellis stated \"Soon after Max Delbruck arrived at the Caltech Biology Division, intent on discovering how his background in physical sciences could be productively applied to biological problems, I showed him some step-growth curves. His first comment was \'I don\'t believe it.\'\" However, as Ellis describes, Delbruck soon dispelled this initial reaction of disbelief by his own analysis of the phenomenon, and promptly joined in the work with enthusiasm, bringing to it his training in mathematics and physics, and intense interest in genetics. Their initial collaborative findings were published in 1939.
### Niels K. Jerne (1911-1994) {#niels_k._jerne_1911_1994}
In the early 1950s, Niels K. Jerne employed bacteriophages---specifically phage T4---as model antigens to study antigen-antibody interactions with greater precision. At the Danish State Serum Institute, Jerne recognized that phage neutralization assays allowed for quantitative measurements of immune responses using extremely small antigen quantities. This system enabled the detection of single virus particles, allowing him to observe the strength and specificity of antibody binding with unprecedented sensitivity.
While using this system, Jerne made a surprising discovery: non-immunized (normal) serum already contained low levels of antibodies capable of inactivating bacteriophage T4. Furthermore, when animals were immunized with the phage, the specific antibody levels rose quickly---suggesting that the immune system possessed a pre-existing repertoire of antibodies that could be amplified upon antigen exposure. These findings challenged the prevailing view that antibodies were synthesized only after antigen stimulation.
Jerne interpreted this as evidence that the body naturally produces a diverse array of antibodies prior to encountering specific antigens. In his 1955 paper, he proposed the \"natural selection theory\" of antibody formation, arguing that antigens act not by instructing cells to make new antibodies, but by selecting from an existing pool of antibodies and promoting their proliferation. This concept directly influenced the later development of the clonal selection theory and marked a foundational shift in immunological thought.
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# Phage group
## Origins of the phage group: people, ideas, experiments and personal relationships {#origins_of_the_phage_group_people_ideas_experiments_and_personal_relationships}
### Salvador Luria (1912--1991) and Alfred Hershey (1908--1997) {#salvador_luria_19121991_and_alfred_hershey_19081997}
The phage group started around 1940, after Delbrück and Luria had met at a physics conference. Delbrück and Salvador Luria began a series of collaborative experiments on the patterns of infection for different strains of bacteria and bacteriophage. They soon established the \"mutual exclusion principle\" that an individual bacterium can only be infected by one strain of phage. In 1943, their \"fluctuation test\", later dubbed the Luria--Delbrück experiment, showed that genetic mutations for phage resistance arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selection. The traditional wisdom among bacteriologists prior to 1943 was that bacteria had no chromosomes and no genes. The Luria--Delbrück experiment showed that bacteria, like other established model genetic organisms, have genes, and that these can spontaneously mutate to generate mutants that may then reproduce to form clonal lineages. That year, they also began working with Alfred Hershey, another phage experimenter. (The three would share the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, \"for work on the replication mechanism and genetics of viruses\".)
Hershey, described retrospectively the circumstances leading to the experiment using phage that he performed with his research assistant, Martha Chase, in 1952, later known as the Hershey--Chase experiment. This experiment provided key evidence that DNA, as distinct from protein, is the genetic material of the phage and therefore the likely genetic material generally.
In 1946, Luria made a finding that was destined to open up a new insight on how the stability of DNA is achieved (see Luria, pg. 96). What he discovered was that when, after UV irradiation, two or more \"dead\" phage entered the same bacterial cell, they often became alive again and produced normal live progeny. This was the first example of reactivation of cells or organisms that had been damaged by radiation. He interpreted the reactivation, correctly, as a result of genetic recombination (see also homologous recombination). James Watson (future co-discover of the Watson--Crick structure of DNA in 1953, and winner of the Nobel Prize, 1962), was Luria\'s first graduate student at the Indiana University. As his PhD thesis project, Watson showed that X-rayed phage can participate in genetic recombination and multiplicity reactivation.
As remembered by Luria (1984, pg. 97) the discovery of reactivation of irradiated phage (referred to as \"multiplicity reactivation\") immediately started a flurry of activity in the study of repair of radiation damage within the early phage group (reviewed by Bernstein in 1981). It turned out later that the repair of damaged phage by mutual help that Luria had discovered was only one special case of DNA repair. Cells of all types, not just, bacteria and their viruses, but all organisms studied, including humans, are now known to have complex biochemical processes for repairing DNA damages (see DNA repair). DNA repair processes are also now recognized as playing critical roles in protecting against aging, cancer, and infertility.
### James Watson (b. 1928) and Renato Dulbecco (1914--2012) {#james_watson_b._1928_and_renato_dulbecco_19142012}
Jim Watson, in a retrospective article, described his first experiences as a student with Luria in 1947. Apparently, according to Watson \"...many students were afraid of Luria who had a reputation of being arrogant toward people who were wrong.\" However, as the fall term wore on, Watson \"saw no evidence of the rumored inconsiderateness toward dimwits.\" Thus with no real reservations (except for occasional fear that he was not bright enough to move in his circle) he asked Luria whether he could do research under his direction in the spring term. Luria promptly said yes, and gave Watson the task of studying X-ray-induced multiplicity reactivation of phage as described above. The only other scientist in Luria\'s lab at that time, with whom Watson shared a lab bench, was Renato Dulbecco (a future member of the phage group), who had recently arrived from Italy to do experiments on phage multiplicity reactivation. Later that semester (1948), Watson met, for the first time, Delbruck who was briefly visiting Luria. Watson wrote \"Almost from Delbruck\'s first sentence, I knew I was not going to be disappointed. He did not beat around the bush and the intent of his words was always clear. But even more important to me was his youthful appearance and spirit.\" Watson noted that on this occasion, as on many subsequent occasions, Delbruck talked about Bohr (the physicist) and his belief that a complementarity principle, perhaps like that needed for understanding quantum mechanics, would be the key to the real understanding of biology.
In 1950, Renato Dulbecco now at Caltech with Delbrück, worked out a procedure for assaying animal virus particles by their formation of plaques on a sheet of cultured cells, just as phage form plaques on a lawn of bacterial cells. This procedure set the stage for Dulbecco to implement a comprehensive research program for quantitative studies on animal viruses to fathom their intracellular reproductive cycle. This work was recognized by award of the Nobel Prize in 1975.
### Matthew Meselson (b. 1930) and Franklin Stahl (b. 1929) {#matthew_meselson_b._1930_and_franklin_stahl_b._1929}
After the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953, it was still unclear how DNA replicated. The favored model at the time was semi-conservative replication, but experimental proof was needed. The Meselson--Stahl experiment, performed by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958, was the key experiment that provided convincing evidence of semi-conservative replication, the mechanism now known to be correct. Meselson and Stahl described the circumstances leading to this key experiment. It has since been described as the \"Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology\". Its beauty is tied to the simplicity of the result, although the route that led to the experiment was far from simple.
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# Phage group
## Origins of the phage group: people, ideas, experiments and personal relationships {#origins_of_the_phage_group_people_ideas_experiments_and_personal_relationships}
### Seymour Benzer (1921--2007) and Jean Weigle (1901--1968) {#seymour_benzer_19212007_and_jean_weigle_19011968}
As described in a retrospective article, Seymour Benzer joined Delbrück\'s phage group at Caltech in 1949 as a postdoctoral fellow. There he shared a lab room with Jean Weigle where they did collaborative experiments on phage T4. Upon leaving Caltech, Benzer continued experiments on phage T4 at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and then Purdue University where he developed a system for studying the fine structure of the gene using mutants defective in the rIIA and rIIB genes. These genetic experiments, involving crosses of rII mutants, led to the finding of a unique linear order of mutational sites within the genes. This result provided strong evidence for the key idea that the gene has a linear structure equivalent to a length of DNA with many sites that can independently mutate.
In 1952, Salvador Luria had discovered the phenomenon of \"restriction-modification\" (the modification of phage growing within an infected bacterium, so that upon their release and re-infection of a related bacterium the phage\'s growth is restricted) (described by Luria, pgs. 45 and 99). Weigle, working with Giuseppe Bertani and Werner Arber, soon clarified the basis for this phenomenon. They showed that restriction was actually due to attack by specific bacterial enzymes on the modified phage\'s DNA. This work led to the discovery of the class of enzymes now known as \"restriction enzymes\". These enzymes allowed controlled manipulation of DNA in the laboratory, thus providing the foundation for the development of genetic engineering.
Weigle also demonstrated the inducible nature of DNA damage-response genes in bacteria, a phenomenon that has come to be known as the SOS response. This response includes DNA damage-inducible mutagenesis (termed Weigle mutagenesis in his honor) and inducible repair following DNA damage (termed Weigle reactivation).
### Sydney Brenner (1927--2019) and Gunther Stent (1924--2008) {#sydney_brenner_19272019_and_gunther_stent_19242008}
In 1961, Sydney Brenner, an early member of the phage group, collaborated with Francis Crick, Leslie Barnett and Richard Watts-Tobin at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge to perform genetic experiments that demonstrated the basic nature of the genetic code for proteins. These experiments, carried out with mutants of the rIIB gene of phage T4, showed, that for a gene that encodes a protein, three sequential bases of the gene\'s DNA specify each successive amino acid of the protein. Thus the genetic code is a triplet code, where each triplet (called a codon) specifies a particular amino acid. They also obtained evidence that the codons do not overlap with each other in the DNA sequence encoding a protein, and that such a sequence is read from a fixed starting point.
Gunther Stent joined the phage group in 1948 after taking their phage course at Cold Spring Harbor, New York. The ongoing informal discussions among these workers on the progress of their research led to a book by Stent entitled *Molecular Biology of Bacterial Viruses* (dedicated to Max Delbrück) which was a lucid account of the accomplishments in this emerging field up to 1963. Later, in his memoirs, Stent (1998) described some of the activities and personal interactions that illustrated the unique intellectual spirit of the phage group during its early crucial years (1948-1950).
### Role of Max Delbrück {#role_of_max_delbrück}
Delbrück, through his charm and enthusiasm, brought many biologists (and physicists) into phage research in the early 1940s (see:Charles Steinberg). In 1944, Delbrück promoted the \"Phage Treaty\", a call for phage researchers to focus on a limited number of phage and bacterial strains, with standardized experimental conditions. This helped to make research from different laboratories more easily comparable and replicable, helping to unify the field of bacterial genetics.
## Phage course at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and at Caltech {#phage_course_at_cold_spring_harbor_laboratory_and_at_caltech}
Apart from direct collaborations, the main legacy of the phage group resulted from the yearly summer phage course taught at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and taught sporadically at Caltech. Beginning in 1945, Delbrück and others taught young biologists the fundamentals of phage biology and experimentation, instilling the phage group\'s distinctive math- and physics-oriented approach to biology. Many of the leaders of the emerging field of molecular biology were alumni of the phage course, which continued to be taught through the 1950s and 1960s.
In 1995, Millard Susman published a retrospective article on the phage course as it was given over the years (1945 -- 1970) both at Cold Spring Harbor (New York) and at the California Institute of Technology. The article lists many of the graduates of the course, describes some of their accomplishments, and provides interesting anecdotes related to the course. Richard Feynman, the distinguished Caltech theoretical physicist, learned how to work with phage during the summer of 1961 with the help of Charles M. Steinberg, and his experimental results were included in a publication by Edgar et al.
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# Phage group
## Conditional lethal mutants {#conditional_lethal_mutants}
The isolation of conditional lethal mutants of phage during 1962-1964 by the phage group members provided an opportunity to study the function of virtually all of the genes that are essential for growth of the phage under laboratory conditions. One class of conditional lethal mutants is known as amber mutants. These mutants were isolated and genetically characterized by Richard Epstein, Antoinette Bolle and Charles M. Steinberg in 1962 (although publication of their initial findings was delayed for 50 years: see Epstein et al., 2012.). A more complete genetic characterization of the amber mutants was described by Epstein et al. in 1964. Another class of conditional lethal mutants, referred to as temperature-sensitive mutants, was obtained by Robert Edgar and Ilga Lielausis. Studies of these two classes of mutants led to considerable insight into numerous fundamental biologic problems. Thus understanding was gained on the functions and interactions of the proteins employed in the machinery of DNA replication, repair and recombination, and on how viruses are assembled from protein and nucleic acid components (molecular morphogenesis). Furthermore, the role of chain terminating codons was elucidated. One noteworthy study was performed by Sydney Brenner and collaborators using amber mutants defective in the gene encoding the major head protein of phage T4. This experiment provided strong evidence for the widely held, but prior to 1964 still unproven, \"sequence hypothesis\" that the amino acid sequence of a protein is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene determining the protein. Thus, this study demonstrated the co-linearity of the gene with its encoded polypeptide
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# Fetter Schrier Hoblitzell
**Fetter Schrier Hoblitzell** (October 7, 1838 -- May 2, 1900) was an American politician and Congressman from Maryland.
## Biography
Born in Cumberland, Maryland, Hoblitzell attended primary school and graduated from the Allegany Academy of Cumberland. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1859, and commenced practice in Baltimore, Maryland. During the American Civil War, Hoblitzell served as a private in the First Maryland Regiment of Infantry of the Confederate Army.
After the war, Hoblitzell resumed the practice of law and served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1870 and 1876. He was reelected in 1878 and served as speaker of the house. He was later elected as a Democrat to the Forty-seventh and Forty-eighth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1885. Afterwards, he served as city counselor of Baltimore in 1888 and 1889, and resumed the practice of law. He died in Baltimore, and is interred in Loudon Park Cemetery
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# Outlook on Renewable Energy in America
***Outlook on Renewable Energy in America*** is a comprehensive two-volume report, published in 2007 by the American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE), about the future of renewable energy in the United States. It has been said that this report exposes a \"new reality for renewable energy in America\".
Volume One of the report presents background information on government research conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Research Institute and other institutions. It also collates information from industry associations such as the American Wind Energy Association, Solar Energy Industries Association, National Hydropower Association, as well as some non-profit organizations.
*Joint Outlook on Renewable Energy in America* is the second volume of the report which presents a scenario compiled by the American renewable energy community. ACORE makes it clear that this report is not a forecast---it is a scenario of what is achievable if the country wants renewables to reach their full potential, and is willing to embrace the public policies to make that happen.
ACORE released an update of the report in March 2014, which assesses the marketplace and forecasts the future of each renewable energy technology sector from the perspectives of U.S. renewable energy trade associations. Each sector forecast is accompanied by a list of the trade association\'s specific policy recommendations that they believe might encourage continued industry growth.
## Scenario
According to experts, renewable energy could provide up to 635 gigawatts (GW) of new electricity generating capacity by 2025 -- a substantial contribution and potentially more than the nation\'s need for new capacity. According to this scenario, this capacity could come from a wide array of new technologies utilizing the full range of our renewable resources:
- Wind power could provide 248 GW by 2025
- Solar energy and power could provide 164 GW
- Geothermal energy and power 100 GW
- Biomass energy, power, and fuels 100 GW
- Water power 23 GW
In addition, the scenario shows that renewable fuels could meet a large portion of U.S. liquid fuel needs. Recent studies show that biofuels could supply 30% to 40% of U.S. petroleum products by 2030. Ethanol fuel alone could reach 11.5 e9USgal per year by the end of the first quarter of 2009, a significant contribution to the approximately 135 e9USgal of gasoline consumed annually.
## Public policy principles {#public_policy_principles}
To make the transition to the renewable energy future that is outlined in the scenario, the report argues that the energy policy of the United States needs to be built on a range of principles, which include:
- Building a comprehensive national renewable energy strategy that addresses the full range of technological and market issues.
- Creating energy policies that address both the challenges of oil dependence and global warming in an integrated way.
- Recognizing that energy efficiency and renewable energy work together.
- Providing long-term incentives for renewable power investments, modernizing our transmission and distribution systems, and investing in the next generation of biofuel facilities infrastructure.
- Scaling up an accelerated national R&D program to return the U.S. to global leadership.
- Implementing long-term and stable policy commitments that allow industry, the financial sector, and consumers to make longer-term decisions.
## Rationale for renewables {#rationale_for_renewables}
The report argues that America needs renewable energy, for many reasons:
The report quotes President Bush on the need to diversify America\'s energy supply:
ACORE suggests that these reports dispel the commonly held notion that renewable energy cannot supply the energy needs of a growing American economy. But for this to happen, the government would have to commit to long term policies that promote renewable energy
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# 2000 Fed Cup
{{ Infobox tennis circuit season \| name = 2000 Fed Cup \| image = \| image_caption = \| duration = 28 March -- 25 November \| edition = 38th \| previous = 1999 \| next = 2001 }}
The **2000 Fed Cup** was the 38th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women\'s tennis.
Changes were made to the World Group; instead of two groups of eight teams, there was one group of thirteen. The group was divided into three round-robin pools of four, with the winner of each pool joining defending champions the United States in a knockout bracket. In the final, the United States defeated Spain at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, on 24--25 November, giving the United States their 17th title.
## World Group {#world_group}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
Pool A
1. **`{{fed|ESP}}`{=mediawiki}**
2.
3.
4.
Pool B
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pool C
1.
2.
3.
4.
### Draw
## Americas Zone {#americas_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i}
Venue: Santinho Coast, Florianópolis, Brazil (outdoor clay)
Dates: 25--30 April
Participating Teams
- **`{{fed|ARG}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
- *`{{fed|CHI}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
- *`{{fed|CUB}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
-
-
-
### Group II {#group_ii}
Venue: Maya C.C., La Libertad, El Salvador (outdoor clay)
Dates: 9--13 May
Participating Teams
-
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|DOM}}`{=mediawiki}**
- **`{{fed|ECU}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
-
-
## Asia/Oceania Zone {#asiaoceania_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i_1}
Venue: Utsubo Tennis Center, Osaka, Japan (outdoor hard)
Dates: 25--30 April
Participating Teams
-
-
- *`{{fed|HKG}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
-
- **`{{fed|JPN}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
- *`{{fed|SIN}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
-
### Group II {#group_ii_1}
Venue: Utsubo Tennis Center, Osaka, Japan (outdoor hard)
Dates: 25--29 April
Participating Teams
-
-
-
-
- **Pacific Oceania**
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|UZB}}`{=mediawiki}**
## Europe/Africa Zone {#europeafrica_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i_2}
Venue: La Manga Club, Murcia, Spain (outdoor clay)
Dates: 15--20 May
Participating Teams
-
-
- *`{{fed|FIN}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
-
- **`{{fed|HUN}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
- *`{{fed|LAT}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
- *`{{fed|MAR}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
-
-
-
-
-
- *`{{fed|TUR}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
### Group II {#group_ii_2}
Venue: Estoril T.C
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# Helen Ghosh
**Dame Helen Frances Ghosh** `{{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DCB}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{IPA|/ɡəʊʃ/|lang=en}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{respell|gauche}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} **Kirkby**; born 21 February 1956) is a former British civil servant who has been Master of Balliol College, Oxford, since 2018. She was previously director-general of the National Trust from November 2012 to April 2018.
From 1979 to 2012 she was a British civil servant. She was Permanent Secretary at the Home Office from January 2011 to November 2012, and prior to that was permanent secretary at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) from November 2005 to the end of 2010. On appointment at DEFRA, she was the only female permanent secretary to head a major department of the British Government.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Ghosh was born Helen Frances Kirkby in Farnborough, Hampshire, in 1956, daughter of William Kirkby, a civil service scientist, and his wife, Eileen (née Howe), a librarian. She was educated at Farnborough Hill, an all-girls private Catholic school.
She studied modern history at St Hugh\'s College, Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1976. She then undertook postgraduate study at Hertford College, Oxford, graduating with a Master of Letters (MLitt) in 1980; her thesis concerned the history of Italy in the 6th century.
## Career
Ghosh joined the Department of the Environment in 1979 as an administration trainee. From 1981 to 1983 she was assistant private secretary to Michael Heseltine, the Secretary of State for the Environment. She was private secretary to the Minister for Environment and Housing from 1986 to 1988, and was head of the Housing Policy and Home Ownership Team from 1992 to 1995.
In July 1995 she joined the Cabinet Office on loan, as deputy director of the Efficiency Unit. She left the post in May 1997 to become director of the London East and European Programmes at the Government Office for London.
Between May 1999 and November 1999, she was head of the New Deal for Communities Programme at the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. She then joined the Department for Work and Pensions as director of the Children\'s Group.
She rejoined the Cabinet Office in October 2001, as head of Central Secretariat, and, in 2003, became director general for Corporate Services at HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC), where she played an important part in the transformation programme merging the Inland Revenue and Customs & Excise to form the new department. She was appointed permanent secretary at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) in November 2005. She replaced David Normington as permanent secretary at the Home Office in January 2011.
In November 2012, she stepped down from her role at the Home Office to become director general at the National Trust. In April 2018, Ghosh left that role to become Master of Balliol College, Oxford, succeeding Drummond Bone.
## Board memberships {#board_memberships}
Ghosh was a board member of the National School for Government, and a committee member and former chair of the Blackfriars Overseas Aid Trust, based in Oxford. She was elected a Rhodes Trustee in 2011.
## Honours
She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (DCB) in the Queen\'s Birthday Honours list in June 2008. In 2010, *The Tablet* named her as one of Britain\'s most influential Roman Catholics.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1979, she married Peter Ghosh, an associate professor of Modern History at Oxford, who has, since 1982, been Jean Duffield Fellow and Tutor in Modern History at St Anne\'s College, Oxford. They have a son, William, and a daughter, Olivia
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# Capone (1975 film)
***Capone*** is a 1975 American action crime film directed by Steve Carver and produced by Roger Corman, based on the life of notorious 20th-century gangster Al Capone. It stars Ben Gazzara in the title role, along with Harry Guardino, Susan Blakely, John Cassavetes, and Sylvester Stallone in an early film appearance.
Corman had previously directed * The St. Valentine\'s Day Massacre* (1967), which also had a screenplay written by Howard Browne and starred Jason Robards as Capone. Though the film was promoted as a faithful reenactment of Capone's life, it takes many artistic liberties. Among other embellishments, the film makes no mention of Capone's wife and daughter, while giving him a (fictional) love interest in Susan Blakely's Iris Crawford. The film also depicts Frank Nitti (played by Stallone) eulogizing Capone in his funeral, when in fact Capone outlived Nitti by several years.
The film was released by 20th Century Fox on April 6, 1975. It received negative reviews from critics, though it was a commercial success.
## Plot
The story is of the rise and fall of Chicago mob boss Al Capone and the control he exhibited over the city during Prohibition, all the way through to his conviction, imprisonment, and final years.
On the evening of May 6, 1918, in Brooklyn, two police officers intercept several men stealing fur clothing as they escape through an alleyway. Capone, then a young hoodlum, had tipped them off to the heist so that he could ambush the cops on arrival. The resulting fight ends with Capone being thrown through a glass window, leaving him with a scarred left cheek. Capone is soon released from custody without being charged due to the intercession of a senior police lieutenant. As he walks out of the station, the hoodlum is taken to see racketeers Johnny Torrio and Frankie Yale. It is revealed that the fur thieves worked for Johnny and Yale, and because Capone has impressed them with his cunning and brutality, they invite him to join the Five Points Gang.
A year later, on September 23, 1919, Johnny talks with his boss \"Big\" Jim Colosimo about Prohibition -- a new law banning the sale of alcohol. Johnny is eager to invest millions into bootlegging, but Colosimo, seeing such a trade as beneath him, refuses. Johnny calls Frankie and tells him to send Capone to Chicago to employ him as an enforcer for Colosimo. Johnny introduces Capone to co-workers, including dancer and barmaid Iris Crawford. Johnny, despite his affection for Colosimo, realizes that murdering him is the only way to put his bootlegging scheme into action. The next morning, as Colosimo enters a restaurant to use the phone, Capone sneaks in and quietly shoots the boss dead in the back of the neck.
On June 7, 1920, in Joliet, Illinois, during a pickup of beer for bootlegger Edward \"Spike\" O\'Donnell, mobsters led by brothers Frank and Peter Gusenberg -- enforcers working for Dion O\'Banion -- intercept the deal, gun down the participants, and steal it for themselves. Capone correctly suspects that Banion\'s henchman Hymie Weiss is responsible, and Johnny responds by dividing Chicago into separate territories: O\'Banion and his men will control the North Side, Spike O\'Donnell will have his own territory in the South Side, the Genna brothers will deal in Little Italy; and Johnny\'s gang, the \"Chicago Outfit\", will occupy the Loop and part of the South Side.
On September 5, 1923, as Capone and Johnny prepare to shift their base of operations to Cicero, Spike O\'Donnell is gunned down by O\'Banion\'s men in a turf war. At O\'Donnell\'s funeral, O\'Banion threatens to murder the Genna brothers next. That night, Pete and Frank personally gun down several blood relatives of the Gennas. Outraged, Antonio and Angelo Genna retaliate by placing a hit on O\'Banion. Corrupt Chicago deputy sheriff Joe Pryor breaks up one of Capone\'s parties after Capone refuses to pay him a bribe of \$5,000; Capone has no choice but to pay him then. Capone then takes Iris golfing while his hitmen murder O\'Banion in a flower store. Capone and Johnny later show up at his funeral, angering Weiss who suspects them of killing his friend.
On the night of January 15, 1925, Johnny tells Capone that, because of all the heat Capone has brought on them by committing countless acts of violence in public, he is prepared to give Weiss most of their territory as a peace offering. Capone is furious at the idea but does not stop Johnny from leaving. At the meeting spot, Johnny is ambushed by Weiss and three gunmen, who shoot him multiple times. Johnny survives but accepts that he no longer has any stomach for a life of crime. He decides to leave America for his homeland of Italy, giving control of the Outfit to Capone.
On the night of April 27, 1926, Capone and his button men ambush four of Weiss\' men, plus a crooked State\'s Attorney on Weiss\' payroll, at a Cicero inn on the mistaken assumption that Weiss is with them. Two of the men and the State\'s Attorney are killed. Capone then hears a newscast on the radio revealing that Weiss is still alive. Capone is brought before District Attorney Robert E. Crowe, who threatens to have Capone indicted by a grand jury for assassinating a government official. Capone replies that if he does so, his lawyers will reveal the extent to which Chicago authorities have worked with the Outfit; a humiliated Crowe drops the charges. The next morning, Capone and Iris go on a picnic, and after losing Capone\'s bodyguards, they have sex.
On September 20, 1926, North Side gunmen carry out a drive-by shooting at a hotel where Capone is drinking. Capone is saved only due to the quick thinking of his ambitious bodyguard Frank Nitti. Identifying one of his attackers as Weiss, Capone retaliates by ordering a hit on Weiss that night; two men from a rooftop over the North Side headquarters unload their tommy guns into Weiss and his men, killing them. Joe Aiello, a bootlegger who refuses to deal with Capone and blames him for his brother\'s death, meets with Bugs Moran, Weiss\' successor. They pay off a waiter to poison Capone when he goes to his favorite restaurant, but the man has a change of heart and betrays them to Capone. The next morning, Aiello is killed by a car bomb planted by Nitti.
On February 7, 1929, Capone decides to get rid of Moran\'s gang. That night, as he and Iris share a French dinner, hitmen sent by Moran shoot up the bistro, and Iris is killed. Capone is deeply heartbroken by Iris\'s death, and he and Nitti swear revenge. Newly elected Mayor Anton Cermak and the city council, wanting to improve Chicago\'s image and put a stop to gang violence, insist that he end his feud with Moran at any cost even if it means losing territory and money. When Cermak threatens Capone by saying he can withdraw the political protection that keeps him from being prosecuted, Capone once again reminds the council that the vast trove of evidence he has of their corruption makes him untouchable by the law.
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# Capone (1975 film)
## Plot
The next morning, on February 14, 1929, Capone\'s men, posing as police officers conducting a raid, enter one of Moran\'s warehouses and force seven men, including the Gusenberg brothers, to line up against the wall before machine-gunning them to death. Nitti, believing that Capone has finally gone too far, betrays him and provides the city council with the means to have him brought to trial. On June 16, 1931, after a lengthy process, Capone is finally found guilty not of murder, bootlegging, or any other serious crimes, but of multiple counts of federal tax evasion. The judge sentences Capone to serve eleven years at Alcatraz in San Francisco, California.
On February 2, 1938, a doctor visits Capone, whose health has started to deteriorate, and concludes that Capone has contracted syphilis. Noting that the disease has progressed too far for treatment, he warns the prison authorities that the gangster\'s mind will be the first thing to go. Capone starts a prison riot and is hastily forced back into his cell.
At Capone\'s estate in Palm Island, Florida on April 5, 1946, Nitti visits Capone and his caretakers only to find that Capone is now a shell of his former self, to the point where he starts yelling at Nitti believing him to be an FBI agent. Nitti\'s bodyguard reminds him that people have always said Capone used to be a smart man, but Nitti -- who had shown his ambition and loyalty only to watch Capone destroy everything they built -- finally disregards this and expresses his true feelings about his old boss, saying that Capone was stupid and forgetful and only cared about killing people. As the two of them leave, Capone continues to wither away until he dies a year later from complications of his illness.
## Cast
- Ben Gazzara as Al Capone
- Harry Guardino as Johnny \"The Fox\" Torrio
- Susan Blakely as Iris Crawford
- John Cassavetes as Frankie Yale
- Sylvester Stallone as Frank Ralph \"The Enforcer\" Nitti
- Frank Campanella as Vincenzo \"Big Jim\" Colosimo
- John Orchard as Dean \"Dion\" O\'Banion
- Carmen Argenziano as Jack \"Machine Gun Jack\" McGurn
- George Chandler as Robert E. Crowe
- John Davis Chandler as Earl \"Hymie\" Weiss
- Royal Dano as Anton Cermak
- Peter Maloney as Jake \"Greasy Thumb\" Guzik
- Carmen Filpi as Walter
- Dick Miller as Joe Pryor
- Robert Phillips as George \"Bugs\" Moran
- Martin Kove as Peter \"Goosey\" Gusenberg
- Mario Gallo as Giuseppe \"Joe\" Aiello
- Tony Giorgio as Antonio \"Tony The Scourge\" Lombardo
- Johnny Martino as Tony Amatto
- Tina Scala as Mrs. Torrio
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# Capone (1975 film)
## Production
### Development and writing {#development_and_writing}
Screenwriter Howard Browne had written about Al Capone a number of times previously, including \"Seven Against the Wall\" for *Playhouse 90* in 1958, and the film, *The St. Valentine\'s Day Massacre* (1967). The latter was directed by Roger Corman for 20th Century Fox.
In May 1974 Browne announced he was writing a biopic about Capone for Roger Corman called *The Big Fella*. It would cover Capone\'s life from being a young man until his death. In June Corman declared he would make the Capone film for his company, New World Pictures. However in September it was announced he would produce the movie for 20th Century Fox.
In October 1974 it was reported Gazzara was considering an offer to play the lead.
### Filming
Steve Carver says the film was shot in part so Corman could use footage from other films he had made. He claimed Howard Browne was a very factual writer but \"not so good with dialogue\" so other writers were brought in to work on the script. Carver says Gazzara was hard to work with on set.
In an interview in 2020 Carver related how Gazzara, possibly under the influence of alcohol, set off a series of explosions and bullet hits too early: \"Ben was the key in starting this off by pulling the trigger of a submachine gun. And he jumped the cue. He pulled the trigger too early. That set off a tremendous occurrence where stuntmen and cars went crazy. A lot of people could have gotten hurt.\" Carver says Gazzara apologized the next day.
Sylvester Stallone was cast on the basis of his appearance in *Lords of Flatbush*. He later said \"I particularly enjoyed working on *Capone*, because it was like the cheesy, mentally challenged inbred cousin of *The Godfather*\". Stallone later made *Death Race 2000* for Corman.
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# Capone (1975 film)
## Release
### Reception
Roger Corman said Carver \"did a good job. Gazzara was very good as Capone.\"
*Sight and Sound* said \"Roger Corman unprofitably goes back over ground he has more succinctly and wittily explored before, simply to fill in some gaps in the Capone biography (how he began as a street hoodlum; how he ended as a syphilitic madman). Even more unprofitably, the direction is left in the unsubtle care of Steve Carver.\"
In the *Chicago Sun-Times*, film critic Roger Ebert gave the film only one star (out of four), summing up:
> During the chase scenes, the cars keep chasing each other around the same corners, because there are only about four corners in the whole City, and native Chicagoans will be amazed to see the lushly wooded California hills rising at the end of Wabash Ave. Ben Gazzara, as Capone, talks in a shrill shout that makes us want to turn the treble down, and he's surrounded by a supporting cast that looks almost as embarrassed as he does. The acting isn't really the point, though, because the movie has been so chopped into neatly dated segments that no development of character and personality is really possible. The characters get their labels and wear them and die with them, and that's it.
### Box office {#box_office}
The film was a success at the box office making \$2 million. Corman made three more films for Fox, *Moving Violations*, *Fighting Mad* and *Thunder and Lightning*.
### Home media {#home_media}
The film was released on DVD in the United States for the first time on March 29, 2011 through Shout! Factory and has been available in Europe for some time
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# William de Spynie
**William de Spynie** (died 1406) was a Scottish prelate. He was a canon of Moray by 1363 and Precentor (Chanter) of Aberdeen in 1371. By 1372 x 1373, he had exchanged the latter position with William Boyl for the Precentorship of Moray. He had become Dean of Aberdeen by 1388. It is possible he had become Dean of Dunkeld in 1397, though this may be a mistake in the source, \"Aberdeen\" rather than \"Dunkeld\" being meant. At any rate, in that year he was elected as the Bishop of Moray. He travelled to France and on September 1397 was consecrated as Bishop.
William de Spynie\'s episcopate, like that of his predecessor Alexander Bur\'s, suffered amid the political insecurity in this part of Scotland. Alexander of Lochaber, brother of Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles, had been using his role as \"protector\" of Moray, assigned to him by his brother and the absentee Earl, to further his own lordship. This included granting episcopal lands to his military followers. Tension gradually mounted and on 3 July 1402 Alexander burned much of the town of Elgin and plundered Elgin Cathedral. Bishop William excommunicated Alexander, and later in the year Alexander came to Spynie seeking forgiveness and bearing a gift of a large golden candle. Alexander was thereafter absolved.
Bishop William died at Elgin on 2 August 1406. He was buried in the choir
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# Charles William Gregory
**Charles William Gregory** (30 September 1878 -- 14 November 1910) was an Australian cricketer who played for New South Wales.
In November 1906, Gregory scored 383 for New South Wales against Queensland, at the time an Australian record. It is also the highest score made by an Australian cricketer who has not played in a Test match.
Gregory was born in Sydney; he died at the age of 32 in the Sydney suburb of Darlinghurst.
Four of his relatives played Test cricket for Australia: his brother Syd won 58 caps, his cousin Jack 24, his uncle Dave three and his father Ned one. Two more uncles, Arthur and Charles, had short first-class careers.
Gregory died at the age of 32 in St Vincent\'s Hospital, Sydney of blood poisoning deriving from an abscess on the ear
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# The Three Fairies
\"**The Three Fairies**\" is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the *Pentamerone*.
It is Aarne--Thompson tale 480, the kind and the unkind girls, and appears to stem from an oral source. Others of this type include \"Diamonds and Toads\", \"*Shita-kiri Suzume*\", \"Mother Hulda\", \"The Three Heads in the Well\", \"Father Frost\", \"The Three Little Men in the Wood\", \"The Enchanted Wreath\", \"The Old Witch\" and \"The Two Caskets\". Another literary variant is \"Aurore and Aimée\". In this tale, like many others of this type, the heroine descends into another world where she is tested.
## Synopsis
An envious widow, Caradonia, had an ugly daughter, Grannizia. She married a rich landowner with a lovely daughter, Cicella, and in her envy tormented her stepdaughter, dressing her badly, giving her poor food, and making her work. One day, Cicella dropped her basket over a cliff. She saw, below, a hideous ogre and politely asked him to help her. He said if she climbed, she would get it. She climbed down and found three beautiful fairies at the bottom of the cliff. She was polite with them, combing their hair and claiming to find pearls and rubies along with lice. They took her to their castle and showed her their treasures; she admired them but was not bedazzled. Finally, they showed her rich clothing and asked her to choose a dress; she chose a cheap one. They asked her how she wanted to leave, and she said the stable door was good enough for her. They gave her a splendid gown, dressed her hair, and brought her to a golden door, telling her to look up when she went through it. A star fell on her forehead.
Grannizia went to the same place and was rude, complaining of the lice in their hair. They brought her to the wardrobe, and she grabbed the fanciest dress. They did not give it to her, but sent her out the stable door, where a donkey\'s testicle fell on her forehead. Her furious mother took Cicella\'s clothing and gave it to Grannizia, and sent Cicella to tend pigs. There, a nobleman, Cuosemo, saw her and asked her stepmother for leave to marry her. Caradonia agreed, sealed up Cicella in a barrel, and presented Grannizia as the bride instead. After the wedding night, he went back to the house, and a tabby cat told him that Cicella was in the barrel. He let her out, put Grannizia in her place, and fled with her. Caradonia returned with wood, created a fire, and boiled water to scald Cicella to death. She poured it in the barrel. Grannizia died, and Caradonia opened the barrel, saw her own daughter, and drowned herself in the well
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# Arrow Model F
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox aircraft
|name=Model F
|image=Arrow Model F.jpg
|caption=
|type=Recreational aircraft
|manufacturer=[[Arrow Aircraft and Motors|Arrow Aircraft and Motor Corporation]]
|designer=
|first_flight=1934
|introduction=
|retired=
|status=
|primary_user=
|more_users=
|produced=
|number_built=103
|variants=
}}`{=mediawiki} The **Arrow Model F** or the **Arrow Sport V-8** was a two-seat low-wing braced monoplane aircraft built in the United States between 1934 and 1938. It was built originally to a request by the US Bureau of Air Commerce to investigate the feasibility of using automobile engines to power aircraft. Accordingly, the Model F was fitted with a modified Ford V8 engine. Like the Arrow Sport before it, the Model F seated its pilot and passenger side-by-side in an open cockpit and was marketed for \$1500.
## Development
The Arrow Sport F was specifically built to accommodate the low-cost, yet heavy Arrow F V-8 engine, an aircraft modification of the Ford V-8. The engine was designed by Ford Engineer David E. Anderson with an aluminum oil pan, aluminum cylinders, and a 2:1 gear reduction to drive the prop at reasonable rpm ranges. The engine weighed 402 lbs for 85 hp vrs 182 lbs for an equivalent Continental aircraft engine.
## Variants
- Arrow Sport F Master -- Open cockpit
- Arrow Sport F Coupe -- Closed cockpit variant
- Arrow Sport F De Lux Coupe -- Closed cockpit with advanced instruments.
- Arrow Sport M - Open cockpit with a Menasco Pirate engine.
## Survivors
- A preserved Sport F Master (ex-NC18722, serial 85) is on display at San Francisco International Airport\'s Terminal 3.
- A disassembled Sport F is being rebuilt by the Dakota Territory Air Museum in North Dakota.
- A Sport M (N18764, serial 105) is private ownership.
- Two Sport F\'s (N17093, serial 13 & N18765, serial 106) preserved at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Oregon.
- A Sport F (N18018, serial 31) in private ownership in California.
- A 1936 Sport Model F (NC16470 Serial 2) preserved at the Mid Atlantic Air Museum at Reading Regional Airport in Reading, Pennsylvania
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# 2003 MLS All-Star Game
The **2003 Major League Soccer All-Star Game** was the 8th Major League Soccer All-Star Game, played on August 2, 2003 at The Home Depot Center, now known as Dignity Health Sports Park, in Carson, California. The All-Star Game celebrated both the opening of the league\'s second soccer-specific stadium that season, as well as the announcement of the league\'s expansion with an eleventh team purchased by the owners of Mexico\'s Club Deportivo Guadalajara. Then-MetroStars head coach Bob Bradley was tapped to lead the MLS All-Stars against Guadalajara, commonly known as Chivas, and led by their head coach, Eduardo de la Torre.
A scoreless first half was marked by a defensive effort for the All-Stars. The Los Angeles Galaxy\'s Kevin Hartman made several key saves, while a backline led by Carlos Bocanegra of the Chicago Fire weathered a persistent Chivas attack. The Fire\'s Ante Razov scored the first goal in the second half thanks in part to a feed by the San Jose Earthquakes\' Landon Donovan past a beaten Oswaldo Sánchez. Jair Garcia broke away from the defense and beat Hartman to tie the game, but the All-Stars responded shortly thereafter with the eventual-game winner by the Galaxy\'s Carlos Ruiz. The Fire\'s DaMarcus Beasley tipped in the All-Stars\' third goal, which Chivas contested because of an assistant referee\'s offside call, which was waved off by Kevin Terry. A sellout crowd at The Home Depot Center celebrated the win, as well as the awarding of MVP to local favorite Carlos Ruiz
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# VCU Rams baseball
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{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=VCU Rams|Year|Record|Pct|Notes}}
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``
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# George Wittman
**George W. Wittman** (1857--1950) was a San Francisco Police officer and chief of police.
Wittman is the only San Francisco police chief ever fired outright. During the period before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, business interests desired the removal of the Chinese from San Francisco\'s Chinatown because the property was valuable as the city was still centered on Portsmouth Square. The plan was to expropriate the land and move the Chinese to Hunters Point. At a rehearing on Wittman\'s firing in 1975, both historian Kevin Starr and city historian Gladys Hansen stated that Wittman was railroaded.
Hansen stated that the city wanted to move the Chinese and, \"to make people believe the removal was for the betterment of the city and not a lucrative business deal, someone in high office had to be blamed for allowing vice to exist in Chinatown\". Wittman took the fall (SF Examiner July 10, 1975)
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# Santhanagopalapuram
**Santhanagopalaurma** is a small village in Tiruttani Taluk of Thiruvallur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (PIN 631 201). It is 10 kilometers north-east of Tiruttani and 2 kilometers from Andhra Pradhesh border. Total population is more than 1035 people.
The nearest temples and shrines are considered to be:
1. Tiruvallur
2. Tirupathi
3. Matthur
4. Thiruvaalangadu
5. Thirupachur
6. Kanchipuram
## Description of Santhanagopalapuram {#description_of_santhanagopalapuram}
Agriculture is main economic activity in this village. 70% of the people own and cultivate small jasmine farms. Other important crops are peanuts (groundnut), paddy rice, vegetables, sunflowers, and sugarcane. It has a small [elementary school](http://www.schools.tn.nic.in/DispSchools.asp?DCODE=01&BCODE=0007&VTCODE=00032900&SCHCAT=01) with less than 20 children, and 3 teachers (2015). Children who work on family jasmine farms do not fully benefit from the education offered at this school, because they are generally expected to be awake by 5 a.m. to go to the fields to pluck the jasmine flowers. By 9 a.m. the children should be ready for school, but they haven\'t reviewed their lessons, and are exhausted from their early morning work. The fatigue tends to remain for the rest of the school day, and they are unable concentrate in their class at the school.
The village has 3 temples (the Krishna Temple is the largest) and one water tank. Next to jasmine cultivation, paddy and sugarcane are vital crops. There is one high school at Poonimangadu, 2 miles away. It is somewhat bigger than this village. Those who wish to pursue higher studies tend to migrate to other towns and cities.
## Geography
Santhanagopalapuram is located at 13.240196 N 79.589510 E. It has an average elevation of 76 metres (249 feet).
## Demographics
India census, Santhanagopalapuram had a population of 1035. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Santhanagopalapuram has an average literacy rate of 55%, less than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 60%, and female literacy is 45%
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# Cumberland, Maryland City Hall & Academy of Music
The **Academy of Music** (1874-1910) was a civic theater and the first city hall for the city of Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland. It was a grand building with 18 in thick walls, 78 ft high from street to roof crest, and was 140 ft high to the top of the tower. At the time, the building was built for a cost of \$127,000 (approximately 2 million dollars in 2006 dollars). Construction began in 1874 and was finished in 1876.
The entire south portion of the building was devoted to entertainment and was referred to as the *Academy of Music*. The Academy of Music was opened Tuesday night, March 7, 1876 under the auspices of John T. Ford, when his company presented \"The Big Bonanza.\" The academy featured a 30x30 foot stage, four VIP theater boxes, and a seating capacity of 1,300. At various times it was packed to the walls with over 2,000 people. The ground floor was occupied by a Market House, and above were located the beautiful frescoed mayor\'s office and council chamber.
In 1878, Lowermilk describes the interior of the Academy of Music as \"one of the most beautiful interiors to be found in any place of amusement in the country.\" The ceiling work of art, upon which was expended the skill of the best painters in the employment of Emmart & Quarterly, of Baltimore. The lower floor of the Academy was divided into the \"Orchestra,\" and \"Orchestra Circle,\" and was supplied with nearly 500 patent folding chairs. The next floor was the \"Dress Circle,\" and above this the \"Balcony.\" The balconies were supported by handsome iron columns, and the fronts were of iron open ornamental work, in soft colors, picked with gold, and a vermilion background. The \"Sunlight\" reflector in the centre of the ceiling illumined the house, but was supplemented by handsome brackets on the wall. The drop curtain was a handsome painting, representing the \"Decline of Carthage.\" On the apron border was a faithful portrait of Shakespeare, with suitable surroundings. Dressing rooms, with water, heat, and all conveniences occupy a portion of the space under the stage, and a door leads directly from the stage to a comfortable room for the \"stars.\"
The Academy of Music was ultimately destroyed by fire on March 14, 1910. The remaining structure was razed and construction of a smaller replacement city hall was built during 1911-1912 at a cost of \$87,000 (approximately 1.8 million dollars in 2006 dollars). The replacement city hall stands upon the site of the old City Hall and Academy of Music. Plans called for a dome on the new building, but at \$6,000 it was considered too expensive. The circular foundation for the canceled dome is still visible on the roof. the interior rotunda features a mural by artist Gertude Dubrau depicting the city\'s early history, Fort Cumberland, General Edward Braddock, and George Washington
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# Marcos Galperin
**Marcos Eduardo Galperin** (born 31 October 1971) is an Argentine businessman who is best known as the co-founder, chairman, President and CEO of Mercado Libre. With an estimated net worth of \$6.8 billion (as of July 2024), he is the wealthiest person in Argentina.
## Early and personal life {#early_and_personal_life}
Marcos Eduardo Galperin was born on 31 October 1971 in Buenos Aires to a wealthy family of Jewish descent. The fourth of five sons to Ernesto and Silvia Julia Galperin (née Lebach), his family owned SADESA, one of the largest leather companies in the world.
Galperin attended Saint Andrew\'s Scots School in the district of Olivos. While in school, Galperin excelled at rugby union. He played on tour in Australia and New Zealand before deciding to study finance at the University of Pennsylvania. There, he became friends with the son of then-president of YPF, José Estenssoro, who was killed in a plane crash through the mountains of Ecuador in 1995. Galperin joined this company when he finished college in 1994 and returned to Argentina. In 1997, he returned to the United States and enrolled at Stanford University, graduating with an MBA in 1999.
Galperin married his wife, Karina, on 11 March 2000. Together, the couple have three children. Galperin has lived in Uruguay since 2002 between Montevideo and Punta del Este. He returned to Argentina in 2015 to support the presidency of Mauricio Macri, but ultimately decided to move back to Uruguay in 2020 because of its friendlier business environment. Many other Argentine businessmen have followed his steps. Galperin is a supporter of Club Atlético Independiente.
## Career
Galperin is considered one of Argentina\'s internet entrepreneurs. As result of this he received a Konex Award in 2008 and a Platinum Konex Award in 2018 as the most important businessmen of the last decade in Argentina. In 1999, Galperin was selected as an Endeavor Entrepreneur and currently serves its Argentina\'s board of directors. Endeavor is a global non-profit that selects and supports entrepreneurs in emerging markets. Additionally, he serves on the board of directors at [Onapsis](https://www.onapsis.com), in business application security, and is also an investor at COR, a project management tool that predicts and tracks profitability in real time.
In addition to his duties at Mercado Libre, Galperin also sat on the board of directors of Globant until 2020.
He is one of the founders and main investors of the rugby team Miami Sharks, a rugby union team based in Miami, Florida, which was established in 2023
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# Isaac Matongo
**Isaac Matongo** (12 March 1947 -- 2 May 2007) was a Zimbabwean politician and labor activist, born in Fort Victoria, Southern Rhodesia.
## Career
Matongo was elected vice-president of the National Engineering Workers\' Union in 1988, eventually serving in the same position with the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions. He was the founding chairman of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), which is now the main opposition to the ZANU-PF party led by Robert Mugabe. He was critical of Mugabe for ruining the country\'s agriculture.
He died on 2 May 2007 of suspected heart failure. He was survived by his wife and fellow MDC colleague Evelyn Masaiti, the MP for Mutasa from 2000 to 2005, and their eight children
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# Shaun Sabol
**Shaun Thomas Sabol** (born July 13, 1966) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Philadelphia Flyers during the `{{NHL Year|1989}}`{=mediawiki} season..
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Regular season
------------ ------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1983--84 St. Paul Vulcans USHL 47 6
1984--85 St. Paul Vulcans USHL 47 4
1985--86 St
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# Luke Records
**Luke Records** is an American record label formed in 1985 by Luther Campbell, the former producer and hypeman of 2 Live Crew, and David Chackler, and based in Miami, Florida. It was one of the first recording labels devoted almost exclusively to Southern hip-hop.
The label was originally called **Luke Skyywalker Records**; however, because it was not found to be of fair use, Campbell shortened his pseudonym to Luke (a result of George Lucas\' successful lawsuit over Campbell appropriating the Skywalker name).
From 1990 to 1993, the label was distributed by Atlantic Records. The label\'s catalogue has been reclaimed by Luther Campbell and the estates of Fresh Kid Ice & Brother Marquis
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