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# Gravitational-wave astronomy
## Instruments and challenges {#instruments_and_challenges}
Collaboration between detectors aids in collecting unique and valuable information, owing to different specifications and sensitivity of each.
There are several ground-based laser interferometers which span several miles/kilometers, including: the two Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors in Washington and Louisiana, USA; Virgo, at the European Gravitational Observatory in Italy; GEO600 in Germany, and the Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector (KAGRA) in Japan. While LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA have made joint observations to date, GEO600 is currently utilized for trial and test runs due to lower sensitivity of its instruments and has not participated in joint runs with the others recently.thumb\|upright=2\| Noise curves for a selection of gravitational-wave detectors as a function of frequency. At very low frequencies are pulsar timing arrays, at low frequencies are space-borne detectors, and at high frequencies are ground-based detectors. The characteristic strain of potential astrophysical sources are also shown. To be detectable the characteristic strain of a signal must be above the noise curve.
### High frequency {#high_frequency}
In 2015, the LIGO project was the first to directly observe gravitational waves using laser interferometers. The LIGO detectors observed gravitational waves from the merger of two stellar-mass black holes, matching predictions of general relativity. These observations demonstrated the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems, and were the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger. This finding has been characterized as revolutionary to science, because of the verification of our ability to use gravitational-wave astronomy to progress in our search and exploration of dark matter and the big bang.
### Low frequency {#low_frequency}
An alternative means of observation is using pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). There are three consortia, the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA), the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), and the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA), which co-operate as the International Pulsar Timing Array. These use existing radio telescopes, but since they are sensitive to frequencies in the nanohertz range, many years of observation are needed to detect a signal and detector sensitivity improves gradually. Current bounds are approaching those expected for astrophysical sources.
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Plot of correlation between pulsars observed by NANOGrav (2023) vs angular separation between pulsars, compared with a theoretical *Hellings-Downs* model (dashed purple) and if there were no gravitational wave background (solid green) In June 2023, four PTA collaborations, the three mentioned above and the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array, delivered independent but similar evidence for a stochastic background of nanohertz gravitational waves. Each provided an independent first measurement of the theoretical *Hellings-Downs* curve, i.e., the quadrupolar correlation between two pulsars as a function of their angular separation in the sky, which is a telltale sign of the gravitational wave origin of the observed background. The sources of this background remain to be identified, although binaries of supermassive black holes are the most likely candidates.
### Intermediate frequencies {#intermediate_frequencies}
Further in the future, there is the possibility of space-borne detectors. The European Space Agency has selected a gravitational-wave mission for its L3 mission, due to launch 2034, the current concept is the evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA). Also in development is the Japanese Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (DECIGO).
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# Gravitational-wave astronomy
## Scientific value {#scientific_value}
Astronomy has traditionally relied on electromagnetic radiation. Originating with the visible band, as technology advanced, it became possible to observe other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio to gamma rays. Each new frequency band gave a new perspective on the Universe and heralded new discoveries. During the 20th century, indirect and later direct measurements of high-energy, massive particles provided an additional window into the cosmos. Late in the 20th century, the detection of solar neutrinos founded the field of neutrino astronomy, giving an insight into previously inaccessible phenomena, such as the inner workings of the Sun. The observation of gravitational waves provides a further means of making astrophysical observations.
Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics for showing that the orbital decay of a pair of neutron stars, one of them a pulsar, fits general relativity\'s predictions of gravitational radiation. Subsequently, many other binary pulsars (including one double pulsar system) have been observed, all fitting gravitational-wave predictions. In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne and Barry Barish for their role in the first detection of gravitational waves.
Gravitational waves provide complementary information to that provided by other means. By combining observations of a single event made using different means, it is possible to gain a more complete understanding of the source\'s properties. This is known as multi-messenger astronomy. Gravitational waves can also be used to observe systems that are invisible (or almost impossible to detect) by any other means. For example, they provide a unique method of measuring the properties of black holes.
Gravitational waves can be emitted by many systems, but, to produce detectable signals, the source must consist of extremely massive objects moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light. The main source is a binary of two compact objects. Example systems include:
- Compact binaries made up of two closely orbiting stellar-mass objects, such as white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes. Wider binaries, which have lower orbital frequencies, are a source for detectors like LISA. Closer binaries produce a signal for ground-based detectors like LIGO. Ground-based detectors could potentially detect binaries containing an intermediate mass black hole of several hundred solar masses.
- Supermassive black hole binaries, consisting of two black holes with masses of 10^5^--10^9^ solar masses. Supermassive black holes are found at the centre of galaxies. When galaxies merge, it is expected that their central supermassive black holes merge too. These are potentially the loudest gravitational-wave signals. The most massive binaries are a source for PTAs. Less massive binaries (about a million solar masses) are a source for space-borne detectors like LISA.
- Extreme-mass-ratio systems of a stellar-mass compact object orbiting a supermassive black hole. These are sources for detectors like LISA. Systems with highly eccentric orbits produce a burst of gravitational radiation as they pass through the point of closest approach; systems with near-circular orbits, which are expected towards the end of the inspiral, emit continuously within LISA\'s frequency band. Extreme-mass-ratio inspirals can be observed over many orbits. This makes them excellent probes of the background spacetime geometry, allowing for precision tests of general relativity.
In addition to binaries, there are other potential sources:
- Supernovae generate high-frequency bursts of gravitational waves that could be detected with LIGO or Virgo.
- Rotating neutron stars are a source of continuous high-frequency waves if they possess axial asymmetry.
- Early universe processes, such as inflation or a phase transition.
- Cosmic strings could also emit gravitational radiation if they do exist. Discovery of these gravitational waves would confirm the existence of cosmic strings.
Gravitational waves interact only weakly with matter. This is what makes them difficult to detect. It also means that they can travel freely through the Universe, and are not absorbed or scattered like electromagnetic radiation. It is therefore possible to see to the center of dense systems, like the cores of supernovae or the Galactic Center. It is also possible to see further back in time than with electromagnetic radiation, as the early universe was opaque to light prior to recombination, but transparent to gravitational waves.
The ability of gravitational waves to move freely through matter also means that gravitational-wave detectors, unlike telescopes, are not pointed to observe a single field of view but observe the entire sky. Detectors are more sensitive in some directions than others, which is one reason why it is beneficial to have a network of detectors. Directionalization is also poor, due to the small number of detectors.
### In cosmic inflation {#in_cosmic_inflation}
Cosmic inflation, a hypothesized period when the universe rapidly expanded during the first 10^−36^ seconds after the Big Bang, would have given rise to gravitational waves; that would have left a characteristic imprint in the polarization of the CMB radiation.
It is possible to calculate the properties of the primordial gravitational waves from measurements of the patterns in the microwave radiation, and use those calculations to learn about the early universe. `{{how|date=August 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Gravitational-wave astronomy
## Development
As a young area of research, gravitational-wave astronomy is still in development; however, there is consensus within the astrophysics community that this field will evolve to become an established component of 21st century multi-messenger astronomy.
Gravitational-wave observations complement observations in the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves also promise to yield information in ways not possible via detection and analysis of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves can be absorbed and re-radiated in ways that make extracting information about the source difficult. Gravitational waves, however, only interact weakly with matter, meaning that they are not scattered or absorbed. This should allow astronomers to view the center of a supernova, stellar nebulae, and even colliding galactic cores in new ways.
Ground-based detectors have yielded new information about the inspiral phase and mergers of binary systems of two stellar mass black holes, and merger of two neutron stars. They could also detect signals from core-collapse supernovae, and from periodic sources such as pulsars with small deformations. If there is truth to speculation about certain kinds of phase transitions or kink bursts from long cosmic strings in the very early universe (at cosmic times around 10^−25^ seconds), these could also be detectable. Space-based detectors like LISA should detect objects such as binaries consisting of two white dwarfs, and AM CVn stars (a white dwarf accreting matter from its binary partner, a low-mass helium star), and also observe the mergers of supermassive black holes and the inspiral of smaller objects (between one and a thousand solar masses) into such black holes. LISA should also be able to listen to the same kind of sources from the early universe as ground-based detectors, but at even lower frequencies and with greatly increased sensitivity.
Detecting emitted gravitational waves is a difficult endeavor. It involves ultra-stable high-quality lasers and detectors calibrated with a sensitivity of at least 2·10^−22^ Hz^−1/2^ as shown at the ground-based detector, GEO600. It has also been proposed that even from large astronomical events, such as supernova explosions, these waves are likely to degrade to vibrations as small as an atomic diameter.
Pinpointing the location of where the gravitational waves comes from is also a challenge. But deflected waves through gravitational lensing combined with machine learning could make it easier and more accurate. Just as the light from the SN Refsdal supernova was detected a second time almost a year after it was first discovered, due to gravitational lensing sending some of the light on a different path through the universe, the same approach could be used for gravitational waves. While still at an early stage, a technique similar to the triangulation used by cell phones to determine their location in relation to GPS satellites, will help astronomers tracking down the origin of the waves
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# The Chapman Report
***The Chapman Report*** is a 1962 American Technicolor drama film starring Shelley Winters, Jane Fonda, Claire Bloom and Glynis Johns. It was made by DFZ Productions and distributed by Warner Bros. It was directed by George Cukor and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck (who previously worked at WB until 1933) and Richard D. Zanuck, from a screenplay by Wyatt Cooper and Don Mankiewicz, adapted by Gene Allen and Grant Stuart from Irving Wallace\'s 1960 novel *The Chapman Report*. The original music was by Leonard Rosenman, Frank Perkins and Max Steiner, the cinematography by Harold Lipstein, the color coordination images and main title design by George Hoyningen-Huene, and the costume design by Orry-Kelly.
## Plot
Noted psychologist Dr. George C. Chapman, his assistant Paul Radford and their staff are flying around the country conducting an anonymous sex survey of American women. They come to Los Angeles looking for volunteers in an affluent community called Briarwood. In a speech to the Briarwood Women\'s Club, Chapman says that "Too many women suffer from too little knowledge about a subject that occupies a major and crucial part of their lives\...My associates and I believe that through our findings these women will come to realize that sex is decent, clean and dignified."
The turnout at the club is lower than expected -- 82 instead of 150 women--because Dr. Jonas is campaigning against the project. He tells Radford that he deplores the fact that all their research and writing is devoted to the physical act. "This is separating sex from affection, warmth, tenderness, devotion." Dr. Jonas insists that by not discussing love at all, they allow people to believe -- incorrectly -- that the data on the physical act are the way to measure love. "People read the digits, make the comparisons, and then label themselves either normal or abnormal." Dr. Jonas is also very concerned that the interviews, with their probing questions, may stir up trouble for some women -- with no follow-through to help them. Radford later tells Chapman that Jonas has some good points.
The film follows four of the participants:
Kathleen Barclay is a young widow who thinks she is frigid because, not long before he died, her husband told her she was. She breaks down in tears during the interview (conducted by Radford), drops her purse and flees. When Radford returns her wallet, she recognizes his voice. She becomes distraught, protesting that she "is not one of his pathological cases." However, she and Radford fall in love, and she comes to terms with her fears.
Teresa Harnish, a vivacious, happily married woman, recognizes her interviewer as Dr. Chapman. She records everything to play back for her husband. Listening, she suddenly thinks they may be abnormal -- abnormally boring. Her pursuit of brawny, young football player Ed Kraski ends in farce. When he finally understands what she wants, he grabs her eagerly, and her fantasy dissolves in his clumsy, bone-crushing embrace. "You can\'t toss me around like a football," she declares and runs for home.
Sarah Garnell is a middle-aged wife and mother whose lover, the young director of the local little theater, Fred Linden, is supposedly separated from his wife. Her husband, Frank, thinks all is well. When she is interviewed, she classifies their sexual relationship as "tolerable". They have sex every Saturday. She describes her affair, weeping. The subsequent questions make her think for the first time about the future, and she eventually decides to leave her husband. She leaves a note and her wedding ring for Frank and goes to Fred\'s boat to find Fred\'s wife, waiting. Fred won\'t see her. Sarah goes back to her stricken husband, who tells her that he meant "for better or for worse" and returns her ring.
Divorcée Naomi Shields is a promiscuous alcoholic who may be suffering from what is currently referred to as hypersexuality. When we first see her, she seduces a stranger, water-delivery guy Bob Jensen. Wash Dillon, an unsavory jazz musician who lives down the block, takes her to a rundown apartment and they have sex. When she wakes up, Dillon allows his friends to gang rape her, then dumps her in her driveway. When the time comes for her interview, she first says that she had sex with many in her early teens, then that it was not until after she was 21. She cheated on her husband constantly. The marriage ended when he found her with a 20-year-old neighbor. She now wants "to crawl back to the musician." She attempted suicide after the rape, but swallowed too many pills and threw up. She goes home, calls Dillon and tells him she\'ll leave the door open. This time, she takes just enough pills. When she is found dead, Dr. Jonas blames the interview as a contributing factor. Radford says she was lost long ago.
Dr. Chapman and Radford are reviewing the data from the Briarwood interviews. They pause to reflect on the reassuring statistics showing that the vast majority of American marriages are happy. Radford shares the news: He and Kathy are engaged.
## Cast
- Shelley Winters as Sarah Garnell
- Jane Fonda as Kathleen Barclay
- Claire Bloom as Naomi Shields
- Glynis Johns as Teresa Harnish
- Efrem Zimbalist Jr as Paul Radford
- Ray Danton as Fred Linden
- Ty Hardin as Ed Kraski
- Andrew Duggan as Dr. George C. Chapman
- John Dehner as Geoffrey Harnish
- Harold J. Stone as Frank Garnell
- Corey Allen as Wash Dillon
- Jennifer Howard as Grace Waterton
- Cloris Leachman as Miss Selby
- Chad Everett as Bob Jensen
- Henry Daniell as Dr. Jonas
- Jack Cassidy as Ted Dyson
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# The Chapman Report
## Production
Based on Irving Wallace\'s novel that was based on the Kinsey Reports, the film was originally conceived for 20th Century Fox to attract customers with discussions and depictions of sexual matters that would not be allowed on American television. Darryl F. Zanuck was having problems with Fox during the production of two widescreen epic spectacular films for the studio in Europe, *Cleopatra* and *The Longest Day* at the same time. When Fox would not do the film, Zanuck offered the property, his son the producer, director Cukor and the female stars to his friend and rival Jack L. Warner.
Warner Brothers replaced the film\'s planned male leads with their own Warner Brothers Television contract leads who received no extra money to do the film. Warner Brothers felt that casting these performers would attract their fans to the film, while at the same time pleasing the stars who had requested more interesting and different material than they had at Warners. Efrem Zimbalist Jr was given top billing over the four female stars, however in posters produced in some overseas countries his name was shifted down in favour of the better known Shelley Winters and Jane Fonda.
Andrew Duggan played a character based on Dr. Alfred Kinsey; Efrem Zimbalist Jr played one of his researchers, who meets and interviews the four women depicted in the film. The leading ladies consist of Shelley Winters as an adulterous middle-aged housewife having an affair with artist Ray Danton; Jane Fonda as a young widow who believes she is frigid but who is in fact reacting to her husband\'s violence during sex; Glynis Johns as a trendy older woman infatuated with athletic young beach boy Ty Hardin; and Claire Bloom as a "nymphomaniac".
Costume designer Orry-Kelly dressed each of the different female characters in only one color throughout the film.
As many as seven different writers worked on the film with Gene Allen, who was contracted to Cukor\'s organisation delivering the final screenplay. The film attracted much criticism during its production by the Legion of Decency amongst others.
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# The Chapman Report
## Reception
After a screening at San Francisco where Cukor claimed the audience liked the film, the studio recut the film. At the Legion of Decency\'s insistence, Jack Warner had Michael A. Hoey re-edit the film and wrote a different ending with Zimbalist and Duggan saying that American women were rather normal sexually, a message at odds with the rest of Cukor\'s film. A different director was brought in to reshoot it. Cukor said of Bloom: \"Claire is not a nice Nellie. She has no inhibitions, and she is not as cold as some people say.\"
The film attracted criticism for being \"the sexiest mainstream movie ever made\". Upon the film\'s general release, *The New York Times* wrote \"the four adapters use four case histories of abnormal sexual behavior of upper middle-class women of a Los Angeles suburb who subject themselves to the testing of a psychologist\'s team of investigators. They touch, unfortunately only superficially, on a frigid type, a nymphomaniac-alcoholic, a confused, bored mother and a gay, flighty intellectual seeking enlightenment in romance. The interplay and lack of depth in the treatment of these glimpses at the intimate life sometimes appear more prurient than scientific. And a viewer\'s emotions rarely, if ever, are fully engaged in following the affairs.\"
*Variety* magazine anticipated that it would earn theatrical rentals of \$4 million in the United States and Canada in its annual box office chart for 1962 however, revised this downwards the following year to \$2.5 million.
The film was rated M in New Zealand for violence and sex scenes, and it was previously rated R18
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# Higab
**Higab** (previously Higabgruppen; English: *Higab Group*) is a municipal company wholly owned by Gothenburg Municipality in Sweden. The company was formed in 1966 as **H**antverks- och **I**ndustrihus i **G**öteborg **AB** to administer and develop many of the public buildings in the municipality. The company also acts as a contractor from time to time. Some of the over 300 objects administered by Higab or its subsidiaries include Gothenburg City Theatre, Gothenburg Museum of Art, Feskekôrka, Röhss Museum, Barque Viking, Gamla Ullevi and Ullevi
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# List of Chicago Cubs seasons
The following lists the results of every season of the Chicago Cubs baseball club of Major League Baseball beginning in 1870 and continuing to 1876 as a charter member of the National League (NL). The White Stockings changed their name in 1890 to the Chicago Colts and again in 1898 to the Chicago Orphans until finally settling in 1903 with the name of the Chicago Cubs.
While the organization Major League Baseball recognizes only seasons in select leagues from 1876 to the present as major league, many baseball historians consider major league baseball to have started earlier. Some include seasons from the National Association, and others include its predecessor organization, the National Association of Base Ball Players.
The Chicago Cubs have completed 153 seasons of baseball. Within this time, the Cubs have won 17 National League pennants, 3 World Series championships, 3 pre-World Series Championships, and tied for 2 pre-World Series Championships. By virtue of their pennants and playoff championships, the Cubs can claim to be the best team in baseball in eight different seasons. However, they also lay claim to the longest championship drought in North American sports history: 108 seasons from their second World Series title in 1908 to their third in 2016.
The Cubs have been members of three organized leagues, beginning with the amateur National Association of Base Ball Players in 1870, followed by three seasons in the professional National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, and the National League since 1876.
## Year by year {#year_by_year}
Key to colors
World Series champions
---- ---------------------------------
National League champions
\^ Division champions
¤ Wild Card berth (1995--present)
Key to abbreviations
- NA -- National Association of Professional Base Ball Players
- NABBP -- National Association of Base Ball Players
- NL -- National League
- NLDS -- National League Division Series
- NLCS -- National League Championship Series
Key to awards
- MVP -- Most Valuable Player Award
- CYA -- Cy Young Award
- ROY -- Rookie of the Year Award
- MOY -- Manager of the Year Award
- CB POY -- Comeback Player of the Year Award
- WS MVP -- World Series Most Valuable Player Award
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| MLB\ | Team\ | League | Division | Regular season | | |
| season | season | | | | | |
+=============================+===============================+=================================+===============================================+==========================================================+=====+=====+
| Finish | `{{abbr|W|Wins}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{abbr|L|Losses}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{abbr|Pct|Winning percentage}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{abbr|GB|Games behind division champion}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| **Chicago White Stockings** | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1870 | 1870 | NABBP \* | | 1st | 22 | 7 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1871 | 1871 | NA | | 2nd | 19 | 9 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1874 | 1874 | NA | | 5th | 28 | 31 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1875 | 1875 | NA | | 6th | 30 | 37 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1876 | 1876 | NL \* | | 1st | 52 | 14 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1877 | 1877 | NL | | 5th | 26 | 33 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1878 | 1878 | NL | | 4th | 30 | 30 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1879 | 1879 | NL | | 4th | 46 | 33 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1880 | 1880 | NL \* | | 1st | 67 | 17 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1881 | 1881 | NL \* | | 1st | 56 | 28 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1882 | 1882 | NL \* | | 1st | 55 | 29 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1883 | 1883 | NL | | 2nd | 59 | 39 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1884 | 1884 | NL | | 5th | 62 | 50 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1885 | 1885 | NL \* | | 1st | 87 | 25 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1886 | 1886 | NL \* | | 1st | 90 | 34 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1887 | 1887 | NL | | 3rd | 71 | 50 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1888 | 1888 | NL | | 2nd | 77 | 58 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1889 | 1889 | NL | | 3rd | 67 | 65 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| **Chicago Colts** | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1890 | 1890 | NL | | 2nd | 84 | 53 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1891 | 1891 | NL | | 2nd | 82 | 53 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1892 | 1892 | NL | | 7th | 70 | 76 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1893 | 1893 | NL | | 9th | 56 | 71 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1894 | 1894 | NL | | 8th | 57 | 75 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1895 | 1895 | NL | | 4th | 72 | 58 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1896 | 1896 | NL | | 5th | 71 | 57 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1897 | 1897 | NL | | 9th | 59 | 73 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| **Chicago Orphans** | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1898 | 1898 | NL | | 4th | 85 | 65 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1899 | 1899 | NL | | 8th | 75 | 73 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| 1900 | 1900 | NL | | 6th | 65 | 75 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1901 | NL | | 6th | 53 | 86 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1902 | NL | | 5th | 68 | 69 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| **Chicago Cubs** | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1903 | NL | | 3rd | 82 | 56 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1904 | NL | | 2nd | 93 | 60 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1905 | NL | | 3rd | 92 | 61 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1906 | NL \* | | 1st | 116 | 36 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| † | 1907 | NL \* | | 1st | 107 | 45 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| † | 1908 | NL \* | | 1st | 99 | 55 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1909 | NL | | 2nd | 104 | 49 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1910 | NL \* | | 1st | 104 | 50 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1911 | NL | | 2nd | 92 | 62 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1912 | NL | | 3rd | 91 | 59 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1913 | NL | | 3rd | 88 | 65 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1914 | NL | | 4th | 78 | 76 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1915 | NL | | 4th | 73 | 80 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1916 | NL | | 5th | 67 | 86 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1917 | NL | | 5th | 74 | 80 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1918 | NL \* | | 1st | 84 | 45 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1919 | NL | | 3rd | 75 | 65 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1920 | NL | | 5th | 75 | 79 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1921 | NL | | 7th | 64 | 89 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1922 | NL | | 5th | 80 | 74 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1923 | NL | | 4th | 83 | 71 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1924 | NL | | 5th | 81 | 72 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1925 | NL | | 8th | 68 | 86 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1926 | NL | | 4th | 82 | 72 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1927 | NL | | 4th | 85 | 68 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1928 | NL | | 3rd | 91 | 63 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1929 | NL \* | | 1st | 98 | 54 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1930 | NL | | 2nd | 90 | 64 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1931 | NL | | 3rd | 84 | 70 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1932 | NL \* | | 1st | 90 | 64 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1933 | NL | | 3rd | 86 | 68 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1934 | NL | | 3rd | 86 | 65 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1935 | NL \* | | 1st | 100 | 54 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1936 | NL | | 2nd | 87 | 67 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1937 | NL | | 2nd | 93 | 61 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1938 | NL \* | | 1st | 89 | 63 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1939 | NL | | 4th | 84 | 70 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1940 | NL | | 5th | 75 | 79 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1941 | NL | | 6th | 70 | 84 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1942 | NL | | 6th | 68 | 86 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1943 | NL | | 5th | 74 | 79 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1944 | NL | | 4th | 75 | 79 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1945 | NL \* | | 1st | 98 | 56 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1946 | NL | | 3rd | 82 | 71 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1947 | NL | | 6th | 69 | 85 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1948 | NL | | 8th | 64 | 90 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1949 | NL | | 8th | 61 | 93 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1950 | NL | | 7th | 64 | 89 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1951 | NL | | 8th | 62 | 92 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1952 | NL | | 5th | 77 | 77 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1953 | NL | | 7th | 65 | 89 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1954 | NL | | 7th | 64 | 90 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1955 | NL | | 6th | 72 | 81 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1956 | NL | | 8th | 60 | 94 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1957 | NL | | 7th | 62 | 92 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1958 | NL | | 5th | 72 | 82 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1959 | NL | | 5th | 74 | 80 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1960 | NL | | 7th | 60 | 94 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1961 | NL | | 7th | 64 | 90 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1962 | NL | | 9th | 59 | 103 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1963 | NL | | 7th | 82 | 80 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1964 | NL | | 8th | 76 | 86 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1965 | NL | | 8th | 72 | 90 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1966 | NL | | 10th | 59 | 103 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1967 | NL | | 3rd | 87 | 74 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1968 | NL | | 3rd | 84 | 78 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1969 | NL | East | 2nd | 92 | 70 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1970 | NL | East | 2nd | 84 | 78 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1971 | NL | East | 3rd | 83 | 79 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1972 | NL | East | 2nd | 85 | 70 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1973 | NL | East | 5th | 77 | 84 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1974 | NL | East | 6th | 66 | 96 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1975 | NL | East | 5th | 75 | 87 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1976 | NL | East | 4th | 75 | 87 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1977 | NL | East | 4th | 81 | 81 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1978 | NL | East | 3rd | 79 | 83 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1979 | NL | East | 5th | 80 | 82 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1980 | NL | East | 6th | 64 | 98 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1981 | NL | East | 6th | 15 | 37 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | | | | 5th | 23 | 28 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1982 | NL | East | 5th | 73 | 89 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1983 | NL | East | 5th | 71 | 91 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1984 | NL | East \^ | 1st | 96 | 65 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1985 | NL | East | 4th | 77 | 84 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1986 | NL | East | 5th | 70 | 90 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1987 | NL | East | 6th | 76 | 85 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1988 | NL | East | 4th | 77 | 85 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1989 | NL | East \^ | 1st | 93 | 69 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1990 | NL | East | 4th | 77 | 85 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1991 | NL | East | 4th | 77 | 83 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1992 | NL | East | 4th | 78 | 84 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1993 | NL | East | 4th | 84 | 78 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1994 | NL | Central | 5th | 49 | 64 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1995 | NL | Central | 3rd | 73 | 71 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1996 | NL | Central | 4th | 76 | 86 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1997 | NL | Central | 5th | 68 | 94 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1998 | NL | Central | 2nd ¤ | 90 | 73 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 1999 | NL | Central | 6th | 67 | 95 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2000 | NL | Central | 6th | 65 | 97 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2001 | NL | Central | 3rd | 88 | 74 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2002 | NL | Central | 5th | 67 | 95 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2003 | NL | Central \^ | 1st | 88 | 74 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2004 | NL | Central | 3rd | 89 | 73 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2005 | NL | Central | 4th | 79 | 83 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2006 | NL | Central | 6th | 66 | 96 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2007 | NL | Central \^ | 1st | 85 | 77 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2008 | NL | Central \^ | 1st | 97 | 64 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2009 | NL | Central | 2nd | 83 | 78 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2010 | NL | Central | 5th | 75 | 87 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2011 | NL | Central | 5th | 71 | 91 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2012 | NL | Central | 5th | 61 | 101 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2013 | NL | Central | 5th | 66 | 96 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2014 | NL | Central | 5th | 73 | 89 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2015 | NL | Central | 3rd ¤ | 97 | 65 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| † | 2016 | NL \* | Central \^ | 1st | 103 | 58 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2017 | NL | Central \^ | 1st | 92 | 70 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2018 | NL | Central | 2nd ¤ | 95 | 68 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2019 | NL | Central | 3rd | 84 | 78 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2020 | NL | Central \^ | 1st | 34 | 26 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2021 | NL | Central | 4th | 71 | 91 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2022 | NL | Central | 3rd | 74 | 88 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2023 | NL | Central | 2nd | 83 | 79 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
| | 2024 | NL | Central | 3rd | 83 | 79 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----+
: Chicago Cubs regular season record by season
| 2,773 |
List of Chicago Cubs seasons
| 0 |
11,085,011 |
# List of Chicago Cubs seasons
## Year by year {#year_by_year}
## Record by decade {#record_by_decade}
The following table describes the Cubs\' MLB win--loss record by decade.
Decade Wins Losses Pct
---------- ------- -------- ------
1870s 253 194 .566
1880s 691 395 .636
1890s 711 654 .521
1900s 879 592 .598
1910s 826 668 .553
1920s 807 728 .526
1930s 889 646 .579
1940s 736 802 .479
1950s 672 866 .437
1960s 735 868 .459
1970s 785 827 .487
1980s 735 821 .472
1990s 739 813 .476
2000s 807 811 .499
2010s 817 803 .504
2020s 345 363
| 98 |
List of Chicago Cubs seasons
| 1 |
11,085,017 |
# Gréta Arn
**Gréta Arn** (born 13 April 1979) is a Hungarian former professional tennis player of Danube Swabian German descent.
She has won two titles on the WTA Tour, the 2007 Estoril Open in Portugal, and the 2011 ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, as well as four ITF titles in singles. She reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 40 on 16 May 2011. She has picked up wins against Mary Pierce at the 2002 Acura Classic and Maria Sharapova at the 2011 ASB Classic.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Arn was born in Budapest, Hungary. After playing for Germany with dual Hungarian citizenship for nine years, she chose for the 2008 Fed Cup to compete for Hungary alongside Ágnes Szávay. She also chose to play for her nation of birth full-time.
## Career
In 1997, Arn won her first title on the ITF Women\'s Circuit at Stockholm. In 1999, she won her second ITF title at Glasgow. In 2004, at Bad Saulgau, she won her third \$10k title.
In 2006, Arn won a \$25k event in Fort Walton Beach. In 2007, she won her first title on the WTA Tour as a qualifier ranked No. 176 in the world, becoming the lowest ranked and first qualifier to win a WTA event in 2007. In the Tier IV 2007 Estoril Open final she defeated teenager Victoria Azarenka, saving two matchpoints at 4--5 in the third set.
At the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, Arn qualified and reached the third round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time at the age of 31. In the first round, she beat 34th seed Kateryna Bondarenko before following it up with a win over former top-10 player Alicia Molik. Her run was ended by 2007 Wimbledon finalist Marion Bartoli in the third round. At the 2010 US Open, Arn was pitted against second seeded defending champion Kim Clijsters. She lost in straight sets. Arn qualified for the WTA Premier tournament in Tokyo, by defeating Chan Yung-jan and Elena Baltacha. In the main draw she then defeated fellow qualifier Laura Robson in the first round, before losing to top seed Caroline Wozniacki.
In her first event of 2011, at the ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, Arn beat Zuzana Ondrášková. Arn then defeated eighth seed Sofia Arvidsson, saving five match points along the way. She followed it up with the biggest win of her career by defeating top seed and former world No. 1 Maria Sharapova. Arn won her semifinal match against fourth seed Julia Görges in straight sets to book a final berth against defending champion and second seed Yanina Wickmayer for the title. Arn went on to defeat Wickmayer in straight sets to become the 2011 ASB Classic champion and add her second title win.
At the 2012 Australian Open, Arn defeated Rebecca Marino in the first round. In the second round, she won a very tight battle against 17th seed Dominika Cibulková to make her second Grand Slam third round appearance and set up an encounter with Serena Williams, to whom she lost in straight sets. Seeded sixth at the Monterrey Open in February, she advanced to the semifinals before losing to Alexandra Cadanțu.
Arn announced her retirement in January 2014, after no longer being active since the 2013 Wimbledon Championships where she lost in the first round of qualifying.
Almost four years later, at the age of 38, Arn made a comeback on the ITF Circuit. In September 2017, she reached the final of an \$25k event in Balatonboglár, Hungary, losing to top seed Polona Hercog.
Arn\'s retirement was again announced in January 2021.
## Grand Slam performance timelines {#grand_slam_performance_timelines}
### Singles
Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
----------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Australian Open A 2R 2R 1R A A A A Q1 A A 1R 3R 1R
French Open Q3 1R 1R Q2 A A A Q3 Q2 Q1 A 1R 1R A
Wimbledon 1R Q1 2R Q1 A A A 1R Q1 Q3 3R A 1R Q1
US Open 1R 1R 1R Q1 A A Q1 1R Q1 A 1R 1R 2R A
### Doubles
Tournament 2011 2012 2013
----------------- ------ ------ ------
Australian Open A 1R A
French Open 1R 1R A
Wimbledon A A A
US Open 1R A A
| 735 |
Gréta Arn
| 0 |
11,085,017 |
# Gréta Arn
## WTA Tour finals {#wta_tour_finals}
### Singles: 2 (2 titles) {#singles_2_2_titles}
Winner --- Legend
------------------------------------
Grand Slam tournaments
Tier I / Premier M & Premier 5
Tier II / Premier (0--0)
Tier III/IV / International (2--0)
Outcome No. Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score
--------- ----- ---------------- ----------------------- --------- ------------------- --------------------------
Winner 1\. 6 May 2007 Estoril, Portugal Clay Victoria Azarenka 2--6, 6--1, 7--6^(7--3)^
Winner 2\. 8 January 2011 Auckland, New Zealand Hard Yanina Wickmayer 6--3, 6--3
## ITF finals {#itf_finals}
### Singles: 9 (5 titles, 4 runner--ups) {#singles_9_5_titles_4_runnerups}
Legend
----------------------
\$60,000 tournaments
\$25,000 tournaments
\$10,000 tournaments
Result W--L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score
-------- ------ ---------- -------------------------------------- -------- ------------ ---------------------- ------------------
Win 1--0 Oct 1997 ITF Stockholm, Sweden 10,000 Hard (i) Athina Briegel 6--2, 6--3
Win 2--0 Oct 1999 GB Pro-Series Glasgow, UK 10,000 Carpet (i) Manisha Malhotra w/o
Win 3--0 Jul 2004 ITF Bad Saulgau, Germany 10,000 Clay Tanja Ostertag 6--4, 6--2
Loss 3--1 Sep 2005 GB Pro-Series Glasgow, UK 25,000 Hard (i) Kristina Barrois 3--6, 6--3, 4--6
Loss 3--2 Nov 2005 ITF Nuriootpa, Australia 25,000 Hard (i) Anastasia Rodionova 3--6, 1--6
Win 4--2 Jan 2006 ITF Fort Walton Beach, United States 25,000 Hard Valentina Sassi 7--5, 6--2
Loss 4--3 Apr 2007 ITF Pelham, US 25,000 Clay Edina Gallovits-Hall 3--6, 5--7
Loss 4--4 Sep 2017 ITF Balatonboglár, Hungary 25,000 Clay Polona Hercog 1--6, 2--6
Win 5--4 Oct 2017 Challenger de Saguenay, Canada 60,000 Hard (i) Bibiane Schoofs 6--1, 6--2
### Doubles (4 titles, 9 runner--ups) {#doubles_4_titles_9_runnerups}
Legend
----------------------
\$25,000 tournaments
\$10,000 tournaments
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Result | No. | Date | Location | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
+===========+=====+===================+==========================+============+=====================+========================================================+=======================+
| Winner | 1\. | 14 September 1998 | Biograd, Croatia | Clay | Lana Miholcek | Diane Asensio\ | 6--3, 6--2 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|BIH}}`{=mediawiki} Mervana Jugić-Salkić | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 1\. | 16 November 1998 | Biel, Switzerland | Hard (i) | Katalin Miskolczi | Dája Bedáňová\ | 2--6, 1--6 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Lydia Steinbach | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 2\. | 5 April 1999 | Makarska, Croatia | Clay | Petra Mandula | Gabriela Chmelinová\ | 6--0, 3--6, 6--7^(3)^ |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|CZE}}`{=mediawiki} Olga Vymetálková | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 3\. | 23 August 1999 | Hechingen, Germany | Clay | Eszter Molnár | Jennifer Tinnacher\ | 4--6, 3--6 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Maria Wolfbrandt | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 4\. | 3 October 1999 | Glasgow, UK | Carpet (i) | Manisha Malhotra | Lizzie Jelfs\ | w/o |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|IRL}}`{=mediawiki} Karen Nugent | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Winner | 2\. | 6 March 2000 | Haikou, China | Hard | Julie Pullin | Chae Kyung-yee\ | 7--5, 6--4 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} Ryoko Takemura | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 5\. | 3 July 2001 | Stuttgart, Germany | Clay | Amanda Grahame | Dája Bedáňová\ | 6--0, 3--6, 3--6 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|CZE}}`{=mediawiki} Eva Martincová | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 6\. | 3 October 2004 | Nantes, France | Hard (i) | Rita Kuti-Kis | Iryna Brémond\ | 4--6, 6--4, 6--7^(5)^ |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|BLR}}`{=mediawiki} Tatsiana Uvarova | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 7\. | 3 April 2005 | Rome, Italy | Clay | Janette Bejlková | Adriana González Peñas\ | 3--6, 3--6 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|SWI}}`{=mediawiki} Romina Oprandi | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Winner | 3\. | 13 November 2005 | Port Pirie, Australia | Hard | Sunitha Rao | Monique Adamczak\ | 6--4, 3--6, 6--2 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|AUS}}`{=mediawiki} Christina Horiatopoulos | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Winner | 4\. | 19 November 2005 | Nuriootpa, Australia | Hard | Anastasia Rodionova | Casey Dellacqua\ | 6--4, 1--6, 7--5 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|AUS}}`{=mediawiki} Trudi Musgrave | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 8\. | 27 November 2005 | Mount Gambier, Australia | Hard | Anastasia Rodionova | Ryoko Fuda\ | 1--6, ret. |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Sunitha Rao | |
+-----------+-----+-------------------+--------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 9\
| 722 |
Gréta Arn
| 1 |
11,085,041 |
# Archibald Strong
**Sir Archibald Thomas Strong** (30 December 1876 -- 2 September 1930) was an Australian scholar and poet.
## Early life {#early_life}
Strong was born at South Yarra, Melbourne, the son of Herbert Strong, professor of classics at the University of Melbourne, and his wife Helen Campbell, *née* Edmiston.
Strong and his family moved to Liverpool, England, in 1883 when Prof. Herbert Strong became professor of Latin at University College, Liverpool. Archibald was educated at Sedbergh School and University College, Liverpool, where he graduated B.A. in 1896 with first-class honours in classics. Strong then went to Magdalen College, Oxford; however, a long illness prevented any possibility of a first in \"Greats\". Strong graduated in *Literae Humaniores* (1900) and spent several months at the University of Marburg, Germany, before returning to read law with F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead, then a rising barrister, afterwards to become Lord Chancellor of England. Strong became a member of the Middle Temple, but ill-health caused him in 1901 to return to Australia seeking a warmer climate.
## Literary career {#literary_career}
Settling again in Melbourne, Strong did some tutoring and lecturing, and published a volume of verse, *Sonnets and Songs* (1905). In 1910 Strong was president of the Literature Society of Melbourne and his presidential address, \'Nature in Meredith and Wordsworth\', was printed as a pamphlet in that year. Strong was a long-term literary critic for the *Herald* newspaper and in 1911 republished some of his earlier writings for this journal under the title of *Peradventure, A Book of Essays in Literary Criticism*. Strong was appointed lecturer in English at the University of Melbourne in 1912, and brought out a volume of translations, *The Ballads of Theodore de Banville* (1913), followed by *Sonnets of the Empire* (1915). Strong was president of the Melbourne Shakespeare Society in 1913. When Professor Robert Wallace enlisted in the First AIF in 1916, Strong became acting-professor of English for three years. He was passionately patriotic and, having been rejected for active service, did much war work in addition to carrying on the English school. Some of his work was in the nature of propaganda; a collection of his articles, *Australia and the War* (1916) and *The Story of the Anzacs*, published anonymously at his own expense in aid of patriotic funds, appeared in 1917. From 1919 to 1922 he acted as Chief Film Censor for the Commonwealth government. A small volume of verse, *Poems*, appeared in 1918. In 1920 he became associate professor in English language and literature, and in the following year the Clarendon Press published his *A Short History of English Literature*, and *Three Studies in Shelley* and an *Essay on Nature in Wordsworth and Meredith*. In 1922 Strong was appointed the first Jury professor of English language and literature at the University of Adelaide, allowing Professor Henderson to concentrate on History.
Strong was ready for his new task, as in addition to his knowledge of the work of his own school he was an excellent classical scholar, familiar with French and German literature, and with some knowledge of Italian and Spanish in the originals. At Adelaide he became a valuable member of the staff, fully convinced of the importance of the humanities in university life. He visited Europe in 1925 and represented South Australia at a world conference on adult education held at Vancouver in 1929. Strong published his translation of *Beowulf* into English rhyming verse in 1925.
## Late life and legacy {#late_life_and_legacy}
Strong died after a short illness on 2 September 1930. In 1932 *Four Studies* by him, edited with a memoir by Robert Cecil Bald and with a portrait frontispiece, was published in a limited edition at Adelaide. Strong never married; he was knighted in 1925.
Strong played both cricket and football at Liverpool University; he was also interested in boxing. Strong was one of the promoters of the original Melbourne repertory theatre and became president of the similar organization at Adelaide. Strong was a good lecturer in English, never losing his enthusiasm for his subject and communicating it to his students. Strong\'s *Short History of English Literature* is an excellent piece of work within the limits of its 200,000 words, sound and interesting. His verse is technically excellent, often no more than strongly felt rhetorical verse, but at times rising into poetry. Strong\'s translations from Théodore de Banville and *Beowulf* were both successful
| 733 |
Archibald Strong
| 0 |
11,085,055 |
# Walton Cruise
**Walton Edwin Cruise** (May 6, 1890 -- January 9, 1975) was an American outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals (1914, 1916--1919) and Boston Braves (1919--1924).
In 10 seasons, he played in 736 games and had 2,321 at bats, 293 runs, 644 hits, 83 doubles, 39 triples, 30 home runs, 272 RBI, 49 stolen bases, 238 walks, a .277 batting average, a .348 on-base percentage, a .386 slugging percentage, 895 total bases, and 79 sacrifice hits.
He died in Sylacauga, Alabama, at the age of 84
| 88 |
Walton Cruise
| 0 |
11,085,086 |
# Marsa Brega Airport
**Marsa Brega Airport** `{{airport codes|LMQ|HLMB}}`{=mediawiki} is an airport serving Brega, a Mediterranean coastal port in the Al Wahat District of Libya. The airport is 3 km south of the town.
## Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of 50 ft above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring 2205 x. The runway length includes a 190 m displaced threshold on Runway 33.
The Marsa Brega non-directional beacon (Ident: **MB**) is located on the coastline 2.4 nmi north of the airport.
## Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents}
- On 13 January 2000, a Short 360 took off from Tripoli International Airport at 09:29 UTC with two flight crew, one cabin crew and 38 passengers to Marsa Brega, a city known for its oil refinery. The aircraft was leased from Avisto Air Service, a firm based in Zurich, Switzerland, which focused on aircraft maintenance and repair, to Sirte Oil Company. The crew had noticed a fuel imbalance prior to the flight, making a log entry and cross-feeding fuel before the flight. The aircraft started its descent at 11:25 UTC. At 11:36 UTC the left engine flamed out then, The aircraft plunged into the sea 5 kilometres (3.1 mi; 2.7 nmi) off of Marsa Brega. The front part of the aircraft was totally destroyed. The tail of the aircraft detached from the fuselage on impact, in a 10° nose up position. As the aircraft began to sink, water started to fill into the cabin. One British survivor escaped after kicking out an aircraft window as the aircraft began to sink
| 268 |
Marsa Brega Airport
| 0 |
11,085,099 |
# Taferlklaussee
The **Taferlklaussee** was created in 1716 by the damming of the Aurach Creek. The lake can be reached on foot by a 3.5-hour hike from the village of Altmünster in Upper Austria.
The lake\'s clear water is of drinking water quality. In winter, the lake is used for skating and curling
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# James Hayes (Australian politician)
**James Hayes** (1831 -- 24 May 1908) was an Australian politician.
Hayes was born in Cork, Ireland and arrived with parents in New South Wales in 1837. He was educated at a private school near Parramatta and became a miller. He married Frances Foott in June 1861 and had four daughters and six sons.
Hayes was elected as a member for the district of The Hume of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1885 and was re-elected each election until multi-member districts were abolished in 1894, when he switched to the district of The Murray, which he held until 1904. In 1901 he was appointed a minister without portfolio in the See ministry. He did not contest the 1904 election as was appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council where he served until his death.
He died in the Sydney suburb of Stanmore in 1908 (aged 77)
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# Englebert (tyre manufacturer)
**Englebert** was a Belgian rubber products company founded by Oscar Englebert in Liège in 1868. It became a leading tyre manufacturing company, and is a key predecessor to Uniroyal in Europe.
## History
In 1898 Oscar Englebert, who till then had worked with rubberised coatings and mats, set up a tyre factory at Herstal in Belgium, manufacturing pneumatic tyres for bicycles and automobiles, and by 1912 the business employed 400 people. By 1926 the workforce had grown to 3,500 and was one of Europe\'s top five rubber manufacturing businesses. In 1929, Englebert set up a second tyre plant just across the border at Aachen-Rothe Erde in Germany. In 1931 the Société du Pneu Englebert (Englebert Tyre Company) was born. The company acquired a French tyre factory in Clairoix in 1936; it was here, in 1937, that Englebert produced their millionth tyre.
After the war, in 1958, the company entered into a partnership agreement with Uniroyal, then one of the world\'s top three tyre manufacturers. Ten years later, in 1966, the company\'s name was changed to *Uniroyal Englebert*. In 1979 Uniroyal sold its European business which was integrated into the Continental Tyre Company. The Uniroyal brand survived within Continental, but the Englebert brand disappeared.
## Racing
The company entered racing in the 1930s with touring and sports car road races. Englebert tyres were the first to complete the 24 Hours of Le Mans without a change.
Englebert tyres were used during 61 Grand Prix races between 1950 and 1958, and were fitted to eight race winners, on each occasion with the Ferrari team.
Englebert started in Formula One at the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix, with French Simca-Gordini drivers Robert Manzon and Maurice Trintignant. During the 1957 Mille Miglia, driver Alfonso de Portago, his co-driver, and nine spectators were killed when de Portago\'s 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S lost control after suffering a blown tyre. The Ferrari sailed over an embankment and into the air, where it crashed into the crowd. Englebert, who had supplied the Ferrari\'s tyres, and Enzo Ferrari himself were all charged with manslaughter by Italian prosecutors in an investigation that lasted until 1961, when both Ferrari and Englebert were cleared of charges
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# The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland
***The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland*** (abbreviated to *MBGBI* or *MOGBI*) is a multi-volume reference work on the Lepidoptera of the British Isles.
The original publisher of this series was Curwen Books who published volumes 1 and 9. In 1983 Harley Books took over publishing the series. The earlier volumes were reprinted. From 1 April 2008 following the retirement of Annette and Basil Harley, Apollo Books acquired Harley Books. It was decided, that Apollo Books would continue and conclude the series with volume 5 on Tortricidae, volume 6 on Pyralidae and Pterophoridae, and volume 8 on Geometridae. At the same time they took over the remaining stock of the previous seven volumes of the series. From 1 January 2013, Apollo Books announced that all Harley Books titles and the majority of the Apollo Books titles, have been taken over by the Dutch publisher Brill Publishers. The change was necessary to ensure that the book series can continue to be published in the years ahead
Eleven volumes were originally planned in total. So far, volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 have been published. Volumes 4, 5 and 7 were each split into two parts due to their size. Volume 5, the most recent, was published in September 2014.
Each volume has text, distribution maps, and illustrations of the moths it covers. When the series is complete, this will be the first time that all species of Lepidoptera recorded in Britain have been illustrated in a single reference work.
Volume 7 part 2 contains a 241-page Life History chart covering all British species.
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# The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland
## The series volume by volume {#the_series_volume_by_volume}
### Volume 1 (Micropterigidae to Heliozelidae) {#volume_1_micropterigidae_to_heliozelidae}
- Editor: John Heath
- Associate Editors: A. Maitland Emmet, D. S. Fletcher, E. C. Pelham-Clinton and W. G. Tremewan
- Artists: Brian Hargreaves and Maureen Lane
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|0-632-00331-6}}`{=mediawiki} (Blackwell Scientific Publications and Curwen Books) `{{ISBN|0-946589-03-8}}`{=mediawiki} (Harley Books)
- Paperback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-15-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in: 1976 by Blackwell Scientific Publications and Curwen Books, and reprinted in 1983 by Harley Books
- Introductory chapters: 1) Morphology, 2) Parasites 3) Diseases 4) Pest Species 5) Habitats 6) Conservation 7) Techniques
- Covers Micropterigidae, Eriocraniidae, Hepialidae, Nepticulidae, Opostegidae, Tischeriidae, Incurvariidae and Heliozelidae
### Volume 2 (Cossidae to Heliodinidae) {#volume_2_cossidae_to_heliodinidae}
- Editor: John Heath and A. Maitland Emmet
- Associate Editors: D. S. Fletcher, E. C. Pelham-Clinton, B. Skinner and W. G. Tremewan
- Artists: Brian Hargreaves, Timothy Freed and Brenda Jarman
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-02-X}}`{=mediawiki}
- Paperback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-19-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in: 1985 by Harley Books
- Introductory chapter: British Aposematic Lepidoptera by Miriam Rothschild
- Covers the fifteen families within the super-families Cossoidea, Zygaenoidea, Tineoidea and the first part of the Yponomeutoidea.
### Volume 3 (Yponomeutidae to Elachistidae) {#volume_3_yponomeutidae_to_elachistidae}
- Editor: A. Maitland Emmet
- Associate Editors: D. S. Fletcher, B. H. Harley, J. R. Langmaid, G. S. Robinson, B. Skinner, P. A. Sokoloff and W. G. Tremewan
- Artists: Richard Lewington and Timothy Freed
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-43-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- Paperback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-56-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in: 1996 by Harley Books
- Introductory chapter: Invasions of Lepidoptera into the British Isles by D. J. L. Agassiz
- Covers Yponomeutidae, Epermeniidae, Schreckensteiniidae, Coleophoridae and Elachistidae.
### Volume 4 Part 1 (Oecophoridae to Scythrididae, excluding Gelechiidae) {#volume_4_part_1_oecophoridae_to_scythrididae_excluding_gelechiidae}
- Editor: A. Maitland Emmet and John R. Langmaid
- Associate Editors: K. P. Bland, D. S. Fletcher, B. H. Harley, G. S. Robinson, B. Skinner and W. G. Tremewan
- Artists: Richard Lewington and Michael J. Roberts
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-66-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- Paperback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-72-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in: 2002 by Harley Books
- Publisher\'s Foreword: A Tribute to Maitland Emmet
- Introductory chapter: The Ecology and Evolution of Lepidopteran Defences against Bats by J. Rydell and M. R. Young
- Covers Batrachedridae, Oecophoridae, Ethmiidae, Autostichidae, Blastobasidae, Agonoxenidae, Momphidae, Cosmopterigidae and Scythrididae
### Volume 4 Part 2 (Gelechiidae) {#volume_4_part_2_gelechiidae}
- Editor: A. Maitland Emmet and John R. Langmaid
- Associate Editors: K. P. Bland, D. S. Fletcher, B. H. Harley, G. S. Robinson, B. Skinner and W. G. Tremewan
- Artists: Richard Lewington and Michael J. Roberts
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-67-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- Paperback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-73-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in: 2002 by Harley Books
- No introductory chapter
- Covers Gelechiidae
### Volume 5 Part 1 (Tortricidae Tortricinae & Chlidanotinae) {#volume_5_part_1_tortricidae_tortricinae_chlidanotinae}
- Editor: Keith P. Bland
- Authors: E.F. Hancock(†) and K.P. Bland
- Genitalia drawings: J. Razowski
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|978-90-04-25211-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- e-book: `{{ISBN|978-90-04-26106-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published: in 2014 by Brill
- No introductory chapter
- Covers Tortricidae: subfamilies Tortricinae & Chlidanotinae
### Volume 5 Part 2 (Tortricidae Olethreutinae) {#volume_5_part_2_tortricidae_olethreutinae}
- Editor: Keith P. Bland
- Authors: E.F. Hancock(†) and K.P. Bland
- Genitalia drawings: J. Razowski
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|978-90-04-25212-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- e-book: `{{ISBN|978-90-04-26436-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in 2014 by Brill
- No introductory chapter
- Covers Tortricidae: subfamily Olethreutinae
### Volume 6 (Pyralidae and Pterophoridae) {#volume_6_pyralidae_and_pterophoridae}
Volume 6 has not yet been published
### Volume 7 Part 1 (Hesperiidae to Nymphalidae) {#volume_7_part_1_hesperiidae_to_nymphalidae}
This volume was also titled *The Butterflies of Britain and Ireland*
- Editor: A. Maitland Emmet and John Heath
- Associate Editors: D. S. Fletcher, E. C. Pelham-Clinton, G. S. Robinson, B. Skinner and W. G. Tremewan
- Artists: Richard Lewington and Timothy Freed
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|978-0-946589-25-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- Paperback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-37-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in: 1990 by Harley Books
- Introductory chapters: 1) The vernacular names and early history of British butterflies by A. M. Emmet; 2) Re-establishment of insect populations, with special reference to butterflies by M. G. Morris and J. A. Thomas
- Covers Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae
### Volume 7 Part 2 (Lasiocampidae to Thyatiridae) {#volume_7_part_2_lasiocampidae_to_thyatiridae}
- Editor: A. Maitland Emmet and John Heath
- Associate Editors: D. S. Fletcher, B. H. Harley, E. C. Pelham-Clinton, G. S. Robinson, B. Skinner and W. G. Tremewan
- Artists: Richard Lewington and Timothy Freed
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|978-0-946589-26-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- Paperback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-42-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in: 1992 by Harley Books
- Introductory chapters: 1) Classification of the Lepidoptera by M. J. Scoble; 2) Resting posture in the Lepidoptera by M. W. F. Tweedie and A. M. Emmet; 3) Chart showing the Life History and Habits of the British Lepidoptera by A. M. Emmet
### Volume 8 (Geometridae) {#volume_8_geometridae}
Volume 8 has not yet been published
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# The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland
## The series volume by volume {#the_series_volume_by_volume}
### Volume 9 (Sphingidae to Noctuidae - Noctuinae and Hadeninae) {#volume_9_sphingidae_to_noctuidae___noctuinae_and_hadeninae}
- Editor: John Heath and A. Maitland Emmet
- Associate Editors: D. S. Fletcher, E. C. Pelham-Clinton and W. G. Tremewan
- Artists: Brian Hargreaves and Maureen Lane
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|0-902068-07-5}}`{=mediawiki} (Curwen Books) `{{ISBN|0-946589-04-6}}`{=mediawiki} (Harley Books)
- Paperback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-16-X}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in: 1979 by Curwen Books and reprinted in 1983 by Harley Books
- Introductory chapter: Eversible Structures by M. C. Birch
- Covers Sphingidae, Notodontidae, Thaumetopoeidae, Lymantriidae, Arctiidae, Ctenuchidae, Nolidae and Noctuidae (subfamilies Noctuinae and Hadeninae).
### Volume 10 (Noctuidae - Cuculliinae to Hypeninae, and Agaristidae) {#volume_10_noctuidae___cuculliinae_to_hypeninae_and_agaristidae}
- Editor: John Heath and A. Maitland Emmet
- Associate Editors: D. S. Fletcher, E. C. Pelham-Clinton and W. G. Tremewan
- Artists: Brian Hargreaves, Brenda Jarman and Maureen Lane
- Hardback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-01-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- Paperback: `{{ISBN|0-946589-17-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- Published in: 1983 by Harley Books
- Introductory chapter: The Incidence of Migrant Lepidoptera in the British Isles by R. F
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# Ukrainian Studite Monks
The **Ukrainian Studites** (*Студити*), formally the **Monks of the Studite Rule** (*Monachi e Regula Studitarum*; *Monakhy Studytskoho Ustavu*; abbreviated **MSU**) are a monastic order of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
## History
The Studite rule was developed at the Stoudios monastery of Constantinople, from the 5th century onward, especially by Saint Theodore the Studite (760--826). The rule was brought to Kievan Rus in the 11th century by Saint Theodosius of Kiev. In the 17th century all Ukrainian monasteries were united in the Order of Saint Basil the Great, following a path similar to that taken by Western Rite monasticism. With the dire situation of Ukrainian monasticism and the reform of the Basilian Order in the end of the 19th century, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky decided to also reintroduce monasticism based on the Studite rule. By the beginning of the 20th century the first monastery was established and in 1919 moved into the Holy Dormition Lavra in Univ a former Basilian monastery which at that time served as the residence of the Metropolitan. Fr Lev Gillet was, for a short time, a member of this community. Before the development of the monastery was interrupted by Soviets in 1939 there were 225 Studite monks in eight monasteries. Between 1908 and 1924, there was even a Studite Monastery located at Kamenica, located in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic farming settlement near Čelinac, in an otherwise overwhelmingly Serbian Orthodox region of Bosnia Herzegovina.
The Communists attempted to destroy this particular branch of the Ukrainian church, in 1946 they forcefully subjected it to the Moscow Patriarchate and the Univ Lavra was turned into a concentration camp for Greek Catholic clergy who openly refused to serve them and renounce their loyalty to the Pope. In 1947 the Archimandrite of the Studite monks, Blessed Clement Sheptytsky was arrested and martyred in Siberia in 1951. The Studite monks in Ukraine were forced into the underground where they secretly served the Catacomb Church. A small group of monks, who during the war ended up in Western Europe, emigrated to Canada where they established the Holy Dormition Monastery in Woodstock, Ontario in 1951. When in 1963 Major Archbishop Joseph Slipyj was released from the Soviet Gulags he took the Studite monks under his personal patronage and established the Studion monastery of St Theodore the Studite in the Papal summer residence of Castelgandolfo. In 1978 Lubomyr Husar, the future Major Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych, became the Archimandrite of the Studites outside of Ukraine.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union the Studite reestablished their monasteries in Ukraine. On Christmas Eve of 1991 the bells of the Univ Lavra tolled for the first time in half a century, that night also announcing the rebirth of Ukraine.
Today, there are 75 Studite monks in eight monasteries. The Studites are known for opting to preserve all the Eastern Rite traditions in the Ukrainian Catholic Church, and run a successful publishing house, \'Svichado\' (*Свічадо*). They are also heavily involved in the collection and preservation of Greek Catholic church art, including icons, wooden sculptures, tapestries and metal work
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# John McGarvie Smith
**John McGarvie Smith** (8 February 1844 -- 6 September 1918) was an Australian metallurgist, bacteriologist and benefactor.
## Biography
Smith was born in Sydney, the eldest surviving of thirteen children of Scots parents David Milne Smith, tailor of Old South Head Road, and his wife Isabella, *née* Young. Baptised as John Smith by the Rev. John McGarvie, Smith added \'McGarvie\' to his name. At 13 years of age Smith was apprenticed and learned the trade of watchmaker and jeweller; by 1867 he opened a business for himself at Sydney which he continued for about 20 years. Smith took up photography, which led to his studying chemistry at the University of Sydney from 1867, and later, metallurgy. Smith began work an assayer and metallurgist in the mid-1880s. He developed improvements in the treatment of refractory ores and his advice was of great value in dealing with problems of this kind at the Sunny Corner mining-field and at Broken Hill. At Mount Morgan, Queensland, he did important work in connection with the chlorine process of extracting gold.
Smith took up the study of bacteriology at the suggestion of his friend James Frederick Elliott, and did a large amount of research endeavouring to find a vaccine against the effects of snake bite. He collected a large number of venomous snakes which he handled himself when extracting their venom. Smith eventually came to the conclusion that it was bacteriologically impossible to inoculate against snake-bite, but while carrying out his investigations he collected a large amount of information about the relative virulence of the venom of Australian snakes.
His most important research was in connection with anthrax. Louis Pasteur had discovered a vaccine, which, however, would not keep, and Smith after long experimenting found an effective vaccine which would keep for an indefinite period. This he treated as a business secret for many years, but a few months before his death he handed the formula to representatives of the New South Wales government. Smith also gave £10,000 to endow a \'McGarvie Smith Institute\'. While making his investigations Smith travelled extensively in Europe and the United States and visited many laboratories. He was a man of great determination and remarkable personality.
All his life he had a passion for work, but he spared time in his youth to become a good rifle shot. Smith married Adelaide Elizabeth *née* Hoalls on 7 July 1877, the widow of Daniel Deniehy, who died in 1908. Smith died at his home in the Sydney suburb of Woollahra of influenza. He was buried at the Waverley Cemetery
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# William Tulloch
**William de Tulloch** (died 1482) was a 15th-century Scottish prelate. A native of Angus, he became a canon of Orkney, almost certainly brought there by his relative Thomas de Tulloch, Bishop of Orkney. He was provided to the bishopric upon the resignation of his cousin by Pope Pius II at the Apostolic see on 11 December 1461. He had been consecrated by 21 July 1462, when he rendered an oath of fealty at Copenhagen to Christian I, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
In 1468 he was one of the ambassadors responsible for organising the marriage between King James III of Scotland and Margaret of Denmark, the daughter of King Christian. The marriage resulted in the formal transfer of Orkney and Shetland to the sovereignty of the Scottish crown. He was Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland from 25 June 1470 onwards. He was sent to England in 1471 as an ambassador. He became tacksman, holding the administration of Orkney and Shetland from 27 August 1472 until 28 July 1478, continuing the role entrusted to him earlier by King Christian.
On 12 February 1477, following the death of David Stewart, he was rewarded for his extensive services by attaining translation to the Bishopric of Moray. On 21 March, his proctors at Rome, William and John of Paris, paid 642 gold florins and 43 shillings, presumably as payment for the new bishopric. He retained his position as Keeper of the Privy Seal until at least 1481. Tulloch remained Bishop of Moray until his death on 14 April 1482
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# Langlands decomposition
In mathematics, the **Langlands decomposition** writes a parabolic subgroup *P* of a semisimple Lie group as a product $P=MAN$ of a reductive subgroup *M*, an abelian subgroup *A*, and a nilpotent subgroup *N*.
## Applications
A key application is in parabolic induction, which leads to the Langlands program: if $G$ is a reductive algebraic group and $P=MAN$ is the Langlands decomposition of a parabolic subgroup *P*, then parabolic induction consists of taking a representation of $MA$, extending it to $P$ by letting $N$ act trivially, and inducing the result from $P$ to $G$
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# Lysophospholipid receptor
The **lysophospholipid receptor** (**LPL-R**) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. In humans, there are eleven LPL receptors, each encoded by a separate gene. These LPL receptor genes are also sometimes referred to as \"**Edg**\" (an acronym for **endothelial differentiation gene**).
## Ligands
The ligands for LPL-R group are the lysophospholipid extracellular signaling molecules, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).
## Origin of name {#origin_of_name}
The term *lysophospholipid* (LPL) refers to any phospholipid that is missing one of its two O-acyl chains. Thus, LPLs have a free alcohol in either the sn-1 or the sn-2 position. The prefix \'lyso-\' comes from the fact that lysophospholipids were originally found to be hemolytic, however it is now used to refer generally to phospholipids missing an acyl chain. LPLs are usually the result of phospholipase A-type enzymatic activity on regular phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidic acid, although they can also be generated by the acylation of glycerophospholipids or the phosphorylation of monoacylglycerols. Some LPLs serve important signaling functions such as lysophosphatidic acid.
## Function
LPL receptor ligands bind to and activate their cognate receptors located in the cell membrane. Depending on which ligand, receptor, and cell type is involved, the activated receptor can have a range of effects on the cell. These include primary effects of inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as secondary effects of preventing apoptosis and increasing cell proliferation
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# Anomaly matching condition
In quantum field theory, the **anomaly matching condition** by Gerard \'t Hooft states that the calculation of any chiral anomaly for the flavor symmetry must not depend on what scale is chosen for the calculation if it is done by using the degrees of freedom of the theory at some energy scale. It is also known as the **\'t Hooft condition** and the **\'t Hooft UV-IR anomaly matching condition**.
## \'t Hooft anomalies {#t_hooft_anomalies}
There are two closely related but different types of obstructions to formulating a quantum field theory that are both called anomalies: chiral, or *Adler--Bell--Jackiw* anomalies, and **\'t Hooft anomalies**.
If we say that the symmetry of the theory has a *\'t Hooft anomaly*, it means that the symmetry is exact as a global symmetry of the quantum theory, but there is some impediment to using it as a gauge in the theory.
As an example of a \'t Hooft anomaly, we consider quantum chromodynamics with $N_f$ massless fermions: This is the $SU(N_c)$ gauge theory with $N_f$ massless Dirac fermions. This theory has the global symmetry $SU(N_f)_L\times SU(N_f)_R\times U(1)_V$, which is often called the flavor symmetry, and this has a \'t Hooft anomaly.
## Anomaly matching for continuous symmetry {#anomaly_matching_for_continuous_symmetry}
The anomaly matching condition by G. \'t Hooft proposes that a \'t Hooft anomaly of continuous symmetry can be computed both in the high-energy and low-energy degrees of freedom ("UV" and "IR") and give the same answer.
### Example
For example, consider the quantum chromodynamics with *N*~f~ massless quarks. This theory has the flavor symmetry $SU(N_f)_L\times SU(N_f)_R\times U(1)_V$ This flavor symmetry $SU(N_f)_L\times SU(N_f)_R\times U(1)_V$ becomes anomalous when the background gauge field is introduced. One may use either the degrees of freedom at the far low energy limit (far "IR" ) or the degrees of freedom at the far high energy limit (far "UV") in order to calculate the anomaly. In the former case one should only consider massless fermions or Nambu--Goldstone bosons which may be composite particles, while in the latter case one should only consider the elementary fermions of the underlying short-distance theory. In both cases, the answer must be the same. Indeed, in the case of QCD, the chiral symmetry breaking occurs and the Wess--Zumino--Witten term for the Nambu--Goldstone bosons reproduces the anomaly.
### Proof
One proves this condition by the following procedure: we may add to the theory a gauge field which couples to the current related with this symmetry, as well as chiral fermions which couple only to this gauge field, and cancel the anomaly (so that the gauge symmetry will remain non-anomalous, as needed for consistency).
In the limit where the coupling constants we have added go to zero, one gets back to the original theory, plus the fermions we have added; the latter remain good degrees of freedom at every energy scale, as they are free fermions at this limit. The gauge symmetry anomaly can be computed at any energy scale, and must always be zero, so that the theory is consistent. One may now get the anomaly of the symmetry in the original theory by subtracting the free fermions we have added, and the result is independent of the energy scale.
### Alternative proof {#alternative_proof}
Another way to prove the anomaly matching for continuous symmetries is to use the anomaly inflow mechanism. To be specific, we consider four-dimensional spacetime in the following.
For global continuous symmetries $G$, we introduce the background gauge field $A$ and compute the effective action $\Gamma[A]$. If there is a \'t Hooft anomaly for $G$, the effective action $\Gamma[A]$ is not invariant under the $G$ gauge transformation on the background gauge field $A$ and it cannot be restored by adding any four-dimensional local counter terms of $A$. Wess--Zumino consistency condition shows that we can make it gauge invariant by adding the five-dimensional Chern--Simons action.
With the extra dimension, we can now define the effective action $\Gamma[A]$ by using the low-energy effective theory that only contains the massless degrees of freedom by integrating out massive fields. Since it must be again gauge invariant by adding the same five-dimensional Chern--Simons term, the \'t Hooft anomaly does not change by integrating out massive degrees of freedom
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# Nogent-le-Roi
**Nogent-le-Roi** (`{{IPA|fr|nɔʒɑ̃ lə ʁwa}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the department of Eure-et-Loir in the Centre-Val de Loire region in France. In January 1973 it absorbed the former commune Vacheresses-les-Basses.
It is located 27 kilometres north of Chartres and 18 kilometres south-east of Dreux.
## Population
## International relations {#international_relations}
The town is twinned with Heddesheim near Mannheim in Germany
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# Free-energy perturbation
**Free-energy perturbation** (**FEP**) is a method based on statistical mechanics that is used in computational chemistry for computing free-energy differences from molecular dynamics or Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations.
The FEP method was introduced by Robert W. Zwanzig in 1954. According to the free-energy perturbation method, the free-energy difference for going from state **A** to state **B** is obtained from the following equation, known as the *Zwanzig equation*:
:
`\Delta F(\mathbf{A} \to \mathbf{B}) =`\
`F_\mathbf{B} - F_\mathbf{A} =`\
`-k_\text{B} T \ln \left\langle \exp\left(-\frac{E_\mathbf{B} - E_\mathbf{A}}{k_\text{B}T} \right) \right\rangle_\mathbf{A},`
where *T* is the temperature, *k*~B~ is the Boltzmann constant, and the angular brackets denote an average over a simulation run for state **A**. In practice, one runs a normal simulation for state **A**, but each time a new configuration is accepted, the energy for state **B** is also computed. The difference between states **A** and **B** may be in the atom types involved, in which case the Δ*F* obtained is for \"mutating\" one molecule onto another, or it may be a difference of geometry, in which case one obtains a free-energy map along one or more reaction coordinates. This free-energy map is also known as a *potential of mean force* (PMF).
Free-energy perturbation calculations only converge properly when the difference between the two states is small enough; therefore it is usually necessary to divide a perturbation into a series of smaller \"windows\", which are computed independently. Since there is no need for constant communication between the simulation for one window and the next, the process can be trivially parallelized by running each window on a different CPU, in what is known as an \"embarrassingly parallel\" setup.
## Application
FEP calculations have been used for studying host--guest binding energetics, pKa predictions, solvent effects on reactions, and enzymatic reactions. Other applications are the virtual screening of ligands in drug discovery, *in silico* mutagenesis studies and antibody affinity maturation. For the study of reactions it is often necessary to involve a quantum-mechanical (QM) representation of the reaction center because the molecular mechanics (MM) force fields used for FEP simulations cannot handle breaking bonds. A hybrid method that has the advantages of both QM and MM calculations is called QM/MM.
Umbrella sampling is another free-energy calculation technique that is typically used for calculating the free-energy change associated with a change in \"position\" coordinates as opposed to \"chemical\" coordinates, although umbrella sampling can also be used for a chemical transformation when the \"chemical\" coordinate is treated as a dynamic variable (as in the case of the Lambda dynamics approach of Kong and Brooks). An alternative to free-energy perturbation for computing potentials of mean force in chemical space is thermodynamic integration. Another alternative, which is probably more efficient, is the Bennett acceptance ratio method. Adaptations to FEP exist which attempt to apportion free-energy changes to subsections of the chemical structure.
## Software
FEP methods have been implemented in several molecular dynamics software packages
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# Tita (footballer, born 1981)
**Sidney Cristiano dos Santos**(born 20 July 1981 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) better known as **Tita**, is a professional footballer who most recently played for Nevşehir Belediyespor. He took the Turkish name **Melih Gökçek** after taking Turkish citizenship in 2011
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# Drakewalls
**Drakewalls** is a small village in southeast Cornwall, England, UK. It is in Calstock parish, adjacent to Gunnislake between Callington and Tavistock.
Primary education is provided by Delaware Community Primary School (*formerly known as Delaware County Primary School*) (at 50.515144 -4.225962 type:edu_region:GB). It educates children from the ages of 4 to 11. The majority of pupils move onto Callington Community College after Year 6.
Gunnislake railway station on the Tamar Valley Line is located in the village
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# Giornale di Sicilia
***Giornale di Sicilia*** is an Italian national daily newspaper for the island of Sicily. It is based in Palermo, and is the best-selling newspaper in Sicily. Since 2017, it is owned by the daily newspaper of Messina, *Gazzetta del Sud*.
## History and profile {#history_and_profile}
*Giornale di Sicilia* was founded in 1860, immediately following the Expedition of the Thousand headed by Giuseppe Garibaldi; it was first published on 7 June of that year under the name \"Giornale Officiale di Sicilia\" with Girolamo Ardizzone as its first editor-in-chief.
The paper played a significant role in nationalizing the Italian rural women in Sicily at the beginning of the 1900s.
It is published in ten different local versions, one for each province of Sicily plus another one for the city of Palermo.
*Giornale di Sicilia* had a circulation of 67,216 copies in 2004. The circulation of the paper was 67,332 copies in 2008
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# Midwest Pandemic
***Midwest Pandemic*** is Twelve Tribes\'s third and final full-length album. They continue to follow the same style as their previous albums by using different or complex time signatures instead of common time.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"National Amnesia\" -- 1:54
2. \"Muzzle Order\" - 3:34
3. \"Televangelist\" - 2:36
4. \"Pagan Self Portrait\" - 4:12
5. \"History Versus The Pavement\" - 3:30
6. \"Monarch Of Dreams\" - 2:11
7. \"Librium\" - 3:54
8. \"Verona\" - 2:53
9. \"The Nine Year Tide\" - 5:46
10. \"Midwest Pandemic\" - 4:10
11. \"The Recovery (In Three Parts) I. God Bless You, Good Thief, II. Towers & Vectors, III. Bridge To The Sun\" - 8:51
## Videos
A music video was produced for the track \"Muzzle Order\"
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# Nec vi, nec clam, nec precario
***Nec vi, nec clam, nec precario***, is a Latin legal term meaning \'without force, without secrecy, without permission\' or, in an alternative formulation offered, for instance, by Lord Hoffmann, \'not by force, nor stealth, nor the licence of the owner\'. It is the principle by which rights may be built up over time, principally public rights of way in the United Kingdom. Specifically, if a path is used -- openly, not against protests, but *without* permission of the landowner -- for an extended period (20 years) then a permanent legal right to such use is usually established.
It is often referred to in the context of adverse possession and other land law issues. It is also relevant to the creation of easements whereby the law \'prescribes\' an easement in the absence of a deed. In order for the law to do so the right of way or easement needs to have been enjoyed without force, without secrecy, and without permission for a period of time, usually 20 years.
## Use in Roman law {#use_in_roman_law}
The phrase originates in Roman law, appearing in the form *neque ui neque clam neque precario* in line 18 of the Lex Agraria on the Tabula Bembina, a statute passed in 111 BC. The maxim appears to have been a widely recurring rider to the definition of property rights based on *possessio* (the form of interest in land arising from exercise of control, capable of maturing into ownership or *dominium*). It is referred to by Cicero on three occasions. In 72/71 BC, setting out some standard defences to a charge of obtaining property by \'force\' or \'violence\' (*uis*) in his speech on behalf of his client Marcus Tullius, he referred to the requirement that the dispossessed party\'s claim to possession not be based upon entry by force, stealth or licence (\'cum ille possideret, quod possideret nec ui nec clam nec precario\' - \'as long as the other party was in lawful possession and did not gain possession by force, stealth or licence\'). In 69, in his defence of Aulus Caecina, Cicero similarly referred to the defence available to the man using force or violence (*uis*) to recover his property from an adverse possessor that the latter had himself entered by force, by stealth or on the recoveror\'s licence (\'*uincit tamen sponsionem si planum facit ab se illum aut ui aut clam aut precario possedisse*\' - \'yet he wins his argument if he can clearly show that the other obtained it from him by force, by stealth or by his licence\'). And in 63, the year of his own consulship, Cicero attacked the agrarian reform bill introduced by Servilius Rullus for not excluding possession gained by force, stealth or owner\'s licence from its definition of lawful *possessa*: (\'Suppose he ejected \[the owner\] by force, suppose he came into possession by stealth or by licence?\' - \'*etiamne si ui deiecit, si clam, si precario uenit in possessionem?*\').
The phrase appears to have been established long before the Lex Agraria of 111, and could be used facetiously or for comic effect beyond the legal profession, as is clear from a passage in the *Eunuchus* of Terence, a play usually dated to 161 BC. The character Chaerea enjoins the slave Parmeno to get the woman he lusts after for him by any means possible: \'Hanc tu mihi uel ui uel clam uel precario fac tradas; mea nihil refert, dum potiar modo\' (\'Make sure you deliver her to me, whether by force, by stealth, by licence - it makes no difference to me, as long as I get hold of her\')
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# François Zoko
**Bernard François Dassise Zoko** (born 13 September 1983), known as **François Zoko**, is an Ivorian former professional footballer who is currently Head of Academy Coaching at Burton Albion.
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
Born in Daloa, Zoko began his career at youth team C.O. Savigny-sur-Orge and signed in 2000 for AS Nancy. He played four years at Nancy, making 70 appearances and scoring 8 goals, before signing in summer 2004 for Stade Lavallois. Zoko then moved to R.A.E.C. Mons in 2006, and played two seasons in the Jupiler League. After 55 games and scoring 11 goals, Zoko was contacted by several teams in the Jupiler League, but decided to join the Ankara club for a new challenge in the Süper Lig. Throughout his career, Zoko has been used as a striker or winger. Whilst at Hacettepe Spor, Zoko was also used as a central midfielder.
There were many off field problems at Hacettepe, which meant that Zoko finally left and joined his former R.A.E.C Mons manager at KV Oostende in January in order to play football again. At Oostende, Zoko played 11 games, scoring 4 goals and making 5 assists.
### Carlisle United {#carlisle_united}
Zoko was on trial with League One side Carlisle United ahead of the 2010--11 season, scoring in a 4--1 pre-season friendly victory against Kendal Town. After impressing during a two-week trial, he signed a permanent one-year contract with the club in July 2010.
Zoko made his debut for Carlisle in the club\'s first game of the 2010--11 season, playing 75 minutes in Carlisle\'s 2--0 win against Brentford. He received a standing ovation from the Carlisle United supporters when he was substituted, and manager Greg Abbott said there\'s \"more to come\" from Zoko. Zoko had a very good start to life in English football becoming a crowd and team favourite, and under 10 matches into his season, he was offered a new contract in order to keep Championship and Premiership teams away. He was linked to Wigan, Swansea and Burnley.
In June 2012, Zoko refused a new contract from Carlisle United stating his desire to play in the Championship. He scored 19 goals in 88 league appearances. In July 2012, it was reported that Sheffield United and Preston North End were interested in signing the free agent following his release from Carlisle United.
### Notts County {#notts_county}
On 3 August 2012, Zoko signed a two-year deal with Notts County. He made his competitive debut in the league against Crewe. He also scored his first goal for the club as they ran out 2--1 winners. He scored his second goal for the club just three days later against Hartlepool in a 2--0 win. Zoko came off the bench to score his fourth goal for Notts County, in a 4--0 victory over his old team Carlisle. He picked up the \"Man of the Match\" award in a 4--1 victory over Bury, after coming off the bench to score two goals. On 29 August 2013, Zoko left Notts County by mutual consent.
### Stevenage
Following his departure from Notts County, Zoko signed a short-term deal with League One side Stevenage on 4 October, on a contract lasting until January 2014. He made a goalscoring debut for the club four days after signing, poking in Michael Doughty\'s shot to restore parity in an eventual 2--1 home win over Milton Keynes Dons in the Football League Trophy. In Stevenage\'s next match, Zoko scored twice in a 2--1 victory over Brentford at Broadhall Way, the club\'s first home league win of the season. He made it four goals in his first three games when he scored a late consolation strike in Stevenage\'s 2--1 loss at Walsall on 19 October. Three weeks later, he netted again, this time scoring twice in Stevenage\'s 2--1 win over Portsmouth in the FA Cup on 9 November, taking his seasonal goal tally to six. Three days later, Zoko scored in a 3--2 win over Leyton Orient in the Football League Trophy; his goal coming in just the third minute when he connected with Luke Freeman\'s inswinging cross. He took his goal tally for the season to ten when he scored in three consecutive matches towards the end of November and start of December, scoring in league defeats to Gillingham and Shrewsbury Town, before netting a headed goal in a 4--0 win over Stourbridge in the FA Cup second round. Zoko ended the year by scoring a late consolation strike in Stevenage\'s 4--1 loss away at Bristol City, curling the ball into the goal with a first-time finish after good work from Luke Freeman. He scored in the club\'s first game of 2014, the final game before Zoko\'s short-term contract was set to expire, a 3--2 win away at Championship side Doncaster Rovers in the FA Cup. Just three days later, on 7 January 2014, Zoko signed a contract to remain at Stevenage for the rest of the 2013--14 season.
In 40 appearances for Stevenage, he scored 16 goals.
On 17 May 2014, Zoko was released by Stevenage.
### Blackpool
On 15 August 2014, Zoko signed for Championship club Blackpool on a one-year contract. He made his debut for the club the next day as a second-half substitute. He scored his first goal for Blackpool in a 1--0 win over Cardiff City on 3 October 2014.
On 22 November 2014, Zoko joined Bradford City on loan until 17 January 2015. He scored his first goal for Bradford in a 1--0 win over Crawley Town on 3 March 2015.
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# François Zoko
## Career
### Yeovil Town {#yeovil_town}
On 21 November 2015, Zoko signed for League Two side Yeovil Town on a short-term contract. Having scored four goals since signing for Yeovil, on 21 January 2015, he extended his contract until the end of the season. At the end of the 2018--19 season, Zoko was released by Yeovil following the club\'s relegation from the Football League.
### Grantham Town {#grantham_town}
In September 2019, Zoko joined Northern Premier League Premier Division side Grantham Town as a player/first-team coach, as well as taking up a Football in the Community role.
## International career {#international_career}
Zoko has been capped for Ivory Coast at U-20 level, and played at 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship alongside Everton striker Arouna Koné and has also played for Ivory Coast at U-23 level.
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# François Zoko
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Club Season League National Cup
----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Nancy 2001--02{{cite web url = <http://www.lfp.fr/joueur/zoko-bernard-francois-d-assise> title = La fiche de François Zoko publisher = LFP.fr language = fr access-date = 10 January 2016 }}
2002--03 Ligue 2 28 2 0 0
2003--04 Ligue 2 19 3 0 0
Total 71 8 0 0
Stade Lavallois 2004--05 Ligue 2 27 7 0 0
2005--06 Ligue 2 33 2 0 0
Total 60 9 0 0
Mons 2006--07 Belgian First Division 23 4 0 0
2007--08 Belgian First Division 32 7 2 0
Total 55 11 2 0
Hacettepe 2008--09{{cite web url = <https://int.soccerway.com/players/francois-bernard-dassise-zoko/14604/> title = Côte d\'Ivoire -- F
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# Thomas Stow
**Thomas Quinton Stow** (7 July 1801 -- 19 July 1862), generally referred to as the Rev. **T. Q. Stow**, but also as **Quinton Stow**, was an Australian pioneer Congregational minister.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stow was born at Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, and began preaching at 17 years of age; he later studied for the Congregational ministry at the missionary college, Gosport under David Bogue. From 1822 to 1825 Stow was minister at Framlingham, Suffolk; later at Buntingford, Hertfordshire, then was transferred to Halstead in Essex. In 1833 Stow published the *Memoirs of R. Taylor, LL.D.*, followed by *The Scope of Piety* (1836). At Framlingham Stow married Elizabeth Eppes, described as a \"handsome brunette . . . the rage of London society\". She was a daughter of William Eppes of Bristol and his wife Elizabeth, *née* Randolph, descendant of an old Virginia family.
## Career in Australia {#career_in_australia}
On 12 October 1836 the Colonial Missionary Society in England accepted Stow and sent him to South Australia. Stow arrived at Adelaide on the *Hartley* in October 1837. Stow began holding services in a marquee but shortly afterwards, partly with his own hands, built the first church in South Australia. It was constructed of pine logs thatched with reeds and stood in North Terrace. In November 1840 a more substantial church was opened in Freeman Street (now Gawler Place), and there Stow worked for many years. He also for a time taught a school at the corner of Freeman and Pirie Streets. From 1846 Stow fought in opposition to state aid for religion. Stow\'s health, however, declined and in 1855 he found it necessary to have an assistant, and in October 1855 the Rev. C. W. Evan arrived. In September 1856 Stow resigned his pastorate, but continued to preach and work for his church as much as his health would allow. In February 1862, hoping that a change of climate might be good for him, Stow went to Sydney to supply the pulpit in the [Pitt Street Congregational church](http://www.pittstreetuniting.org.au/), and in March became so ill that he could not be taken back to Adelaide. Stow died at the house of John Fairfax on 19 July 1862. Stow was survived by his wife and four sons.
## Legacy
Stow was an outstanding preacher in early Adelaide, a good speaker who incorporated humour and satire. Stow helped form the character of the growing settlement of Adelaide, which was appreciated at the time. Stow was twice given substantial pecuniary testimonials to which men of all sects contributed. The Stow Memorial Church (now Pilgrim Uniting Church) in Adelaide was named for him. Stow Hall, built 1872 at 16 Flinders Street, has been a popular venue for amateur theatre productions.
He was married in England and brought his wife Elizabeth Randolph Stow, née Eppes, (c. 1797 in Newfoundland -- 8 July 1867), who survived him, and four sons with him:
- Judge Randolph Isham Stow (1828--1878).
- Jefferson Pickman Stow (1830--1908), who went to the Northern Territory in 1864 and sailed in a ship\'s boat from Adam Bay, Northern Territory to Champion Bay, Western Australia, an account of this voyage was published as a pamphlet in 1865, *Voyage of the Forlorn Hope*, and *Notes on Western Australia*. J. P. Stow was later editor of The South Australian Advertiser and was the author of *South Australia, its History Productions and Natural Resources* (1883, 2nd ed. 1884), published by the South Australian government.
- Augustine Stow (1833--1903), a member of parliament for several years between 1863 and 1871, chief clerk in the South Australian supreme court.
- Wycliffe Stow (c. 1836--1897) was one of the two sons (with Augustine) able to be at his father\'s side when he died
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# 1,000 Places to See Before You Die (TV series)
***1000 Places to See Before You Die*** is a travel documentary that was shown on the Travel Channel in 2007. It was first shown March 29. It was also shown on Discovery HD Theater (now Velocity HD) in the same year. It is based on the book *1,000 Places to See Before You Die* by Patricia Schultz. The show, hosted by Albin and Melanie Ulle, a couple recruited for the purpose, travels around the world to \~100 of the places mentioned in the book over the course of 5 months. Reviewers have praised its portrayal of its various locales, and criticized the lack of \"insightfulness\" of the observations of its hosts
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# William Campbell (Victorian politician)
**William Campbell** (17 July 1810 -- 20 August 1896) was one of Australia\'s richest pastoralists, one of the first people to discover gold in Australia, and a conservative Victorian politician, an inaugural member of the Victorian Legislative Council.
## Early life {#early_life}
Campbell was born in Aberfoyle, Perthshire, Scotland, the fifth son of Christian McAllan and Finlay Campbell, the forester of the Duke of Montrose. From 1834, Campbell managed a substantial collection of sheep farms in Inverness-shire and Argyll in the west of Scotland.
## Australia
Campbell migrated to Terra Australis, arriving in Sydney, New South Wales in December 1838. He approached Governor George Gipps and the Macarthur family with letters of reference from the Colonial Office, and was soon given a job managing Richlands, one of the Macarthurs\' stations near Goulburn in New South Wales\' Southern Tablelands.
In 1846, Campbell set out from the Macarthurs\' stud farm at Camden, New South Wales, with 150 merinos, and overlanded to the Port Phillip District, searching for fresh pasture. After looking unsuccessfully for watered land in the uninhabited northern parts of the district, and being unable to obtain grazing licences elsewhere, Campbell settled near the town of Clunes, buying Tourall station, near the Clunes station owned by his brother-in-law Donald Cameron.
In early 1850, Campbell discovered gold while upon the Clunes station owned by Cameron; he showed the gold to Cameron, but they decided not to make the find public, for fear that a gold rush -- the Victorian gold rush ultimately came the following year -- would impact on their pastoral activities, and would diminish the pool of available labour in the colony.
Campbells Creek, in Victoria, is named after William Campbell.
### Politics
Campbell was a supporter of the independence of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales, and following separation in July 1851, was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for Loddon at the first elections in November 1851. In December 1852 and January 1853, Campbell chaired a Select committee of the Council which investigated organisation on the goldfields, and concluded that the existing arrangements, including the rigid licensing system, should continue despite much opposition from officials who argued that the system was failing. Campbell had previously advocated for the imposition of licences on the Mount Alexander goldfield, advising the Colonial Secretary that the miners were faring well and could easily afford to pay the fee.
In 1853, a Select Committee was established by the council to consider rewards for the discovery of gold, and a reward of £ 1000 was ultimately awarded to Campbell; his discovery was the earliest to be officially recognised and rewarded. However, Campbell\'s opponents in the Council sought to use the reward against him, and he was only given around £500, which he divided between the workers who had been with him at the time of the discovery, and various charities.
Campbell left the Council in 1854 and travelled to England, to advocate against land reforms being proposed by Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe and other members of the council, and for the continuation of an 1847 Order in Council allowing for generous pastoral leases over unalienated Crown land in the unsettled parts of the colony. He returned to Victoria in 1859 and was elected to the Council again in 1862, representing North Western Province.
Following the introduction of a land tax in 1877, which applied to land over a certain size and value, Campbell divided up his properties between the members of his family so as to escape paying the tax.
## Late life {#late_life}
By the late 1870s, Campbell\'s financial holdings were at their peak, at one time holding nine stations at once, as well as interests in industry, including tramways and the Melbourne and Hobson\'s Bay Railway Company; Campbell also used his substantial capital to finance loans to other pastoralists.
Campbell ultimately left Australia in 1882, moving to England, though still retaining his substantial Australian holdings which were managed by Melbourne merchant James Graham. Before leaving, Campbell published a final address to his constituents in North West Province, railing against the land tax, arguing that it would result in a decline in the property market and would discourage investment in the colony; he also criticised the democratic reforms which in his view had led to the imposition of the tax, including the removal of the property qualification for the Victorian Legislative Assembly and the introduction of payments to members of parliament. Campbell consistently maintained this position, and \"went to the grave convinced the country had been converted to communism.\"
Campbell died at his home in 19 Portman Square, London, England in 1896. On his death his estate was reportedly worth more than half a million pounds (or more than approximately A\$100,000,000 `{{As of|2006|alt=in 2006 value}}`{=mediawiki})
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# Lee Jarman
**Lee Jarman** (born 16 December 1977) is a Welsh former footballer.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in South Sudan to Ian and Angela Jarman, he grew up in Llanishen and attended Coed Glas School as a child.
## Career
A centre-half, he began his career at his hometown club Cardiff City. Having been involved with the club since the age of 10, he signed schoolboy terms at the age of fifteen and became a YTS player the following year. He made his professional debut during the 1995--96 season in a 3--2 win over Gillingham in the Football League Trophy at the age of 18, following an injury to Lee Baddeley. He made his league debut four days later on 21 October during a 1--0 win over Lincoln City and his early performances saw him recognised as one of the most promising teenage defenders in Britain prompting interest from a handful of Premier League teams, even having offers rejected by Cardiff, and saw him handed his first cap for the Wales under-21 team during a 3--0 win over San Marino during the summer of 1996. He later went on to captain the team.
He was a regular in the side under manager Frank Burrows, spending time playing at right-back, including becoming stand in captain when Dave Penney was injured. Former Cardiff manager Kenny Hibbitt once described Jarman as \"*the best footballer at Cardiff City*\" but a gradual loss of form eventually saw him released during the 1999--2000 season.
Jarman spent time on trial at Carlisle United and Brentford before joining non-league team Merthyr Tydfil. In March 2000 he signed for Exeter City on a weekly contract, making seven appearances by the end of the season before being released, joining Oxford United on a one-year deal where he featured regularly in the first half of the 2000--01 season before falling out of favour and leaving the club at the end of his contract. He moved into non-league football to sign for Barry Town where he spent two years before signing for Weston-super-Mare.
In May 2007, he joined Conference South club Newport County. In September 2007 he was named the Conference South Player of the Month. However, despite Newport narrowly missing out on reaching the play-offs and winning the 2008 FAW Premier Cup final, Jarman was released by Newport at the end of the 2007--08 season, signing for Haverfordwest County in the League of Wales Premier Division. He spent one season at Haverfordwest before signing for Welsh Premier League club Llanelli, managed by his former Cardiff teammate Andy Legg. Jarman sat out the opening three months of the season due to injury before making his debut in October, scoring his first goal in only his fourth league appearance during a 4--0 victory over Aberystwyth Town on 27 November.
Jarman made 21 league appearances for Llanelli as they finished second in the league. At the end of the season he was released by the club and re-signed with Haverfordwest County. Jarman departed the club after receiving a management position at Aberdare Athletic alongside former Cardiff City and Barry Town teammate Lee Phillips.
In 2013, Lee Jarman departed Aberdare Athletic F.C. to return to former club Barry Town F.C. (now Barry Town United) as player/coach for the club
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# Pavlia
**Pavlia** (*Παύλια*) is a mountain village in the municipal unit of Trikolonoi, Arcadia, Greece. It is located at 700 m elevation on a mountain slope, overlooking the plain of Megalopoli. It is 2 km east of Palamari, 2 km west of Palaiomoiri, 4.5 km west of Lykochia, 9 km southeast of Stemnitsa and 14 km north of Megalopoli. The location of the ancient city Thyraion has been identified with that of the present village Pavlia
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# Hannover Medical School
The **Hannover Medical School** (*Medizinische Hochschule Hannover*, abbreviated to **MHH**) is a university medical centre founded in 1965 in Hanover, Germany. MHH is part of a regional medical network.
## History
In June 1961, the German Science and Humanities Council recommended that seven new academies of medicine be established in Germany so that the number of medicine students would increase by 7,000. Within the month, the Parliament of Lower Saxony approved plans to establish a state medical university here.
A committee to found a medical academy of Hanover met for the first time in December 1961. By February 1962, it was decided that this academy would be located in the city of Hanover. On 1 April 1963, the government of Lower Saxony issued an order to establish the Medical Academy of Hanover, which would become MHH.
In 1965, after less than four years of planning, the structure of the medical school had been decided, and construction plans were complete. On 27 May 1965, a celebration marking the founding of MHH was held at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover. The founding rector of MHH was the internist, Professor Rudolf Schoen of the University of Göttingen. He was succeeded by the first elected rector, Professor Fritz Hartmann (Medicine) who played a decisive role in both the concept and physical form of MHH. MHH was realised as a university campus in Roderbruch The close proximity of the clinics and institutes guarantees intense integration of patient care, research and teaching.
The first classes were held in the summer semester of 1965, in the Oststadt-Heidehaus Hospital The student-teacher ratio was initially 12 teachers for 41 students, but within ten years the number of students rose to about 1,000, and after only 20 years, to 3,000. With the addition of new departments, the original number of 12 professors increased to about 140. Only 12 years after MHH was founded, 80 per cent of the planned departments and clinics had been realised.`{{self-published inline |certain=yes |date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
Being both an academic and a clinical institution, the MHH motto is *Einheit, Freiheit, Nächstenliebe* (`{{gloss |unity, freedom, charity}}`{=mediawiki}), and in full *unitas in necessariis, libertas in dubiis, caritas in omnibus* (`{{gloss |unity in what is necessary, liberty in case of doubt, charity in all things}}`{=mediawiki}).`{{self-published inline |certain=yes |date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
## International
PhD students and scientists from all over the world are involved in a variety of research projects at MHH and partner institutes
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# Louis Stone
**Louis Stone** (21 October 1871 -- 23 September 1935) was an Australian novelist and playwright.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stone was born in Leicester, England, baptized as William Lewis, son of William Stone, a basketmaker, and his wife Emma, *née* Tewkes. In 1884 the family emigrated to Brisbane, and then a year later, to Redfern in Sydney.
He grew up in poverty. His father, who was a marine, was largely absent.
Stone qualified as a primary school teacher in 1895 and had temporary teaching positions until he obtained a regular teaching job at Cootamundra. In 1901 Stone was transferred to South Wagga Wagga where he met Thomas Blamey who was influenced by Stone.
## Writing career {#writing_career}
Around 1908 Stone married Abigail Allen and also began to write a novel *Jonah*, published in London in 1911. According to Geoffrey Dutton, Stone was intimately familiar with the setting for Jonah, spending time in Waterloo and Paddy\'s Market, studying the local larrikins and their speech. The novel was warmly accepted by H. G. Wells, Galsworthy and George Bernard Shaw. It was not a financial success, until popularity was finally attained in the nineteen sixties and seventies after it was put on high school reading lists.200px\|left \|Caricature by David LowH. M. Green, in his *History of Australian literature, Vol.I* (1984), described Stone as, \"The most outstanding of the novelists of city life and one of the most outstanding of all the period\'s novelists.\" Green regards the most striking character in *Jonah* not the protagonist, Jonah Jones, but Mrs Yabsley, the enormous, illiterate old washerwoman, whom he describes as, \"one of the most real and memorable characters in Australian literature.\"
In 1933, *Jonah* was republished by Percy Stephensen; it was also published in the United States as *Larrikin*. *Jonah* was adapted for a television series by the Australian Broadcasting Commission in 1982; it also provided the basis for the Sydney Theatre Company musical, *Jonah Jones*, in 1985.
Stone\'s second novel *Betty Wayside* was published in 1915.
He took six of his plays to London after World War I in the hope of having some of them staged, but without success. The only one to be staged in his lifetime was *The Lap of the Gods* which, produced by Gregan McMahon, had a one-week run in Sydney.
## Assessment
A character sketch of Louis Stone is given by Norman Lindsay in *Bohemians of the Bulletin*. Lindsay describes how the plot of Stone\'s last novel, *Betty Wayside*, was bowdlerized and thus fell into obscurity, leaving Stone with a sense of failure and a mental breakdown.
John Galsworthy in 1921 wrote, "I was much struck not long ago with Lewis Stone's novel JONAH, a very fine piece of work. His second novel, too, is good. You have in him a writer whose full value Australia does not yet seem to have realised ..
| 479 |
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# Lead compound
A **lead compound** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|iː|d}}`{=mediawiki}, i.e. a \"leading\" compound, not to be confused with various compounds of the metallic element lead) in drug discovery is a chemical compound that has pharmacological or biological activity likely to be therapeutically useful, but may nevertheless have suboptimal structure that requires modification to fit better to the target; lead drugs offer the prospect of being followed by back-up compounds. Its chemical structure serves as a starting point for chemical modifications in order to improve potency, selectivity, or pharmacokinetic parameters. Furthermore, newly invented pharmacologically active moieties may have poor druglikeness and may require chemical modification to become drug-like enough to be tested biologically or clinically.
## Terminology
Lead compounds are sometimes called developmental candidates. This is because the discovery and selection of lead compounds occurs prior to preclinical and clinical development of the candidate.
## Discovering lead compounds {#discovering_lead_compounds}
### Discovery of a drugable target {#discovery_of_a_drugable_target}
Before lead compounds can be discovered, a suitable target for rational drug design must be selected on the basis of biological plausibility or identified through screening potential lead compounds against multiple targets. Drug libraries are often tested by high-throughput screenings (active compounds are designated as \"hits\") which can screen compounds for their ability to inhibit (antagonist) or stimulate (agonist) a receptor of interest as well as determine their selectivity for them.
### Development of a lead compound {#development_of_a_lead_compound}
A lead compound may arise from a variety of different sources. Lead compounds are found by characterizing natural products, employing combinatorial chemistry, or by molecular modeling as in rational drug design. Chemicals identified as hits through high-throughput screening may also become lead compounds. Once a lead compound is selected it must undergo lead optimization, which involves making the compound more \"drug-like.\" This is where Lipinski\'s rule of five comes into play, sometimes also referred to as the \"Pfizer rule\" or simply as the \"rule of five.\" Other factors, such as the ease of scaling up the manufacturing of the chemical, must be taken into consideration
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# Prosopocoilus astacoides
***Prosopocoilus astacoides*** is a beetle of the family Lucanidae. It lives 8--10 months and is around 50--70 mm. Like all beetles in the *Prosopocoilus* genus they have sharp mandibles used for fighting. They will shake their antenna when angry.
Image:Prosopocoilus astacoides blanchardi sjh.jpg\|*Prosopocoilus astacoides blanchardi* Image:Prosopocoilus astacoides castaneus sjh.jpg\|*Prosopocoilus astacoides castaneus* Image:Prosopocoilus astacoides cinnamomeus sjh
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# Sisters of Wellber
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| 19 |
Sisters of Wellber
| 0 |
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# Prosopocoilus biplagiatus
***Prosopocoilus biplagiatus*** is a beetle of the Family Lucanidae. Size of males: 18 -- 39 mm, females: 18 -- 25 mm
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| 0 |
11,085,599 |
# La Sicilia
***La Sicilia*** is an Italian national daily newspaper for the island of Sicily. Published in Catania, it is the second best-selling newspaper in Sicily. It was first published in 1945.
## History and profile {#history_and_profile}
*La Sicilia* was founded and first published in 1945, and legally registered at the court of Catania three years later. The paper had a conservative stance.
The circulation of *La Sicilia* was 64,550 copies in 2008
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# Herongate and Ingrave
**Herongate and Ingrave** is a civil parish in the Brentwood borough in Essex, England. The parish includes the villages of **Ingrave** and **Herongate**. The parish was formed on 1 April 2003 from part of the unparished area of Brentwood
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# Ingatestone and Fryerning
**Ingatestone and Fryerning** is a civil parish in the Brentwood borough of Essex, England.
The parish includes the villages of Ingatestone and Fryerning, and covers an area of 3917 acre.
## History
The civil parish was formed on 24 March 1889 by the Local Government Board\'s Provisional Orders Confirmation (Poor Law) (No. 6) Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. lxiii), which merged the ancient parishes of Ingatestone and Fryerning. The two parishes were oddly shaped, with the parish of Fryerning running from the north-west to the south-east of Ingatestone, bisecting the other parish.
Unusually, most of the village of Ingatestone was in the parish of Fryerning, and therefore not in the parish of Ingatestone.
On 1 October 1950 some land around Handley Green was moved to the parish of Margaretting, and at the same time an area to the south-west of Margaretting Hall was added to Ingatestone and Fryerning.
## Parish council {#parish_council}
A year after the passing of the Local Government Act 1894, Ingatestone and Fryerning Parish Council was formed. Since then, the council has had thirteen different chairmen.
The parish council today has fifteen directly-elected members who each serve for four years. There are no wards -- all councillors are elected by the entire parish -- and all fifteen are elected at the same time. The most recent elections were held in May 2011 and were contested by twenty candidates.
The entire parish council meets monthly, although there are also meetings of three committees: Policy and Resources, Churchyards and Environment, and Planning. The Planning Committee meets once a fortnight, the other two committees once a month.
The parish council raises a precept on the local Council Tax, and has an annual income of around £120,000. The council has offices and directly employs three members of staff
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| 0 |
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# Prosopocoilus bison
***Prosopocoilus bison*** is a beetle of the family Lucanidae.
## Subspecies
- *Prosopocoilus bison bison*
- *Prosopocoilus bison buruensis*
- *Prosopocoilus bison hortensis*
- *Prosopocoilus bison magnificus*
- *Prosopocoilus bison tesserarius*
Image:Prosopocoilus bison sjh.jpg\|*Prosopocoilus bison* Image:Prosopocoilus bison cinctus sjh
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| 0 |
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# Dodge Chicago Plant
The **Dodge Chicago Aircraft Engine Plant** was a World War II defense plant that built the majority of the B-29 bomber aircraft engines used in World War II.
The plant design was initiated by automotive plant designer Albert Kahn and his company. The plant is seen`{{By whom|date=March 2012}}`{=mediawiki} as an influential design landmark of American industrial manufacturing facilities. The main building of the Dodge Chicago plant covered eighty-two acres and occupied over 30 city blocks, and at the time was the largest building in the world. Although Kahn died prior to the completion of the project, he was influential in the innovative design that efficiently used precious wartime materials used in its construction. Kahn had extensive tunnels dug to facilitate foot and supply traffic. These tunnels span the width and breadth of the plant in a tic-tac-toe pattern. Wooden block floors were placed for ergonomic reasons, which was typical for industrial plants of the day. These floors were cemented over when the facility was converted into Ford City Mall, and only recently had to be removed from TRI (candy maker Tootsie Roll Industries) as posing a potential health hazard. The Belt Line Railroad shunted lines into the plant, and to this day evidence of the rails remain. Construction of the plant was started in 1942, and it was in full operation by early 1944.
The B-29 Superfortress bomber was used in the strategic bombing campaign against Japan. It was the largest American aircraft to see service in World War II. Each B-29 Superfortress used four of the massive Wright R-3350 - Cyclone 18-cylinder 2200 hp engines built at the Dodge Chicago Plant. There were nearly 4000 of these aircraft produced when the B-29 was retired from service in the 1960s. Many firsts in industry took place there. Chemist Lencke produced Z-max lubricant. 75% of the employees were women, 1 to 2 percent of whom were African Americans. The Dodge Chicago plant marked an all-time high water mark of cooperation and success between the efforts of the American government, industry, and labor. It also set an early standard for providing an environment of racial and ethnic cooperation and tolerance. After the war, a lease for the plant was awarded to the Tucker Car Corporation, and it later used by several automobile manufacturers including Ford Motor Company. Tootsie Roll Industries moved into a vacated portion of the plant in 1967. To this day, TRI uses these tunnels for archives and storage as well as locker rooms, as Ford City uses them for a strip of boutiques. The plant was constructed just east of South Cicero Avenue and was a half-mile long from 72nd Street to 76th Street, and nearly a half-mile wide, reaching South Kostner Avenue in Chicago\'s West Lawn community. To this day, the northern two-thirds of its buildings still house the Tootsie Roll factory, and a section that was demolished for a parking lot which separates Tootsie Roll from the Ford City Mall
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# Alexander Veljanov
**Alexander Veljanov** (Macedonian: *Александар Вељанов*, `{{IPA|mk|alɛksˈandar ˈvɛljanɔf|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Macedonian singer. He became famous through singing in the darkwave band Deine Lakaien which he founded with Ernst Horn in 1985.
## Biography
Veljanov studied theatre and film in Munich and Berlin. He interrupted his studies in 1991 to fully concentrate on music, especially Deine Lakaien. Until 1993 he was a member of the rock band Run Run Vanguard. He is active as a singer and songwriter not only for Deine Lakaien, but also for several side and solo projects. During his career, he has performed as a guest singer with many other artists and bands as well.
Alexander Veljanov has lived and worked in Berlin, Munich and London. He guards his private life very carefully; in interviews, he rarely speaks about himself and the year of his birth remains a mystery. Nonetheless, in the interview to Swiss on-line magazine Art-Noir on 23 February 2011, he mentioned that \"he is now 46\".
His latest album Porta Macedonia has covered and sampled songs from the iconic Macedonian group Mizar
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# Nicholas Hely Hutchinson
**Nicholas Hely Hutchinson** (born 1955) is a painter, based in Dorset. Initially influenced by Dufy and Matisse, he has also drawn on the English NeoRomantic tradition. He settled near Blandford, Dorset, and the countryside of that county and Wiltshire, horse racing, interiors and still life were among his subjects. He studied at Harrow School, Saint Martin\'s School of Art and Bristol Polytechnic. He is represented in the Government Art Collection. Hutchinson is the third son of the 8th Earl of Donoughmore, an old Irish family
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# Prosopocoilus inclinatus
***Prosopocoilus inclinatus***, the **Japanese stag beetle**, is a beetle of the Family Lucanidae found throughout Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Sado Island, Tsushima, Yaku Island) and the Korean peninsula.
## Description
Japanese stag beetles are large, smooth, dark brown to red brown beetles, measuring 26 to 75 mm in length. Males are larger than the females and have mandibles which are enlarged and much longer than the female\'s
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Prosopocoilus inclinatus
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# Roberto Petito
**Roberto Petito** (born 1 February 1971) is an Italian former professional road bicycle racer.
Petito was born in Civitavecchia. His most important win came in 1997, when he won the Tirreno--Adriatico. He has also finished in the top five in classics such as the Tour of Flanders or Paris--Roubaix, as well as the overall in the 2006 edition of the Four Days of Dunkirk.
## Career achievements {#career_achievements}
### Major results {#major_results}
1992
: 1st `{{cjersey|yellow}}`{=mediawiki} Overall Giro delle Regioni
: 1st Stage 3
1994
: 1st Giro della Romagna
: 2nd Gran Piemonte
1995
: 2nd Overall Tour Méditerranéen
: 6th Overall Paris--Nice
1997
: 1st Overall Tirreno--Adriatico
: 1st `{{cjersey|yellow}}`{=mediawiki} Overall Giro di Sardegna
: 1st `{{cjersey|yellow}}`{=mediawiki} Overall Settimana Internazionale Coppi e Bartali
: 7th Wincanton Classic
: 7th Overall Tour of Galicia
: 9th Overall Vuelta Ciclista a la Comunidad Valenciana
1998
: 5th Trofeo Laigueglia
: 8th La Flèche Wallonne
: 9th Milan--San Remo
1999
: 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
: 7th Trofeo Melinda
2000
: 2nd Trofeo Laigueglia
: 9th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
2001
: 1st Trofeo Pantalica
: 6th Overall Tirreno--Adriatico
: 1st Stage 5
: 1st Stage 1 Giro d\'Abruzzo
: 4th Trofeo Laigueglia
: 4th G.P
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# Grace Episcopal Church (Medford, Massachusetts)
The **Grace Episcopal Church** is an Episcopal church designed by noted American architect H. H. Richardson, with a major stained glass window by John LaFarge. It is located at 160 High Street, Medford, Massachusetts and now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The church was constructed 1867-1869. It is one of Richardson\'s earliest works and the second of his churches (now the earliest remaining since his Unity Church, Springfield, has been demolished). Its cornerstone was laid in 1867 but by August 1868 it was evident that construction costs would exceed the budget. After the Brooks family covered the remaining construction costs, it became a private chapel under Episcopal law. In 1873 the family delivered the church to the parish, and it then was consecrated by the Bishop of Maine.
The church is designed in a picturesque Gothic style with 90 ft high steeple (square base, octagonal spire), asymmetrical massing, and rough-cut walls of glacial boulder with granite trim. A massive slate roof, in gray with bands of red slate, dominates the nave\'s low walls and the five-sided apse attached to its east wall.
The church has undergone extensive modifications from its original design. In 1882 a Sunday school annex was appended, in 1883 the nave interior was redecorated, and in 1957 further additions were made. In 1962 the chancel was reworked and Richardson\'s original altar given to the Brooklyn Museum. In the early 1970s Richardson\'s dark-stained interior was replaced by a brighter woodwork. As of 2007 only the pulpit remains of his original interior. LaFarge\'s window, \"Rebecca at the Well\", forms the center of the nave\'s south wall, and was probably installed in 1884 or 1885.
## Gallery
Image:Grace Episcopal Church (Medford, MA) - west facade.JPG\|West facade Image:Grace Episcopal Church (Medford, MA) - steeple detail
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# William Stanford (sculptor)
**William Walter Tyrell Stanford** (1839 -- 2 June 1880) was an Australian sculptor.
Stanford was born in London, England, son of Thomas Tyrell, contractor, and his wife Frances `{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} Trevor. As a youth Stanford was apprenticed to a stonemason.
Stanford came to Victoria in 1852, probably as a ship\'s boy, and for a time worked on the gold diggings at Bendigo. In 1854 he was found guilty on a charge of horse-stealing and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment at HM Prison Pentridge, near Melbourne. After serving nearly six years, he was released on ticket of leave. On 1 May 1860 Stanford was found guilty on two charges of highway robbery and one of horse-stealing and sentenced to 22 years in prison. Afterward Stanford declared his innocence of two of the charges, and, in the charge of horse-thievery, he said was not the principal actor but assisted a fellow ex-prisoner. Stanford was again imprisoned at Pentridge, to become one of the most insubordinate of all the prisoners and thoroughly hardened.
The chaplain was impressed Stanford\'s drawings on a slate and carved bone figure. The carving was shown to Colonel Champ, governor of the prison, who offered Stanford the opportunity to create more art if he promised to improve his behaviour. The chaplain gained permission for Charles Summers to teach Stanford modelling. Later Stanford submitted a design for a fountain which was approved. He only had local bluestone from the prison quarry for construction. Stanford worked for four years on it and became exemplary in his conduct. Summers told his friends about it and many appeals were made for the release of the prisoner. Stanford was \"discharged to freedom by remission\" in October 1871, the fountain was set up in the triangular piece of ground between Parliament House and the treasury building, and there Stanford gave it its finishing touches. It is an excellent piece of design, amazingly successful when the conditions under which it was produced are considered.
Stanford became a monumental mason at Windsor, a suburb of Melbourne. There he married and was respected and liked by his neighbours. His business was successful and he made a reputation for his carved headstones. One of these may be seen on the main drive of the St Kilda Cemetery not far from the gate. Another example of his work is on his wife\'s grave at the Melbourne cemetery. Stanford died of \"ulceration of the stomach\" on 2 June 1880 at Prahran, partly from the effects of inhaling the fine dust while working on the fountain
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# Launceston Cricket Club
**Launceston Cricket Club** (LCC) is a cricket team which represents the city of Launceston in the Northern Tasmanian Cricket Association grade cricket competition. The club was founded in 1841, making it the second-oldest cricket club in Tasmania and in Australia.
LCC beat Derwent Cricket Club by 12 runs in the first-ever \"north v south\" match in 1850, and on 11 February and 12 February 1851, they played against Melbourne Cricket Club in Launceston, in what is now recorded as the first ever first-class cricket match in Australia. By 1874 the LCC had organised the first ever \"All-England XI\" vs \"Tasmania\" game in Launceston on 24 February.
In 1878 LCC player, George Bailey was selected to join the Australian cricket team on their tour to England, and became the first Tasmanian to play for Australia.
The club took possession of the NTCA Ground, then known as the \"Launceston Cricket Ground\" in 1886 upon the formation of the NTCA. At the time, the club colours were listed as Green and Yellow. The following year LCC won the inaugural NTCA premiership.
From 1907 until 1914 the club was in recess due to political bickering and reorganisation of the NTCA and northern district cricket competitions. The club was reformed in 1914 with changed colours of Oxford Blue only to have the league suspended for the outbreak of World War I. However, the club properly returned to the NTCA in 1918 by winning the premiership again.
The club won three premierships in a row by 1922 but again went into recess due to another period of district cricket from 1935--36 to 1940--41.
Launceston Cricket Club and East Launceston Cricket Club merged in 1941 before rejoining the NTCA competition. At this time, the club also adopted their current club colours of red and green.
In 1968 club legend Ron \'Rocky\' Dean retired from Tasmanian Grade Cricket with a remarkable career haul of 901 wickets.
In 1975 LCC won their first Kookaburra Cup, and in 1978, LCC player, Bruce Doolan faces Tasmania\'s first ball in their debut Sheffield Shield match. 1979 saw the club win three Kookaburra Cups in a row.
The 1981--82 season saw LCC amass a then-competition record of 7/527 in the NTCA final. From the 1982--83 season until 1985--86 the club won every NTCA premiership, a remarkable 4 in a row.
In the 1983--84 season David Boon became the first Launceston Cricket Club player to be selected to play for Australia, and in 1991 he was honoured to unveil a plaque at the NTCA ground commemorating the club\'s 150th anniversary.
From 1988--89 until 1993--94 LCC won an incredible 6 Consecutive NTCA Premierships, which is both an NTCA and State Record, including a record innings and 150 runs victory over rivals South Launceston Cricket Club in the 1994 final.
The 1998 NTCA final between LCC and Mowbray Cricket Club proved to be one of the most remarkable games of cricket in Tasmanian history. Mowbray amassed an incredible record of 7/542, in doing so breaking Launceston\'s record from 1982. Even more incredibly, the following week in reply LCC made 6/545 to win the game by 4 wickets and break the record again. Club legend Richard \'Joey\' Bennett retired with a club record 8640 runs to his name.
The following Grand Final between LCC and Riverside Cricket Club proved to match the previous years when on the last day, Riverside were cruising to a comfortable victory until the last hour of the match when LCC took six wickets, including two in the second last over from 16-year-old Xavier Doherty to win the game
In 1999, Australian cricket legend David Boon played his last ever match for Launceston CC, and the following year 4 LCC players were named in the NTCA \"team of the century\".
The 2020--21 season saw the club complete a clean sweep of the men\'s competition, winning the First, Second and Third Grade competitions.
## Honours
**NTCA Premierships**: 1887--88, 1892--93, 1899--1900, 1901--02, 1902--03, 1917--18, 1919--20, 1920--21, 1921--22, 1925--26, 1927--28, 1928--29, 1930--31, 1933--34, 1934--35, 1941--42, 1945--46, 1946--47, 1958--59, 1959--60, 1962--63, 1963--64, 1968--69, 1970--71, 1972--73, 1978--79, 1982--83, 1983--84, 1984--85, 1985--86, 1988--89, 1989--90, 1990--91, 1991--92, 1992--93, 1993--94, 1995--96, 1996--97, 1997--98, 1999--00, 2000--01, 2001--02, 2002--03, 2004--05, 2005--06, 2010--11, 2020--21
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# Prosopocoilus savagei
***Prosopocoilus savagei*** is a beetle of the Family Lucanidae. It is found in Central and East Africa. It measures about 24--65 mm in males and 21--31 mm in females.
## Description
This beetle is a shade of orange to brown, depending on its range. A black stripe runs down it from its head and pronotum to the bottom of the thorax narrowing as it goes along, the males possess large mandibles for battling for territory and mates and can reach 24--65 mm. A female will be 21-31mm, the larvae are a creamy yellow and feed on rotten wood. They reach around 25--36 mm in length and are voracious eaters taking a year to reach the pupal phase and 4 months to pupate. The adults live for around 8 months in captivity and most likely live less in the wild, they feed on ageing fruits and tree sap.
## Keeping them as pets {#keeping_them_as_pets}
This beetle makes a good pet and can be kept using oakwood mulch and leaf litter substrate along with a rotten log for the females to lay eggs in. The adults feed on fruits and beetle jelly
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# Rhaetulus crenatus
***Rhaetulus crenatus*** is a beetle of the Family Lucanidae
| 12 |
Rhaetulus crenatus
| 0 |
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# Grégory Béranger
**Grégory José Henri Béranger** (born 30 August 1981) is a French former footballer who played mainly as a left-back.
He spent the vast majority of his professional career in Spain, amassing Segunda División totals of 172 matches and two goals in representation of Racing de Ferrol, Numancia, Las Palmas, Tenerife and Elche. In La Liga, he appeared for Espanyol.
## Club career {#club_career}
Béranger was born in Nice. After starting out professionally with AS Cannes in the lower leagues he moved to Spain in 2005, playing three seasons in its Segunda División, two of those with CD Numancia. In 2007--08, he was one of the Soria team\'s most utilised players (37 matches, 3.313 minutes of action) as they returned to La Liga after a three-year absence.
On 16 May 2008, Béranger signed for RCD Espanyol who paid his buyout clause. He made his league debut on 30 August, playing the entire 1--0 home win against Real Valladolid. He also struggled with some injuries and, late into the campaign, was involved in a training incident with teammate Carlos Kameni.
Béranger returned to the Spanish second tier after 21 competitive games at the RCDE Stadium, being loaned to UD Las Palmas. In July 2010, one month shy of his 29th birthday, he was definitely released by Espanyol, resuming his career in the same league with CD Tenerife.
After retiring, Béranger remained in Spain and worked as a youth coach at his last club Elche CF
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# Window valance
A **window valance** (or **pelmet** in the UK) is a form of window treatment that covers the uppermost part of the window and can be hung alone or paired with other window blinds, or curtains. Valances are a popular decorative choice in concealing drapery hardware. Window valances were popular in Victorian interior design. In draping or bunting form they are commonly referred to as *swag*.
## Types
Window valances are also called **window top treatments**. The earliest recorded history of interior design is rooted in the renaissance Era, a time of great change and rebirth in the world of art and architecture, and much of this time saw understated, simple treatments, eventually moving towards more elaborate fabrics of multiple layers of treatments, including, towards the end of this period, valances, swags, jabots, and pelmets. By the Baroque and early Georgian period (1643-1730), elaborate and theatrical treatments placed high emphasis on the cornice and pelmet as a way to finish off the top of a window treatment.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
Valances can be used alone but are often hung over windows where curtains and drapes have been installed to better frame the windows. They are often installed over kitchen sinks or in other areas where floor space may be limited or blocked; they can be used to hide architectural flaws and windows placed at different heights; when using blinds, shades, and shutters, valances are often used to soften the windows or to tie in the fabrics of corresponding furniture such as couches and recliners.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
Valances can be manufactured with any type of fabric, but most are made of jacquard, silk, faux silk, poly/cotton, linen, satin, velvet and polyester. Many are lined with an extra piece of fabric sewn on the back to prevent the solar radiation from damaging the fabric.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Balloon valance {#balloon_valance}
The fabric of this valance curtain \"balloons\" out providing a full appearance. Balloon valances are commonly made of lightweight cotton material.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Swag valance {#swag_valance}
The fabric of this valance curtain hangs across brackets and drapes over the top of a window, with tails hanging down on each side. Almost any type of fabric can be used. When a lightweight or sheer fabric is used this may be known as a scarf valance.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Ascot valance {#ascot_valance}
The fabric of this valance forms triangular shapes which hang over curtains or drapes. These valances are often made of more elaborate materials, including silk or velvet fabric with tassels or fringe.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Italian valance {#italian_valance}
The fabric drapes across the top of the window with the length of the fabric forming a curve with the shortest width at the center of the window.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Box pleat {#box_pleat}
A flat, symmetrical fold of cloth sewn in place to create fullness, spaced evenly across the top of a drapery. The fabric can be folded back on either side of the pleat to show, for example, a contrasting fabric.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cascade
A zig-zag-shaped piece of fabric falling gracefully from the top of a drapery or top treatment. Cascades can also be called an ascot or jabot, depending upon the shape and pleat pattern used.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cornice
A rigid treatment that sometimes serves as a mask for holding attached stationary draperies or for hiding window hardware or even masking architectural flaws. The cornice is typically constructed of a chipboard-style wood or other lightweight material over which some kind of padding is placed, then covered with a fabric of choice and finished with decorative trim or cording. Like all other valances, a cornice is usually mounted on the outside of the window frame.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Jabot
A stationary panel, decorative in nature, used in tandem with a swag (festoon), also known as a tail.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Pelmet
Much like a valance, only the fabric has been stiffened and shaped and then embellished with a variety of decorative edgings, including trims, tassels or color bands.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Rosette
Fabric gathered into a shape of a flower. Typically placed at the top right and left corners of a window frame to accent an existing treatment, such as a scarf or drapery panel.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Scarf
A single, lengthy piece of lightweight fabric with a color/pattern that shows on both sides (as opposed to simply being imprinted on one side) that either wraps loosely around a stationary rod, or loops through decorative brackets placed on either side of a window frame.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Swag & tail {#swag_tail}
A section of draped fabric at the top of the window that typically resembles a sideways "C" shape (swag) sometimes coupled with a vertical "tail" which hangs on either side of the swag. There are many kinds of swag top treatments, but the prevalent styles are the basic pole swag or the bias swag which can be hung in a variety of ways, including from a cornice box or a pole attached directly to the inside of a window frame.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Window valance
## Types
### Valance
A treatment ranging from simple to elaborate, the valance is a piece of decorative fabric usually hung from a rod, a piece of decorative hardware or a board. Valances can take on many shapes: scalloped, layered, pointed, arched, pleated, shaped, gathered, tailored, grommet top
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# Fellmonger
A **fellmonger** was a dealer in hides or skins, particularly sheepskins, who might also prepare skins for tanning. The name is derived from the Old English 'fell' meaning skins and 'monger' meaning dealer. Fellmongery is one of the oldest professions in the world and since ancient times, humans have used the skins of animals to clothe themselves, and for making domestic articles.
Historically, fellmongers belonged to a guild or company which had its own rules and by-laws to regulate the quality of the skins, workmanship, treatment of apprentices and trading rights
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# John Heath (entomologist)
**John Heath** (18 January 1922 -- 6 July 1987) FRES was an English entomologist, specialising in lepidoptera. He helped to established data banks as a tool for conservation policy, both at a national and local level; was chief editor of *The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland*; and helped to develop the Heath Trap, a portable moth light used for recording moths at light.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Born in Worcester on 18 January 1922, his father Frederick Heath had been an officer in the Indian Army, who had taken a teaching job in Southampton and became the head of an elementary school in Winchester. John attended King Edward VI School, Southampton. His interest in entomology developed as a youth spent in and around the Hamble estuary, Hampshire. An intention to go to Cambridge to study electronics did not happen because of army service during the Second World War. While employed by the Nature Conservancy at Merlewood he married Joan Broomfield in 1955; their son was born a year later.
## Career
Following service in the army during the war, Heath was employed by the Biological Research Department of Pest Control, near Cambridge from 1947 -- 1952. In 1953 Heath joined the Nature Conservancy and was based at the Merlewood Research Station in Cumbria (at that time part of Lancashire). In 1967 Heath moved to Monkswood Experimental Research Station where he worked until his retirement in 1982 where he was head of the Biological Records Centre.
Heath described the now eponymous portable trap in 1965.
A founder member and vice-president of the Society of European Lepidopterology, Heath was particularly interested in the Micropterigidae and bequeathed his specimen collection to the Natural History Museum, London. John Heath was chief editor of the *Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland* series, published by Harley Books
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# Ronny Bierman
**Ronny Greetje Bierman** (12 July 1938, Amsterdam -- Amsterdam, 3 February 1984) was a Dutch film and television actress.
She is known for her role in *Business Is Business* (1971)
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# Down East (magazine)
***Down East: The Magazine of Maine*** is the principal general interest monthly magazine covering the U.S. state of Maine. It is based in Rockport, Maine, with a second office in Yarmouth, Maine. It covers a range of topics including travel, food, the arts, the environment, politics, business, and lifestyle in the state of Maine.
*Down East* was founded in 1954 by Duane Doolittle and loosely modeled on *The New Yorker*. Herbert Jacob Seligman wrote for it in the 1950s including an entry on Marsden Hartley.
*Down East* enjoys the largest paid circulation of any publication in the state, peaking at more than 80,000 during the summer, with 53% of its readership aged 55 and above, 38% aged 35--54, and 9% 18--34. Global readership exceeds 380,000. It is Maine\'s only audited and verified magazine. The magazine is published twelve times a year by its parent company, Down East Enterprise, Inc., which also publishes *Shooting Sportsman* magazine. In 2013, Down East Enterprise sold a book publishing arm to Rowman & Littlefield.
In 2013, Kathleen Fleury became the first woman to serve as editor in chief, a position she held until 2018. Author Paul Doiron is a former editor in chief. Will Grunewald is the current editor in chief and Bob Fernald is President, CEO, and Publisher. Martha Stewart and Sam Sifton have served as guest editors.
*Down East Magazine* and *Vermont Life Magazine* together founded the International Regional Magazine Association in 1960. The magazine is a member of the International Regional Magazine Association, the City and Regional Magazine Association, and the Circulation Verification Council.
*Down East* compiles an annual \"Best of Maine\" list, making recommendations on where to \"eat, drink, shop, stay, and unwind\" in the state.
## Down East Marketplace {#down_east_marketplace}
The 1,700-square-foot Down East Marketplace, complete with an \"Experience Maine\" interactive kiosk and *Down East--*branded TV programming about Maine, is located in the Portland Jetport, selling magazines, books, food, clothing, travel accessories, and gifts.
## Lobster roll competition {#lobster_roll_competition}
The magazine held the inaugural Down East Lobster Roll Festival in July 2017 in Portland, Maine, with a central focus of selecting the best lobster roll. The Winner of the \"World\'s Best Lobster Roll\" went to Freshies Lobster in Park City, Utah. The restaurant uses lobster meat and New England--style buns flown in from Maine. BeetleCat, of Atlanta, Georgia, took top honors in 2018.
## Maine\'s \"70 Over 70\" {#maines_70_over_70}
In November 2021, *Down East* compiled a list of Maine\'s \"70 Over 70,\" highlighting \"folks who\'ve broken barriers, who are considered heroes or legends in their communities, who\'ve shown extraordinary dedication to their passions and plunged into new ones at an age when many of us are slowing down.\" One example is Virginia Oliver, a 101-year-old resident of Rockland, Maine who has been lobstering for more than nine decades.
## *Maine Homes by Down East* {#maine_homes_by_down_east}
*Maine Homes by Down East* was a quarterly publication aimed at Maine homeowners and those interested in the Maine real estate market. It ceased publication in fall 2023. *Maine Homes* featured stories about Maine architecture, landscaping, interior design, and other topics. It began in 1994 with the website MaineHomes.com. In 2018, the magazine launched the Maine Homes Design Awards competition, showcasing Maine amateurs and professionals who create \"world-class homes all over the state.\"
Sarah Stebbins, a native of Cousins Island, Maine, served as editor of the publication. Ben Williamson was the magazine\'s photography director
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# Infinitesimal character
In mathematics, the **infinitesimal character** of an irreducible representation $\rho$ of a semisimple Lie group *$G$* on a vector space *$V$* is, roughly speaking, a mapping to scalars that encodes the process of first differentiating and then diagonalizing the representation. It therefore is a way of extracting something essential from the representation $\rho$ by two successive linearizations.
## Formulation
The infinitesimal character is the linear form on the center *$Z$* of the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra of *$G$* that the representation induces. This construction relies on some extended version of Schur\'s lemma to show that any *$z$* in *$Z$* acts on *$V$* as a scalar, which by abuse of notation could be written $\rho (z)$.
In more classical language, *$z$* is a differential operator, constructed from the infinitesimal transformations which are induced on *$V$* by the Lie algebra of *$G$*. The effect of Schur\'s lemma is to force all *$v$* in *$V$* to be simultaneous eigenvectors of *$z$* acting on *$V$*. Calling the corresponding eigenvalue:
$$\lambda = \lambda (z)$$
the infinitesimal character is by definition the mapping:
$$z \rightarrow \lambda (z)$$
There is scope for further formulation. By the Harish-Chandra isomorphism, the center *$Z$* can be identified with the subalgebra of elements of the symmetric algebra of the Cartan subalgebra *a* that are invariant under the Weyl group, so an infinitesimal character can be identified with an element of:
$$a^* \otimes C / W$$
the orbits under the Weyl group *$W$* of the space $a^* \otimes C$ of complex linear functions on the Cartan subalgebra
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# Frank X. Gaspar
**Frank Xavier Gaspar** is an American poet, novelist and professor of Portuguese descent. A number of his books treat Portuguese-American themes or settings, particularly the Portuguese community in Provincetown, Massachusetts. His most recent novel is *The Poems of Renata Ferreira* (Tagus Press (January 16, 2020)). His most recent collection of poems is *Late Rapturous* (Autumn House Press, July, 2012). His fourth collection of poetry, *Night of a Thousand Blossoms* (Alice James Books, 2004) was one of 12 books honored as the \"Best Poetry of 2004\" by *Library Journal*. Gaspar\'s books have won many awards. His first collection of poetry, *The Holyoke,* won the 1988 Morse Poetry Prize (selected by Mary Oliver); *Mass for the Grace of a Happy Death* won the 1994 Anhinga Prize for Poetry (selected by Joy Harjo); *A Field Guide to the Heavens* won the 1999 Brittingham Prize in Poetry (selected by Robert Bly; his novel, *Leaving Pico,* won the California Book Award For First Fiction, and the Barnes & Noble Discovery Award., and Stealing Fatima was a Massbook of the year in fiction (Massachusetts Center for the Book). He has published poems in numerous journals and magazines, including *The Nation,* *Harvard Review,* *The American Poetry Review,* *Kenyon Review* *The Hudson Review,* *The Georgia Review,* *Ploughshares,* *Prairie Schooner,* *Mid-American Review,* and *Gettysburg Review.* His poetry has been anthologized in *Best American Poetry* 1996 and 2000. He has won fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts and The California Arts Commission, and received three Pushcart Prizes.
Born in Provincetown, Massachusetts, in 1966 Gaspar joined the U.S. Navy and served for `{{frac|3|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} years, including two tours on the aircraft carrier USS Hornet (CV-12) during the Vietnam War and the recovery of Apollo 11 space module. He earned a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) from the University of California, Irvine.
During fall semester of 2010, he taught in the Department of English at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth as the Endowed Chair Professor in Portuguese Studies. He has been professor of English and creative writing at Long Beach City College in Long Beach, California, and has taught in the Graduate Writing Program at Antioch University Los Angeles. Currently, he teaches in the MFA Writing Program at Pacific University, Oregon
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# Chet Ton dynasty
The **Chet Ton dynasty** (*เชื้อเจ็ดตน*; `{{RTGS|Chuea Chet Ton}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|th|tɕʰɯ́a.tɕèt.ton}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|nod|tɕɯ́a.tɕĕt.tǒn}}`{=mediawiki}; meaning \"the dynasty of the seven lords\"), also spelled Jedton, or officially **Thipphachakkrathiwong dynasty** or **Thipphachak dynasty** in the Royal Society of Thailand\'s spelling style or **Dibayachakkradhiwongse dynasty** in Prajadhipok\'s spelling style (*ราชวงศ์ทิพย์จักราธิวงศ์ or ราชวงศ์ทิพย์จักร*) is a dynasty that ruled three northern states of Siam, which consisted of Chiang Mai, the largest, Lampang and Lamphun.
## History
It was established towards the end of the reign of King Thai Sa of Ayutthaya by Thipchang of Nan, a mahout and woodsman who was appointed ruler of Lampang City for good military deeds. Afterwards, his grandson, urged by King Kawila, helped restore southern Lanna with the help of cousin King Taksin the Great of Thonburi.
The Chet Ton dynasty is noted for having formed ties with other older Lannanese dynasties such as the Mangrai and Chiengsaen dynasties of which King Mangrai the Great and Phya Ngammuang were respective members thereby incorporating them into the dynasty through marriage.
Moreover, many female members of the Chet Ton dynasty intermarried with members of the Chakri dynasty; two such worth noting are Princess Sri Anocha, sister of King Kawila of Chiang Mai and wife of Maha Sura Singhanat who was the younger brother and right hand of the first monarch of the Chakri dynasty of Siam, and Princess Dara Rasmi, daughter of King Inthawichayanon of Chiang Mai and one of the princess consorts of Chulalongkorn, King Rama V of Siam. It is held that such a bond between the two dynasties, forged since the dawn of the Bangkok Era, proved to help ease the transition of Lanna into the lands of Siam proper.
### Seven lords of Thipchang {#seven_lords_of_thipchang}
1. King **Kawila** (กาวิละ), 3rd Ruler of Lampang and 1st Ruler of Chiangmai
2. Prince **Khamsom** (คำสม), 4th Ruler of Lampang
3. Prince **Thammalangka** (ธัมลังกา), 2nd Ruler of Chiangmai
4. King **Duangthip** (ดวงทิพย์), 5th Ruler of Lampang
5. Uparaj **Moolah** (หมูหล้า), Viceroy of Lampang
6. Prince **Khamfan** (คำฟั่น), 1st Ruler of Lamphun and 3rd Ruler of Chiangmai
7
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# Loren Cass
***Loren Cass*** is a 2006 American drama film written and directed by Chris Fuller. The film is about adolescents coming to terms with their lives in St. Petersburg, Florida, following the riots that took place in 1996. *Loren Cass* took ten years to complete.
## Plot
The story follows Nicole, Jason and Cale and secondarily The Suicide Kid, The Punk Kid and The Fight Kid, among others through the aftermath of the \'96 riots. It features several notable St. Petersburg landmarks including the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, the St. Petersburg Pier, St. Petersburg High School and the house where Jack Kerouac lived prior to his 1969 death.
## Cast
It stars Kayla Tabish, Travis Maynard, Lewis Brogan, mixed martial artist/UFC veteran Din Thomas and Jacob Reynolds with narration by Keith Morris (of the band The Circle Jerks) and Blag Dahlia (of the band The Dwarves). The film also includes a live performance by New York punk band Leftöver Crack, which was the first show that included drummer Brandon Kolling in the lineup. Kolling died shortly after shooting wrapped.
In February 2006, independent film-making consultant Robert Hawk joined the film\'s crew to oversee its release effort. Bob Hawk is best known for discovering Kevin Smith\'s 1994 comedy *Clerks*.
## Public reception {#public_reception}
In 2006 and 2007 the film was screened at Dennis Hopper\'s CineVegas Film Festival and was selected as one of only 2 non-studio American independent films to screen at the 60th anniversary of the Locarno International Film Festival where it was called \"the discovery of the festival\" by ARTE Television. Screenings were held at the Helsinki International Film Festival, the Viennale, the Ljubljana International Film Festival, the Gijon International Film Festival, and the Starz Denver International Film Festival.
The film was nominated for an IFP Gotham Award for \"Best Film Not Playing in a Theater Near You\" and won the One+One Music Award for use of music in a feature film at Janine Bazin\'s EntreVues Film Festival.
It was referred to in *Variety* as: \"A starkly radical film debut of uncommon power and artistic principle, Chris Fuller\'s *Loren Cass* announces a genuinely original film-making talent who literally pulls no punches in his depiction of teen angst and racial warfare on the streets of 1996 St. Petersburg, Fla. Suffused with pessimism and an overarching sense of the loneliness of modern American life, the pic affirms a vital alternative to the usual adolescent drama, making even Larry Clark look tame by comparison.\" The film was noted for its sequence on top of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge and for using footage of the 1987 suicide of R. Budd Dwyer. *The New York Times* was also very positive about it and called it \"overtly, ingeniously experimental in form\" and talked about \"the bruised lyricism\" of the film being \"rooted in intense, even discomfiting, empathy.\" \"Remarkable stuff for a debut film, all the more impressive in that Mr. Fuller wrote the screenplay at 18 and shot the film at 21
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# Kari Makkonen
**Kari Makkonen** (born January 20, 1955) is a Finnish retired professional ice hockey player and coach. He played in the Finnish Elite League with Ässät for 16 seasons. Makkonen played one National Hockey League season with the Edmonton Oilers.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Kari Makkonen started his career with Harjavallan Kuparikiekko at eleven years old. He played the 1973--74 season with Kuparikiekko in the third tier Maakuntasarja, scoring 14 goals and 9 assists in 10 games for the club, which was enough for fifth place in points in his division and 15th in the league.
The following season at 19 years old, Makkonen made the move to HC Ässät Pori in the SM-sarja, the top division of Finland at the time. Makkonen played 36 games in his debut season, scoring 10 points for his team. In the inaugural 1975--76 season of the SM-liiga, Makkonen played 36 games and scored 39 points. Makkonen appeared in 4 playoff games, scoring 3 points. Makkonen won the Rookie of the Year award.
Makkonen stayed with Ässät and in the 1977--78 season the club won the Kanada-malja championship. Kari Makkonen scored 44 points in 36 games and was chosen to the SM-liiga all-star team for the first time. The following season Makkonen lead the league in goals with 36 goals in 36 games. In total he scored 54 points. The team lost to Tappara in the playoff finals and Makkonen was chosen to the all-star team for a second time.
Makkonen signed a National Hockey League (NHL) contract with the Edmonton Oilers for the 1979--80 season. Makkonen played in the NHL for nine games, scoring four points total. Makkonen played his first NHL game on November 7, 1979 and scored his first goal on 12 December 1979.
Makkonen would return to Ässät after one NHL season. He would play with the club until 1991, winning an SM-liiga silver medal in 1984. Makkonen\'s highest point scoring season was the 1989--90 season when Ässät was relegated to the I-divisioona, where he would score 83 points in 44 games. Makkonen was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1995. His jersey number was retired by Ässät in 2024.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Makkonen coached his first seasons as coach in the Finnish lower divisions for Seinäjoki HT and Kotkan Titaanit. Makkonen got his first SM-liiga coaching job when he coached Ässät for a short period. Makkonen was also employed by Lukko for some time before he was employed by Tappara as an assistant coach for Jukka Rautakorpi. He was the assistant coach in Tappara for several years, winning the Kanada-malja championship in 2003 and finishing second in 2001 and 2002. Makkonen was the head coach of Mestis team Jukurit from 2007 to 2009
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# 1994–95 Ottawa Senators season
The **1994--95 Ottawa Senators season** was the third season of the National Hockey League (NHL) club, was cut short due to the NHL lockout, which postponed the start of the season until late January, and teams only played 48 games that season. This was also the team\'s final full season at the Ottawa Civic Centre before moving to the Palladium the following season.
## Regular season {#regular_season}
Alexei Yashin once again proved to be the Senators leader on the ice, scoring 21 goals, along with 23 assists for a team leading 44 points. Alexandre Daigle had another strong season also, putting up 37 points (16 goals, 21 assists) to finish second to Yashin in team scoring.
Don Beaupre led the team in net, setting the team record for best GAA average in a season (3.36), best save percentage (.896), won 8 of the 9 games the Senators won during the season and got the first shutout in team history on February 6, when the Senators shutout the Philadelphia Flyers 3--0 at the Civic Centre.
The Sens started slow, going 0--6--2 in their first eight games before their shutout win over Philadelphia. They slumped throughout the first 41 games of the season, as they had a 4--32--5 record but the team finished the year by going 5--2--0 in their last seven games, outscoring their opponents 27-21, to finish the season with a 9--34--5 record but failed to avoid finishing in last place in the NHL for the third straight season.
The Senators finished last in wins (9), losses (34), points (23), even-strength goals against (129), and tied the Florida Panthers and Montreal Canadiens for fewest short-handed goals scored (1).
### Season standings {#season_standings}
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# 1994–95 Ottawa Senators season
## Schedule and results {#schedule_and_results}
\|- `{{Game-tied}}`{=mediawiki} \|1\|\|January 22, 1995\|\|3--3 OT\|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ New York Islanders (1994--95) \|\|0--0--1\|\|10,311 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020018|T}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|2\|\|January 25, 1995\|\|1--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Hartford Whalers (1994--95) \|\|0--1--1\|\|8,567 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020031|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|January 27, 1995\|\|4--5 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1994--95) \|\|0--2--1\|\|17,181 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020045|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-tied}}`{=mediawiki} \|4\|\|January 28, 1995\|\|2--2 OT\|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Buffalo Sabres (1994--95) \|\|0--2--2\|\|10,575 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020051|T}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|5\|\|January 30, 1995\|\|2--6 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ New York Rangers (1994--95) \|\|0--3--2\|\|18,200 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020065|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game log section end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#000000 2px solid; border-bottom:#CE1126 2px solid;|title=February: 2–9–1 (home: 1–6–1; road: 1–3–0)|Game |Date |Score |Opponent |Record |Attendance |Recap}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|6\|\|February 1, 1995\|\|1--2 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Hartford Whalers (1994--95) \|\|0--4--2\|\|9,663 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020075|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|7\|\|February 2, 1995\|\|4--6 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Boston Bruins (1994--95) \|\|0--5--2\|\|13,219 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020080|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|8\|\|February 4, 1995\|\|1--2 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York Rangers (1994--95) \|\|0--6--2\|\|10,424 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020093|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-won}}`{=mediawiki} \|9\|\|February 6, 1995\|\|3--0 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Philadelphia Flyers (1994--95) \|\|1--6--2\|\|9,267 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020107|W}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|10\|\|February 8, 1995\|\|2--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Montreal Canadiens (1994--95) \|\|1--7--2\|\|10,575 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020119|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|11\|\|February 11, 1995\|\|2--5 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Quebec Nordiques (1994--95) \|\|1--8--2\|\|14,321 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020135|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|12\|\|February 15, 1995\|\|0--2 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Florida Panthers (1994--95) \|\|1--9--2\|\|12,072 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020159|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-won}}`{=mediawiki} \|13\|\|February 17, 1995\|\|2--1 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Tampa Bay Lightning (1994--95) \|\|2--9--2\|\|16,131 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020169|W}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-tied}}`{=mediawiki} \|14\|\|February 23, 1995\|\|5--5 OT\|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Washington Capitals (1994--95) \|\|2--9--3\|\|9,357 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020203|T}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|15\|\|February 25, 1995\|\|1--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Florida Panthers (1994--95) \|\|2--10--3\|\|9,520 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020217|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|16\|\|February 27, 1995\|\|0--2 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston Bruins (1994--95) \|\|2--11--3\|\|10,242 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020230|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|17\|\|February 28, 1995\|\|3--6 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Hartford Whalers (1994--95) \|\|2--12--3\|\|9,174 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020234|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game log section end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#000000 2px solid; border-bottom:#CE1126 2px solid;|title=March: 2–11–1 (home: 2–5–0; road: 0–6–1)|Game |Date |Score |Opponent |Record |Attendance |Recap}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|18\|\|March 2, 1995\|\|2--3 OT\|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Tampa Bay Lightning (1994--95) \|\|2--13--3\|\|9,114 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020248|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-won}}`{=mediawiki} \|19\|\|March 5, 1995\|\|3--1 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York Islanders (1994--95) \|\|3--13--3\|\|9,314 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020267|W}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|20\|\|March 6, 1995\|\|3--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ New York Rangers (1994--95) \|\|3--14--3\|\|18,200 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020275|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|21\|\|March 8, 1995\|\|2--3 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Florida Panthers (1994--95) \|\|3--15--3\|\|13,609 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020286|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-tied}}`{=mediawiki} \|22\|\|March 10, 1995\|\|2--2 OT\|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Washington Capitals (1994--95) \|\|3--15--4\|\|11,927 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020295|T}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|23\|\|March 14, 1995\|\|2--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ New Jersey Devils (1994--95) \|\|3--16--4\|\|13,234 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020317|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|24\|\|March 16, 1995\|\|1--3 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Philadelphia Flyers (1994--95) \|\|3--17--4\|\|10,382 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020328|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-won}}`{=mediawiki} \|25\|\|March 18, 1995\|\|4--3 OT\|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Buffalo Sabres (1994--95) \|\|4--17--4\|\|9,915 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020340|W}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|26\|\|March 19, 1995\|\|3--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Pittsburgh Penguins (1994--95) \|\|4--18--4\|\|9,804 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020347|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|27\|\|March 21, 1995\|\|0--1 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Washington Capitals (1994--95) \|\|4--19--4\|\|10,322 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020358|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|28\|\|March 25, 1995\|\|1--3 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Montreal Canadiens (1994--95) \|\|4--20--4\|\|16,897 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020379|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|29\|\|March 26, 1995\|\|4--11 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Quebec Nordiques (1994--95) \|\|4--21--4\|\|10,276 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020385|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|30\|\|March 29, 1995\|\|2--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New Jersey Devils (1994--95) \|\|4--22--4\|\|9,582 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020403|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|31\|\|March 30, 1995\|\|0--7 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Buffalo Sabres (1994--95) \|\|4--23--4\|\|12,386 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020408|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game log section end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#000000 2px solid; border-bottom:#CE1126 2px solid;|title=April: 4–10–1 (home: 2–5–1; road: 2–5–0)|Game |Date |Score |Opponent |Record |Attendance |Recap}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|32\|\|April 2, 1995\|\|5--7 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Quebec Nordiques (1994--95) \|\|4--24--4\|\|14,335 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020427|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|33\|\|April 3, 1995\|\|4--5 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Montreal Canadiens (1994--95) \|\|4--25--4\|\|10,575 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020434|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|34\|\|April 5, 1995\|\|0--2 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New Jersey Devils (1994--95) \|\|4--26--4\|\|9,251 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020443|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-tied}}`{=mediawiki} \|35\|\|April 8, 1995\|\|2--2 OT\|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Quebec Nordiques (1994--95) \|\|4--26--5\|\|10,575 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020461|T}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|36\|\|April 10, 1995\|\|3--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Pittsburgh Penguins (1994--95) \|\|4--27--5\|\|10,074 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020474|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|37\|\|April 12, 1995\|\|2--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Hartford Whalers (1994--95) \|\|4--28--5\|\|10,509 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020483|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|38\|\|April 15, 1995\|\|2--5 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1994--95) \|\|4--29--5\|\|16,740 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020502|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|39\|\|April 16, 1995\|\|1--2 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Buffalo Sabres (1994--95) \|\|4--30--5\|\|14,273 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020507|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|40\|\|April 19, 1995\|\|1--4 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Montreal Canadiens (1994--95) \|\|4--31--5\|\|16,321 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020529|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|41\|\|April 20, 1995\|\|5--6 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston Bruins (1994--95) \|\|4--32--5\|\|10,575 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020535|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-won}}`{=mediawiki} \|42\|\|April 22, 1995\|\|3--2 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ New York Islanders (1994--95) \|\|5--32--5\|\|10,281 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020548|W}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|43\|\|April 24, 1995\|\|1--5 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Florida Panthers (1994--95) \|\|5--33--5\|\|9,164 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020560|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-won}}`{=mediawiki} \|44\|\|April 26, 1995\|\|5--2 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Philadelphia Flyers (1994--95) \|\|6--33--5\|\|17,380 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020576|W}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-won}}`{=mediawiki} \|45\|\|April 27, 1995\|\|6--1 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Tampa Bay Lightning (1994--95) \|\|7--33--5\|\|9,291 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020580|W}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-won}}`{=mediawiki} \|46\|\|April 29, 1995\|\|4--3 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York Islanders (1994--95) \|\|8--33--5\|\|10,417 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020591|W}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game log section end}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#000000 2px solid; border-bottom:#CE1126 2px solid;|title=May: 1–1–0 (home: 0–0–0; road: 1–1–0)|Game |Date |Score |Opponent |Record |Attendance |Recap}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-lost}}`{=mediawiki} \|47\|\|May 1, 1995\|\|4--5 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Boston Bruins (1994--95) \|\|8--34--5\|\|14,448 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020605|L}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game-won}}`{=mediawiki} \|48\|\|May 3, 1995\|\|4--3 \|\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| @ Tampa Bay Lightning (1994--95) \|\|9--34--5\|\|21,689 \|\| `{{NHL recap|1994020619|W}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Game log section end}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| ***Legend***: `{{legend2|#cfc|Win (2 points)|border=1px solid black|text=W}}`{=mediawiki} `{{legend2|#fcc|Loss (0 points)|border=1px solid black|text=L}}`{=mediawiki} `{{legend2|#ffc|Tie (1 point)|border=1px solid black|text=T}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Game log end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Player statistics {#player_statistics}
### Scoring
- *Position abbreviations: C = Centre; D = Defence; G = Goaltender; LW = Left wing; RW = Right wing*
- *`{{dagger}}`{=mediawiki} = Joined team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, signing) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Senators only.*
- *`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} = Left team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, release) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Senators only.*
scope=\"col\" data-sort-type=\"number\" rowspan=\"2\"\| `{{abbr|No.|Jersey number}}`{=mediawiki} Player Regular season
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
scope=\"col\" data-sort-type=\"number\" \| `{{abbr|GP|Games played}}`{=mediawiki} scope=\"col\" data-sort-type=\"number\" \| `{{abbr|G|Goals}}`{=mediawiki} scope=\"col\" data-sort-type=\"number\" \| `{{abbr|A|Assists}}`{=mediawiki} scope=\"col\" data-sort-type=\"number\" \| `{{abbr|Pts|Points}}`{=mediawiki}
19 C 47
91 C 47
61 LW 33
74 C 18
3 D 45
10 RW 36
33 C 33
49 LW 24
26 RW 24
17 C 43
22 D 28
76 C 42
7 LW 48
25 RW 41
18 LW 23
6 D 46
29 LW 38
78 LW 16
5 D 37
15 C 14
94 D 48
21 D 27
11 LW 3
20 LW 26
24 D 13
82 C 6
2 D 29
23 LW 3
56 D 15
35 G 1
33 G 38
44 D 6
1 G 9
46 RW 2
30 G 5
4 D 2
| 1,057 |
1994–95 Ottawa Senators season
| 1 |
11,085,983 |
# 1994–95 Ottawa Senators season
## Player statistics {#player_statistics}
### Goaltending
- *`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} = Left team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, release) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Senators only.*
Player Regular season
---- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
33 Don Beaupre 38
30 Darrin Madeley 5
35 Mike Bales 1
1 Craig Billington`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} 9
| 55 |
1994–95 Ottawa Senators season
| 2 |
11,085,983 |
# 1994–95 Ottawa Senators season
## Awards and records {#awards_and_records}
### Awards
Type Award/honour Recipient Ref
------ -------------- ------------- -----
Team Molson Cup Don Beaupre
### Milestones
Milestone Player Date Ref
------------ ------------------ ------------------- -----
First game Radek Bonk January 22, 1995
Stanislav Neckar
Radim Bicanek January 27, 1995
Lance Pitlick February 27, 1995
Steve Larouche February 28, 1995
Daniel Guerard April 27, 1995
## Transactions
### May 1994 {#may_1994}
-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Signed free agent Jean-François Labbé from the PEI Senators of the AHL to a 1-year contract.
-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source
### June 1994 {#june_1994}
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Signed free agent Bruce Gardiner from the Peoria Rivermen of the IHL to an entry-level contract.\ |
| | Signed free agent Michel Picard from the Portland Pirates of the AHL to a 2-year, \$450,000 (CAD) contract. |
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Signed free agent Corey Foster from the Hershey Bears of the AHL to a 1-year contract. |
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Signed free agent Pat Elynuik from the Tampa Bay Lightning to a 2-year, \$1.23 mil (CAD) contract. |
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Signed free agent Lance Pitlick from the Hershey Bears of the AHL to a 1-year, \$250,000 (CAD) contract. |
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Acquired Jim Paek from the Los Angeles Kings for a 7th round pick in the 1995 NHL entry draft - (Benoit Larose). |
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Acquired Sean Hill and a 9th round pick in the 1994 NHL entry draft - (Frederic Cassivi from the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim for a 3rd round pick in the 1994 NHL entry draft - Vadim Epanchintsev.\ |
| | Mark Michaud, Andrew McBain, Brad Lauer, Dan Quinn, Gord Dineen, Graeme Townshend and Mark LaForest became unrestricted free agents. |
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Source
### July 1994 {#july_1994}
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Signed free agent Chris Dahlquist from the Calgary Flames to a 2-year, \$790,000 contract.\ |
| | Signed free agent Mike Bales from the Providence Bruins to a 1-year contract. |
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Signed free agent Randy Cunneyworth from the Chicago Blackhawks to a 3-year, \$1.3 mil (CAD) contract. |
+---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Source
### September 1994 {#september_1994}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Signed free agent Steve Larouche from the Atlanta Knights of the IHL to a 1-year, \$225,000 (CAD) contract.
-- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source
### October 1994 {#october_1994}
-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acquired Jason Zent from the New York Islanders for a 5th round pick in the 1996 NHL entry draft - (Andy Berenzweig).
-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source
### January 1995 {#january_1995}
+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Acquired Don Beaupre from the Washington Capitals for a 5th round pick in the 1995 NHL entry draft - (Benoit Gratton).\ |
| | Claimed Rob Gaudreau from the San Jose Sharks in the 1994 NHL Waiver Draft. Lost François Leroux to the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 1994 NHL Waiver Draft. |
+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Source
### March 1995 {#march_1995}
-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Lost free agent Jim Kyte to the San Jose Sharks on a 1-year contract.
-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Source
### April 1995 {#april_1995}
+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Acquired Martin Straka from the Pittsburgh Penguins for Troy Murray and Norm Maciver.\ |
| | Acquired the rights of Mika Stromberg and a 4th round draft pick in the 1995 NHL entry draft - (Kevin Boyd) from the Quebec Nordiques for Bill Huard.\ |
| | Acquired Daniel Laperrière and a 9th round pick in the 1995 NHL entry draft - (Erik Kaminski) from the St. Louis Blues for a 9th round pick in the 1995 NHL entry draft - (Libor Zabransky).\ |
| | Acquired an 8th round draft pick in the 1995 NHL entry draft - (Ray Schultz) from the Boston Bruins for Craig Billington.\ |
| | Lost free agent Steve Konroyd to the Calgary Flames on a 1-year contract. |
+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Source
## Draft picks {#draft_picks}
Ottawa\'s draft picks at the 1994 NHL entry draft in Hartford, Connecticut.
Round \# Player Nationality College/junior/club team (league)
------- ----- ------------------- ------------- -----------------------------------
1 3 Radek Bonk Las Vegas Thunder (IHL)
2 29 Stanislav Neckar HC České Budějovice (Czech
| 670 |
1994–95 Ottawa Senators season
| 3 |
11,086,001 |
# Stemnitsa Silver-Gold Smithery School
The **Stemnitsa Silver-Gold-Smithery School** (*Σχολή Αργυροχρυσοχοΐας Στεμνίτσας*, *Scholi Argyrochrysochoias Stemnitsas*) is a publicly funded school where students learn to craft jewelry from silver and gold, hence its name. It is located in Stemnitsa, Arcadia, in southern Greece. The school was established in the 1970s, with its first director being Lambis Katsoulis
| 56 |
Stemnitsa Silver-Gold Smithery School
| 0 |
11,086,005 |
# Reijo Mikkolainen
**Reijo Kalevi Mikkolainen** (born May 14, 1964 in Pirkkala, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He won a silver medal with the Finland team at the 1988 Winter Olympics. He played for Tappara, Ilves, and TPS. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
-------------- ---------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1981--82 Tappara FIN Jr
| 84 |
Reijo Mikkolainen
| 0 |
11,086,008 |
# Lee Lik-chi
**Lee Lik-chi** (李力持) (born 10 May 1961) is a Hong Kong--based actor, director, and screenwriter. He is best known for his collaborations with Stephen Chow before disassociating each other due to frequent clashes.
He is also an active contributor to local education, lecturing and organising filmmaking programs to students.
## Biography
Lee was born into a working-class family and grew up in government housing. His father was a metalworker and his mother was a textile worker. He has two brothers and a sister.
His chemistry teacher taught him how to use a camera. Lee started in the entertainment industry as a production assistant at ATV.
## Filmography
- *Kill the Monster* (2021; director)
- *Four in Life* (2013; director, writer)
- *Flirting Scholar 2* (2010; director, writer)
- *The King of Comedy* (1999; director)
- *Gorgeous* (1999; actor)
- *The Lucky Guy* (1998; director, writer)
- *Troublesome Night 3* (1998; actor)
- *Killing Me Tenderly (film)* (1997; director, writer)
- *Troublesome Night* (1997; actor)
- *God of Cookery* (1996; director)
- *Ten Brothers* (1995; director, producer, actor)
- *Tricky Business* (1995; director, writer)
- *Romantic Dream* (1995; director, writer)
- *Out of the Dark* (1995; actor)
- *From Beijing with Love* (1994; director, writer, actor)
- *Love on Delivery* (1994; director, actor)
- *Modern Romance* (1994; director, writer, actor)
- *The Tigers: The Legend of Canton* (1993; director, writer)
- *Flirting Scholar* (1993; director, writer)
- *Master Wong vs
| 242 |
Lee Lik-chi
| 0 |
11,086,020 |
# Richard Lewington
**Richard Lewington** (born 1951) is a British wildlife artist renowned for his exquisite eye for detail, especially with lepidoptera.
## Biography
Born in 1951, Richard Lewington resides and works in Oxfordshire, England. Lewington\'s father and grandfather were both countrymen that kept extensive collections of insects, and they were especially interested in butterflies. Lewington has commented that he believes that this is where his interest in wildlife began. As a boy, Lewington used to draw birds but once he graduated from college in the early 1970s, he began illustrating insects. He has a younger brother, Ian Lewington, who is a successful bird artist.
## Education
Richard Lewington attended Berkshire College of Art and Design where he received his education.
## Career
Richard Lewington is a freelance illustrator who specializes in illustrating wildlife, but more specifically he illustrates a larger amount of insects and invertebrates. He has made a comment that states that there is no greater diversity of a subject to illustrate because there is an infinite range of shapes, colours and textures. Lewington occasionally paints vertebrates, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. He has also been involved in an app that was being developed that allowed the user to view different kinds of British bumblebees, and his job was to illustrate all the different bumblebees. He is recorded to attend the British Birdwatching Fair at Rutland Water in August each year. Lewington has been able to be successful due to his various skills in observing, being a miniaturist, and having knowledge in his subject matter. He has also been able to illustrate a variety of children\'s books.
## Success
In 2012 Lewington won a commission to paint ten butterfly images for a set of first-class postage stamps for Royal Mail, which were available from 11 July 2013.
He designed a further set of six Royal Mail postage stamps, released in October 2020, featuring insects.
| 316 |
Richard Lewington
| 0 |
11,086,020 |
# Richard Lewington
## Work
Richard Lewington\'s work and illustrations appear in the following works:
- *The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland*
- *Pocket Guide to the Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland*
- *The Butterflies of Britain and Ireland; Guide to Garden Wildlife*
- *Field Guide to the Dragonflies and Damselflies of Great Britain and Ireland*
- *Field Guide to the Dragonflies of Britain and Europe*
- *Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland*
- *Field Guide to the Micro-Moths of Great Britain and Ireland*
- *Concise Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland*
- *A Guide to House and Garden Spiders*
- *Guide to the Butterflies of Britain* (Field Studies Council Occasional Publications)
- *A Guide to the Day-flying Moths of Britain* (Folding chart)
- *Collins British Butterfly Guide* (Collins Pocket Guide)
- *The Natural History of Oak Tree*
- *Mitchell Beazley Pocket Guide to Butterflies*
- *Essential Entomology: An Order-by-Order Introduction*
- *Collins Butterfly Guide*
- *The Most Complete Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe* (Collins Guides)
- *How to Identify - Butterflies*
- *Guide des papillons d\'Europe et d\'Afrique du Nord : 440 espèces illustrées en 2000 dessins en couleurs*
- *Collins Field Guide - Butterflies of Britain and Europe*
- *Collins Butterfly Guide*
- *The Most Complete Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe*
- *The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland: Oecophoridae to Scythrididae* v. 4, Pts. 1 & 2
- *The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland: Lasiocampidae to Thyatiridae* v. 7, Pt. 2
- *The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland: Yponomeutidae to Elachistidae* v
| 281 |
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| 1 |
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# Matti Murto
**Matti Erkki Olavi Murto** (9 April 1949 - 19 August 2013) was a professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for HIFK. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1991
| 41 |
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| 0 |
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# Wheeling Island Hotel-Casino-Racetrack
**Wheeling Island Hotel-Casino-Racetrack** (formerly **Wheeling Downs**) is a greyhound racino located on Wheeling Island in the middle of the Ohio River, which is a part of the city of Wheeling, West Virginia. It is located just off the Wheeling Island exit of I-70, about two hours east of Columbus, Ohio. The casino is also located approximately one hour southwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Since January 2023, Wheeling Island is one of only two live greyhound tracks in the United States, along with Mardi Gras Casino and Resort in Nitro, West Virginia. Both are owned by Delaware North.
## History
Wheeling Downs began its life as a thoroughbred horse race track in 1937 and continued in that capacity until a 1962 fire heavily damaged the property, keeping it closed for the next 5 years. When it reopened, it switched to standardbred harness racing. During this period, attendance at the park languished.
Greyhound racing was introduced in August 1976, in order to boost both attendance and revenue. It was at this point that horse races ended. During the 1980s, Wheeling Downs ranked third or fourth in the country in amounts wagered in the then 42 dog tracks around the country.
Slot machines first arrived in 1994. In June 2007, as revenue from greyhound racing declined, Ohio County voters approved a referendum permitting table games. These were rolled out in phases later that year, with poker first appearing on October 19 and the other games on December 20.
From fall 2012 to 2015, the casino served as the site of the Wheeling Jamboree, the second oldest country music radio broadcast in the United States after the *Grand Ole Opry*.
## Ownership
The Ogden Corporation bought the track in 1969, and were the ones who introduced greyhound racing. In 1988, Ogden sold Wheeling Downs to Delaware North, a global food service and hospitality company headquartered in Buffalo, New York. From 1994 to 2001, Delaware North co-owned Wheeling Downs with Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel.
## Current Facility {#current_facility}
As of 2024, Wheeling Island Casino features slot machines, which are marketed under the term \'video lottery\' in West Virginia, live greyhound racing, and off-track betting for both greyhound and horse racing. In addition, there are table games including poker, blackjack, craps, and roulette. Wheeling Island features several restaurants and food operations as well, in addition to live concerts and boxing.
Greyhound racing is conducted each afternoon from Wednesday through Sunday at 1 PM, with Monday and Tuesday being dark days without racing. Each day\'s racing program consists of between 15 and 20 races. Spectators are admitted free and races can also be streamed online.
The facility has a \"tropical\" theme, with a logo features a palm tree and tropical colors, although Wheeling Island is located far from the tropics. However, Wheeling Island, a low-lying area surrounded by the Ohio River, is prone to flooding. Consequently, the casino floor is elevated some ten-and-one-half feet above ground level, in an attempt to avoid flooding in the event of a hundred-year flood
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11,086,068 |
# USS Ruddy
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``
| 19 |
USS Ruddy
| 0 |
11,086,092 |
# Minolta Dimage 5
The **Minolta DiMAGE 5** is a \"pro-sumer\" digital bridge camera, utilising both an electronic viewfinder and LCD back. It is capable of capturing images at 3.3 megapixel range.
The DiMAGE 5 was announced 11 February 2001. The Dimage 5 is the middle-range model, with the same sophisticated controls as Dimage 7, but a smaller 3.34-megapixel CCD and an expanded 35-250mm equivalent lens (due to the smaller CCD). The camera uses a 2048 x 1536 pixel sensor and has a fixed 7x optical zoom lens. In designing the Dimage 5 and 7 Minolta have aimed to create SLR-type handling characteristics. The electronic viewfinder, manual zoom, and manual focus ring make the whole user experience more akin to an SLR. Minolta DiMAGE 5 it uses manual zoom (grey rubber with numbers), this saves battery power, and it gives added control. The focussing ring, being at the base of the lens, makes manual focussing function easy to control. Conveniently placed on the lens is the macro switch, which can only be used when the lens is fully extended
| 179 |
Minolta Dimage 5
| 0 |
11,086,100 |
# Deryck Harrison
**Deryck William Harrison** (born 3 November 1943) is an Irish former cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he played eleven times for the Ireland cricket team between 1978 and 1980, including two first-class matches and one List A match.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Harrison made his debut for Ireland against Denmark in July 1978 and made his first-class debut against Scotland the following month. His next match was against FW Millett\'s XI in July 1979, scoring 74 not out in the Irish first innings, his highest score for Ireland.
He continued that year with matches against the MCC, Wales and Worcestershire in addition to a second, and final, first-class match against Scotland. His international career then came to an end in 1980, playing against the MCC, twice against the West Indies before his final game against Middlesex at Lord\'s, a Gillette Cup match that was his only List A appearance.
In relation to the Irish Premier League, Deryck continued to play for Waringstown Cricket Club up until the 1993 season ended.
## Statistics
In all matches for Ireland, Harrison scored 265 runs at an average of 24.09. He scored two half-centuries.
## Family
Harrison came from a cricketing family. His brothers Garfield, Jim and Roy all represented Ireland at cricket, as did his brother-in-law Eddie Bushe and his nephew Jonathan Bushe
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# Nasira Iqbal
**Justice** **Nasira Javid Iqbal** (*ناصرہ جاوید اِقبال}}*) is a Pakistani jurist and law professor who served as a justice of the Lahore High Court from 1994 to 2002.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Nasira Iqbal has a degree in intellectual property law from Punjab University, a Master of Laws degree (*cum laude*) from Harvard Law School, and a Master of Laws from Punjab University. As a legal scholar, she has lectured around the world and represented Pakistan at various international forums.
She was one of the first five women to be appointed to the Lahore High Court, where she served as a justice from 1994 to 2002. She is also the president of an activist group, the Concerned Citizens of Pakistan Society (CCP). Among other honors, she received the Fatima Jinnah Medal for Women\'s Rights in 2006, the Woman of the Year Star Award in 2007, and the Wonder Woman Award in 2011.
Iqbal has been a member of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan, the Law and Justice Commission of Pakistan, and the Pakistani delegation to the Human Rights Commission in Geneva. She is also a former president of the Lahore High Court Bar Association. Currently, she is a member of the executive committee of the Public Interest Law Association of Pakistan (PILAP); an honorary legal advisor to the International Women\'s Club, Lahore, and the All Pakistan Women\'s Association, Punjab; a trustee of Transparency International; and a member of the Pakistan Women Lawyers\' Association.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Nasira Iqbal was married to Javid Iqbal-- a former chief justice of the Lahore High Court, member of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, and son of the poet and philosopher Muhammad Iqbal --until his death on 3 October 2015
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# Brazil–Russia relations
**Brazil--Russia relations** have seen significant improvement in recent years, characterized by increased commercial trades and cooperation in military and technology segments. The two countries maintain important partnerships in areas such as space, military technologies, and telecommunications.
According to a 2017 report by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, 35% of Brazilians have a favorable view of Russia, while 36% expressed an unfavorable view.
Both Brazil and Russia are members of BRICS, a group of major emerging economies which prior to 1 January 2024 included Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. After 1 January it now also includes Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates, and from 6 January 2025 Indonesia as well.
## History
Diplomatic relations between Brazil and Russia were initiated on 3 October 1828, making Brazil the first South American and first Latin American country with formalized tied to Russia. In 1876, the Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II, paid a private visit to Russia.
The diplomatic relations were interrupted twice: in 1917, after the October Revolution (being re-established on 2 April 1945), and in 1947 due to the right-wing government of the Field Marshal Eurico Gaspar Dutra (re-established in 1961, during the government of Jânio Quadros).
Brazil maintained a neutral but distant relationship with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Their bilateral relations were limited to commercial trade and cooperation agreements of minimal importance. In 1988, José Sarney made the first official visit of a Brazilian Head of State to the USSR.
With the fall of the Soviet Union and the subsequent birth of the Russian Federation, talks between the two nations increased. Brazil was one of the first countries to recognize the Russian Federation as the legal successor of the Soviet Union (December 26, 1991). In 1994, Celso Amorim made the first official visit of a Brazilian Foreign Minister to Russia.
Since then, bilateral relations between Russia and Brazil have been characterized by the positive dynamics of political contacts at all levels. In 1997 the Russian-Brazilian Commission of High Level of Cooperation (CAN) was created, headed by the Head of Government of the Russian Federation and the Vice-President of the Federative Republic of Brazil and regulated by the *Brazil-Russia Cooperation Treaty,* signed on 21 November 1997. Its operational mechanism is the Intergovernmental Cooperation Commission (CIC).
In June 2000, the two countries signed the Basic Agreement on partnership relations. In 2001, a high-level committee headed by then Vice-President of Brazil Marco Maciel, and then Prime minister of Russia Mikhail Kasyanov, established several long-term bilateral treaties, initiating a strategic partnership between the two countries, and creating the *Brazilian-Russian Governmental Commission*. In 2002, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso made an official visit to Russia when the \"Strategic Partnership\" between the two countries was celebrated. The following year, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Igor Ivanov visited Brazil.
Continuing that path, another Vice-President of Brazil, José Alencar, travelled to Moscow in September 2003 to meet with Russian President Vladimir Putin and his senior cabinet members. The two countries signed the *Brazil-Russia Military Technology and Transfer Pact*, an important agreement in the area of space technology, missile defence, and military weapons transfer.
In response to an invitation made by then Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Vladimir Putin made a state visit to Brazil on November 22, 2004, being the first visit of a Russian President in the history of bilateral relations, when the \"Technological Alliance\" was celebrated between the two countries. On 18 October 2005, during a state visit of President Lula to Moscow, the two heads of state signed the bilateral *Brazil-Russia Strategic Alliance, a*s well as an agreement that made it possible for the Brazilian Space Agency to send the first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos Pontes, into space aboard Soyuz TMA-8.
In 2006, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov visited Brazil, when the Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Mechanism for Political Dialogue and Cooperation between Mercosur and the Russian Federation was signed. On 26 November 2008, during a state visit of then President Dmitry Medvedev to Brazil, the two countries signed agreements on visa exemption, and cooperation in the aerospace, nuclear and defence industries.
The second BRIC summit was held in Brasília, following the first in Russia.
In 2012 President Dilma Rousseff visited Russia. The following year, 185 years were completed since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Brazil. On this occasion the Russian Foreign Minister and his Brazilian counterpart exchanged messages of congratulations, emphasizing coincidence of positions in the international arena and importance of future development of cooperation. Both countries advocate observance of human rights, democratic values, respect for national sovereignty, primacy of international law, reform of institutes of global economic and financial governance, and consolidation of the central role of the United Nations Security Council.
In 2014 the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, visited Brazil to participate in the VI BRICS Summit. The following year the Brazilian President, Dilma Rousseff, participated in the VII BRICS Summit in Ufá.
In 2017 the President of Brazil, Michel Temer, paid a visit to Russia. A series of acts were signed, including:
- Joint Declaration of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Russian Federation on Strategic Dialogue for Foreign Policy;
- Political Consultation Plan Between the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for 2018--2021;
- Memorandum of Understanding Between the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Russian Ministry of Economic Development in the Area of Economic and Investment Cooperation;
- Protocol Between the Brazilian Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade and the Russian Federal Customs Service on Cooperation, Information, Exchanges and Mutual Assistance about the Uniform System of Tariff Preferences of the Eurasian Economic Union;
- Memorandum of Understanding between the Brazilian Federal Revenue Secretariat, the Brazilian Ministry of Finance, and the Russian Federal Customs Service on the Exchange of Information on Goods and Vehicles Circulating between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Russian Federation.
In February 2022, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro visited Russia. He met Russian President Vladimir Putin. At the centre of the talks, the economic alliance between the two countries since Russia is a major purchaser of Brazilian beef, while Russia supplies significant amounts of potash fertilizer to the Brazilian nation. According to the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Brazil has been identified as a strategic partner in Latin America, which includes military cooperation. Both President Bolsonaro and aspiring president Lula da Silva sought close relations with Russia on all levels of government. Bolsonaro stated that Brazil was in "solidarity" with Russia. The Russian Federation likewise emphasized the \'pragmatic approach\' of bilateral relations that put ideological differences aside.
In February 2022, Brazil voted in favor of a draft United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Russia\'s invasion of Ukraine. However, Bolsonaro declined to condemn Russian\'s invasion of Ukraine. Bolsonaro stated, \"Brazil will not take sides.\" In July 2022, Bolsonaro opposed sanctions on Russia following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and stated that Russia backed Brazil\'s position on the sovereignty of the Amazon.
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# Brazil–Russia relations
## Current relations {#current_relations}
In recent years, the relationship between the countries has been widened through visits by senior officials, multilateral dialogue (UN, G-20, BRICS), and increased trade and cooperation, especially in aerospace and technical-military matters.
The two countries are committed to achieving US\$10 billion in trade. In 2012, the bilateral exchange registered almost US\$6 billion. The number of Brazilian companies installed in Russia has grown significantly. Cooperation in sanitary and phytosanitary matters has advanced, benefiting the trade of meat as Russia is one of the largest importers of beef and pork produced in Brazil.
Brazil and Russia have converging positions on many issues on the international agenda, sharing the conviction that it is necessary to reform the structures of global governance, with a view to building an institutional architecture more consistent with the contemporary world.
The consolidation of the BRICS grouping is one of the axes of relations between Brazil and Russia. Initially seen as a purely economic concept, BRICS presents itself today as a platform for political coordination in proposing solutions to international challenges. Both countries are committed to advancing two BRICS cooperation projects - the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement.
Cultural cooperation is also a sizeable aspect of the bilateral relationship. Since 2008, annual editions of the Brazilian Film Festival have been held in Russia. Russia has contributed to the training of Brazilian dancers, within the framework of the partnership created when the Bolshoi Ballet School branch opened in the city of Joinville (2001). The prospect of expanding the network of Portuguese and Russian languages in the main Russian and Brazilian universities demonstrates the growing mutual interest of students. Brazil has an embassy in Moscow and Russia has an embassy in Brasilia.
In May 2022, Lula placed blame on Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy for Russia\'s invasion of Ukraine, saying \"This guy is as responsible as Putin for the war\". Lula also repeatedly attacked NATO and the European Union as having caused the war. He accused NATO of \"claiming for itself the right to install military bases in the vicinity of another country\".
After Germany appealed to Lula to provide military aid to Ukraine by selling it arms, Lula refused.
In March 2023, Brazilian Foreign Minister Mauro Vieira said Putin would face the risk of arrest if he entered Brazil. In April 2023, Brazil President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva initially condemned Russia\'s violation of Ukraine\'s territorial integrity and said Russia should withdraw from Ukrainian territory it has occupied since February 2022. He said Brazil advocates a \"negotiated political solution to the conflict\" and expressed \"concern\" about the \"global consequences\" of the war \"in terms of food and energy security, especially in the poorest regions of the planet.\" Lula later suggested however that Ukraine could \"give up Crimea\" in exchange for peace and Russia\'s withdrawal from the Ukrainian territory it occupied after February 2022.
In December 2023, Lula said he would invite Vladimir Putin to the BRICS and G20 summits in Brazil. Due to Brazil being a signatory of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Putin could be placed under arrest by the Brazilian authorities if he sets foot on Brazil\'s territory. Lula said Putin could be arrested in Brazil, but that would be the decision of Brazil\'s independent courts, not his government. In February 2024, he was visited by Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov. In May 2025, Lula attended the Victory Day parade in Moscow.
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# Brazil–Russia relations
## Common membership in international organizations {#common_membership_in_international_organizations}
BIS • BRICS • IAEA • IBRD • ICAO • ICRM • IDA • IFC • IFRCS • IHO • ILO • IMF • IMO • Inmarsat • Intelsat • Interpol • IOC • IOM • ISO • ITU • LAIA • NSG • PCA • UN • UNCTAD • UNESCO • UNHCR • UNIDO • UNITAR • UNTAET • UNWTO • UPU • WCO • WHO • WIPO • WMO
## Resident diplomatic Missions {#resident_diplomatic_missions}
Of Brazil
- Moscow (Embassy)
Of Russia
- Brasília (Embassy)
- Rio de Janeiro (Consulate-General)
- São Paulo (Consulate-General)
<File:Lopatina> House. Residence of Brazilian Embassador in Moscow.jpg\|Embassy of Brazil in Moscow <File:Consulado> Geral Rússia Rio de Janeiro
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# Tom Vaughan (actor)
**Tom Vaughan** (born 4 August 1985) is an English television actor, best known for playing the part of Spike, a DJ and love interest of John Paul McQueen in the British Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks* from March to August 2007.
## Early career {#early_career}
Vaughan was born Thomas Ian Clements in Stafford. He attended Blessed William Howard High School in Stafford, England. He has been acting since the age of 8 and appeared in TV ads for Kellogg\'s Frosties as a child. He trained at the Stafford Gatehouse Youth Theatre.
He has appeared in a number of Shakespeare\'s works professionally both in open and closed venues, including *The Taming of The Shrew*, *The Comedy of Errors* and *Richard III*.
He has also appeared in a number of short films including *Doris The Builder*, *Tessa*, *Last Round* and *Desire To Kill*, and had minor parts in *Dalziel and Pascoe*, *Doctors* and *Emmerdale*.
## Other roles {#other_roles}
From 15 December 2007 to 6 January 2008, Vaughan appeared in pantomime at The Assembly Hall Theatre, Tunbridge Wells as Prince Charming in *Cinderella*.
On 22 September 2008 he appeared as Terry Webster, the arresting officer in the case of the \"Gay Slayer\" Colin Ireland in the ITV docudrama *Real Crime: Serial Killer on Camera*.
He briefly reprised his role as Spike in *Hollyoaks* in late November 2008.
## Music career {#music_career}
Vaughan was a member of The Take That Experience, a Take That tribute act, for 10 years, playing the role of Robbie Williams. During Vaughan\'s time in The Take That Experience, he performed to thousands of fans across the UK and Europe.
In 2021, Vaughan left The Take That Experience to pursue his solo music career. In June that year, he released a single, \"Satellites\".
Following this, he released \"Killing the Kindness\" in August 2021, which hit No. 68 in the UK charts
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# Sébastien Chabaud
**Sébastien Chabaud** (born 9 March 1977) is a French former football player who used to play in the Belgian Jupiler League. His usual position was midfielder.
## Teams
- 1995-2000: AS Cannes
- 2000-2003: AS Nancy
- 2003-2006: Charleroi
- 2006-2007: Gimnàstic de Tarragona
- 2007-2008: Germinal Beerschot
- 2008--2010: Charleroi
Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:French men\'s footballers Category:AS Cannes players Category:AS Nancy Lorraine players Category:Royal Charleroi S.C. players Category:La Liga players Category:Gimnàstic de Tarragona footballers Category:Beerschot A.C
| 81 |
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| 0 |
11,086,193 |
# Annie Gariepy
**Annie Gariepy** (born May 12, 1975 in Bromont, Québec) was a member of the Canadian cycling team and she cycled for the American team Auto Trader. Gariepy was the only Canadian on the team, with her teammates including Sarah Ulmer, Susie Pryde, Kim Smith and WFP Shuster. She left Team Auto Trader at the beginning of 2002 when she passed over to team Trek More.
Gariepy underwent a complete rebuilding of the knee in May 2001 and that it had carried out a return to the competition at the Great Female Price of Quebec in August 2001. She won a bronze for Women\'s 24 km Points Race at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
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# Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977)
**Justin Mark Miller** (August 27, 1977 -- June 26, 2013) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Toronto Blue Jays, Florida Marlins, San Francisco Giants, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chiba Lotte Marines. Miller was the inspiration for the \"Justin Miller rule\" requiring pitchers with arm tattoos to wear long-sleeved shirts.
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
Miller played in the 1992 Little League World Series with Torrance and played high school baseball with Torrance High School, where he was first team All-State and Conference player of the year as a Senior. He attended Los Angeles Harbor College and was a Junior College All-American in 1997.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Colorado Rockies {#colorado_rockies}
Miller was drafted by the Colorado Rockies in the 5th round of the 1997 MLB Draft and made his professional debut with the short-season Class A Portland Rockies, helping them win the Northwest League championship. He then moved up to the Asheville Tourists (Class A) in 1998 and the Salem Avalanche (Class A Advanced) in 1999.
### Oakland Athletics {#oakland_athletics}
Miller was traded by the Rockies to the Oakland Athletics on Dec. 13, 1999 (along with Henry Blanco) for Scott Karl and Jeff Cirillo. He spent most of 2000 and 2001 with the AAA Sacramento River Cats of the Pacific Coast League.
### Toronto Blue Jays {#toronto_blue_jays}
Miller was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays on December 7, 2001 (along with Eric Hinske) for Billy Koch. He made his Major League debut on April 12, 2002, for the Blue Jays against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He pitched `{{frac|2|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings of relief, hitting the first two batters he faced, and allowing a total of four hits and one run. He made his first ML start on April 27 against the Anaheim Angels, but lasted only `{{frac|3|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings while giving up four runs. He appeared in 25 games with the Blue Jays in 2002, starting 18 of them and finishing 9--5 with a 5.54 ERA. He missed most of the 2003 season with a shoulder injury and returned in 2004, when he appeared in 19 games for the Blue Jays (15 starts) and went 3--4 with a 6.06 ERA. He then spent most of 2005 with the AAA Syracuse SkyChiefs, appearing in only one game for the Blue Jays.
### Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Chiba Lotte Marines {#tampa_bay_devil_rayschiba_lotte_marines}
He signed as a minor league free agent with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2006 and appeared in five games for their AAA affiliate, the Durham Bulls. He was then released and played for the Chiba Lotte Marines in Japan, pitching in twelve games.
### Florida Marlins {#florida_marlins}
After a three-game stint with the Philadelphia Phillies AAA affiliate, the Ottawa Lynx, Miller signed a minor-league contract with the Florida Marlins.
He started the season at Triple-A Albuquerque and was recalled by the Marlins on May 19, 2007, after an injury to Ricky Nolasco. Although Miller had been a starter in previous seasons, the Marlins used him to fill a relief role, with former closer Byung-hyun Kim taking Nolasco\'s spot in the starting rotation. The Marlins released him on October 3, `{{mlby|2008}}`{=mediawiki}.
### San Francisco Giants {#san_francisco_giants}
On November 1, 2008, the San Francisco Giants signed him to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. After an injury to Joe Martinez, he was added to the Giants roster and appeared in 44 games out of the bullpen (long relief), 3-3, with a 3.18 ERA, for the Giants in 2009.
### Los Angeles Dodgers {#los_angeles_dodgers}
Miller was signed to a minor league contract which included an invitation to spring training by the Los Angeles Dodgers on December 4, `{{By|2009}}`{=mediawiki}. He was assigned to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes to start the season. His contract was purchased by the Dodgers on May 27. He appeared in 19 games with the Dodgers, compiling a 4.44 ERA. He was designated for assignment on July 23. He cleared waivers and was reassigned to Albuquerque. In 32 games for the Isotopes in 2010, he had a 1.95 ERA. He was granted free agency on October 6.
### Seattle Mariners {#seattle_mariners}
On November 17, 2010, Miller signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. He was released by Seattle April 25, 2011.
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# Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977)
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Texas Rangers {#texas_rangers}
Miller signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers April 29. He was later released by the Rangers on June 6, 2011.
### Return to Dodgers {#return_to_dodgers}
On July 4, 2011, Miller signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He pitched in three games for the Albuquerque Isotopes, walking four and allowing two runs in `{{frac|1|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings for a 10.80 ERA. He was released on July 25.
## Death
Miller was found dead in his Palm Harbor home on June 26, 2013. A cause of death was not announced. Miller had two sons, and had been married to Jessica for 15 years.
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# Justin Miller (baseball, born 1977)
## Tattoos
Miller was known for his many tattoos. In a move sometimes called the \"Justin Miller Rule\", Major League Baseball told Miller that he had to wear a long-sleeved shirt under his jersey whenever he was playing because hitters complained about being \"distracted\" by Miller\'s sleeve tattoos
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| 2 |
11,086,216 |
# Claire Cooper
**Claire Elizabeth Cooper** (born 26 October 1980) is a British actress and former gymnast from Wakefield, England, best known for portraying Jacqui McQueen in the Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks*, a character she played full time from 2006 to 2013 and returned to for one episode in 2023.
In 2010, Cooper opened a clothing rental boutique called The Closet in Liverpool with *Hollyoaks* co-stars Jennifer Metcalfe and Leah Hackett.
## Early life {#early_life}
Cooper was a British champion gymnast for 10 years.
Cooper attended the Guildford School of Acting.
## Career
Cooper has appeared in various British television shows, including a two-part episode on *Waking the Dead* in 2004. She has also made appearances on *Coronation Street* and *Waterloo Road*.
Cooper made her on-screen debut as Jacqui McQueen in *Hollyoaks* in September 2006. She played the character for several years, including in spin-offs *Hollyoaks Later* in 2009 and *Hollyoaks: King of Hearts* in 2010. She departed from the cast in 2013, but made a cameo appearance in an episode in 2023.
In 2016, Cooper played the part of Claire in the second series of *In the Club*. Cooper co-owns clothing rental boutique The Closet in Liverpool with *Hollyoaks* co-stars Jennifer Metcalfe and Leah Hackett.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Cooper married *Hollyoaks* co-star Emmett J. Scanlan in 2015. On 8 May 2020, she announced she was pregnant with their first child. On 18 July, she gave birth to a boy named Ocean. On 12 November 2022, she gave birth to their second child, a daughter named Fiáin.
## Filmography
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
+==================+================================================+=====================+=======================================================+
| 1999 | *Red Dwarf* | 50s woman\ | Series 8: Episode 5 |
| | | /(uncredited) | |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2004 | *Waking The Dead* | Audrey Clayton | Series 4: Episodes 1 and 2 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2006 | *Waterloo Road* | Zoe Ramsden | Series 1: Episode 3 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Coronation Street* | Anya Spader | Series 47: Episode 161 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2006--2013, 2023 | *Hollyoaks* | Jacqui McQueen | Series regular, 533 episodes |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2007 | *Most Haunted* | Herself | Episode - Most Haunted Live at Halloween: Tatton Park |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2008 | *All Star Family Fortunes* | Herself | Episode -- *Hollyoaks* vs *Emmerdale* |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *This Morning* | Herself | Series 20: Episode 4900 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Big Brother\'s Big Mouth* | Herself | Series 10: Episode 2 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *The Hollyoaks Music Show* | Jacqui McQueen | Series 13: Episode 60 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack* | Celebrity HiJacker\ | Series 1: Episodes 22 and 23 |
| | | /Herself | |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2009 | *Hollyoaks Later* | Jacqui McQueen | Series 2: Episodes 1--5 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Strictly Come Dancing* | Herself | Round 6 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ready, Steady, Cook* | Herself | Series 20: Episode 9 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2010 | *Derren Brown Investigates* | Herself | Episode - The Man Who Contacts The Dead |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Hollyoaks: King of Hearts* | Jacqui McQueen | Late night special one-off episode |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2011 | *Hollyoaks Best Bits 2011* | Herself | Television film |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2014 | *From There to Here* | Matilda | Two episodes |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2014 | *Scott & Bailey* | Jenny Redhead | Series 4: Episode 5 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2015 | *A.D. The Bible Continues* | Herodias | Six episodes |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2016 | *In the Club* | Claire | Series 2 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Six Wives with Lucy Worsley* | Anne Boleyn | Two episodes |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2017 | *12 Monkeys* | Eliza | One episode |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Love, Lies & Records* | Sarah | One episode |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2019 | *Knightfall* | Sister Anne | Series 2 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2020 | *Strike Back* | Amy McAllister | Series 8: Episode 6 |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2022 | *The Peripheral* | Dominika Zubov | Co-Starring |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023 | *The Continental: From the World of John Wick* | Rosalind Davenport | 1 episode |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 2024 | *The Hardacres* | Mary Hardacre | Main lead 6 episodes |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
Cooper won Best Actress at British Soap Awards in 2013 and Best Family at *Inside Soap* Awards in 2009
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# Neapoli, Elis
**Neapoli** (*Νεάπολη*) is a village in the municipal unit of Vouprasia, Elis, Greece. It is located in the low hills west of the Movri hills, 5 km southeast of Varda, 4 km north of Nisi, 5 km west of Mataragka and 39 km north of Pyrgos
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11,086,228 |
# Box–Behnken design
In statistics, **Box--Behnken designs** are experimental designs for response surface methodology, devised by George E. P. Box and Donald Behnken in 1960, to achieve the following goals:
- Each factor, or independent variable, is placed at one of three equally spaced values, usually coded as −1, 0, +1. (At least three levels are needed for the following goal.)
- The design should be sufficient to fit a quadratic model, that is, one containing squared terms, products of two factors, linear terms and an intercept.
- The ratio of the number of experimental points to the number of coefficients in the quadratic model should be reasonable (in fact, their designs kept in the range of 1.5 to 2.6).
- The estimation variance should more or less depend only on the distance from the centre (this is achieved exactly for the designs with 4 and 7 factors), and should not vary too much inside the smallest (hyper)cube containing the experimental points. (See \"rotatability\" in \"[Comparisons of response surface designs](http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section3/pri3363.htm)\".)
Box-Behnken design is still considered to be more proficient and more powerful than other designs such as the three-level full factorial design, central composite design (CCD) and Doehlert design, despite its poor coverage of the corner of nonlinear design space.
The design with 7 factors was found first while looking for a design having the desired property concerning estimation variance, and then similar designs were found for other numbers of factors.
Each design can be thought of as a combination of a two-level (full or fractional) factorial design with an incomplete block design. In each block, a certain number of factors are put through all combinations for the factorial design, while the other factors are kept at the central values. For instance, the Box--Behnken design for 3 factors involves three blocks, in each of which 2 factors are varied through the 4 possible combinations of high and low. It is necessary to include centre points as well (in which all factors are at their central values).
In this table, *m* represents the number of factors which are varied in each of the blocks.
: {\| class=\"wikitable\"
!factors\|\|m\|\|no. of blocks\|\|factorial pts. per block\|\|total with 1 centre point\|\|typical total with extra centre points\|\|no. of coefficients in quadratic model \|- \| 3\|\|2\|\| 3\|\| 4\|\| 13\|\|15, 17\|\|10 \|- \| 4\|\|2\|\| 6\|\| 4\|\| 25\|\|27, 29\|\|15 \|- \| 5\|\|2\|\|10\|\| 4\|\| 41\|\|46\|\|21 \|- \| 6\|\|3\|\| 6\|\| 8\|\| 49\|\|54\|\|28 \|- \| 7\|\|3\|\| 7\|\| 8\|\| 57\|\|62\|\|36 \|- \| 8\|\|4\|\|14\|\| 8\|\|113\|\|120\|\|45 \|- \| 9\|\|3\|\|12\|\| 8\|\| 97\|\|105\|\|55 \|- \|10\|\|4\|\|10\|\|16\|\|161\|\|170\|\|66 \|- \|11\|\|5\|\|11\|\|16\|\|177\|\|188\|\|78 \|- \|12\|\|4\|\|12\|\|16\|\|193\|\|204\|\|91 \|- \|16\|\|4\|\|24\|\|16\|\|385\|\|396\|\|153 \|}
The design for 8 factors was not in the original paper. Taking the 9 factor design, deleting one column and any resulting duplicate rows produces an 81 run design for 8 factors, while giving up some \"rotatability\" (see above). Designs for other numbers of factors have also been invented (at least up to 21). A design for 16 factors exists having only 256 factorial points. Using Plackett--Burmans to construct a 16 factor design (see below) requires only 221 points.
Most of these designs can be split into groups (blocks), for each of which the model will have a different constant term, in such a way that the block constants will be uncorrelated with the other coefficients.
## Extended uses {#extended_uses}
These designs can be augmented with positive and negative \"axial points\", as in central composite designs, but, in this case, to estimate univariate cubic and quartic effects, with length α = min(2, (int(1.5 + *K*/4))^1/2^), for *K* factors, roughly to approximate original design points\' distances from the centre.
Plackett--Burman designs can be used, replacing the fractional factorial and incomplete block designs, to construct smaller or larger Box--Behnkens, in which case, axial points of length *α* = ((*K* + 1)/2)^1/2^ better approximate original design points\' distances from the centre. Since each column of the basic design has 50% 0s and 25% each +1s and −1s, multiplying each column, *j*, by *σ*(*X*~*j*~)·2^1/2^ and adding *μ*(*X*~*j*~) prior to experimentation, under a general linear model hypothesis, produces a \"sample\" of output Y with correct first and second moments of *Y*
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