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# Forward Operating Base Grizzly
**FOB Grizzly** (formerly FOB Spartan, FOB Red Lion and FOB Barbarian) was a U.S. Army Forward Operating Base located within Camp Ashraf, Diyala province, Iraq. It was located near Al Khalis, approximately 20 kilometers (12.4 mi) west of the Iranian border and 60 km north of Baghdad.
The FOB was named after the callsign for the 49th Military Police Battalion. They were in charge of the FOB from October 2005 until October 2006 and their call sign was \"Grizzly\" dubbed after the California Grizzly Bear on the State Flag, TASK FORCE 49, 49th Military Police Battalion and Forward Operating Base Commander, LTC Anthony Palumbo and CSM Paul George conducted operations with over 2,000 U.S. and Coalition and 300 Contract employees
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# Jessica Helfand
**Jessica Helfand** (born 1960 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an artist, writer, and designer. A founding editor of the Design Observer, she is the author of numerous books on visual and cultural criticism.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in Philadelphia, Helfand was raised in Paris and New York City and graduated from George School in Newtown, Pennsylvania, in 1978. She received her BA (in graphic design and architectural theory) in 1982 and her MFA (in graphic design) in 1989, both from Yale University. She is the daughter of the late collector William H. Helfand.
## Career
From 1982 until 1986 Helfand wrote soap operas for Procter & Gamble, and eventually became a junior scriptwriter on CBS's *Guiding Light*. That year, *Guiding Light* won the [Daytime Emmy for best writing.](https://www.soapcentral.com/daytime-emmys/archives/winners_writing.php)
In 1990 she was appointed design director for the *Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine*, and three years later, she started her own studio. In 1997 she joined her late husband, William Drenttel, to start Winterhouse which they co-directed until Drenttel's death in 2013.
For more than twenty years, Helfand taught at Yale University, where she was senior critic in graphic design, the artist in residence at the Yale Institute for Network Science, a faculty affiliate in the history of science and medicine, and a lecturer in Yale College. From 2009 to 2016 she taught two freshman seminars \"Studies in Visual Biography\" and [\"Blue,\"](https://news.yale.edu/2014/04/16/creative-classroom-seminar-immerses-freshmen-many-things-blue). Then, from 2016 to 2018 she taught [design at Yale School of Management.](https://www.fastcompany.com/3060941/why-business-schools-need-design-and-vice-versa) "We will approach it as one might a second language," she explained, "introducing theory and practice, defining visual grammar, reframing expression, construction, and craft."
With Andrew Howard and Hamish Muir, Helfand was a co-founder of the [summer editorial course](https://portodesignsummerschool.com/news) in Porto, Portugal. She was a visiting professor at [Wesleyan University](https://owaprod-pub.wesleyan.edu/reg/!wesmaps_page.html?stuid=&crse=013608&term=1129) (2012) and at Paris College of Art (2014). In 2019, she was appointed visiting professor at the University of Hertfordshire in the UK.
Helfand and her late partner William Drenttel founded Winterhouse Studio --- a design studio, institute, publishing imprint, and foundation --- in 1997. Alongside William Drenttel, she held the first Henry Wolf Residency at the American Academy in Rome in 2010.
In 2003, along with Michael Bierut and Rick Poynor, they launched the Design Observer blog and [website](https://designobserver.com/). With Michael Bierut, Helfand cohosted 132 episodes of *The Observatory* (2014 to 2019); in 2016, they launched a second podcast, *The Design of Business \| The Business of Design*, which spawned an annual conference by the same name. Fortune Senior Editor Ellen McGirt took over as the show\'s new co-host in the fall of 2019.
Helfand has written for many national publications, including the *Los Angeles Times Book Review*, *Aperture, and The New Republic*. She is the author of numerous books on design and cultural criticism, including *Paul Rand: American Modernist* (1998), *Screen: Essays on Graphic Design, New Media and Visual Culture* (2001) and *Reinventing the Wheel* (2002), which formed the basis for an exhibit in 2004 at the Grolier Club in New York City. Her critically acclaimed *Scrapbooks: An American History* (Yale University Press, 2008) was named \"the best of this year's gift books\" by *The New York Times*. *Design: The Invention of Desire*, was published in 2016 by Yale University Press. *Culture is Not Always Popular*, a fifteen-year anthology of Design Observer was co-edited by Michael Bierut and Jarrett Fuller, and was published by MIT Press in 2018. Face: *A Visual Odyssey* was published in 2019, also by MIT Press. In 2021 her book *Self-Reliance* was published by Thames & Hudson.
Appointed by the postmaster general to the U.S. Citizens Stamp Advisory Committee in 2006, Helfand chaired the Design Subcommittee until 2012. She was a 2018 Director's Guest at Civitella Ranieri, a 2019 fellow at the Bogliasco Foundation, and [the 2020 Artist in Residence at the California Institute of Technology](https://thisis.caltech.edu/news/conversation-jessica-helfand).
## Artificial intelligence {#artificial_intelligence}
As a comparatively early practitioner working with technology in her studio practice, Helfand has been invited to participate in several conversations about AI and its relationship to the creative process. She [spoke](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wmDLe1TnTc&t=900s&ab_channel=CooperHewitt) at Cooper Hewitt in 2019 as part of an exhibition featured in that year's London Design Biennale ([which took top honors](https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/cooper-hewitt-bring-its-award-winning-face-values-installation-new-york)); at [Caltech in 2023](https://www.caltech.edu/campus-life-events/calendar/visual-culture-seminar-helfand-jang), and later that same year, in an [online symposium](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDV_W42YNrI&ab_channel=RoyalCollegeofArt) sponsored by the Royal College of Art in London. As an visual artist, she has spoken widely about AI\'s potential to generate and gestate new ideas about form, particularly regarding her own [work in portraiture.](https://www.jessicahelfand.com/)
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# Jessica Helfand
## Painting and scholarship {#painting_and_scholarship}
In a 2021 lecture, Helfand [explained her practice](https://chicagographicdesign.club/programming/evidence-of-things-unseen/) this way:
*For me, painting is the act of bearing witness: adding dimension, shifting focus... a kind of photo-based, adaptive portraiture, reasserting an implicit, if hidden dignity to the people I paint. An anonymous subject is not a lost subject, but a noble one, with the enduring humanity that we can't help but recognize as our own.*
She elaborates further [on her website](https://www.theservicesociety.com/about).
*This work---the work of deep character study--- is enlivened by research in general, and by primary sources in particular: [letters](https://www.universityofgalway.ie/about-us/news-and-events/news-archive/2024/march/university-of-galway-launches-imirce-database-of-irish-american-emigrant-letters.html), [diaries](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/books/review/Dixler-t.html), photographs, and ephemera provide a kind of material affirmation, documentary evidence hinting at the contours of a person's imagined (but believable) human experience. The research here is rooted in the [words of others](https://hollis.harvard.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01HVD_ALMA211817907450003941&context=L&vid=HVD2&lang=en_US&search_scope=everything&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=everything&query=any,contains,models%20for%20movers). My observations are adapted from their experiences, not my own. (I sometimes say I paint like a method actor, and this is why.)*
Helfand's most recent exhibition, [*The Service Society*](https://www.jessicahelfand.com/service-society/)---a series of portraits based on the Irish domestic servants who were employed by a number of wealthy American families during the Gilded Age--- is informed by extensive archival research. A solo show of thirty-five of these paintings was held in the spring of 2024 at [Jim Kempner Fine Art](https://www.jimkempnerfineart.com/) in New York. The gallery featured eight new paintings as part of the INKMiami Art Fair, at Art Basel Miami later that same year.
## Design affiliations and awards {#design_affiliations_and_awards}
Helfand is a member of the *Alliance Graphique Internationale* and the Art Director's Hall of Fame. In 2013, she won the AIGA medal with her late partner William Drenttel.
## Books
- *Face: A Visual Odyssey*, MIT Press. (`{{ISBN|978-0262043427}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Culture is Not Always Popular*, with Michael Bierut, MIT Press. (`{{ISBN|978-0262039109}}`{=mediawiki})
- [*Design: The Invention of Desire*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bw1Suwu0CE&ab_channel=StrandBookStore), Yale University Press. (`{{ISBN|978-0300205091}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Scrapbooks: An American History*, Yale University Press. (`{{ISBN|978-0300126358}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Screen: Essays on Graphic Design, New Media, and Visual Culture*, with John Maeda, Princeton Architectural Press. (`{{ISBN|978-1568983103}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Reinventing the Wheel*, Princeton Architectural Press. (`{{ISBN|978-1568985961}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Looking Closer 3, Vol. 3: Classic Writings on Graphic Design* with Michael Bierut, Steven Heller and Rick Poynor, Allworth Press. (`{{ISBN|978-1581150223}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Paul Rand: American Modernist*, William Drenttel Editions. (`{{ISBN|978-1884381164}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Graphic Design America 2: The work of many of the best and brightest design firms from across the United States*, with DK Holland and Chip Kidd, Rockport Publishers
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# Brési
**Brési** or **Braisi** is beef which has been salted, dried and smoked, which is made in the canton of Jura and in Jura bernois in Switzerland and in the department of Doubs in France. It resembles Grisons Buendnerfleisch. Brési is most commonly served thinly sliced at the start of main meals, or else as a side dish with fondues.
Brési first appears in works on gastronomy from about the 15th century. Its name derives from its rich red colour reminiscent of brazilwood, the (at that time highly prized) Asian timber, which at about the same time gave its name also to Brazil
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# Incredibly Strange Wrestling
**Incredibly Strange Wrestling** (a.k.a. \"ISW\") was a San Francisco--based professional wrestling promotion, heavily influenced by lucha libre and punk rock. The event combined wrestling matches with performances by Punk, rockabilly, garage, psychobilly, and thrash metal bands.
Intended as an affectionate satire of Lucha Libre, *Incredibly Strange Wrestling* was created as a nightclub event by Johnny Legend and August Ragone juxtaposing satirical matches with live musical performances. ISW also featured many semi- and pro-wrestlers from the California circuits, and eventually showcased several professional Luchadores from Mexico. The promotion ran continuously from 1995 until the early 2000s.
## History
ISW came to fruition at the Transmission Theater, a now-defunct venue (a former Transmission Shop), located at 314 11th St., in San Francisco\'s South of Market District in 1995. It originated at an event at the DNA Lounge in 1990, \"The Sleazefest\", put together by future Hayride to Hell drummer Joey Myers, Wrestling/Music/Movie entrepreneur Johnny Legend, and local music/events promoter August Ragone. This show featured live music performances by The Mummies, The Phantom Surfers, and Johnny Legend and His Rockabilly Bastards, video presentations, and a Lucha Libre match between Ragone and future Hellbillys frontman, Barrie Evans. The Lucha Libre aspects were built upon with each subsequent Johnny Legend show at various venues around the Bay Area, until the early part of 1995, when they were tapped to do their first all-wrestling event.
Bret Kibele, a friend of Ragone\'s, who was working at the Paradise Lounge, informed him that club owner Robin Reichert was preparing to launch a new venue next door, and was looking for some good ideas to launch the new nightclub space. Ragone and Kibele pitched for a rotating monthly series of after-hours shows, which would include \"Masked Mexican Wrestling\" (Lucha Libre). Reichert told them to put together a show. Initially promoted as \"Rockabilly Wrestling\". Legend thus coined the moniker, \"Incredibly Strange Wrestling\", and sought permission from his friend, Ray Dennis Steckler, who directed *The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies*, who gave Legend his blessing. During the first summer, ISW went on the road for the West Coast leg of Lollapalooza \'95 (arranged by Legend via Perry Farrell).
Ragone and Kibele subsequently asked band manager, Audra Angeli-Morse (then employed at the Paradise Lounge), to come aboard and handle the business end of the show, while they and Legend, worked on the creative aspects. For reasons that are still unclear, Angeli-Morse forced out Legend, despite the protests of Ragone and Kibele. Eventually, Angeli-Morse started a takeover of the event, with Ragone and Kibele eventually parting ways with ISW (even though Angeli-Morse never bought them out, and they are still listed on the original Business License filed with the City and County of San Francisco in 1995). Ragone continued on with producing live events, including the *Greaseball* Rockabilly Music Festival, and several *Shock It To Me!* Classic Horror Film fests at the Castro Theatre, and authored *Eiji Tsuburaya: Master of Monsters* (Chronicle Books, 2007 & 2014), which received positive reviews (including from Time magazine). Kibele is married and currently resides in Washington.
After the split, Legend ran his own Los Angeles--based version of *Incredibly Strange Wrestling* and booked matches at Horror Conventions, such as Fangoria\'s Weekend of Horrors, in Southern California (covered in a Flipside magazine interview). During its heyday, Incredibly Strange Wrestling was a featured attraction during many Summer festival tours, including a low-budget U.S. club tour in 1997 headlined by Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, Vans\' Warped Tour in 2001, and the Deconstruction Tour (Europe) in 2003 with NOFX. After a long hiatus, the promotion announced some Summer Festival dates for 2007, but these events never materialized.
## Luchadores
Participants in ISW included El Homo Loco, who wore a pink tutu, and the Poontangler, a female wrestler who claimed to have many illegitimate children (and fought several "paternity suit" matches). The ISW also featured a Scientologist boy band who would provoke the largely counterculture crowd with pop songs about Dianetics named 69 Degrees. Other ISW creations included The Amazing Caltiki, The Ku Klux Klown, El Borracho Gigante, Cletus \"The Fetus\" Kincaid, The Abortionist, El Asesino Postal, El Fisico Nuclear, R.U.R. 2000, Anarchie, El Hijo de Executivo, Killer Kimera, Harley Racist, Vandal Drummond, La Chingona, The Inbred Abomination, Chango Loco, El Pollo Diablo, Americon Man, Libido Gigante, Macho Sasquatcho, The Mexican Viking, the lounge lizzard, L\'Empereur, The Cruiser, U.S. Steele, Risa de Muerte, and Count Dante. Most, but not all, of these names were coined by Legend. The promotion also presented outlandish gimmicks, such as the *Christians to the Lions* match where a cross-toting, ancient Christian named Jesus Cross fought a man in a lion suit, while the *Uncle N.A.M.B.L.A. vs. Lil' Timmy* match pitted a gigantic pedophile against a teenage boy. Dead Kennedys frontman Jello Biafra, local Shock Jock Dennis Erectus, 7 Seconds vocalist Kevin Seconds and Deadbolt and Swamp Angel bassist R.A. MacLean often played heel managers at ISW shows.
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# Incredibly Strange Wrestling
## Bands
Notable bands who performed at ISW shows during its height in the 1990s, include Mike Watt, NOFX, The Supersuckers, The Bomboras, The Dickies, Fear, The Ghastly Ones, Legendary Invisible Men, The Queers, Demented Are Go, The Donnas, Deadbolt, Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, and The Mad Capsule Markets
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# Alfred Gibbs Bourne
**Sir Alfred Gibbs Bourne** `{{postnominals|country=GBR|KCIE|FRS|FLS}}`{=mediawiki} DSc (8 August 1859, Lowestoft -- 14 July 1940, Dartmouth, Devon) was an English zoologist, botanist and educator who worked in India.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Bourne was the son of Rev. Alfred Bourne, secretary of the British Foreign School Society, and he joined the University College School after a liberal home education. Along with his contemporary Sydney J. Hickson, he was fascinated by the lectures of Ray Lankester. He later joined the University College in 1876 and attended the Royal School of Mines. In 1886, he went to Madras to join the Presidency College as Professor of Biology. He held this position until 1898 although he also held the positions of Registrar and Superintendent of the Madras Government Museum.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1895. In 1903 he was made Director of Public Instruction and he worked on changes in the secondary education system, being responsible for the introduction of the Secondary School Leaving Certificate System. After his retirement, he took charge as director of the Indian Institute of Science, holding this position from 1915 to 1921. He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1913.
He married Emily Tree Glaisher (or Glashier in some sources) in 1888. Lady Bourne (died 18 September 1954) was an acclaimed botanical artist and she teamed up with other artists at Kodaikanal to produce illustrations of the local flora. These illustrations were used in *The Flora of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hill-tops* by Philip Furley Fyson. A daughter married Stephen Cox of the Indian Forest Service
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# Dry Falls (North Carolina)
**Dry Falls**, also known as Upper Cullasaja Falls, is a 65 ft waterfall located in the Nantahala National Forest, northwest of Highlands, North Carolina.
## Geology
Dry Falls flows on the Cullasaja River through the Nantahala National Forest. It is part of a series of waterfalls on an 8.7 mile stretch of the river that eventually ends with Cullasaja Falls. Dry Falls flows over an overhanging bluff. The rock shelter behind the fall remains dry when the water flow is low.
## History
The falls has been called Dry Falls for a long time, but has also gone by a few other names, including High Falls, Pitcher Falls, and Cullasaja Falls. It received its name because the rock shelter behind the falling water remains dry in periods of low flow
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# 2007 Ashfield District Council election
The **2007 Ashfield District Council election** took place on 3 May 2007 to elect members of Ashfield District Council in Nottinghamshire, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour Party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.
## Election result {#election_result}
The results saw Labour lose their majority on the council, after a net loss of 8 seats saw them reduced to 9 councillors. Among the defeated Labour councillors were 2 members of the cabinet, Jessie Parker in Sutton-in-Ashfield North and Stephen Mays in Underwood. There were 12 independent councillors elected, but it was the Liberal Democrats who made big progress, gaining 8 seats to move level with Labour on 9 seats. One of the Liberal Democrat winners, Helen Smith, became one of the youngest councillors in the country at the age of 19 after gaining a seat in Woodhouse ward
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# Bishop Noll Institute
**Bishop Noll Institute** is a private, Roman Catholic high school in Hammond, Indiana. It is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary.
## History
The school opened as Catholic Central High School on September 16, 1921. It was founded by the Sisters of the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ. Father Lauer, who was pastor of the Saint Mary\'s Church in East Chicago at the time, allowed the sisters to use two classrooms as a temporary school until a proper building could be established.
In May 1922, the ground for a new school was broken on a purchased plot of land on White Oak Avenue between Hoffman Street and Chicago Avenue. However, the school\'s completion was delayed, and because Saint Mary\'s parochial grade school was accumulating higher enrollment numbers, five temporary structures were hurriedly constructed on the southwest corner of the school grounds. These served as the classrooms for the 1922-1923 senior class. Father P. J. Schmid was appointed as the school\'s director in 1922. The completed left wing of the building was dedicated later on September 9, 1923. An outdoor Mass, the first of its kind in the United States, was celebrated on a makeshift altar, bringing in 5,000 participants. The school was enlarged over the next ten years to include a convent, rectory, and gymnasium.
It was renamed Bishop Noll High School in 1947, in honor of John F. Noll of the Diocese of Fort Wayne.
In 1963, the building was dedicated by the bishop of the time, Andrew G. Grutka, who laid the cornerstone of the new Bishop Noll Institute.
## Athletics
The Bishop Noll Warriors compete in the Greater South Shore Conference. The school is a member of the Indiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA), the organization which governs athletic activities in Indiana.
Bishop Noll has won the following Indiana state championships as of 2023-24:
- Baseball, 1968, 2003-04 (Class 2A)
- Football, 1989 (Class 3A)
- Boys Swimming, 1981 and 1984
- Boys Soccer, 2018 (Class 2A)
- Hockey, 1988 and 2017 (Class 1A), 2020 (Class 2A), 2023 (Class 3A)
Bishop Noll currently offers the following athletic programs:
------------------------------
Baseball
Basketball-Boys
Basketball-Girls
Bowling
Cheer Team
Cross Country
Dance Team
Football
Golf-Boys
Golf-Girls
Hockey
Soccer-Boys
Soccer-Girls
Softball
Swimming -Boys
Swimming-Girls
Tennis-Boys
Tennis-Girls
Track & Field-Boys and Girls
Volleyball
Wrestling
------------------------------
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Robert Joseph Buchanan - neurosurgeon, psychiatrist, and bioethicist
- Gonzalo P. Curiel - U.S
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# Kassaly Daouda
**Kassaly Daouda** (born 19 August 1983) is a Nigerien footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Nigerian club Katsina United.
## Career
Born in Dosso, Niger, Daouda began his career at Olympic FC de Niamey, and was first chosen for the youth national selection in 1996, then rising to the full national squad in 1998. In August 2002 he gained his first cap, and has been the starting goalkeeper with Niger ever since. Transitioning to goalkeeper for the full Olympic FC, Daouda\'s side was national league champion, then runners up in 1999. In 2001, Daouda joined rival Niamey club Sahel SC, and as their number one went on to win three national championships and two national cups. He moved to Cameroon club Cotonsport Garoua in 2006 has played in the 2007 CAF Champions League On the back of his success at Cotonsport, Daouda was chosen Niger\'s Best Player of the Year in 2008.
On 4 February 2009, he moved from Cotonsport Garoua to Rapid Bucharest on loan, and in summer 2009 returned to Cotonsport Garoua.
In September 2012, Daouda signed for South African Premier Soccer League club Chippa United.`{{fact|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
He remained starting keeper for the Niger national football team throughout their successful qualification for the 2012 African Cup of Nations, and the tournament itself, as well as for 2013 African Cup of Nations.
In December 2018, Daouda signed for Nigerian Professional Football League club Katsina United
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# McIntyre, Treadmore and Davitt
***McIntyre, Treadmore and Davitt*** was released in 1991 by British rock band Half Man Half Biscuit as their third original album (their preceding album having been a compilation). It was the first album released after the band had reformed in 1990.
The title and album sleeve picture are both taken from a *Ripping Yarns* episode entitled \"Golden Gordon\".
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
- Stewart Mason, AllMusic: \"\[E\]ven though the songs are both slower and longer, that cosmetic change only gave singer/songwriter Nigel Blackwell a broader canvas for his increasingly complex, multi-layered lyrics.\"
- Danny Scott, *Select*: \"Once wicked wits of the North, HMHB have become rock\'s sad, old game-show hosts -- same suit, same kitsch catchphrase. Only \'Prag Vec At The Melt Vet \[*sic*\]\' and Christian Rock Concert\' show the bristling sarcasm of yore.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Outbreak of Vitas Gerulaitis\"
2. \"Prag Vec at the Melkweg\"
3. \"Christian Rock Concert\"
4. \"Let\'s Not\"
5. \"Yipps (My Baby Got The)\"
6. \"Hedley Verityesque\"
7. \"A Lilac Harry Quinn\"
8. \"Our Tune\"
9. \"Girlfriend\'s Finished with Him\"
10. \"Everything\'s A.O.R
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# Lake Ry de Rome
**Lake Ry de Rome** is an artificial lake near the city of Couvin, Wallonia, in Belgium near the border of France. The lake is located in the Ardennes. The water volume is 2,200,000 m³ and the area is 0.25 km^2^
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# Homicidal Lifestyle
***Homicidal Lifestyle*** is an album by the American rapper Gangsta Pat, released in 1997.
The album peaked at No. 68 on *Billboard*\'s Top R&B Albums chart.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
AllMusic wrote that the album \"has a couple of good grooves and rhymes scattered throughout the album, but it\'s hard to take any record whose highlight is a by-the-books party number called \'I Wanna Smoke\' all that seriously.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Instructions\" -- 1:04
2. \"I Wanna Smoke\" \[Remix\] -- 4:47
3. \"Creep Wit a Nigga\" (featuring Lil\' Tec) -- 3:50
4. \"Killa\" (skit) -- 1:02
5. \"Empty tha Clip\" -- 4:49
6. \"How Deep Is Yo Luv\" (featuring Hollo Point) -- 5:57
7. \"Boddies on My 9\" -- 4:47
8. \"Dead Presidents\" -- 4:29
9. \"Blunted up (Skit)\" -- 2:02
10. \"Homicidal Lifestyle\" -- 4:35
11. \"Lay Me Down\" (featuring Lil\' Tec) -- 4:39
12. \"Deadly Verses \'97\" (featuring Villain) -- 3:36
13. \"I Wanna Smoke\" (featuring Psycho) -- 5:09
14
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# Rick Donnalley
**William Frederick Donnalley** (born December 11, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL). Donnalley was selected in the third round by the Pittsburgh Steelers out of the University of North Carolina in the 1981 NFL draft. His younger brother, Kevin Donnalley, also played in the NFL
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# Golden greenbul
The **golden greenbul** (***Calyptocichla serinus**\'\') is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds native to the African tropical rainforest. It is the only member of the genus***Calyptocichla**\'\'.
## Taxonomy and systematics {#taxonomy_and_systematics}
The golden greenbul was originally described in the genus *Criniger*. It is not closely related to any of the other greenbul species, forming a separate clade from the two main clades which make up the bulbul family Pycnonotidae. Alternate names for the golden greenbul include the **serene bulbul** and **serene greenbul**.
## Description
The golden greenbul is brightly coloured for a greenbul due to its bright yellow belly and white throat; otherwise it is not particularly distinct in plumage, with unmarked olive upperparts, tail and wings. It has a long slender pinkish-brown bill, a feature not shared by other greenbuls.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The species is found in forests from Sierra Leone to Ghana; south-eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon to Central African Republic and extreme north-western Angola
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# Prince's Island Park (Calgary)
**Prince\'s Island Park** is an urban park in the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is developed on an island on the Bow River, immediately north of downtown Calgary.
It was named after Peter Anthony Prince, the founder of the Eau Claire Lumber Mill. The park was built on land donated in 1947 to the city by the Prince family. It is often incorrectly referred to as \"Princess Island Park\". The park is open from 5 a.m. until 11 p.m. every regular day.
The island has a surface of 20 hectares and is linked by three bridges to Eau Claire and downtown Calgary and a north bridge to Memorial Drive and the community of Crescent Heights. It is part of the pathway and hiking trail system lining both sides of the Bow River. The southern arm of the river has been landscaped, while the eastern end of the island re-creates a wetland environment. Canada geese and mallard ducks are common birds found in the park.
## Transportation
Primary access to the island can be attained by a number of footbridges as part of the Bow River pathway and limited access is available to vehicles from the Prince\'s Island Causeway that connects to the corner of Eau Claire Ave and 6th Street and delivers traffic to the west end of the island. A limited number of parking stalls are available in the park. However vehicle access to the park is restricted during events.
## Festivals
The park hosts many festivals, as well as busking events.
- Calgary Folk Music Festival
- Shakespeare in the Park
- Carifest
- Canada Day celebration
- Heritage Day celebration
- Afrikadey
- Expo Latino
About 150,000 visitors attended these festivals in 1996.
## Gallery
<File:Prince's> Island Park.jpg\|Lawn in Prince\'s Island Park <File:Prince's> Island Pedestrian Bridge, Calgary, northwest view 20240818 1.jpg\|Princes Island Bridge to Memorial Drive and Sunnyside <File:Ped> Bridge PIP.JPG\|Bridge over Princes Island lagoon <File:Calgary1-Szmurlo
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# Lake Virelles
**Lake Virelles** is an artificial lake in Wallonia near the city of Chimay in Belgium. The lake is an important nature reserve with a great number of birds. The lake covers 1,25 km²
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# Win–loss analytics
**Win--loss analytics** involves identifying and analyzing the reasons why a visitor to a website was or wasn\'t persuaded to engage in a desired action (conversion).
This information allows web teams to improve the website\'s navigation and content, identify individuals that are more likely to convert, to improve marketing efforts.
## History
Determining why one person engaged in a desired action and another did not has long been a topic of interest in sales, where measurement of conversion has always been possible through sales data.
In contrast, marketing has been mostly concerned with targeting with the masses, and the results of marketing have traditionally been more difficult to accurately measure. With the internet, it is much easier for marketers to collect data for analysis and evaluation in order to understand and demonstrate the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of their efforts and to make changes to improve them. Thus yielding the best result of a specific marketing campaign. This is the Win-Loss analytics.
## Win--loss analytics vs. web analytics {#winloss_analytics_vs._web_analytics}
Web analytics tools have existed since the early days of the internet and are now ubiquitous. These tools provide a bird\'s eye view of a website\'s traffic. The information that is gathered allows webmasters to make informed decisions about making changes in order to improve a website.
Win--loss analytics tools track the individual perspectives of each visitor, uncovering who the visitor was, what products they were qualified for, how well they were persuaded, and why they did or didn\'t convert.
Win Loss programs typically focus on different elements of the buying process, including gathering buyer feedback on the solution being sold (whether it\'s a product or service), the buyer\'s perception of the effectiveness of the sales representative or sales team, buyer perceptions of the selling vendor overall (such as the firm\'s reputation or its long-term financial viability), and price. These categories can be broken down into greater detail for more refined feedback. For example, questions about the product or service might include the intuitiveness of the user interface or the effectiveness of specific features or functionality
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# Pro-oxidant
**Pro-oxidants** are chemicals that induce oxidative stress, either by generating reactive oxygen species or by inhibiting antioxidant systems. The oxidative stress produced by these chemicals can damage cells and tissues, for example, an overdose of the analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen) can fatally damage the liver, partly through its production of reactive oxygen species.
Some substances can serve as either antioxidants or pro-oxidants, depending on conditions. Some of the important conditions include the concentration of the chemical and if oxygen or transition metals are present. While thermodynamically very favored, reduction of molecular oxygen or peroxide to superoxide or hydroxyl radical respectively is spin forbidden. This greatly reduces the rates of these reactions, thus allowing aerobic life to exist. As a result, the reduction of oxygen typically involves either the initial formation of singlet oxygen, or spin--orbit coupling through a reduction of a transition-series metal such as manganese, iron, or copper. This reduced metal then transfers the single electron to molecular oxygen or peroxide.
## Metals
Transition metals can serve as pro-oxidants. For example, chronic manganism is a classic \"pro-oxidant\" disease. Another disease associated with the chronic presence of a pro-oxidant transition-series metal is hemochromatosis, associated with elevated iron levels. Similarly, Wilson\'s disease is associated with elevated tissue levels of copper. Such syndromes tend to be associated with common symptomology. Thus, all are occasional symptoms of (e.g) hemochromatosis, another name for which is \"bronze diabetes\". The pro-oxidant herbicide paraquat, Wilson\'s disease, and striatal iron have similarly been linked to human Parkinsonism. Paraquat also produces Parkinsonian-like symptoms in rodents.
## Fibrosis
Fibrosis or scar formation is another pro-oxidant-related symptom. E.g., interocular copper or vitreous chalicosis is associated with severe vitreous fibrosis, as is interocular iron. Liver cirrhosis is also a major symptom of Wilson\'s disease. The pulmonary fibrosis produced by paraquat and the antitumor agent bleomycin is also thought to be induced by the pro-oxidant properties of these agents. It may be that oxidative stress produced by such agents mimics a normal physiological signal for fibroblast conversion to myofibroblasts.
## Pro-oxidant vitamins {#pro_oxidant_vitamins}
Vitamins that are reducing agents can be pro-oxidants. Vitamin C has antioxidant activity when it reduces oxidizing substances such as hydrogen peroxide, however, it can also reduce metal ions which leads to the generation of free radicals through the Fenton reaction.
:
: 2 Fe^2+^ + 2 H~2~O~2~ → 2 Fe^3+^ + 2 OH**·** + 2 OH^−^
: 2 Fe^3+^ + Ascorbate → 2 Fe^2+^ + Dehydroascorbate
The metal ion in this reaction can be reduced, oxidized, and then re-reduced, in a process called redox cycling that can generate reactive oxygen species.
The relative importance of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of antioxidant vitamins is an area of current research, but vitamin C, for example, appears to have a mostly antioxidant action in the body. However, less data is available for other dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenol antioxidants, zinc, and vitamin E.
## Use in medicine {#use_in_medicine}
Several important anticancer agents both bind to DNA and generate reactive oxygen species. These include adriamycin and other anthracyclines, bleomycin, and cisplatin. These agents may show specific toxicity towards cancer cells because of the low level of antioxidant defenses found in tumors. Recent research demonstrates that redox dysregulation originating from metabolic alterations and dependence on mitogenic and survival signaling through reactive oxygen species represents a specific vulnerability of malignant cells that can be selectively targeted by pro-oxidant non-genotoxic redox chemotherapeutics.
Photodynamic therapy is used to treat some cancers as well as other conditions. It involves the administration of a photosensitizer followed by exposing the target to appropriate wavelengths of light. The light excites the photosensitizer, causing it to generate reactive oxygen species, which can damage or destroy diseased or unwanted tissue
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# Aryeh Mekel
**Arye Mekel** (*אריה מקל*; 1946 -- June 19, 2021) was an Israeli diplomat and journalist.
## Biography
Arye Mekel was born to Holocaust survivors and raised in Israel. He studied at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, receiving a bachelor\'s degrees in Political Science and English Language and Literature, and a master\'s degree in Mass Communication. He also studied at Columbia University in New York, where he received a master\'s degree in sociology.
Mekel was married to Ruth Mekel, a journalist and public relations consultant. They have three children, Maayan Mekel, Tal Mekel, and Nitzan Mekel, and 5 grandchildren.
## Diplomatic career {#diplomatic_career}
Mekel served as foreign policy adviser to Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir (1986--1989) Mekel joined Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1984 as a senior researcher at the Center for Political Research. He was adviser to Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir (1985--1986), director of the Government's Media Center, chargé d\'affaires at the Embassy of Israel to South Korea (2001), special adviser to the deputy foreign minister on combating antisemitism (2001--2002) and special government spokesman for foreign media (2000-2002). His roles as a diplomat included Consul General of Israel to the Southeastern United States based in Atlanta, Georgia (1993--2000), Deputy Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations (2003-2004), and Consul General of Israel in New York (2004--2007). He also served as director of the press department and spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as deputy director general for cultural and scientific affairs. In 2010, he assumed his position as Ambassador of the State of Israel to Greece, in which he served until summer of 2014. He was a senior research associate at the Begin-Sadat center for strategic studies at Bar Ilan University in Israel.
## Journalism and academic career {#journalism_and_academic_career}
His career in journalism began during military service in the Israel Defense Forces, where he served as a military and political correspondent for Israel Army Radio. He then joined Israel Public Radio (Voice of Israel), as a senior editor and political correspondent, and later its U.S. correspondent. He was also an adjunct professor of Judaic studies at the University of Cincinnati and a representative of the World Zionist Organization in Cincinnati, Ohio (1976--1979) and director general of the Israel Broadcasting Authority, responsible for all State television and radio (1989--1993)
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# Hōrin-ji (Kyoto)
is a Shingon Buddhist temple in Arashiyama, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. The honorary *sangō* prefix is `{{Nihongo|'''Chifuku-san'''|智福山}}`{=mediawiki}. The temple is said to have been constructed by Gyōki in 713 AD, and was originally named `{{Nihongo|Kadonoi-dera|葛井寺}}`{=mediawiki}. It is dedicated to Ākāśagarbha(Sanskrit:आकाशकर्भ,Japanese:虚空蔵:kokūzō) the bodhisattva (Sanskrit: बोधिसत्त्वः, Japanese:菩薩) of the boundless space.
It is one of the Thirteen Buddhist Sites of Kyoto
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# Francis Litsingi
**Francis Litsingi** (born 10 September 1986) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a striker. He played mostly in the Czech First League and the Nemzeti Bajnokság I.
## Club career {#club_career}
Listingi started out at Brazzaville club Saint Michel d\'Ouenzé where at the age of 19 he enjoyed a very successful season scoring 20 goals in the league and becoming the league\'s top goalscorer for the 2005--06 season. His success at Saint Michel provoked interest from Cameroon Première Division teams with Cotonsport winning the battle for his services in the 2006--07 season, Litsingi proved to be a great talent scoring 15 goals in the league becoming top goalscorer and numerous goals in the CAF Champions League.
In June 2007 Litsingi trialled with Swiss Super League side Neuchâtel Xamax. He also attracted interest from Hungarian League side Diósgyőri VTK. In August 2007 Litsingi trialled with Iranian giants Persepolis F.C. and were close to inking a one-year deal but the deal fell through.
In 2008, he signed with Újpest FC on a three-year contract in the Hungarian First Division, but Litsingi had loaned to Kecskeméti TE. On 18 January 2013, he signed a three-year contract with Czech first league team FK Teplice.
### Gaziantep BB {#gaziantep_bb}
On 6 January 2016, it was confirmed that Listingi had signed a 1.5-year contract with Gaziantep BB in Turkey
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# Marquette Catholic High School (Indiana)
**Marquette Catholic High School** is a private, co-educational, college prep school in Michigan City, Indiana. It is run along the principles of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary. Marquette offers dual credit courses, and AP credit opportunities
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# Greenbul
The **greenbuls** are a group of birds within the bulbul family Pycnonotidae, found only within Africa. They are all largely drab olive-green above, and paler below, with few distinguishing features.
The \"aberrant greenbuls\" of the genera *Bernieria* and *Xanthomixis* are actually Malagasy warblers. To recognize this, they are also called bernieria and tetrakas rather than greenbuls. Likewise, the golden greenbul is not a typical greenbul, but apparently the representative of a distinct and ancient lineage of bulbuls, which might include the black-collared bulbul. A few species within some of the genera in this group are called brownbuls or leafloves
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# Garden of Forgiveness
The **Garden of Forgiveness** (also known as *Hadiqat As-Samah* in Arabic) is a garden in Beirut, Lebanon, close to Martyrs\' Square and the wartime Green Line (1975--1990).
## History
The area is classified as **non aedificandi** (Latin for \"not to be built\") in the Master Plan of the Beirut City Center. Excavations on the site revealed the two main streets of the Roman city of Berytus, the Cardo and Decumanus Maximus; underneath them, a sacred platform dating from Phoenico-Persian times
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# Gautier Bello
**Gautier Bello** (born April 9, 1983 in Garoua) is a Cameroonian footballer.
## Club career {#club_career}
Bello began his football career Cotonsport Garoua, and played an important role in the club\'s 2004 domestic-double-winning squad, making important saves in the Cameroon Cup final. He left Cotonsport in January 2008 and moved to Equatorial Guinea club Renacimiento FC. After two season in the Equatoguinean Premier League left Renacimiento FC and returned to Cameroon who signed with US Douala
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# The Truth Is That You Are Alive
***The Truth Is That You Are Alive*** is the third full-length album by An Angle.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"oh! oh! oh! Trouble\" -- 3:30
2. \"Clean and Gold\" -- 3:17
3. \"Falling In Your Arms\" -- 3:42
4. \"Even If I\...\" -- 3:24
5. \"Going To Heaven\" -- 2:04
6. \"No More Child\" -- 4:17
7. \"Red River\" -- 2:21
8. \"I\'m Alright\" -- 3:45
9. \"Ghost In The Mirror\" -- 4:23
10. \"C\'mon C\'mon\" -- 4:14
11. \"On My Way\" - 5:56
12
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# Richard Touko
**Richard Touko** (born 22 June 1983 in Ngaoundéré) is a Cameroonian footballer who is a defender for Canon Yaounde.
## Club career {#club_career}
Touko began his career with Canon Yaounde, and transferred to Racing FC Bafoussam, where he participated in the CAF Champions League 2005. He played for Cotonsport Garoua during the 2006 season
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# Dogs from Japan
***Dogs from Japan*** is the twelfth studio album by Crack the Sky
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# Lake Warfaaz
The **lake Warfaaz** is an artificial lake located in Wallonia near the thermal city of Spa in Ardennes in Belgium. The dam was built in 1892 on the *Wayai river*. The water volume is 360,000 m³ and the area is 0,08 km². It is a tourist attraction, with water sports, including Pedalo, Fishing
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# Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
**Mirsaid Khaydargalievich Sultan-Galiev** (*Mirsäyet Xäydärğäli ulı Soltanğäliev*,
`{{IPA|tt|ˌmirsæˈjet xæɪˌdærɣæˈli ulɯ sɔlˌtɑnɣæˈliəf|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *Мирсаид Хайдаргалиевич Султан-Галиев*; 13 July 1892 -- 28 January 1940), also known as **Mirza Sultan-Galiev**, was a Tatar Bolshevik revolutionary who rose to prominence in the Russian Communist Party in the early 1920s. He was the architect of Muslim \"national communism\". His views were seen as a direct threat to the policies of the Comintern; he was imprisoned briefly in 1923 and expelled from the Communist Party. He was rearrested in 1928 and imprisoned for six years. He was then arrested again in 1937 and executed in 1940 during the Stalin period.
## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
Sultan-Galiev, the son of a teacher, was born on July 13, 1892, in the village of Elembet\'evo, Ufa Guberniya, Bashkiria, then part of the Russian Empire. He had a difficult and impoverished childhood. His father made very little money as a school teacher, not nearly enough to support his wife and 12 children, and was frequently transferred from place to place. In addition, there was considerable, lasting tension between his parents, because they came from very different layers of Tatar society. Sultan-Galiev later wrote, \"My mother was the daughter of a prince`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}a noblewoman, while my father was a simple \"Mishar,\" and this quite often stung the eyes of my father.\"
Though his parents could not afford to send him to a private school, Sultan-Galiev was able to learn a great deal from his father and at the latter\'s maktab, which followed the \"New Method\" of maktab teaching founded by Ismail Gasprinski (1851--1914). From a young age Sultan-Galiev studied the Russian language and read many of the Russian classics from his father\'s library. At his father\'s school, he studied from age 8 to 15, learning Tatar and Arabic, history, geography, and mathematics, while also receiving a basic understanding of the Quran and Sharia. All this, especially his knowledge of Russian, greatly helped him to gain entrance to the Kazan Teachers College (see Tatar State University of Humanities and Education) in 1907.
An avid reader of Russian literature, he translated works by Tolstoy and Pushkin into the Tatar language. In 1913, he married Rauza Chanysheva, who became a leading figure in the women\'s movement. They separated after personal problems in 1918.
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# Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
## Political activity {#political_activity}
Sultan-Galiev was first drawn to revolutionary ideas during the abortive 1905 Revolution. Following the revolution\'s defeat he moved to Baku, where he came to the attention of Nariman Narimanov. He was further drawn to revolutionary ideas while studying to become a teacher at the Tatar Teachers College in Kazan. At this time, he also received his first lessons in socialism. The future Bolshevik A. Nasybullin and the future Basmachi (see Basmachi Revolt) A. Ishmurzin gave him books on the theory of socialism and conversed with him about the books.
Graduating from the Teacher\'s College in 1911, Sultan-Galiev began his career as a \"half-starved village school teacher and librarian.\" In 1912 he also started to publish articles in various newspapers in Russian and Tatar, initially under various pseudonyms, such as \"Sukhoi \[Dry one\],\" Syn naroda \[Son of the People\],\" \"Uchitel\'-tatarin \[Teacher-Tatar\],\" \"Karamas-kalinets,\" and then from 1914 under his own name. Over the same period, he also \"secretly distributed anti-government proclamations in the Muslim villages of Ufa province and spoke out against the installation of Russian or Christianized Tatar teachers in Muslim schools.
### World War I and the Bolsheviks {#world_war_i_and_the_bolsheviks}
As with most people of his generation, World War I played a large role in his personal transformation. With the war\'s outbreak, Sultan-Galiev and his wife Rauza Chanysheva moved to Baku, where Sultan-Galiev began to write for a variety of newspapers. He seems to have absorbed amongst the city\'s diverse population of Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians, Russians, Tatars, and Iranians, a deep and growing dissatisfaction with the tsarist autocracy, its resistance to reform, and handling of the war effort. Baku\'s political climate in combination with the 1916 anti-conscription uprising of Muslims in Central Asia led him to break with the reform-minded Jadidism of his youth and move towards revolutionary socialism.
In May 1917, Sultan-Galiev participated in the All-Russian Muslim Conference in Moscow and was elected to the All-Russia Muslim Council created by it. In July that year he went to Kazan, where he met Mullanur Waxitov, with whom he helped set up the Muslim Socialist Committee, with a program close to that of the Bolsheviks. In November 1917 he joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Following the establishment of Narkomnats in June 1917, Sultan-Galiev was asked to become head of the Muslim section. In January 1918 the Central Commissariat of Muslim affairs in Inner Russia and Siberia (Muskom), was set up under the chairmanship of Waxitov, with Sultan-Galiev as representative of the Russian Communist Party. He was appointed the chair of the Central Muslim Military Collegium when it was established in June 1918. He wrote for *Zhizn\' Natsional\'nostei* (Life of the Nationalities). Mustafa Suphi acted as his secretary. In the Muskom, Sultan-Galiev also met İsmail Firdevs, a Crimean Tatar revolutionary who became one of his closest ideological followers and public supporters.
In December 1917, in response to some Tatars\' accusations that he was betraying his own people to the Bolsheviks, Sultan-Galiev wrote a revealing explanation for his decision to join the Bolsheviks:
> I now move to my cooperation with the Bolsheviks. I will say the following: I associate with them not from sycophancy. The love for my people, which lies inherently inside me, draws me to them. I go to them not with a goal to betray our nation, not in order to drink its blood. No! No! I go there because with my whole spirit I believe in the rightness of the Bolsheviks' cause. I know this; it is my conviction. Thus, nothing will remove it from my soul. I realize that only some of the bolsheviks were able to implement what was promised at the beginning of the revolution. \[But\] only they stopped the war. Only they are striving to pass the nationalities' fates into their own hands. Only they revealed who started the world war. What does not lead me to them? They also declared war on English imperialism, which oppresses India, Egypt, Afghanistan, Persia and Arabia. They are also the ones who raised arms against French imperialism, which enslaves Morocco, Algiers, and other Arab states of Africa. How could I not go to them? You see, they proclaimed the words, which have never been voiced since creation of the world in the history of the Russian state. Appealing to all Muslims of Russia and the East, they announced that Istanbul must be in Muslims' hands. They did this while English troops, seizing Jerusalem, appealed to Jews with the words: 'Gather together quickly in Palestine, we will create for you a European state.'
### Revolution
During the Civil War he was active in organising the defence of Kazan against the Whites in August 1918 and liquidating opposition after they had been driven out. He was also instrumental in ensuring that the Bashkir people, led by Zeki Velidi Togan, joined the Bolshevik side which weakened the military potential of Kolchak\'s army. His knowledge of national movements in the East won him the trust of Stalin and other highly placed Party and government figures. Sultan-Galiev carried out many tasks on the personal orders of Stalin. In April 1919 he again was rushed to the Eastern Front to help shore up the morale of the Tatar 21st division at Malmyzh after Kolchak\'s spring offensive had forced the Red Army to abandon Izhevsk to the Whites. In June 1919 he was sent to Kazan at request of the local Bolshevik administration to help resolve the national question among the Tatars, but he was soon recalled to Moscow by Lenin to work on the nationality issue in the Narkomnats until 1922.
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# Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
## Political activity {#political_activity}
### Theory
Sultan-Galiev was a proponent of what is today seen as part of the economic and political school revolving around dependency theory. His view that the proletariat of the imperialist core, together with its bourgeoisie, would continue oppressing the \"toilers of the East\" after a socialist revolution in the core would have been carried out can be seen in a speech of his during the ninth conference of the Tatar Oblast party committee:
The above \"quotation\" is an excerpt of the speech attributed to Sultan-Galiev. This was voiced at a conference in which Sultan-Galiev himself (already expelled from the party) did not participate.
Sultan-Galiev further believed that within an empire, those regions which have been conquered or colonised ought to be prioritised or worked alongside during a revolution, instead of there merely being a revolution restricted to core countries. The reason for this was that if a revolution was to occur in an isolated manner, an imperialist country could easily exploit the resources of its colonies to defeat any revolutionary movement. However, if such a movement is co-ordinated with movements in colonies or conquered provinces, the chances of a revolution succeeding are increased, since the capabilities of the defending party to exploit and draw upon the resources of its colonial holdings are greatly weakened, if not vanquished entirely. Sultan-Galiev gave the examples of the failure of the Spartacist Uprising and the Hungarian Soviet Republic.
Galiev extended his criticisms of colonialism and states that utilised colonialism to the Americas, where he denounced American actions against Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Sultan-Galiev further argued that by the start of the 20th Century, the world had been divided into two camps: the imperialist and exploiting half of the world and the exploited half. Sultan-Galiev often referred to the members of the imperialist world as "Metropolitans". Galiev argued that the financial culture of Metropolitans had two main properties. Firstly, the methods of production and distribution of essential commodities sat in the hands of the Metropolitan. For instance, Sultan-Galiev highlighted how the majority of industry and its methods of circulation (such as banks) and methods of communication (like telegrams) had been monopolised by the Metropolitans so that these essential goods and services were exclusively enjoyed by mainly the population of Metropolitan countries. Significantly, Galiev did not blame this on the culture of Metropolitan countries, instead blaming the dynamic scene, the changing powers of the state. The second property was found in the efficiency of production and distribution and how it was maximised by parasitism and reactionary attitudes. Sultan-Galiev argued that the basis for this did not end with Monopoly Capitalism and imperialism, but its root was also not in the cultures or races of the Metropols. Sultan-Galiev explained that the process of having to resort to the aid of monopoly capital consisted of the following elements. Firstly, the primary element of the Metropolitan economy is the economy\'s access to cheap raw materials. Galiev cited the rate of exploitation and how it was retained by preventing the rise of nationalist and anti-colonialist sentiments in colonies by violently cracking down on any such movement. Secondly, Galiev argued that there was an unending competitive war between certain national groups for colonial holdings and estates. In other words, on the one hand, there is an ongoing increase in social conflicts between the metropolitans and their colonies, and on the other hand, the origins of national differences between the different strains of the leaders of metropolitans are also hidden here.
The second element was found in ensuring the cheap sale and production of industrial goods. Sultan-Galiev cited the development of production technology which took place through the exploitation of the industrial workers of the metropolitan countries and similar practices in the colonies. According to Galiev, the relationship between the metropolitan and the colonies is bi-directional. Firstly in the form of raw materials and work forces. Secondly, in terms of exploitation in the markets. Sultan-Galiev argued that this exploitation was not only carried out through slavery or military might. The intensification of colonialist policies to keep industrial products as permanent markets for sale is related to this issue. This last element of the development process of metropolitan material cultures, Sultan-Galiev believed, was particularly important for the relations between the colonies and the metropolitan, because this element constituted the main dynamics of the Metropolitans and the main reason for all social deviations that occur in the development process of modern humanity.
Sultan-Galiev ordered these deviations by examining firstly, the exploitation of resources, especially in colonies in terms of the general interests of humanity. And secondly, the circulation of global production and the irrational order of this general circulation, resulting in a significant amount of human energy being lost or destroyed. Galiev gave an example of the production and export of leather or cotton from Tibet or India to the British Empire, which was then used to make a shoe or a shirt and then sent back to the original country. However, the opposite method occurs in production of necessary consumer goods such as vehicles or machines. Sultan-Galiev thereby argued that it would be more moral to transform raw materials into necessary consumer goods in their country of origin.
Sultan-Galiev took special notice of an arms race between colonial powers and wrote that such a race was not just against colonies, but against other Metropolitan countries. Sultan-Galiev noted that human energy was spent in a massive and inefficient way in order to maintain the status quo and the existing structures of production (the deviances mentioned prior) in an orderly manner. The prevention of the natural development of the productive forces of colonial holdings (which made up a large portion of the world\'s population), on these grounds created inequality between the people of the Metropolitan countries and those who lived in colonies. Sultan-Galiev argued for the importance of the effects of imperialist war and its consequences through subsequent \"revolutionary earthquakes\" (Sultan-Galiev provides the wave of revolutions that occurred in the wake of the first world war) and their effects in the politics of Metropolitan nations. Sultan-Galiev believed that this disposition caused two important consequences. Firstly, the existing cultural material of the people of the Metropolitan, that being the division of the nation from private properties, collapses in on itself due to these contradictions. Secondly, linked to this is the development of conditions that provide the possibility of liberation for colonised nations. Conflict between Metropolitans thereby improves the standing of anti-colonial movements.
Sultan-Galiev also believed in what he called \"Energetic Materialism\" as a means of enabling Socialist revolution in colonised and exploited nations in the formation of a \"Colonial International\". The ideas of Energetic Materialism have been compared to the Vpered movement in the Bolshevik party.
### Fallout with the Bolsheviks {#fallout_with_the_bolsheviks}
Sultan-Galiev wanted to give Marxism argued that the Russian Empire had oppressed Muslim society apart from a few big landowners and bourgeois. He was, despite this attempt at synthesis, thought of by the Bolsheviks as being excessively tolerant of nationalism and religion and, in 1923, he was accused of nationalist, pan-Islamic and pan-Turkic deviations and he was arrested and expelled from the party.
He was freed, but with Lenin\'s death in 1924, he lost his only protector, and remained a political outcast, constantly watched by state security. In these years he spent his time travelling for the Hunting Union and writing occasional reviews and translations. He was accompanied by his second wife Fatima Yerzina, whom he had married in 1918, and their two children.
In 1928, he was arrested a second time and sentenced to be shot in July 1930. However, in January 1931 his sentence was commuted to ten years of hard labour for nationalism and anti-Soviet activity. In 1934 he was released and given permission to live in the Saratov Oblast. At the beginning of 1937 he was again arrested, and was forced to make a confession; he was convicted of being the \"organizer and factual leader of an anti-Soviet nationalistic group,\" who led an \"active struggle against Soviet power\" and the party \"on the basis of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism, with the goal of tearing away from Soviet Russia Turkic-Tatar regions and establishing in them a bourgeois-democratic Turan state.\" In December 1939, he received the death sentence which was carried out on 28 January 1940 in Moscow
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# Rutland County Council
**Rutland County Council**, officially called **Rutland County Council District Council**, is the local authority for the non-metropolitan county of Rutland in the East Midlands of England. Since 1997 the council has been a unitary authority, legally being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council.
The council is responsible for almost all local services in Rutland, although the Leicestershire Fire and Rescue Service and Leicestershire Police (which also serve Rutland) are run by joint boards between Rutland County Council, Leicestershire County Council and Leicester City Council.
The council has been under no overall control since 2021, being led since 2023 by a minority administration of the Liberal Democrats and Green Party. It is based at Catmose House in Oakham.
## History
### First incarnation {#first_incarnation}
Elected county councils were established in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, taking over administrative functions that had previously been performed by unelected magistrates at the quarter sessions. The first elections were held in January 1889 and Rutland County Council formally came into being on 1 April 1889.
On that day it held its first official meeting at Oakham Castle, the 12th century castle which served as the county\'s courthouse and had been the meeting place of the quarter sessions which preceded the county council. Charles Noel, 3rd Earl of Gainsborough, a Conservative peer, was appointed as the first chairman of the council.
From 1894 there was also a lower tier of local government in the county, comprising three rural districts: Ketton Rural District, Oakham Rural District and Uppingham Rural District. A fourth district was created in 1911 when the parish of Oakham was removed from the Oakham Rural District to become its own urban district.
### Rutland District Council {#rutland_district_council}
The first incarnation of the county council was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. Rutland was reconstituted as a non-metropolitan district and placed in Leicestershire. County-level functions therefore passed to Leicestershire County Council.
The Rutland District Council created in 1974 was a lower-tier district council. Although its territory was the same as the abolished county council\'s, in terms of functions it replaced the area\'s four district councils that were also abolished as part of the 1974 reforms.
### Unitary authority {#unitary_authority}
Local government was reformed again in Rutland in 1997, following the Local Government Commission for England, which had recommended in 1994 that Rutland (and Leicester) should become unitary authorities and leave the two-tier Leicestershire. The way the changes were implemented was to create a new non-metropolitan county of Rutland covering the same area as the district, but with no separate county council. Instead, the existing district council that had been created in 1974 additionally took on the functions that legislation assigns to county councils.
In August 1996, ahead of the changes coming into effect, the district council resolved to style itself \'Rutland County Council\' from 1 April 1997 when it assumed its additional powers. As a concession to the fact that it remains legally a district council, it was agreed that the full name would have to be \'Rutland County Council District Council\', but on the understanding that the full name would \"be used only very sparingly and when absolutely necessary.\"
At the 2021 census Rutland had a population of 41,000. This made it the third least populous local government district in England, with only the two sui generis authorities of the Isles of Scilly (2,100 people) and the City of London (8,600 people) serving fewer people. The next smallest unitary authority area after Rutland is Hartlepool with 92,300 people.
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# Rutland County Council
## Governance
As a unitary authority, Rutland County Council performs both district-level and county-level functions. The council\'s responsibility for some county-level functions, including the fire and rescue service and the police, is exercised through joint boards with Leicestershire County Council and Leicester City Council. The whole county is also covered by civil parishes, which form a second tier of local government.
### Political control {#political_control}
The council has been under no overall control since 2021. Following the 2023 election a minority administration of the Liberal Democrats and the single Green Party councillor formed to run the council, led by Liberal Democrat councillor Gale Waller.
Political control of the council since the 1974 reforms has been as follows:
**Lower-tier district council**
Party in control
------------------ ------------
1974--1987
1987--1995
1995--1997
**Unitary authority**
Party in control
------------------ ---------------
1997--1998
1998--2003
2003--2021
2021--present
### Leadership
The leaders of the council since 1995 have been as follows:
Councillor Party From
----------------- ------- ------------- -------------
Eddie Martin 15 May 1995 2 Apr 1997
Kim Lee 12 May 1997 May 1999
Edward Baines 24 May 1999 2003
Roger Begy 2003 1 Feb 2016
Terry King 22 Feb 2016 Jan 2017
Tony Mathias 26 Jan 2017 8 Jan 2018
Oliver Hemsley 5 Feb 2018 9 May 2022
Lucy Stephenson 9 May 2022 May 2023
Gale Waller 22 May 2023 *Incumbent*
### Composition
Following the 2023 election, the composition of the council was:
Party
------- ----
11
7
6
2
1
Total
The Liberal Democrats and the Green councillor sit together as a group, which forms the council\'s administration. The next election is due in May 2027.
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# Rutland County Council
## Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2019, the council has comprised 27 councillors representing 15 wards, with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.
Ward Councillors Description
-------------------- ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Braunston & Belton 1 Parishes of Ayston, Belton, Braunston, Brooke, Leighfield, Preston, Ridlington and Wardley
Cottesmore 2 Parishes of Barrow, Cottesmore, Market Overton and Teigh
Exton 1 Parishes of Ashwell, Burley, Egleton, Exton, Hambleton, Horn and Whitwell
Greetham 1 Parishes of Clipsham, Greetham, Pickworth, Stretton and Thistleton
Ketton 2 Parishes of Barrowden, Ketton, Tinwell and Tixover
Langham 1 Parish of Langham
Lyddington 1 Parishes of Bisbrooke, Caldecott, Glaston, Lyddington, Seaton, Stoke Dry and Thorpe by Water
Martinsthorpe 1 Parishes of Gunthorpe, Lyndon, Manton, Martinsthorpe, Morcott, Pilton and Wing
Normanton 2 Parishes of Edith Weston, Empingham, Normanton, North Luffenham, South Luffenham
Oakham North East 2 Oakham northwest of Burley Road/Mill Street/South Street and east of the railway
Oakham North West 2 Oakham north of Braunston Road and west of the railway, and the parish of Barleythorpe
Oakham South East 2 Oakham southeast of Burley Road/Mill Street/South Street and east of the railway
Oakham South West 2 Oakham south of Braunston Road and west of the railway
Ryhall & Casterton 2 Parishes of Essendine, Great Casterton, Little Casterton, Ryhall and Tickencote
Uppingham 3 Parishes of Uppingham and Beaumont Chase
Whissendine 1 Parish of Whissendine
## Premises
The council is based at Catmose House on Catmos Street in Oakham. It was built in the late 18th century as a large house. The building was bought in 1937 by the county council, which had previously met at Oakham Castle and had its offices scattered around various premises in the town. Catmose House subsequently served as the headquarters of Rutland District Council after 1974, continuing to be the council\'s headquarters after it became a unitary authority in 1997, with large extensions being built shortly afterwards.
As at April 2024, the council is considering whether to retain Catmose House as its headquarters or move to alternative premises
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# Richard Curzon-Howe, 1st Earl Howe
**Richard William Penn Curzon-Howe, 1st Earl Howe**, `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|commas=on|GCH|PC}}`{=mediawiki} (11 December 1796 -- 12 May 1870), was a British peer and courtier.
## Background
He was the third but eldest surviving son of the Hon. Penn Assheton Curzon (the eldest son of Assheton Curzon, 1st Viscount Curzon, and his wife Esther Hanmer), and his wife Sophia Howe, *suo jure* Baroness Howe (the eldest daughter of Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe (of the first creation), and his wife Mary née Hartop).
## Public life {#public_life}
As his father predeceased his own father, Curzon inherited his grandfather\'s viscountcy in 1820. He took the additional name of Howe by royal licence a year later and was created Earl Howe (a revival of the title previously held by his maternal grandfather) that year. From 1829 to 1830, he was a Tory Lord of the Bedchamber to King George IV, appointed a GCH in 1830 and was Lord Chamberlain to Queen Adelaide from 1830 to 1831 and again from 1834 to 1837. On his mother\'s death in 1835, he inherited her barony.
His office gave him considerable influence over the Queen and through her King William IV, both of whom liked and admired him. Malicious gossip that he was the Queen\'s lover was not taken seriously even at the time, and is entirely discounted by historians. It was his position as an extreme Tory, and his strong opposition to the Reform Act 1832 which made him unacceptable to the Government, and Lord Grey eventually insisted on his dismissal, much to the Queen\'s distress. Subsequent negotiations to reinstate him came to nothing.
William IV\'s biographer described him as a man whose vanity and arrogance should have made him insufferable, yet who clearly possessed personal charm great enough to make those who knew him overlook his faults.
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# Richard Curzon-Howe, 1st Earl Howe
## Family
Lord Howe married Lady Harriet Georgiana Brudenell, second daughter of Robert Brudenell, 6th Earl of Cardigan, on 19 March 1820. They had ten children:
- George Augustus Frederick Louis Curzon-Howe, 2nd Earl Howe (1821--1876).
- Richard William Penn Curzon-Howe, 3rd Earl Howe (1822--1900), ancestor of subsequent earls.
- Hon. Frederick Curzon-Howe (1823--1881). Died unmarried.
- Hon. Henry Dugdale Curzon-Howe (1824--1910), married Eleanor Young Swinburne (died 28 August 1887), daughter of Maj.-Gen. John Swinburne of Keynsham, Somerset, on 22 October 1857. They had six children.
- Lady Georgiana Charlotte Curzon-Howe (1825--1906), married Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort.
- Maj. Hon. William Henry Curzon-Howe (1827--1914), married first Beatrice Louisa Margaret Page (died 10 July 1873) on 26 October 1870. He later married Emily Cowper, daughter of Frederick Cowper JP for Cumberland, on 3 November 1874. They had one daughter.
- Hon. Ernest George Curzon-Howe (1828--1885), married Augusta Latham Hallifax (circa 1835 -- 24 December 1917), daughter of Brig. Gen. Robert Dampier Hallifax and granddaughter of Samuel Hallifax, Bishop of Gloucester and St. Asaph. They had six children.
- Hon. Leicester Smyth (1829--1891).
- Lady Adelaide Curzon-Howe (1835--1903), married Francis Fane, 12th Earl of Westmorland.
- Lady Emily Mary Curzon-Howe (1836--1910), married Sir Robert Kingscote. She was a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Alexandra.
Howe\'s first wife died in 1836, and on 9 October 1845, he married Anne Gore (died 1877), second daughter of Admiral Sir John Gore. They had three children:
- Hon. Montagu Curzon (21 September 1846 -- 1 September 1907), married on 19 October 1886 to Esmé FitzRoy (1859 -- 25 May 1939, daughter of Francis Horatio FitzRoy (1823--1900) and wife Gertrude Duncombe (born 1827)), whose daughter Mary married her cousin the 5th Earl Howe and was mother of the 6th Earl Howe.
- Lady Mary Anna Curzon-Howe (1848--1929), married the 2nd Duke of Abercorn; ancestors of subsequent dukes
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# Mehmet Yıldız
**Mehmet Yıldız** (born 14 September 1981) is a Turkish footballer who last played as a striker for Ankaragücü.
## Career
Mehmet was born in Yozgat, Turkey. He spent much time being loaned out from Sivasspor and also being sold a couple of times. Firstly was his loan spell at Çarşambaspor where he played only a handful of games. He then returned to Sivasspor to become a prominent member of the team. In 2003 Mehmet was sold to Antalyaspor where his career never hit the same heights as while at Sivasspor. The same happened again when he was sold to Türk Telekomspor the following season.
His performances lead Sivasspor to recall him to the first team where he has become club captain and a regular goal scorer for the *Kırmızı-Beyaz* with near a 1:1 ratio of goals per game
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# Cape Rosa
**Cape Rosa** (54 11 S 37 25 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a cape marking the south side of the entrance to King Haakon Bay on the south coast of South Georgia. The name first appears about 1920 on charts of South Georgia and has since become established by usage.
It was here, in a cave, that Ernest Shackleton\'s expedition sheltered for four days, and this is commemorated in a plaque there.
The small headland of Aucellina Point is nearby, about 1.6 miles (2.6 km) southeast
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# 37th Training Wing
The **37th Training Wing** is a unit of the United States Air Force assigned to the 2nd Air Force and the Air Education and Training Command. As the host unit to Lackland Air Force Base, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas, the wing is the predominant unit on the installation and is the largest training wing in the USAF. Known as the \"Gateway to the Air Force\", the 37th Training Wing replaced the Lackland Training Center as the single basic military training for the USAF.
At the same time, the 37th TRW also conducts technical training for security forces, logistics, and professional military education and hosts the English component (DLIELC) of the Defense Language Institute. Its four primary training functions graduate more than 85,000 students annually. Colonel Willie L. Cooper is the Commander of the 37th Training Wing and Carlos F. Damian is the Command Chief Master Sergeant.
## Units
The 37th Training Wing consists of five training groups and graduates more than 80,000 students annually. These five missions include basic military training of all enlisted recruits entering the Air Force, Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard; technical training encompassing hundreds of courses for a wide array of career fields and functions; Nursing and Health Services Admin officer courses and enlisted medical courses; English language training for international military personnel attending the Defense Language Institute; and specialized maintenance and security training as well as the International Squadron Officer School and International Non-Commissioned Officer Academy conducted in Spanish by active-duty Airmen for Latin American students attending the Inter-American Air Forces Academy.
- 37th Training Wing
- **37th Training Wing Staff Agencies**
- **37th Training Group** USAF Technical School:
- **37th Training Support Squadron**
- **341st Training Squadron** Provides trained military working dogs (MWDs) used in patrol, drug and explosive detection, and specialized mission functions for the Department of Defense (DoD) and other government agencies. Conduct operational training of MWD handlers and supervisors. Sustain DoD MWD program through logistical support, veterinary care, and research and development for security efforts worldwide.
- **342d Training Squadron** Home of all Air Force Battlefield Airman (BA) entry-level training for Pararescue (PJ), Combat Control (CCT), Special Operations Weather (SOWT), and Tactical Air Control Party (TACP).
- **343d Training Squadron** Hosts the Air Force\'s Security Forces Training. Its training areas are housed on Lackland AFB and Camp Bullis, both located in the San Antonio area.
- **344th Training Squadron** Provides technical training for more than 10,000 active duty, Reserve, Guard, international and civilian students annually in Career Enlisted Aviator, Vehicle Maintenance, Logistics Readiness Officer, Logistics Plans, Materiel Management, Contracting, Recruiting, Safety, Cryptological, and TEMPEST courses.
- **345th Training Squadron** Trains, develops and educates technical training students into skilled graduates in the Services, Air Transportation, Hazardous Material Transportation School (HAZMAT) and Traffic Management Office career fields.
- **737th Training Group** USAF Enlisted Basic Training
- 737th Training Support Squadron
- 319th Training Squadron
- 320th Training Squadron
- 321st Training Squadron
- 322d Training Squadron
- 323d Training Squadron
- 324th Training Squadron
- 326th Training Squadron
- 331st Training Squadron
- Defense Language Institute English Language Center (DLIELC). DLIELC provides world-wide English language training and resident cultural immersion to enable US military and International partners to communicate in support of Department of Defense Security Cooperation objectives.
- 332nd Training Squadron (Academics)
- 637th International Support Squadron (Operations)
- 637th Training Support Squadron
- Inter-American Air Forces Academy (IAAFA). IAAFA is an AETC organization focused on Education, Training, and Security Cooperation. It is the only USAF institution that delivers technical and professional training in Spanish to 32 Partner Nations across the Western Hemisphere. The academy offers a wide range of courses and graduates over 900 students per year.
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# 37th Training Wing
## History
### Korean War {#korean_war}
The 37th was established on 3 March 1953 as the United States Air Force **37th Fighter-Bomber Wing** as part of the buildup on the Air Force due to the Korean War. It was assigned to Ninth Air Force of Tactical Air Command and was activated on 8 April 1953 at Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico.
Although activated, the wing was neither manned nor equipped and it was inactivated on 25 June as a result of the Armistice in Korea and the subsequent need for deployment to the war zone being unnecessary.
### Vietnam War {#vietnam_war}
With the escalation of the Vietnam War in 1965--1966, the Air Force reactivated the unit and redesignated it as the **37th Tactical Fighter Wing** and activated it on 26 October 1966. The wing was activated at the newly built Phù Cát Air Base, South Vietnam and it was assigned to Pacific Air Forces. It was organized on 1 March 1967 and assigned to Seventh Air Force. Personnel for the wing headquarters and tactical components were in transit from the United States and elsewhere, and tactical operations did not commence until mid-April.
The 37th Wing was assigned several North American F-100 Super Sabre squadrons, its mission was to provide tactical air power in support of South Vietnamese and United States Army and Marine units engaged in combat against communist forces attempting to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. Initial squadrons assigned were:
- 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 April 1967 -- 27 May 1969 (F-100D/F Tail Code: HE)
- Detachment 1, 612th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 8 June 1967 -- 13 April 1969 (F-100D/F Tail Code: HS)
On 15 April, the 37th began combat operations with strikes by 416 Squadron (F-100D aircraft) en route from Bien Hoa to their new home. On 8 June, Detachment 1 of the 612th Squadron began operations, also after flying a mission en route from their former home at Phan Rang. From June 1967 to May 1969, the 37th also used F-100F two-seat trainers for visual and weather reconnaissance and forward air control operations. The latter mission came to be known as \"Fast FAC.\" Up until this time, the Air Force used slow propeller-driven O-1, O-2 and OV-10 aircraft for this mission. By 28 February 1968, wing squadrons completed 18,000 combat hours and 13,000 combat sorties without a major aircraft accident.
In the spring of 1968, the two squadrons of the wing were augmented by two additional squadrons deployed from the United States. With this augmentation, the wing was then composed of four F-100 combat squadrons with approximately 90 aircraft being assigned.
- 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 14 May 1968 -- 11 May 1969 (F-100C/F Tail Code: HA)
- 355th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 3 February 1968 -- 15 May 1969 (F-100D/F Tail Code: HP)
As 355th Squadron personnel completed their TDY that same month the personnel and aircraft returned to Myrtle Beach AFB. They were replaced by Air National Guardsmen from New Jersey and Washington DC, who were manning Myrtle Beach at the time. These newly deployed personnel were sent to Tuy Hoa Air Base along with their F-100 D/F aircraft.
In 1969, the Air Force began withdrawing the F-100 from combat duty in South Vietnam, replacing it with the McDonnell F-4D Phantom II. Two Phantom squadrons were transferred to the 37th from the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing, Da Nang Air Base:
- 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 April 1969 -- 31 March 1970 (F-4D Tail Code: HK)
- 389th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 June 1969 -- 31 March 1970 (F-4D Tail Code: HB)
The wing continued its combat operations in South Vietnam until 30 March 1970 when it was inactivated as part of the drawdown of American forces in South Vietnam. The wing was replaced by the 12th Tactical Fighter Wing which moved without assets from Cam Ranh Bay Air Base.
During the wing\'s combat tour in South Vietnam, it was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation, eight Vietnam campaign streamers, two Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards with Combat\"V\" Device, and the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm.
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# 37th Training Wing
## History
### Tactical Air Command {#tactical_air_command}
#### George Air Force Base {#george_air_force_base}
The 37th was reactivated on 30 March 1981 by Tactical Air Command at George Air Force Base in Victorville, California. Its mission was to provide pilot transition training to the F-4G Phantom II \"Wild Weasel\" radar suppression aircraft. The mission was transferred to the 37th from the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, which was TAC\'s primary F-4E Phantom II training organization in a mission realignment. Both wings were under the TAC\'s 831st Air Division. Assigned squadrons of the 37th (Tail Code: \"WW\") at George were:
- 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron: 30 March 1981 -- 5 October 1989 (Yellow Tail Stripe)
- 562d Tactical Fighter Training Squadron: 30 March 1981 -- 5 October 1989 (Blue Tail Stripe)
- 563rd Tactical Fighter Squadron (red tail stripe)
As the only \"Wild Weasel\" training wing in the world, it provided instructor pilots and qualified aircrews for the other two \"Wild Weasel\" wings in the Philippines and West Germany. As part of the training mission, the wing participated in numerous tactical, maritime, and electronic warfare exercises locally and worldwide in hunter/killer tactics, suppression of enemy air defenses, force escort operations and dissimilar air combat training with Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve squadrons, and various allies. Wing aircrews and ground personnel won the United States Air Force Worldwide Fighter gunnery meet in 1985 and 1987.
In 1988, George was scheduled in the first round of base closures passed by Congress under the Base Realignment and Closure program. On 5 October 1989, the 37th turned over its F-4G aircraft to the host 35th Tactical Fighter Wing at George.
#### Tonopah Test Range Airport {#tonopah_test_range_airport}
On 10 November 1988, the Air Force officially announced the existence of the Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk to the public. With this announcement, the formerly clandestine Tactical Air Command 4450th Tactical Group, which had transitioned the F-117 from a development to operational weapons system was put on the road to inactivation when the Air Force decided to increase the 4450th TG to a Wing level organization.
As part of the phasedown of operations at George, the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing moved without equipment or personnel to Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada on 5 October 1989, and assumed the aircraft, personnel, equipment and mission of the provisional 4450th Tactical Group . As part of the transition from the provisional group to 37th TFW, the F-117A squadrons were inactivated and re-designated as follows:
- 4450th Tactical Squadron; replaced by the 415th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Nightstalkers)
- 4451st Tactical Squadron; replaced by the 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Ghostriders)
- 4453d Test and Evaluation Squadron; replaced by the 417th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Bandits)
The uncoded aircraft of the 4450th Group were given the USAF Tail Code of \"TR\", and subdued squadron emblems were affixed to the 37th TFW\'s aircraft. The choice of the 415th, 416th and 417th Tactical Fighter Squadrons was significant, as these were all World War II Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter squadrons. The mission of the F-117 was night stealth tactical fighter operations; the squadron designations were chosen to honor these pioneering World War II squadrons, which were bestowed their lineages and histories. The wing trained to integrate stealth technology with more conventional methods of combat operations.
The 415th and 416th squadrons each flew 18 production F-117As, whereas the 417th flew the 6 pre-production F-117As (79-10780 -- 79--10785). The 417th also operated Northrop T-38A Talon and AT-38B Talon trainers for chase and training.
##### Operation Just Cause {#operation_just_cause}
On 19 December 1989, just 13 months after the Pentagon had disclosed the existence of the F-117A, it was used in combat for the first time. This was in Operation Just Cause, the invasion of Panama intended to dislodge and arrest General Manuel Noreiga.
In early 1988, Panama\'s military dictator, Gen. Manuel Noriega, had been indicted by two Florida grand juries on charges of laundering drug money. He laughed off the charges and dismissed Panama\'s president in February. During the May 1989 presidential election campaign, Noriega\'s \"Dignity Battalion\" goon squad beat up opposition candidate Guillermo Endara. Endara won the election, but on 1 October, Noriega prevented him from taking office. Two days later, a coup attempt was made but collapsed when loyalist Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) rescued Noriega. The coup leaders were executed the following day. On 15 December, Noriega declared a state of war between the United States and Panama. The following evening, PDF soldiers killed a marine lieutenant and arrested a navy lieutenant. The Lieutenant and his wife had witnessed the shooting. The officer was beaten and his wife was threatened with sexual abuse.
In response to these events, President George H. W. Bush issued orders to invade Panama. One of the targets was the Battalion 2000 barracks at Rio Hato Airfield. United States Army Rangers were to be dropped at the adjoining airfield. The PDF troops would have to be neutralized before the airdrop. Army Lt. Gen. Carl W. Stiner, the XVIII Airborne Corps commander, requested F-117As be used. The F-117s would not bomb the two barracks, but rather the 2,000-pound LBGs with time-delay fuses would be directed to aim points near the buildings. They would act as \"a giant stun grenade,\" to confuse the PDF troops without killing them. The use of F-117As was based on their night-bombing accuracy, rather than stealth, as the PDF lacked heavy air defenses.
On the night of 19 December 1989, six F-117As from the 415th TFS took off from TTR Airport. The flight would require five in-flight refuelings. Two of the planes were targeted on Rio Hato Airfield, two more were to provide support for an attempt to capture Noriega, and the final pair were in-flight spares should any of the others suffer malfunctions. As the two F-117As approached the release point, a moment of confusion occurred that would mar their debut. The original plan was for the lead plane to drop its bomb in a field near the barracks on the left, while his wingman would drop his bomb in a field near a barracks on the right. Just before the drop, the wind direction changed. One bomb, intended to land about 100 yards from the 7th Company barracks, actually landed 260 yards away. This was only 18 yards from the 6th Company barracks, which was too close. The other bomb impacted near a basketball court, about 40 yards farther from the barracks than intended.
Despite these problems, the explosions caused the desired confusion. Initial reports spoke of PDF soldiers running around in their underwear, while others threw down their weapons. Several Rangers were killed in the subsequent firefight, but the airfield was taken and U.S. aircraft were landing within two hours.
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# 37th Training Wing
## History
### Tactical Air Command {#tactical_air_command}
#### Tonopah Test Range Airport {#tonopah_test_range_airport}
##### Operation Just Cause {#operation_just_cause}
However, it was revealed three months later that one of the bombs had missed its target by a considerable amount. It seems that there had been some mis-communication in the final stages of the mission planning, and the pilot had been given the wrong coordinates for the target. However, the media jumped on this event and concluded that the F-117A had been a failure on its first mission.
On 21 April 1990, stung perhaps by the press criticism, the Pentagon released more information on the F-117A. More photos of better quality were released, and at Nellis Air Force Base there was a public display of two F-117As.
##### 1991 Gulf War {#gulf_war}
Less than a year after the wing saw combat in Panama, in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990, the 415th Squadron deployed to King Khalid International Airport, Saudi Arabia on 19 August to provide air defense over the Saudi capital of Riyadh.
In November 1990, President Bush ordered United States Central Command to prepare for offensive operations against Iraq after negotiations with President Saddam Hussein of Iraq were at an impasse. The 416th Squadron deployed from Tonopah on 1 December 1990 and in January 1991, a portion of the 417th Squadron also deployed to Saudi Arabia. In spite of the massive Coalition buildup, Saddam Hussein of Iraq refused to withdraw his troops from Kuwait.
In the early morning of 17 January 1991, the United States Central Command Air Forces along with air forces from Coalition nations began an air offensive to remove Iraqi troops from Kuwait. F-117A Nighthawk stealth bombers, flying from Saudi Arabia, were the first aircraft to engage in offensive operations. The stealth technology of the plane allowed it to fly directly to the Iraqi capital of Baghdad without detection. Mission planners had assigned critical strategic Iraqi command and control installations to the F-117s, counting on the aircraft\'s ability to hit precisely at well-defended targets without being seen or detected by Iraqi air defenses. Other vital targets included key communications centers, research and development facilities for nuclear and chemical weapons, plus hardened aircraft shelters on Iraqi airfields.
On the first night of combat operations, an F-117A dropped a 2000-pound laser-guided GBU-27 Paveway III bomb right through the roof of the general communications building in downtown Baghdad. In another attack on the communications building next to the Tigris River, another GBU-27 Paveway III was dropped through an air shaft in the center of the roof atop the building and blew out all four walls. During the first three weeks of the air offensive, F-117As obliterated many hardened targets with unprecedented precision. The 37th TFW flew 1271 combat sorties and maintained an 85.5 percent mission-capable rate. The 43 F-117As of the 37th TFW dropped more than 2000 tons of precision ordnance and attacked some 40 percent of the high-value targets that were struck by the Coalition forces. Not one F-117A was hit, shot down, or lost to mechanical failure.
There is no evidence that the F-117A was ever detected or tracked by Iraqi radar installations, either ground or airborne. After combat operations ceased in February 1991, some wing personnel and aircraft remained on indefinite alert in Saudi Arabia as a component member of the post-Desert Storm task force in Southwest Asia, although most returned to Tonopah by the end of March.
##### F-117 transfer to Holloman AFB {#f_117_transfer_to_holloman_afb}
After Desert Storm, the 37th transitioned to the Air Force Objective Wing organization, and the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing was redesignated the 37th Fighter Wing on 1 October 1991.
As a result of the end of the Cold War, reduced defense budgets were the order of the day. In reviewing its tactical bases and the costs of maintaining them, It was determined that the operations from Tonopah required considerable logistics support via commercial air and trucking. All military personnel were permanently assigned to Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, and were transported once each week by air. Also the security requirements of the F-117A had been lessened with its introduction into the Air Force inventory as an operational weapons system. It was determined that a considerable amount of money would be saved by moving the F-117 operations out of the remote site at Tonopah. Tactical Air Command also believed, while Tonopah Airport was adequate for testing and development of aircraft, it was unsuitable as a fully operational tactical base. Also, the Air Force wanted to retire the F-15A/B Eagles operated by the 49th Fighter Wing at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, most of which were manufactured in the mid-1970s and were costing more and more to operate. As a result, plans were put in place to construct suitable facilities for the F-117A at Holloman and to retire the F-15A/B models of the 49th.
There was also debate about which unit designation would be adopted at Holloman. The 37th was a senior organization to the 49th, and initially it was announced that the 49th would be inactivated and the 37th would become the new host unit at Holloman. This was changed when General Merrill McPeak, USAF Chief of Staff, determined that the 49th had a more notable history than the 37th, would remain active and the 37th would be inactivated.
On 8 July 1992, shortly after the inactivation of Tactical Air Command and the activation of Air Combat Command, the assets of the 37th Fighter Wing were moved to Holloman and was it was inactivated; the aircraft, personnel, equipment and mission being transferred to the 49th Fighter Wing.
| 944 |
37th Training Wing
| 3 |
11,103,727 |
# 37th Training Wing
## History
### Air Education and Training Command {#air_education_and_training_command}
However, the inactivation was of short duration. On 1 July 1993, HQ USAF redesignated Air Training Command as Air Education and Training Command (AETC). At the same time, HQ AETC replaced all of its training centers with numbered wings. As a result, the 37th was redesignated the **37th Training Wing** and activated at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. It replaced the Lackland Training Center and most of its units that had performed the training mission since 1949.
Assigned to the 37th Training Wing were five group-level establishments.
- 37th Technical Training Group
- 37th Military Training Group
- Defense Language Institute English Language Center
- 37th Support Group
- 37th Logistics Group
Additional changes came on 1 April 1994 when HQ USAF redesignated the technical training group as the 37th Training Group and the military training group as the 737th Training Group.
The 37th also inherited a fourth training mission, one which the Lackland Training Center had gained on 2 June 1993, when the Air Force decided to make Lackland the permanent home of the Inter-American Air Forces Academy (IAAFA). The academy had brought its technical training mission to Lackland in August 1992 from the hurricane-wrecked Homestead AFB in Florida. The Inter-American Air Forces Academy had trained officer and enlisted members of various air forces in Latin America since its organization in the Panama Canal Zone on 31 October 1948. On 1 July 1993, IAAFA was reassigned to the 37th Training Wing.
While the wing gained IAAFA\'s technical training missions, it lost the officer training mission which AETC reassigned to Air University on 1 July 1993 and shortly thereafter moved to Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. The wing also gained extensive technical training courses from two closing bases --- Chanute Air Force Base in Illinois and Lowry Air Force Base in Colorado. The courses consisted of much of the Air Force\'s training for base support and operations. As the new courses began to come on line in 1993, the wing\'s technical trainee accessions grew significantly. In 1994, technical training entries almost reached 20,000, while basic military training remained at its pre-1986 level of about 35,000. In 1995, the wing reached near parity between basic military and technical training missions in terms of members trained.
In the twenty-first century, the 937th Training Group, the Air Force component of the Medical Education and Training Campus located at Fort Sam Houston, was replaced by the 59th Training Group, part of the 59th Medical Wing.
| 424 |
37th Training Wing
| 4 |
11,103,727 |
# 37th Training Wing
## Lineage
- Established as the **37th Fighter-Bomber Wing** on 3 March 1953
: Activated on 8 April 1953
: Inactivated on 25 June 1953
- Redesignated **37th Tactical Fighter Wing** and activated on 26 October 1966 (not organized)
: Organized on 1 March 1967
: Inactivated on 31 March 1970
- Activated on 30 March 1981
: Redesignated **37th Fighter Wing** on 1 October 1991
: Inactivated on 8 July 1992
- Redesignated **37th Training Wing** and activated on 1 July 1993
### Assignments
- Ninth Air Force, 8 April -- 25 June 1953
- Pacific Air Forces, 26 October 1966 (not organized)
- Seventh Air Force, 1 March 1967 -- 31 March 1970
- 831st Air Division, 30 March 1981
- Twelfth Air Force, 5 October 1989 -- 8 July 1992
- Second Air Force, 1 July 1993--present
### Components
**Groups**
- 37th Fighter-Bomber Group (later 37th Operations Group): 8 April -- 25 June 1953; 1 November 1991 -- 8 July 1992
- 37th Training Group
- 737th Training Group
- 937th Training Group (now inactivated)
**Squadrons**
- 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 14 May 1968 -- 11 May 1969
- 355th Fighter Squadron: attached 3 February -- 4 July 1968, assigned 5 July 1968 -- 15 May 1969
- 389th Fighter Squadron: 15 June 1969 -- 31 March 1970
- 415th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 5 October 1989 -- 1 November 1991
- 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 April 1967 -- 27 May 1969; 5 October 1989 -- 1 November 1991
- 417th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (later 417th Fighter Squadron): 5 October 1989 -- 1 November 1991
- 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 April 1969 -- 31 March 1970
- 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron: 30 March 1981 -- 5 October 1989
- 562d Tactical Fighter Training Squadron: 30 March 1981 -- 5 October 1989
- 563d Tactical Fighter Squadron 30 March 1981 -- 5 October 1989
**Detachment**
- Detachment 1, 612th Tactical Fighter Squadron: attached 8 June 1967 -- 13 April 1969
| 338 |
37th Training Wing
| 5 |
11,103,743 |
# Jainendra Kumar
**Jainendra Kumar** (2 January 1905 -- 24 December 1988) was a 20th-century Indian writer who wrote in Hindi. He wrote novels include *Sunita* and *Tyagapatra*. He was awarded one of India\'s highest civilian honours, the Padma Bhushan in 1971. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award by the Sahitya Akademi in 1966, for his work *Muktibodh* (novelette), and its highest award, the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship in 1979
| 70 |
Jainendra Kumar
| 0 |
11,103,754 |
# Community of Democratic Choice Youth Forum
The **Community of Democratic Choice Youth Forum** (**CDC Youth Forum**) is an international organization registered in Riga, Latvia. It aims to promote partnership and dialogue among youth from the region of the Community of Democratic Choice.
Founded under the name **Youth Forum of Europe\'s New Democracies**, it arose from a youth forum that was part of the Vilnius Conference 2006 of the Community of Democratic Choice. The youth forum consists of members from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Germany, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and United Kingdom. The main task of the forum is the promotion of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.
In March 2007, delegates of the forum met in Tallinn, Estonia to institutionalize the forum and it was renamed into Community of Democratic Choice Youth Forum.
## Foundation
For their meeting in Vilnius, Lithuania the head of states of the Community of Democratic Choice (CDC) added an intellectuals\' forum, an NGO forum and a youth forum to their summit. The youth forum was composed by 27 young Europeans from 13 countries. In its resolution it declared the foundation of the \"Youth Forum of Europe\'s New Democracies\". Nine month after the first meeting delegates of the forum met in Tallinn, Estonia to institutionalize the forum and give it a legal basis. By this the forum changed its name to **CDC Youth Forum** to stress out the ties to the Community of Democratic Choice.
## Targets
The Forum wants to inform about the CDC, its values and goals among a broader public. Thus it tries to promote and strengthen democratic values, human rights and civil society in the region of the CDC. Under the label of \"Your Voice\" it seeks comprehensive discussions about democracy and its values among youth via a dialogue among youth
| 308 |
Community of Democratic Choice Youth Forum
| 0 |
11,103,761 |
# Ligand dependent pathway
There are two types of pathway for substitution of ligands in a complex. The **ligand dependent pathway** is the one whereby the chemical properties of the ligand affect the rate of substitution. Alternatively, there is the ligand independent pathway, which is where the ligand does not have an effect.
This is of vital importance in the world of inorganic chemistry and complex ions
| 67 |
Ligand dependent pathway
| 0 |
11,103,792 |
# Zuni-Bandera volcanic field
**Zuni-Bandera volcanic field** (also known as **Bandera lava field**, **Grants Malpais** and **Malpais volcanic field**) is a volcanic field located in the state of New Mexico, United States.
The volcanic field has been considered for geothermal exploitation.
It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.
## Origins
The Zuni-Bandera volcanic field lies along the Jemez Lineament, a zone of weakness in the lower crust and upper mantle that allows magma formed in the mantle to reach the surface. The magmas erupted in the field includes both tholeiitic basalt (an iron-rich basalt with a low alkali content) and alkaline basalt. The tholeiitic basalt shows chemical and isotopic signatures of magma formed from the spinel-rich mantle rock of the lithosphere, the outer rigid shell of the Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle. The alkaline basalt, by contrast, formed from the garnet-rich mantle rock of the asthenosphere, the ductile region of the mantle just below the lithosphere. Little crustal material was assimilated into the magmas, although the tholeiitic magma experienced some fractional crystallization at shallow depths in the crust.
## Exploration
A significant portion of the volcanic field is part of the El Malpais National Monument. Several of the lava tubes are available for exploration by permit. In addition, hiking trails enable visitors to see the lava field\'s unique characteristics.
## Bandera Crater {#bandera_crater}
Located on private property at 35.0 N 108.08 W type:mountain name=Bandera Crater and possessing a height of 2533 m, Bandera Crater last erupted between 9,500 and 10,900 years ago.
The nearly 17.5 mile long lava tube emanating from this crater is the longest in North America. Most of the lava tube has collapsed but portions still remain as caves. One of these caves contains an over 900 year old ice cave and can be accessed by the public. The land that contains the ice cave was purchased by Sylvestre Mirabal in the early 1900s. Mirabal mined the ice in the ice cave to cool the beer in a saloon that he operated. His daughter married into the Candelaria family, which continues to own and operate the ice cave to this day. Ice mining was halted in 1946.
The ice cave, itself, never gets above 31 °F. It is currently 20 ft thick and has a green hue due to Arctic algae.
## Other Notable Vents {#other_notable_vents}
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Name | Elevation | Coordinates | Last eruption |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cerro Bandera | | | \- |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| El Calderon | | | \- |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cerro Colorado | \- | \- | \- |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cerro Encierro | | | \- |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hoyo De Cibola | | | \- |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cerro Hueco (Deer Mountain) | | \- | \- |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Laguna | name = Zuni-Bandera: Synonyms and Subfeatures | vn = 327120 | vtab = Subfeatures |
| | | | |
| ` {{cite gvp` | | | |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lost Woman | | | \- |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| McCarty\'s Flow{{cite web | title = McCartys Flow, Zuni - Bandera Volcanic Field, New Mexico | work = Volcano World | url = <http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/mccartys_flow
| 540 |
Zuni-Bandera volcanic field
| 0 |
11,103,801 |
# Sundance Square
**Sundance Square** is the name of a 35-block commercial, residential, entertainment and retail district in downtown Fort Worth, Texas. Named after the Sundance Kid in western folklore, it is a popular place for nightlife and entertainment in Fort Worth and for tourists visiting the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. It is owned by Fine Line investments, a division of billionaire Ed Bass\'s investment funds. `{{Clarify|reason=It isn't clear whether Fine Line actually owns all of these 36 city blocks (and the buildings thereon), or is it (for example) just that pedestrian plaza on Main St.?|date=April 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
The area includes numerous hotels, restaurants, condos, lofts, shops, museums, bars, clubs, a movie theatre, performing arts, concerts and festivals throughout the year. The former downtown Woolworth\'s Building, as well as Burk Burnett Building, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A mural on one building commemorates the Fort Worth segment of the Chisholm Trail cattle drives of 1867-1875. The district is also the location of the Bass Performance Hall
| 168 |
Sundance Square
| 0 |
11,103,814 |
# 2007 1000 km of Valencia
The **2007 1000 km of Valencia** was the second round of the 2007 Le Mans Series season. It took place on 6 May 2007, at Circuit de Valencia, Spain.
## Official results {#official_results}
Class winners in **bold**. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner\'s distance marked as Not Classified (NC).
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| Pos | Class | No | Team | Drivers | Chassis | Tyre | Laps |
+========+=======+====+===================================================+=========================================================+=============================+======+======+
| Engine | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 1 | LMP1 | 8 | Team Peugeot Total | Stéphane Sarrazin\ | Peugeot 908 HDi FAP | | 234 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|PRT}}`{=mediawiki} Pedro Lamy | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Peugeot HDi 5.5L Turbo V12\ | | |
| | | | | | (Diesel) | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 2 | LMP1 | 15 | Charouz Racing System | Jan Charouz\ | Lola B07/17 | | 232 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|DEU}}`{=mediawiki} Stefan Mücke\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|MYS}}`{=mediawiki} Alex Yoong | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5L V10 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 3 | LMP1 | 5 | Swiss Spirit | Marcel Fässler\ | Lola B07/18 | | 231 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|CHE}}`{=mediawiki} Jean-Denis Délétraz\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|CHE}}`{=mediawiki} Iradj Alexander | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Audi 3.6L Turbo V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 4 | LMP1 | 18 | Rollcentre Racing | Stuart Hall\ | Pescarolo 01 | | 230 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|PRT}}`{=mediawiki} João Barbosa\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Phil Keen | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5L V10 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 5 | LMP1 | 16 | Pescarolo Sport | Romain Dumas\ | Pescarolo 01 | | 229 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Jean-Christophe Boullion | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5L V10 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 6 | LMP1 | 17 | Pescarolo Sport | Harold Primat\ | Pescarolo 01 | | 229 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Christophe Tinseau | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5L V10 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 7 | LMP2 | 40 | Quifel ASM Team | Miguel Amaral\ | Lola B05/40 | | 224 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Miguel Angel de Castro\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Angel Burgueño | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | AER P07 2.0L Turbo I4 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 8 | LMP2 | 35 | Saulnier Racing | Jacques Nicolet\ | Courage LC75 | | 222 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Alain Filhol\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Bruce Jouanny | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | AER P07 2.0L Turbo I4 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 9 | LMP2 | 21 | Team Bruichladdich Radical | Tim Greaves\ | Radical SR9 | | 222 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Stuart Moseley\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Robin Liddell | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | AER P07 2.0L Turbo I4 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 10 | GT1 | 55 | Team Oreca | Stéphane Ortelli\ | Saleen S7-R | | 222 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Soheil Ayari | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ford 7.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 11 | LMP2 | 24 | Noël del Bello Racing | Jean-Marc Gounon\ | Courage LC75 | | 220 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Vitaly Petrov | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | AER P07 2.0L Turbo I4 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 12 | GT1 | 61 | Racing Box | Piergiuseppe Perazzini\ | Saleen S7-R | | 219 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Marco Cioci\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Salvatore Tavano | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ford 7.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 13 | GT1 | 50 | Aston Martin Racing Larbre | Christophe Bouchut\ | Aston Martin DBR9 | | 218 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Fabrizio Gollin\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|CHE}}`{=mediawiki} Gabriele Gardel | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Aston Martin 6.0L V12 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 14 | LMP1 | 19 | Chamberlain-Synergy Motorsports | Gareth Evans\ | Lola B06/10 | | 217 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Bob Berridge\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Peter Owen | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | AER P32T 3.6L Turbo V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 15 | LMP2 | 44 | Kruse Motorsport | Tony Burgess\ | Pescarolo 01 | | 216 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Jean de Pourtales\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Norbert Siedler | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Judd XV675 3.4L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 16 | LMP2 | 25 | Ray Mallock Ltd. (RML) | Mike Newton\ | MG-Lola EX264 | | 215 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|BRA}}`{=mediawiki} Thomas Erdos | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | AER P07 2.0L Turbo I4 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 17 | GT1 | 72 | Luc Alphand Aventures | Luc Alphand\ | Chevrolet Corvette C6.R | | 213 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Jérôme Policand\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Patrice Goueslard | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Chevrolet LS7.R 7.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 18 | GT2 | 77 | Team Felbermayr-Proton | Marc Lieb\ | Porsche 997 GT3-RSR | | 211 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Xavier Pompidou | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Porsche 3.8L Flat-6 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 19 | GT2 | 96 | Virgo Motorsport | Robert Bell\ | Ferrari F430GT | | 210 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|DNK}}`{=mediawiki} Allan Simonsen | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 20 | GT2 | 78 | Scuderia Villorba Corse | Alex Caffi\ | Ferrari F430GT | | 210 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Denny Zardo | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 21 | GT2 | 90 | Farnbacher Racing | Pierre Ehret\ | Porsche 997 GT3-RSR | | 210 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|DEU}}`{=mediawiki} Dirk Werner\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|DNK}}`{=mediawiki} Lars-Erik Nielsen | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Porsche 3.8L Flat-6 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 22 | LMP2 | 32 | Barazi-Epsilon | Juan Barazi\ | Zytek 07S/2 | | 209 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|NLD}}`{=mediawiki} Michael Vergers\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|SAU}}`{=mediawiki} Karim Ojjeh | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Zytek ZG348 3.4L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 23 | GT2 | 88 | Team Felbermayr-Proton | Christian Ried\ | Porsche 911 GT3-RSR | | 206 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Horst Felbermayr Jr.\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Thomas Grüber | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Porsche 3.8L Flat-6 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 24 | GT2 | 98 | Ice Pol Racing Team | Yves Lambert\ | Ferrari F430GT | | 206 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} Christian Lefort\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Markus Palttala | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 25 | GT1 | 59 | Team Modena | Antonio García\ | Aston Martin DBR9 | | 203 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|BRA}}`{=mediawiki} Christian Fittipaldi | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Aston Martin 6.0L V12 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 26 | GT2 | 97 | G.P.C. Sport | Sergio Hernández\ | Ferrari F430GT | | 201 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Alessandro Bonetti\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Fabrizio de Simone | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 27\ | GT2 | 94 | Speedy Racing Team | Andrea Chiesa\ | Spyker C8 Spyder GT2-R | | 199 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Jonny Kane\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Andrea Belicchi | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Audi 3.8L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 28 | GT2 | 99 | JMB Racing | Paolo Maurizio Basso\ | Ferrari F430GT | | 197 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Bo McCormick | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 29\ | GT2 | 85 | Spyker Squadron | Jaroslav Janiš\ | Spyker C8 Spyder GT2-R | | 196 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|NLD}}`{=mediawiki} Sandor van Es | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Audi 3.8L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 30 | GT1 | 51 | Aston Martin Racing Larbre | Gregory Franchi\ | Aston Martin DBR9 | | 192 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|CHE}}`{=mediawiki} Steve Zacchia\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Gregor Fisken | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Aston Martin 6.0L V12 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 31 | GT1 | 73 | Luc Alphand Aventures | Jean-Luc Blanchemain\ | Chevrolet Corvette C5-R | | 188 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Sébastien Dumez\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Didier André | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Chevrolet LS7.R 7.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 32 | GT2 | 84 | Chad Peninsula Panoz | John Harsthorne\ | Panoz Esperante GT-LM | | 188 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Sean McInerney\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Michael McInerney | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ford (Élan) 5.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 33\ | GT2 | 76 | IMSA Performance Matmut | Raymond Narac\ | Porsche 997 GT3-RSR | | 184 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Richard Lietz | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Porsche 3.8L Flat-6 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 34 | GT2 | 92 | Thierry Perrier\ | Philippe Hesnault\ | Porsche 997 GT3-RSR | | 173 |
| | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Perspective Racing | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Anthony Beltoise\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Nigel Smith | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Porsche 3.8L Flat-6 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 35\ | LMP2 | 20 | Pierre Bruneau | Pierre Bruneau\ | Pilbeam MP93 | | 172 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Marc Rostan\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Pullan | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Judd XV675 3.4L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 36\ | LMP1 | 7 | Team Peugeot Total | Nicolas Minassian\ | Peugeot 908 HDi FAP | | 168 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Marc Gené | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Peugeot HDi 5.5L Turbo V12\ | | |
| | | | | | (Diesel) | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 37\ | GT2 | 83 | G.P.C. Sport | Luca Drudi\ | Ferrari F430GT | | 167 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Gabrio Rosa\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Johnny Mowlem | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 38\ | LMP2 | 27 | Horag Racing | Fredy Lienhard\ | Lola B05/40 | | 166 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} Didier Theys\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} Eric van de Poele | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Judd XV675 3.4L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 39\ | GT2 | 82 | Team LNT | Richard Dean\ | Panoz Esperante GT-LM | | 154 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy Milner | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ford (Élan) 5.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 40\ | LMP1 | 10 | Arena Motorsports International | Stefan Johansson\ | Zytek 07S | | 125 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} Hayanari Shimoda | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Zytek 2ZG408 4.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 41\ | LMP1 | 12 | Courage Compétition | Alexander Frei\ | Courage LC70 | | 124 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Jonathan Cochet\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Bruno Besson | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | AER P32T 3.6L Turbo V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 42\ | LMP1 | 14 | Racing for Holland | David Hart\ | Dome S101.5 | | 105 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|NLD}}`{=mediawiki} Jan Lammers\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|NLD}}`{=mediawiki} Jeroen Bleekemolen | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5L V10 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 43\ | GT2 | 81 | Team LNT | Tom Kimber-Smith\ | Panoz Esperante GT-LM | | 84 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Danny Watts | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Ford (Élan) 5.0L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 44\ | LMP2 | 45 | Embassy Racing | Warren Hughes\ | Radical SR9 | | 22 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|NZL}}`{=mediawiki} Neil Cunningham | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Judd XV675 3.4L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 45\ | LMP2 | 31 | Binnie Motorsports | William Binnie\ | Lola B05/42 | | 22 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Allen Timpany\ | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Chris Buncombe | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Zytek ZG348 3.4L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| 46\ | LMP2 | 29 | T2M Motorsport | Robin Langechal\ | Dome S101.5 | | 22 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} Koji Yamanishi | | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
| | | | | | Mader 3.4L V8 | | |
+--------+-------+----+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+------+------+
## Statistics
| 2,616 |
2007 1000 km of Valencia
| 0 |
11,103,814 |
# 2007 1000 km of Valencia
## Statistics
- Pole Position - #7 Team Peugeot Total - 1:23.489
- Fastest Lap - #8 Team Peugeot Total - 1:25.234
- Average Speed - 156
| 33 |
2007 1000 km of Valencia
| 1 |
11,103,835 |
# Waterside Series
The **Waterside Series** is a series of four marathon canoe races held on the Kennet and Avon Canal and finishing at the Newbury Waterside Centre.
The race series is held in the Spring each year in the eight weeks leading up to Easter. They are held on Sundays at fortnightly intervals starting eight weeks before Easter, and the races are progressively longer in distance.
It is common to use the Waterside Series as a warm-up event for the longer, 125-mile Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon. Despite its status as a warm-up event, it is considered a gruelling challenge in its own right.
## Races
- Waterside A -- 13.5 miles (21 portages) from Great Bedwyn to Newbury
- Waterside B -- 17.5 miles (19 portages) from Newbury to Aldermaston and back
- Waterside C -- 23 miles (35 portages) from Pewsey Wharf to Newbury
- Waterside D -- 35 miles (35 portages) from Devizes to Newbury
The races take place in a time trial format, whereby competitors choose their own start time within the start window and must finish within the finish window. The opening and closing times of these windows varies from race to race, with the longer races having earlier start windows and/or later finish windows.
Races C and D include the Savernake Tunnel, where overtaking is prohibited for safety reasons.
## Competitors
The Waterside Series attracts a range of entrants from regular marathon paddlers based at clubs around the country to endurance athletes from other sports seeking to use the races for training. The race is also popular with public schools and the military. Races A and B, and in particular A are used as training events for Great Britain team paddlers.
| 289 |
Waterside Series
| 0 |
11,103,835 |
# Waterside Series
## Classes
There are 12 classes where prizes are awarded for the individual races and for the series overall:
- Senior K2 -- Open to any kayak doubles.
- Senior K1 -- Open to any kayak singles.
- Junior K2 -- Open to any kayak doubles where both competitors are under the age of 19 on 1 January of the year of the race.
- Junior K1 -- Open to any kayak singles under the age of 19 on 1 January on the year of the race.
- Ladies K2 -- Open to any female kayak doubles.
- Ladies K1 -- Open to any female kayak singles.
- Mixed K2 -- Open to kayak doubles with one male and one female competitor.
- Veteran K2 -- Open to any kayak doubles where both competitors are over the age of 35 on 1 January of the year of the race.
- Veteran K1 -- Open to any kayak singles over the age of 35 on 1 January on the year of the race.
- Junior/Veteran K2 -- Open to kayak doubles with one competitor over the age of 35 and one competitor under the age of 19 on 1 January of the year of the race.
- C2 -- Open to any canoe doubles regardless of age or gender, this may either be a touring canoe or sprint canoe.
- C1 -- Open to any canoe singles regardless of age or gender, like the C2 class, this may either be a touring canoe or sprint canoe.
In addition, at the end of the series team prizes are awarded to the fastest teams composed of Juniors, Seniors or members of a uniformed service. Prizes are also awarded for the fasted junior competitors in the Ladies K2, Mixed K2 and C2 classes, as well as the fastest competitor aged over 50.
## Warm-up for Devizes to Westminster {#warm_up_for_devizes_to_westminster}
The series is an excellent build up race for the world-famous Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon. The \'DW\' race is held every Easter over a course of 125 mi from Devizes in Wiltshire to Westminster in central London. It has been run since 1948. Starting at Devizes wharf, the route follows the Kennet and Avon Canal for 54 miles to Reading, where it joins the Thames. Another 54 miles later it reaches Teddington Lock, ending 17 miles later at Westminster Bridge
| 400 |
Waterside Series
| 1 |
11,103,862 |
# Robert Shaw (bishop)
**Robert Shaw** (died 1527) was a Scottish Cluniac monk and prelate. A son of the Laird of Sauchie, he became a monk at Paisley Abbey. He was provided as Abbot of Paisley after the resignation of Abbot George Shaw on 20 July 1498. As abbot, he took an active if unimportant role in national affairs, appearing many times as a witness to royal charters. On 11 January 1525, he was given crown nomination to Pope Clement VII to succeed James Hepburn as Bishop of Moray. The nomination was agreeable with the papacy and on 17 May he was provided to the see. He held the diocese of Moray for only two years, serving once on a diplomatic mission to England. He died sometime before November 1527
| 130 |
Robert Shaw (bishop)
| 0 |
11,103,863 |
# Spring Creek High School (Nevada)
**Spring Creek High School** (SCHS) is a public secondary school in Spring Creek, Nevada, in the United States. Part of the Elko County School District, its mascot is the Spartan and the school\'s colors are purple, silver, and black.It is also located next to the middle school
## History
In 1993, Spring Creek High School was built to help with the population boom in Elko County. SCHS sits in the middle of Spring Creek, Nevada, a small bedroom community just south of Elko. Spring Creek has a population just over 10,000. It has a total area of 58.7 sqmi. The first graduating class at Spring Creek High was the Class of 1996
## Extracurricular activities {#extracurricular_activities}
The activities at SCHS include many sports and several clubs.
### Athletics
The Spring Creek Spartans compete in the Northern 3A, which belongs to the NIAA.
- **Girls Track** won the 3A State Title from 2000--2006
- **Wrestling** 4 time 3A State Champions
#### NIAA state championships {#niaa_state_championships}
- Football - 1997
- Basketball (Girls) - 2006, 2007, 2009
- Cross Country (Girls) - 1994-1997
- Softball - 1996, 2000
- Track and Field (Girls) - 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
- Wrestling -1996, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
- Golf - 1997
### Music
The Marching Spartans have four state titles in the small band division (1996, 1998, 2015, 2016), marched in the Hollywood Christmas Parade in 1998, and toured the Basque country in Northern Spain and Southern France in 1999
| 256 |
Spring Creek High School (Nevada)
| 0 |
11,103,881 |
# Exhumed river channel
An **exhumed river channel** is a ridge of sandstone that remains when the softer flood plain mudstone is eroded away. The process begins with the deposition of sand within a river channel (typically a meandering river) and mud on the adjacent floodplain. Eventually the channel is abandoned and over time becomes buried by flood deposits from other channels. Because the sand is porous (grain-to-grain contact leaves spaces between), groundwater flows more easily through the sand than through the mud of the floodplain deposits.
Minerals (typically calcium carbonate) can cement the grains together converting the loose sand into sandstone. Meanwhile, pressure from overlying sediments compresses the floodplain mud converting it to mudstone. Millions of years later, erosion can remove the softer, less cemented mudstone and leave the more resistant sandstone as a sinuous ridge. Thus, an exhumed river channel is a form of inverted relief: what was previously low is now high, and vice versa. Exhumed channels are important indicators for ancient stream flow direction.
Some of the best examples of exhumed river channels occur in the Ruby Ranch Member of the Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation southwest of Green River, Utah. Within the Cedar Mountain Formation in this part of Utah, fluvial sandstones filling paleochannels within it are cemented by calcium carbonate. Because of this cementation, the sandstone filling these paleochannels are considerably more resistant to erosion than the shale and mudstone that enclose them. As a result, differential erosion preferentially removes the shale and mudstone and exposes these paleochannels as ridges
| 255 |
Exhumed river channel
| 0 |
11,103,894 |
# HMS Royal Arthur
One ship and one shore establishment of the Royal Navy have borne the name **HMS *Royal Arthur***, in reference to the legendary King Arthur:
- was an `{{sclass|Edgar|cruiser|0}}`{=mediawiki} armoured cruiser launched in 1891 and sold in 1921.
- was a training centre established near Skegness between 1939 and 1946, and at Corsham between 1947 and 1993
| 60 |
HMS Royal Arthur
| 0 |
11,103,897 |
# Nimitz Hill Annex, Guam
**Nimitz Hill Annex** is a community and census-designated place (CDP) in Asan-Maina, Guam. It contains the geographic feature of Nimitz Hill, and is located immediately northeast of the Nimitz Hill CDP in Piti. In normal conversation, the Nimitz Hill CDP and Nimitz Hill Annex CDP are often collectively referred to as \"Nimitz Hill.\"
## Geography
Nimitz Hill Annex is located in the hills above the Asan shoreline, in particular the 1944 Liberation of Guam\'s Asan Invasion Beach. It is located largely along Guam Highway 6, known as Halsey Drive as it passes through the CDP. It is bounded to the north by the Asan Inland Unit of War in the Pacific National Historical Park, to the northeast by Asan\'s Maina community in the Fonte River valley, to the west by the adjacent Nimitz Hill CDP across the village boundary in Piti, and to the south by the Fonte River and uninhabited inland highlands.
The Annex includes a military reservation, also named Nimitz Hill, with housing for senior U.S. military officers on Guam. The headquarters building for Joint Region Marianas / Naval Forces Marianas and the NAVFAC Marianas building are nearby, close to the actual peak of Nimitz Hill.
The Fonte Plateau Unit of War in the Pacific National Historical Park is located in the southeast of the community. The Asan Bay Overlook of the Park\'s Asan Inland Unit, with its memorials, is accessed through Nimitz Hill Annex. The Libugon Viewpoint, near the eastern boundary of the CDP, offers views over Maina and Agana Heights to Agana Bay. The NRHP-listed Fonte River Dam, often used as a water recreation area, is located in the southeast of Nimitz Hill Annex.
The transmitter for NOAA Weather Radio station WXM85, programmed by NWS Tiyan, is located here.
## History
Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet Chester W. Nimitz briefly made his headquarters at the Japanese naval communications center at Fonte Plateau in January 1945.
The Joint Typhoon Warning Center was established at Nimitz Hill in 1959, but Typhoon Karen destroyed the center in 1962. After being rebuilt in 1965, it remained until January 1, 1999, when the center was moved to Pearl Harbor following the Base Realignment and Closure legislation of 1995. Nimitz Hill is also home to former United States Naval family housing.
On August 6, 1997 Korean Air Flight 801 crashed immediately south of the Nimitz Hill Annex area.
## Education
In regards to the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA), Nimitz Hill is in the school transportation zone for McCool Elementary and McCool Middle School, while Guam High School is the island\'s sole DoDEA high school.
Non-DoDEA public schools are operated by the Guam Department of Education
| 449 |
Nimitz Hill Annex, Guam
| 0 |
11,103,911 |
# The Wrecking Crew (Wodehouse)
The **Wrecking Crew** is a recurring group of fictional characters from the golf stories of British comic writer P. G. Wodehouse; a foursome infamous for their grotesque golfing techniques and tedious pace of play. The characters are referred to as \"The First Grave Digger\", \"The Man with the Hoe\", \"Old Father Time\", and \"Consul, the Almost Human\".
## Introduction
They featured prominently in the short story \"Chester Forgets Himself\" (1923 ), and act as a catalyst whereby the protagonist finds himself uttering a string of profanity in front of a lady whom he very much wants to impress. `{{Blockquote|text="The Wrecking Crew consisted of four retired business men who had taken up the noble game late in life because their doctors had ordered them air and exercise."}}`{=mediawiki}
Their moniker expresses their painfully awkward, brutally slow, meandering and extraordinarily destructive progress over the course---their endless practice-swings, infinite brooding over putts, labored swings, foozled shots and onward crawl, leaving a devastated landscape littered with massive, irreplaceable divots in their wake---but the individual names are allusive as well.
### The First Grave Digger {#the_first_grave_digger}
The First Grave Digger is the nickname of Joseph Poskitt, who appears and is co-protagonist of the Oldest Member short story \"The Letter of the Law\". In this tale he is described as being \"\[...\]somewhat short-sighted and completely muscle-bound\[...\]as an undergraduate, he had made a name as a hammer thrower.\" He plays the Final of his club\'s President\'s Cup against the scheming retired solicitor, Wadsworth Hemmingway. He was \"the star performer of the Wrecking Crew \[...\] He differed from his colleagues \[...\] in that, while they were content to peck cautiously at the ball, he never spared himself in his efforts to do it a violent injury.\"
The nickname \"The First Grave Digger\" is a reference to a character in Shakespeare\'s \'Hamlet\', wherein (Act V, Scene 1) he sings the following callous ditty as he digs the grave of the fair Ophelia:
### The Man with the Hoe {#the_man_with_the_hoe}
\"The Man with the Hoe\" (\"L\'Homme à la Houe\"), painted in 1861, is a famous painting by Jean-François Millet. Given the proclivities of the Wrecking Crew, Wodehouse may also have had in mind a poem inspired by Millet\'s work --- Edwin Markham\'s \"The Man with the Hoe,\" which begins
### Old Father Time {#old_father_time}
Gaunt, white-bearded, and funereal, \"Old Father Time\" is at once the most familiar and the most ominous member of the Wrecking Crew quartet. With his hour-glass he measures out the precious hours allotted us on earth; with the stroke of his scythe he mows us down when our hour has come. He is always before us on the fairway of life.
### Consul, the Almost Human {#consul_the_almost_human}
\"Consul, the Almost Human\" would have been familiar to many of Wodehouse\'s original readers as the chimpanzee famous for a vaudeville act in which he wore human clothing, dined at the table, smoked cigars, rode a bicycle, used a typewriter, roller-skated, and so on. During the final decade of the nineteenth and the first of the twentieth century, Consul appeared so often in Europe and the United States that it seems likely that there was more than one \"Consul,\" and/or that several chimpanzees in succession were pressed into the role. The final Consul died of pleurisy while on tour in Berlin, after which his stuffed body was placed on display at the American Museum of Natural History. At the peak of his fame, according to his obituary in the New York Times (April 12, 1907), this Consul earned \$1,500 per week, and had his life insured for \$124,000. That he may not always have appreciated his existence as a gawked-at curiosity is suggested by the fact that on one occasion at least he took full advantage of an opportunity to fire a revolver at his trainer, only to discover that the weapon had, alas, been loaded with blank cartridges (Popular Mechanics Magazine, 1919, 593)
| 659 |
The Wrecking Crew (Wodehouse)
| 0 |
11,103,915 |
# Sunday Morning (poem)
\"**Sunday Morning**\" is a poem from Wallace Stevens\' first book of poetry, *Harmonium*. Published in part in the November 1915 issue of *Poetry*, then in full in 1923 in *Harmonium*, it is now in the public domain. The first published version can be read at the *Poetry* web site: The literary critic Yvor Winters considered \"Sunday Morning\" \"the greatest American poem of the twentieth century and\... certainly one of the greatest contemplative poems in English\" (Johnson, 100).
## Summary
About this poem Stevens wrote that it was \"simply an expression of paganism\". Helen Vendler in the *Cambridge Companion to Wallace Stevens* summarized the poem as Stevens\'s search for \"a systematic truth that could replace the Christianity of his churchgoing childhood.\" For Vendler, the stratagem which Stevens employs in attempting to accomplish this purpose is \"of writing of himself in the third person, not as \'he\' but as \'she\', adopting a female persona for reflections that might at the time have seemed too \'unmanly\' to be voiced with a masculine pronoun: \'Divinity must live within herself\', declares the woman who has decided to celebrate Sunday at home with \'Coffee and oranges\' instead of going to church.\" The critic Robert Buttel sees the poem as establishing the French painter Matisse as \"a kindred spirit\" to Stevens, in that both artists \"transform a pagan joy of life into highly civilized terms
| 232 |
Sunday Morning (poem)
| 0 |
11,103,925 |
# Representation theory of SL2(R)
In mathematics, the main results concerning irreducible unitary representations of the Lie group SL(2, **R**) are due to Gelfand and Naimark (1946), V. Bargmann (1947), and Harish-Chandra (1952).
## Structure of the complexified Lie algebra {#structure_of_the_complexified_lie_algebra}
We choose a basis *H*, *X*, *Y* for the complexification of the Lie algebra of SL(2, **R**) so that *iH* generates the Lie algebra of a **compact** Cartan subgroup *K* (so in particular unitary representations split as a sum of eigenspaces of *H*), and {*H*, *X*, *Y*} is an sl~2~-triple, which means that they satisfy the relations
: $[H,X]=2X, \quad [H,Y]=-2Y, \quad [X,Y]=H.$
One way of doing this is as follows:
$$H=\begin{pmatrix}0 & -i\\ i & 0\end{pmatrix}$$ corresponding to the subgroup *K* of matrices $\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\theta) & -\sin(\theta)\\ \sin(\theta)& \cos(\theta)\end{pmatrix}$
$$X={1\over 2}\begin{pmatrix}1 & i\\ i & -1\end{pmatrix}$$
$$Y={1\over 2}\begin{pmatrix}1 & -i\\ -i & -1\end{pmatrix}$$
The Casimir operator Ω is defined to be
$$\Omega= H^2+1+2XY+2YX.$$
It generates the center of the universal enveloping algebra of the complexified Lie algebra of SL(2, **R**). The Casimir element acts on any irreducible representation as multiplication by some complex scalar μ^2^. Thus in the case of the Lie algebra sl~2~, the infinitesimal character of an irreducible representation is specified by one complex number.
The center *Z* of the group SL(2, **R**) is a cyclic group {*I*, −*I*} of order 2, consisting of the identity matrix and its negative. On any irreducible representation, the center either acts trivially, or by the nontrivial character of *Z*, which represents the matrix -*I* by multiplication by -1 in the representation space. Correspondingly, one speaks of the trivial or nontrivial *central character*.
The central character and the infinitesimal character of an irreducible representation of any reductive Lie group are important invariants of the representation. In the case of irreducible admissible representations of SL(2, **R**), it turns out that, generically, there is exactly one representation, up to an isomorphism, with the specified central and infinitesimal characters. In the exceptional cases there are two or three representations with the prescribed parameters, all of which have been determined.
## Finite-dimensional representations {#finite_dimensional_representations}
For each nonnegative integer *n*, the group SL(2, **R**) has an irreducible representation of dimension *n* + 1, which is unique up to an isomorphism. This representation can be constructed in the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree *n* in two variables. The case *n* = 0 corresponds to the trivial representation. An irreducible finite-dimensional representation of a noncompact simple Lie group of dimension greater than 1 is never unitary. Thus this construction produces only one unitary representation of SL(2, **R**), the trivial representation.
The *finite-dimensional* representation theory of the noncompact group SL(2, **R**) is equivalent to the representation theory of SU(2), its compact form, essentially because their Lie algebras have the same complexification and they are \"algebraically simply connected\". (More precisely, the group SU(2) is simply connected and, although SL(2, **R**) is not, it has no non-trivial algebraic central extensions.) However, in the general *infinite-dimensional* case, there is no close correspondence between representations of a group and the representations of its Lie algebra. In fact, it follows from the Peter--Weyl theorem that all irreducible representations of the compact Lie group SU(2) are finite-dimensional and unitary. The situation with SL(2, **R**) is completely different: it possesses infinite-dimensional irreducible representations, some of which are unitary, and some are not.
## Principal series representations {#principal_series_representations}
A major technique of constructing representations of a reductive Lie group is the method of parabolic induction. In the case of the group SL(2, **R**), there is up to conjugacy only one proper parabolic subgroup, the Borel subgroup of the upper-triangular matrices of determinant 1. The inducing parameter of an induced **principal series representation** is a (possibly non-unitary) character of the multiplicative group of real numbers, which is specified by choosing ε = ± 1 and a complex number μ. The corresponding principal series representation is denoted *I*~ε,μ~. It turns out that ε is the central character of the induced representation and the complex number μ may be identified with the infinitesimal character via the Harish-Chandra isomorphism.
The principal series representation *I*~ε,μ~ (or more precisely its Harish-Chandra module of *K*-finite elements) admits a basis consisting of elements *w*~*j*~, where the index *j* runs through the even integers if ε=1 and the odd integers if ε=-1. The action of *X*, *Y*, and *H* is given by the formulas
$$H(w_j) = jw_j$$
$$X(w_j) = {\mu+j+1\over 2}w_{j+2}$$
$$Y(w_j) = {\mu-j+1\over 2}w_{j-2}$$
| 740 |
Representation theory of SL2(R)
| 0 |
11,103,925 |
# Representation theory of SL2(R)
## Admissible representations {#admissible_representations}
Using the fact that it is an eigenvector of the Casimir operator and has an eigenvector for *H*, it follows easily that any irreducible admissible representation is a subrepresentation of a parabolically induced representation. (This also is true for more general reductive Lie groups and is known as **Casselman\'s subrepresentation theorem**.) Thus the irreducible admissible representations of SL(2, **R**) can be found by decomposing the principal series representations *I*~ε,μ~ into irreducible components and determining the isomorphisms. We summarize the decompositions as follows:
- *I*~ε,μ~ is reducible if and only if μ is an integer and ε=−(−1)^μ^. If *I*~ε,μ~ is irreducible then it is isomorphic to *I*~ε,−μ~.
- *I*~−1,\ 0~ splits as the direct sum *I*~ε,0~ = *D*~+0~ + *D*~−0~ of two irreducible representations, called limit of discrete series representations. *D*~+0~ has a basis *w*~*j*~ for *j*≥1, and *D*~−0~ has a basis *w*~*j*~ for *j*≤−1,
- If *I*~ε,μ~ is reducible with μ\>0 (so ε=−(−1)^μ^) then it has a unique irreducible quotient which has finite dimension μ, and the kernel is the sum of two discrete series representations *D*~+μ~ + *D*~−μ~. The representation *D*~μ~ has a basis *w*~μ+*j*~ for *j*≥1, and *D*~−μ~ has a basis *w*~−μ−*j*~ for *j*≤−1.
- If *I*~ε,μ~ is reducible with μ\<0 (so ε=−(−1)^μ^) then it has a unique irreducible subrepresentation, which has finite dimension -μ, and the quotient is the sum of two discrete series representations *D*~+μ~ + *D*~−μ~.
This gives the following list of irreducible admissible representations:
- A finite-dimensional representation of dimension μ for each positive integer μ, with central character −(−1)^μ^.
- Two limit of discrete series representations *D*~+0~, *D*~−0~, with μ=0 and non-trivial central character.
- Discrete series representations *D*~μ~ for μ a non-zero integer, with central character −(−1)^μ^.`{{dubious|reason=e.g. Knapp's Rep. Theory of Semisimple Groups has central character (−1)−μ=(−1)μ for Dμ+ (p. 35)|date=September 2012}}`{=mediawiki}
- Two families of irreducible principal series representations *I*~ε,μ~ for ε≠−(−1)^μ^ (where *I*~ε,μ~ is isomorphic to *I*~ε,−μ~).
### Relation with the Langlands classification {#relation_with_the_langlands_classification}
According to the Langlands classification, the irreducible admissible representations are parametrized by certain tempered representations of Levi subgroups *M* of parabolic subgroups *P*=*MAN*. This works as follows:
- The discrete series, limit of discrete series, and unitary principal series representations *I*~ε,μ~ with μ imaginary are already tempered, so in these cases the parabolic subgroup *P* is SL(2, **R**) itself.
- The finite-dimensional representations and the representations *I*~ε,μ~ for ℜμ\>0, μ not an integer or ε≠−(−1)^μ^ are the irreducible quotients of the principal series representations *I*~ε,μ~ for ℜμ\>0, which are induced from tempered representations of the parabolic subgroup *P* = *MAN* of upper triangular matrices, with *A* the positive diagonal matrices and *M* the center of order 2. For μ a positive integer and ε=−(−1)^μ^ the principal series representation has a finite-dimensional representation as its irreducible quotient, and otherwise it is already irreducible.
## Unitary representations {#unitary_representations}
The irreducible unitary representations can be found by checking which of the irreducible admissible representations admit an invariant positively definite Hermitian form. This results in the following list of unitary representations of SL(2, **R**):
- The trivial representation (the only finite-dimensional representation in this list).
- The two limit of discrete series representations *D*~+*0*~, *D*~−*0*~.
- The discrete series representations *D*~*k*~, indexed by non-zero integers *k*. They are all distinct.
- The two families of irreducible principal series representation, consisting of the spherical principal series *I*~+,*i*μ~ indexed by the real numbers μ, and the non-spherical unitary principal series *I*~−,*i*μ~ indexed by the non-zero real numbers μ. The representation with parameter μ is isomorphic to the one with parameter −μ, and there are no further isomorphisms between them.
- The complementary series representations *I*~+,μ~ for 0\<\|μ\|\<1. The representation with parameter μ is isomorphic to the one with parameter −μ, and there are no further isomorphisms between them.
Of these, the two limit of discrete series representations, the discrete series representations, and the two families of principal series representations are tempered, while the trivial and complementary series representations are not tempered
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# 1999 Ashford Borough Council election
The **1999 Ashford Borough Council election** took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Ashford Borough Council in Kent, England. The whole council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.
## Background
The previous election in 1995 saw the Conservative party lose control of the council. Going into 1999 the council was seen as one of the Conservatives top targets with the party needing a 6% swing to take control.
## Election result {#election_result}
The results saw the Conservatives make 5 gains but fail to win a majority on the council
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# Jim Harrison (cricketer)
**James Harrison** (born 3 May 1941) is an Irish former cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he played 32 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1969 and 1977, including eight first-class matches against Scotland.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Harrison made his debut for Ireland against Scotland in June 1969 in a first-class match. He followed this with two games against the West Indies, the first of which was the famous win for Ireland at Sion Mills. He played once more that year, against Wilfred Isaac\'s XI.
In 1970, he played five matches for Ireland, against the Combined Services, Denmark, the MCC, the Netherlands and Scotland. Four more matches followed in 1971, against Denmark, the MCC, Scotland and Wales, he played just once in 1972, against Wales.
He started 1973 with an innings of 111 not out against Wales in Dublin, his highest score for Ireland, and followed this with matches against Denmark, the MCC and Scotland, before visiting North America with the Irish side, playing against Canada and the USA.
He remained in the Irish side over the next four years, playing against Australia, the MCC, the Netherlands, Scotland, Wales and the West Indies, before scoring his only first-class century against Scotland in his final first-class match, just prior to his final match for Ireland against the MCC at Lord\'s.
## Statistics
In all matches for Ireland, he scored 1347 runs at an average of 25.42. He scored four half-centuries and two centuries.
## Family
Harrison came from a cricketing family. Three of his brothers, Deryck, Garfield and Roy all represented Ireland, as did his brother-in-law Eddie Bushe and his nephew Jonathan Bushe
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# Charles Chubb (businessman)
**Charles Chubb** (1779 -- 1846) was an English lock and safe manufacturer.
## Life
Born in Fordingbridge, Hampshire, he trained as a blacksmith who started a hardware business at Winchester then moved to Portsea, Portsmouth. Here he improved on the \"detector\" lock, originally patented in 1818 by his brother, Jeremiah Chubb.
He soon moved to London and then to Wolverhampton, where he employed 200 workers. In 1835, he patented a process intended to render safes burglar-proof and fireproof, and subsequently established a large safe-factory in London. He died on 16 May 1846, and was succeeded in the business by his son, John Chubb (1816--1872), who patented various improvements in the products of the firm and greatly increased its output. The factories were combined under one roof in a model plant and the business grew to enormous proportions, now Chubb Locks.
Charles Chubb was buried on the 22 May 1846 in the western side of Highgate Cemetery. His plot (no.1847) is in the dissenters section, immediately behind the family grave of the missionary Elijah Hoole
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# Ghost (Crack the Sky album)
***Ghost*** is an album by American progressive rock band Crack the Sky
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# Piney Gir
**Piney Gir** (pronounced \"gear\"), often shortened to Piney, is an American musician and singer, born in Kansas but based in London, England since 1998. She has released seven studio albums.
Piney\'s musical style is predominately edgy indie-pop, although she has been described both as a musical \"chameleon\" and as \"the indie Dolly Parton\" and \"Transatlantic Pop Guru\".
Piney was raised in the Bible Belt of Midwest America and was sheltered from most secular music and culture growing up. She took piano lessons from the age of four and sang every week in church. As a teenager, Piney rebelled against this upbringing embracing all types of music, which may later explain her ability to write and create all genres of music. She then went to UMKC Conservatory of Music and Dance where she majored in music, firstly playing drums and pitched percussion, but then changing her major to voice. When she moved to London, she went to Central Saint Martins and took some night classes while doing temp jobs by day; working in bars and clubs at night, she then joined synth pop duo Vic Twenty. Vic Twenty released a single on Mute records sub label Credible Sexy Units and toured the UK and Europe with Erasure. It was at Truck Festival that Truck Records saw Piney play the Trailer Park Stage and offered her a record deal in 2003, the start of her prolific career as a solo artist.
## Musical career {#musical_career}
Piney is an established figure on the London music scene, and has toured the UK, Europe and America extensively. Among others, she has supported Gaz Coombes, Ride, Erasure, Wanda Jackson, The Hidden Cameras and The Research and she\'s played many festivals around the UK, US and Europe including appearances at Glastonbury festival on the Park Stage and South by Southwest. She has collaborated with many successful artists, including Andy Ramsay of Stereolab; Rob Campanella from The Brian Jonestown Massacre, Eamon Hamilton from the band Brakes and British Sea Power; Sweet Baboo, Willie J Healey, Angela Correa of Correatown, The Real Tuesday Weld, and Simple Kid.
Piney sings in Gaz Coombes\'s band and is a singer with Noel Gallagher. She has also sung with Garth Hudson from The Band and regularly sings with Dream Themes and Ralfe Band (both live and on their records). She also sang on the Corona Virus themed Disco album \"Stayin\' Alive\" with Rhodri Marsden. Piney is a backing singer on Danny Goffey\'s forthcoming solo album as well as singing on Lawrence\'s new Go-Kart Mozart (*album release date TBC*).
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# Piney Gir
## Discography
### Peakahokahoo
Released on Truck Records (2004).
The album is electronica in style, and features Simple Kid. The album was extensively toured, including a slot supporting Erasure on a month-long European tour, and a session for Mark Radcliffe on BBC Radio 2.
#### Singles from Peakahokahoo {#singles_from_peakahokahoo}
- Janet Schmanet/Kissing/Sweet (2004) Truck Records
- Creature/Ruth Is Coming to America/Jingle De Lo Marcelo Crivella (2004) Truck Records
- Greetings, Salutations, Goodbye (2004) Truck Records
### Hold Yer Horses {#hold_yer_horses}
Released on Truck Records (2006).
Whilst touring Peakahokahoo, Piney was offered a support slot at a working men\'s club with an Americana band and decided to try playing country versions of her songs. This led to the formation of The Piney Gir Country Roadshow, and the release of Hold Yer Horses. The album was selected as one of the top five of 2006 by Phill Jupitus in the 5 December issue of Radio Times magazine, saying, \"the stomp and twang of these songs of love and life are unmissable\".
#### Singles from Hold Yer Horses {#singles_from_hold_yer_horses}
- Great Divide (2006) Truck Records
- I Don\'t Know Why I Feel Like Crying But I Do (2006) Truck Records
- Greetings, Salutations, Goodbye - Country Roadshow Version (2007) Truck Records
### The Yearling {#the_yearling}
Released on Hotel Records (2009).
After releasing the electro-quirk album Peakahokahoo and alt-country album Hold Yer Horses, Piney married the two styles together to create folktronic fusion album The Yearling, which combines the twang and heartbreak of country music with eclectic beats, lo-fi synths and found sounds. Album track and single, Of All The Wonderful Things, features Eamon Hamilton from Brakes and British Sea Power. Album track Miss Havisham features in the film You\'re Not You starring Hilary Swank. The album secured radio sessions with Mark Radcliffe, Marc Riley and Cerys Matthews on BBC Radio 6 Music. Piney toured the UK extensively with The Yearling: she supported The Hidden Cameras on a UK tour as well as supporting The Research on a UK tour, played SXSW Festival in Austin Texas and Slottsfjell Festival in Norway.
#### Singles from The Yearling {#singles_from_the_yearling}
- Of All The Wonderful Things/My Imaginary Baby (2009) Purr Records
- Say I\'m Sorry (2009) Hotel Records
- Weeping Bee (2009) Hotel Records
- For The Love of Others (2009) Damaged Goods
### Jesus Wept {#jesus_wept}
Released on Damaged Goods (2010).
The second Piney Gir Country Roadshow album evolves from the classic, old-fashioned Nashville Sound of Hold Yer Horses into a more Laurel Canyon, country-rock style with a modern twist. A lot of this album was written on tour by Piney with the Roadshow in the back of the tour van and in various venue dressing rooms. Half of the album captures a sunny California vibe, while the other half has a dark murder ballad edge to it. Jesus Wept was recorded at Bark Studio in Walthamstow with Brian O\'Shaunghessy known for his work with Primal Scream, Denim and My Bloody Valentine. The album features collaborations with members of Danny and the Champions of the World and Fionn Regan\'s band. The Piney Gir Country Roadshow toured the UK extensively to promote the album and Piney played SXSW festival, as well as the UK festival circuit. Single, 40 Days \'n\' Nights, was used in Italian indie film *Some Say No* directed by Giambattista Avellino.
#### Singles from Jesus Wept {#singles_from_jesus_wept}
- 40 Days \'n\' Nights (2010) Damaged Goods. B-side After The Flood is a remix of 40 Days \'n\' Nights by Simon Bookish and there is a cover of Bob Dylan\'s Forever Young
- Lucky Me (2011) Damaged Goods. Features a cover of Billy Idol\'s White Wedding as a B-side that was used in a Peugeot advert.
### Geronimo!
Released on Damaged Goods (UK) & Highline Records (USA) (2011).
Geronimo! was recorded in early 2011 in Los Angeles with Brian Jonestown Massacre\'s Rob Campanella. Garo Nahoulakian was lead guitarist, arranger, and co-producer of the album. Nelson Bragg (percussionist for The Beach Boys and Brian Wilson) played percussion on most songs on the album. Brass was played by Tom Bennellick who also played on The Beatles Sergeant Pepper album and Oxford-based jazz musician Lloyd Payne.
The album was recorded almost completely live over six days. It has a reverb-drenched, analogue, 1960s sound.
Piney toured the UK and also America for the first time playing CMJ Festival as well as dates on the East Coast, West Coast and Chicago. She did an interview on NPR\'s Weekend Edition and played NPR\'s Mountain Stage in West Virginia alongside Will Oldham. She played Glastonbury Festival and was joined on stage by her former bandmates Georgina \'George\' Terry and Katrin Geilhausen from all-female, art-rock band The Schla La Las.
Outta Site was playlisted at BBC 6 music and on Amazing Radio. It was supported by DJs including Lauren Laverne, Mark Radcliffe, Gideon Coe, and Simon Raymonde. Oh Lies was used on ABC \'s Private Practice. Outta Site, Stay Sweet and Oh Lies were used on Misfits (E4), Made in Chelsea (E4), Being Human (BBC), Waterloo Road (BBC) and Switch (ITV).
#### Singles from Geronimo! {#singles_from_geronimo}
- Oh Lies (2011) Damaged Goods
- Outta Sight (2012) Damaged Goods
- Would You Be There (2012) Damaged Goods
- Stay Sweet (2012) Damaged Goods
- Longest Day of Spring (2012) Highline Records
- Friends and Neighbours (2012) Highline Records
### mR. hYDE'S wILD rIDE {#mr._hydes_wild_ride}
Released on Damaged Goods (UK) (2015) and Greyday (USA) (2016).
Piney\'s sixth studio album was partly recorded in Andy Ramsey (of Stereolab)\'s studio and features Andy on drums for select tracks as well as members of Gaz Coombes\'s live band and Emiliana Torrini\'s band.
The album channels 60s beat pop with a touch of Kraut rock, which creates a retro-futuristic angle. There\'s a grungey riot grrl edge to it with growling, distorted guitars and there\'s a synthy edge to it too, using vintage space echo, marimba, omnichord and pocket piano; they combine to create euphoric shimmering indie to reinforce riff-led guitar pop.
#### Singles from mR. hYDE'S wILD rIDE {#singles_from_mr._hydes_wild_ride}
- Keep it Together (2015) Damaged Goods
- Gold Rules (2015) Damaged Goods
- Mouse of a Ghost/Tilt-A-Whirl (double A-side single) (2015) Damaged Goods
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# Piney Gir
## Discography
### You Are Here {#you_are_here}
Released on STRS Records (2019).
You Are Here is Piney\'s 7th album and explores the spaces and spikes of angular art rock and pop inspired by Bowie\'s Berlin Trilogy, making heavy use of the Eventide effects box, which Tony Visconti said \"f\*cks with the fabric of time\" and synths and sax reminiscent of Roxy Music. The themes are darker than usual for Piney, who, like many artists at this time, were disillusioned by Trump, Brexit, the #MeToo movement, the growing wealth gap on the rise, gentrification pushing people out of their homes; then Piney lost a close friend, and had some health scares of her own, it was a very dark time for her. \"You Are Here\" captures the collective experience of dealing with loss and adversity through her own personal lens. Recording the album was a jam session, as Piney and her bandmates created the music spontaneously in the studio, sometimes in only one take, she worked with members of Gaz Coombes\' touring band Garo Nahoulakian, Mike Monaghan, Nick Fowler and Tomas Greenhalf, as well as Rusty Bradshaw who played with Florence and the Machine and Harry Deacon who plays with Palace, and Razorlight. Guest vocalists on the album includes Sweet Baboo who also played baritone saxophone and Willie J Healey guested on the single \"Puppy Love.\" With additional production and mixing from Simon Byrt and Oli Horton from Dreamtrak.
#### Singles from You Are Here {#singles_from_you_are_here}
- The Great Pretend (2018) STRS
- Dreamcatcher (2019) STRS
- Peanut Butter Malt Shop Heartthrob (2019) STRS
- Puppy Love featuring Willie J Healey (2020) STRS
### Other releases {#other_releases}
- \"I\'m Letting in the Sunshine\" (2012) Wise Music - featured on the Sky series *Hit and Miss*
- \"Me and Mr Wolf\" with The Real Tuesday Weld (2012) *Moon Setting* - Crammed Discs
- \"Ghost of the Year\" with Correatown (2014) *Sleep and Other Drugs* - Another Room Recordings
- \"My Halloween\" (2013) Damaged Goods Records
- \"Love Is a Christmas Rose\" (2016) Wise Music
### Compilations
- Greetings, Salutations, Goodbye - Blue Balearic (2004)
- K-I-S-S-I-N-G Little White Chapel Mix - A Catholic Education (2004) - Freedom Road Records
- Need Some Time (w/Trademark) - Truck Seven (2004) - Truck Records
- Jezabel - Roxy Soundwaves (2005) - Lanai Ltd
- Don\'t Say You Love Me - Erasure Remix (2005) - Mute Records
- Nightsong - Rob Da Bank presents Sunday Best (2005) - Sunday Best
- Hello Chanel - 20 Nights of Wine and Song (2005) - Grey Day
- Sugar - 50 Minutes (2006) Exercise1
- I Want To Touch You - Never Love That Feeling Vol 2 (2006) - Club AC30
- Hello Chanel, Electronic Bible 2 (2006) - White Label Music
- Say I\'m Sorry - Slottsfjell (2008) - Slottsfjell Festival Productions
- Waiting on a Sunny Day - Play Some Pool, Skip Some School, Act Real Cool: A Global Pop Tribute to Bruce Springsteen (2009) - WIAIWYA
- Every Day\'s A Holiday -- Festivus (2012) Highline - Featured on the E4 series *Made in Chelsea*
- It\'s Christmas - Festivus 2 (2013) - Highline Records
- Velvet Ears presents STRS featuring Piney Gir (2018)
- The Great Pretend - Joyzine 15 (2018)
- This Town Ain\'t Big Enough for Both of Us - Dream Themes featuring Piney Gir (2019) - ECC Records
## Radio
Piney has been a darling of the BBC over the years, having done multiple sessions for BBC 1, 2 and 6, for Mark Radcliffe, Mark Riley, Stuart Maconi, Cerys Matthews, Tom Robinson, Gideon Coe, Bob Harris, Rob Da Bank, Bethan Elfyn, Janice Long, Huw Stephens, and more\... she has been playlisted on BBC 6 Music and was featured live and in session on John Kennedy\'s Radio X X-posure show as well as the Radio X SXSW special in 2007**,** she\'s also been playlisted at Amazing Radio. In the USA she has had support from KCRW, WXNA, KKFI and has made multiple appearances on NPR including Weekend Edition and Mountain Stage, sharing the bill with Calexico, Will Oldham and Bahamas. Piney currently hosts The Other Woman Show on Soho Radio, and was previously a radio presenter for Resonance FM and also hosted \"The Doggone History of Country Music\" for Radio Nowhere.
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# Piney Gir
## Roxys
Piney is a member of a backing singer girl group called Roxys. Roxys includes Piney Gir, Amy Ashworth and Emma Brammer. The trio toured with Gaz Coombes to promote his album Worlds Strongest Man (released 2018) they also sing on his \"Live in Paris\" EP and his \"Sheldonian Live\" EP. They were christened Roxys by Nile Rogers backstage at Later\... with Jools Holland where they met him after the show and he pointed at the girls one by one, calling them each Roxy, Roxy and Roxy. Roxys recently started singing with Noel Gallagher both in his touring band The High Flying Birds and on EPs \"Blue Moon Rising\" \"This Is The Place\" \"Black Star Dancing\" and on the single \"Wandering Star\".
## Collaborations
Piney Gir is a prolific artist who has collaborated with several talented and renowned musicians and has played in many bands. **Piney Gir Country Roadshow** (now defunct) comprised the country music incarnation of Piney Gir alongside four other players, Dave Howell, Dave Fisher, Simon Byrt and Ian Kellett. They formed when a promoter asked Piney to play a working men\'s club in London alongside an alt-country band. Piney didn\'t think her electro-chanteuse stylings would go down so well at the working men\'s club so she got some friends together to help her do covers of her debut album \"Peakahokahoo\" in a country style. This went down a treat and led to the formation of The Piney Gir Country Roadshow who recorded 2 albums and toured for 5 years.
Piney was a member of punk-rock girl band, **The Schla La Las** released by Truck Records, she was one half of the duo **Fly By Pony** released by Tummy Touch Records, Piney was the frontwoman of Kraftwerk-inspired synth quartet **Funsize Lions**, a founder member of recorder group **The Zoltan Kodaly School For Girls** who supported Ash and The Futureheads. She also founded the **Orff Orchestra** released by Guided Missile.
Piney got her start in synth pop duo **Vic Twenty** who toured with Erasure and released a single on CSU a subsidiary of Mute Records before going solo as Piney Gir.
She sang a duet with **MC Lars** called \"Internet Relationships\" produced by A Scholar and A Physician, and was a guest vocalist on the Dusty Sound System album featuring members of **Goldrush**; she also guested with **Danny and the Champions of the World** at their live shows from 2008 to 2010. Piney sang and co-wrote pop songs with **Damon Minchella** from **Ocean Colour Scene** and Steve White from **Style Council** and **Paul Weller**\'s band.
### Other collaborations {#other_collaborations}
- Me and Mr. Wolf with The Real Tuesday Weld. Featured on Songs for the Last Werewolf (2011) Universal.
- Ghost of the Year with LA singer-songwriter Correatown. Ghost of the Year was featured on ABC show, Grey\'s Anatomy.
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# Piney Gir
## Other work {#other_work}
Piney Gir might be best known for her music, but she also has an impressive writing, art curating, promoting and performance CV.
In addition to being written about by the press, Piney likes to write. She currently writes a column for **Oxford Mail** which she started writing during the COVID-19 Pandemic. In her column Piney Gir brings good news to her readers, interviewing local people who are getting on with doing positive things for their community and want to share their uplifting stories.
Piney has written a series of articles for **The Huffington Post**, including a tour diary of going to Tokyo with Gaz Coombes, the day she met David Bowie\'s hairdresser responsible for his iconic red hair and also the wardrobe designer for the film The Man Who Fell To Earth, and Hannah Peel\'s Memory Tapes project - a series of playlists designed to help combat symptoms of Alzheimers and Dementia.
Piney has written a cookbook \'zine called **Drunk Cookery** which was compiled to accompany an art exhibition that she curated called **\"The Full English\"** for **We Built This City** on Carnaby Street, Soho, London (2018) the exhibition featured food-inspired art, in the wake of Brexit the exhibition celebrated all things European highlighting how multicultural being \'Full English\' can be, a subject close to Piney\'s heart as she\'s an immigrant herself, moving to the UK in 1998. The event also boasted interactive workshops about food sustainability and panel discussions about the food industry, including a drunk cookery demonstration from Piney Gir herself. She made Drunk Ramen in under 10 minutes with only a kettle and a recording of The Rolling Stones song Sympathy for the Devil.
Piney\'s first venture into art curation was in 2016 co-curating an event with food artist Alice Straker at the **White Conduit Gallery** in Islington, London, the exhibition was called **\"Violet\'s Gum\"** inspired by the iconic moment when character Violet Beauregarde chews the gum that tastes of a 3 course meal before turning into a blueberry, in Roald Dahl\'s children\'s book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. The exhibition was launched in the wake of what would have been Roald Dahl\'s 100th birthday.
Club promotion has been something Piney\'s been involved with in London since 2005. Firstly promoting **Wired Women**, a series of monthly events with **Anat Ben David** from **Chicks on Speed**, Seb Emina and Fiona Wootton at the Spitz, a now defunct venue formerly housed in Spitalfields Market and funded by the Dandelion Trust, they created a series of monthly events. Creating a platform for female-fronted bands, musicians that are women, performance artists, lady DJs and other female-fronted talent. The events went on for almost 3 years before they hosted an all-day festival, taking over the whole of Spitalfields Market with an outdoor stage and workshops like radical cheerleading and teaching people how to play the Theremin. Wired Women then hosted a take-over of the **Whitechapel Art Gallery** as their swansong.
Piney curated a stage at **Truck Festival** 2007 & 2008. In 2007 she booked bands in the acoustic tent alongside crafting tables where festival goers could make a quilt square. The quilt was stitched together and auctioned off for Haven House charity. In 2008 Piney hosted the Piney Pavilion, booking bands like **The Research**, Let\'s **Wrestle** and Ye Nuns, an all-female tribute band paying homage to The Monks.
Piney then went on to host a monthly club night with actress and performance artist Ceri Ashcroft aka The Juggling Spinster called **The Village Green Preservation Society** inspired by the Kinks song of the same name. The club featured music, stand-up comedy, performance art, poetry and magicians; the night took place at The Betsey Trotwood pub in Clerkenwell from 2010 to 2013.
In 2019, Piney, Ceri Ashcroft and Garo Nahoulakian, toured a puppet show around UK libraries called \"**The Story of Piney Gir**\" with help from Serious Music, the LEAP music programme and the Paul Hamlyn Trust. The show was designed to encourage people to go to libraries more, it involved music and singing, storytelling and puppeteering. The concept stemmed from an audio book Piney put together several years earlier called \"The Story of Piney Gir\" it has musical themes for each character and different actors play the different roles in the story on the audio book, including Simon Bookish, Ali Shaw from the band **Cranes**, Louis Philippe, and A Scholar and a Physician. Written by Jenny Newman, illustrations by Katrin Geilhausen, layout by Lydia Merrills-Ashcroft the story was narrated by **Mark Radcliffe** the book is available through Hope and Plum Publishing
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# Treaty of Le Goulet
The **Treaty of Le Goulet** was a treaty signed by King John of England and King Philip II of France in May 1200. It ended the first succession war following Richard I's death, temporarily settling territorial disputes over Normandy and recognizing John as the rightful heir and King of England. The peace held until Philip\'s invasion of Normandy in 1202, which led to continental Normandy formal annexation to the crown lands of France.
The treaty was signed at Le Goulet, an island in the middle of the Seine river near Vernon in Normandy. It clarified the feudal hierarchy between the two monarchs, with John acknowledging Philip as his overlord for his French lands. In return, Philip dropped his support for Arthur of Brittany (son of John's late brother Geoffrey) and accepted John's claim to the English throne.
As part of the deal, John paid Philip 20,000 marks as relief in exchange for formal recognition of his rule over Brittany. John also accepted that the counts of Boulogne and Flanders were vassals of the French king, not the English, and promised not to support any rebellion against them. He recognized Philip's supremacy over the French territories that had once belonged to the Angevin Empire.
John made several territorial concessions. He gave up the Vexin (except for Les Andelys, where the important fortress of Château Gaillard stood), along with Évreux, Issoudun, Graçay, and other lands in Berry. These areas passed from English to French control. One side effect of these changes was the separation of the Channel Islands from mainland Normandy.
The Duchy of Aquitaine remained under John's control, as it still legally belonged to his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. To seal the treaty, a marriage was arranged between the Angevin and Capetian dynasties: John's niece, Blanche of Castile, and Philip's son, the future Louis VIII. This alliance was meant to strengthen ties between the two dynasties, but it offered only a brief pause in hostilities. In 1202, Philip declared John had forfeited his French lands for failing to appear in court, and war broke out again. Philip's forces quickly seized Normandy, strengthening the French crown and ending Plantagenet rule in the region
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# Satellite campus
A **satellite campus**, **branch campus** or **regional campus** is a campus of a university or college that is physically at a distance from the original university or college area. This branch campus may be located in a different city, state, or country, and is often smaller than the main campus of an institution. The separate campuses may or may not be under the same accreditation and share resources or they share administrations but maintain separate budgets, resources, and other governing bodies.
In many cases, satellite campuses are \"commuter campuses\" that are intended to serve students who cannot travel far from home for college because of family responsibilities, their jobs, financial limitations, or other factors. Often times, the students live at their family homes instead of near campus, commuting to college courses throughout the week. The availability of branch campuses may increase higher education enrollment by nontraditional students.
Electronic communications technology has helped to facilitate the operation of satellite campuses. Classes taught at one campus can be transmitted to other locations via distance education, students at branch campuses can access library materials on the main campus electronically, and technology allows institutions to administer registration, admissions, and financial aid transactions remotely.
One growing trend is the establishment of international branch campuses. These are satellite campuses of a parent institution that is located outside the country where the satellite campus is located. The number of international branch campuses worldwide grew from 35 before 1999 to 162 in 2009, including 78 branches operated by United States universities. As of 2009, the United Arab Emirates was the host of 40 international branch campuses, more than any other nation. There were 15 international branch campuses in China, 12 in Singapore, nine in Qatar, and six in Canada. In addition to the United States, the home countries of institutions with international branches include Australia, whose universities operated a total of 14 international branches; the United Kingdom, with 13 international branches; and France and India, each of whose universities had a total of 11 international branches. Although the overall number of international branch campuses has grown rapidly, a total of 11 such campuses closed between 2004 and 2009. A new breed of branch campuses of Indian universities in the Persian Gulf region is emerging which aims to meet South Asians\' aspirations to study abroad in a cost-efficient manner.
There are several regional satellite or branch campus consortia but only one national association in the United States. The **National Association of Branch Campus Administrators**, NABCA seeks to unify higher education officials, working to advance scholarship, provide research opportunities, and facilitate networking events, both online and at a national conference each year.
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# Satellite campus
## Examples
- St. John\'s University, with its main campus in the New York City borough of Queens, has five satellite campuses. Two are located in New York City (Manhattan and Staten Island), one is in the outlying suburb of Hauppauge, New York, and two others are in Europe, specifically in Paris and Rome.
- Ohio State University, located in the state\'s capital of Columbus, has five satellite campuses around the state: Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark and the Agricultural Technical Institute in Wooster.
- Ohio University, with its main campus in the southeastern town of Athens, has eight satellite campuses and centers around the state: Cambridge, Chillicothe, Ironton (Southern Campus), Lancaster, Pickerington (Pickerington Center), Proctorville (Proctorville Center), St. Clairsville (Eastern Campus) and Zanesville.
- Gratz College has an all-girls undergraduate campus. It is located in Baltimore and offers many degree options as well as study abroad opportunities for undergraduate students.
- Arizona State University, whose main campus is in the Phoenix suburb of Tempe, has three satellite campuses in other parts of the Phoenix area: one located in Glendale called the Arizona State University at the West Campus; another located in downtown Phoenix called Arizona State University at the Downtown Phoenix campus; and its third located in Mesa called Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus.
- Brigham Young University, located in Provo, Utah, has two satellite campuses: one in Laie, Hawaii and the other in Rexburg, Idaho.
- The University of Michigan has two satellite campuses: one located in Flint and the other in Dearborn.
- Drexel University has three branch campuses: Drexel University Sacramento in California, Drexel University at Burlington County College in South Jersey, and the LeBowe College of Business Malvern Campus in suburban Philadelphia.
- The University of Toronto Scarborough and the University of Toronto Mississauga are satellite campuses of the University of Toronto.
- The Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University at New York City are satellite campuses of Cornell University.
- The University of Waterloo maintains three satellite campuses in addition to its main campus in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The School of Architecture moved from the main campus to a satellite campus in Cambridge, Ontario in 2004 due to lack of space at the main campus and as an initiative to spur economic activity in Cambridge. The School of Pharmacy relocated to a satellite campus in downtown Kitchener, Ontario in 2008. The University of Waterloo Stratford Campus was established in 2009 for Faculty of Arts programs centred on digital media.
- University College London has established branch campuses in Adelaide, Australia and Doha, Qatar. These campuses are research intensive with all studies at graduate level only.
- Pennsylvania State University has 19 commonwealth campuses around the state, known as the Commonwealth Campuses, enrolling approximately 40 percent of the university\'s students.
- University of Pittsburgh has 4 regional campuses in western Pennsylvania. Campuses at Johnstown, Bradford, and Greensburg offer four-year programs, while the Titusville campus offers two-year programs.
- The Branch campuses of the University of Wisconsin System only offer two-year programs intended to allow students to transfer to the university\'s main campus or other four-year universities.
- In 2008, Michigan State University established a satellite campus in Dubai, offering undergraduate education in five majors plus one master\'s degree program. The Dubai campus was designed to have the same curriculum and standards for admissions and student work as the university\'s main campus in Michigan. The university announced in 2010 that it was terminating the undergraduate program in Dubai after just two years due to insufficient enrollment, but would continue to offer a master\'s degree program in human resources and labor relations in Dubai.
- The University of Connecticut operates a branch campus on the Connecticut coast in Groton that specializes in oceanography and marine sciences.
- The University of South Florida
- The University of Winchester in the UK has a satellite campus in the town of Basingstoke 20 miles to the north east of the main campus [(Chute House Campus)](http://www.winchester.ac.uk/chutehouse/) `{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}.
- Universities in Nigeria made extensive use of satellite campuses to accommodate growing demand for tertiary education in the latter decades of the 20th century. In 2001, the nation\'s National University Commission (NUC) directed that most satellite campuses be shut down. The NUC was concerned that the proliferation of satellite campuses was resulting in lower academic standards and was happening primarily for a profit motive and not to provide quality education. Under the new NUC rules, satellite campuses were allowed only within 200 km from the university\'s main campus and within the same state in which the main campus is located, and their staff were required to be \"directly or indirectly appointed by main campus in line with laid down academic standards.\" In spite of these restrictions, as of 2009 Lagos State University enrolled more than 61,000 students at satellite campuses. The university, which was initially formed with a main campus in Ojo and additional campuses in Epe, Ikeja, and Surulere, also operated external campuses at Anthony Village, Badagry, Ikorodu, Lekki, Festac Town, Ikoyi, Isolo and Agege.
- The University of Nottingham includes 4 campuses and a teaching hospital within the UK, alongside international campuses in Malaysia and China.
- Cranfield University opened a Campus in Kitakyushu, Japan in April 2001.
- The University of Southampton opened a Campus in Johor, Malaysia in October 2012.
- Webster University, a private non-profit school in St. Louis, has more than 60 locations, including full residential campuses in Europe and a new campus in Accra, Ghana.
- Northumbria University has a satellite campus for the School of Design in London.
- The University of Castile-La Mancha has four main campuses: Albacete, Toledo, Ciudad Real (which includes the university administrative buildings) and Cuenca. There are also two branch campuses in Talavera (associated to Toledo) and Almadén (associated to Ciudad Real). There used to be a non-campus centre in Puertollano, also associated to Ciudad Real, but was closed in 2011.
- The Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia has its campus in the Ciudad Universitaria of Madrid, but keeps a two-level branch system of \'Centros Asociados\' which in turn have their own \'Extensiones\'.
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- The Rochester Institute of Technology has four international satellite campuses, the RIT Croatia in Zagreb, Croatia and in Dubrovnik, Croatia, RIT Kosovo in Pristina, Kosovo, RIT Dubai in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and RIT China - Weihai in Weihai, China.
- The University of Kentucky, based in Lexington, has operated two satellite campuses at different times:
- In 1948, the university opened an extension campus in Covington known as the Northern Extension Center. In 1968, this campus was separated from UK, becoming the institution now known as Northern Kentucky University, which four years later moved to its current campus in Highland Heights.
- Since 1996, the UK College of Engineering has operated a satellite campus at West Kentucky Community and Technical College in Paducah. This campus currently offers bachelor\'s degree programs in chemical and mechanical engineering.
- The Columbus State Community College, a college for 2 year Associate Degrees in Ohio, Has a main campus in Columbus, a secondary campus in Delaware, and several local places that host classes, called \"Regional Learning Centers\", in Dublin, Westerville, and Bolton Field.
## Uses outside higher education {#uses_outside_higher_education}
### Pre-tertiary education {#pre_tertiary_education}
The Farm School in Tennessee allows homeschooling families to affiliate with it through a \"Satellite Campuses\" program. This program enables homeschooled children to be enrolled in a state-recognized school that is not affiliated with any religious denomination.
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## Uses outside higher education {#uses_outside_higher_education}
### Religious organisations {#religious_organisations}
Churches attempting to expand their reach by offering worship and other programs in new locations may refer to these added locations as \"satellite campuses.\" Some megachurches have increased their number of parishioners and extended their geographic reach by opening new locations that are referred to as \"satellite campuses.\" A satellite church campus may use video technology to connect to the church\'s main location
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# 1839 Grand National
The **1839 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase** was the first official annual running of a steeplechase which later became known as the Grand National.
It was held at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on Tuesday 26 February 1839 and attracted a field of 17 runners.
Although recorded by the press at the time as the fourth running of the Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs possibly run at Maghull. This year the race came under new management and the arrival of the railway in Liverpool made travel to the course easier.
The race was not run as a handicap chase (the Grand National was converted to a handicap race in 1843) and therefore all the runners carried twelve stone.
## Competitors and betting {#competitors_and_betting}
Eighteen runners were declared to run in the race but shortly before the start Jerry was withdrawn. This left the field as follows:
-------------------- --------- --------------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Horse** **Age** **SP** **Jockey** **Note**
**The Nun** (mare) 10 6/1 favourite Allen McDonough Jockey won the previous year\'s race; he was taking his third ride in the race.
**Rust** 9 7/1 William McDonough Jockey was one of fifteen riders not to have competed before.
**Daxon** 6 8/1 Tom Ferguson
**Lottery** 9 9/1 James Mason
**Railroad** 6 9/1 A Powell
**Seventy Four** 6 12/1 Tom Olliver
**Paulina** (mare) 9 12/1 Mr. Martin
**True Blue** 8 12/1 P Barker
**Pioneer** 11 12/1 T Walker
**Jack** 7 12/1 Henry Wadlow
**Cannon Ball** 10 12/1 Johnnie Newcombe
**Charity** (mare) 9 20/1 N Hardy
**Conrad** 11 20/1 Capt. Martin Becher Provided a third ride in the race for Becher who had won the race in 1836 on The Duke.
**Barkston** 11 Mr. Wilmot Not quoted by bookmakers.
**Cramp** 6 Larry Byrne Not quoted by bookmakers.
**Dictator** Robert Carlin Not quoted by bookmakers.
**Rambler** 8 J Morgan Not quoted by bookmakers.
-------------------- --------- --------------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# 1839 Grand National
## The race {#the_race}
The start was situated near to where the modern day Melling Road is and took the runners out into open countryside, jumping a line of natural banks, no more than 2 ft high before reaching a post and rails over a brook. They then took the runners left towards the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, turning sharply (where the modern day Canal Turn is) to run along the canalside back towards the racecourse, negotiating the Second Brook (the modern day Valentine\'s Brook). The runners would then enter the \'racecourse proper\' at the far end of the circuit to run back towards the stands, jumping a plain fence (the modern day Chair) before jumping a wall topped with gorse (the modern day Water Jump). The field then took another circuit of the course, this time bypassing the final two obstacles towards the finishing post.
Paulina refused the first jump but continued after being put at the fence a second time. The most famous incident of the race occurred at the fence then known as the First Brook. Captain Becher had taken Conrad into second place at this stage but his mount failed to clear the rails and fell. Becher was forced to dive for cover into the brook itself as the other horses cleared the obstacle and legend has it that he was heard to tell the spectators that he did not realise how filthy water tasted without the benefit of whisky.
Seconds later, William McDonough joined Becher in the brook after falling from Rust but it was the Captain\'s name attributed to the fence, now known as Becher\'s Brook. Both riders remounted but Becher\'s race ended when his mount fell again at the Second Brook where both Barkston and Cannon Ball had also fallen. It was one of these horses, while running loose, who ended the hopes of the favourite when The Nun was brought down shortly before rejoining the racecourse; she was remounted by Tom Ferguson while Rust was pulled up before reaching the stands. Charity fell at the wall in front of the stands but was also remounted.
Railroad led at this stage with Lottery in second place but so slow was the pace of the race and so wide the distances between competitors that the favourite The Nun had managed to make up ground to move into third. Seventy-Four was fourth.
On the second circuit, Charity fell before reaching the First Brook for the second time while Dictator fell at the fence situated at the turn by the canal but was quickly remounted by Robert Carlin. Daxon and The Nun both fell for a second time at the next fence, the Second Brook, while Dictator fell there again, this time fatally, becoming the first equine fatality of the Grand National
Jem Mason took Lottery into the lead at the First Brook and maintained it to the finish, winning more easily than the three-length margin suggested in a time of 14 minutes 53 seconds, 53 seconds outside the course record. Lottery was prepared for the race at the stables of George Dockeray in Epsom, who is loosely regarded as the trainer but most of the preparation was more likely conducted by the owner, Piccadilly horse dealer John Elmore in whose colours of blue jacket and black cap the jockey rode. Seventy-Four was second, Paulina third and True Blue fourth. Pioneer was on course to finish third when he unseated his rider. Walker quickly remounted but could only manage fifth place.
## Aftermath
Although regarded at the time as the fourth running of the Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, this running went on to be regarded as the first official running of the Grand National. The finishing order was only loosely recorded in the press as Jack in sixth, The Nun seventh, Railroad eighth, Rambler ninth and Cramp the last of ten to pass the post. Later record books show seven finishers though this is not supported by any press reports from the time. There was also much criticism in the press over the severity of the event, especially the conduct of Robert Carlin in remounting Dictator when witnesses described the horse as distressed. His cause of death was recorded as a burst blood vessel.
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# 1839 Grand National
## Original colours {#original_colours}
For many years it was believed that the silks worn by Mason were blue with black cap. However, when the original silks were restored and presented to the Aintree museum, they were found to have actually been scarlet. It was found that John Elmore changed his colours to blue in the late 1840s , which led to the mistaken belief.
## Finishing order {#finishing_order}
**Position** **Horse** **Jockey** **Age** **SP** Distance
-------------- -------------- ----------------- --------- -------- -----------
01 Lottery Jem Mason 9 9/1 3 lengths
02 Seventy-Four Tom Olliver 6 12/1 3 lengths
03 Paulina S. Martin 9 12/1 3 lengths
04 True Blue P Barker 8 12/1
05 Pioneer T Walker 11 12/1
06 Jack Henry Wadlow 7 12/1
07 The Nun Allen McDonough 10 6/1 F
08 Railroad Horatio Powell 6 9/1
09 Rambler J Morgan 8 NQ
10 Cramp Wilmot 6 NQ
\*NQ = not quoted
## Non finishers {#non_finishers}
Fence **Horse** **Jockey** **Age** **SP** Fate
---------------------- ------------- --------------------- --------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17 Rust William McDonough 9 7/1 Fell at First Brook, remounted; pulled up after first circuit
09 (Valentine\'s) Conrad Capt
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# The Rice (Houston)
**The Rice**, formerly the **Rice Hotel**, is an historic building at 909 Texas Avenue in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. The current building is the third to occupy the site. It was completed in 1913 on the site of the former Capitol building of the Republic of Texas, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The old Capitol building was operated as a hotel until it was torn down and replaced by a new hotel around 1881. Jesse H. Jones built a new seventeen-story, double-winged hotel in 1913, also called \"The Rice Hotel.\" This building underwent major expansions: adding a third wing in 1925, adding an eighteenth floor in 1951, and adding a five-story \"motor lobby\" in 1958. In addition, there were several renovations during its life as a hotel. It continued to operate as a hotel before finally shutting down in 1977. After standing vacant for twenty-one years, The Rice was renovated as apartments and reopened in 1998 as the **Post Rice Lofts**. It was sold in 2014 and renamed simply **The Rice**. `{{History of Texas}}`{=mediawiki}
## Capitol building {#capitol_building}
When Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen commissioned the first survey of Houston in the fall of 1836, they made plans to set aside property for use by the Republic of Texas. Eventually they chose property on the north side of Texas Avenue between Travis and Main streets. They also agreed to construct a capitol building for the Texas government, and leased the building on easy terms.
The Republic of Texas used this as its capitol building from 1837 to 1839, and again from 1842 to 1845. In 1841, Mr. M. Norwood leased the building from Augustus Allen, and ran it as the Capitol Hotel. After the Texas government left Houston again, Augustus Allen resumed leasing the building to various hotel operators. Charlotte Allen sold the property to R.S. Blount in 1857. There were various hotel operators between 1857 and 1881 with a few name changes (Houston House and Barnes House). It is not clear how long Charlotte owned the property before it was sold in 1857. John Kirby Allen had died in 1838 without a will. After 1843, there was a dispute about his estate, which led to a permanent estrangement between Augustus and Charlotte Allen. Augustus left Houston in 1852. The Capital building was also a home to Holland Lodge #36 F.& A.M (later Holland Lodge #1 A.F.&A.M.) and the founding location for the Grand Lodge of the Republic of Texas A.F& A.M. (later Grand Lodge of Texas A.F. & A.M.). The lodge met in the Senate Chamber.`{{reliable source?|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Sam Houston, Anson Jones, and William Marsh Rice were all members of Holland Lodge.
Anson Jones, the last president of the Republic of Texas and first Grand master of Texas Masons committed suicide at the hotel in 1858.
## First Rice Hotel building {#first_rice_hotel_building}
Abraham Groesbeck razed the original building and constructed a five-story Victorian hotel in 1881. The building, then known as the *Capitol Hotel*, was designed by George E. Dickey, and represented his first major commission since relocating to Houston in 1878.
William Marsh Rice bought the hotel after Groesbeck died in 1886. He added a three-story annex. Rice was murdered in 1900, and the hotel property was transferred to the Rice Institute, which he had established in 1891. The Rice Institute trustees renamed it the *Rice Hotel*.
Jessie H. Jones, who would later redevelop the site, resided at the original Rice Hotel when he first arrived in Houston around 1898. Texas Governor James Hogg maintained a Houston residence there in 1904.
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## Second Rice Hotel building {#second_rice_hotel_building}
The hotel had been losing money and its taxes unpaid. Jesse H. Jones offered to lease the land from the Rice Institute and replace the existing hotel through his company, the Houston Hotel Association. Jones obtained a ninety-nine year lease with an option for a ninety-nine year extension. The Rice Institute also invested funds from its endowment to assist Jones in building a new hotel. After demolishing the original Rice Hotel in 1912, Jones hired Mauran, Russell & Crowell to design the new hotel. The new seventeen-story, C-shaped (or U-shaped) hotel opened in May 1913. The hotel featured four restaurants, a banquet room, a small concert hall, and a rooftop deck. The construction cost was about \$3.5 million, `{{Inflation|US-GDP|3500000|1913|2016|r=-6|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}`{=mediawiki}.
In the first five years, the new Rice Hotel was losing money, but the Houston Hotel Association was able to repay its loans. Jesse Jones continued improving the building. In 1922, he installed air-conditioning in the Rice Hotel Cafeteria, the first for a public room in Houston. In 1924, he expanded the capacity of the cafeteria, but built over a basement pool (it would be discovered and re-opened in the 1998 renovation). In 1925, Jones hired Alfred C. Finn to design a new wing for the hotel, increasing the number of rooms to over 1,000 and creating the building\'s current E-shaped configuration. The Crystal Ballroom was air-conditioned in 1928, the same year that Houston hosted the National Democratic Convention. More than preparing the Rice Hotel for convention delegates, Jones lured the Democratic Convention to Houston in the first place, donating \$200,000 to the cause, `{{Inflation|US-GDP|200000|1928|2016|r=-5|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}`{=mediawiki}. A famous guest was during the convention was Franklin D. Roosevelt, the not yet Governor of New York. Jones placed a large shed on the hotel roof before the Democratic Convention to serve as temporary accommodations. This hotel deck was a popular dance venue during the 1930s.
Jones continued investing in the Rice Hotel through the 1930s. The Rice Barber Shop was remodeled in 1930, and a major remodeling of the bottom floors in 1938 coincided with a new, art-deco dining area, the Empire Room. He opened a barber shop in 1930, which remained in business there until about 1977. Five years later, he introduced air-conditioning to the Crystal ballroom, perhaps the first dance venue with such an amenity in Houston. In 1940, Jones embarked on another major remodeling, transforming the cafeteria into the Skyline Room, replete with plastic upholstery and fluorescent lighting. A first among Houston hotels, the Rice installed an escalator in 1946. By 1949, all the guest rooms were air-conditioned. In 1951, Jones hired Staub & Rather to transform the roof deck over the seventeenth floor into an eighteenth floor edition to house the Petroleum Club of Houston.
After Jones died in 1956, the estate conveyed the Rice Hotel building to the Jones family non-profit, the Houston Endowment. The Rice continued to operate as a hotel under the management of the Houston Endowment until 1971. In 1957, Houston Endowment remodeled the Old Capital Club and the Flag Room from the previously existing Empire Room. They commissioned a five-story annex for a motor lobby and a second grand ballroom in 1958. The hotel featured fine dining in the Flag Room, a casual first-floor coffee shop, and the underground Rice Hotel Cafeteria, known for its signature dish, rice pudding. It had a variety of retail shops, including a lobby news stand, a hat store, and Bilton\'s Fine Jewelry.
In 1962 the Rice Hotel was used for a meeting of NASA Astronaut Group 2 - The New Nine - all of whom booked in with the code name \"Max Peck\" as portrayed on the 1998 HBO miniseries *From the Earth to the Moon*. At the time, the hotel\'s general manager was named Max Peck.
United States President John F. Kennedy visited the Rice Hotel on September 12, 1962, following his \"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech, and on November 21, 1963, before traveling to Fort Worth, and then Dallas, where he was assassinated. Kennedy used a suite at the Rice Hotel to hold meetings, which was supplied with caviar, champagne, and his favorite beer. After a brief visit at a LULAC event and his speech at the Albert Thomas Convention Center, he returned to his suite for a change of clothes. After less than six hours in Houston, he headed to the airport for his flight to Fort Worth. He also delivered his famous speech on religion in politics there to the Greater Houston Ministerial Conference on September 12, 1960. Other notable people who have orated at the Rice are Texas Governor William P. Hobby and Captain James A. Baker of Baker and Botts.
Other notable guests of the Rice Hotel include Groucho Marx and Liberace. Notable musicians who have performed at the Rice include Tommy Dorsey, Perry Como, Xavier Cugat, Woody Herman, Lawrence Welk, and a young Illinois Jacquet.
Rice University assumed ownership of the Rice Hotel through a donation from the Houston Endowment. The university had already owned the land since 1900, and the hotel had been operating under a ninety-nine year lease. The hotel ran profitably for a couple of years. However, Rice University estimated compliance to a new 1974 Houston fire code would cost as much as \$1.2 million. In December 1974, the university warned that they might demolish the hotel if they could not sell it. Rittenhouse Capital Corporation purchased the property in 1975, and briefly operated as the **Rice Rittenhouse Hotel**, opening in April 1976 after being closed for remodeling. The hotel closed again in August 1977.
Several entities assumed financial interests in the Rice Hotel after the August 1977 closure. The Rice Preservation Corporation purchased the Rice Hotel property at auction in September 1977. Portfolio Management of Texas bought the property early in 1978 for \$3 million, much more than the \$542,962 paid at the 1977 foreclosure auction. The new owners secured a listing on the National Register of Historic Places and federal funding to convert the building into apartments. Portfolio Management of Texas did not raise enough capital and did not execute the federal grant. In 1981, Rovi Texas Corporation purchased the property for \$7.75 million and announced they would operate it as a luxury hotel. The business plan was based on federal aid of \$9.7 million, which was not forthcoming. Rovi Texas allowed its bank, Frankfurt BFG-Bank AG, to assume ownership of the property. The German Bank was asking \$15 million to \$17 million to sell until they discovered structural problems with the building, leading them to cut their asking price in half.
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# The Rice (Houston)
## Restoration
Randall Davis inquired about redeveloping the Rice Hotel property in 1995. He had already rehabilitated old buildings and repurposed them as loft apartments. Three examples are the Dakota Lofts, the Hogg Palace, and the Tribeca Lofts.
Michael Stevens, head of the Houston Housing Finance Corporation (HHFC), proposed a public-private partnership, which included \$5 million in capital from the Randall Davis investment group with a \$5 million matching funds from the City of Houston. However, as cost estimates for the renovation increased, private investors backed out. Stevens developed a tax increment financing (TIF) scheme in which the Rice project would borrow against future tax revenue increases. The City of Houston planned a Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone (TIRZ), placing the Rice within its boundaries. Based on projected tax revenue of \$700,000, he coaxed a \$6 million loan from Wells Fargo Bank, replacing the \$5 million from the Davis group under the original plan. As head of HHFC, Stevens committed another \$8 million to the project, \$3 million of which would go toward buying the Rice outright. HHFC would recover its investment through selling federal tax credits for restoring historic buildings.
Stevens sold most of the municipal interest in the hotel to Columbus Properties for \$4.5 million in cash. Columbus (later renamed Post Properties) also assumed all the municipal debt related to the project, but also gained the tax credits and the ground lease. The city retained ownership of the property, while Davis obtained a forty-year lease.
Davis hired the architectural firm of Page Southerland Page to plan the renovation of the abandoned Rice Hotel. The firm presented Davis with a plan to limit public rooms to the ground floor. Alternatively, the Texas State Historical Association proposed restoring the Crystal Ballroom. Davis decided to model the public area after the 1913 Rice Hotel. This included restoration of the former two-story lobby, the Crystal Ballroom, and the Empire Room. The ground floor reserved 25,000-square feet of retail space, with a wide cast iron awning covering the sidewalks on the Texas Avenue side and part of the Main Street side.
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# The Rice (Houston)
## Rice Lofts {#rice_lofts}
Post Properties (renamed from Columbus Properties) opened the Post Rice Lofts for tenants in April 1998. After renovation from 1000 hotel rooms into lofts, the building housed 312 apartments, including some 500-square foot efficiencies, many 1500-square foot apartments, and a few three-story penthouses. Efficiency apartments rented as low as \$750 per month.
Sambuca, a jazz club, opened in ground floor space at the Post Rice Lofts on October 28, 1998. Sambuca, which was still operating at the same location as of November 19, 2014, announced plans to open a new bar \"Lawless\" on the second floor.
In early 2014, Post Properties listed the Post Rice Lofts for sale, while claiming an apartment occupancy rate of ninety-five percent and an average rental price of \$1,700 per month. Later that year, CH Realty/MF Houston Rice VI (Crow Holding Capital Partners) acquired the building from Post Properties and renamed it The Rice.
In 2014, Crow Holding Capital Partners announced plans for renovations. The owners hired architectural firm Page to design the renovations. The plan includes installing appliances and remodeling each apartment, and moving a swimming pool and fitness center from the basement to the second floor. Along with new appliances for the apartments, there were plans for remodeling of each kitchen and bathroom. The management company also announced valet service would be offered to tenants. Early in 2014 Post Properties claimed that average rent was almost \$1,700 per month and the building had a vacancy rate of about five percent. One person interviewed late in 2014 said his one-bedroom apartment rented for \$1,550.
## Tenants
The Petroleum Club of Houston, founded in 1946, was originally located in the top area of the Rice Hotel. It moved to the ExxonMobil Building in 1963.
Previously Amy\'s Ice Creams had its Houston location at the Rice Hotel.
## Zoned schools {#zoned_schools}
The Rice Lofts is zoned to the Houston Independent School District.
Residents are zoned to Crockett Elementary School, Gregory Lincoln Education Center (for middle school), and Northside High School (formerly Davis High).
By Spring 2011 Atherton Elementary School and E.O. Smith Education Center were consolidated with a new K-5 campus in the Atherton site. As a result, the building was rezoned from Smith to Gregory Lincoln
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# W. R. Pidgeon
**W. R. Pidgeon** developed the pidgeon machine, an electrostatic machine with a unique setup.`{{Clarify|reason=In what way is the setup unique?|date=August 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
## Biography
Pidgeon presented his machine to the Physical Society after several years of investigation into influence machines (in the 1890s). The device was later reported in the *Philosophical Magazine* (December 1898, pg. 564) and the *Electrical Review* (Vol. XLV, pg. 748). Pidgeon machines possess fixed inductors arranged in a manner that increases the electrical induction effect (and it electrical output is at least double that of typical machines of this type \[except when it is overtaxed\]). The essential features of the Pidgeon machine are, one, the combination of the rotating support and the fixed support for inducing charge, and, two, the improved insulation of all parts of the machine (but more especially of the generator\'s carriers). Pidgeon machines are a combination of a Wimshurst machine and Voss machine, with special features adapted to reduce the amount of charge leakage. Pidgeon machines excite themselves more readily than the best of these types of machines. In addition, Pidgeon investigated higher current \"triplex\" section machines (or \"double machines with a single central disk\") with enclosed sectors (and would receive British Patent 22517 (1899) for this type of machine).
## External articles {#external_articles}
- *The Electrical Engineer*. (1884). London: Biggs & Co. [Page 19](https://books.google.com/books?id=CAwAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA19,M1)
- [Machine design](http://website.lineone.net/~aarekhu/fig2.gif), lineone.net/\~aarekhu
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# Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations
**Title 33** is the portion of the Code of Federal Regulations that governs Navigation and Navigable Waters within the United States. It is available in digital or printed form.
Title 33 and Title 46 of the Code of Federal Regulations are usually consulted by Classification societies, engineering firms, deck officers on oceangoing vessels, and marine engineers.
It is divided into three chapters:
- Chapter I --- United States Coast Guard,
- Chapter II --- Army Corps of Engineers,
- Chapter IV\[sic.\] --- Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation.
## Chapter I {#chapter_i}
Part Title Comments
-------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------
1 General provisions
2 Jurisdiction
3 Coast Guard areas, districts, marine inspection zones, and captain of the port zones
4 OMB control numbers assigned pursuant to the Paperwork Reduction Act
5 Coast Guard Auxiliary
6 Protection and security of vessels, harbors, and waterfront facilities
8 United States Coast Guard Reserve
13 Decorations, medals, ribbons and similar devices
17 United States Coast Guard general gift fund
19 Waivers of navigation and vessel inspection laws and regulations
20 Rules of practice, procedure, and evidence for formal administrative proceedings of the Coast Guard
23 Distinctive markings for Coast Guard vessels and aircraft
25 Claims
26 Vessel bridge-to-bridge radiotelephone regulations
27 Adjustment of civil monetary penalties for inflation
Index to Subchapter A\--General
40 Cadets of the Coast Guard
45 Enlistment of personnel
49 Payment of amounts due mentally incompetent Coast Guard personnel
50 Coast Guard Retiring Review Board
51 Coast Guard Discharge Review Board
52 Board for Correction of Military Records of the Coast Guard
53 Coast Guard whistleblower protection
54 Allotments from active duty pay for certain support obligations
55 Child Development Services
Index to Subchapter B\--Military Personnel
60 \[Reserved\]
62 United States aids to navigation system
64 Marking of structures, sunken vessels and other obstructions
66 Private aids to navigation
67 Aids to navigation on artificial islands and fixed structures
70 Interference with or damage to aids to navigation
72 Marine information
74 Charges for Coast Guard aids to navigation work
76 Sale and transfer of aids to navigation equipment
Index to Subchapter C\--Aids to Navigation
80 COLREGS demarcation lines
81 72 COLREGS: Implementing Rules
82 72 COLREGS: Interpretative Rules
Index to Subchapter D\--International Navigation Rules
84 Annex I: Positioning and technical details of lights and shapes
85 Annex II: Additional signals for fishing vessels fishing in close proximity
86 Annex III: Technical details of sound signal appliances
87 Annex IV: Distress signals
88 Annex V: Pilot rules
89 Inland navigation rules: implementing rules
90 Inland rules: Interpretative rules
Index to Subchapter E\--Inland Navigation Rules
95 Operating a vessel while under the influence of alcohol or a dangerous drug
96 Rules for the safe operation of vessels and safety management systems
Index to Subchapter F\--Vessel Operating Regulations
100 Safety of life on navigable waters
Index to Subchapter G\--Regattas and Marine Parades
101 Maritime Security: General
102 Maritime Security: National maritime transportation security \[Reserved\]
103 Maritime security: Area maritime security
104 Maritime security: Vessels
105 Maritime security: Facilities
106 Marine Security: Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) facilities
107 National Vessel and Facility Control Measures and Limited Access Areas
Index to Subchapter H\--General Maritime Security
109 General
110 Anchorage regulations
Index to Subchapter I\--Anchorages
114 General
115 Bridge locations and clearances; administrative procedures
116 Alteration of unreasonably obstructive bridges
117 Drawbridge operation regulations
118 Bridge lighting and other signals
Index to Subchapter J\--Bridges
120 Security of passenger vessels
Index to Subchapter K\--Security of Vessels
125 Identification credentials for persons requiring access to waterfront facilities or vessels
126 Handling of dangerous cargo at waterfront facilities
127 Waterfront facilities handling liquefied natural gas and liquefied hazardous gas
128 Security of passenger terminals
Index to Subchapter L
133 Oil spill liability trust fund; State access
135 Offshore oil pollution compensation fund
136 Oil spill liability trust fund; claims procedures; designation of source; and advertisement
138 Financial responsibility for water pollution (vessels)
Index to Subchapter M
140 General
141 Personnel
142 Workplace safety and health
143 Design and equipment
144 Lifesaving appliances
145 Fire-fighting equipment
146 Operations
147 Safety zones
Index to Subchapter N
148 Deepwater ports: General
149 Deepwater ports: Design, construction, and equipment
150 Deepwater ports: Operations
Index to Subchapter NN
151 Vessels carrying oil, noxious liquid substances, garbage, municipal or commercial waste, and ballast water
153 Control of pollution by oil and hazardous substances, discharge removal
154 Facilities transferring oil or hazardous material in bulk
155 Oil or hazardous material pollution prevention regulations for vessels
156 Oil and hazardous material transfer operations
157 Rules for the protection of the marine environment relating to tank vessels carrying oil in bulk
158 Reception facilities for oil, noxious liquid substances, and garbage
159 Marine sanitation devices
Index to Subchapter O
160 Ports and waterways safety\--general
161 Vessel traffic management
162 Inland waterways navigation regulations
163 Towing of barges
164 Navigation safety regulations
165 Regulated navigation areas and limited access areas
166 Shipping safety fairways
167 Offshore traffic separation schemes
168 Escort requirements for certain tankers
169 Ship reporting systems
Index to Subchapter P
173 Vessel numbering and casualty and accident reporting
174 State numbering and casualty reporting systems
175 Equipment requirements
177 Correction of especially hazardous conditions
179 Defect notification
181 Manufacturer requirements
183 Boats and associated equipment
184-186 \[Reserved\]
187 Vessel identification system
188-199 \[Reserved\]
Index to Subchapter S
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# Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations
## Chapter II {#chapter_ii}
Part Title Comments
------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------
203 Emergency employment of Army and other resources, natural disaster procedures
207 Navigation regulations
208 Flood control regulations
209 Administrative procedure
210 Procurement activities of the Corps of Engineers
211 Real estate activities of the Corps of Engineers in connection with civil works projects
214 Emergency supplies of drinking water
220 Design criteria for dam and lake projects
221 Work for others
222 Engineering and design
223 Boards, commissions, and committees
230 Procedures for implementing NEPA
236 Water resource policies and authorities: Corps of Engineers participation in improvements for environmental quality
238 Water resources policies and authorities: Flood damage reduction measures in urban areas
239 Water resources policies and authorities: Federal participation in covered flood control channels
240 General credit for flood control
241 Flood control cost-sharing requirements under the ability to pay provision
242 Flood Plain Management Services Program establishment of fees for cost recovery
245 Removal of wrecks and other obstructions
263 Continuing authorities programs
273 Aquatic plant control
274 Pest control program for civil works projects
276 Water resources policies and authorities: Application of section 134a of Public Law 94-587
277 Water resources policies and authorities: Navigation policy: Cost apportionment of bridge alterations
279 Resource use: Establishment of objectives
320 General regulatory policies
321 Permits for dams and dikes in navigable waters of the United States
322 Permits for structures or work in or affecting navigable waters of the United States
323 Permits for discharges of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States
324 Permits for ocean dumping of dredged material
325 Processing of Department of the Army permits
326 Enforcement
327 Public hearings
328 Definition of waters of the United States
329 Definition of navigable waters of the United States
330 Nationwide permit program
331 Administrative appeal process
334 Danger zone and restricted area regulations
335 Operation and maintenance of Army Corps of Engineers civil works projects involving the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S. or ocean waters
336 Factors to be considered in the evaluation of Army Corps of Engineers dredging projects involving the discharge of dredged material into waters of the U.S. and ocean waters
337 Practice and procedure
338 Other Corps activities involving the discharge of dredged material or fill into waters of the U.S
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# Pauline Pfeiffer
**Pauline Marie Pfeiffer** (July 22, 1895 -- October 1, 1951) was an American journalist and the second wife of writer Ernest Hemingway.
## Early life {#early_life}
Pfeiffer was born in Parkersburg, Iowa, to Paul Pfeiffer, a real estate agent, and Mary Alice Downey, on July 22, 1895, moving to St. Louis in 1901, where she went to school at Visitation Academy of St. Louis. Although her family later moved to Piggott, Arkansas, Pfeiffer stayed in Missouri to study at the University of Missouri School of Journalism, graduating in 1918. After working at newspapers in Cleveland and New York, Pfeiffer switched to magazines, working for *Vanity Fair* and *Vogue*. A move to Paris for *Vogue* led to her meeting Hemingway and his first wife, Hadley Richardson, in 1926.
## Marriage to Hemingway {#marriage_to_hemingway}
In the spring of 1926, Hadley Richardson, the first wife of Ernest Hemingway, became aware of Hemingway\'s affair with Pauline, and in July, Pauline joined the couple for their annual trip to Pamplona. Upon their return to Paris, Hadley and Hemingway decided to separate, and in November, Hadley formally requested a divorce. They were divorced in January 1927.
Hemingway married Pauline in May 1927, and they went to Le Grau-du-Roi on a honeymoon. Pauline\'s family was wealthy and Catholic; before the marriage, Hemingway converted to Catholicism. By the end of the year Pauline, who was pregnant, wanted to move back to America. John Dos Passos recommended Key West, and they left Paris in March 1928.
They had two children, Patrick and Gloria. Hemingway drew upon Pfeiffer\'s difficult labor with one child as the basis for his character Catherine\'s death in *A Farewell to Arms*. Pfeiffer\'s devout Roman Catholic beliefs led to her support of the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War while Hemingway backed the Republicans.
In 1937, on a trip to Spain, Hemingway began an affair with Martha Gellhorn. Pfeiffer and he were divorced on November 4, 1940, and he married Gellhorn three weeks later.
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
Pfeiffer lived in Key West, with frequent visits to California, until her death on October 1, 1951, at age 56. Her death was attributed to an acute state of shock related to Gloria\'s arrest and a subsequent phone call from Ernest. Gloria, who had experienced gender identity issues for most of her life, had been arrested for entering the women\'s restroom in a movie theater.
Years later, after becoming a medical doctor, Gloria interpreted her mother\'s autopsy report as indicating that she had died due to a pheochromocytoma tumor on one of her adrenal glands. Her theory was that the phone call from Ernest had caused the tumor to secrete excessive adrenaline and then stop, resulting in a change in blood pressure that caused her mother to go into acute shock and led to her death
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# NGC 2808
{{ Infobox globular cluster \| name = NGC 2808 \| image = \|caption= A Hubble Space Telescope (HST) image of NGC 2808 \| epoch = J2000 \| class = I \| constellation = Carina \| ra = `{{RA|09|12|03.10}}`{=mediawiki} \| dec = `{{DEC|–64|51|48.6}}`{=mediawiki} \| dist_ly = 31.3 kly \| appmag_v = 6.2 \| size_v=13.8`{{prime}}`{=mediawiki} \| mass_msol = `{{Val|1.42|e=6}}`{=mediawiki} \| metal_fe = --1.14 \| radius_ly = \| v_hb = \| age = 10.2 Gyr \| notes = \| names = GCl 13, Melotte 95 }}
**NGC 2808** is a globular cluster in the constellation Carina. The cluster currently belongs to the Milky Way, although it was likely stolen from a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way. NGC 2808 is one of the Milky Way\'s most massive clusters, containing more than a million stars. It is estimated to be 12.5 billion years old.
The cluster is being disrupted by the galactic tide, trailing a long tidal tail.
## Star generations {#star_generations}
It had been thought that NGC 2808, like typical globular clusters, contains only one generation of stars formed simultaneously from the same material. In 2007, a team of astronomers led by Giampaolo Piotto of the University of Padua in Italy investigated Hubble Space Telescope images of NGC 2808 taken in 2005 and 2006 with Hubble\'s Advanced Camera for Surveys. Unexpectedly, they found that this cluster is composed of three generations of stars, all born within 200 million years of the formation of the cluster.
Astronomers have argued that globular clusters can produce only one generation of stars, because the radiation from first generation stars would drive the residual gas not consumed in the first star generation phase out of the cluster. However, the great mass of a cluster such as NGC 2808 may suffice to gravitationally counteract the loss of gaseous matter. Thus, a second and a third generation of stars may form.
An alternative explanation for the three star generations of NGC 2808 is that it may actually be the remnant core of a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way, called the Sausage Galaxy
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# Burlington High School (Wyoming)
**Burlington High School** is a public high school in Burlington, Wyoming, United States. The school is part of Big Horn County School District #1. The mascot is the huskies. It is a 1A sized school for Wyoming athletics
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# Frank J. Kelley
**Frank Joseph Kelley** (December 31, 1924 -- March 5, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 50th Attorney General of the U.S. state of Michigan. His 37-year term of office, from 1961 to 1999, made him both the youngest (36 years old) and oldest (74 years old) attorney general in the state\'s history, and led to his nickname as the \"**Eternal General**\". He won ten consecutive terms of office. He was the longest serving state attorney general in United States history, until Tom Miller of Iowa surpassed his longevity record in 2019---although Kelley still holds the record for longest continuous tenure as an attorney general. In 37 years of service as Michigan\'s chief law enforcement officer, he worked in concert with five Michigan governors.
He was cited by all 50 states attorneys general as being the attorney general who most furthered the cause of justice in the United States and was elected president of the National Association of Attorneys General, becoming the only Michigan attorney general so honored. He was the first attorney general in the United States to establish Consumer Protection, Criminal Fraud and Environmental Protection Divisions.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Kelly was born in Detroit, Michigan, on December 31, 1924. His father was a bar (\"speakeasy\") owner and Democratic political appointee. He was an admirer of President Harry Truman, headed the Michigan delegation to the Democratic convention that nominated Truman, and is said to have inspired Kelley to go into public service., he told *The Detroit News*.}}
He received undergraduate and law degrees (1951) from the University of Detroit. Before the construction of the Mackinac Bridge connecting the Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula of Michigan, car and train ferries crossed between Mackinaw City, Michigan, and St. Ignace. Kelley worked as a merchant seaman on one of them. He lied about his age to get the job.
Kelley became a lawyer in private practice in Alpena, Michigan, and later received an appointment as Alpena city attorney.
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# Frank J. Kelley
## Attorney General of Michigan (1961-1999) {#attorney_general_of_michigan_1961_1999}
Kelley was appointed Attorney General in 1961 by Governor John Swainson to fill a vacancy left when Paul L. Adams became a Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. Kelley was elected in his own right as the Democratic nominee ten times before his retirement from the position in 1999, when he was succeeded by the future Governor of Michigan Jennifer Granholm. Governor Granholm has publicly acknowledged Kelley to be one of her mentors and closest advisors.
He served successfully and surprisingly harmoniously alongside five governors.
Kelley was the first state attorney general to establish both a consumer protection and environmental protection division. He became nationally recognized in the area of consumer protection, appearing annually on the NBC show *Dateline* to discuss issues such as item pricing. He also gained statewide acclaim for battling utilities and insurance companies on rate increases. President Bill Clinton acknowledged Kelley as a leading force in the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, which resulted in most states receiving large multi-year payments to compensate them for the costs of tobacco-related illnesses.
He had many accomplishments as Attorney General:
- He redirected the Attorney General\'s Office to concentrate efforts on \"the public interest, especially on consumer protection and environmental issues\". The white-collar crime unit he created accused 62 Metro Detroit auto dealerships of price fixing. And he also filed usury lawsuits against four big retailers. He launched a consumer fraud hotline. He issued attorney general opinions outlawing state prohibitions on price and brand-name alcohol advertising.
- Kelley became a beacon to the state, and an advisor, inspiration and highly-valued mentor to many notable public officials.
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- According to *The Detroit News* and the Associated Press, on a bipartisan basis, he fostered and worked with \"allies in the legislative and executive branches\" helping to pass model laws, including one of the first state consumer protection act, freedom of information act, and open meeting law. The two latter laws opened up public administration transparency and accountability.
- He facilitated raising of rural interstate freeway speed limits.
- The department sued tobacco companies for recoupment of state Medicaid spending caused by smoking-related illnesses. He played a pivotal role in achieving the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement.
- He was a consistent and effective opponent of highway advertising billboards, which he likened to an environmental disaster and eyesore. A change in the state law occurred under his watch.
- Through the Michigan Public Service Commission, he fought Consumers Power\'s Midland, Michigan, nuclear power plant as it drowned in cost overruns in the 1980s. The court battle scuttled the utility\'s plans to complete the plant and pass the costs on to rate paying consumers.
- He was committed to environmental protection. The department continues to bear fruit, Attorney General Dana Nessel said`{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki}noting that at least one environmental lawyer working on the PFAS lawsuit was hired by Kelley. On January 14, 2020, he made a final public appearances at the Frank J. Kelley Library in a press conference in the G. Mennen Williams building where Nessel announced Michigan\'s lawsuit against 17 chemical companies accused of being responsible for PFOA and PFAA and PFAS contamination.
- Two successor attorneys general opined that he helped establish benchmarks for public servant conduct. He was characterized as \"a giant in the American public service\", who never forgot he was \"the peoples\' lawyer\". The longtime Democrat joked that he lived in serene comfort on a Lansing lake \"like a Republican\". Upon his death, tributes from politicians and lawyers were effusive.
He had a national impact and became president of the National Association of Attorneys General, becoming the only Michigan attorney general to do so. It honored him by creating and naming after him the Kelley--Wyman Award for outstanding service and national contributions by an attorney general. He was elected president of the National Association of Attorneys General, the sole Michigan attorney general so honored. All 50 states attorneys general said he typified the attorney general who most furthered the cause of justice in the United States. He was the first attorney general in the United States to establish Consumer Protection, Criminal Fraud and Environmental Protection Divisions. His guidance led to the passage of Michigan\'s Open Meetings Act and Freedom of Information Act.
While Attorney General, Kelley ran for election to the U.S. Senate in 1972, but lost to incumbent Robert P. Griffin. He later credited the controversy over desegregation school busing and the weakness of Democratic presidential nominee George McGovern as major contributing factors in his 47-- 53 percent loss.
His ten electoral successes were unequaled both in terms of duration and the magnitude of his victories.
## Term limits {#term_limits}
In 1993, the Michigan Constitution was amended to place term limits on many elected offices, including Attorney General. Kelley\'s successors are limited to two four-year terms in office. During the debate over term limits, some proponents of term limits pointed to Kelley and Michigan\'s then Secretary of State Richard H. Austin, who served from 1971 to 1995, as examples of elected officials who had stayed in office too long. However, they did not explain why, if that was true, voters continued re-electing Kelley, or why Austin was in fact finally defeated. Upon his retirement, Kelley was still eligible for one more term but said that while he was certain he could have won a final term, he wanted to leave on his terms \"while he was still young and vital\".
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# Frank J. Kelley
## Later career {#later_career}
After his departure from the Attorney General\'s office, Kelley founded Kelley Cawthorne, a prominent lobbying and law firm in Lansing, Michigan. In private practice he represented the late Marge Schott during the sale of her majority interest in the Cincinnati Reds Major League Baseball franchise. He also represented a host of major companies such as DTE Energy, Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Michigan, and Palace Sports & Entertainment/Detroit Pistons organization. He later sold the firm, but remained a consultant for it till the end of 2014.
In 1999, Governor John Engler named him to a seat on the Mackinac Island State Park Commission which controls 80% of the island. In 2007, Democratic Governor Jennifer Granholm named him chair of the Commission. As chair he replaced his business partner, Dennis O. Cawthorne, a former Republican Leader of the Michigan Legislature. Granholm also appointed Kelley to the State Ethics Board.
Kelley thought he was lucky`{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki}\"a political survivor \... blessed with certain instinctual gifts, a way with people that enabled him to be elected class president seven times in school and attorney general 10 times afterward.\"
## Blunders
- As Michigan\'s Constitution empowered the Attorney General to intervene statewide on behalf of the people, he chose to personally prosecute the alleged killers of Grady Little, a young black man attacked and knifed to death by a group of white men in the Palmer Park neighborhood in Detroit. The Detroit Police Department investigated the matter and recommended issuance of an arrest warrant. Wayne County Prosecutor Samuel Olson refused the warrant. He suffered political damage when the \"trial, with an all-White jury, was a farce that taught the new attorney general a bitter lesson: Seeking justice doesn\'t necessarily mean it will be won.\" On the other hand, it established his bona fides in Detroit\'s black community.
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- In 1975, he went to Waterford Township to supervise an unsuccessful digging expedition for the corpse of Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa.
- He denied involvement with an alleged Southfield prostitute who had his name in a \"\$100-a-night\" box file.
- In 1972, Kelley acted on higher political aspirations, losing a Senate challenge to Republican Robert Griffin.
Kelley never aspired for the governorship, which position he deemed to be weaker than the attorney general\'s office.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
His wife, Nancy, died due to complications from a brain aneurysm in October 2015. Kelley had three children from his first marriage. In later life he wintered in Naples, Florida, and lived the rest of the year at his home in Haslett, Michigan. He died in March 2021 in a nursing home in Florida at the age of 96. Kelley\'s remains are to be cremated and his ashes interred on Mackinac Island. He is survived also by one grandson.
## Legacy
The Michigan State University College of Law has established the Frank J. Kelley Institute of Ethics in his name.
In 1998, the State Bar of Michigan created the Frank J. Kelley Distinguished Public Service Award and named him its first recipient. \"This award recognizes extraordinary governmental service by a member of the State Bar of Michigan.\"
On October 24, 2013, the walkway in Lansing between the Michigan State Capitol and the Hall of Justice was named the Frank J. Kelley Walkway. As Kelley himself stoically observed in 2013: \"Most of this stuff is done posthumously. I\'m just lucky to have lived to the ripe old age.\"
In 2015, Wayne State University Press published his autobiography, titled *The People\'s Lawyer: The Life and Times of Frank J. Kelley, the Nation\'s Longest Serving Attorney General*. Kelley\'s co-author was syndicated political columnist Jack Lessenberry. Lessenberry wrote that Kelly began in \"the rollicking days of Prohibition\", and with inspiration from John, Bobby and Teddy Kennedy, \"went on to essentially invent consumer and environmental protection in the state of Michigan\", and \"crusaded for civil rights and equal representation before it was popular to do so.\"
Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer ordered the lowering to half staff of U.S. and Michigan flags within the Michigan State Capitol Complex and on all public places in honor of his service
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# Daniel Agina
**Daniel Agina** (born in Nairobi) is a Kenyan football defender.
## Career
Agina went to Jamhuri High School in Nairobi. He played in the Kenyan Premier League for Tusker FC helping them claim 2 league championships and 2 East and Central African Championships.
He was also a key player when Kenya won the Castle Lager Cup in Dar es Salaam and also came second to Uganda in Nairobi.
He later moved to the US on soccer scholarship where he helped Southern Nazarene University go to 4 consecutive national tournaments. He graduated in 2007. He is the all-time leader in assists in the school\'s history. He was selected for the 2006 NAIA Men\'s Soccer All-American teams
## International career {#international_career}
He has played for the Kenya national football team
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# Photoflamingo
***Photoflamingo*** is the fifth studio album by Crack the Sky. It was released on LP in 1981 by Lifesong Records (catalog #LS-8133).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
### The band {#the_band}
- John Palumbo -- Lead vocals, rhythm, lead, and acoustic guitars
- Vince DePaul -- Acoustic and synthetic keyboards
- John Tracey -- Drums
- Carey Ziegler -- Bass guitar
- Michael Taylor -- Lead guitar (\"A Girl Like You\", \"Good Child Gone Wild\", \"With the Morons\")
### Additional musicians {#additional_musicians}
- Tom McCormick --- The Crack Pack Horns
- Chris Walker -- The Crack Pack Horns
- Ellery Eskelin --- The Crack Pack Horns
- Chuck Klapka -- The Crack Pack Horns
- The Softones --- Back-up vocals (\"Is All We Know\")
### Production
- Jeffrey D. Sharp -- Executive producer
- John Palumbo -- Producer
- Victor Giordano -- Engineer, digital mixdown
- Razor Boy Ron Carran -- Digital mixdown
## Additional credits {#additional_credits}
- Recorded at Flite III Recordings, Ltd.
- Digital mixdown at Minot Sound, Inc.
- Al Wilson -- Road Manager, Master of Ceremonies
- Tom Hanlon -- The Crack Crew
- Randy Siegmeister -- The Crack Crew
- Paul Giansante -- The Crack Crew
- Hank Coldbert -- The Crack Crew
- John Palumbo -- Cover concept
- Consuelo y Regan -- Layout
- Arnie Rivkind (for Commercial Fotographics, Ltd
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# Marketwired
**Marketwired** was a press release distribution service headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1993 and incorporated in the U.S. in 1999. In 2018, it was merged into GlobeNewswire.
## Corporate history {#corporate_history}
Marketwired was founded as Internet Wire in October 1994 by PR agency owner Michael Terpin and online marketer Michael Shuler in Los Angeles, California, United States. It received \$17.5 million in venture capital in January 2000. The company changed its name to Market Wire in April, 2003, after making a partnership with NASDAQ, where its services would be recommended to listed companies.
In 2000, a former employee of Internet Wire used the service to perpetrate an insider trading scam. He shorted Emulex stock, then published a fraudulent press release reporting problems at Emulex Corporation, which lost 62 percent of its value in morning trading. He was found out by the FBI and sentenced to 44 months in prison.
In 2006, Marketwired (then known as Marketwire) was acquired by CCNMatthews, a 25-year-old news distribution company in Canada. The company adopted the name Marketwire unilaterally. At that point, it was majority-owned by OMERS Private Equity, which manages the private equity activities of OMERS Administration Corporation, a Canadian pension fund. The company\'s history can be traced back to 1957.
In July 2010, Marketwire acquired Sysomos, a social monitoring and analytics service, offering customers the ability to track their social presence across sites like Facebook and Twitter.
In October 2011, Marketwire filed a lawsuit accusing PR Newswire of trying to steal confidential information and trade secrets, seeking at least \$25 million in damages.
In April 2013, Marketwire re-branded, changing its name to Marketwired and introducing the tagline \"The power of influence\" with an updated logo.
In February 2016, MarketWired was acquired by Nasdaq, Inc.
In January 2018 Nasdaq\'s public relations business lines were acquired by West Corporation. Marketwired was merged into GlobeNewswire
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# Roy Harrison
**Roy Harrison** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}}`{=mediawiki} (born 30 August 1939) is an Irish former cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler, he played three times for the Ireland cricket team between 1967 and 1968 including one first-class match.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Harrison made his debut for Ireland against Worcestershire in Dublin in June 1967. It was very much an inauspicious debut, as he was dismissed for a duck in both innings. He returned to the Irish side in August the following year, scoring 43 against the Combined Services, his highest score for Ireland. He then played his final match for Ireland against Scotland, which was his only first-class match.
## Statistics
In his three matches for Ireland, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80.
## Post playing career {#post_playing_career}
Harrison has served as president of the Irish Cricket Union since 2006.
He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for voluntary service to cricket in Northern Ireland.
## Family
Harrison came from a cricketing family. Three of his brothers, Deryck, Garfield and Jim, all played for Ireland, as did his brother-in-law Eddie Bushe and his nephew Jonathan Bushe
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# FitzClarence
The **FitzClarence** family was an illegitimate branch of the House of Hanover. Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, who later became King William IV of the United Kingdom, had at least ten children with his mistress Dorothea Jordan, all of whom took the surname FitzClarence. All of them were also granted by their father the rank of a marquess\' younger sons or daughters.
The Duke of Clarence\'s eldest surviving illegitimate child, George FitzClarence (1794--1842), was created Earl of Munster in 1831 and his male-line was continued until the death of the 7th Earl of Munster in 2000. Two of Lord Munster\'s brothers, Frederick and Augustus (a clergyman), had issue that were also part of the family. Five daughters of William IV and Dorothy Jordan were married to nobles or prominent military figures, including the 18th Earl of Erroll, the 10th Viscount Falkland, and Admiral Lord John Hallyburton. Only one, Mary, had no children
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# Dog City (Crack the Sky album)
***Dog City*** is a studio album by the American band Crack the Sky, released in 1990.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*The Washington Post* wrote: \"Like Jeff Lynne, everything John Palumbo touches in the studio has a certain cleverness and sheen about it, and *Dog City* is about as crafty an album as you\'re likely to find on an independent label. Still, for all of Palumbo\'s production know-how,*Dog City* is only as good as the songs, which makes it a rather dicey bet.\" The *Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph* panned the forced topicality of the songs, also writing that \"dim musical presentation doesn\'t exactly spruce up this LP\'s listenability, either.\" The *Rocky Mountain News* noted that \"Crack the Sky is guilty of one of rock \'n\' roll\'s deadly sins: wrapping politically charged messages in dull, plodding music
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