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# Florijan Matekalo
**Florijan Matekalo** (`{{IPA|hr|flǒrijaːn matěːkalo}}`{=mediawiki}; 25 April 1920 -- 20 May 1995) was a footballer who played international football for both Yugoslavia and Croatia.
He scored the first goal in the history of the Croatia national team and the first goal ever for FK Partizan.
## International career {#international_career}
Matekalo debuted for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia\'s national team (*Beli Orlovi*) in a November 1940 friendly match against Nazi Germany and concurrently played all four matches for the Banovina of Croatia\'s national team, which represented the Croatian statelet within the kingdom
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# Content-based instruction
**Content-based instruction** (**CBI**) is a significant approach in language education (Brinton, Snow, & Wesche, 1989), designed to provide second-language learners instruction in content and language (hence it is also called *content-based language teaching*; *CBLT*). CBI is considered an empowering approach which encourages learners to learn a language by using it as a real means of communication from the first day in class. The idea is to make them become independent learners so they can continue the learning process even outside the class.
Historically, the word *content* has changed its meaning in second language teaching. Content used to refer to the methods of grammar-translation, audio-lingual methodology, and vocabulary or sound patterns in dialog form.
Recently, content is interpreted as the use of subject matter as a vehicle for second or foreign language teaching/learning (*linguistic immersion*).
## Methodology
CBI is considered to be more of a philosophy or an approach than a methodology. There is no single formula for this type of instruction but there are certain models of CBI which are used worldwide to achieve a holistic and global approach to foreign language learning. In essence, CBI implies integration of language learning and content learning. Hence, in a CBI course the focus of learning is not on learning of a language in isolation, but rather learning of language through the study of subject matter. A CBI curriculum is based on a subject matter core, uses authentic language and texts, and is guided by learner needs. This means that the curriculum is based on a certain subject matter and communicative competence is acquired in the context of learning about certain topics in that subject area. This falls under the top down approach to language learning where, unlike the bottom up approach, a learner first learns the overall meaning of a text and then attends to the language features.
## Benefits
1. Learners are exposed to a considerable amount of language through stimulating content. Learners explore interesting content and are engaged in appropriate language-dependent activities. Languages are not learned through direct instruction, but rather acquired \"naturally\" or automatically.
2. CBI supports contextualized learning; learners are taught useful language that is embedded within relevant discourse contexts rather than presented as isolated language fragments. Hence students make greater connections with the language and what they already know.
3. Complex information is delivered through real life contexts for the students to grasp easily, thereby leading to intrinsic motivation.
4. In CBI information is reiterated by strategically delivering information at the right time and through situations compelling the students to learn out of passion.
5. Greater flexibility and adaptability in the curriculum can be deployed as per the student\'s interest.
## Comparison to other approaches {#comparison_to_other_approaches}
The CBI approach is comparable to English for Specific Purposes (ESP), which usually is for vocational or occupational needs, or to English for Academic Purposes (EAP). The goal of CBI is to prepare students to acquire the language while using the context of any subject matter so that students learn the language by using it within that specific context. Rather than learning a language out of context, it is learned within the context of a specific academic subject.
As educators realized that in order to successfully complete an academic task, second language (L2) learners have to master both English as a language form (grammar, vocabulary etc.) and how English is used in core content classes, they started to implement various approaches such as Sheltered instruction and learning to learn in CBI classes. Sheltered instruction is more of a teacher-driven approach that puts the responsibility on the teachers\' shoulders. This is the case by stressing several pedagogical needs to help learners achieve their goals, such as teachers having knowledge of the subject matter, knowledge of instructional strategies to comprehensible and accessible content, knowledge of L2 learning processes and the ability to assess cognitive, linguistic and social strategies that students use to assure content comprehension while promoting English academic development. Learning to learn is more of a student-centered approach that stresses the importance of having the learners share this responsibility with their teachers. Learning to learn emphasizes the significant role that learning strategies play in the process of learning.
## Motivating students {#motivating_students}
Keeping students motivated and interested are two important factors underlying content-based instruction. Motivation and interest are crucial in supporting student success with challenging, informative activities that support success and which help the student learn complex skills (Grabe & Stoller, 1997). When students are motivated and interested in the material they are learning, they make greater connections between topics, elaborations with learning material and can recall information better (Alexander, Kulikowich, & Jetton, 1994: Krapp, Hidi, & Renninger, 1992). In short, when a student is intrinsically motivated the student achieves more. This in turn leads to a perception of success, of gaining positive attributes which will continue a circular learning pattern of success and interest. Krapp, Hidi and Renninger (1992) state that, \"situational interest, triggered by environmental factors, may evoke or contribute to the development of long-lasting individual interests\" (p. 18). Because CBI is student centered, one of its goals is to keep students interested and motivation high by generating stimulating content instruction and materials.
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# Content-based instruction
## Active student involvement {#active_student_involvement}
Because it falls under the more general rubric of communicative language teaching (CLT), the CBI classroom is learner- rather than teacher-centered (Littlewood, 1981). In such classrooms, students learn through doing and are actively engaged in the learning process. They do not depend on the teacher to direct all learning or to be the source of all information. Central to CBI is the belief that learning occurs not only through exposure to the teacher\'s input, but also through peer input and interactions. Accordingly, students assume active, social roles in the classroom that involve interactive learning, negotiation, information gathering and the co-construction of meaning (Lee and VanPatten, 1995). William Glasser\'s \"control theory\" exemplifies his attempts to empower students and give them voice by focusing on their basic, human needs: Unless students are given power, they may exert what little power they have to thwart learning and achievement through inappropriate behavior and mediocrity. Thus, it is important for teachers to give students voice, especially in the current educational climate, which is dominated by standardization and testing (Simmons and Page, 2010).
## Conclusion
The integration of language and content teaching is perceived by the European Commission as \"an excellent way of making progress in a foreign language.\" CBI effectively increases learners\' English language proficiency and teaches them the skills necessary for the success in various professions. With CBI, learners gradually acquire greater control of the English language, enabling them to participate more fully in an increasingly complex academic & social environment
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# Campeonato Pernambucano Série A3
{{ infobox football league \| name = Campeonato Pernambucano\
Série A3 \| country = `{{BRA}}`{=mediawiki} \| state = `{{flagicon|Pernambuco}}`{=mediawiki} Pernambuco \| organiser = FPF \| founded = `{{start date and age|1996}}`{=mediawiki} \| promotion = Série A2 \| levels = 3 \| champions = América (1st title) \| season = 2024 \| most successful club = Ramalat (4 titles) \| website = [FPF Official website](http://www.fpf-pe.com.br/) }}
The **Campeonato Pernambucano - Série A3** is the third tier of the professional state football league in the Brazilian state of Pernambucano. It is run by the Pernambuco Football Federation (FPF).
## List of Champions {#list_of_champions}
Season Champions Runners-up
--------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------
Copa Intermunicipal
1996 Ramalat (1)
1997 Ramalat (2)
1998 Ramalat (3)
1999 Ramalat (4) Ferroviário do Cabo
Terceira Divisão
2000 Ferroviário do Cabo (1) Pesqueira
2001 Itacuruba (1)
2002 Vera Cruz (1) Vila Rica
Série A3
2023 Ypiranga (1) Ipojuca
2024 América (1) Águia de Cumaru
## Titles by team {#titles_by_team}
Teams in **bold** still active
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# Dead Men Dreaming
**Dead Men Dreaming** is a rock band from Staten Island, New York. They have performed with bands such as Apocolyptica, CKY (band), Static-X, Bury Your Dead, Life of Agony, Type O Negative, ill Niño, Kittie, Dope, Otep, Walls of Jericho, Black Market Hero, Flaw, Marc Rizzo of Soulfly, Suicide City, Wheatus, Britny Fox, Enuff Z\'nuff, Strength in Numbers and The PennyRoyals.
Dead Men Dreaming released their self-titled debut in 2006. Songs from their first album can be heard on regular rotation on CMJ radio stations such as 89.5 WSOU in New Jersey. In 2007 and 2008, they performed showcases at SXSW, as well as a cross-country tour in 2007 which includes headlining the Whisky a Go Go in Hollywood, California.
In October 2008, Dima Shnaydman joined Dead Men Dreaming, replacing the original drummer Chuck Bennetti who parted ways with the band but remains a close friend.
In 2009, they were part of the Bamboozle Tour presented by Wonka at the Meadowlands Complex in East Rutherford, NJ. They have also headlined at the Gramercy Theater as well as the Fillmore at Irving Plaza.
In 2010, they released their album Last Call with producer/engineer Jim Wirt (Incubus, Something Corporate, Jack\'s Mannequin, Live, and Hoobastank).
In 2019--2020 the band produced and released three singles, \"All I Need\", \"Keep It Together\", and \"Goodbye\". During that period of time, Vincent Carbonaro and the band parted ways amicably and still remain friends.
## Band members {#band_members}
- Mike Triana -- vocals, piano/keyboards
- Rich Riccobono -- bass
- Anthony Bordonaro -- lead guitar
- Dima Shnaydman -- drums
- Paul Riccobono -- rhythm guitar
## Discography
- *Dead Men Dreaming* (studio album, 2006)
- *Impure Thoughts* (EP, 2008)
- *Last Call* (studio album, 2010)
**Singles**
- \"Goodbye\" (2020)
- \"Keep It Together\" (2020)
- \"All I Need\" (2020)
## Press reviews {#press_reviews}
In October 2008, CMJ featured Dead Men Dreaming in both their magazine publication and website: \"The music of Dead Men Dreaming is provocative and unique; difficult to fix into a particular genre as it has extracted characteristics from the whole history of rock and roll. Their guitars and searing vocals wander the spectrum of emotions from angry and hopeful, to agitated and relieved, while retaining their virtuosity at every turn
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# San Carlos volcanic field
**San Carlos volcanic field** is a monogenetic volcanic field in the U.S. state of Arizona. The field lies within the San Carlos Apache Reservation about 40 km east of Globe, Arizona. It is a small field covering approximately 50 km^2^ or less of volcanic cones and lava flows. The basanite to hawaiite basaltic flows contain xenoliths of peridotite. The Peridot Mesa vent is noted for the occurrence of quantities of gem quality peridot found within lherzolite xenolith nodules
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# Koskinas
**Koskinas** (*Κοσκινάς*) is a village in the municipality of Olympia, Elis, Greece. It is 1.5 km northeast of Olympia
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# Boot Heel volcanic field
The **Boot Heel volcanic field** is located in the Bootheel region of southwest New Mexico, adjacent areas of southeastern Arizona, and northwest Mexico. The field covers an area of more than 24,000 km^2^. The field includes nine volcanic calderas ranging in age from 26.9 to 35.3 Ma. Extrusive products include rhyolitic ignimbrites along with basalt, andesite, and rhyolite lava flows. The major ash flow tuff sheets produced, range in volume from 35 to 650 km^3^.
Activity throughout most of the Boot Heel volcanic field paused between 33 and 28 million years ago. The earlier pulse of activity involved less evolved magmas, while the later pulse was relatively depleted in volatiles. The pause in activity has been interpreted as a period of tectonic reorganization along the west coast of North America, including the birth of the San Andreas Fault, that temporarily shifted volcanism to the east.
The field includes the Geronimo-Animas volcanic field and the Palomas volcanic field.
## Geronimo volcanic field {#geronimo_volcanic_field}
The Geronimo volcanic field (also known as the San Bernardino volcanic field) is a monogenetic volcanic field and a sub-section of the Boot Heel volcanic field in southeastern Arizona, US.
## Calderas
The calderas of the Boot Heel field and their associated ignimbrites include:
- Pyramid Mountains
- Muir caldera 35.3 Ma (tuff of Woodhall Canyon)
- Peloncillo Mountains
- Steins caldera 34.4 Ma (tuff of Steins)
- Animas Mountains
- Juniper caldera 33.5 Ma (**Oak Creek Tuff**)
- Animas Peak caldera 33.5 Ma (tuff of Black Bill Canyon)
- Tullous caldera 35.1 Ma (**Bluff Creek Tuff**)
- Chiricahua Mountains
- Geronimo Trail caldera 32.7 Ma (**Gillespie Tuff**)
- Clanton Draw caldera 27.4 Ma (**Park Tuff**)
- Portal caldera 27.6 Ma (tuff of Horseshoe Canyon)
- Turkey Creek caldera 26
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# Geoff Hannan
**Geoff Hannan** (born 1972 in London, England) is a British composer and musician born to Irish parents. He studied composition privately with Michael Finnissy from 1987 to 1990 before reading Music at the University of Manchester. In 2006 he was awarded a PhD from Royal Holloway, University of London, where, with financial assistance from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, he studied composition with film composer Brian Lock.
He has attended a number of composition classes in mainland Europe with composers such as Harrison Birtwistle and Helmut Lachenmann, and participated in Brian Ferneyhough\'s composition course at Royaumont Abbey (Fondation Royaumont) in 1994 and 1995. In 1998 he was joint winner of the Gaudeamus International Composers Award; in 2007 he was the recipient of the 5th Marenco International Composition Prize. In 2019 he received an Ivor Novello Composer Award for *Pocket Universe*.
In 2008, he won a scholarship to study film composition at the National Film & Television School. His teachers there included Annabelle Pangborn and Peter Howell. He has composed the music for the BAFTA-nominated *Take Your Partners* and the multi-award-winning *Kahanikar*. He has also worked as orchestrator on *Permanência* and *Miss Christina*, the recipient of a Gopo Award for best original music score.
His music has been played by, among others, Ensemble Contrechamps, Ensemble Accroche Note, Tegenwind, Isabel Ettenauer, the Nieuw Ensemble, IXION, Noszferatu, the Ives Ensemble (NL), CONTINUUM (Toronto), EXAUDI Vocal Ensemble and the London Sinfonietta. His work has been played at the London Sinfonietta\'s State of the Nation, the Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival, the British Music Information Centre\'s \'Cutting Edge\' series, and SOUNDINGS, a platform event organised by the Austrian Cultural Forum. The Ives Ensemble toured *Bubblegum* in 2003 and *Work / Bonk* in 2007.
Between 2011 and 2014, he taught composition and orchestration at the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire
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# Will Lamartine Thompson
**William Lamartine Thompson** (November 7, 1847 -- September 20, 1909) was an American composer and music publisher. He founded the W. L. Thompson Music Company and tried his hand with some success at secular compositions before finding his *forte* in hymns and gospel songs.
## Education, family and community {#education_family_and_community}
Thompson was born November 7, 1847, in East Liverpool, Ohio, the youngest son of seven children of Josiah Thompson, who was a successful merchant, manufacturer, and banker, and a two-term member of the Ohio state legislature. His mother, Sarah Jackman Thompson, was devoted to social and charitable work.
Thompson graduated from Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio, in 1870. In 1873, he attended the New England Conservatory of Music and later continued his musical studies in Leipzig, Germany.
Thompson married Elizabeth Johnson. They had a son, William Leland Thompson (born 1895), who was known by his middle name. The Thompsons built a large hilltop mansion on Park Boulevard in East Liverpool. The house still stands and is known locally as \"the Softly and Tenderly House\" (see \"Hymns and gospel songs\").
Thompson took a strong interest in local history, and paid for a large stone and tablet to mark the spot where Confederate General John Hunt Morgan and his raiders were captured near Lisbon, Ohio. Thompson donated large tracts of land to East Liverpool for public parks, stipulating that no alcohol would be permitted there.
## Secular career {#secular_career}
Thompson began composing in his teens and in addition to hymns, wrote about 100 secular songs, including \"My Home on the Old Ohio\" and \"Gathering Shells from the Seashore.\"
Both a lyricist and composer, Thompson ensured he would always remember words or melodies that came to him at odd times. He said, \"No matter where I am, at home or hotel, at the store or traveling, if an idea or theme comes to me that I deem worthy of a song, I jot it down in verse. In this way I never lose it.\"
Rebuffed in an early attempt to sell his songs to a commercial publisher, Thompson eventually opened the W. L. Thompson Music Company in East Liverpool. By the 1880s, it was one of the most prominent and successful such businesses in the United States. Thousands of music teachers and musicians ordered sheet music, instruments, and other supplies from Thompson\'s store. Thompson later founded a music and publishing company in Chicago.
## Hymns and gospel songs {#hymns_and_gospel_songs}
A member of the Church of Christ, Thompson is best known as the writer and composer of hymns and gospel songs, to which he increasingly devoted his talents after his teenage years.
His most well-known work is the classic and enduring gospel song \"Softly and Tenderly Jesus Is Calling\" (1880) which has been translated into countless languages. It has been featured in the films *Junebug* and *A Prairie Home Companion* (sung by Meryl Streep and Lily Tomlin), in the Anne Tyler novel *The Accidental Tourist*, and the television series *True Blood*. Cynthia Clawson\'s interpretation of the song is used as background throughout the 1985 movie *The Trip to Bountiful*.
Other popular gospel songs by Thompson which continue in use, particularly in the Churches of Christ, Southern Baptist and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, are \"Put Your Shoulder to the Wheel\" - \"Lead Me Gently Home, Father\" (1879), \"There\'s a Great Day Coming\" (1887), \"Jesus Is All the World to Me\" (1904), \"Have I Done Any Good in the World Today?\", and \"The World Has Need of Willing Men\".
## Pseudonyms
Thompson published his own works under a variety of pseudonyms, such as James Orr, J. Calvin Bushey, Warren Bestley, S. S. Meyers, Will T. Meyers, Will Baker, John Rutledge, John Armstrong, and Will Lamartine.
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# Will Lamartine Thompson
## Final illness and death {#final_illness_and_death}
Thompson fell ill during a tour of Europe, and his family cut short their travels to return home. He died a few weeks later in New York City on September 20, 1909.
## Legacy
The famous evangelist Dwight L. Moody admired Thompson\'s music and used \"Softly and Tenderly\" in many of his evangelistic rallies in America and Britain. When Moody lay dying, after all visitation had stopped, Thompson called on him. He was refused until Moody learned it was Thompson. Then he insisted on seeing the songwriter. Moody is said to have encouraged Thompson by saying, \"Will, I would rather have written \'Softly and Tenderly\' than anything I have been able to do in my whole life.\" Moody died shortly afterwards while singing the words of that hymn.
\"Softly and Tenderly Jesus Is Calling\" was sung by the choir of Atlanta\'s Ebenezer Baptist Church at the funeral for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and is used widely today as an invitation hymn in evangelistic services
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# Frederick Kees
**Frederick G. Kees** (April 9, 1852 -- March 16, 1927) was an American architect notable for his work in Minnesota and partnerships with Franklin B. Long and Serenus Colburn.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Kees was born in Baltimore, Maryland on April 9, 1852. He joined the firm of E. G. Lind as an apprentice in 1865 and worked at the firm until 1878. He moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1878 and briefly worked with Leroy Buffington. He also partnered with Burnham W. Fisk for a few years under the name \"Kees and Fisk\". In 1885, Kees partnered with Franklin B. Long to form the architectural firm Long and Kees. After designing more than 13 buildings (including the Minneapolis City Hall), Kees ended the partnership. He then went on to partner with Serenus Colburn to create the firm Kees and Colburn which survived until 1925, the year of Colburn\'s death. Kees died two years later, on March 16, 1927.
Kees is considered to be one of Minneapolis' foremost architects by the Minneapolis Heritage and Preservation Commission.
## Notable and historically significant works by Fredrick G. Kees {#notable_and_historically_significant_works_by_fredrick_g._kees}
Through the firm of **Kees and Fisk**:
- Comstock House, Moorhead, Minnesota
- First Baptist Church, Minneapolis
- Syndicate Block (later J.C. Penney), Minneapolis
- Grand Opera House, Minneapolis.
- James Clark residence, Minneapolis.
Through the firm of **Long and Kees**:
- Minneapolis City Hall, Minneapolis
- The Masonic Temple (currently the Hennepin Center for the Arts), Minneapolis
- The Flour Exchange Building, Minneapolis
Through the firm of **Kees and Colburn**:
- Psi Upsilon fraternity, Mu Chapterhouse, Minneapolis
- Minneapolis Grain Exchange building (originally Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce), Minneapolis
- Northern Implement Company building, Minneapolis
- Advance Thresher/Emerson-Newton Implement Company building, Minneapolis.
- Chamber of Commerce Building, Minneapolis
- Grain and Lumber Exchange Building, Winona, Minnesota
- Great Northern Implement Company, Minneapolis
- Jacob Leuthold Jr
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# Hideyuki Ohashi
is a Japanese former professional boxer and two-time minimumweight world champion.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Ohashi dropped out of college to begin a professional boxing career, and made his debut in February, 1985, with the Yonekura Boxing Gym. He won the vacant Japanese Light flyweight title in his 6th professional fight, and in December 1986, he challenged Jung-Koo Chang for the WBC Light flyweight title, but lost by TKO in the 5th round. Ohashi reclaimed the Japanese Light flyweight title in January 1988, and challenged Chang for the second time in June of the same year, only to lose again by 8th-round TKO. This was Chang\'s 15th consecutive defense of the WBC title, and Ohashi was knocked down a total of 7 times in 8 rounds before the referee stopped the contest.
Ohashi challenged Jum-Hwan Choi in January 1990 for the Lineal and WBC Minimumweight title, and won by KO to claim his first world title. This win stopped the streak of 21 losses in a row suffered in world title bouts by Japanese boxers. There had been no Japanese world champions for over a year before Ohashi won the WBC title.
Ohashi defended his title once, before losing to the legendary Ricardo López by TKO in the 5th round. López would go on to defend the WBC title won from Ohashi 22 times, and retire undefeated.
After two years away from the world stage, Ohashi returned to fight WBA Minimumweight champion Hi-Yong Choi in October 1992. Ohashi won a unanimous 12-round decision to claim his second world title. He lost to Chana Porpaoin in his first defense, and was forced into retirement at the age of 27, after it was discovered that he had a detached retina. He ended his career with a record of 19-5-0 (12KOs).
## Post-retirement {#post_retirement}
After retiring, he created the Ohashi Boxing Gym (Ohashi Promotions) in his hometown, Yokohama, and currently works as a trainer there. Former WBC Super flyweight champion, Katsushige Kawashima, is trained by Ohashi.
In January 2007, Ohashi served as the head trainer of the Japanese team in the BOXING GRAND PRIX 2007 event (held under the partnership of the Teiken Boxing Gym, and Golden Boy Promotions).
He also serves as the president of Japan Pro Boxing Association (JPBA) and its subsidiary body East Japan Boxing Association (JPBA-east)
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# Upper Becker Creek Cone
The **Upper Becker Creek Cone** is a volcanic cone, located in the Upper Becker Creek area of Carbon Hill, Yukon, Canada. It was formed during the Tertiary eruptions of the Skukum Group
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# Livingstone's fruit bat
**Livingstone\'s fruit bat** (***Pteropus livingstonii***), also called the **Comoro flying fox**, is a megabat in the genus *Pteropus*. It is an Old World fruit bat found only in the Anjouan and Mohéli islands in the Union of the Comoros in the western Indian Ocean.
It is the largest and rarest bat of all Comorian species. Its preferred habitat is montane forest above 200 m on Mohéli and above 500 m on Anjouan, the destruction of which is a major threat to the bat population. As of 2003, the total population was estimated at 1,200 individuals. Other threats to the bats\' survival include storms, hunting, and their struggles to readapt to new habitats.
The black-bearded flying fox is believed to be one of the closest relatives of Livingstone\'s fruit bats, but experts differ as to whether or not these species belong to the same species group. No subspecies have been recognized.
## Physical appearance {#physical_appearance}
Livingstone\'s fruit bats are mostly black in colour, with a scattering of golden or tawny hairs over the rump, belly, and flanks. The amount of golden hair varies between individuals, with some also having a narrow band of golden fur down the back, or golden patches on the shoulders, and others being pure black without any paler hair at all. The wings are black and hairless, as are the legs, nose, and large, rounded ears.
Distinguishing characteristics include their rounded ears, the colour of their fur, and their large, orange or red eyes, reflecting this bat\'s well-developed vision. Livingstone\'s fruit bats weigh 500 to. They have a body length of about 30 cm and a wingspan up to 1.4 m. They do not exhibit sexual dimorphism.
The bats have a relatively slow, flapping flight, and often circle in an attempt to gain height, but are also, unlike nocturnal bats, capable of soaring on air thermals. Their wings have an aspect ratio of 6.52, and a wing loading of 25.8 N/m^2^, and have been estimated to have a turning circle of 11.3 m.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
Livingstone\'s fruit bat is found only on the islands of Anjouan and Mohéli, within the Comoros archipelago between Africa and northern Madagascar. It inhabits montane forest above 200 m on Moheli and above 500 m on Anjouan. All current Livingstone\'s fruit bat roosts are restricted to a narrow midaltitudinal range and are strongly associated with the presence of native and endemic trees, with the biggest roosts located in dense-canopy, old-growth forest. Livingstone\'s flying fox appears to show a preference for roosting in certain tree species, in particular the endemic *Nuxia pseudodentata* and native *Gambeya* spp. and at forested sites that are typically found on steep slopes, next to valleys where permanent watercourses are present, and facing in a southeast direction and in depressions to provide protection from wind and the midday sun. Only 15 roost-sites are currently occupied in Anjouan and six at Moheli.
## Behaviour and biology {#behaviour_and_biology}
In captivity, a colony can have a dominant male with up to eight breeding females.
Livingstone\'s flying foxes are active both day and night, and are predominantly nocturnal, the highest activity was observed between 10 pm and 2 am. They typically fly to a feeding site a few hours before dusk, taking advantage of hot, daytime thermals, and hang from the trees before beginning to feed after nightfall.
They forage for food primarily in the upper canopy of the forest, whereas the two other fruit bats native to the Comoros, the Seychelles fruit bat and the Comoro rousette, forage in the middle and lower canopy, respectively.
The diet of Livingstone\'s fruit bats consists of fruit, pollen, nectar, seeds, and leaves. They have also been observed to hunt and eat moths in captivity.
They drive off intruders on their feeding territory with chattering sounds, clapping their wings, and chasing, sometimes culminating in clawing and biting. When alarmed, they make squeaking sounds or a deep series of \"clucks\".
After mating, the pregnant females relocate to maternity roost sites to give birth and raise their young until they reach maturity. They give birth to a single pup, typically in early September. The young pups are born fully furred and with their eyes open; their big feet are used to grip onto their mothers directly after birth. They begin to forage at 2.5 to 5.0 months of age, and males begin to establish territories at 6 months.
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# Livingstone's fruit bat
## Conservation
*P. livingstonii* is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of fauna and flora) In 1995, the IUCN developed an action plan for the species which included research, community education programs, and training of bat monitoring. A nongovernmental organization called Action Comoros initiated this action plan. Action Comoros developed an environmental education program, the main goals of which were to raise awareness, develop resources, train educators, promote knowledge, foster pride, and involve locals. These plans are important in the short-term benefits of conservation and improve a strong foundation of conservation programs for the long term.
A captive-breeding program was initiated by the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust in 1992. Having a captive-breeding program could save *P. livingstonii* from going completely extinct. Many efforts are being made to aid in the survival of *P. livingstonii*, but as the populations of the natives increase on these Comoros islands, deforestation will continue to rise, as well. As stated by the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, "If the bats' natural habitat is not protected, this amazing species could be extinct within 10 years." The breeding program now includes other facilities, with the Bristol Zoo the site of 30 births from 1999--2013. Of those 30 pups, 23 survived. The year 2016 was a productive year for the Durrell colony, with six pups born by mid-June. The Bristol Zoo and the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust exchange male bats regularly to maintain genetic diversity and avoid inbreeding depression. Nonbreeding male bats have been sent to the Chester Zoo and the Zürich Zoologischer Garten. Due to its imperiled status, it is identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction as a species in danger of imminent extinction
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# Bartholomew Gedney
**Bartholomew Gedney** (June 14, 1640 -- February 28, 1698) was a merchant, physician, military officer, and native of Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony. He is best known as one of the magistrates in the Salem witchcraft trials.
## Life
Bartholomew Gedney was born in Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. His father, John Gedney, was one of Salem\'s founders and leading citizens, and Bartholomew followed in his father\'s footsteps. He served as a selectman of the town, and was involved in the local militia, rising to the rank of colonel. He was offered command of an expedition against Port Royal, Acadia, in 1690, but refused.
In 1674, while a resident of Yarmouth, Maine, he went into business with Englishman Henry Sayward. They built the town\'s first grist mill at the First Falls. He also built two sawmills.
Gedney was present at several of the examinations and later served as a member of the Court of Oyer and Terminer. He was present at the examination of his friend John Alden on May 31, 1692, in Salem Village. When Gedney saw how the afflicted girls cried out that Alden tormented them, he told Alden that he had \"always look\'d upon him to be an honest Man, but now he did see cause to alter his judgment.\" Alden generously replied that he was sorry for that and hoped in time to recover Gedney\'s good opinion; the following year Alden, who had escaped from prison and fled, possibly to Duxbury and was declared innocent by proclamation.
The Gedney House, which still stands in Salem, was constructed by his brother Eleazar
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# Fred Morrison (American football)
**Fred Lew \"Curly\" Morrison** (October 7, 1926 -- November 15, 2020) was an American football player and executive. He played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) with the Chicago Bears, from 1950 to 1953, and the Cleveland Browns, from 1954 to 1956. Morrison played college football at the Ohio State University.
## College career {#college_career}
Morrison played for the Ohio State Buckeyes from 1947 to 1949. As a sophomore, he was an end and led the Buckeyes in receptions, with seven for 113 yards. In his junior year, he moved to fullback when starter Joe Whistler was injured in the first game of the 1948 season. When Whistler returned, Morrison continued at fullback as a backup.
Morrison took over the fullback position as a senior in 1949 and led the Buckeyes in scoring, with nine touchdowns. His best rushing game as a college student was against the USC Trojans, in Los Angeles, on October 8, 1949 when he rushed for 134 yards. Later that season, the Buckeyes returned to Southern California for the 1950 Rose Bowl against the California Golden Bears. In that game, Morrison rushed for 119 yards, and the Buckeyes won 17--14. Morrison was named the game\'s MVP. He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1993.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Morrison was drafted by the Chicago Bears with the tenth pick in the 1950 NFL draft. He was with the Bears for four years, leading the team in rushing two of those years. He was traded to the Cleveland Browns, where he spent three more years and played in three championship games. He led the Browns in rushing once (1955), making his only Pro Bowl appearance that year.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team Games Rushing
------ ------ ------- ----- ---------
GP GS Att Yds Avg
1950 CHI 12 2 66
1951 CHI 12 3 29
1952 CHI 12 7 95
1953 CHI 12 8 95
1954 CLE 12 2 54
1955 CLE 12 8 **156**
1956 CLE 12 6 83
84 36 578
### Playoffs
Year Team Games Rushing
------ ------ ------- ----- ---------
GP GS Att Yds Avg
1950 CHI 1 1 5
1954 CLE 1 0 10
1955 CLE 1 1 **11**
3 2 26
## Executive career and retirement {#executive_career_and_retirement}
Following his NFL career, Morrison stayed active in football. He was the chief operating officer and general manager for the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League (USFL) and the general manager of the Southern California Sun of the World Football League (WFL). He was an advocate for retired NFL players and was active in several charities. He and his wife, Sophie, produced the NFL Legends golf tournament in Pebble Beach, California every November benefiting The Boys and Girls Clubs of California.
He died of complications from a broken hip on November 15, 2020
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# Metaproscaline
**Metaproscaline**, or **3,4-dimethoxy-5-propoxyphenethylamine**, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is an analog of proscaline. Metaproscaline was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book *PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)*, the dosage and the duration are unknown. Metaproscaline produces few to no effects. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of metaproscaline
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# Airplane Bungalow
The **Airplane Bungalow** is a residential style of the United States dating from the early 20th century, with roots in the Arts and Crafts Movement, and elements also common to the American Craftsman style, and Prairie Style. It was more popular in the western half of the U.S., and southwestern and western Canada.
General similarities to the California bungalow include low-pitched, gabled roofs with oversized eaves and exposed rafters that create a canopy effect, and bands of windows. In most accounts the special characteristic of \"airplane\" bungalows is a single room on the second floor, surrounded by windows, said to resemble the cockpit of an airplane, and designed as a sleeping room in summer weather with all-around access to breezes.
One early example is the Pleasance House in Echo Park, Los Angeles, dating from 1914. The style is described (in this source) as a variation of the Craftsman style, characterized by \"its \'pop-up\' second story; low-pitched gable roof with wide eaves and exposed structural members; wood clapboard siding; wood windows (primarily double-hung, with some tripartite, fixed, and casement); and prominent projecting front entrance porch.\"
By April 1916 the style had \"just reached\" El Paso, Texas, with a house, in the 2600 block, on the south side of Montana Street (now Avenue). Newspaper coverage noted the style\'s popularity in California for several years prior, and that \"The room in the top of the roof, which gives the bungalow its name, is designed as a sleeping room.\"
The house of inventor and industrialist Ferdinand N. Kahler in New Albany, Indiana, built circa 1920, meets that criterion with its second-story sleeping room, even though the straightforward rectilinear design lacks gables and overhangs, and was brick construction, not wood
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# Super Rider (video game)
***Super Rider*** is an arcade game created by Daiei Seisakusho for Taito in 1983. The game was licensed to Venture Line for U.S. distribution.
## Gameplay
The player takes the role of a biker boy who must cross a road with obstacles and a very blocky background in order to buy a present for his girlfriend. The bike is able to jump to avoid the obstacles (cans, logs, police cars, etc.) and gaps in the road.
Sixty seconds are given to finish the course. After buying the present, the player is given 30 seconds plus the remaining time to cross the course again and go back home.
After this, the player will have a chance of crossing a bonus course with many money bags. Finishing the course without crashing any vehicle will be awarded with extra points. If the player manages to score 200.000 points, a credit is added.
## Reception
In Japan, *Game Machine* listed *Super Rider* on their June 15, 1983 issue as being the fifth most-successful new table arcade unit of the month
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# Archaeological Museum of Agrinio
The **Archaeological Museum of Agrinio** (*Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Αγρινίου*, *Archaiologiko Mouseio Agriniou*) is a museum in the city of Agrinio in Aetolia-Acarnania, in Greece. It lies next to the Papastrateio Municipal Park and features artifacts dating back to Antiquity and Roman times from the area around Agrinio. It was constructed in 1960 through the donation of the Papastratos firm
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# Chris Naish
**Chris Naish** (born 27 September 1971) is a former Australian rules football player who played in the Australian Football League (AFL), for Richmond Football Club from 1990 to 1997 and Port Adelaide from 1998 to 1999.
## AFL career {#afl_career}
### Richmond career (1990--1997) {#richmond_career_19901997}
Originally from Wangaratta, Naish won the 1988 Ovens & Murray Football League Rookie of the Year award and represented Victoria in the 1988 Teal Cup. Naish was part of a talented batch of juniors, earning All-Australian selection along with Wayne Carey, Robert Harvey and Jose Romero in 1988.
Naish was considered an inventive and clever forward while playing for Richmond and he earned a spot in the Victorian state of origin side. He did not miss a senior game at Richmond for three years to the end of 1996, but had a mediocre last season playing only 12 games.
### Port Adelaide career (1998--1999) {#port_adelaide_career_19981999}
Following the 1997 AFL season, Naish was traded to Port Adelaide, who regarded him as a great pick up.
He had a steady season for Port in 1998 where he played his 150th game in Round 7, 1998, but in 1999 he had persistent hamstring problems and only played a handful of games before Port delisted him.
## Post-footballing career {#post_footballing_career}
Naish studied sports business at university and worked with the Australian National Basketball League before becoming Chief Operating Officer with AFL SportsReady, an AFL sponsored organisation working to help young adults find their way into training and employment.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Chris\' son Patrick was drafted by Richmond under the father--son rule at the 2017 AFL Draft.
After retiring from playing in the AFL, he coached high school football at Scotch College for 15 years. He has since coached at both [Old Ivanhoe Grammarians Football Club](https://www.oigfc.com.au/) and [Ivanhoe Junior Football Club](https://www.ivanhoejfc.com.au/club-history)
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# Harold Owen
**William Harold Owen** (5 September 1897 -- 26 November 1971) was the younger brother and biographer of the English poet and soldier, Wilfred Owen. He was born at the home of his paternal grandparents in Canon Street, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, where his parents and older siblings then lodged before his father moved on promotion to a station master\'s post at Birkenhead in 1898.
For decades Harold Owen tried to control the public image of his dead brother. His three-volume biography of Wilfred, *Journey from Obscurity* (1963-5), was for many years assumed to be an accurate and objective record. However, it has since come to be regarded as a somewhat romanticised version of events. In particular, Harold feared that the public might discover that his brother had been a homosexual and censored many of his letters and diaries.
## Strange meeting {#strange_meeting}
During the First World War, Harold Owen was an officer on board the British cruiser, `{{HMS|Astraea|1893|6}}`{=mediawiki}. In the weeks following the armistice, whilst the ship was at anchor of the coast of Cameroons, Owen fell ill with malaria. It was during this time that Owen claims he had \"an extraordinary and inexplicable experience\":
> I had gone down to my cabin thinking to write some letters. I drew aside the door curtain and stepped inside and to my amazement I saw Wilfred sitting in my chair. I felt shock run through me with appalling force and with it I could feel the blood draining away from my face. I did not rush towards him but walked jerkily into the cabin\--all my limbs stiff and slow to respond. I did not sit down but looking at him I spoke quietly: \"Wilfred, how did you get here?\"
>
> He did not rise and I saw that he was involuntarily immobile, but his eyes which had never left mine were alive with the familiar look of trying to make me understand; when I spoke his whole face broke into his sweetest and most endearing dark smile. I felt not fear\--I had none when I first drew my door curtain and saw him there\--only exquisite mental pleasure at thus beholding him. He was in uniform and I remember thinking how out of place the khaki looked amongst the cabin furnishings. With this thought I must have turned my eyes away from him; when I looked back my cabin chair was empty . . .
>
> I wondered if I had been dreaming but looking down I saw that I was still standing. Suddenly I felt terribly tired and moving to my bunk I lay down; instantly I went into a deep oblivious sleep. When I woke up I knew with absolute certainty that Wilfred was dead.
Harold learned only later that his brother had been killed a week before this experience occurred
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# Sworn to the Dark
***Sworn to the Dark*** is the third studio album by Watain and was released on 19 February 2007 on Season of Mist. The album received very positive reviews from music critics and has been described as the band\'s \"breakthrough\" album. The song \'Legions of the Black Light\' is dedicated to Dissection\'s vocalist Jon Nödtveidt who committed suicide in 2006.
## Critical reception and accolades {#critical_reception_and_accolades}
The album received positive reviews from music critics. Chad Bowar of *About.com* called it \"a sinister and forbidding dose of black metal\". He went on to say, \"You\'ll hear the droning guitars and frantic blast beats of black metal, but Watain adds a lot of really catchy and melodic riffs and some cool guitar countermelodies.\" He concluded his review saying, \"This is a really well crafted album that\'s menacing, yet melodic.\" Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 of 5 stars, saying that the band \"achieve a perfect balance between Venom or Darkthrone\'s outright savagery and straightforward execution, and Emperor\'s spiraling arrangements and progressive orientation\". He went on to say that \"you\'ll definitely find more extreme, misanthropic, or adventurous black metal albums than Sworn to the Dark out there, but you\'ll be hard-pressed to find one more balanced or -- and this may sound contradictory for nasty old black metal -- enjoyable\". Scott Alisoglu of *Blabbermouth.net* wrote that \"Watain is a band concerned not with experimentation or genre-bending, just the creation of ripping black metal songs that burn a hole in the soul and leave a lasting impact on the psyche. It doesn\'t get much better.\" The album also made many end-of-year lists, as well. In *Terrorizer*{{\'s}} *Secret History of Black Metal* (issued in September 2009), it made the number 13 position on their list of \"Black Metal\'s Top 40 Albums\". The AllMusic stuff named it one of their favourite metal albums of 2007
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# Al-Aqsa University
**Al-Aqsa University** (*جامعة الأقصى*) is a public university with campuses in Gaza City and Khan Younis, Palestine. Established in 1955 as a teachers\' institute before later expanding its curriculum, it is the first and oldest public higher education institution in the Gaza Strip. It caters for some 26,000 students and has some 1,400 employees, 300 of whom are lecturers and professors.
In 2024, the university\'s facilities were destroyed by Israeli bombardment during the Gaza war.
## History
In 1955, when Gaza was under Egyptian administration, a teachers\' institute was founded to train teachers at all levels.
It became the State College of Education in 1991 and was renamed Al-Aqsa University in 2001 after it was officially accredited.
In 2003, it joined the Union of Arab Universities and the Palestinian Higher Education Council.
On 16 March 2004, the IDF destroyed a branch campus according to miftah.org. The campus had been disused since 18 January 2001 due to earlier attacks.
During the 2008--09 winter invasion, the university\'s Tel al-Hawa library was damaged, and a community education facility under construction was destroyed.`{{bsn|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
A new building containing 32 laboratory spaces was completed in 2022 by the company MECC. Also opened was an early childhood laboratory from the Care (Erasmus+) Project.
In January 2024, a university academic, Dr Wiesam Essa, was killed when his apartment was shelled.
On 17 January 2024, the last university in Gaza was destroyed, Al Jazera and Euro Med Watch reported.
On 6 February 2024, it was reported by Anadolu Agency that the IDF had shelled two university buildings and opened fire on displaced civilians who had taken shelter on campus.
In May 2024, the IDF Military Police opened an investigation into photograph of an IDF soldier sitting reading in front of burning books at the Central Library of the Islamic University of Gaza, which was widely described as the Al-Aqsa University\'s library.
## Faculties
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
- Faculty of Art and Human sciences
- Faculty of Education
- Faculty of Fine Arts
- Faculty of Media
- Faculty of Management and Financing
- Faculty of Sports
- Faculty of Information Technology
Al-Aqsa University is the only university in the Gaza Strip that offers programmes in the field of media, fine arts , physical education and sports. The faculties offer bachelor\'s degrees with postgraduate studies on a joint program, established in 1994, between Al-Aqsa University and Ain Shams University, Egypt. The program is on hold now, but there are master\'s degree programs in a number of faculties in the university
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# Giovanni Battista Caccini
**Giovanni Battista Caccini** or **Giovan Battista Caccini** (24 October 1556 -- 13 March 1613) was an Italian sculptor from Florence, who worked in a classicising style in the later phase of Mannerism.
## Life
Giovanni Battista Caccini was born at Montopoli in Val d\'Arno between Florence and Pisa; his training was with the sculptor-architect Giovanni Antonio Dosio, known for his accurate drawings of Roman antiquities, and Caccini\'s numerous interpretive restorations of Roman sculptural fragments gave him the reputation of being a knowledgeable antiquarian, while the inescapable influence of Giambologna and his circle can be seen in Caccini\'s bronze statuettes. Caccini was in close cooperation with Pietro Tacca and the rest of Giambologna\'s pupils in the prolonged cooperation over the bronze doors for Pisa Cathedral.
Fragmentary antiquities were not to the sixteenth-century collectors\' taste. Caccini produced a head for an antique torso, and a further, crouching figure to produce the *Bacchus and Ampelos* in the Uffizi, which was once attributed to Michelangelo. He restored a fragmentary *Apollo Sauroctonos* as an *Apollo with the Lyre* (Uffizi). He could also improvise on antique themes: the biographer of artists Rafaello Borghini reported in 1730 that \"In truth he was highly skilled in diligently putting together pieces, and counterfeiting, the Antique.\" His garden sculptures produced the bold silhouettes and copious attributes that the genre requires. As an architect, his one notable work is the portico of the Santissima Annunziata, Florence (1601). Caccini died in Rome in 1613.
His brother, Giulio Caccini, was a famous composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the very late Renaissance and early Baroque eras.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- Figure of S. Giovanni Gualberto, Badia di Passignano, Val di Pesa, 1580
- *Bust of Christ*, c. 1595 (Rijksmuseum)
- *Temperance*, 1583 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
- *Charles V crowned by Clement VII*, Salone del Cinquecento, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.
- *Ciborium* in Santo Spirito, Florence.
- Among his numerous allegorical statues in the Boboli Gardens, Florence:
- *Seasons*, four figures in the Boboli Gardens, Florence
- *Youthful Jupiter* (attributed), Boboli Gardens
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# Limbo (short story collection)
***Limbo*** is the first collection of short fiction by Aldous Huxley, published in 1920. The book consists of five short stories, a novelette and a play
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# Víctor Reviglio
**Víctor Félix Reviglio** (born 4 April 1938) is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician and diplomat. He was the governor of the province of Santa Fe from 11 December 1987 to 11 December 1991.
Reviglio qualified as a doctor at the National University of Córdoba. In 1973 he became undersecretary of public health of Santa Fe Province, taking a national position in 1975 as national director of medical attention. He returned to the Province in 1983 to be Minister of Health, Environment and Social Action.
Reviglio won the governorship by a wide margin over Radical Civic Union candidate Luis Cáceres in 1987. He served as Argentine Ambassador to Nicaragua under President Carlos Menem from 1992 until 1997, and was Minister of Health in the short-lived presidency of Adolfo Rodríguez Saá
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# Jan Matsys
**Jan Matsys** or **Jan Massijs** (c.1510 -- 8 October 1575) was a Flemish Renaissance painter known for his history paintings, genre scenes and landscapes. He also gained a reputation as a painter of the female nude, which he painted with a sensuality reminiscent of the school of Fontainebleau.
## Life
He was born in Antwerp, the son of leading Antwerp painter Quinten Matsys and the older brother of Cornelis, who became a painter and engraver. He trained under his father. He was admitted, together with his brother Cornelis, as a master in the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke in 1531, a year after their father\'s death. It is assumed that he left Antwerp immediately thereafter and worked for a while in Fontainebleau, but these facts are not firmly established. He was back in Antwerp by 1536. He married his cousin Anna van Tuylt in 1538. The couple had three children. In 1544 Jan and his brother Cornelis were banned from Antwerp because of their religious beliefs. It is possible that Jan went to Fontainebleau and Germany. It is certain that he spent time in Genoa. He returned to Antwerp before the end of 1555 when the ban imposed on him was ended. He was then involved in a number of court cases with his brothers and sisters over the distribution of inheritances.
He had been sufficiently rehabilitated for the local city council to commission several works from him. These works were destroyed in 1576 when Spanish troops set the city hall on fire during the Spanish Fury and the Sack of Antwerp. Jan Matsys had died the year before, in Antwerp, having been reduced to a state bordering on poverty. His son Quentin had become a master of the Guild of St. Luke in 1574 and died in Frankfurt in 1589. Jan\'s daughter Susan emigrated to Italy. It is assumed that Jan\'s children left Antwerp for religious reasons.
His known pupils are Frans van Tuylt (in 1536), Frans de Witte (in 1543) and Olivier de Cuyper (in 1569).
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# Jan Matsys
## Work
It is possible to distinguish three periods in the work of Jan Massys. During the first period before his exile of 1544, he collaborated with and worked in the style of his father. He also completed some works left unfinished at the time of his father\'s death. The first dated painting from this time is a *St. Jerome in his cell* of 1537, which is completely in his father\'s style.
From the second period, which coincides with his banishment from Antwerp from 1544 to 1555, only 9 works can be traced. These works seem to show the influence of the School of Fontainebleau. It remains unclear whether Jan Matsys actually went to Fontainebleau or underwent this influence in an indirect manner. During his stay in Italy he painted a portrait of Andrea Doria, which is one of the few instances that he painted portraits. Only two works from this period bear a signature and a date, both from 1552.
After his return to Antwerp Jan reached the height of his artistic powers. He developed a distinct style and treated a number of subjects that became characteristic for his work. Remarkable is the important role that the female nude and eroticism play in his work. He frequently used Old Testament figures such as Judith, Susanna, Bathsheba and the daughters of Lot as an excuse to depict the female nude. The sensuality of these figures is reminiscent of the works of the School of Fontainebleau. The principal male characters he depicted were Tobias and Elias.
Jan Matsys is sometimes regarded as one of the pioneers in Netherlandish art of certain secular subjects such as \'unequal love\' (depicting a couple of widely different ages) and \'merry companies\'. In these paintings temptation and purchased love always seem to play the main role. Other subjects he pioneered were the money changer, tax collector and the miser, although others see his father as the creator of this genre. These works are considered to have carried a moralizing purpose.
Jan Matsys also painted a number of landscapes but his work in this genre is not as significant as that of his brother Cornelis
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# David Bensusan-Butt
**David Miles Bensusan-Butt** (24 July 1914, Colchester -- 25 March 1994, London) was an English economist who spent much of his career in Australia. Known as David, he published his work as **D. M. Bensusan-Butt**.
## Background and education {#background_and_education}
A nephew of Esther Bensusan, the wife of Lucien Pissarro, and the son of Jewish socialist Ruth Bensusan-Butt (1877--1957), the first woman doctor to work in Essex, Bensusan-Butt was educated with his older brother John at Gresham\'s School, Holt, and then at King\'s College, Cambridge, where he was a student of John Maynard Keynes and indexed Keynes\'s magnum opus, the *General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money*. Bensusan-Butt acted as an assistant to Keynes, for searching literature and writing references, making him Keynes\'s best-informed student on progress with the project, so that one historian of economics has described him as \'the favoured man\'.
## Career
After a short period working for *The Economist*, Bensusan-Butt joined the civil service in 1938. Early in the Second World War he became private secretary to Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell, then worked for Winston Churchill. While he was First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill created a Statistical Section in the Admiralty which was joined by Bensusan-Butt, Roy Harrod, Bryan Hopkin, Douglas MacDougall and Tom Wilson.
At Cherwell\'s recommendation, Butt did an analysis of the effectiveness of Bomber Command. Reviewing 600 photoreconnaissance images, Butt did a statistical analysis of the attacks completed in June and July 1941. The resultant Butt Report showed that Bomber Command was having great difficulty delivering its bombs over its targets, with only 5% of bombers setting out bombed within 5 mi of the target. This report was a key impetus to the formation of Bomber Command\'s Pathfinder Force, which greatly improved the accuracy and destructive power of Bomber Command.
In September 1944, Bensusan-Butt was commissioned as a Temporary Sub-Lieutenant into the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, serving on the minelayer HMS *Cyclone*.
Following the war, Butt moved to the Economic Section of the Cabinet Office and later the Treasury. From 1949 to 1950 he was seconded to the Australian Prime Minister\'s Department, and he spent two periods of one year at Nuffield College, Oxford as a research fellow, in 1953--1954 and 1958--1959.
In 1962, he became a professorial fellow in the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS) of the Australian National University, remaining there for fifteen years. In 1975--1976 he was the most influential member of the Asprey Committee on tax reform, recommending a dramatic change from a complicated system of income taxes to a broad-based consumption tax.
In 1976, he retired to London, settling in part of the 17th-century house at Stamford Brook of his uncle by marriage Lucien Pissarro.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- *On Economic Growth: an Essay in Pure Theory* (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960)
- *On Economic Man: an Essay on the Elements of Economic Theory* (Canberra: Australian National University, 1978)
- \'A Model of Trade and Accumulation\' in *American Economic Review* 44 (1954), pp. 511--529
- \'Keynes\'s General Theory, Then and Now\', in *On Economic Knowledge, a sceptical legacy* ed. D. M. Bensusan Butt (Canberra: Australian National University, 1967)
## Quotations
- \"The ultimate fruits of civilization are slow growths that need a stable environment
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# Adiel Sherwood
**Thomas Adiel Sherwood** (October 3, 1791 -- August 19, 1879) was an American author and college president of Marshall College.
## Biography
Sherwood was born in Fort Edward, New York, on October 3, 1791. His father was major Adiel Sherwood, an officer under Washington at Valley Forge and in the battle of Monmouth. Sherwood attended Middlebury College in Vermont and Union College in New York City. In 1819, he moved to Savannah, Georgia, where he involved himself with the Baptist ministry. He was instrumental in the founding of the Georgia Baptist Convention. He introduced and widened the support of the temperance movement after moving to Georgia. While in Georgia, his manual-labor system helped inspire the founding of Mercer University and in 1857, he became president of Marshall College in Griffin, Georgia. Between 1827 and 1860, he collected statistical information on Georgia\'s counties and place names, which he compiled into his publication *A Gazetteer of the State of Georgia*. Sherwood published as many as five different editions between the years of 1827 and 1860. After his farm in Butts County, Georgia was burned by Sherman\'s troops in the American Civil War, Sherwood moved to Missouri, where he died on August 19, 1879. He was married to Emma Heriot, his second wife after his first wife and daughter died in 1824. He had five children. One son, Thomas Adiel Sherwood, served as a justice of the Missouri Supreme Court from 1873 to 1902
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# Billy Lee Brammer
**Billy Lee Brammer** (April 21, 1929 -- February 11, 1978) was an author, journalist, and political staffer in Texas and Washington, D.C.. He is best known for his set of three linked novellas titled *The Gay Place.*
## Life
Brammer was born April 21, 1929, in Dallas, Texas, where he graduated from Sunset High School. He attended the University of North Texas (then called North Texas State College), where he met Nadine Ellen Cannon, and they married on April 22, 1950.
Brammer graduated in 1952 with a degree in journalism. After working briefly as a reporter for the *Corpus Christi Caller-Times*, Brammer joined the *American-Statesman* (then called the *Austin Statesman*), where he won a press award for excellence in writing in 1952. In 1954, he won the Texas Associated Press Managing Editors Contest for a feature sports story written for the same paper.
In 1955, Brammer became an associate editor of the *Texas Observer*, a magazine of liberal dissent at a time when in Texas \"the impulse for dissent scarcely existed.\" He attracted the attention of Texas Senator Lyndon Baines Johnson, who invited him to join his staff. While employed by Johnson in Washington, D.C., Brammer began working on *The Gay Place*, his first and only published novel, which is composed of three related novellas: *The Flea Circus*, *Room Enough to Caper*, and *Country Pleasures.* He sold the book to Houghton Mifflin in 1959.
Brammer left Johnson\'s staff to work for the economist Eliot Janeway. *Time* hired Brammer in 1960 to cover civil rights issues from the magazine\'s Atlanta office. Brammer left that job in 1961 (the year of the publication of *The Gay Place*) and never again held sustained employment. He began a sequel to *The Gay Place* titled \"Fustian Days,\" but it never was completed. He was hired in 1973 as one of the first writers with Texas Monthly.
Brammer had three children -- Sidney Gail, Shelby Ellen, and William Raoul -- with Nadine before they divorced in 1961. In 1963, Brammer married Dorothy Browne; they were divorced in 1969. Brammer died of a methamphetamine overdose on February 11, 1978
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# Al-Quds Open University
**Al-Quds Open University** (*جامعة القدس المفتوحة*) is an independent, distance education public university in Palestine. It was created by a decree issued by the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1991.
QOU is the first Open Learning institute in the Palestinian territories. It has 60,000 students studying in 19 branches and centers distributed all over the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. QOU is the largest non-campus university in Palestine.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2023, the university\'s facilities in the Gaza Strip were destroyed by Israeli bombardment during the Gaza war.
## Faculties
The university has seven faculties leading to a BA Degree in:
- Technology and Applied Sciences
- Agriculture
- Social and Family Development
- Administrative and Economic Sciences
- Media
- Arts
- Educational sciences
QOU established a Faculty of Graduate Studies for the 2015-2016 school year. The faculty offers a master\'s degree in the following specializations:
- Arabic Language & Literature
- Psychological & Educational Counseling
- Digital Business Administration
- Political Science
- Education Technology and e-Learning
- Strategic Management & Leadership
- Applied Human Resource Management
- Management and Public Policy
- Information Technology
- Special Education
- Educational Supervision and Administration
- Social Work
- Teaching Social Science
- Islamic Da\'wa and International Relations in Islam
- Family Counseling and Guidance
- Applied Marketing Management
- Accounting and Finance
- Management of Media Institutions
- Information Technology
The university has announced plans to create Post Graduate School in the future.
## University centers {#university_centers}
The university has six centers located in the Palestinian Territories, as follows:
- The Information and Communication Technology Center (ICTC) is responsible for the technical development, computerizing all administrative, academic, financial and productive works of the university.
- The ICTC is the largest computerized network in Palestine, and is an accredited testing center for specialized international certificates. It also has most of its systems and curricula computerized. The network, a partnership with the Palestinian Development Gateway, was funded by the Programme for Assistance to the Palestinian People, part of the United Nations Development Programme.
- The Continuing Education Center (CEC) was created to make connections between academic knowledge and practical experience.
- Center for Digital Learning
## Membership in Arab and international educational unions {#membership_in_arab_and_international_educational_unions}
- Association of Arab Universities
- Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World
The university is twinned with Goldsmiths Student Union in London, UK
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# George H. Pepper
**George Hubbard Pepper** (February 2, 1873 -- May 13, 1924) was an American ethnologist and archaeologist. He worked on projects in New York, the Southwest and, most notably, the Nacoochee Mound in northeastern Georgia. His work with Frederick W. Hodge was sponsored by the Heye Foundation, Museum of the American Indian, and the Bureau of American Ethnology (now part of the Smithsonian Institution.)
## Biography
He was born in Tottenville, Staten Island, New York. Pepper conducted fieldwork starting in 1893, including archaeological digs at Burial Ridge, the largest pre-European burial ground in New York City. In 1895, he was contracted by the American Museum of Natural History in New York to continue his work at the site located in the Tottenville section of Staten Island.
From 1896 to 1900, Pepper led the excavation of the Pueblo Bonito great house in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. His work there was supported by brothers B. Talbot Hyde and Frederick E. Hyde, Jr. of New York City and the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
In 1915, Pepper he traveled to Georgia to explore the Nacoochee Mound in the state\'s historic Cherokee region, on an excavation sponsored by the Heye Foundation, Museum of the American Indian and Bureau of American Ethnology. He conducted it with Frederick W. Hodge, in what is considered the first scientific archeological excavation in the state. They found an assortment of graves, including stone box graves; artifacts, and evidence of two villages associated with the platform mound, built in the Mississippian culture period. In 1918, George Gustave Heye, Hodge, and Pepper published their findings as *The Nacoochee Mound Report* (scanned copy available at the Internet Archive).
Pepper later returned to New York. He died at Roosevelt Hospital on May 13, 1924
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# Jesse D. Jennings
**Jesse David Jennings** (July 7, 1909 -- August 13, 1997) was an American archaeologist and anthropologist and founding director of the Natural History Museum of Utah. Based at the University of Utah, Jennings is best known for his work on desert west prehistory and his excavation of Danger Cave near Utah\'s Great Salt Lake. Considered an exacting academic scholar and author, he was known for conducting systematic excavations with order and cleanliness.
Jennings was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on July 7, 1909, and grew up in New Mexico. He began his professional studies at the University of Chicago. In 1935, he married Jane Chase in Washington, D.C. The couple had two sons, David and Herbert. He served in World War II as a naval officer in the North Atlantic. Jennings died in his home in Siletz, Oregon, on August 13, 1997.
## Career
In 1929, Jennings began archaeological excavations in the Midwest and Southeast as a graduate student at the University of Chicago. Jennings took several positions with the National Park Service, including serving as the first superintendent of the Ocmulgee National Monument in Macon, Georgia. In 1938 he and his wife dug with Alfred V. Kidder at Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala. His Ph.D. dissertation in 1943 was based on the Guatemala excavations.
In 1948, Jennings left the NPS for the University of Utah, where he taught until his retirement in 1986. Upon arriving at Utah, Jennings drew on his past experience to initiate a state-wide archaeological survey of the poorly known region through extensive surveys and test excavations. During his career, he conducted research and trained students in sites in the Great Basin, the Glen Canyon of the Colorado River, throughout Utah, and in American Samoa.
Jennings\'s work on Danger Cave in the 1950s was considered ground-breaking due to his exacting standards in excavation and data analysis. Relating the archaeological evidence from Danger Cave to an ethnographic model, Jennings framed a new view of the little-known Great Basin Desert culture. His work in the 1960s in the cultural region of the Ancient Pueblo People near modern Glen Canyon examined the use of agriculture in the canyon lands of southeastern Utah. In 1963, after a funding and development effort spanning twenty years, Jennings opened the Natural History Museum of Utah, the state\'s natural history museum, located at the University of Utah. From 1980 to 1994, Jennings also conducted graduate seminars as an adjunct professor at the University of Oregon.
## Publications
During his career, Jennings produced many professional publications, including reports, reviews, comments, articles, chapters, and monographs. He also wrote textbooks and edited volumes on archaeology.
Selected publications:
- *The Importance of Scientific Method in Excavation* (Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of North Carolina, Vol. 1, No. 1), (1934).
- *Excavations at Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala.* Kidder, Alfred V., Jennings, Jesse D., Shook, Edwin M. Shook, with technological notes by Anna O. Shepard. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Publication 561. Washington, D.C. 1946.
- *Danger Cave* (Society for American Archaeology Memoir No. 14, 1957).
- *Glen Canyon: A Summary* (Anthropological Papers No. 81, University of Utah, 1966).
- *Prehistoric Man in the New World*, edited with Edward Norbeck, (Chicago, 1964).
- *Prehistory of North America* (McGraw-Hill, 1968).
- *Accidental Archaeologist: Memoirs of Jesse D. Jennings*, autobiography, (University of Utah Press), (1994).
## Honors
- Editor, American Antiquity, 1950-1954.
- Executive Board of the American Anthropological Association, 1953--1956.
- Viking Medallist in Archaeology, 1958.
- President of Society for American Archaeology, 1959--1960.
- Vice-President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1961.
- Section H chairman of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1971.
- University of Utah Distinguished Professor, 1974.
- National Academy of Sciences, 1977.
- University of Utah, honorary Doctorate of Science, 1980.
- Distinguished Service Award, Society for American Archaeology, 1982.
- Distinguished Service Award, Society for Conservation Archaeology, 1982.
- featured speaker, 50th Anniversary of Society for American Archaeology, 1985.
- Jesse D. Jennings Prize for Excellence established by the Great Basin Anthropological Conference, 1990.
- A. V. Kidder Medal for Achievement in American Archaeology, 1995
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# Gloria Cordes Larson
**Gloria Cordes Larson** is a prominent lawyer, public policy expert, and business leader. Larson was named president of Bentley University in 2007 and served in that role until June 2018. She was the seventh president of Bentley and the first woman to hold the post. Prior to joining Bentley, Larson served as secretary of consumer affairs and business regulation from 1991 to 1993, under former Massachusetts Governor William Weld and led a business advisory council for former Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick.
Larson is a board member of the Unum Group and Boston Private Financial Holdings.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Larson attended McLean High School in McLean, Virginia. She received her bachelor of arts with honors from Vassar College and earned her juris doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law. She received an honorary doctorate of laws from Northeastern University in 2005 and from Mount Wachusett Community College in 2003.
She is married to Allen Larson, an attorney. They own three Labrador retrievers, Harry Jr., Sally and Teak.
From 1981 to 1988, Larson oversaw business and regulatory issues for the Federal Trade Commission as an attorney advisor to FTC Commissioner Patricia Bailey. She served as the deputy director of Consumer Protection at the FTC from 1990 to 1991. As deputy director, Larson\'s work included establishing national consumer protection policies and implementing law enforcement and educational efforts.
## Weld administration {#weld_administration}
Larson joined the administration of Massachusetts Governor William Weld in 1991. She was Secretary of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation from 1991 to 1993 where she was responsible for banking, insurance and energy, as well as consumer protection. From 1993 to 1996 Larson helped lead the Commonwealth through an era of strong economic growth as Secretary of Economic Affairs. She was responsible for developing and promoting economic growth policies and fostering employment opportunities for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
## Law career {#law_career}
Following her career in state government, Larson joined Foley Hoag LLP and was the co-chair of the Government Strategies Group. Her team managed a practice that covered a broad array of federal, state and local regulatory and business development issues, including real estate development, energy, insurance, environmental permitting, transportation, advertising and internet privacy matters.
She is a member of the Bar in Massachusetts and Virginia.
## Convention Center {#convention_center}
Larson served as the chairman of the board of the Massachusetts Convention Center Authority (MCCA) from 1999 to 2010. Under her leadership, the organization oversaw the renovation of the MassMutual Center in Springfield and the \$800 million construction of the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, which opened in June 2004 in Boston\'s waterfront district.
## Patrick administration {#patrick_administration}
In 2006 Larson supported Deval Patrick for Massachusetts Governor. After his victory, she served as co-chair of his transition team. Through Patrick\'s two terms, Larson advised the administration in a variety of business-related roles, including leading the Governor\'s Council of Economic Advisors. Larson also served as co-chair of Patrick\'s Finance Commission for his education reform proposal, the Readiness Project, charged with recommending revenue sources to fund the project. In 2014 Larson served on Patrick\'s 2014 Successful Women, Successful Families Task Force.
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# Gloria Cordes Larson
## Other roles and positions {#other_roles_and_positions}
Larson was the first woman to serve as chairman of the board of the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce and continues to serve on the chamber\'s executive committee.
She is an advocate for education and job creation, and co-chaired the board of the non-partisan think tank MassINC; co-chair of the Great Schools Campaign, a school reform partnership managed by the Mass Insight Education and Research Institute; and served a role in Global Massachusetts 2015, a multi-year leadership initiative to create a vision for economic success in key and emerging industry sectors over the next decade.
Larson was appointed by then-Governor Mitt Romney in January 2005 to the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway Conservancy Board, where she served as vice chair of the board until October 2012. She was also chosen by Mayor Thomas Menino in 2004 to serve on the Boston Host Committee for the Democratic National Convention, and was appointed by Governor-Elect Mitt Romney in November 2002 to chair his Transportation and Housing Transition Team.
Larson serves as a director on the board of Unum Group and as a director of Boston Private Financial Holdings Inc. Larson served on the executive committee for the Boston 2024 Partnership, the non-profit organization that attempted to bring the 2024 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games to Boston, and co-chaired the group\'s College and University Engagement Committee. She also previously served as a director on the boards of KeySpan Energy and RSA Security before the companies were acquired by National Grid and EMC, respectively. She also served on the board of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts.
Larson presently holds the post of president of the Massachusetts Conference for Women and is the past president of the Massachusetts\' Women\'s Forum. In addition, she is a board or advisory council member of several prominent professional, charitable and civic organizations including Roger Williams University School of Law, the Massachusetts High Technology Council, University of Massachusetts Center for Collaborative Leadership and Rosie\'s Place.
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# Gloria Cordes Larson
## Bentley University {#bentley_university}
In 2007 Larson was named president of Bentley University by the board of trustees. Larson was drawn to the school because of its approach to redefining business education---by infusing a business curriculum with the arts and sciences. During Larson\'s tenure, the former Bentley College became a university and established a number of new programs focused on the value of a business education.
At the undergraduate level, the school expanded its commitment to a \"fused\" curriculum with double majors in business and the liberal arts, as well as new courses co-taught by business and arts and sciences faculty. One of its most recent innovations, the Bentley MBA, is an 11-month global program where students pursue four 10-week modules in a collaborative, studio-based setting.
Larson also launched the Center for Women and Business at Bentley in 2011 committed to advancing shared leadership among women and men in the corporate world and developing women business leaders. A nationally recognized university leader, Larson is a member of the Executive Committee of the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment and a member of the Liberal Education and America\'s Promise (LEAP) Presidents\' Trust.
Larson stepped down as president of Bentley in June 2018.
## Honors and awards {#honors_and_awards}
- 2017 Rainbow Luncheon Award
- Associated Industries of Massachusetts \"Next Century\" Award (2015)
- International Women\'s Forum \"Women Who Make a Difference\" Award (2015)
- Boston Magazine\'s \"50 Most Powerful People\" (2015)
- Boston Business Journal \"Power 50: Influential Bostonians\" (2012, 2014, 2015)
- Girl Scouts of Eastern Massachusetts Leading Women Award (2010)
- Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce inaugural recipient of the Collaborative Leadership Award (2009)
- Lawyer of the Year, Massachusetts Lawyer\'s Weekly and Massachusetts Bar Association (2006)
- The Academy of Distinguished Bostonians Award from the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce
- The Engineering Center Leadership Award (2004)
- Number one on the list of \"100 Most Powerful Women in Boston\" in Boston Magazine in 2003
- The Norman S
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# Virtual temperature
In atmospheric thermodynamics, the **virtual temperature** ($T_v$) of a moist air parcel is the temperature at which a theoretical dry air parcel would have a total pressure and density equal to the moist parcel of air. The virtual temperature of unsaturated moist air is always greater than the absolute air temperature, however, as the existence of suspended cloud droplets reduces the virtual temperature.
The virtual temperature effect is also known as the vapor buoyancy effect. It has been described to increase Earth\'s thermal emission by warming the tropical atmosphere.
## Introduction
### Description
In atmospheric thermodynamic processes, it is often useful to assume air parcels behave approximately adiabatically, and approximately ideally. The specific gas constant for the standardized mass of one kilogram of a particular gas is variable, and described mathematically as
$$R_x = \frac{R^*}{M_x},$$
where $R^*$ is the molar gas constant, and $M_x$ is the apparent molar mass of gas $x$ in kilograms per mole. The apparent molar mass of a theoretical moist parcel in Earth\'s atmosphere can be defined in components of water vapor and dry air as
$$M_\text{air} = \frac{e}{p} M_v + \frac{p_d}{p} M_d,$$
with $e$ being partial pressure of water, $p_d$ dry air pressure, and $M_v$ and $M_d$ representing the molar masses of water vapor and dry air respectively. The total pressure $p$ is described by Dalton\'s law of partial pressures:
$$p = p_d + e.$$
### Purpose
Rather than carry out these calculations, it is convenient to scale another quantity within the ideal gas law to equate the pressure and density of a dry parcel to a moist parcel. The only variable quantity of the ideal gas law independent of density and pressure is temperature. This scaled quantity is known as virtual temperature, and it allows for the use of the dry-air equation of state for moist air. Temperature has an inverse proportionality to density. Thus, analytically, a higher vapor pressure would yield a lower density, which should yield a higher virtual temperature in turn.
## Derivation
Consider a moist air parcel containing masses $m_d$ and $m_v$ of dry air and water vapor in a given volume $V$. The density is given by
$$\rho = \frac{m_d + m_v}{V} = \rho_d + \rho_v,$$
where $\rho_d$ and $\rho_v$ are the densities the dry air and water vapor would respectively have when occupying the volume of the air parcel. Rearranging the standard ideal gas equation with these variables gives
$$e = \rho_v R_v T$$ and $p_d = \rho_d R_d T.$
Solving for the densities in each equation and combining with the law of partial pressures yields
$$\rho = \frac{p - e}{R_dT} + \frac{e}{R_v T}.$$
Then, solving for $p$ and using $\epsilon = \tfrac{R_d}{R_v} = \tfrac{M_v}{M_d}$ is approximately 0.622 in Earth\'s atmosphere:
$$p = \rho R_d T_v,$$
where the virtual temperature $T_v$ is
$$T_v = \frac{T}{1 - \frac{e}{p}(1 - \epsilon)}.$$
We now have a non-linear scalar for temperature dependent purely on the unitless value $e/p$, allowing for varying amounts of water vapor in an air parcel. This virtual temperature $T_v$ in units of kelvin can be used seamlessly in any thermodynamic equation necessitating it.
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# Virtual temperature
## Variations
Often the more easily accessible atmospheric parameter is the mixing ratio $w$. Through expansion upon the definition of vapor pressure in the law of partial pressures as presented above and the definition of mixing ratio:
$$\frac{e}{p} = \frac{w}{w + \epsilon},$$
which allows
$$T_v = T\frac{w + \epsilon}{\epsilon(1 + w)}.$$
Algebraic expansion of that equation, ignoring higher orders of $w$ due to its typical order in Earth\'s atmosphere of $10^{-3}$, and substituting $\epsilon$ with its constant value yields the linear approximation
$$T_v \approx T(1 + 0.608w).$$
With the mixing ratio $w$ expressed in g/g.
An approximate conversion using $T$ in degrees Celsius and mixing ratio $w$ in g/kg is
$$T_v \approx T + \frac{w}{6}.$$
Knowing that specific humidity $q$ is given in terms of mixing ratio $w$ as $q = \frac{w}{1+w}$, then we can write mixing ratio in terms of the specific humidity as $w = \frac{q}{1-q}$. We can now write the virtual temperature $T_v$ in terms of specific humidity as $T_v = T\frac{\frac{q}{1-q}+\epsilon}{\epsilon(1+\frac{q}{1-q})}$
Simplifying the above will reduce to
$T_v = T[\frac{q}{\epsilon}+(1-q)]$
and using the value of $\epsilon = 0.622$, then we can write
$T_v = T(0.608q+1)$
### Virtual potential temperature {#virtual_potential_temperature}
Virtual potential temperature is similar to potential temperature in that it removes the temperature variation caused by changes in pressure. Virtual potential temperature is useful as a surrogate for density in buoyancy calculations and in turbulence transport which includes vertical air movement.
### Density temperature {#density_temperature}
A moist air parcel may also contain liquid droplets and ice crystals in addition to water vapor. A net mixing ratio $w_T$ can be defined as the sum of the mixing ratios of water vapor $w$, liquid $w_i$, and ice $w_l$ present in the parcel. Assuming that $w_i$ and $w_l$ are typically much smaller than $w$, a *density temperature* of a parcel $T_\rho$ can be defined, representing the temperature at which a theoretical dry air parcel would have the a pressure and density equal to a moist parcel of air while accounting for condensates:
$$T_\rho = T \frac{1 + w/\epsilon}{1 + w_T}$$
## Uses
Virtual temperature is used in adjusting CAPE soundings for assessing available convective potential energy from skew-T log-P diagrams. The errors associated with ignoring virtual temperature correction for smaller CAPE values can be quite significant. Thus, in the early stages of convective storm formation, a virtual temperature correction is significant in identifying the potential intensity in tropical cyclogenesis
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# Netherlands Reformed Churches
The **Netherlands Reformed Churches** (*Nederlands Gereformeerde Kerken*, **NGK**) was a conservative Reformed Protestant Christian denomination in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The denomination was formed in 1967 following a schism within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated).
In 2017 the denomination began the process of merging with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated), which together formed, on 1 May 2023, the Dutch Reformed Churches, a new denomination.
## History
The Netherlands Reformed Churches has a history that coincides to a great extent with that of the Reformed Churches (Liberated) of which it was a part until the early 1960s. The latter denomination arose out of a conflict within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands over the covenant and the power of the general synod. After that schism, referred to as the *Liberation* (Dutch *Vrijmaking*), the Liberated churches became a very conservative and orthodox denomination. Wary of the liberal tendencies within various Reformed denominations, they started to develop a number of cultural and political structures and institutes, whose membership was restricted to church members. Some in the church held the view that the Liberated church was the only true church in the Netherlands and implied that all other Christians were in violation of God\'s command to be joined to God\'s covenant people. A sizeable group disagreed with that view.
In 1964, the disagreement came to a head, when Rev. Van der Ziel was accused of errors in his teaching and was found guilty by the synod of the Reformed Churches (Liberated), which defrocked him. Many members protested that measure and in 1966 drew up an open letter with a petition to voice their protest. However, local church councils responded by excommunicating members who had signed the petition. Those members and many who followed them voluntarily formed a new group.
The new federation of Reformed Churches was referred to as *buitenverbanders* (literally \"those outside the denomination\") until 1979, when the current name, Netherlands Reformed Churches, was adopted.
## Doctrine and practice {#doctrine_and_practice}
In teaching, the *Netherlands Reformed Churches* were in many ways an orthodox Reformed Church. They held to the traditional confessions of the ancient church (the Nicene Creed, the Apostles\' Creed, and the Athanasian Creed), as well as the Three Forms of Unity. As a Calvinist church, they practiced infant baptism.
However, the denomination was very loosely organised. As a result of the bad experiences with synodical authority, the local congregations had much more power and the general synod much less than in most other Reformed churches. Thus, there were many variations and differences between local congregations. Some were very traditional; others were more heavily influenced by contemporary evangelical practices and had replaced traditional Dutch organ music with praise bands. Also, the synod of the Netherlands Reformed Churches had recently allowed women to serve as deacons, elders, and pastors, but most local churches did not allow that. Such variations had made contacts with other churches somewhat more complicated. There had been close contacts with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated). Even though the widespread desire to be reunited to each other had been hampered by deep-running disagreements over both doctrine and practice, the two denominations officially merged into the Dutch Reformed Churches in 2023.
The Netherlands Reformed Churches were also close to the Christian Reformed Churches. After the formation of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, two protesting congregations from the former Reformed Churches in the Netherlands joined the Netherlands Reformed Church.
## Statistics
The Netherlands Reformed Churches had 33,030 members in 2011, about 20,975 are communicants, and 12,045 are non-communicants. This church statistic means a growth of more than 392 in the last year. The church was served by 86 pastors. Since 1985 the office of deacons were open to women, and since 2004 elders could be women too. In 31 congregations all ministries and positions were open for women, in 16 congregations elders and deacons could be women, in 16 churches the office of deacon was open for women, and in 20 congregations no women officers were allowed.
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# Netherlands Reformed Churches
## Missions
The Netherlands Reformed Congregations had missions in Nqutu in South Africa, and a mission in Sumba in Indonesia. It also had a translating Reformed literature agency, this was the Spanish Work in Latin America. The church maintained relations with denominations in Hungary and Romania. In France they supported the National Union of Independent Reformed Evangelical Churches of France. These missions were supported by the congregations.
The national magazine of the church was *Opbouw* (construction)
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# USS Sheldrake
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# NGC 1260
**NGC 1260** is a spiral or lenticular galaxy located 250 million light years away from earth in the constellation Perseus. It was discovered by astronomer Guillaume Bigourdan on 19 October 1884. NGC 1260 is a member of the Perseus Cluster and forms a tight pair with the galaxy PGC 12230. This galaxy is dominated by a population of many old stars.
In 2006, it was home to the second brightest supernova in the observable universe, supernova SN 2006gy. This supernova was the most energetic and brightest supernova on record so far
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# Friedrich Ruthardt
**Friedrich Ruthardt** (`{{IPAc-en|'|r|ʊ|,|t|a:r|t}}`{=mediawiki}; 9 December 1802 -- 23 May 1862) was a German oboist and composer. He was born in Stuttgart as the son of an oboist in the chapel of the king of Württemberg. He became cantor of the main church of this city. He played in the Stuttgart court orchestra (probably the Hofkapelle Stuttgart), and composed chorales as well as pieces for the oboe and the zither. Fétis claimed that Ruthardt was one of the most skillful players of the latter instrument in Germany. One of the best-known 19th-century oboe concertos, by Bernhard Molique, was likely written for Ruthardt, and first performed at Stuttgart in 1829.
Two of his sons were also musicians: Julius Ruthardt (1841--1909), a violinist; and Adolf Ruthardt (1849--1934), a music teacher and composer.
## Publications
### Chorales
- *Choralmelodien des Würtembergischen Gesangbuchs* in zwei Heften; Stuttgart, G.A. Zumsteeg, 1841
- Heft No. 1: 12 Mélodies chorales du livre de chant du royaume de Wurtemberg, avec accompagnement de guitare
- Heft No. 2: 13 Mélodies chorales etc.
### For zither {#for_zither}
- *Gründliche Anleitung die Zither spielen zu lernen.* *Nebst 50* *Uebungestücken in fortschreitender Ordnung und mit angemerktem Fingersatze*; Stuttgart, Wagner, 1844.
- *Sammlung ausgewählter Opern-Melodien, Gebirgs- und Volkslieder für Zither, als Anhang zu dessen Zitherschule.* Lief. 1, 2; Stuttgart, Ebner, February 1850
- *Sammlung ausgewählter Opern-Melodien, Gebirgs- und Volkslieder sowohl für die 18saitige, als auch für die 28saitige Zither einger.* Lief. 3; Tübingen, Osiander, March 1855
- *Schule für Hand-Harmonika. Leichtfassliche Anleitung, dieses Instrument durch Selbstunterricht nach musikal. Regeln, in kurzer Zeit rein und gründlich spielen zu lernen.* qu
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# Islamic University of Gaza
The **Islamic University of Gaza** (*الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة*), also known as **IUG** and **IU Gaza**, is an independent Palestinian university established in 1978 in Gaza City. It was the first higher education institution to be established in the Gaza Strip. The university has 11 faculties capable of awarding BA, BSc, MA, MSc, MD, PhD, diplomas and higher diplomas, in addition to 20 research centers and institutes and the affiliated Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital.
The Islamic University suffered damage in air strikes during the 2008--2009 Gaza war, the 2014 Israel--Gaza conflict, and the Gaza war. In December 2023, Professor Sufyan Tayeh, the university\'s president and a prominent scientist, was killed along with his family in an Israeli air strike on Jabalia refugee camp.
The university is generally considered the top-ranked in the Gaza Strip.
## History
### Founding
No universities or higher education institutions existed in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip until 1972. Before then, Palestinian high school graduates sought higher education abroad, mostly in Egyptian and Jordanian universities. However, travel restrictions after the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, economic problems, and quotas on the admission of Palestinian students to Arab universities changed this situation. Initiatives by local elders and community leaders were set in motion to establish higher education institutions, often on the grounds of existing schools and colleges.
Sheikh Mohammad Awwad, then head of the Gaza Chapter of the Azhari Institute, led the Islamic University\'s founding committee. On 12 April 1978, the committee announced the opening of three faculties: Sharia, Usool-Deen, and Arabic Language (which later evolved into the Faculty of Arts). The university was inaugurated in November 1978 as an independent, nonprofit, gender-segregated university. It was the first higher education institution in the Gaza Strip. The Faculty of Education was founded in 1980 and the Faculties of Commerce and Arts the following year. The Faculties of Nursing and Engineering were founded in 1993. In 2005, the Faculty of Information Technology was founded, followed by the Faculty of Medicine in 2006.
Name Service Years
------------------------ ----------------
Mohammad Awwad 1978-1994
Jamal Al-Khoudari 1994-2014
Nasr al-Din Al-Muzaini 2014-2022
Mohammad Al-Aklouk 2022 - To date
: Chairmen of the IUG Board of Trustees
The establishment of the Faculty of Nursing was held up until 1993 and it took time to obtain building permits. The academic freedom of the university was restricted and staff movement was limited by Military Order 854. The university was granted a temporary license that required annual renewal, and it was denied tax exemptions.
### February 2007 fighting between Fatah and Hamas {#february_2007_fighting_between_fatah_and_hamas}
In February 2007, during the height of fighting between Hamas and Fatah, the dominating party in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Palestinian Authority (PA) Presidential Guards and Fatah militiamen stormed the Islamic University campus using mortars and rocket-propelled grenades, setting the library building and parts of the computer center and science building on fire.
### December 2008 bombing {#december_2008_bombing}
Just after midnight on 28/29 December 2008 local time, the university was bombed in six air strikes by the Israeli Air Force during the 2008 Gaza War. An Israeli army spokeswoman told The *Chronicle of Higher Education* that university facilities were being used by Hamas to develop and store weapons including Qassam rockets used to target Israeli civilians. Hamas denied the Israeli allegation.
Several international academic institutions proceeded to express their commitment to support IUG and other universities in Gaza. The International Association of Universities, of which IUG is a member, claimed to have written to the university to express its deep concern over the effects of the war, and to be ready to mobilize its member universities in support of the rebuilding efforts of the university. Similarly, Prof. Espen Bjertness of the University of Oslo and member of the Steering Committee of PEACE, stressed that "the sad situation for all academics caused by the bombing of our member university, Islamic University, Gaza and of the Gaza Community Mental Health Program calls for appropriate action".
### 2014 Gaza war {#gaza_war}
The university was bombed again during the 2014 Israel--Gaza conflict: on August 2, an Israeli airstrike targeted the administration building, causing severe damage to the building and to nearby buildings. The Israeli army claimed it targeted a \"weapon development\" centre in the university, which the university denied.
### 2023 Gaza war {#gaza_war_1}
On the night of 10 October 2023, during the opening week of the Gaza war, the university\'s Gaza City campus was bombed and its buildings destroyed. Israeli forces alleged that the university had served as a \"training institution for the development and production of weapons.\" The neighboring Al-Azhar University campus was also bombed during the same night.
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# Islamic University of Gaza
## Relationship with Hamas {#relationship_with_hamas}
According to the *Chronicle of Higher Education,* the Islamic University was co-founded by one of the future founders of Hamas, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, in 1978. In June 1996, then-Congressman Chuck Schumer argued that the Islamic University of Gaza was \"known as a Hamas bastion.\"
Samar Sabih, considered Hamas\'s first female bombmaker, was recruited while studying at IUG in 2003, according to Israeli security officials.
In 2006, Jameela El Shanty, a professor at the university, said that \"Hamas built this institution. The university presents the philosophy of Hamas. If you want to know what Hamas is, you can know it from the university.\"
The Washington Institute for Near East Policy wrote in a piece on USAID funding of organisations with possible links to terrorism that connections exist between the university and Hamas. The U.S. Office of the Inspector General said in a 2007 audit of U.S. assistance to Palestinian universities that the IUG has been vetted eight times between 2002 and 2007, concluding that \"the vetting did not reveal information that would preclude the awards from proceeding\".
Steven Erlanger, former Jerusalem bureau chief of the *New York Times*, described the IUG as \"one of the prime means for Hamas to convert Palestinians to its Islamist cause,\" in a 2007 piece about Palestinian infighting and Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip. This report was criticised by political economist Sara Roy of Harvard University, who stated that \"there can be no question that Hamas works within the framework of Islamic institutions in the Gaza Strip, and that there are certain direct links between Hamas and many of the social and economic institutions (in the strip). \... However, it is far more questionable whether an automatic and inevitable link exists between Hamas and Islamic social and economic institutions, whether those links are inherently subversive, or whether such institutions promote radicalism and violence as is commonly assumed.\" Roy also wrote: \"logic maintains, institutional clients become automatically linked to Hamas and constitute a base of support for political Islam. As a result, Islamic social institutions become recruiting centers for the Hamas\'s military wing. There is however, little hard evidence to support any of these allegations.\"
In 2010, journalist Thanassis Cambanis wrote in the *Boston Globe* that the university was \"the brain trust and the engine room of Hamas\".
In October 2023, the Israeli military accused Hamas of turning the university \"into a training camp for weapons development and military intelligence.\"
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# Islamic University of Gaza
## Campus
The main campus is located in Gaza City, with branch campuses in Khan Yunis in the southern Gaza Strip and Al Zahra in the middle of Gaza Strip. The total area of the three campuses is 325817 m2. The Al Zahra campus is home to the Faculty of Medicine and the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital.
The campus hosted an array of science laboratories, libraries, computer labs, and research centers prior to its demolition by the Israeli military.
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## Rankings
Category Rank Year Ranking
--------------------------------- ------------ ------ -------------------------------
Global Impact Rankings 601--800th 2023 *Times Higher Education*
Arab University Impact Rankings 91-100th 2023 Times Higher Education
Overall percentile 75th 2023 Scimago Institutions Rankings
Research percentile 57th 2023 Scimago Institutions Rankings
Innovation percentile 87th 2023 Scimago Institutions Rankings
Societal percentile 60th 2023 Scimago Institutions Rankings
: IUG Rankings
## Donors
Donors to the university include Arab Student Aid International, United Palestinian Appeal, Islamic Relief, the British Council, the World Bank, USAID, the Islamic Development Bank and Human Appeal International.
## Notable faculty {#notable_faculty}
- Sufyan Tayeh was the president of the Islamic University of Gaza and a leading researcher in physics and applied mathematics. He was appointed UNESCO chair for Physical and Astrophysical sciences in Palestine and was named on the \"top 2% of scientists worldwide identified by Stanford University\" list in 2021. Tayeh was killed in an Israeli airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp during the Gaza war.
- Refaat Alareer was a professor of literature who was killed in an Israeli airstrike in 2023, along with his brother, sister and her three children, during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip.
- Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, co-founder of Hamas
- Abelhaleem Hasan Abdelraziq Ashqar, Palestinian convicted of criminal contempt and obstruction of justice for refusal to testify in a trial related to the funding of Hamas in the US
- Yunis Al Astal, Hamas leader and member of the Hamas Parliament
- Nizar Rayan, high-ranking Hamas leader
- Ismail Abu Shanab, one of the founders of Hamas
- Ayman Taha, senior Hamas official and spokesman in the Gaza Strip`{{unreliable source?|date=April 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Refaat Alareer, professor of literature
- Wael Al-Dahdouh, journalist
- Khalil al-Hayya, senior Hamas official
- Mohammed Dahlan, opposition politician
- Fathi Hamad, political leader of Hamas
- Ismail Haniyeh, senior political leader of Hamas, chairman of the Hamas political bureau
- Ahmed Jabari, senior leader and second-in-command of the military wing of Hamas, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
- Asma Mustafa, teacher and activist, 2020 Global Teacher of the Year
- Yahya Sinwar, former leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip
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# Julius Ruthardt
**Julius Ruthardt** (December 13, 1841 -- October 13, 1909) was a German violinist and composer.
Ruthardt was born in Stuttgart to Friedrich Ruthardt, who was an oboist and composer. The younger Ruthardt became a violinist in the Stuttgart court orchestra at a young age in 1855. Later, he worked in a number of cities as Kapellmeister: Riga from 1871 to 1882, Leipzig from 1882, Berlin from 1884, Bremen from 1893, and Berlin again from 1898. He retired to Konstanz in 1900, where he died in 1909. Among his compositions, the incidental music for Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson\'s *Halte-Hulda* is notable
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# Sydney Middleton
**Sydney Albert \'Syd\' Middleton** DSO, OBE (24 February 1884 -- 2 September 1945) was an Australian Army officer and national representative rugby union player and rower. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics and competed in rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
He captained the Wallabies in a Test series in 1910. As a rower, he was twice an Australian national champion and won the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1912. He had a distinguished career in World War I, being awarded the DSO and later an OBE. He was a member of the AIF crew, which won at the 1919 Peace Regatta and brought the King\'s Cup to Australia.
## Rugby
Middleton commenced his rugby career with the Glebe Rugby Club---the Sydney suburb of his birth. His first representative appearance was for New South Wales in the interstate series against Queensland in 1908 which performance saw him selected for New South Wales against the touring Anglo-Welsh side of 1908. He was in the right place at the right time. He was selected in Australia\'s inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern hemisphere -- Dr Paddy Moran\'s First Wallabies. The tour was a long one---36 matches, and Middleton would prove to be a reliable member of the party, appearing in 31 of the Wallabies matches. He was the second tallest player in the squad which meant he featured in the Australian line-out. But he was also a robust defender at his physical peak, and he was selected for every one of the tour\'s first eighteen games.
### 1908 Olympics
At the time, the rugby tournament for the London Olympics game may not have appeared to be of great significance. Australia had already beaten Cornwall, the British county champions, early in the tour, and Scotland, Ireland and France had all turned down the Rugby Football Union\'s invitation to participate in the Olympic bouts. Neither the tour captain, Moran, nor the vice-captain Fred Wood played, so Middleton\'s club captain Chris McKivat led the Wallabies to an easy 32--3 victory and to Olympic glory, with each Wallaby in that match thereafter an Olympic gold medallist.
Syd Middleton made his Test debut on that tour at Rectory Field, Blackheath, in the Test against England in January 1909. At the tour\'s end, McKivat would lead fourteen of the Wallabies into the professional ranks with the fledgling rugby league code in Sydney, but Middleton was not interested. He stayed loyal to the amateur game and was rewarded in 1910 when he captained New South Wales in matches against the All Blacks and the New Zealand Māori. That year, he captained the Australian national side in three Tests against the All Blacks, one of which was won. All told, he made 33 national appearances for Australia, including four Tests, three as captain.
## Rowing
Middleton retired from rugby in 1911 and concentrated on rowing. He had been a member of the Sydney Rowing Club for some time and regularly appeared in the New South Wales state selection eight between 1906 and 1911. He competed the New South Wales men\'s eights which contested the annual Australian Interstate Regatta in 1906, 1907 and 1910, 1911. Those New South Wales crews were victorious in 1910 and 1911.
In 1912, he was a member of the Australian men\'s eight, which, racing as a Sydney Rowing Club entrant, won the Grand Challenge Cup on the River Thames at the Henley Royal Regatta. The eight then moved to Stockholm for the 1912 Summer Olympics, where after beating a Swedish eight in the first round they were beaten by a Great British crew in the second round - the same Leander eight they\'d beaten at Henley a few weeks earlier.
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# Sydney Middleton
## War service {#war_service}
He enlisted in the AIF in 1915 as a 2nd-Lieutenant with B Company, 19th Battalion, and embarked from Sydney on board *HMAT Ceramic* on 25 June 1915. He served at Gallipoli and in France. He was promoted to Major, 17th Battalion in May 1917. He was mentioned in despatches in 1918, was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1919 for bravery in action, and in 1920, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire.
His recommendation for the DSO recorded: \"The battalion owes much of its success to the splendid example set by this very fine type of officer. He was in command of the 17th Bttn. on 14 May 1918 east of Heilly, near Amiens when the enemy made a very determined attack on the front held by the 17th Bttn and the manner in which he handled the situation and quickly restored the line showed great initiative and leadership.\"
Middleton wrote from Gallipoli to the sporting journal The Referee: `{{cquote
|There are dozens of footballers of lesser fame and lower grades knocking about. I meet them every day. A man is always taking a bit of a risk here, and there’s plenty of sickness about: but I’m still going strong, and hope to be for some little time yet. I haven’t killed a Turk yet, but they have gone pretty close to me far too often. The damage we do one another in the style of warfare is mainly from shells and bombs, and we never see the results in these cases, but there’s plenty evidence of former willing hand-to-hand goes lying about all round us, far too close to be pleasant if one’s at all delicate"..|30px|30px|The Referee, 15 December 1915|}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Sydney Middleton
## AIF Sports Control Board {#aif_sports_control_board}
After the armistice, Middleton was integrally involved, as organising secretary of the AIF Sports Control Board, in arranging sporting events for the allied troops prior to their demobilisation.
### Rowing {#rowing_1}
Middleton took a keen interest in the trials and selection of the overall rowing squad as they began to assemble in February 1919 to train for the 1919 Henley Royal Peace Regatta planned for July 1919. He took personal responsibility for finding their accommodations, boat fleet and coaching staff.
However, Middleton had a broader mandate for the Sports Control Board, and it wasn\'t until May 1919, when the rugby carnival had completed and the boxing and athletics events had concluded, that Middleton himself joined the AIF Rowing Section as a competitor. Middleton was in the six seat of the AIF #1 eight by the time of the Marlowe Victory Regatta on 21 June 1919 and then for the Henley Peace Regatta in July 1919 Middleton was again at six, balancing up the power from his old New South Wales King\'s Cup and Australian Olympic team-mate Henry Hauenstein in the five seat.
### The King\'s Cup {#the_kings_cup}
The AIF#1 crew won the cup for eight-oared boats, which was presented by King George V; and, in time, from this, the \"*King\'s Cup*\" has become the trophy presented to the winning men\'s eight at the annual Australian Rowing Championships.
## Life post-war {#life_post_war}
Middleton had met Marion Streatfield, a nurse, when at the war\'s end, having commenced his work with the Sports Control Board, he was admitted to the 10th British Red Cross Hospital in Le Treport, France, suffering from catarrhal jaundice. They were married in September 1921 in London and lived in Iverna-Gardens, South Kensington. They had one son, John Peter, who served as a second lieutenant with the 12th Royal Lancers in WWII in Italy from 1944. Syd Middleton died suddenly on 2 September 1945
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# The Pianist (soundtrack)
***The Pianist: Music from the Motion Picture*** is the original soundtrack, on the Sony Classical label, of the 2002 film *The Pianist* starring Adrien Brody, Thomas Kretschmann, and Frank Finlay. The Frédéric Chopin pieces were played by Polish pianist Janusz Olejniczak and the original score piece was composed by Wojciech Kilar. The music in the actual movie also includes pieces by Ludwig van Beethoven, Chopin, and Johann Sebastian Bach.
In 2003, the music won the César Award for Best Music Written for a Film, and was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Original Music (but lost to the music of *The Hours*)
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# Mick Nunan
**Michael Allen Nunan** (born 12 April 1949) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sturt Football Club, Norwood Football Club and the North Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL), as well as for the Richmond Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Nunan had a highly decorated playing career, winning premierships with Sturt and Norwood before becoming coach of North Adelaide and leading the club to two premierships. He was also Fitzroy Football Club\'s last official AFL senior coach in 1996, resigning halfway through the season as news came out that Fitzroy\'s AFL operations would be taken over by Brisbane Bears and that the Bears would become the Brisbane Lions.
Nunan was recognized for his achievements in South Australian football when he was among the inaugural inductees at the establishment of the South Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2002.
## SANFL career {#sanfl_career}
Nunan played his football as a rover. He joined `{{SANFL Stu}}`{=mediawiki} from Port Pirie in 1966 and during his 188 games with the Double Blues, he played in their 1969, 1970, 1974 and 1976 premiership sides. Having spent his whole playing career at Sturt under the tutelage of the legendary Jack Oatey, it was no surprise that Nunan was heavily influenced by him when he later became a coach. He played in the 1978 premiership side during the first of his two seasons at `{{SANFL Nor}}`{=mediawiki}. He then coached North Adelaide to premierships in 1987 and 1991 during his twelve seasons as senior coach.
His solitary VFL senior game came while he was on National Service training in Melbourne. The previous week he had played in the `{{AFL Ric}}`{=mediawiki} reserves side while fellow Sturt footballer and conscript, Malcolm Greenslade, played in the senior side. The next week they both played in the seniors. Both then returned to the SANFL.
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# Mick Nunan
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Fitzroy Football Club senior coach {#fitzroy_football_club_senior_coach}
Nunan was appointed senior coach of Fitzroy Football Club for the 1996 season, when he replaced caretaker senior coach Alan McConnell, who replaced Bernie Quinlan, after Quinlan was sacked in the middle of the 1995 season.
Nunan was at the helm for Fitzroy\'s last ever AFL win, in Round 8 against `{{AFL Fre}}`{=mediawiki} at Whitten Oval on 16 May 1996. It was an emotional day for many Fitzroy fans, and he described it as \"a relief and reward for those players who had worked very hard to improve their skill levels\". After Fitzroy lost to Essendon in Round 14, 1996 and just 48 hours after the Fitzroy administrator at the time negotiated a deal with Brisbane Bears whereby Brisbane would take over Fitzroy\'s AFL operations, Nunan announced his resignation as senior coach of Fitzroy Football Club to the staff and players, which he had planned to do if the deal with Brisbane went ahead. As he left the room, he remembered that the club doorman, Tommy Couch, had taken a liking to Nunan\'s jacket and had asked him if he could have it if he couldn\'t fulfill his commitments. So he returned and handed Couch the jacket. Nunan was then replaced by Alan McConnell, who returned to the role in his second stint as caretaker senior coach of Fitzroy Football Club in the 1996 season for Fitzroy\'s last eight games within the AFL. At the end of the 1996 season, the Fitzroy Football Club\'s AFL operations were taken over by Brisbane Bears, and Brisbane Bears then became Brisbane Lions
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# Ibanez PGM
**Ibanez PGM** (Paul Gilbert Model) is an electric guitar from Ibanez Instruments, which was first produced in 1990. The guitar is Racer X and Mr. Big guitarist Paul Gilbert\'s signature guitar model.
## Features
As of 2007 Ibanez has publicly released 15 PGM guitars including two anniversary models and the acoustic PGA1000.
Most PGM model guitars have the same body shape as the Ibanez RG guitar models with removed tone knob and volume knob placed to Paul Gilbert\'s personal preference. Some are usually available with a fixed bridge, others such as the **PGM30** of 1995 feature a Lo-TRS double-locking tremolo system and a 24-fret maple neck with rosewood, ebony or maple fingerboard. Although PGM guitars come in various colors they all have two painted F-holes which gives the illusion that it is a semi-hollow bodied guitar, and many have a reversed headstock that changes the typical string length and make them easily distinguishable from an Ibanez RG. The short-lived PGM900TC of 1998 was a Talman finished in Transparent Crimson and fitted with dual humbuckers and a stoptail bridge
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# Mount McNeil
**Mount McNeil** is a rhyolite lava dome, located 41 km west of Carcross and 7 km south of Mount Skukum, Yukon Territory, Canada. It was formed during the Cenozoic eruptions of the Skukum Group
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# Jigar
***Jigar*** is a 1992 Indian Hindi-language martial arts film directed by Farogh Siddique.It is the 2nd movie of Ajay Devgn. It was released during the Diwali weekend and proved to be a successful hit. The plot is inspired by the 1989 American film *Kickboxer*.
## Plot
Raju and Duryodhan are very good friends. Suman, who is like a sister to Duryodhan, is Raju\'s love interest. Duryodhan is a wrestler who works at a martial arts training school owned by Lal Bihari. Following a misunderstanding involving Raju, Duryodhan and Raju\'s sister, Duryodhan rapes her. Raju is furious, but he is unable to avenge his sister because Duryodhan is a wrestler. Raju starts training as a fighter under Baba Thakur. After completing his training, he avenges all his enemies. Duryodhan is killed in the ring, and Lal Bihari is killed by Suman.
## Cast
- Ajay Devgan as Raj Verma \"Raju\"
- Karishma Kapoor as Suman
- Paresh Rawal as Lal Bihari
- Ajit Khan as Baba Thakur
- Arjun as Duryodhan
- Sukanya Kulkarni as Umaa, Raju\'s sister
- Ishrat Ali as Corrupt Police Inspector Manish Pandey
- Salim Khan as Roshan Gupta
- Gulshan Grover as Inspector Pradhan
- Aruna Irani as Raju\'s mother
- Jamuna as Doctor Ganga
- Yunus Parvez as Seth
- Goga Kapoor as Kaalia
- Shashi Kiran as Inspector Khan
- Gurbachan Singh as Henchman of Duryodhan
- Cheetah Yagnesh Shetty as Baba Thakur Assistant
- Khosrow Khaleghpanah as Arjun
## Soundtrack
The music was composed by Anand--Milind while Sameer penned the songs. The song *Pyar Ke Kagaz* proved to be the biggest hit of the album. The album managed to feature in the top selling albums of 1992. Singers Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet, Pankaj Udhas, Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam, Mohammad Aziz & Kavita Krishnamurthy contributed their voice. After a dispute over *Dil* (1990) between Anand--Milind and Alka Yagnik, she stopped working with them for two years.
\# Title Singer(s)
---- ---------------------------- ----------------------------------
1 \"Pyar Ke Kagaz Pe\" Abhijeet, Sadhana Sargam
2 \"Tujhko Bahon Mein Bhar\" Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
3 \"Ek Pal Ek Din\" Pankaj Udhas, Sadhana Sargam
4 \"Mere Dil Ko Karrar\" Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
5 \"Log Barson Juda\" Kavita Krishnamurthy
6 \"Mohabbat Hai Khushboo\" Mohammad Aziz
7 \"Aaye Hum Barati\" Kumar Sanu, Kavita Krishnamurthy
## Box office {#box_office}
The film was major hit at the box office and one of the highest-grossing films of the year
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# Iizaka, Fukushima
was a town located in the `{{nihongo|'''Iizaka Area'''|飯坂地区|Iizaka-chiku}}`{=mediawiki} of Shinobu District, Fukushima, Japan. On January 1, 1964 it was annexed into the city of Fukushima and is now a neighborhood within the city.
As of December 2018, the neighborhood had an estimated population of 5,977. The area is commonly referred to as Iizaka Onsen due to its many onsen, most notably Sabakoyu Onsen, a public bath located downtown and reminiscent of similar onsen of the Edo period. Iizaka is one of the most famous onsen towns in the Tōhoku region with over 70 hotels and ryokan along the banks of the Surikami River devoted to the enterprise.
The ruins of Otori Castle, built by the Sato family, (lords of Iizaka) in the 12th century and Ioji Temple are also located in Iizaka. Ioji Temple contains a \"kuyo-to\", a vertical slab stone monument, which has been declared an Important Prefectural Cultural Asset. The castle grounds are now a park. Ioji Temple was founded by Kōbō-Daishi, the founder of the Buddhist Shingon sect, in 827. A Yakushi Nyorai (the holy image of Siddhārtha, the founder of Buddhism) made by Kōbō-Daishi has been enshrined inside it.
## Gallery
<File:Iizaka>, Fukushima.JPG\|Iizaka, Fukushima as seen looking west. <File:Iizaka>, Fukushima Onsen Hotels
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# Islamic American Relief Agency
The **Islamic American Relief Agency** (**IARA-USA**) was an \"American non-profit organization established in 1985 and dedicated to the empowerment of disadvantaged people everywhere through relief and participatory development programs emphasizing human dignity, self-reliance, and social justice.\" It has been under scrutiny by the FBI and Joint Terrorism Task Force since October 2004, when its offices were raided and its operations shut down.
On March 8, 2007, the organization and five of its leaders were charged in the 33-count indictment, handed down by a grand jury in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri for sending \$1.4 million to Iraq during the sanctions that took place from 1990 to 2003.
## Early history {#early_history}
IARA-USA opened its doors in Columbia, Missouri by a group of concerned Sudanese residents in the United States as a response to the humanitarian emergency in Sudan and other parts of Africa. As the time went on, the organization has helped many people in many parts of the world, including the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and the United States. Although they were all Muslims, they served to help the needy around the world, no matter what nationality their recipients may be.
## Orphan sponsorship {#orphan_sponsorship}
Of all its programs, IARA-USA was very successful in its Orphan Sponsorship program, where donors could sponsor an orphan in another country for \$1.00 per day. This amount provided food, clothing, medical care, education, and other necessities to the orphan in the time he/she was sponsored. Every sponsor received a photo and biographical information for each child he/she sponsored. The IARA-USA Orphan Sponsorship program served orphans in Afghanistan, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Chad, Ethiopia, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Mali, Pakistan, Somalia, Uganda, and Yemen.
## Health clinics {#health_clinics}
IARA-USA was also concerned with poor health care in areas of conflicts around the world. They addressed the need for adequate health care (particularly for children and pregnant women) by providing primary health care, immunizations, nutrition counseling, and supplementation, prenatal care, infectious disease prevention, and sanitary water supplies. IARA-USA also helped to establish medical and therapeutic facilities for rape victims, and to train medical personnel at those facilities. These projects have been especially strong in Mali, Bangladesh, Somalia, and the Balkans.
## Education and training facilities {#education_and_training_facilities}
Education and vocational training was a vital part of all IARA-USA's development initiatives. It sponsored educational projects supporting elementary and secondary schools as well as community education services. Many of IARA-USA's development projects involved vocational training in sewing, welding, carpentry, and other areas. Health education programs were implemented in coordination with their medical projects.
### Djindjini-Koire Community School in Mali {#djindjini_koire_community_school_in_mali}
The Djindjini-Koire Community School in Mali served 123 boys and 92 girls. It was built as part of IARA-USA's Community Education, Water, and Income Generation Project, under which a number of similar educational initiatives were being implemented. These efforts included helping local people to organize their own educational systems, train their own teachers, and construct more schools. The goal of the project was to establish a self-sufficient, quality educational infrastructure in the Circle of Timbuktu through the active participation of the local communities.
### Anwar Educational Center in Bosnia {#anwar_educational_center_in_bosnia}
The Anwar Educational Center in Bosnia was established in 1996 to address the post-war recovery needs of the inhabitants of Bosnia, especially the young women and demobilized soldiers. The Anwar Center provided computer and language training, the purpose of which was to help the target groups overcome the economic and social difficulties arising from the war by helping them get jobs and attain economic self-sufficiency and a sense of personal confidence.
| 600 |
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# Islamic American Relief Agency
## Treasury designation and criminal prosecution {#treasury_designation_and_criminal_prosecution}
In October 2004, the Treasury Department\'s Office of Foreign Assets Control designated the Sudan-based IARA and five of its senior officials as "Specially Designated Global Terrorists" for supporting Usama bin Laden, al Qaida and the Taliban.
In March 2007, the Department of Justice charged IARA-US, along with five officers, employees and associates, in a 33-count indictment for illegally transferring funds to Iraq in violation of federal sanctions. In January 2008, the Department of Justice brought a superseding indictment with additional charges against IARA-US and its officers, along with new charges against Mark Deli Siljander, former U.S. Representative from Michigan\'s 4th congressional district, for money laundering, conspiracy and obstruction of justice.
On April 6, 2010, Ali Mohamed Bagegni, a member of IARA-US\'s board of directors, pleaded guilty to conspiring to violate federal law prohibiting the transfer of money to Iraq. On June 25, 2010, Mubarak Hamed, IARA-US\'s executive director, pleaded guilty to conspiring to illegally transfer more than \$1 million to Iraq in violation of federal sanctions, and to obstructing the administration of the laws governing tax-exempt charities. On July 7, 2010, Siljander pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and acting as an unregistered foreign agent, and Abdel Azim El-Siddig, formerly a part-time fundraiser for IARA-US, pleaded guilty to conspiring to hire Siljander to lobby for IARA-US\'s removal from the US Senate Finance Committee\'s list of organizations supporting terrorism. During sentencing, Judge Nanette Laughery concluded that IARA-US had no connection whatsoever with any terrorist organization or entity posing a threat to the United States by stating \"This is not a case about somebody aiding a terrorist.\" The cases were brought by Anthony Gonzalez and Steven Mohlhenrich from the United States Attorney's Office for the Western District of Missouri, and Paul Casey and Joseph Moreno from the National Security Division of the Department of Justice.
On July 20, 2016, IARA-US itself pleaded guilty to transferring nearly \$1.4 million to Iraq in violation of federal sanctions. As a condition of its plea, IARA-US agreed dissolve itself as a corporation for all time, and its board of directors agreed that it would not form a new corporation to conduct the activities that IARA-US formerly conducted
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# Mike Goodson
**Michael Darryl Goodson Jr.** (born May 23, 1987) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas A&M. Goodson was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the fourth round of the 2009 NFL draft. He also played for the Oakland Raiders and the New York Jets.
## Early life {#early_life}
Goodson attended Westfield High School in Houston previously before he attended Klein Collins High School in Spring, Texas, where he played football and ran track. During his junior year, Goodson ran for 1,152 yards on 101 carries, averaging 11.5 yards per carry with 14 touchdowns, and had 11 receptions for 277 yards and 5 touchdowns. His senior year, Goodson had 973 yards rushing on 99 carries. He was invited to play in the 2006 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.
In track & field, Goodson posted personal-bests of 21.92 seconds in the 200-meter dash, 6.40 meters (20 ft, 9 in) in the long jump and 42.91 seconds in the 4 × 100 m.
### Recruiting
During his college recruiting process, Goodson initially committed verbally to play for Oklahoma State in July 2005, but he decommitted in December. At that time, he decided he would go to either USC or Texas A&M. In late January 2006, he committed to Texas A&M and eventually signed a National Letter of Intent.
## College career {#college_career}
### 2006 season
Goodson had problems protecting the football early in the season, fumbling twice in the Aggies opener against The Citadel (Military College). As a consequence his carries were limited until the game against the Missouri Tigers where he had 15 carries.
Goodson was named Big 12 Freshman of the Year and earned honorable mention All-Big 12 Honors. He rushed for 847 yards and 4 touchdowns averaging a conference high 6.7 yards per carry and also caught 17 passes for 113 yards. He had a career-high 127 yards against Oklahoma and scored a critical 41-yard touchdown against the Texas Longhorns, who had the nation\'s leading rush defense.
### 2007 season {#season_1}
Goodson once again split carries with Jorvorskie Lane. Goodson bulked up for the season, weighing in at 206 lbs (previously 192), but claimed the gain did not affect his speed. Goodson\'s stated that his goal for the season was 1,300 yards rushing. At the end of the season, however, he rushed for 711 yards on 153 carries. The team finished 7--6, including a loss in the Alamo Bowl.
### 2008 season {#season_2}
In the offseason, Goodson gained 20 pounds of muscle. He looked to play a greater role in the 2008 season as former tailback Jorvorskie Lane was converted to fullback by new head coach Mike Sherman. Goodson finished the season with 406 rushing yards in 10 games. He also made 37 receptions for 386 yards.
### Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- 2006 All-Big 12 Honorable Mention
- 2007 All-Big 12 Preseason Team
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# Mike Goodson
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### 2009 NFL draft {#nfl_draft}
At the 2009 NFL Combine, Goodson ran 4.54 seconds in the 40-yard dash, ranking 7th among all running backs. He weighed 212 pounds and measured 5-foot-11 and 3/4 at the Texas A&M Pro Day on March 4, 2009.
In the 2009 NFL draft, he was picked by the Carolina Panthers in the fourth round (111th overall). He signed a four-year deal with the Panthers on June 27, 2009.
### Carolina Panthers {#carolina_panthers}
During a 2009 preseason game against the New York Giants, Goodson made a throat slash gesture towards the crowd after scoring a touchdown. He was immediately flagged, and was later fined \$7,500. As a rookie, he weighed 190 pounds.
Goodson was active in 8 games, mostly serving backup duty. Goodson had his best week of the season in week 17, rushing 13 times for 44 yards filling in for an injured DeAngelo Williams.
During a 2010 preseason victory against the Tennessee Titans, Goodson returned a kickoff 91 yards for a touchdown, the first time a Panther did such since DeAngelo Williams did it during the 2006 preseason against the Miami Dolphins.
Goodson had an increased role in the regular season. For most of the year, he served as kickoff returner as well as a third-down/situational back. After a season-ending injury to starting back DeAngelo Williams in week 7, however, Goodson was featured more extensively, and was given a more heavy rotation with Jonathan Stewart.
Goodson eventually started in weeks 10-12 after an injury to Stewart, racking up 390 offensive yards in the starts. After Stewart\'s return in week 13, however, Goodson received much less playing time at running back.
Goodson finished the year with 452 yards and three touchdowns on the ground, and an additional 310 yards on 40 catches; he also recorded 1,034 yards on kickoff returns. Goodson finished second on the team in both rushing yards and receptions, but led the team in rushing touchdowns.
### Oakland Raiders {#oakland_raiders}
Goodson was traded to the Oakland Raiders on March 30, 2012, in exchange for tackle Bruce Campbell.
### New York Jets {#new_york_jets}
The New York Jets signed Goodson to a three-year contract on March 15, 2013. On August 26, 2013, Goodson was suspended for four games for violating the NFL\'s PED policy. He was promoted to the active roster on October 5, 2013. He suffered a season-ending knee injury on October 13, 2013 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, tearing his ACL and MCL. He was placed on the injured reserve list two days later. Goodson was released by the team on June 18, 2014 after he failed to attend mandatory mini-camp.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
His brother, Demetri Goodson, played college football at Baylor and is now with the Green Bay Packers. His brother, Jakar Hamilton used to play for the Dallas Cowboys. Goodson Sr. played college basketball at Pitt.
On May 17, 2013, Goodson was arrested in New Jersey as a passenger in a vehicle and charged with possession of marijuana, possession of drug paraphernalia, unlawful possession of a weapon, possession of a loaded gun and possession of hollow point round. He was taken to St. Claire\'s hospital due to his condition at the time of arrest. After leaving the hospital, he was taken to the state police to be processed. Goodson\'s bail was set at \$50,000.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Year Team GP GS Rushing
------- ------ ----- ----- --------- ----- ----- -----
Att Yds Avg Lng TD Rec Yds Lng
2009 CAR 8 0 22 49 2.2 11
2010 CAR 16 3 103 452 4.4 45
2011 CAR 4 0 \-- \-- \-- \--
2012 OAK 12 0 35 221 6.3 43
Total 40 3 160 722 4
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# Skywriting by Word of Mouth
***Skywriting by Word of Mouth, and Other Writings Including the Ballad of John and Yoko***, is the third, and last, book written by English musician John Lennon. It was published posthumously in 1986 and included an afterword by Lennon\'s widow, Yoko Ono, whom he married in 1969. Like his other books, it contains miscellaneous writings and cartoons.
The book includes Lennon\'s autobiography (titled \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\", also the title of a song), in which he talks about the Beatles\' break-up (\"I started the band. I disbanded it.\") and says that he has no hard feelings against his former bandmates: \"Paul, George, and It\'s Only Ringo. I bear them no ill will.\" However, he also referred to them as \"avant-garde revolutionary thinkers\" a statement which could be interpreted as sarcastic in intent and declared \"In retrospect, the Beatles were no more an important part of my life than any other (and less than some).\"
Lennon mentioned the manuscript in a 1980 *Playboy* interview: \"At one point \[during his five-year \"retirement\" from music\]\... I wrote about two hundred pages of mad stuff\". The manuscript was stolen from the Lennons\' apartment in 1982, and later recovered in 1986, when Ono had it published.
## Contents
### The Ballad of John and Yoko {#the_ballad_of_john_and_yoko}
This part of the book, titled \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\", is Lennon\'s only autobiography. It has four parts as detailed below and it is also the name of a song - The Ballad of John and Yoko
- \"All We Were Saying Was Give Peace a Chance\". (Also the name of a song written by Lennon).
- \"We\'d All Love to See the Plan\". (The title is shared with lines in the Beatles song Revolution).
- \"We Fought the Law and the Law Lost\"
- \"The Mysterious Smell of Roses\"
### Two Virgins {#two_virgins}
Written at the time the public learned he was living with Ono as husband and wife
### An Alphabet {#an_alphabet}
Writings about John Lennon\'s alphabet
### Skywriting by Word of Mouth {#skywriting_by_word_of_mouth}
This section of the book has 29 parts, titled as follows;
- Skywriting by Word of Mouth
- Subtitled \"Lucy in the Scarf with Diabetics\"
- Up Yours
- Puma Eats Coast Guard
- Puma Eats Scapegoat
- Spare Me the Agony of Your Birth Control
- \"Demented in Denmark\"
- \"It Nearly Happened in Rome\"
- \"A Paradox and a Matching Sweater, Please\"
- \"The Air Hung Thick Like a Hustler\'s Prick\"
- \"A Conspiracy of Silence Speaks Louder Than Words\"
- \"Nobel Peace Prize Awarded to Killer Whale\"
- \"The Art of Deception Is in the Eye of the Beholder\"
- \"Be Were Wolf of Limitations,\" or\...\"The Spirit of Boogie Be Upon You\"
- \"A Word in Your Orifice,\" or\..
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# Idhaya Engineering College for Women
The **Idhaya Engineering College for Women** is an all women\'s Catholic engineering college founded in 2001 by the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Congregation, Pondicherry. Offering Bachelor of Engineering and Bachelor of Technology degrees, the campus is located in Chinnasalem, Kallakurichi district, Tamil Nadu. It is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education and affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
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# Dare I Say
***Dare I Say\...*** is the second studio album by stoner rock band Hermano. It was released on the MeteorCity label and produced by the band and executive producer Ram Lauwrier. Since the band members lived in different locations, the album was recorded in various studios.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
**Band**
- John Garcia -- vocals
- David Angstrom -- guitar, vocals
- Dandy Brown -- bass, additional guitars, organ
- Chris Leathers -- drums
**Additional personnel**
- Aleah X -- additional vocals on \"Quite Fucked\", \"Let\'s Get It On\"
- Steve Feldman -- additional vocals on \"Roll Over\", \"Is This O.K
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# Iara (mythology)
**Iara**, also spelled **Uiara**, **Yara** or **Hiara** (`{{IPA|pt|iˈaɾɐ}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|pt|wiˈaɾɐ|}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|pt|ujˈaɾɐ|}}`{=mediawiki}) or **Mãe das Águas** (`{{IPA|pt|ˌmɐ̃j̃ dɐz ˈaɡwɐs|}}`{=mediawiki}, \"mother of the waters\"), is a figure from Brazilian mythology based on Tupi and Guaraní mythology.
The Iara may have developed from the lore of the carnivorous fish-man `{{interlanguage link|Ipupiara (legendary creature)|pt|Ipupiara (lenda)|lt=Ipupiara}}`{=mediawiki}. Conflation with the European myth of the siren, or a beautiful mermaid probably is part of the Iara myth as the seductress of the Amazon River.
Some commentators believe the original version of Iara must have been dark-skinned and black-haired, black-eyed, like the indigenous populations. However the Iara in the 19th century were described as blonde and blue-eyed or green-eyed, or even green haired.
## Etymology
The word derives from Nheengatu *iiyara*, from *ií* \"water\" + *yara* \"lord; lady\".
Formally the word occurs as trisyllabic, *u*-\[y\]*ára* or *u*-\[i\]*ára* .
## Physical description {#physical_description}
Her physical traits, sometime given as black haired and brown eyed, may vary according to regional oral tradition, perhaps turned blonde or green, due to literary influence. João Barbosa Rodrigues (1881) insisted the freshwater Iara, in the original telling, were ascribed black hair, dark eyes, and dark skin (*tez morena*). though it is also admitted that the *tapuyo* (Westernized native) also believed in the blonde blue-eyed mermaid (*sereia*) of the sea.
Later, the poetry by Romantic writers in the 19th century would give her blonde hair, or green hair of the color of vegetation. These were European-influenced alterations of indigenous folklore. `{{interlanguage link|Leandro Tocantins|pt}}`{=mediawiki} has professed he prefers the version where Yara is depicted more like a *cabocla\]\]* (suggesting copper skin tone), with long black hair and almond-shaped eyes.
Her features appears to have been altered even through the retelling of the same tale: In the tale of *A Yara* of the version of Manaus, as come down through Francisco Bernardino de Souza (1873), the native boy captivated by the Yara\'s beauty and song says her \"hair was as blond as gold, tied with *mururé* \[waterlily or water hyacinth\] flowers\" and that she \"raised her green eyes at me\". Later in Arinos\'s version (1917), Iara is given a complicated description by the youth, here named Jaguarari. She has hair of the color of *pau d\'arco* tree flowers (*Handroanthus* spp.) and pink skin like the plumage of the *colhereira* (spoonbill) bird. In a later recension in English (1997), the Yara simply has \"green hair and pink skin\".`{{Refn|name="dorson&wilmot-variant"}}`{=mediawiki}
As for her pink skin-color, a connection has been made between the Iara and the *boto* or the pink river dolphin. The Iara may have the form of the *boto*{{\'}}s torso and tail from the waist down, or have a tail similar to manatee, or fish (the Tupi word *y* did not have a distinct meaning, being used in general for any riverine or freshwater lacustrine place) who sits on a rock by the river combing her hair or dozing under the sun.
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# Iara (mythology)
## Legends
### Seductress
She would lure the men with her sweet voice, and the seduced men are taken to her home at the bottom of the river, to be drowned. In other versions, the men who fell under the spell of the Iara would leave everything behind to live with her underwater forever, due to the fact that she was pretty and would cater for all the needs of her lover for the rest of his life. Iara is immortal, but many of her lovers age and die, so she is condemned to live most of eternity alone.
In the so-called Manaus version of the Yara legend given by Bernardino de Souza (1873), the tragic hero is an unnamed youth, a son of a *tapuyo* chieftain (*tachaua*), who becomes enchanted by the beauty and song of the Yara, and falls prey. In Arinos\'s version, the youth is named Jaguarari, the son of the chieftain of the Manaus people, who likewise becomes enthralled and visits the Yara at the waterfall point of Taruman (var. Tarumã) after nightfall. The worried mother begs this to stop, even suggesting they move out of the settlement to a new location. But the boy (describing the Yara as above) cannot free himself from obsessing over her. One day, the boy and the Yara are witnessed together by the villagers, but after that, the boy is seen no more.`{{Refn|name="dorson&wilmot-variant"|"The Legend of the Yara"<ref name="dorson&wilmot1997"/> ''apud'' Elswit (2015).<ref name="elswit2015"/> where the youth is called "Jaraguari".}}`{=mediawiki}
According to some folkloric accounts, those who survive end up going crazy or survive with teeth marks on their neck.`{{better source needed|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Merely passing through the iara\'s territory could cause a man to be melancholy, and develop nervous excitement which others perceive as madness. The symptoms resemble rabies but instead of hydrophobia (\"fear of water\"), he becomes hydrophilic (\"attracted to water\").
### Warrior-maiden {#warrior_maiden}
According to Brazilian folklore, Iara was a beautiful warrior-woman, a young indigenous woman who developed admirable skills in warfare in a patriarchal tribe, gaining admiration of the whole tribe and respect from her father, the chief of the tribe, but aroused the envy of her brothers who decided to murder her during the night. The legend says Iara knew how to defend herself from her brothers\' attacks and accidentally killed them. Discovered by her father, she took refuge in the woods but was captured and punished for the murders of her brothers by being drowned in the river. Other versions claim they killed her and dumped her body in the river and blamed the night goddess, Jaci, for her disappearance. Turned into a mermaid upon being saved by nearby fish on the night of a full moon or by Jaci in some versions, she decided to take revenge on all men by seducing them and drowning them in the river.
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# Iara (mythology)
## Anecdotal versions {#anecdotal_versions}
The legend of the Iara was one of the usual explanations for the disappearance of those who ventured alone into the jungle. `{{interlanguage link|Frederico José de Santana Néri|pt}}`{=mediawiki} had heard his own version of the Yara tale from a friend, but suspected it was a cover-up story for a murder. Néri gave the title as the version of Pará, and purports it to be based on a real death, the body found in water of one Januario Marinho, as reported in the local newspaper of the provincial capital (Belém). Though the dead man was Portuguese, his fiancée Mundica was from the Belém elite community, as was Néri. The fiancée recounted that the man was in the habit of visiting a water spot in the canal (*igarapés*) haunted by the Yara. But one time, his strange behavior upon return convinced her he had seen the Yara (which he eventually admitted, describing her as wearing a white robe and later as gold-tawny haired and emerald-green eyed). A German friend accompanied when the man went to the spot armed with rifle, but wound up being attacked and fainting. Afterwards, he seemed mentally disturbed. The story encouraged the listener to believe the man probably could not repress his impulse and returned to the water spot again, and met his fate. Néri suspected there was foul play.`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The tale was retold by Andrew Lang as "The Story of the Yara" with fake names and a plot improvisation towards a happy ending.<ref name="lang1904"/>}}`{=mediawiki}
Another real-life incident tied to the iara myth concerns Dr. João Barbosa Rodrigues Júnior (1872--1931) who while collaborating with his father to domesticate a tribe, was accompanied by his wife, who was fair-skinned, blue-eyed and blonde, and when she was spotted bathing in the creek, the natives shouted \"Uiara! Uiara!\"
## Literary depictions {#literary_depictions}
Antônio Gonçalves Dias\'s poem \"A mãe d\'água\" (1851) describe the female figure as having golden hair, and `{{interlanguage link|Alexandre José de Melo Morais Filho|pt}}`{=mediawiki}\'s poem \"As Uiaras\" depict these singing sirens as being \"whiter than the teeth of tapirs, more blonde than the skin of jaguars\" and beautiful.`{{Refn|"São alvas, mais alvas que os dentes das antas,/ Mais louras que a pele das onças… são belas!": Concert note EM-UFRJ of the concert held on 1 August 1897 at the Salão do Instituto Nacional de Música. Score by [[Alberto Nepomuceno]].<ref name="volpe2001"/>}}`{=mediawiki} José de Alencar\'s novel *O tronco do Ipé* (1875) gives \"long tresses the same color as her leafy surroundings\".
Modernists poets also alluded to the iara. Cassiano Ricardo in `{{interlanguage link|Martim Cererê|pt|lt=''Martim Cererê''}}`{=mediawiki} (1928) described her as \"a strange woman, very beautiful, very fair, like no other in the world: Green hair, yellow eyes. Her name was Uiara\".`{{Refn|Cassiano Ricardo, 6th ed. (1938) [1928]. ''Martim Cererê'', p. 27 <blockquote>{{lang|pt|uma estranha mulher, muito linda,
muito clara,
como ainda não houve
no mundo
outro igual:
Cabelos verdes, olhos amarelos.
Chamava-se Uiara.<ref name="schaden1949"/>}}}}`{=mediawiki} Mário de Andrade in *Clã do Jabuti* (\'Clan of the Turtle\', 1927) writes of a siren in the river, presumed to refer to the Mãe d\'Água, as having \"hair of green river slime\" (*limo verde do rio*).
## Origin theories {#origin_theories}
It has been claimed until the 18th century, there was no Iara legend about the seductive river mermaid, but such legend grew out of the indigenous myth about the monstrous river merman known as Ipupiara (\"freshwater monster\").
The blond, blue-eyed image was not attested until after the mid-nineteenth century, to the best knowledge of Camara Cascudo. Cascudo in his earlier writing contended that though the Iara was rooted in two indigenous beings, the water-devil Ipupiara (cf. below) and the Cobra-Grande, he also saw the combining of the Portuguese lore of the Enchanted Moura (moorish girl), who was obviously dark-skinned. The Iara became increasingly to be regarded as a woman-fish, after the image of the European sirens/mermaids.
## Parallels
The ***Mãe-d\'água*** (Mother of the Water, also styled *Mãe das Águas*) is a supernatural being of the rivers and lakes, held to be the equivalent of the Iara of the Amazon.
The belief in Yoruba religion of the African immigrant influenced orisha, Iemanjá has been conflated with the Iara. One analysis contends that both Iara and Iemanjá share a common root origin as the purely indigenous Ipupiara. Another paper emphasizes that even though the Iemanjá which originally an ocean deity could be distinguished from the freshwater Iara, the demarcation became blurred through a long period of convergence, starting when the Europeans began proselytizing in the African-descent community.
The lore of *boto* river dolphin sometimes transforming into human women is likened to Iara or Iemanjá.
In her mermaid form, she is called **Nyai Blorong**.
There are other comparable metamorphosing and seducing beings besides the boto in Brazilian lore, such as `{{interlanguage link|Cobra Norato (folklore)|pt|Cobra Norato (folclore)|lt=Cobra Norato}}`{=mediawiki} and Cobra-Grande.
The Iara is also similar to several other folkloric female figures from other regions of Latin America such as the Colombian La Patasola and the Tunda. They all function as sirens leading men to their deaths, though the Patasola and Tunda are specifically forest spirits and the Tunda does not target only men and can treat the people it kidnaps nicely.
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# Iara (mythology)
## Adaptations
Andrew Lang wrote an adaptation of the legend of Yara in *The Brown Fairy Book*, based on *Folk-Lore brésilien* (by `{{interlanguage link|Frederico José de Santana Néri|pt|lt=Santana Néri}}`{=mediawiki}, Pará version summarized under `{{section link||Anecdotal versions}}`{=mediawiki}).
## Legacy and influence {#legacy_and_influence}
Iara (or Yara) is a very popular female name in Brazil.
### In modern media {#in_modern_media}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|\"The Iaras\", bronze sculpture by Alfredo Ceschiatti`{{right|{{small|―installed at the [[Palácio da Alvorada|Alvorada Palace]], [[Brasília]]}}}}`{=mediawiki}
In the film version of the novel *Macunaíma* (1969), the eponymous protagonist meets his death at the hands of an Iara. He embraces her eagerly and sees too late the blow hole in the back of her neck that gives her away as the creature she is and not the beautiful woman he mistook her for.
In 2021 Brazilian supernatural TV series, Invisible City, the protagonist meets an Iara but survives her drowning attempts. She tells him that she became an Iara after her lover killed and drowned her in a river, but she was resurrected.
In the 2021 DC Comics\' *Wonder Girl* comic book starring the future Brazilian Wonder Woman, Yara Flor, Iara was a great Brazilian warrior who was later transformed into a mermaid-like divine being as the protector of the sacred waters. It was she who bestowed on Yara Flor her characteristic weapon of power, the Golden Boleadoras.
Iara appears in *AdventureQuest Worlds*. It was mentioned that Iara was knocked off the cliff into the river during a family scuffle and was turned into a mermaid by nature itself.
In Love, Death & Robots season 3 (2022), episode 9 \"Jibaro\", a deaf warrior meets an Iara who lures his comrades with her screams, causing them to enter a dancing frenzy, rushing to her to ultimately drown in the lake.
Iara is a minor antagonist in the TV series adaptation of Beastmaster, presenting as a siren who appears as a beautiful woman but it\'s only an illusion as she is really a water snake. She always kills the warriors she loves and she spends her story arcs trying to make Dar her latest love/victim
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# Miguel Lora
**Miguel Lora Escudero** (born April 12, 1961 in Montería, Córdoba), known as **Miguel Lora** or **\"Happy\" Lora** is a Colombian boxer. He reigned as the WBC bantamweight champion of the world from 1985 to 1988.
## Beginnings and world title {#beginnings_and_world_title}
Lora started training in his native Montería and eventually represented his home department. In 1977 he won a gold medal in a local tournament. From 1980 to 1983 he won several national and regional titles. On August 9, 1985 he got his first chance to fight for the championship against Mexican Daniel Zaragoza. Lora defeated Zaragoza to become the fifth Colombian world champion.
## Memorable bouts {#memorable_bouts}
After the world title, Lora fought Puerto Rican Wilfredo Vázquez. He defended his belt eight times and fought boxers such as Alberto Davila, Antonio Avelar, Ray Minus, Lucio Omar López, until he lost against Raúl \"Jíbaro\" Pérez.
During the three years that Miguel \"Happy\" Lora kept his title, he was known for his defensive, methodical style.
## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record}
Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
---- -------- -------- --------------------- ------ ------------- ------------ ---------- -------
40 Loss 37--3 Rafael del Valle UD 12 (12) 1993-06-19
39 Win 37--2 Cesar Polanco UD 10 (10) 1993-04-23
38 Win 36--2 Ricky Romero KO 3 (10) 1992-09-26
37 Win 35--2 Gabriel Bernal PTS 10 (10) 1992-04-12
36 Win 34--2 Rolando Bohol PTS 10 (10) 1991-08-02
35 Loss 33--2 Gaby Canizales KO 2 (12) 1991-03-12
34 Win 33--1 Bernardo Mendoza PTS 10 (10) 1990-12-14
33 Win 32--1 Emilio Aponte TKO 3 (10) 1990-08-18
32 Loss 31--1 Raúl Pérez UD 12 (12) 1988-10-29
31 Win 31--0 Alberto Dávila UD 12 (12) 1988-08-01
30 Win 30--0 Lucio Omar Lopez UD 12 (12) 1988-04-30
29 Win 29--0 Ray Minus UD 12 (12) 1987-11-27
28 Win 28--0 Antonio Avelar KO 4 (12) 1987-07-25
27 Win 27--0 Alberto Dávila UD 12 (12) 1986-11-15
26 Win 26--0 Enrique Sánchez TKO 6 (12) 1986-08-23
25 Win 25--0 Wilfredo Vázquez UD 12 (12) 1986-02-08
24 Win 24--0 Daniel Zaragoza UD 12 (12) 1985-08-09
23 Win 23--0 Diego Avila TKO 8 (10) 1985-06-07
22 Win 22--0 Ramon Antonio Nery TKO 2 (10) 1985-05-10
21 Win 21--0 Jose Chacon PTS 10 (10) 1984-11-24
20 Win 20--0 Juan Torres PTS 10 (10) 1984-07-03
19 Win 19--0 Edwin Rangel PTS 10 (10) 1984-02-18
18 Win 18--0 Juan Díaz TKO 5 (10) 1983-12-16
17 Win 17--0 Pedro Romero PTS 12 (12) 1983-09-18
16 Win 16--0 Jose Salazar KO 3 (?) 1983-07-30
15 Win 15--0 Rubén Darío Palacio PTS 12 (12) 1983-05-12
14 Win 14--0 Miguel Perez PTS 12 (12) 1982-09-17
13 Win 13--0 Charles Maussa KO 7 (?) 1982-07-30
12 Win 12--0 Edelmiro Cassiani KO 7 (?) 1982-02-27
11 Win 11--0 Luis Tapias TKO 3 (?) 1981-12-18
10 Win 10--0 Carlos Osorio PTS 10 (10) 1981-05-28
9 Win 9--0 Arnold Sarmiento TKO 3 (?) 1980-12-03
8 Win 8--0 Juan Alvarez PTS 10 (10) 1980-10-31
7 Win 7--0 Orlando Tejedor KO 1 (10) 1980-08-14
6 Win 6--0 Julio Soto Solano PTS 12 (12) 1980-06-12
5 Win 5--0 Justo Jorge TKO 3 (?) 1980-03-28
4 Win 4--0 Arnold Sarmiento KO 3 (?) 1979-12-22
3 Win 3--0 Tomas Maza KO 1 (?) 1979-11-23
2 Win 2--0 Alfredo Gomez KO 1 (?) 1979-10-26
1 Win 1--0 Wilfredo Ruiz PTS 6 (6) 1979-07-27
## Retirement
After his loss to Raúl \"Jíbaro\" Pérez, he fought for a world title against Gaby Canizales, who won by knockout and eventually dislodged Lora\'s fifth cervical vertebrae. Miguel \"Happy\" Lora decided to retire form boxing in 1993 and since then he has been living in his native Montería, dedicated to personal business, TV shows and soap operas
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# Broad Street Run
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unexpected '-'
|-|-
^
``
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# Pierre-Paul Grassé
**Pierre-Paul Grassé** (November 27, 1895 in Périgueux (Dordogne) -- July 9, 1985) was a French zoologist, writer of over 300 publications including the influential 52-volume *Traité de Zoologie*. He was an expert on termites who rejected Neo-Darwinism and was a proponent of Neo-Lamarckism.
## Biography
### Education
Grassé began his studies in Périgueux where his parents owned a small business. He went on to study medicine at the University of Bordeaux and studied biology in parallel, including the lectures of the entomologist Jean de Feytaud (1881--1973). Mobilized during World War I, he was forced to interrupt his studies during four years. By the end of the war he was a military surgeon.
Grassé continued his studies in Paris, focusing exclusively on science. He obtained his Licence in Biology and frequented the laboratory of biologist Étienne Rabaud (1868--1956). He abandoned his preparations for the agrégation to accept a position as professor in the École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier (1921), where the department of zoology was led by François Picard (1879--1939). There he frequented several phytogeographers like Charles Flahault (1852--1935), Josias Braun-Blanquet (1884--1980), Georges Kuhnholtz-Lordat (1888--1965) and Marie Louis Emberger (1897--1969). He became the assistant of Octave Duboscq (1868--1943) who oriented the young Grassé toward the study of protozoan parasites. After the departure of Duboscq to Paris, Grassé worked for Eugène Bataillon (1864--1953) and there discovered techniques for experimental embryology.
In 1926, Grassé became vice-director of the École supérieure de sériciculture. He submitted his theses, *Contribution à l\'étude des flagellés parasites*, in 1926, and it was published in the *Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale*.
### Teaching and research {#teaching_and_research}
In 1929, Grassé became professor of zoology at the Université de Clermont-Ferrand. He supervised the theses of several students on insects. He conducted his first field research trip in Africa in 1933--1934, and returned there several times (1938--1939, 1945, 1948). During these trips he studied termites, and became one of the great specialists on these insects.
In 1935, he became an assistant professor at the Université de Paris, where he worked alongside Germaine Cousin (1896--1992), and received the Prix Gadeau de Kerville de la Société entomologique de France for his work on Orthoptera and termites. In 1939 he chaired the Société zoologique de France and in 1941 the Société entomologique de France.
After having been briefly mobilized in Tours, in 1944 he succeeded Maurice Caullery as chair in zoology and the evolution of beings. Grassé was elected a member of the Académie des sciences on November 29, 1948, in the anatomy and zoology sector and presided over the institution in 1967. In 1976 he changed sectors, into the newly created animal and vegetal biology sector.
Grassé received numerous honours and titles during his career: commander of the Légion d\'honneur, doctor *honoris causa* of the universities of Brussels, Basel, Bonn, Ghent, Madrid, Barcelona and São Paulo. He was one of the founders of the Société Française de Parasitologie in 1962. He was also a member of several academic societies, including the New York Academy of Sciences and The Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium.
### Publications
Grassé began publishing a very big project in 1946 entitled *Traité de zoologie*. The 38 volumes required almost forty years of work, uniting some of the greatest names in zoology. They are still essential references in the field for the groups that are treated in their pages. Ten volumes are dedicated to mammals, nine to insects. Apart from this treatise, he led two collections published by Masson: the first, entitled *Grands problèmes de la biologie*, has thirteen volumes and the second is entitled *Précis de sciences biologiques*. Alongside Andrée Tétry, he composed the two volumes dedicated to zoology in the collection *Bibliothèque de la Pléiade*, published by Gallimard. He also supervised the edition of the *Abrégé de zoologie* (two volumes, Masson).
He also composed the *Termitologia* (1982, 1983, 1984), a work in three volumes totalling over 2400 pages. In it Grassé compiles all available knowledge concerning termites. It was by studying symbiotic flagellates in termites that he eventually began studying their hosts. In this publication, Grassé introduced the concept of Stigmergy :
: \"Stigmergy manifests itself in the termite mound by the fact that the individual labour of each construction worker stimulates and guides the work of its neighbour.\".
He also created three scientific reviews: *Arvernia biologica* (1932), *Insectes sociaux* (1953) et *Biologia gabonica* (1964). He participated in several reviews like the *Annales des sciences naturelles* and the *Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique*. Apart from his numerous scientific publications, he published several works popularising science such as *La Vie des animaux* (Larousse, 1968). He also signed the articles \"Évolution\" and \"Stigmergie\" of the *Encyclopædia Universalis*.
Grassé also authored many works where he talks of his views on evolution and metaphysics such as *Toi, ce petit Dieu* (Albin Michel, 1971), *L'Évolution du vivant, matériaux pour une nouvelle théorie transformiste* (Albin Michel, 1973), *La Défaite de l'amour ou le triomphe de Freud* (Albin Michel, 1976), *Biologie moléculaire, mutagenèse et évolution* (Masson, 1978), *L'Homme en accusation: de la biologie à la politique* (Albin Michel, 1980)\...
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# Pierre-Paul Grassé
## Neo-Lamarckism {#neo_lamarckism}
Grassé was a supporter of the French tradition of Lamarckism. He occupied the chair of evolutionary biology of the Faculty of Paris, of which the two previous occupiers, Alfred Giard (1846--1908) and Maurice Caullery (1868--1958), were both also supporters of Lamarckism. Only after Grassé\'s retirement did the chair become occupied by a partisan of Darwinism, Charles Bocquet (1918--1977).
In support of Lamarck\'s theories he organised an international congress in Paris in 1947 under the auspices of the CNRS with the theme \"paleontology and transformism\". The records were published in 1950 by Albin Michel. He united many of the greatest French authorities on the question including Lucien Cuénot (1866--1951), Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881--1955), and Maurice Caullery. They were all opponents to certain tenets of neo-Darwinism. Other brilliant biologists present were John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (1892--1964) and George Gaylord Simpson (1902--1984). Grassé stated his support for Lamarck in other ways too, like an article in the *Encyclopædia Universalis*, and by affirming that Lamarck had been unjustifiably slandered and ought to be rehabilitated.
Some authors, like Marcel Blanc explain the strong support of Lamarck by French biologists by giving simple patriotic reasons and the historical and social context: Catholic culture favoring support of Lamarckism whilst Protestant culture favored support of Darwinism.
### *Evolution of Living Organisms* {#evolution_of_living_organisms}
Grassé presents his arguments against neo-Darwinism in his work *L\'évolution du vivant* (1973), translated into English as *Evolution of Living Organisms* in 1977. Against the idea which states that the evolution of living things is the product of their adapting to changes in their environments, he opposes living fossils, meaning species which stopped evolving at some point in time and have remained relatively identical to this day regardless of great climatic or geological changes (he cites numerous examples in *Les formes panchroniques et les arrêts de l\'évolution*, p. 133). Therefore, evolution is in his opinion a process which is not *necessary*, it does not occur in living beings under the constraints of external physical forces (cf. *Necessity-utility is not the primus movens of biological evolution*, p. 302). To explain evolution he instead thinks that you must look at the internal dynamics of living things.
Biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote in a review that Grassé\'s belief that evolution is directed by some unknown mechanism does not explain anything. He concluded that \"to reject what is known, and to appeal to some wonderful future discovery which may explain it all, is contrary to sound scientific method. The sentence with which Grassé ends his book is: \"It is possible that in this domain biology, impotent, yields the floor to metaphysics.\"
Colin Patterson reviewed *Evolution of Living Organisms* for the *New Scientist* stating that the book was a criticism of neo-Darwinism, with the opinion that paleontology is \"the only true science of evolution\". Patterson, a paleontologist, disputed this statement. He also noted that Grassé\'s own theory of neo-Lamarckism was \"hard to disentangle, and there were other places where Grassé\'s reasoning was difficult to follow.\" According to Patterson the book did not mention gene duplication, but this has been well-established in evolution.
Geologist David B. Kitts negatively reviewed the book commenting that all of \"Grassé\'s arguments have been marshaled against Darwinian theory before and, in the opinion of most Darwinians, have been adequately countered.\" Grassé stated that evolution was driven by an internal factor. Regarding the identification of this factor, Kitts quotes Grassé as saying \"perhaps in this area of biology can go no further: the rest is metaphysics\". Kitts found this statement unacceptable commenting that \"the fundamental issues raised by Grassé\'s theory of evolution do not even belong to biology, but to some other discipline.\"
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# Pierre-Paul Grassé
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- 1935: *Parasites et parasitisme*, Armand Collin (Paris) : 224 p..
- 1935: with Max Aron (1892--1974), *Précis de biologie animale*, Masson (Paris) : viii + 1016 p. -- second revised edition in 1939, third edition in 1947, fourth edition in 1948, fifth edition in 1957, sixth edition in 1962, eighth edition in 1966.
- 1963: with A. Tétry, *Zoologie*, two volumes, Gallimard (Paris), collection encyclopédie de la Pléiade: xx + 1244 p. et xvi + 1040 p.
- 1971: *Toi, ce petit dieu ! essai sur l\'histoire naturelle de l\'homme*, Albin Michel (Paris) : 288 p.
- 1973: *L\'évolution du vivant, matériaux pour une nouvelle théorie transformiste*, Albin Michel (Paris) : 477 p. - (a criticism of neo-Darwinism). Republished and translated into English in 1977 under the title *Evolution of Living Organisms* by Academic Press.
- 1978: *Biologie moléculaire, mutagenèse et évolution*, Masson (Paris) : 117 p. `{{ISBN|2-225-49203-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- 1980: *L\'Homme en accusation : de la biologie à la politique*, Albin Michel (Paris) : 354 p. `{{ISBN|2-226-01054-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- 1982-1986: *Termitologia*. Vol. I: *Anatomie Physilogie Reproduction*, 676 pp.; Vol. II: Fondation des Sociétés Construction, 613 pp.; Vol. III: Comportement Socialité Écologie Évolution Systématique, 715 pp. Paris: Masson
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# The Piano (soundtrack)
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{{album chart|Australia|11|artist=Soundtrack / Michael Nyman|album=The Piano|rowheader=true|access-date=19 May 2022}}
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# Claude Raymond
**Jean Claude Marc Raymond** `{{Post-nominals|country=CAN|CM}}`{=mediawiki} (born May 7, 1937), nicknamed \"**Frenchy**\", is a Canadian former professional baseball relief pitcher, coach, and broadcaster. During his 12-year career in Major League Baseball, he played for the Chicago White Sox (1959), Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves (1961--63, 1967--69), Houston Colt .45s/Astros (1964--67) and Montreal Expos (1969--71).
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Raymond pitched in three games for Chicago in early 1959. Although he was traded from the National League West-leading Atlanta Braves to the expansion Montreal Expos in 1969, Raymond remarked this was one of the happiest moments of his life as he was able to play for his home province.
In 12 seasons, he compiled a 46--53 record, appeared in 449 games, started 7 games, recorded 2 complete games, 270 games finished, 82 saves, 721 innings pitched, 711 hits allowed, 338 runs allowed, 293 earned runs allowed, 75 home runs allowed, 225 walks allowed, 497 strikeouts, 28 hit batsmen, 32 wild pitches, 3,048 batters faced, 54 intentional walks, 4 balks and a 3.66 ERA.
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
After his playing career, Raymond worked as a French-language broadcaster with the Expos from 1972 to 2001. He was also an Expos English-language broadcaster in 2004, their last season in Montreal.
During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Raymond was the public address announcer for baseball. The International Olympic Committee required that announcements at Olympic venues must also be made in French, which made Raymond, who had previously pitched in Atlanta, well-suited for the job.
Raymond joined the Expos staff as a roving coach in 2002 and served until the team left Montreal after the 2004 campaign to become the Washington Nationals.
## Honours and awards {#honours_and_awards}
Raymond was named to the 1966 National League All-Star Team. Raymond was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame, located in St. Marys, Ontario, with the Class of 1984 in its second year of operation.
In June 2019 Raymond was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada
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# Malcolm Greenslade
**Malcolm Greenslade** (born 17 June 1948) is a former Australian rules football player who was part of the successful Sturt team which dominated the SANFL competition in the late 1960s. He played two matches for VFL club Richmond while posted on National Service duty in Melbourne 1971, and finished his playing career with Glenelg.
Greenslade made his name as a goal-kicking forward with Sturt in the SANFL. During his 215-game career with the Double Blues he kicked 607 goals, led their goal-kicking on five occasions and played in their 1967, 1969 and 1970 premiership sides. Greenslade kicked nine of Sturt\'s 24 goals in the 1969 Grand Final win over Glenelg. Later in his career he moved to full-back and played his final three seasons for Glenelg. In 1981, his final season, he was captain and best & fairest for the Glenelg reserves premiership side. He was a student and later a sports teacher at Unley High School.
His two VFL games came whilst he was on National Service training in Melbourne. Kicking one goal against the Saints on debut, the next week he and fellow Sturt footballer and conscript, Michael Nunan, played for Richmond against South Melbourne and Greenslade kicked six goals. Greenslade would then be sidelined by a thigh muscle injury, while Nunan was unable to train or play because of army duties. The two Double Blues would return home after Sturt claimed their services in mid-May. In just his two games at Richmond, Greenslade was nominated for \"Mark of the Century\" during `{{AFL Ric}}`{=mediawiki}\'s century year of VFL/AFL competition
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# Thomas Ryan (musician)
**Thomas Ryan** (c. 1827 -- 5 March 1903) was an Irish-American musician.
Born in Ireland, Ryan moved to the United States as a teenager in 1844, and pursued his studies in Boston. In 1849, he formed the Mendelssohn Quintette Club along with August Fries (1st violin), Francis Riha (2nd violin), Eduard Lehmann (viola and flute), and Wulf Fries (cello); Ryan played viola and clarinet. The Club gave its first concert in Boston on 14 December, at the showroom of Chickering & Sons. Ryan played with the Club for the next fifty years and was eventually the final remaining founding member.`{{fact|date=August 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
He co-founded the National College of Music in 1872, headquartered at Boston\'s Tremont Temple. The college employed numerous musician instructors, and attracted a substantial student body. After the fire of November 1872, the college lost many of its students, who were no longer able to afford tuition, and closed in 1873. Ryan published his memoirs in *Recollections of an Old Musician* (1899)
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# Louis Tobacco
**Louis R. Tobacco** (born May 16, 1972) is an American politician from New York. A Republican, he represented Staten Island\'s 62nd District as a Member of the New York State Assembly from 2007 through 2012.
## Early life, education, and career {#early_life_education_and_career}
Born in Staten Island, Tobacco attended Public School 35, St. Joseph Hill Academy Grammar School, and Monsignor Farrell High School, from which he graduated in 1990. He became an Eagle Scout in 1987.
He graduated from the Rockefeller College of Politics at State University of New York at Albany; while a student, he was an intern for State Assemblyman Robert Straniere and Congressman Guy Molinari as well as a summer intern for Molinari when he later served as Staten Island Borough president. In 1994, he was appointed by the borough president to serve as assistant director of contract oversight. He also represented Staten Island on the Mayor\'s Health and Human Services Planning Council, and was director of community relations from 1996 to 1997.
After leaving Borough Hall, he worked part-time until 2010 as a pharmaceutical sales representative, for Novartis and then for Pfizer.
After his retirement from the New York State Assembly in 2012, Tobacco worked for Staten Island University Hospital as director of surgical business development and later as associate executive director of community and government affairs. In 2019, he was appointed president and CEO of Monsignor Farrell High School.
## Political career {#political_career}
Tobacco\'s first run for political office was in 1996 for Staten Island\'s Mid-Island Assembly seat held by Assemblyman Eric Vitaliano. He was unsuccessful that year.
Tobacco was elected to represent the 62nd District in the New York State Assembly in a special election on March 27, 2007 to replace Vincent Ignizio, who resigned his seat to become a New York City Councilmember. He and fellow Staten Islander Nicole Malliotakis were the only Republicans in New York City\'s State Assembly delegation.
Tobacco served as the Ranking Minority Member of the Health Committee. He also served on the Ways and Means, Transportation, Cities, Codes, and Corporations, Authorities and Commissions committees. He was tapped to serve as vice chair of the Assembly Minority Sex Offender Watch Task Force and was appointed to the MTA Capital Program Review Board. He was known for his \"Tobacco against tobacco\" anti-smoking campaign as well as for criticizing the rising toll on the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and cuts to the mass transit budget for services to Staten Island residents; in winter 2009, he distributed thousands of \"No Taxation Without Transportation\" bumper stickers.
He retired from the Assembly in 2012 after serving three terms.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lou Tobacco lives in the Tottenville section of Staten Island; he and his wife, Jennifer, have four children.
## Election results {#election_results}
- **March 2007 special election, NYS Assembly, 62nd AD**
: {\| class=\"Wikitable\"
\| **Louis Tobacco** (REP - ALBANY REFORM) \|\| \... \|\| 2,409 \|- \| John S. Mulia (DEM - IND - CON) \|\| \... \|\| 1,008 \|}
- **November 2008 general election, NYS Assembly, 62nd AD**
: {\| class=\"Wikitable\"
\| **Lou Tobacco** (REP - IND - CON) \|\| \... \|\| 30,410 \|- \| Albert J. Albanese (DEM) \|\| \... \|\| 11,816 \|}
- **November 2010 general election, NYS Assembly, 62nd AD**
: {\| class=\"Wikitable\"
\| **Lou Tobacco** (REP - IND - CON) \|\| \... \|\| 22,856 \|- \| Albert J. Albanese (DEM) \|\| \..
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# Roberto Biffi
**Roberto Biffi** (born 21 August 1965) is an Italian professional football coach and former player. He played as a centre-back. He is the head coach of Prima Categoria amateurs Savona.
## Career
### Player
A tough defender formed in the AC Milan youth system, Biffi made his professional debut with the *Rossoneri* during their 1982-1983 Serie B season, scoring a total of four first-team caps.
He then played for several Serie B and C teams before joining Palermo in 1988. He served a total of eleven seasons, all between Serie B and Serie C1, with the *rosanero*, often captaining his side. He left Palermo in 1999 at 34, after 319 appearances with the Sicilian side, which made him the player with the highest number of appearances with the *rosanero* jersey. He retired in 2005 after two seasons with Sanremese, without having ever played a single Serie A match.
### Coach
In the summer of 2007, Roberto Biffi started a coaching career, being appointed at the helm of Serie D team Sanremese. He was, however, sacked only a few months later, in November, following a string of poor results.
He then started the 2008--09 season serving as head coach of Savona, another Ligurian Serie D team, but was fired in September 2008 after only six games, in which he managed to achieve only four points.
He also briefly worked as an assistant coach for Bulgarian Botev Plovdiv in 2009.
From 10 February 2012 to the end of the season, he was the last coach of the club of Imperia Calcio, in Eccellenza Liguria.
He successively served as head coach of several amateur clubs in Liguria, such as Loanesi (Promozione Liguria), Sestrese, Ospedaletti and Alassio (Eccellenza). In December 2023, he returned to Savona, in the Prima Categoria league
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# Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search
The **Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search** is a variety of observational programs run by the Geneva Observatory at Versoix, a small town near Geneva, Switzerland. The programs are executed by M. Mayor, D. Naef, F. Pepe, D. Queloz, N.C. Santos, and S. Udry using several telescopes and instruments in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere and have resulted in the discovery of numerous extrasolar planets, including 51 Pegasi b, the first ever confirmed exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star.
Programs originated at Geneva are generally conducted in collaboration with several other academic institutions from Belgium, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. These programs search for exoplanets in various locations using different instruments. These include the Haute-Provence Observatory in France, the TRAPPIST and the Euler Telescope, both located at La Silla Observatory in Chile, as well as the M dwarf programs. Most recent projects involve the HARPS spectrograph, HARPS-N at the island of La Palma, and the Next-Generation Transit Survey located at the Paranal Observatory, northern Chile.
The Integral Science Data Centre is located at Ecogia, which also belongs to the town of Versoix. The centre is linked to the Geneva Observatory and deals with the processing of the data provided by the satellite INTEGRAL of the European Space Agency. On the two sites of Sauverny and Ecogia, a group of approximately 143 people are employed, including scientists, PhD candidates, students, technical staff (computer and electronics specialists, mechanics), as well as administrative staff.
## Extrasolar planet search surveys {#extrasolar_planet_search_surveys}
- The ELODIE Northern Extrasolar Planet Search based at the Haute-Provence Observatory in France.
- The CORALIE Survey for Southern Extra-solar Planets based at the La Silla Observatory in Chile
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# China Cat Sunflower
\"**China Cat Sunflower**\" is a song by the Grateful Dead, which was first recorded for their 1969 studio album *Aoxomoxoa*. The lyrics were written by Robert Hunter and the music composed by Jerry Garcia. The song was typically sung by Garcia. The first live recording of this song appeared on *Europe \'72*, paired (as was typical) with \"I Know You Rider\". Lyrically, this song has many literary references, including Lewis Carroll\'s *Alice in Wonderland*, George Herriman\'s *Krazy Kat*, and Dame Edith Sitwell\'s \"Polka\".
## Music and lyrical composition {#music_and_lyrical_composition}
The song begins with two distinct guitar riffs. The first is played by Jerry Garcia and then a second one played by Bob Weir is interwoven on top of it. This second riff has been described by author Eric F. Wybenga as \"that dodgy little Bobby intro that scratches your brain just behind the ears.\"
Wybenga described the lyrics as \"acid-drenched\", and said, further: \"China Cat Sunflower\'s lyric---composed, Robert Hunter has said, in a state where contemplation of a cat served as touchstone for an interplanetary journey---is a real masterwork. It\'s one of the very few rock-and-roll lyrics (including Dylan\'s) that has as much impact on the page as it does sung, if not more. \... \'It\'s about acid\' does it less justice than the observation that it\'s about seeing, sensing, and making connections in a sensuous world. Anyone out there remember what it was like to be three years old?\"
## Live performances {#live_performances}
The Grateful Dead first performed \"China Cat Sunflower\" on January 17, 1968, at the Fillmore West (then called the Carousel Ballroom) in San Francisco. During the following year after its introduction into the band\'s set list, the song was played by itself or often in the middle of an extended jam between the songs \"Dark Star\" and \"The Eleven\"---a position more familiarly (to Deadheads) filled by \"St. Stephen\". During this period it was played in the key of E. It was later changed to G in order to transition into I Know You Rider. Four instances of this arrangement have been released on official recordings, the first on the compilation album *So Many Roads (1965--1995)*, the second on *Dick\'s Picks Volume 22*, and the other two on *Road Trips Volume 2 Number 2*.
### China Cat Sunflower → I Know You Rider {#china_cat_sunflower_i_know_you_rider}
On September 30, 1969, the Grateful Dead first segued \"China Cat Sunflower\" into \"I Know You Rider\" (a traditional folk song) at Cafe Au Go Go in New York City. Over the next 26 years the Dead would pair these songs together over 500 times, most often as a second set opener. Only twice during this extended period was \"China Cat Sunflower\" played without this pairing.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The song is available in the *Rock Band* video game series as downloadable content, along with 17 other Grateful Dead songs.
In the 2009 Ang Lee film *Taking Woodstock*, the version of the song from *Europe \'72* is used in the part of the film showing everyone arriving at Woodstock in 1969.
In 2020 entomologist J.H. Epler named a new species of diving beetle (family Dytiscidae) for the song; it is called *Uvarus sinofelihelianthus*. The specific epithet can be interpreted as (*sino*) China (*feli*) cat (*helianthus*) sunflower
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# Thierry Mouyouma
**Thierry Mouyouma** (born 27 September 1975) is a Gabonese former professional footballer who played as a defender and current manager. He made several appearances for the Gabon national football team.
## Career
He spent his early career with MangaSport, FC 105 Libreville, Étoile du Sahel, CO Medenine, Stade Reims, Canon Yaoundé, Leixões SC and FC Felgueiras.
In 2003, Mouyouma moved to South Africa, joining Wits University from FC Felgueiras.
After he retired from playing, Mouyouma became a football coach. He manages his former club, FC 105 Libreville
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# Certified protection officer
The International Foundation for Protection Officers (IFPO) board of directors established and maintains a voluntary certification process called the **Certified Protection Officers** (**CPO**) course, which is based on current and valid standards that measure competency in the practice of private security for security officers. The IFPO requires that all programs that offer a certification must be maintained by the individual through a re-certification process. Therefore the CPO certificate is valid for a period of two years, at which time re-certification must be achieved.
Qualified certified protection officers can also obtain the designation of CPO instructor. This is a designation that requires qualification and the proper credentials.`{{vague|date=January 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
After 1998, when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights defenders passed, many international and regional NGOs created a post for protection officers. The post is for expertise in security and risk assessment officers who are responsible for safety of human rights defenders
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# Alabama's 9th congressional district
**Alabama\'s 9th congressional district** was formerly apportioned to portions of central and western Alabama from 1893 until 1963 when the seat was lost due to reapportionment after the 1960 United States census.
## Highlights
Formed in 1893, the district was first represented by Louis Washington Turpin, a self-educated tax assessor from Hale County. The district was represented by Democrats during the whole of its existence except from 1896--1897 when Truman Heminway Aldrich, a Republican, unseated Oscar W. Underwood in a post-election contest.
The 1960 United States census and the subsequent reapportionment decreased Alabama\'s representation in the United States Congress.
## History
### Population disparity {#population_disparity}
By the early 1940s the 9th district had a population of 459,930.
## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district}
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Member | Party | Years | Cong\ | Electoral History | Counties Represented |
| | | | ress | | |
+==============================================================+====================================================================+====================================================================+=======================================+==================================+==========================================================+
| District created March 4, 1893 | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| **Louis W. Turpin**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1893 --\ | | Elected in 1892.\ | **1893--1915**:\ |
| `{{Small|([[Newbern, Alabama|Newbern]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1895 | | Lost renomination. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1895 --\ | | Elected in 1894.\ | |
| **Oscar W. Underwood**\ | | June 9, 1896 | | Lost election contest. | |
| `{{Small|([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| June 9, 1896 --\ | | Won election contest.\ | |
| **Truman Heminway Aldrich**\ | | March 3, 1897 | | Retired. | |
| `{{Small|([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2 nowrap \| March 4, 1897 --\ | | Elected in 1896.\ | |
| **Oscar W. Underwood**\ | | March 3, 1915 | | Re-elected in 1898.\ | |
| `{{Small|([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1900.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1902.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1904.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1908.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1912.\ | |
| | | | | Retired to run for U.S. Senator. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | **1903--1917**:\ | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2 nowrap \| March 4, 1915 --\ | | Elected in 1914.\ |
| **George Huddleston**\ | | | January 3, 1937 | | Re-elected in 1916.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1918.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1920.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1922.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1924.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1930.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1932.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1934.\ |
| | | | | | Lost renomination. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | **1917--1963**:\ | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1937 --\ | | Elected in 1936.\ |
| **Luther Patrick**\ | | | January 3, 1943 | | Re-elected in 1938.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1940.\ |
| | | | | | Lost renomination. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| **John P. Newsome**\ | | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1943 --\ | | Elected in 1942.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | January 3, 1945 | | Lost renomination. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1945 --\ | | Elected in 1944.\ |
| **Luther Patrick**\ | | | January 3, 1947 | | Lost renomination. |
| `{{Small|([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1947 --\ | | Elected in 1946.\ |
| **Laurie C. Battle**\ | | | January 3, 1955 | | Re-elected in 1948.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1952.\ |
| | | | | | Retired. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1955 --\ | | Elected in 1954.\ |
| **George Huddleston Jr.**\ | | | January 3, 1963 | | Re-elected in 1956.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1958.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1960.\ |
| | | | | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|Alabama|AL|C}}`{=mediawiki}
| 844 |
Alabama's 9th congressional district
| 0 |
11,113,346 |
# Judith Neuffer
**Judith \"Judy\" Neuffer Bruner** (born **Judith Ann Neuffer**; June 13, 1948 - December 13, 2022) was an American naval aviator and NASA manager.
## Overview
Bruner was the first woman to serve as a P-3 pilot in the United States Navy. She was part of the first group of women to receive orders for Navy Flight Training in 1973 and was second to earn her pilot\'s wings. She served as a senior manager at NASA\'s Goddard Space Flight Center, where she led numerous large programs.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Judith Neuffer was born on June 13, 1948, in Wooster, Ohio. Influenced in part by her father, a WWII P-38 pilot and post-war airport manager, she began accompanying her father to work during the summer at age 11. She began flight lessons at the age of 15 in a Piper Cub airplane, successfully completing a solo flight in it at age 16. In 1966, Bruner enrolled at Ohio State University where she obtained a bachelor\'s degree in computer science. She enlisted at the end of her junior year and was commissioned following her graduation in 1970.
## Military career {#military_career}
The United States Navy first offered official flight training to women in 1973. Orders were cut for eight female pilots; Bruner and five others went on to earn their wings. Ensign Wayne Jennings and Ensign John Costas were her primary flight instructors. She became the first woman to solo fly a US Navy aircraft, a T-34B Mentor, on May 10, 1973. Though female flight training was at the time limited to the use of non-combat aircraft, Bruner was assigned to the P-3 aircraft - commonly used for submarine patrol and weather surveillance - at her request. During her Navy flying career, Bruner logged several thousand hours piloting the P-3, becoming the first female P-3 Aircraft Commander and the first woman to pilot an aircraft through the eye of a hurricane.
Bruner served a total of 28 years in the US Navy. During her 10 years on active duty, she conducted flying assignments and a tour at The US Pentagon. She then transferred to the Naval Reserve. For the remainder of her career, she held three Commanding Officer positions and also served as the Director of the Navy\'s Science and Technology Reserve Program. She retired from the US Navy in 1998 having attained the rank of captain.
## Aerospace career {#aerospace_career}
Bruner began her career with NASA in 1981, working first as a contractor for UNISYS Corporation as a Senior Systems Analyst on the Hubble Space Telescope mission. She formally joined NASA in 1989, working for two years as the ground system Implementation Manager on the Earth Observing System satellite missions. She was then selected to head the Spacecraft Control Center Branch. In this capacity, she was assigned the responsibility for the development and implementation of all satellite control centers for missions at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, Maryland. Bruner concurrently earned her M.S. Degree from the George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences in 1995.
In 1997, she was assigned to Goddard Space Flight Center\'s Directors Staff, serving in various capacities, including Acting Director of NASA\'s IV & V facility in West Virginia, and Program Manager for the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission. When the Space Shuttle Columbia accident occurred in February 2003, Bruner served as the GSFC point of contact for the investigation. She was also the focal point of GSFC\'s support of NASA\'s subsequent Return to Flight. Bruner was the Director of the Safety and Mission Assurance Directorate at Goddard Space Flight Center.
## Awards
Bruner received several Navy awards, including four Meritorious Service Medals and the Navy Commendation Medal.
During her tenure at NASA, she received the Exceptional Service Medal, the Exceptional Achievement Medal, the Outstanding Leadership Medal, and the Outstanding Management Award.
In 2014, she received the Katharine Wright Memorial Trophy 'for over 40 years of distinguished and historic contributions' to aviation.
| 666 |
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| 0 |
11,113,346 |
# Judith Neuffer
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bruner married Clarence Thomas Bruner and had two step-children.
## Death
Bruner died on December 13, 2022, in Annapolis, Maryland and then interred at Arlington National Cemetery on June 14th, 2024
| 38 |
Judith Neuffer
| 1 |
11,113,372 |
# Eva Condon
**Eva Condon** (1880--1956) was an actress of the Broadway stage and vaudeville, from the early to mid 20th century.
## Stage career {#stage_career}
She resolved to pursue acting at the age of 16. Condon graduated from Hunter College before becoming an understudy in the John Drew Jr. company for several seasons. Her ambition was to excel in high comedy. Her first appearance was in Columbia, South Carolina in *A Single Man*. She portrayed a villainess in a Thais Lawton role.
Condon acted in *Too Many Cooks* at the 39th Street Theater in February 1914. This was her favorite theatrical production. Written by Frank Craven, the comedy featured its author in the part of the home builder. The following October she was in *The Moneymakers* at the Booth Theatre on Broadway. The play was written by Charles Klein who was once in the British Army and helped protect Westminster Abbey.
In 1930--31 Condon played the role of Mrs. Amos Evans in the touring production of *Strange Interlude*, a nine-act, Pulitzer Prize winning play by Eugene O\'Neill. At the American Theater in St. Louis, Missouri Condon was with a troupe that performed *You Can\'t Take It with You* in November 1938. She had the role of *Penny*, the playwriting mother. Clarence Oliver headed a cast which was replete with some of Broadway\'s best actors.
In 1947 she appeared as a nun in an orphanage opposite Victor Mature in Henry Hathaway\'s Kiss of Death (1947).
She appeared with Katharine Cornell and Tyrone Power in *The Dark Is Light Enough* in 1955.
In vaudeville Condon paired with Florence Nash. In motion pictures she performed with Madge Kennedy.
## Select theatre credits {#select_theatre_credits}
- 1910: *The Other Fellow*
- 1912: *C.O.D
| 289 |
Eva Condon
| 0 |
11,113,391 |
# WCHT
**WCHT** (600 AM) is a conservative talk radio radio station licensed to Escanaba, Michigan, with a power output of 570 watts during the day and 134 watts night, covering much of the central Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The station is owned by AMC Partners, LLC, doing business as the *Radio Results Network* and broadcasts from studios on Ludington Avenue in Downtown Escanaba. Its programming is also simulcasted on FM translator **W228DQ**, licensed to Escanaba at 93.5 MHz, with an effective radiated power of 250 watts.
## Programming
Weekdays on WCHT begin with *The Fox News Rundown* from Fox News Radio followed by *This Morning, America\'s First News with Gordon Deal*. From 9am to Noon, the station airs the Steve Gruber Show, a statewide conservative talk show originating from WJIM in Lansing, Michigan. On Wednesdays, the show is preempted for the local *Shoreline Shopping Show* program.
The rest of the day, nationally syndicated programs include *The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, The Sean Hannity Show, \[\[The Mark Levin Show\], The Ramsey Show* with Dave Ramsey, and *Fox Sports Radio*.
On weekends, WCHT air specialty shows on health, money, technology, the outdoors, farming and home repair. Weekend syndicated programs include *The Kim Komando Show* and *Peter Greenberg\'s Eye on Travel*, as well as repeats of weekday shows.
WCHT airs play-by-play sports coverage of the Detroit Pistons and Detroit Red Wings. Local high school sports and Northern Michigan University athletics are also heard on the station.
National and international news updates come from FOX News Radio and statewide news from the Michigan News Network. WCHT is also airs financial reports from CNBC and weather reports from television station WJMN-TV.
## History
WCHT first began broadcasting under the WLST call sign in 1958, and then became WBDN around 1971. WBDN programmed adult contemporary music throughout the 1970s and then went country around 1979, keeping that format until late 1986, when the station switched formats to oldies under the WCHT calls (with the call letters standing for classic hits). For a short period of time, WCHT\'s current news talk format was simulcast on the FM band on WMXG
| 356 |
WCHT
| 0 |
11,113,400 |
# Only a Suggestion
***\...Only a Suggestion*** is the debut studio album by the stoner rock band Hermano. It was released by Tee Pee Records with a sampler of other bands such as High on Fire and Black NASA
| 39 |
Only a Suggestion
| 0 |
11,113,418 |
# Committees of Poor Peasants
In Soviet-ruled Russia the Bolshevik authorities established **Committees of Poor \[Peasants\]** (*Комитеты Бедноты*, *komitety bednoty* or *комбеды*, *kombedy*, commonly rendered in English as **kombeds**) during the second half of 1918 as local institutions bringing together impoverished peasants to advance government policy. The committees had as their primary task grain requisitioning on behalf of the Soviet state; they also distributed manufactured goods in rural areas. After 1918 many of the Committees of Poor Peasants were disbanded, though they remained strong in some areas including Ukraine where they were known as **Committees of Unwealthy Peasants** (**komnezam** or **komnezamozhi**).
## Institutional history {#institutional_history}
### Establishment
By the spring of 1918, a situation of chronic food shortage existed in the cities of Soviet Russia and urban manufacturing threatened to grind to a halt. Local village assemblies were insufficient to the task of gathering foodstuffs for the cities, a crisis which the Bolsheviks attributed to the domination of local government by wealthy opponents of the new regime.
A new \"class war\" was desired in the village to empower the rural poor in support of the Soviet regime. According to Bolshevik doctrine, the Russian peasantry was divided into three categories: poor peasants (*bednyaks*), individuals who were forced to sell their labor to others to survive and were thus regarded as natural allies of the new Soviet regime; \"middle\" peasants (*serednyaks*), who conducted farming operations on their own land with their own labor; and wealthy peasants (*kulaks*), who profited through the hired labor of others.
On June 11, 1918, the People\'s Commissariat for Food Supplies (Narkomprod) of Soviet Russia was instructed by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets to establish a new institution to assist it in gathering foodstuffs for the country\'s hungry cities, the Committees of Poor Peasants.
Membership in these kombeds was to be denied to all wealthy peasants as well as to those who hired labor or held surplus grain.
The kombeds were given the task of helping to locate and confiscate surplus grain from other peasants of that same village. The groups were also placed in charge of the distribution of food, manufactured commodities, and those limited agricultural implements that were available to the members of the village. This activity inevitably brought the members of the kombed into conflict with others in the village from whom grain was taken.
### Nature
In the view of many experts, the kombeds were doomed by a poor understanding of the true essence of the soviet peasantry. In the view of historian Orlando Figes:
> \"Most villages thought of themselves as farming communities of equal members related by kin---they often called themselves a \'peasant family\'---and as such were hostile to the idea of a separate body for the poor. They either failed to elect a kombed, leaving it to outside agitators, or else set up one which every peasant joined on the grounds that all the villagers were poor. \... The poor peasants were simply not aware of themselves as \'proletarians\'. They all thought of themselves as fellow villagers and looked at the efforts of the Bolsheviks to split them with suspicion and hostility.\
> \"Consequently, most of the *kombedy* were set up by elements from outside the commune. These were not the poor peasant farmers but immigrant townsmen and soldiers, landless craftsmen, and laborers excluded from the land commune. \... Disconnected from the peasant commune, upon which all rural government depended, they were unable to carry out their tasks without resort to violence. They requisitioned private property, made illegal arrests, vandalized churches, and generally terrorized the peasants. It was more like a local mafia than an organ of the Soviet state.\"
Figes`{{Unreliable source?|reason=Figes has repeatedly been accused of being an unethical and "inventive" historian. More reliable sources are needed here.|date=March 2018}}`{=mediawiki} notes that many members of these kombeds were quick to resort to such brutality in the \"desperate struggle to procure foodstuffs and military supplies\" and that they sometimes were a means for local officials to \"operate networks of corruption and extortion from the peasantry.\"
The vast majority of members of the Committees of Poor Peasants were not affiliated with the Communist Party, with a majority categorized as \"non-Party\" individuals and a small minority listed in official records as \"sympathetic\" to the party. Most were supportive of the 1917 revolution, however, and many saw themselves as \"true representatives of the people\'s government\" and sought to carry out their assigned duties loyally.
### Disestablishment and legacy {#disestablishment_and_legacy}
In the fall of 1918, the need of the Soviet state to forge closer relations with the peasantry in the face of the Russian Civil War and a desire to eliminate the emerging \"dual power\" in each village between kombed and village soviet led to pressure for the abolition of the kombeds and the transfer of their functions to the village soviets.
In addition to alienating the overwhelming masses of the peasantry from the Soviet state through their often abusive methods of grain seizure, the kombeds additionally came to be seen as an institution which usurped the authority of the regular institutions of soviet government, the village soviets.
On December 2, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets decreed the amalgamation of the kombeds with the village soviets. The kombeds were thereby effectively eliminated in Russia by late in the spring of 1919. In Ukraine kombeds existed until after the NEP.
Although their establishment was brief, lasting less than a year, the number of kombeds established in Soviet Russia was vast and their influence in 1918--1919 was pervasive. According to Soviet historian V.R. Garasimiuk, a total of 131,637 kombeds were established in the various provinces of Soviet Russia in this period
| 951 |
Committees of Poor Peasants
| 0 |
11,113,420 |
# Robert John (photographer)
**Robert John** (born November 10, 1961, in Birmingham, Alabama) is an American music photographer. He was the primary photographer for the hard rock band Guns N\' Roses for almost two decades.
## Biography
Born in Birmingham, Alabama on November 10, 1961, John moved to California with his parents when he was three years old. In his youth, he had a racing career that ended after an injury to his back and the death of his father.
In 1982, John started as a professional photographer in the music industry by shooting W.A.S.P., London, LA Guns and Hollywood Rose. When the latter became Guns N\' Roses, John worked with them and became their exclusive photographer when the band was signed to Geffen Records. Currently he is staff photographer at Twisted South Magazine and Evel Knievel Enterprises.
In 2003, John sued Guns N\' Roses frontman Axl Rose for breach of contract over photos that John had been taking of the band since 1985. He later established an online video channel dedicated to the band.
In 2014 , John married his wife Lori Moody, born and raised in Downey, Ca. He has two step sons; Kenny And Christian Perez .
## Clients
### Music
- Alice Cooper
- Asia
- Eric Clapton
- Ozzy Osbourne
- Elton John
- Backstreet Boys
- The Rolling Stones
- The Cult
- London
- Aerosmith
- Jane\'s Addiction
- Faith No More
- Marilyn Manson
- Sepultura
- W.A.S.P.
- London
- LA Guns
- Guns N\' Roses (originally photographed them as Hollywood Rose)
- became the band\'s exclusive photographer when the band signed to Geffen Records
- authored one book entitled *Guns N\' Roses: The Photographic History*
- photography appears in a Guns N\' Roses pinball machine
- appeared in:
- *Appetite For Destruction: The Days of Guns N\' Roses* by Danny Sugerman
- *Hollywood Rocks!* on Cleopatra Records.
- cameo appearances in some Guns N\' Roses music videos
- featured on TV in:
- VH1\'s *Behind The Music*
- a BBC documentary called *Guns N\' Roses: The Photographic History* (named after John\'s book) by Indigo Productions
- Bio. Guns N\' Roses - Biography.
- Motörhead
- albums
- *Inferno*
- *Kiss of Death*
- *Motörizer*
- *The Wörld Is Yours*
- *Aftershock*
- photographed the tours that supported those releases
#### Record labels {#record_labels}
- Geffen Records
- Sony BMG, Universal Records
- Warner Bros
| 404 |
Robert John (photographer)
| 0 |
11,113,438 |
# WCHW-FM
**WCHW-FM** (91.3 FM) is a high school radio station. Licensed to Bay City, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1973. The station broadcasts in mono. It broadcasts from a 124-foot antenna located at Central High School on Columbus Avenue in the east side of Bay City.
Programming on WCHW, generally an Album Oriented Rock format, is shared by students at Bay City Central High School and Bay City Western High School during the day on days when school is in session especially between the times of 9-10am. During nighttime hours, weekends and student holidays, programming from North Carolina\'s WCPE-FM can be heard instead
| 105 |
WCHW-FM
| 0 |
11,113,447 |
# Bob Buck (sportscaster)
**Robert Buck** (May 25, 1938--January 22, 1996) was an American sportscaster and sports director. He was the younger brother of St. Louis Cardinals radio broadcaster Jack Buck and was the uncle of national television sportscaster Joe Buck. Early in his career, Buck was a sportscaster for NBC Radio. He moved to St. Louis, becoming Sports Director for KMOX/KMOV-TV from 1972 to1979 and also served as a sports reporter at the station from 1976 to 1982.
From 1985 to 1996, Buck was Sports Director for WIKY AM/FM radio in Evansville, Indiana, where he also provided play-by-play coverage of University of Evansville basketball, football, soccer, and baseball.
Bob Buck had one daughter (Colleen) and three grandchildren (Robert, Jerry, and Natalie)
| 122 |
Bob Buck (sportscaster)
| 0 |
11,113,467 |
# Butanone (data page)
This page provides supplementary chemical data on butanone.
## Material Safety Data Sheet {#material_safety_data_sheet}
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
- [SIRI](https://web.archive.org/web/20070630043133/http://siri.org/msds/index.php)
- [Fisher Scientific](https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/95495.htm)
- [Science Stuff](https://web.archive.org/web/20081012032826/http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C2108.html)
## Structure and properties {#structure_and_properties}
\| Structure and properties
-----------------------------
Index of refraction, *n*~D~
Abbe number
Dielectric constant, ε~r~
Bond strength
Bond length
Bond angle
Magnetic susceptibility
Surface tension
Viscosity
## Thermodynamic properties {#thermodynamic_properties}
+------------------------------------+
| \| Phase behavior |
+====================================+
| Triple point |
+------------------------------------+
| Critical point |
+------------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of fusion, Δ~fus~*H*^o^ |
+------------------------------------+
| Std entropy change\ |
| of fusion, Δ~fus~*S*^o^ |
+------------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of vaporization, Δ~vap~*H*^o^ |
+------------------------------------+
| Std entropy change\ |
| of vaporization, Δ~vap~*S*^o^ |
+------------------------------------+
| \| Solid properties |
+------------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of formation, Δ~f~*H*^o^~solid~ |
+------------------------------------+
| Standard molar entropy,\ |
| *S*^o^~solid~ |
+------------------------------------+
| Heat capacity, *c~p~* |
+------------------------------------+
| \| Liquid properties |
+------------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of formation, Δ~f~*H*^o^~liquid~ |
+------------------------------------+
| Standard molar entropy,\ |
| *S*^o^~liquid~ |
+------------------------------------+
| Enthalpy of combustion, Δ~c~*H*^o^ |
+------------------------------------+
| Heat capacity, *c~p~* |
+------------------------------------+
| \| Gas properties |
+------------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of formation, Δ~f~*H*^o^~gas~ |
+------------------------------------+
| Standard molar entropy,\ |
| *S*^o^~gas~ |
+------------------------------------+
| Heat capacity, *c~p~* |
+------------------------------------+
| |
+------------------------------------+
## Vapor pressure of liquid {#vapor_pressure_of_liquid}
------------------- -------- -------- ----- ------ ------ ------
\| **P in mm Hg** 1 10 40 100 400 760
\| **T in °C** --48.3 --17.7 6.0 25.0 60.0 79.6
------------------- -------- -------- ----- ------ ------ ------
Table data obtained from *CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics* 44th ed
| 313 |
Butanone (data page)
| 0 |
11,113,475 |
# Jan Roskam
**Jan Roskam** (February 22, 1930 -- September 9, 2022) was a Dutch-born American aircraft designer. He was the Deane E. Ackers Distinguished Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Kansas. He was also the author of eleven books on airplane design and flight dynamics and over 160 papers on the topics of aircraft aerodynamics, performance, design and flight controls. He founded the company DARcorporation with Willem Anemaat.
## Biography
### Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in The Hague on February 22, 1930, Roskam received his engineer\'s degree in aeronautical engineering in 1954 from the Delft University of Technology followed by a Ph.D. degree from the University of Washington in aeronautics and astronautics in 1965.
### Professional career {#professional_career}
Roskam has been involved in the design and development of 36 aircraft programs, including 12 which made it to flight, while working for three major aircraft companies. He was actively involved in design and development of the Boeing SST, Cessna Citation I, and Learjet 35. He also acted as a consultant on the Boeing 747. He was particularly proud of his work on the Piaggio P-180 Avanti.`{{fact|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
### Work on the Piaggio P-180 Avanti {#work_on_the_piaggio_p_180_avanti}
In 1967 he became a Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Kansas. He served as chairman of the department from 1972 to 1976 and was recognized as the Ackers Distinguished Professor of Aerospace Engineering from 1974 until his retirement in 2003. During his time at the university he continued to serve as a member of various advisory committees to NASA and was a member of the X-29 future applications committee. He was involved in founding the Aerospace Short Course program at the University of Kansas in 1977, which has grown into a center for aerospace professional development and training, and he still teaches for the program.`{{fact|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
In 1991, Roskam co-founded the Design, Analysis and Research Corporation (DARcorporation) with Willem Anemaat in Lawrence, Kansas. He served as the company\'s president until 2004. The main focus of the company is design consultation, software and textbooks in the aviation field. The company developed its own aircraft design software, Advanced Aircraft Analysis (AAA), as well as a second design program for a NASA Small Business Innovative Research contract.
In 2002 he published *Roskam\'s Airplane War Stories* a collection of stories about airplane design and analysis and engineering mistakes that were made. Many of the stories are based on his own experiences and have previously been used to demonstrate to young engineers that \"when we make mistakes, we kill people\". Roskam has written eleven books on airplane design and flight dynamics.
Shortly before his retirement in 2003, Roskam received the Chancellor\'s Club Award for his career in teaching, recognizing his exceptional teaching history. His former students include Alan Mulally, former president and CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Mulally calls Roskam one of his heroes and notes that he learned important skills such as team-building during Roskam\'s courses. Roskam is also credited with helping Mulally get his first job at Boeing.
The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics honored him with the AIAA Aircraft Design Award in 2007. The award is given each year for advancements in the area of aircraft design, in Roskam\'s case the award was to recognize his lifetime contribution to the fields of airplane and configuration design and education.
### Death
Roskam died on September 9, 2022, at the age of 92.
## Works
### Books
- ***Airplane Design***
:\* *Part I: Preliminary Sizing of Airplanes* (1985)
:\* *Part II: Preliminary Configuration Design and Integration of the Propulsion System* (1985)
:\* *Part III: Layout Design of Cockpit, Fuselage, Wing and Empennage: Cutaways and Inboard Profiles* (1986)
:\* *Part IV: Layout of Landing Gear and Systems* (1986)
:\* *Part V: Component Weight Estimation* (1985)
:\* *Part VI: Preliminary Calculation of Aerodynamic, Thrust and Power Characteristics* (1987)
:\* *Part VII: Determination of Stability, Control and Performance Characteristics: FAR and Military Requirements* (1986)
:\* *Part VIII: Airplane Cost Estimation: Design, Development, Manufacturing and Operating* (1990)
- *Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automated Flight Controls I-II* (1995)
- *Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance* with Dr. Chuan-Tau Edward Lan (1997)
- *Roskam\'s Airplane War Stories: An Account of the Professional Life and Work of Dr. Jan Roskam, Airplane Designer and Teacher* (2002)
- *Lessons Learned in Aircraft Design* (2007)
| 722 |
Jan Roskam
| 0 |
11,113,475 |
# Jan Roskam
## Awards
- AIAA Piper Award (1986) for \"outstanding contributions to the design of general aviation airplanes as an author, educator, consultant and researcher\"
- AIAA Atwood Award (1987) for \"outstanding contributions in aerospace education particularly in the areas of design and flight dynamics, and for his contributions to the understanding of interior noise transmission, the development of three surface aircraft and the use of natural laminar flow\"
- Chancellor\'s Club Career Teaching Award (2003)
- AIAA Aircraft Design Award (2007) for \"lifetime achievement in airplane design, airplane design education, configuration design, and flight dynamics education\"
- Higuchi/Endowment Research Achievement Award
- Ned N
| 107 |
Jan Roskam
| 1 |
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