carlosejimenez/wikitext__wikitext-103-raw-v1__train__clustering-1000

tokens list	idx int64 0 894k	text stringlengths 316 895	cluster int64 0 999
[ "terrorists", "with", "zombies", ",", "brooks", "said", ":", "=", "=", "reception", "=", "=", "reviews", "for", "the", "novel", "have", "been", "generally", "positive", ".", "gilbert", "cruz", "of", "entertainment", "weekly", "gave", "the", "novel", "an", "\"", "a", "\"", "rating", ",", "commenting", "that", "the", "novel", "shared", "with", "great", "zombie", "stories", "the", "use", "of", "a", "central", "metaphor", ",", "describing", "it", "as", "\"", "an", "addict", "##ively", "read", "##able", "oral", "history", ".", "\"", "steven", "h", ".", "silver", "identified", "brooks", "'", "international", "focus", "as", "the", "novel", "'", "s", "greatest", "strength", "and", "commented", "favorably", "on", "brooks", "'", "ability", "to", "create", "an", "appreciation", "for", "the", "work", "needed", "to", "combat", "a", "global", "zombie", "outbreak", ".", "silver", "'", "s", "only", "complaint", "was", "with", "\"", "good", "@", "-", "@", "bye", "##s", "\"", "—", "the", "final", "chapter", "—", "in", "which", "characters", "get" ]	2,800	terrorists with zombies , brooks said : = = reception = = reviews for the novel have been generally positive . gilbert cruz of entertainment weekly gave the novel an " a " rating , commenting that the novel shared with great zombie stories the use of a central metaphor , describing it as " an addict ##ively read ##able oral history . " steven h . silver identified brooks ' international focus as the novel ' s greatest strength and commented favorably on brooks ' ability to create an appreciation for the work needed to combat a global zombie outbreak . silver ' s only complaint was with " good @ - @ bye ##s " — the final chapter — in which characters get	834
[ "a", "chance", "to", "give", "a", "final", "closing", "statement", ".", "silver", "felt", "that", "it", "was", "not", "always", "apparent", "who", "the", "sun", "##dry", ",", "und", "##iff", "##ere", "##nti", "##ated", "characters", "were", ".", "the", "eagle", "described", "the", "book", "as", "being", "\"", "unlike", "any", "other", "zombie", "tale", "\"", "as", "it", "is", "\"", "sufficiently", "terrifying", "for", "most", "readers", ",", "and", "not", "always", "in", "a", "blood", "@", "-", "@", "and", "@", "-", "@", "guts", "way", ",", "either", ".", "\"", "keith", "phi", "##pps", "of", "the", "a", ".", "v", ".", "club", "stated", "that", "the", "format", "of", "the", "novel", "makes", "it", "difficult", "for", "it", "to", "develop", "momentum", ",", "but", "found", "the", "novel", "'", "s", "individual", "episodes", "gripping", ".", "patrick", "daily", "of", "the", "chicago", "reader", "said", "the", "novel", "trans", "##cend", "##s", "the", "\"", "si", "##llin", "##ess" ]	2,801	a chance to give a final closing statement . silver felt that it was not always apparent who the sun ##dry , und ##iff ##ere ##nti ##ated characters were . the eagle described the book as being " unlike any other zombie tale " as it is " sufficiently terrifying for most readers , and not always in a blood @ - @ and @ - @ guts way , either . " keith phi ##pps of the a . v . club stated that the format of the novel makes it difficult for it to develop momentum , but found the novel ' s individual episodes gripping . patrick daily of the chicago reader said the novel trans ##cend ##s the " si ##llin ##ess	878
[ "\"", "of", "the", "zombie", "survival", "guide", "by", "\"", "touching", "on", "deeper", ",", "more", "somber", "aspects", "of", "the", "human", "condition", ".", "\"", "in", "his", "review", "for", "time", "out", "chicago", ",", "pete", "coco", "declared", "that", "\"", "[", "b", "]", "ending", "horror", "to", "the", "form", "of", "alternative", "history", "would", "have", "been", "novel", "in", "and", "of", "itself", ".", "doing", "so", "in", "the", "mode", "of", "stud", "##s", "ter", "##kel", "might", "constitute", "brilliance", ".", "\"", "ron", "currie", "jr", ".", "named", "world", "war", "z", "one", "of", "his", "favorite", "apocalyptic", "novels", "and", "praised", "brooks", "for", "illustrating", "\"", "the", "ta", "##cit", "agreement", "between", "writer", "and", "reader", "that", "is", "essential", "to", "the", "success", "of", "stories", "about", "the", "end", "of", "the", "world", ".", ".", ".", "[", "both", "]", "agree", "to", "pretend", "that", "this", "is", "not", "fiction", "," ]	2,802	" of the zombie survival guide by " touching on deeper , more somber aspects of the human condition . " in his review for time out chicago , pete coco declared that " [ b ] ending horror to the form of alternative history would have been novel in and of itself . doing so in the mode of stud ##s ter ##kel might constitute brilliance . " ron currie jr . named world war z one of his favorite apocalyptic novels and praised brooks for illustrating " the ta ##cit agreement between writer and reader that is essential to the success of stories about the end of the world . . . [ both ] agree to pretend that this is not fiction ,	835
[ "that", "in", "fact", "the", "horrific", "tales", "of", "a", "war", "between", "humans", "and", "zombies", "are", "based", "in", "reality", ".", "\"", "drew", "taylor", "of", "the", "fairfield", "county", "weekly", "credited", "world", "war", "z", "with", "making", "zombies", "more", "popular", "in", "mainstream", "society", ".", "the", "hardcover", "version", "of", "world", "war", "z", "spent", "four", "weeks", "on", "the", "new", "york", "times", "best", "seller", "list", ",", "peaking", "at", "number", "nine", ".", "by", "november", "2011", ",", "according", "to", "publishers", "weekly", ",", "world", "war", "z", "had", "sold", "one", "million", "copies", "in", "all", "formats", ".", "=", "=", "audio", "##book", "=", "=", "random", "house", "published", "an", "ab", "##ridge", "##d", "audio", "##book", "in", "2007", ",", "directed", "by", "john", "mc", "el", "##roy", "and", "produced", "by", "dan", "z", "##itt", ",", "with", "sound", "editing", "by", "charles", "de", "monte", "##bell", "##o", ".", "the" ]	2,803	that in fact the horrific tales of a war between humans and zombies are based in reality . " drew taylor of the fairfield county weekly credited world war z with making zombies more popular in mainstream society . the hardcover version of world war z spent four weeks on the new york times best seller list , peaking at number nine . by november 2011 , according to publishers weekly , world war z had sold one million copies in all formats . = = audio ##book = = random house published an ab ##ridge ##d audio ##book in 2007 , directed by john mc el ##roy and produced by dan z ##itt , with sound editing by charles de monte ##bell ##o . the	903
[ "book", "is", "read", "by", "brooks", "but", "includes", "other", "actors", "taking", "on", "the", "roles", "of", "the", "many", "individual", "characters", "who", "are", "interviewed", "in", "the", "novel", ".", "brooks", "'", "previous", "career", "in", "voice", "acting", "and", "voice", "@", "-", "@", "over", "work", "meant", "he", "could", "recommend", "a", "large", "number", "of", "the", "cast", "members", ".", "on", "may", "14", ",", "2013", ",", "random", "house", "audio", "released", "a", "length", "##ier", "audio", "##book", "titled", "world", "war", "z", ":", "the", "complete", "edition", "(", "movie", "tie", "@", "-", "@", "in", "edition", ")", ":", "an", "oral", "history", "of", "the", "zombie", "war", ".", "it", "contains", "the", "entirety", "of", "the", "original", ",", "ab", "##ridge", "##d", "audio", "##book", ",", "as", "well", "as", "new", "recordings", "of", "each", "missing", "segment", ".", "a", "separate", ",", "additional", "audio", "##book", "containing", "only", "the", "new" ]	2,804	book is read by brooks but includes other actors taking on the roles of the many individual characters who are interviewed in the novel . brooks ' previous career in voice acting and voice @ - @ over work meant he could recommend a large number of the cast members . on may 14 , 2013 , random house audio released a length ##ier audio ##book titled world war z : the complete edition ( movie tie @ - @ in edition ) : an oral history of the zombie war . it contains the entirety of the original , ab ##ridge ##d audio ##book , as well as new recordings of each missing segment . a separate , additional audio ##book containing only the new	749
[ "recordings", "not", "found", "in", "the", "original", "audio", "##book", "was", "released", "simultaneously", "as", "world", "war", "z", ":", "the", "lost", "files", ":", "a", "companion", "to", "the", "ab", "##ridge", "##d", "edition", ".", "*", "una", "##bridge", "##d", "edition", "in", "her", "review", "of", "the", "audio", "##book", "for", "strange", "horizons", ",", "si", "##ob", "##han", "carroll", "called", "the", "story", "\"", "gripping", "\"", "and", "found", "the", "listening", "experience", "ev", "##oca", "##tive", "of", "orson", "welles", "'", "s", "famous", "radio", "narration", "of", "the", "war", "of", "the", "worlds", "(", "broadcast", "october", "30", ",", "1938", ")", ".", "carroll", "had", "mixed", "opinions", "on", "the", "voice", "acting", ",", "com", "##men", "##ding", "it", "as", "\"", "solid", "and", "under", "##sta", "##ted", ",", "mer", "##ciful", "##ly", "free", "of", "'", "special", "effects", "'", "and", "'", "scenery", "chewing", "'", "overall", "\"", ",", "but", "lame", "##nting" ]	2,805	recordings not found in the original audio ##book was released simultaneously as world war z : the lost files : a companion to the ab ##ridge ##d edition . * una ##bridge ##d edition in her review of the audio ##book for strange horizons , si ##ob ##han carroll called the story " gripping " and found the listening experience ev ##oca ##tive of orson welles ' s famous radio narration of the war of the worlds ( broadcast october 30 , 1938 ) . carroll had mixed opinions on the voice acting , com ##men ##ding it as " solid and under ##sta ##ted , mer ##ciful ##ly free of ' special effects ' and ' scenery chewing ' overall " , but lame ##nting	684
[ "what", "she", "perceived", "as", "und", "##ue", "cheer", "##iness", "on", "the", "part", "of", "max", "brooks", "and", "ina", "##uth", "##ent", "##ici", "##ty", "in", "steve", "park", "'", "s", "chinese", "accent", ".", "publishers", "weekly", "also", "criticized", "brooks", "'", "narration", ",", "but", "found", "that", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "\"", "all", "@", "-", "@", "star", "cast", "deliver", "their", "parts", "with", "such", "fe", "##r", "##vor", "and", "intensity", "that", "listeners", "cannot", "help", "but", "em", "##path", "##ize", "with", "these", "characters", "\"", ".", "in", "an", "article", "in", "slate", "concerning", "the", "mistakes", "producers", "make", "on", "publishing", "audio", "##books", ",", "nate", "dime", "##o", "used", "world", "war", "z", "as", "an", "example", "of", "drama", "##ti", "##zation", "##s", "whose", "full", "casts", "contributed", "to", "making", "them", "\"", "great", "listen", "##s", "\"", "and", "described", "the", "book", "as", "a", "\"", "smarter", "@", "-", "@" ]	2,806	what she perceived as und ##ue cheer ##iness on the part of max brooks and ina ##uth ##ent ##ici ##ty in steve park ' s chinese accent . publishers weekly also criticized brooks ' narration , but found that the rest of the " all @ - @ star cast deliver their parts with such fe ##r ##vor and intensity that listeners cannot help but em ##path ##ize with these characters " . in an article in slate concerning the mistakes producers make on publishing audio ##books , nate dime ##o used world war z as an example of drama ##ti ##zation ##s whose full casts contributed to making them " great listen ##s " and described the book as a " smarter @ - @	683
[ "than", "@", "-", "@", "it", "@", "-", "@", "has", "@", "-", "@", "any", "@", "-", "@", "right", "@", "-", "@", "to", "@", "-", "@", "be", "zombie", "novel", "\"", ".", "the", "world", "war", "z", "audio", "##book", "won", "the", "2007", "audi", "##e", "award", "for", "multi", "@", "-", "@", "voiced", "performance", "and", "was", "nominated", "for", "audio", "##book", "of", "the", "year", ".", "=", "=", "film", "adaptation", "=", "=", "in", "june", "2006", ",", "paramount", "studios", "secured", "the", "film", "rights", "for", "world", "war", "z", "for", "brad", "pitt", "'", "s", "production", "company", ",", "plan", "b", "entertainment", ",", "to", "produce", ".", "the", "screenplay", "was", "written", "by", "j", ".", "michael", "st", "##rac", "##zyn", "##ski", ",", "with", "marc", "forster", "directing", "and", "pitt", "starring", "as", "the", "main", "character", ",", "un", "employee", "gerry", "lane", ".", "despite", "being", "the" ]	2,807	than @ - @ it @ - @ has @ - @ any @ - @ right @ - @ to @ - @ be zombie novel " . the world war z audio ##book won the 2007 audi ##e award for multi @ - @ voiced performance and was nominated for audio ##book of the year . = = film adaptation = = in june 2006 , paramount studios secured the film rights for world war z for brad pitt ' s production company , plan b entertainment , to produce . the screenplay was written by j . michael st ##rac ##zyn ##ski , with marc forster directing and pitt starring as the main character , un employee gerry lane . despite being the	678
[ "draft", "that", "got", "the", "film", "green", "@", "-", "@", "lit", ",", "st", "##rac", "##zyn", "##ski", "'", "s", "script", "was", "tossed", "aside", ",", "so", "that", "production", ",", "which", "was", "to", "begin", "at", "the", "start", "of", "2009", ",", "was", "delayed", "while", "the", "script", "was", "completely", "re", "@", "-", "@", "written", "by", "matthew", "michael", "car", "##nah", "##an", "to", "set", "the", "film", "in", "the", "present", ",", "leaving", "behind", "much", "of", "the", "book", "'", "s", "premise", "to", "make", "it", "more", "of", "an", "action", "film", ".", "in", "a", "2012", "interview", ",", "brooks", "claimed", "the", "film", "now", "had", "nothing", "in", "common", "with", "the", "novel", "other", "than", "the", "title", ".", "filming", "commenced", "mid", "@", "-", "@", "2011", ",", "and", "the", "film", "was", "released", "in", "june", "2013", ".", "=", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "=", "sentence", "spa" ]	2,808	draft that got the film green @ - @ lit , st ##rac ##zyn ##ski ' s script was tossed aside , so that production , which was to begin at the start of 2009 , was delayed while the script was completely re @ - @ written by matthew michael car ##nah ##an to set the film in the present , leaving behind much of the book ' s premise to make it more of an action film . in a 2012 interview , brooks claimed the film now had nothing in common with the novel other than the title . filming commenced mid @ - @ 2011 , and the film was released in june 2013 . = sentence spa ##cing = sentence spa	873
[ "##cing", "is", "the", "horizontal", "space", "between", "sentences", "in", "types", "##et", "text", ".", "it", "is", "a", "matter", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "##al", "convention", ".", "since", "the", "introduction", "of", "mo", "##vable", "@", "-", "@", "type", "printing", "in", "europe", ",", "various", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "conventions", "have", "been", "used", "in", "languages", "with", "a", "latin", "alphabet", ".", "these", "include", "a", "normal", "word", "space", "(", "as", "between", "the", "words", "in", "a", "sentence", ")", ",", "a", "single", "enlarged", "space", ",", "and", "two", "full", "spaces", ".", "until", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "publishing", "houses", "and", "printers", "in", "many", "countries", "used", "additional", "space", "between", "sentences", ".", "there", "were", "exceptions", "to", "this", "traditional", "spa", "##cing", "method", "—", "some", "printers", "used", "spa", "##cing", "between", "sentences", "that", "was", "no", "wider", "than", "word", "spa", "##cing", ".", "this", "was", "french", "spa" ]	2,809	##cing is the horizontal space between sentences in types ##et text . it is a matter of ty ##po ##graphic ##al convention . since the introduction of mo ##vable @ - @ type printing in europe , various sentence spa ##cing conventions have been used in languages with a latin alphabet . these include a normal word space ( as between the words in a sentence ) , a single enlarged space , and two full spaces . until the 20th century , publishing houses and printers in many countries used additional space between sentences . there were exceptions to this traditional spa ##cing method — some printers used spa ##cing between sentences that was no wider than word spa ##cing . this was french spa	267
[ "##cing", "—", "a", "term", "synonymous", "with", "single", "@", "-", "@", "space", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "until", "the", "late", "20th", "century", ".", "with", "the", "introduction", "of", "the", "type", "##writer", "in", "the", "late", "19th", "century", ",", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", "used", "two", "spaces", "between", "sentences", "to", "mimic", "the", "style", "used", "by", "traditional", "types", "##ette", "##rs", ".", "while", "wide", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "was", "phased", "out", "in", "the", "printing", "industry", "in", "the", "mid", "@", "-", "@", "twentieth", "century", ",", "the", "practice", "continued", "on", "type", "##writer", "##s", "and", "later", "on", "computers", ".", "perhaps", "because", "of", "this", ",", "many", "modern", "sources", "now", "incorrectly", "claim", "that", "wide", "spa", "##cing", "was", "created", "for", "the", "type", "##writer", ".", "the", "desired", "or", "correct", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "is", "often", "debated", "but", "many", "sources", "now", "say", "additional", "space", "is", "not" ]	2,810	##cing — a term synonymous with single @ - @ space sentence spa ##cing until the late 20th century . with the introduction of the type ##writer in the late 19th century , ty ##pis ##ts used two spaces between sentences to mimic the style used by traditional types ##ette ##rs . while wide sentence spa ##cing was phased out in the printing industry in the mid @ - @ twentieth century , the practice continued on type ##writer ##s and later on computers . perhaps because of this , many modern sources now incorrectly claim that wide spa ##cing was created for the type ##writer . the desired or correct sentence spa ##cing is often debated but many sources now say additional space is not	286
[ "necessary", "or", "desirable", ".", "from", "around", "1950", ",", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "became", "standard", "in", "books", ",", "magazines", "and", "newspapers", "and", "the", "majority", "of", "style", "guides", "that", "use", "a", "latin", "@", "-", "@", "derived", "alphabet", "as", "a", "language", "base", "now", "pre", "##scribe", "or", "recommend", "the", "use", "of", "a", "single", "space", "after", "the", "concluding", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "of", "a", "sentence", ".", "however", ",", "some", "sources", "still", "state", "that", "additional", "spa", "##cing", "is", "correct", "or", "acceptable", ".", "the", "debate", "continues", "on", "the", "world", "wide", "web", ".", "many", "people", "prefer", "double", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "for", "informal", "use", "because", "that", "was", "how", "they", "were", "taught", "to", "type", ".", "there", "is", "a", "debate", "on", "which", "convention", "is", "more", "read", "##able", ";", "the", "few", "recent", "direct", "studies", "conducted", "since", "2002", "have", "produced" ]	2,811	necessary or desirable . from around 1950 , single sentence spa ##cing became standard in books , magazines and newspapers and the majority of style guides that use a latin @ - @ derived alphabet as a language base now pre ##scribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding pun ##ct ##uation of a sentence . however , some sources still state that additional spa ##cing is correct or acceptable . the debate continues on the world wide web . many people prefer double sentence spa ##cing for informal use because that was how they were taught to type . there is a debate on which convention is more read ##able ; the few recent direct studies conducted since 2002 have produced	259
[ "inc", "##on", "##clusive", "results", ".", "=", "=", "=", "traditional", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "=", "=", "=", "shortly", "after", "the", "invention", "of", "mo", "##vable", "type", ",", "highly", "variable", "spa", "##cing", "was", "created", "that", "could", "create", "spaces", "of", "any", "size", ",", "and", "allowed", "for", "perfectly", "even", "justification", ".", "early", "american", ",", "english", ",", "and", "other", "european", "types", "##ette", "##rs", "'", "style", "guides", "(", "also", "known", "as", "printers", "'", "rules", ")", "specified", "spa", "##cing", "standards", "that", "were", "all", "essentially", "identical", "from", "the", "18th", "century", "onwards", ".", "these", "guides", "—", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", "jacob", "##i", "in", "the", "uk", "(", "1890", ")", "and", "mack", "##ella", "##r", ",", "harp", "##el", ",", "and", "de", "vin", "##ne", "(", "1866", "–", "1901", ")", "in", "the", "u", ".", "s", ".", "—", "indicated", "that", "sentences", "should" ]	2,812	inc ##on ##clusive results . = = = traditional types ##etti ##ng = = = shortly after the invention of mo ##vable type , highly variable spa ##cing was created that could create spaces of any size , and allowed for perfectly even justification . early american , english , and other european types ##ette ##rs ' style guides ( also known as printers ' rules ) specified spa ##cing standards that were all essentially identical from the 18th century onwards . these guides — e . g . , jacob ##i in the uk ( 1890 ) and mack ##ella ##r , harp ##el , and de vin ##ne ( 1866 – 1901 ) in the u . s . — indicated that sentences should	268
[ "be", "em", "@", "-", "@", "spaced", ",", "and", "that", "words", "should", "be", "1", "/", "3", "or", "1", "/", "2", "em", "@", "-", "@", "spaced", "(", "illustration", "right", ")", ".", "the", "relative", "size", "of", "the", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "would", "vary", "depending", "on", "the", "size", "of", "the", "word", "spaces", "and", "the", "justification", "needs", ".", "for", "most", "countries", ",", "this", "remained", "the", "standard", "for", "published", "work", "until", "the", "20th", "century", ".", "yet", ",", "even", "in", "this", "period", ",", "there", "were", "publishing", "houses", "(", "notably", "in", "france", ")", "that", "used", "a", "standard", "word", "space", "between", "sentences", "—", "a", "technique", "called", "french", "spa", "##cing", "(", "illustration", "below", ")", ".", "=", "=", "=", "mechanical", "type", "and", "the", "advent", "of", "the", "type", "##writer", "=", "=", "=", "mechanical", "type", "systems", "introduced", "near", "the", "end" ]	2,813	be em @ - @ spaced , and that words should be 1 / 3 or 1 / 2 em @ - @ spaced ( illustration right ) . the relative size of the sentence spa ##cing would vary depending on the size of the word spaces and the justification needs . for most countries , this remained the standard for published work until the 20th century . yet , even in this period , there were publishing houses ( notably in france ) that used a standard word space between sentences — a technique called french spa ##cing ( illustration below ) . = = = mechanical type and the advent of the type ##writer = = = mechanical type systems introduced near the end	267
[ "of", "the", "19th", "century", ",", "such", "as", "the", "lin", "##otype", "and", "mono", "##type", "machines", ",", "allowed", "for", "some", "variable", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "similar", "to", "hand", "composition", ".", "just", "as", "these", "machines", "revolution", "##ized", "the", "mass", "production", "of", "text", ",", "the", "advent", "of", "the", "type", "##writer", "around", "the", "same", "time", "revolution", "##ized", "the", "creation", "of", "personal", "and", "business", "documents", ".", "but", "the", "type", "##writer", "##s", "'", "mechanical", "limitations", "did", "not", "allow", "variable", "spa", "##cing", "—", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", "could", "only", "choose", "the", "number", "of", "times", "they", "pressed", "the", "space", "bar", ".", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", "in", "some", "english", "@", "-", "@", "speaking", "countries", "initially", "learned", "to", "insert", "three", "spaces", "between", "sentences", "to", "approximate", "the", "wider", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "used", "in", "traditional", "printing", ",", "but", "later", "settled", "on", "two" ]	2,814	of the 19th century , such as the lin ##otype and mono ##type machines , allowed for some variable sentence spa ##cing similar to hand composition . just as these machines revolution ##ized the mass production of text , the advent of the type ##writer around the same time revolution ##ized the creation of personal and business documents . but the type ##writer ##s ' mechanical limitations did not allow variable spa ##cing — ty ##pis ##ts could only choose the number of times they pressed the space bar . ty ##pis ##ts in some english @ - @ speaking countries initially learned to insert three spaces between sentences to approximate the wider sentence spa ##cing used in traditional printing , but later settled on two	266
[ "spaces", ",", "a", "practice", "that", "continued", "throughout", "the", "20th", "century", ".", "this", "became", "known", "as", "english", "spa", "##cing", ",", "and", "marked", "a", "diver", "##gence", "from", "french", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", ",", "who", "continued", "to", "use", "french", "spa", "##cing", ".", "=", "=", "=", "transition", "to", "single", "spa", "##cing", "=", "=", "=", "in", "the", "early", "20th", "century", ",", "some", "printers", "began", "using", "one", "and", "a", "half", "inter", "##word", "spaces", "(", "an", "\"", "en", "quad", "\"", ")", "to", "separate", "sentences", ".", "this", "standard", "continued", "in", "use", ",", "to", "some", "extent", ",", "into", "the", "1990s", ".", "magazines", ",", "newspapers", ",", "and", "books", "began", "to", "adopt", "the", "single", "space", "convention", "in", "the", "united", "states", "in", "the", "1940s", "and", "in", "the", "united", "kingdom", "in", "the", "1950s", ".", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", "did", "not", "move" ]	2,815	spaces , a practice that continued throughout the 20th century . this became known as english spa ##cing , and marked a diver ##gence from french ty ##pis ##ts , who continued to use french spa ##cing . = = = transition to single spa ##cing = = = in the early 20th century , some printers began using one and a half inter ##word spaces ( an " en quad " ) to separate sentences . this standard continued in use , to some extent , into the 1990s . magazines , newspapers , and books began to adopt the single space convention in the united states in the 1940s and in the united kingdom in the 1950s . ty ##pis ##ts did not move	267
[ "to", "single", "spa", "##cing", "simultaneously", ".", "the", "average", "writer", "still", "relied", "on", "the", "type", "##writer", "to", "create", "text", "—", "with", "its", "inherent", "mechanical", "spa", "##cing", "limitations", ".", "technological", "advances", "began", "affecting", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "methods", ".", "in", "1941", ",", "ibm", "introduced", "the", "executive", ",", "a", "type", "##writer", "capable", "of", "proportional", "spa", "##cing", "—", "which", "had", "been", "used", "in", "professional", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "for", "hundreds", "of", "years", ".", "this", "innovation", "broke", "the", "hold", "that", "the", "mono", "##space", "##d", "font", "had", "on", "the", "type", "##writer", "—", "reducing", "the", "severity", "of", "its", "mechanical", "limitations", ".", "by", "the", "1960s", ",", "electronic", "photo", "##type", "##sett", "##ing", "systems", "ignored", "runs", "of", "white", "space", "in", "text", ".", "this", "was", "also", "true", "of", "the", "world", "wide", "web", ",", "as", "html", "normally", "ignores", "additional", "spa" ]	2,816	to single spa ##cing simultaneously . the average writer still relied on the type ##writer to create text — with its inherent mechanical spa ##cing limitations . technological advances began affecting sentence spa ##cing methods . in 1941 , ibm introduced the executive , a type ##writer capable of proportional spa ##cing — which had been used in professional types ##etti ##ng for hundreds of years . this innovation broke the hold that the mono ##space ##d font had on the type ##writer — reducing the severity of its mechanical limitations . by the 1960s , electronic photo ##type ##sett ##ing systems ignored runs of white space in text . this was also true of the world wide web , as html normally ignores additional spa	266
[ "##cing", ",", "although", "in", "2011", "the", "cs", "##s", "2", "@", ".", "@", "1", "standard", "officially", "added", "an", "option", "that", "can", "preserve", "additional", "spaces", ".", "in", "the", "1980s", ",", "desktop", "publishing", "software", "provided", "the", "average", "writer", "with", "more", "advanced", "format", "##ting", "tools", ".", "by", "the", "late", "20th", "century", ",", "literature", "on", "the", "written", "word", "had", "begun", "to", "adjust", "its", "guidance", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "=", "=", "modern", "literature", "=", "=", "early", "positions", "on", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "(", "the", "\"", "arrangement", "and", "appearance", "of", "text", "\"", ")", "supported", "traditional", "spa", "##cing", "techniques", "in", "english", "publications", ".", "in", "1954", ",", "geoffrey", "dow", "##ding", "'", "s", "book", ",", "finer", "points", "in", "the", "spa", "##cing", "and", "arrangement", "of", "type", ",", "under", "##sco", "##red", "the", "widespread", "shift", "from", "a", "single", "enlarged" ]	2,817	##cing , although in 2011 the cs ##s 2 @ . @ 1 standard officially added an option that can preserve additional spaces . in the 1980s , desktop publishing software provided the average writer with more advanced format ##ting tools . by the late 20th century , literature on the written word had begun to adjust its guidance on sentence spa ##cing . = = modern literature = = early positions on ty ##po ##graphy ( the " arrangement and appearance of text " ) supported traditional spa ##cing techniques in english publications . in 1954 , geoffrey dow ##ding ' s book , finer points in the spa ##cing and arrangement of type , under ##sco ##red the widespread shift from a single enlarged	266
[ "em", "space", "to", "a", "standard", "word", "space", "between", "sentences", ".", "with", "the", "advent", "of", "the", "computer", "age", ",", "ty", "##po", "##grapher", "##s", "began", "de", "##pre", "##cating", "double", "spa", "##cing", ",", "even", "in", "mono", "##space", "##d", "text", ".", "in", "1989", ",", "desktop", "publishing", "by", "design", "stated", "that", "\"", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "requires", "only", "one", "space", "after", "periods", ",", "question", "marks", ",", "ex", "##cl", "##ama", "##tion", "points", ",", "and", "colon", "##s", "\"", ",", "and", "identified", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "as", "a", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "convention", ".", "stop", "stealing", "sheep", "&", "find", "out", "how", "type", "works", "(", "1993", ")", "and", "designing", "with", "type", ":", "the", "essential", "guide", "to", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "(", "2006", ")", "both", "indicate", "that", "uniform", "spa", "##cing", "should", "be", "used", "between", "words", ",", "including", "between", "sentences" ]	2,818	em space to a standard word space between sentences . with the advent of the computer age , ty ##po ##grapher ##s began de ##pre ##cating double spa ##cing , even in mono ##space ##d text . in 1989 , desktop publishing by design stated that " types ##etti ##ng requires only one space after periods , question marks , ex ##cl ##ama ##tion points , and colon ##s " , and identified single sentence spa ##cing as a ty ##po ##graphic convention . stop stealing sheep & find out how type works ( 1993 ) and designing with type : the essential guide to ty ##po ##graphy ( 2006 ) both indicate that uniform spa ##cing should be used between words , including between sentences	267
[ ".", "more", "recent", "works", "on", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "weigh", "in", "strongly", ".", "ile", "##ne", "st", "##riz", "##ver", ",", "founder", "of", "the", "type", "studio", ",", "says", ",", "\"", "forget", "about", "to", "##ler", "##ating", "differences", "of", "opinion", ":", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "##ally", "speaking", ",", "typing", "two", "spaces", "before", "the", "start", "of", "a", "new", "sentence", "is", "absolutely", ",", "une", "##qui", "##vo", "##cal", "##ly", "wrong", ".", "\"", "the", "complete", "manual", "on", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "(", "2003", ")", "states", "that", "\"", "the", "type", "##writer", "tradition", "of", "separating", "sentences", "with", "two", "word", "spaces", "after", "a", "period", "has", "no", "place", "in", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "\"", "and", "the", "single", "space", "is", "\"", "standard", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "practice", "\"", ".", "the", "elements", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "style", "(", "2004", ")", "advocates", "a", "single", "space", "between" ]	2,819	. more recent works on ty ##po ##graphy weigh in strongly . ile ##ne st ##riz ##ver , founder of the type studio , says , " forget about to ##ler ##ating differences of opinion : ty ##po ##graphic ##ally speaking , typing two spaces before the start of a new sentence is absolutely , une ##qui ##vo ##cal ##ly wrong . " the complete manual on ty ##po ##graphy ( 2003 ) states that " the type ##writer tradition of separating sentences with two word spaces after a period has no place in types ##etti ##ng " and the single space is " standard ty ##po ##graphic practice " . the elements of ty ##po ##graphic style ( 2004 ) advocates a single space between	267
[ "sentences", ",", "noting", "that", "\"", "your", "typing", "as", "well", "as", "your", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "will", "benefit", "from", "un", "##lea", "##rn", "##ing", "this", "qu", "##aint", "[", "double", "spa", "##cing", "]", "victorian", "habit", ".", "\"", "david", "jury", "'", "s", "book", ",", "about", "face", ":", "rev", "##iving", "the", "rules", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "(", "2004", ")", "—", "published", "in", "switzerland", "—", "cl", "##ari", "##fies", "the", "contemporary", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "position", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ":", "word", "spaces", ",", "preceding", "or", "following", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", ",", "should", "be", "optical", "##ly", "adjusted", "to", "appear", "to", "be", "of", "the", "same", "value", "as", "a", "standard", "word", "space", ".", "if", "a", "standard", "word", "space", "is", "inserted", "after", "a", "full", "point", "or", "a", "com", "##ma", ",", "then", ",", "optical", "##ly", ",", "this", "produces", "a", "space" ]	2,820	sentences , noting that " your typing as well as your types ##etti ##ng will benefit from un ##lea ##rn ##ing this qu ##aint [ double spa ##cing ] victorian habit . " david jury ' s book , about face : rev ##iving the rules of ty ##po ##graphy ( 2004 ) — published in switzerland — cl ##ari ##fies the contemporary ty ##po ##graphic position on sentence spa ##cing : word spaces , preceding or following pun ##ct ##uation , should be optical ##ly adjusted to appear to be of the same value as a standard word space . if a standard word space is inserted after a full point or a com ##ma , then , optical ##ly , this produces a space	267
[ "of", "up", "to", "50", "%", "wider", "than", "that", "of", "other", "word", "spaces", "within", "a", "line", "of", "type", ".", "this", "is", "because", "these", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "marks", "carry", "space", "above", "them", ",", "which", ",", "when", "added", "to", "the", "adjacent", "standard", "word", "spaces", ",", "combines", "to", "create", "a", "visually", "larger", "space", ".", "some", "argue", "that", "the", "\"", "additional", "\"", "space", "after", "a", "com", "##ma", "and", "full", "point", "serves", "as", "a", "\"", "pause", "signal", "\"", "for", "the", "reader", ".", "but", "this", "is", "unnecessary", "(", "and", "visually", "disrupt", "##ive", ")", "since", "the", "pause", "signal", "is", "provided", "by", "the", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "mark", "itself", ".", "=", "=", "=", "style", "and", "language", "guides", "=", "=", "=", "early", "style", "guides", "for", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "used", "a", "wider", "space", "between", "sentences", "than", "between", "words" ]	2,821	of up to 50 % wider than that of other word spaces within a line of type . this is because these pun ##ct ##uation marks carry space above them , which , when added to the adjacent standard word spaces , combines to create a visually larger space . some argue that the " additional " space after a com ##ma and full point serves as a " pause signal " for the reader . but this is unnecessary ( and visually disrupt ##ive ) since the pause signal is provided by the pun ##ct ##uation mark itself . = = = style and language guides = = = early style guides for types ##etti ##ng used a wider space between sentences than between words	262
[ "–", "\"", "traditional", "spa", "##cing", "\"", ",", "as", "shown", "in", "the", "illustration", "to", "the", "right", ".", "during", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "style", "guides", "commonly", "mandated", "two", "spaces", "between", "sentences", "for", "type", "##written", "manuscripts", ",", "which", "were", "used", "prior", "to", "professionally", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "the", "work", ".", "as", "computer", "desktop", "publishing", "became", "commonplace", ",", "type", "##written", "manuscripts", "became", "less", "relevant", "and", "most", "style", "guides", "stopped", "making", "distinctions", "between", "manuscripts", "and", "final", "types", "##et", "products", ".", "in", "the", "same", "period", ",", "style", "guides", "began", "changing", "their", "guidance", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "1969", "edition", "of", "the", "chicago", "manual", "of", "style", "used", "em", "spaces", "between", "sentences", "in", "its", "text", ";", "by", "the", "2003", "edition", "it", "had", "changed", "to", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "for", "both", "manuscript", "and", "print", "." ]	2,822	– " traditional spa ##cing " , as shown in the illustration to the right . during the 20th century , style guides commonly mandated two spaces between sentences for type ##written manuscripts , which were used prior to professionally types ##etti ##ng the work . as computer desktop publishing became commonplace , type ##written manuscripts became less relevant and most style guides stopped making distinctions between manuscripts and final types ##et products . in the same period , style guides began changing their guidance on sentence spa ##cing . the 1969 edition of the chicago manual of style used em spaces between sentences in its text ; by the 2003 edition it had changed to single sentence spa ##cing for both manuscript and print .	266
[ "by", "the", "1980s", ",", "the", "united", "kingdom", "'", "s", "hart", "'", "s", "rules", "(", "1983", ")", "had", "shifted", "to", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "other", "style", "guides", "followed", "suit", "in", "the", "1990s", ".", "soon", "after", "the", "beginning", "of", "the", "21st", "century", ",", "the", "majority", "of", "style", "guides", "had", "changed", "to", "indicate", "that", "only", "one", "word", "space", "was", "proper", "between", "sentences", ".", "modern", "style", "guides", "provide", "standards", "and", "guidance", "for", "the", "written", "language", ".", "these", "works", "are", "important", "to", "writers", "since", "\"", "virtually", "all", "professional", "editors", "work", "closely", "with", "one", "of", "them", "in", "editing", "a", "manuscript", "for", "publication", ".", "\"", "late", "editions", "of", "comprehensive", "style", "guides", ",", "such", "as", "the", "oxford", "style", "manual", "(", "2003", ")", "in", "the", "united", "kingdom", "and", "the", "chicago", "manual", "of", "style", "(" ]	2,823	by the 1980s , the united kingdom ' s hart ' s rules ( 1983 ) had shifted to single sentence spa ##cing . other style guides followed suit in the 1990s . soon after the beginning of the 21st century , the majority of style guides had changed to indicate that only one word space was proper between sentences . modern style guides provide standards and guidance for the written language . these works are important to writers since " virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication . " late editions of comprehensive style guides , such as the oxford style manual ( 2003 ) in the united kingdom and the chicago manual of style (	262
[ "2010", ")", "in", "the", "united", "states", ",", "provide", "standards", "for", "a", "wide", "variety", "of", "writing", "and", "design", "topics", ",", "including", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "majority", "of", "style", "guides", "now", "pre", "##scribe", "the", "use", "of", "a", "single", "space", "after", "terminal", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "in", "final", "written", "works", "and", "publications", ".", "a", "few", "style", "guides", "allow", "double", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "for", "draft", "work", ",", "and", "the", "gregg", "reference", "manual", "makes", "room", "for", "double", "and", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "based", "on", "author", "preferences", ".", "web", "design", "guides", "do", "not", "usually", "provide", "guidance", "on", "this", "topic", ",", "as", "\"", "html", "refuses", "to", "recognize", "double", "spaces", "altogether", ".", "\"", "these", "works", "themselves", "follow", "the", "current", "publication", "standard", "of", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "european", "union", "'", "s", "inter", "##ins" ]	2,824	2010 ) in the united states , provide standards for a wide variety of writing and design topics , including sentence spa ##cing . the majority of style guides now pre ##scribe the use of a single space after terminal pun ##ct ##uation in final written works and publications . a few style guides allow double sentence spa ##cing for draft work , and the gregg reference manual makes room for double and single sentence spa ##cing based on author preferences . web design guides do not usually provide guidance on this topic , as " html refuses to recognize double spaces altogether . " these works themselves follow the current publication standard of single sentence spa ##cing . the european union ' s inter ##ins	282
[ "##ti", "##tu", "##tion", "##al", "style", "guide", "(", "2008", ")", "indicates", "that", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "is", "to", "be", "used", "in", "all", "european", "union", "publications", "—", "encompassing", "23", "languages", ".", "for", "the", "english", "language", ",", "the", "european", "commission", "'", "s", "english", "style", "guide", "(", "2010", ")", "states", "that", "sentences", "are", "always", "single", "@", "-", "@", "spaced", ".", "the", "style", "manual", ":", "for", "authors", ",", "editors", "and", "printers", "(", "2007", ")", ",", "first", "published", "in", "1966", "by", "the", "commonwealth", "government", "printing", "office", "of", "australia", ",", "st", "##ip", "##ulates", "that", "only", "one", "space", "is", "used", "after", "\"", "sentence", "@", "-", "@", "closing", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "\"", "and", "that", "\"", "programs", "for", "word", "processing", "and", "desktop", "publishing", "offer", "more", "sophisticated", ",", "variable", "spa", "##cing", ",", "so", "this", "practice", "of", "double" ]	2,825	##ti ##tu ##tion ##al style guide ( 2008 ) indicates that single sentence spa ##cing is to be used in all european union publications — encompassing 23 languages . for the english language , the european commission ' s english style guide ( 2010 ) states that sentences are always single @ - @ spaced . the style manual : for authors , editors and printers ( 2007 ) , first published in 1966 by the commonwealth government printing office of australia , st ##ip ##ulates that only one space is used after " sentence @ - @ closing pun ##ct ##uation " and that " programs for word processing and desktop publishing offer more sophisticated , variable spa ##cing , so this practice of double	262
[ "spa", "##cing", "is", "now", "avoided", "because", "it", "can", "create", "distracting", "gaps", "on", "a", "page", ".", "\"", "national", "languages", "not", "covered", "by", "an", "authoritative", "language", "academy", "typically", "have", "multiple", "style", "guides", "—", "only", "some", "of", "which", "may", "discuss", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "this", "is", "the", "case", "in", "the", "united", "kingdom", ".", "the", "oxford", "style", "manual", "(", "2003", ")", "and", "the", "modern", "humanities", "research", "association", "'", "s", "m", "##hra", "style", "guide", "(", "2002", ")", "state", "that", "only", "single", "spa", "##cing", "should", "be", "used", ".", "in", "canada", ",", "both", "the", "english", "and", "french", "language", "sections", "of", "the", "canadian", "style", ",", "a", "guide", "to", "writing", "and", "editing", "(", "1997", ")", ",", "pre", "##scribe", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "in", "the", "united", "states", ",", "many", "style", "guides", "—", "such", "as", "the" ]	2,826	spa ##cing is now avoided because it can create distracting gaps on a page . " national languages not covered by an authoritative language academy typically have multiple style guides — only some of which may discuss sentence spa ##cing . this is the case in the united kingdom . the oxford style manual ( 2003 ) and the modern humanities research association ' s m ##hra style guide ( 2002 ) state that only single spa ##cing should be used . in canada , both the english and french language sections of the canadian style , a guide to writing and editing ( 1997 ) , pre ##scribe single sentence spa ##cing . in the united states , many style guides — such as the	259
[ "chicago", "manual", "of", "style", "(", "2003", ")", "—", "allow", "only", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "most", "important", "style", "guide", "in", "italy", ",", "il", "nu", "##ovo", "manual", "##e", "di", "stil", "##e", "(", "2009", ")", ",", "does", "not", "address", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ",", "but", "the", "gui", "##da", "di", "stil", "##e", "italian", "##o", "(", "2010", ")", ",", "the", "official", "guide", "for", "microsoft", "translation", ",", "tells", "users", "to", "use", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "\"", "instead", "of", "the", "double", "spa", "##cing", "used", "in", "the", "united", "states", "\"", ".", "some", "languages", ",", "such", "as", "french", "and", "spanish", ",", "have", "academies", "that", "set", "language", "rules", ".", "their", "publications", "typically", "address", "or", "##th", "##ography", "and", "grammar", "as", "opposed", "to", "matters", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", ".", "style", "guides", "are", "less", "relevant", "for", "such", "languages" ]	2,827	chicago manual of style ( 2003 ) — allow only single sentence spa ##cing . the most important style guide in italy , il nu ##ovo manual ##e di stil ##e ( 2009 ) , does not address sentence spa ##cing , but the gui ##da di stil ##e italian ##o ( 2010 ) , the official guide for microsoft translation , tells users to use single sentence spa ##cing " instead of the double spa ##cing used in the united states " . some languages , such as french and spanish , have academies that set language rules . their publications typically address or ##th ##ography and grammar as opposed to matters of ty ##po ##graphy . style guides are less relevant for such languages	256
[ ",", "as", "their", "academies", "set", "pre", "##script", "##ive", "rules", ".", "for", "example", ",", "the", "academie", "francaise", "publishes", "the", "di", "##ction", "##naire", "de", "l", "'", "academie", "francaise", "for", "french", "speakers", "worldwide", ".", "the", "1992", "edition", "does", "not", "provide", "guidance", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ",", "but", "is", "single", "@", "-", "@", "sentence", "@", "-", "@", "spaced", "throughout", "—", "consistent", "with", "historical", "french", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "spanish", "language", "is", "similar", ".", "the", "most", "important", "body", "within", "the", "association", "of", "spanish", "language", "academies", ",", "the", "real", "academia", "es", "##pan", "##ola", ",", "publishes", "the", "di", "##cci", "##ona", "##rio", "de", "la", "len", "##gua", "es", "##pan", "##ola", ",", "which", "is", "viewed", "as", "pre", "##script", "##ive", "for", "the", "spanish", "language", "worldwide", ".", "the", "2001", "edition", "does", "not", "provide", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "guidance", "," ]	2,828	, as their academies set pre ##script ##ive rules . for example , the academie francaise publishes the di ##ction ##naire de l ' academie francaise for french speakers worldwide . the 1992 edition does not provide guidance on sentence spa ##cing , but is single @ - @ sentence @ - @ spaced throughout — consistent with historical french spa ##cing . the spanish language is similar . the most important body within the association of spanish language academies , the real academia es ##pan ##ola , publishes the di ##cci ##ona ##rio de la len ##gua es ##pan ##ola , which is viewed as pre ##script ##ive for the spanish language worldwide . the 2001 edition does not provide sentence spa ##cing guidance ,	257
[ "but", "is", "itself", "single", "sentence", "spaced", ".", "the", "german", "language", "manual", "em", "##pf", "##eh", "##lun", "##gen", "des", "rats", "fur", "deutsche", "rec", "##ht", "##sch", "##re", "##ib", "##ung", "(", "\"", "recommendations", "of", "the", "council", "for", "german", "or", "##th", "##ography", "\"", ")", "(", "2006", ")", "does", "not", "address", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "manual", "itself", "uses", "one", "space", "after", "terminal", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", ".", "additionally", ",", "the", "dude", "##n", ",", "the", "german", "language", "dictionary", "most", "commonly", "used", "in", "germany", ",", "indicates", "that", "double", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "is", "an", "error", ".", "a", "few", "reference", "grammar", "##s", "address", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ",", "as", "increased", "spa", "##cing", "between", "words", "is", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "in", "itself", ".", "most", "do", "not", ".", "grammar", "guides", "typically", "cover", "terminal", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "and", "the", "proper", "construction" ]	2,829	but is itself single sentence spaced . the german language manual em ##pf ##eh ##lun ##gen des rats fur deutsche rec ##ht ##sch ##re ##ib ##ung ( " recommendations of the council for german or ##th ##ography " ) ( 2006 ) does not address sentence spa ##cing . the manual itself uses one space after terminal pun ##ct ##uation . additionally , the dude ##n , the german language dictionary most commonly used in germany , indicates that double sentence spa ##cing is an error . a few reference grammar ##s address sentence spa ##cing , as increased spa ##cing between words is pun ##ct ##uation in itself . most do not . grammar guides typically cover terminal pun ##ct ##uation and the proper construction	262
[ "of", "sentences", "—", "but", "not", "the", "spa", "##cing", "between", "sentences", ".", "moreover", ",", "many", "modern", "grammar", "guides", "are", "designed", "for", "quick", "reference", "and", "refer", "users", "to", "comprehensive", "style", "guides", "for", "additional", "matters", "of", "writing", "style", ".", "for", "example", ",", "the", "pocket", "idiot", "'", "s", "guide", "to", "grammar", "and", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "(", "2005", ")", "points", "users", "to", "style", "guides", "such", "as", "the", "mla", "style", "manual", "for", "consistency", "in", "format", "##ting", "work", "and", "for", "all", "other", "\"", "editorial", "concerns", "\"", ".", "the", "grammar", "bible", "(", "2004", ")", "states", "that", "\"", "the", "modern", "system", "of", "english", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "is", "by", "no", "means", "simple", ".", "a", "book", "that", "covers", "all", "the", "bases", "would", "need", "to", "be", "of", "considerable", "breadth", "and", "weight", "and", "anyone", "interested", "in", "such", "a", "resource" ]	2,830	of sentences — but not the spa ##cing between sentences . moreover , many modern grammar guides are designed for quick reference and refer users to comprehensive style guides for additional matters of writing style . for example , the pocket idiot ' s guide to grammar and pun ##ct ##uation ( 2005 ) points users to style guides such as the mla style manual for consistency in format ##ting work and for all other " editorial concerns " . the grammar bible ( 2004 ) states that " the modern system of english pun ##ct ##uation is by no means simple . a book that covers all the bases would need to be of considerable breadth and weight and anyone interested in such a resource	276
[ "is", "advised", "to", "consult", "the", "chicago", "manual", "of", "style", ".", "\"", "in", "the", "computer", "era", ",", "spa", "##cing", "between", "sentences", "is", "handled", "in", "several", "different", "ways", "by", "various", "software", "packages", ".", "some", "systems", "accept", "whatever", "the", "user", "types", ",", "while", "others", "attempt", "to", "alter", "the", "spa", "##cing", ",", "or", "use", "the", "user", "input", "as", "a", "method", "of", "detecting", "sentences", ".", "computer", "@", "-", "@", "based", "word", "processors", ",", "and", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "software", "such", "as", "tr", "##off", "and", "tex", ",", "allow", "users", "to", "arrange", "text", "in", "a", "manner", "previously", "only", "available", "to", "professional", "types", "##ette", "##rs", ".", "the", "text", "editing", "environment", "in", "em", "##ac", "##s", "uses", "a", "double", "space", "following", "a", "period", "to", "identify", "the", "end", "of", "sentences", "una", "##mb", "##ig", "##uously", ";", "the", "double", "space" ]	2,831	is advised to consult the chicago manual of style . " in the computer era , spa ##cing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages . some systems accept whatever the user types , while others attempt to alter the spa ##cing , or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences . computer @ - @ based word processors , and types ##etti ##ng software such as tr ##off and tex , allow users to arrange text in a manner previously only available to professional types ##ette ##rs . the text editing environment in em ##ac ##s uses a double space following a period to identify the end of sentences una ##mb ##ig ##uously ; the double space	266
[ "convention", "prevents", "confusion", "with", "periods", "within", "sentences", "that", "sign", "##ify", "abbreviation", "##s", ".", "how", "em", "##ac", "##s", "recognizes", "the", "end", "of", "a", "sentence", "is", "controlled", "by", "the", "settings", "sentence", "@", "-", "@", "end", "@", "-", "@", "double", "@", "-", "@", "space", "and", "sentence", "@", "-", "@", "end", ".", "the", "vi", "editor", "also", "follows", "this", "convention", ";", "thus", ",", "it", "is", "relatively", "easy", "to", "manipulate", "(", "jump", "over", ",", "copy", ",", "del", "##ete", ")", "whole", "sentences", "in", "both", "em", "##ac", "##s", "and", "vi", ".", "the", "unix", "types", "##ette", "##r", "program", "tr", "##off", "uses", "two", "spaces", "to", "mark", "the", "end", "of", "a", "sentence", ".", "this", "allows", "the", "types", "##ette", "##r", "to", "distinguish", "sentence", "endings", "from", "abbreviation", "##s", "and", "to", "types", "##et", "them", "differently", ".", "early", "versions", "of", "tr" ]	2,832	convention prevents confusion with periods within sentences that sign ##ify abbreviation ##s . how em ##ac ##s recognizes the end of a sentence is controlled by the settings sentence @ - @ end @ - @ double @ - @ space and sentence @ - @ end . the vi editor also follows this convention ; thus , it is relatively easy to manipulate ( jump over , copy , del ##ete ) whole sentences in both em ##ac ##s and vi . the unix types ##ette ##r program tr ##off uses two spaces to mark the end of a sentence . this allows the types ##ette ##r to distinguish sentence endings from abbreviation ##s and to types ##et them differently . early versions of tr	279
[ "##off", ",", "which", "only", "types", "##et", "in", "fixed", "width", "font", "##s", ",", "would", "automatically", "add", "a", "second", "space", "between", "sentences", ",", "which", "were", "detected", "based", "on", "the", "combination", "of", "terminal", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "and", "a", "line", "feed", ".", "microsoft", "word", "does", "not", "treat", "sentences", "differently", "by", "default", ",", "but", "the", "grammar", "checking", "can", "be", "set", "to", "prefer", "a", "specific", "number", "of", "spaces", "between", "sentences", ".", "on", "some", "modern", "touch", "@", "-", "@", "screen", "platforms", ",", "including", "android", "and", "ios", ",", "typing", "two", "spaces", "in", "a", "row", "is", "automatically", "interpreted", "to", "mean", "the", "end", "of", "a", "sentence", ",", "and", "a", "period", "is", "automatically", "inserted", ".", "however", ",", "only", "one", "space", "is", "retained", ".", "multiple", "spaces", "are", "eliminated", "by", "default", "in", "most", "world", "wide", "web", "content", ",", "regardless" ]	2,833	##off , which only types ##et in fixed width font ##s , would automatically add a second space between sentences , which were detected based on the combination of terminal pun ##ct ##uation and a line feed . microsoft word does not treat sentences differently by default , but the grammar checking can be set to prefer a specific number of spaces between sentences . on some modern touch @ - @ screen platforms , including android and ios , typing two spaces in a row is automatically interpreted to mean the end of a sentence , and a period is automatically inserted . however , only one space is retained . multiple spaces are eliminated by default in most world wide web content , regardless	293
[ "of", "whether", "they", "are", "associated", "with", "sentences", "or", "not", ".", "there", "are", "options", "for", "preserving", "spa", "##cing", ",", "such", "as", "the", "cs", "##s", "white", "@", "-", "@", "space", "property", ",", "and", "the", "<", "pre", ">", "tag", ".", "twitter", "retains", "extra", "spaces", "in", "user", "input", "on", "their", "website", ".", "html", "also", "includes", "several", "other", "space", "entities", "which", "are", "not", "collapsed", ",", "such", "as", "an", "em", "space", ",", "an", "en", "space", ",", "and", "a", "non", "@", "-", "@", "breaking", "space", ".", "some", "unicode", "space", "characters", "are", "also", "not", "collapsed", "on", "the", "web", ".", "=", "=", "controversy", "=", "=", "james", "fe", "##lic", "##i", ",", "author", "of", "the", "complete", "manual", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", ",", "says", "that", "the", "topic", "of", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "is", "\"", "the", "debate", "that", "refuses", "to" ]	2,834	of whether they are associated with sentences or not . there are options for preserving spa ##cing , such as the cs ##s white @ - @ space property , and the < pre > tag . twitter retains extra spaces in user input on their website . html also includes several other space entities which are not collapsed , such as an em space , an en space , and a non @ - @ breaking space . some unicode space characters are also not collapsed on the web . = = controversy = = james fe ##lic ##i , author of the complete manual of ty ##po ##graphy , says that the topic of sentence spa ##cing is " the debate that refuses to	293
[ "die", ".", ".", ".", "in", "all", "my", "years", "of", "writing", "about", "type", ",", "it", "'", "s", "still", "the", "question", "i", "hear", "most", "often", ",", "and", "a", "search", "of", "the", "web", "will", "find", "threads", "gal", "##ore", "on", "the", "subject", "\"", ".", "this", "subject", "is", "still", "widely", "debated", "today", ".", "many", "people", "are", "opposed", "to", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "for", "various", "reasons", ".", "some", "state", "that", "the", "habit", "of", "double", "spa", "##cing", "is", "too", "deeply", "ing", "##rained", "to", "change", ".", "others", "claim", "that", "additional", "space", "between", "sentences", "improves", "the", "aesthetics", "or", "read", "##ability", "of", "text", ".", "proponents", "of", "double", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "also", "state", "that", "some", "publishers", "may", "still", "require", "double", "@", "-", "@", "spaced", "manuscript", "submissions", "from", "authors", ".", "a", "key", "example", "noted", "is", "the", "screen", "##writing" ]	2,835	die . . . in all my years of writing about type , it ' s still the question i hear most often , and a search of the web will find threads gal ##ore on the subject " . this subject is still widely debated today . many people are opposed to single sentence spa ##cing for various reasons . some state that the habit of double spa ##cing is too deeply ing ##rained to change . others claim that additional space between sentences improves the aesthetics or read ##ability of text . proponents of double sentence spa ##cing also state that some publishers may still require double @ - @ spaced manuscript submissions from authors . a key example noted is the screen ##writing	266
[ "industry", "'", "s", "mono", "##space", "##d", "standard", "for", "screenplay", "manuscripts", ",", "courier", ",", "12", "@", "-", "@", "point", "font", ",", "although", "some", "works", "on", "screen", "##writing", "indicate", "that", "courier", "is", "merely", "preferred", "–", "proportional", "font", "##s", "may", "be", "used", ".", "some", "reliable", "sources", "state", "simply", "that", "writers", "should", "follow", "their", "particular", "style", "guide", ",", "but", "proponents", "of", "double", "spa", "##cing", "caution", "that", "publishers", "'", "guidance", "takes", "precedence", ",", "including", "those", "that", "ask", "for", "double", "sentence", "spaced", "manuscripts", ".", "one", "of", "the", "most", "popular", "arguments", "against", "wider", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "is", "that", "it", "was", "created", "for", "mono", "##space", "##d", "font", "##s", "of", "the", "type", "##writer", ",", "and", "is", "no", "longer", "needed", "with", "modern", "proportional", "font", "##s", ".", "however", ",", "proportional", "font", "##s", "existed", "together", "with", "wide", "sentence" ]	2,836	industry ' s mono ##space ##d standard for screenplay manuscripts , courier , 12 @ - @ point font , although some works on screen ##writing indicate that courier is merely preferred – proportional font ##s may be used . some reliable sources state simply that writers should follow their particular style guide , but proponents of double spa ##cing caution that publishers ' guidance takes precedence , including those that ask for double sentence spaced manuscripts . one of the most popular arguments against wider sentence spa ##cing is that it was created for mono ##space ##d font ##s of the type ##writer , and is no longer needed with modern proportional font ##s . however , proportional font ##s existed together with wide sentence	282
[ "spa", "##cing", "for", "centuries", "before", "the", "type", "##writer", ",", "and", "remained", "for", "decades", "after", "its", "invention", ".", "when", "the", "type", "##writer", "was", "first", "introduced", ",", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", "were", "most", "commonly", "taught", "to", "use", "three", "spaces", "between", "sentences", ".", "this", "gradually", "shifted", "to", "two", "spaces", ",", "while", "the", "print", "industry", "remained", "unchanged", "in", "its", "wide", "em", "@", "-", "@", "spaced", "sentences", ".", "some", "sources", "now", "state", "it", "is", "acceptable", "for", "mono", "##space", "##d", "font", "##s", "to", "be", "single", "spaced", "today", ",", "although", "other", "references", "continue", "to", "specify", "double", "spa", "##cing", "for", "mono", "##space", "##d", "font", "##s", ".", "the", "double", "space", "type", "##writer", "convention", "has", "been", "taught", "in", "schools", "in", "typing", "classes", ",", "and", "that", "remains", "the", "practice", "in", "many", "cases", ".", "some", "voice", "concerns", "that", "students" ]	2,837	spa ##cing for centuries before the type ##writer , and remained for decades after its invention . when the type ##writer was first introduced , ty ##pis ##ts were most commonly taught to use three spaces between sentences . this gradually shifted to two spaces , while the print industry remained unchanged in its wide em @ - @ spaced sentences . some sources now state it is acceptable for mono ##space ##d font ##s to be single spaced today , although other references continue to specify double spa ##cing for mono ##space ##d font ##s . the double space type ##writer convention has been taught in schools in typing classes , and that remains the practice in many cases . some voice concerns that students	399
[ "will", "later", "be", "forced", "to", "re", "##lea", "##rn", "how", "to", "type", ".", "most", "style", "guides", "indicate", "that", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "is", "proper", "for", "final", "or", "published", "work", "today", ",", "and", "most", "publishers", "require", "manuscripts", "to", "be", "submitted", "as", "they", "will", "appear", "in", "publication", "—", "single", "sentence", "spaced", ".", "writing", "sources", "typically", "recommend", "that", "prospective", "authors", "remove", "extra", "spaces", "before", "submit", "##ting", "manuscripts", ",", "although", "other", "sources", "state", "that", "publishers", "will", "use", "software", "to", "remove", "the", "spaces", "before", "final", "publication", ".", "=", "=", "effects", "on", "read", "##ability", "and", "leg", "##ibility", "=", "=", "claims", "ab", "##ound", "regarding", "the", "leg", "##ibility", "and", "read", "##ability", "of", "the", "single", "and", "double", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "methods", "—", "by", "proponents", "on", "both", "sides", ".", "supporters", "of", "single", "spa", "##cing", "assert", "that", "familiarity" ]	2,838	will later be forced to re ##lea ##rn how to type . most style guides indicate that single sentence spa ##cing is proper for final or published work today , and most publishers require manuscripts to be submitted as they will appear in publication — single sentence spaced . writing sources typically recommend that prospective authors remove extra spaces before submit ##ting manuscripts , although other sources state that publishers will use software to remove the spaces before final publication . = = effects on read ##ability and leg ##ibility = = claims ab ##ound regarding the leg ##ibility and read ##ability of the single and double sentence spa ##cing methods — by proponents on both sides . supporters of single spa ##cing assert that familiarity	264
[ "with", "the", "current", "standard", "in", "books", ",", "magazines", ",", "and", "the", "web", "enhance", "##s", "read", "##ability", ",", "that", "double", "spa", "##cing", "looks", "strange", "in", "text", "using", "proportional", "font", "##s", ",", "and", "that", "the", "\"", "rivers", "\"", "and", "\"", "holes", "\"", "caused", "by", "double", "spa", "##cing", "imp", "##air", "read", "##ability", ".", "proponents", "of", "double", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "state", "that", "the", "extra", "space", "between", "sentences", "enhance", "##s", "read", "##ability", "by", "providing", "clearer", "breaks", "between", "sentences", "and", "making", "text", "appear", "more", "leg", "##ible", ",", "particularly", "noting", "the", "very", "small", "visual", "difference", "between", "a", "dot", "and", "a", "com", "##ma", ".", "however", ",", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "opinions", "are", "typically", "an", "##ec", "##dot", "##al", "with", "no", "basis", "in", "evidence", ".", "\"", "opinions", "are", "not", "always", "safe", "guides", "to", "leg", "##ibility", "of", "print" ]	2,839	with the current standard in books , magazines , and the web enhance ##s read ##ability , that double spa ##cing looks strange in text using proportional font ##s , and that the " rivers " and " holes " caused by double spa ##cing imp ##air read ##ability . proponents of double sentence spa ##cing state that the extra space between sentences enhance ##s read ##ability by providing clearer breaks between sentences and making text appear more leg ##ible , particularly noting the very small visual difference between a dot and a com ##ma . however , ty ##po ##graphic opinions are typically an ##ec ##dot ##al with no basis in evidence . " opinions are not always safe guides to leg ##ibility of print	825
[ "\"", ",", "and", "when", "direct", "studies", "are", "conducted", ",", "an", "##ec", "##dot", "##al", "opinions", "—", "even", "those", "of", "experts", "—", "can", "turn", "out", "to", "be", "false", ".", "text", "that", "seems", "leg", "##ible", "(", "visually", "pleasing", "at", "first", "glance", ")", "may", "be", "shown", "to", "actually", "imp", "##air", "reading", "effectiveness", "when", "subjected", "to", "scientific", "study", ".", "direct", "studies", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "include", "those", "by", "lo", "##h", ",", "branch", ",", "she", "##wan", "##own", ",", "and", "ali", "(", "2002", ")", ";", "clinton", ",", "branch", ",", "ho", "##ls", "##chu", "##h", ",", "and", "she", "##wan", "##own", "(", "2003", ")", ";", "and", "ni", ",", "branch", ",", "and", "chen", "(", "2004", ")", ",", "with", "results", "favor", "##ing", "neither", "single", ",", "double", ",", "nor", "triple", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "2002", "study", "tested", "participants", "'" ]	2,840	" , and when direct studies are conducted , an ##ec ##dot ##al opinions — even those of experts — can turn out to be false . text that seems leg ##ible ( visually pleasing at first glance ) may be shown to actually imp ##air reading effectiveness when subjected to scientific study . direct studies on sentence spa ##cing include those by lo ##h , branch , she ##wan ##own , and ali ( 2002 ) ; clinton , branch , ho ##ls ##chu ##h , and she ##wan ##own ( 2003 ) ; and ni , branch , and chen ( 2004 ) , with results favor ##ing neither single , double , nor triple spa ##cing . the 2002 study tested participants '	266
[ "reading", "speed", "for", "single", "and", "double", "sentence", "spaced", "passages", "of", "on", "@", "-", "@", "screen", "text", ".", "the", "authors", "stated", "that", "\"", "the", "'", "double", "space", "group", "'", "consistently", "took", "longer", "time", "to", "finish", "than", "the", "'", "single", "space", "'", "group", "\"", "but", "concluded", "that", "\"", "there", "was", "not", "enough", "evidence", "to", "suggest", "that", "a", "significant", "difference", "exists", ".", "\"", "the", "2003", "and", "2004", "studies", "analyzed", "on", "@", "-", "@", "screen", "single", ",", "double", ",", "and", "triple", "spa", "##cing", ".", "in", "both", "cases", ",", "the", "authors", "stated", "that", "there", "was", "insufficient", "evidence", "to", "draw", "a", "conclusion", ".", "ni", ",", "branch", ",", "chen", ",", "and", "clinton", "conducted", "a", "similar", "study", "in", "2009", "using", "identical", "spa", "##cing", "variables", ".", "the", "authors", "concluded", "that", "the", "\"", "results", "provided", "insufficient" ]	2,841	reading speed for single and double sentence spaced passages of on @ - @ screen text . the authors stated that " the ' double space group ' consistently took longer time to finish than the ' single space ' group " but concluded that " there was not enough evidence to suggest that a significant difference exists . " the 2003 and 2004 studies analyzed on @ - @ screen single , double , and triple spa ##cing . in both cases , the authors stated that there was insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion . ni , branch , chen , and clinton conducted a similar study in 2009 using identical spa ##cing variables . the authors concluded that the " results provided insufficient	266
[ "evidence", "that", "time", "and", "comprehension", "differ", "significantly", "among", "different", "conditions", "of", "spa", "##cing", "between", "sentences", "\"", ".", "=", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "=", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "(", "french", ":", "le", "crab", "##e", "aux", "pin", "##ces", "d", "'", "or", ")", "is", "the", "ninth", "volume", "of", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "the", "comics", "series", "by", "belgian", "cartoonist", "her", "##ge", ".", "the", "story", "was", "serial", "##ised", "weekly", "in", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", ",", "the", "children", "'", "s", "supplement", "to", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "belgium", "'", "s", "leading", "franco", "##phone", "newspaper", ",", "from", "october", "1940", "to", "october", "1941", "amidst", "the", "german", "occupation", "of", "belgium", "during", "world", "war", "ii", ".", "part", "##way", "through", "serial", "##isation", ",", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", "was" ]	2,842	evidence that time and comprehension differ significantly among different conditions of spa ##cing between sentences " . = the crab with the golden claws = the crab with the golden claws ( french : le crab ##e aux pin ##ces d ' or ) is the ninth volume of the adventures of tin ##tin , the comics series by belgian cartoonist her ##ge . the story was serial ##ised weekly in le so ##ir je ##unes ##se , the children ' s supplement to le so ##ir , belgium ' s leading franco ##phone newspaper , from october 1940 to october 1941 amidst the german occupation of belgium during world war ii . part ##way through serial ##isation , le so ##ir je ##unes ##se was	307
[ "cancelled", "and", "the", "story", "began", "to", "be", "serial", "##ised", "daily", "in", "the", "pages", "of", "le", "so", "##ir", ".", "the", "story", "tells", "of", "young", "belgian", "reporter", "tin", "##tin", "and", "his", "dog", "snowy", ",", "who", "travel", "to", "morocco", "to", "pursue", "a", "gang", "of", "international", "opium", "smug", "##glers", ".", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "published", "in", "book", "form", "shortly", "after", "its", "conclusion", ".", "her", "##ge", "continued", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "with", "the", "shooting", "star", ",", "while", "the", "series", "itself", "became", "a", "defining", "part", "of", "the", "franco", "@", "-", "@", "belgian", "comics", "tradition", ".", "in", "1943", ",", "her", "##ge", "coloured", "and", "red", "##rew", "the", "book", "in", "his", "distinctive", "li", "##gne", "@", "-", "@", "claire", "style", "for", "caste", "##rman", "'", "s", "republic", "##ation", ".", "the", "crab", "with", "the" ]	2,843	cancelled and the story began to be serial ##ised daily in the pages of le so ##ir . the story tells of young belgian reporter tin ##tin and his dog snowy , who travel to morocco to pursue a gang of international opium smug ##glers . the crab with the golden claws was published in book form shortly after its conclusion . her ##ge continued the adventures of tin ##tin with the shooting star , while the series itself became a defining part of the franco @ - @ belgian comics tradition . in 1943 , her ##ge coloured and red ##rew the book in his distinctive li ##gne @ - @ claire style for caste ##rman ' s republic ##ation . the crab with the	837
[ "golden", "claws", "introduces", "the", "recurring", "character", "captain", "had", "##dock", ",", "who", "became", "a", "major", "fixture", "of", "the", "series", ".", "the", "book", "is", "the", "first", "tin", "##tin", "adventure", "published", "in", "the", "united", "states", "and", "the", "first", "to", "be", "adapted", "into", "a", "motion", "picture", ".", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "adapted", "for", "the", "1956", "bel", "##vision", "studios", "animation", "her", "##ge", "'", "s", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "for", "the", "1991", "el", "##lip", "##se", "/", "ne", "##lva", "##na", "animated", "series", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "and", "for", "the", "2011", "film", "directed", "by", "steven", "spielberg", ".", "tin", "##tin", "is", "informed", "by", "thomson", "and", "thompson", "of", "a", "case", "involving", "the", "ram", "##bling", "##s", "of", "a", "drunken", "man", ",", "later", "killed", ",", "found", "with", "a", "scrap", "of", "paper", "from" ]	2,844	golden claws introduces the recurring character captain had ##dock , who became a major fixture of the series . the book is the first tin ##tin adventure published in the united states and the first to be adapted into a motion picture . the crab with the golden claws was adapted for the 1956 bel ##vision studios animation her ##ge ' s adventures of tin ##tin , for the 1991 el ##lip ##se / ne ##lva ##na animated series the adventures of tin ##tin , and for the 2011 film directed by steven spielberg . tin ##tin is informed by thomson and thompson of a case involving the ram ##bling ##s of a drunken man , later killed , found with a scrap of paper from	826
[ "what", "appears", "to", "be", "a", "tin", "of", "crab", "meat", "with", "the", "word", "\"", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", "\"", "sc", "##ra", "##wled", "on", "it", ".", "his", "subsequent", "investigation", "and", "the", "kidnapping", "of", "a", "japanese", "man", "interested", "in", "giving", "him", "a", "letter", "leads", "tin", "##tin", "to", "a", "ship", "called", "the", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", ",", "where", "he", "is", "abducted", "by", "a", "syndicate", "of", "criminals", "who", "have", "hidden", "opium", "in", "the", "crab", "tin", "##s", ".", "tin", "##tin", "escapes", "from", "his", "locked", "room", "after", "snowy", "chew", "##s", "through", "his", "bonds", "and", "tin", "##tin", "knocks", "out", "a", "man", "sent", "to", "bring", "him", "food", ",", "leaving", "the", "man", "bound", "and", "gag", "##ged", "in", "the", "room", ".", "tin", "##tin", "encounters", "captain", "had", "##dock", ",", "an", "alcoholic", "sea", "captain", ",", "who", "is", "manipulated", "by" ]	2,845	what appears to be a tin of crab meat with the word " kara ##bo ##ud ##jan " sc ##ra ##wled on it . his subsequent investigation and the kidnapping of a japanese man interested in giving him a letter leads tin ##tin to a ship called the kara ##bo ##ud ##jan , where he is abducted by a syndicate of criminals who have hidden opium in the crab tin ##s . tin ##tin escapes from his locked room after snowy chew ##s through his bonds and tin ##tin knocks out a man sent to bring him food , leaving the man bound and gag ##ged in the room . tin ##tin encounters captain had ##dock , an alcoholic sea captain , who is manipulated by	307
[ "his", "first", "mate", ",", "allan", ",", "and", "is", "unaware", "of", "his", "crew", "'", "s", "criminal", "activities", ".", "tin", "##tin", "hides", "in", "the", "locker", "under", "the", "bed", "and", "defeats", "ju", "##mbo", ",", "the", "sailor", "left", "in", "the", "cabin", ",", "while", "allan", "thinks", "tin", "##tin", "has", "climbed", "out", "of", "the", "port", "##hole", "back", "into", "the", "store", "##room", ".", "he", "blows", "open", "the", "store", "##room", "door", ",", "then", "finding", "it", "empty", "goes", "back", "to", "the", "captain", "'", "s", "room", ",", "where", "he", "finds", "ju", "##mbo", "tied", "to", "a", "chair", "and", "gag", "##ged", ".", "escaping", "the", "ship", "in", "a", "lifeboat", "after", "sending", "a", "radio", "message", "to", "the", "police", "about", "the", "cargo", ",", "a", "sea", "##plane", "tries", "to", "attack", "them", ".", "tin", "##tin", "and", "the", "captain", "hi", "##jack", "the", "plane", "," ]	2,846	his first mate , allan , and is unaware of his crew ' s criminal activities . tin ##tin hides in the locker under the bed and defeats ju ##mbo , the sailor left in the cabin , while allan thinks tin ##tin has climbed out of the port ##hole back into the store ##room . he blows open the store ##room door , then finding it empty goes back to the captain ' s room , where he finds ju ##mbo tied to a chair and gag ##ged . escaping the ship in a lifeboat after sending a radio message to the police about the cargo , a sea ##plane tries to attack them . tin ##tin and the captain hi ##jack the plane ,	773
[ "tie", "up", "the", "pilots", ",", "and", "try", "to", "reach", "spain", ".", "had", "##dock", "'", "s", "drunken", "behaviour", "in", "a", "storm", "causes", "them", "to", "crash", "@", "-", "@", "land", "in", "the", "sahara", ",", "where", "the", "crew", "escapes", ".", "after", "trek", "##king", "across", "the", "desert", "and", "nearly", "dying", "of", "de", "##hy", "##dra", "##tion", ",", "tin", "##tin", "and", "had", "##dock", "are", "rescued", "and", "taken", "to", "a", "french", "outpost", ",", "where", "they", "hear", "on", "the", "radio", "the", "storm", "sunk", "the", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", ".", "they", "travel", "to", "a", "moroccan", "port", ",", "and", "along", "the", "way", "are", "attacked", "by", "tu", "##are", "##g", "tribes", "##men", ",", "defending", "themselves", "with", "french", "mas", "@", "-", "@", "36", "rifles", ".", "at", "the", "port", ",", "members", "of", "his", "old", "crew", "kidnap", "the", "captain", "after", "he" ]	2,847	tie up the pilots , and try to reach spain . had ##dock ' s drunken behaviour in a storm causes them to crash @ - @ land in the sahara , where the crew escapes . after trek ##king across the desert and nearly dying of de ##hy ##dra ##tion , tin ##tin and had ##dock are rescued and taken to a french outpost , where they hear on the radio the storm sunk the kara ##bo ##ud ##jan . they travel to a moroccan port , and along the way are attacked by tu ##are ##g tribes ##men , defending themselves with french mas @ - @ 36 rifles . at the port , members of his old crew kidnap the captain after he	307
[ "recognise", "##s", "their", "disguised", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", ".", "tin", "##tin", "meets", "thomson", "and", "thompson", "who", "got", "his", "message", ",", "and", "they", "learn", "that", "the", "wealthy", "merchant", "omar", "ben", "sal", "##aa", "##d", "sold", "the", "crab", "tin", "##s", ";", "tin", "##tin", "tells", "thomson", "and", "thompson", "to", "discreet", "##ly", "investigate", ".", "tin", "##tin", "tracks", "down", "the", "gang", "and", "saves", "the", "captain", ",", "but", "they", "both", "become", "into", "##xi", "##cated", "by", "the", "fu", "##mes", "from", "wine", "barrels", "breached", "in", "a", "shootout", "with", "the", "villains", ".", "had", "##dock", "chases", "a", "gang", "@", "-", "@", "member", "from", "the", "cellar", "to", "an", "entrance", "behind", "a", "book", "##case", "in", "sal", "##aa", "##d", "'", "s", "house", ".", "upon", "sober", "##ing", "up", ",", "tin", "##tin", "discovers", "a", "necklace", "of", "a", "crab", "with", "golden", "claws", "on" ]	2,848	recognise ##s their disguised kara ##bo ##ud ##jan . tin ##tin meets thomson and thompson who got his message , and they learn that the wealthy merchant omar ben sal ##aa ##d sold the crab tin ##s ; tin ##tin tells thomson and thompson to discreet ##ly investigate . tin ##tin tracks down the gang and saves the captain , but they both become into ##xi ##cated by the fu ##mes from wine barrels breached in a shootout with the villains . had ##dock chases a gang @ - @ member from the cellar to an entrance behind a book ##case in sal ##aa ##d ' s house . upon sober ##ing up , tin ##tin discovers a necklace of a crab with golden claws on	307
[ "the", "now", "@", "-", "@", "subdued", "owner", "of", "the", "wine", "cellar", ",", "omar", "ben", "sal", "##aa", "##d", ",", "and", "realizes", "that", "he", "is", "the", "leader", "of", "the", "drug", "cartel", ".", "allan", "steals", "a", "boat", "and", "tries", "escaping", ",", "but", "tin", "##tin", "captures", "him", ".", "the", "police", "arrest", "the", "gang", "and", "free", "the", "japanese", "man", ",", "who", "introduces", "himself", "as", "bun", "##ji", "ku", "##rak", "##i", ",", "a", "police", "detective", "who", "was", "trying", "to", "warn", "tin", "##tin", "of", "the", "group", "he", "was", "up", "against", ".", "he", "had", "been", "investigating", "the", "sailor", "on", "had", "##dock", "'", "s", "crew", "who", "drowned", ";", "the", "sailor", "was", "on", "the", "verge", "of", "bringing", "him", "opium", "before", "he", "was", "eliminated", ".", "turning", "on", "the", "radio", ",", "tin", "##tin", "learns", "that", ",", "thanks", "to", "him" ]	2,849	the now @ - @ subdued owner of the wine cellar , omar ben sal ##aa ##d , and realizes that he is the leader of the drug cartel . allan steals a boat and tries escaping , but tin ##tin captures him . the police arrest the gang and free the japanese man , who introduces himself as bun ##ji ku ##rak ##i , a police detective who was trying to warn tin ##tin of the group he was up against . he had been investigating the sailor on had ##dock ' s crew who drowned ; the sailor was on the verge of bringing him opium before he was eliminated . turning on the radio , tin ##tin learns that , thanks to him	307
[ ",", "the", "entire", "organisation", "of", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "is", "behind", "bars", ".", "as", "the", "belgian", "army", "clashed", "with", "the", "invading", "germans", "in", "may", "1940", ",", "her", "##ge", "and", "his", "wife", "fled", "by", "car", "to", "france", "along", "with", "tens", "of", "thousands", "of", "other", "belgian", "##s", ",", "first", "staying", "in", "paris", "and", "then", "heading", "south", "to", "pu", "##y", "@", "-", "@", "de", "@", "-", "@", "dome", ",", "where", "they", "remained", "for", "six", "weeks", ".", "on", "28", "may", ",", "belgian", "king", "leopold", "iii", "officially", "surrendered", "the", "country", "to", "the", "german", "army", "to", "prevent", "further", "killing", ";", "a", "move", "that", "her", "##ge", "agreed", "with", ".", "germany", "placed", "belgium", "under", "occupation", ".", "her", "##ge", "followed", "the", "king", "'", "s", "request", "that", "all", "civilians", "who", "had", "fled", "the", "country" ]	2,850	, the entire organisation of the crab with the golden claws is behind bars . as the belgian army clashed with the invading germans in may 1940 , her ##ge and his wife fled by car to france along with tens of thousands of other belgian ##s , first staying in paris and then heading south to pu ##y @ - @ de @ - @ dome , where they remained for six weeks . on 28 may , belgian king leopold iii officially surrendered the country to the german army to prevent further killing ; a move that her ##ge agreed with . germany placed belgium under occupation . her ##ge followed the king ' s request that all civilians who had fled the country	236
[ "return", ";", "he", "arrived", "back", "in", "brussels", "on", "30", "june", ".", "there", ",", "he", "found", "that", "an", "officer", "of", "the", "german", "army", "'", "s", "propaganda", "##sta", "##ffe", "##l", "occupied", "his", "house", ",", "and", "he", "also", "faced", "financial", "trouble", ",", "as", "he", "owed", "back", "taxes", "yet", "was", "unable", "to", "access", "his", "financial", "reserves", "(", "his", "fee", "due", "from", "caste", "##rman", "eventually", "arrived", ")", ".", "all", "belgian", "publications", "were", "now", "under", "the", "control", "of", "the", "german", "occupying", "force", ".", "the", "catholic", "publication", "le", "vin", "##gt", "##ie", "##me", "si", "##ec", "##le", "and", "its", "supplement", "le", "petit", "vin", "##gt", "##ie", "##me", ",", "where", "her", "##ge", "had", "always", "worked", "serial", "##ising", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "no", "longer", "had", "permission", "to", "continue", "publication", ".", "land", "of", "black", "gold", ",", "the" ]	2,851	return ; he arrived back in brussels on 30 june . there , he found that an officer of the german army ' s propaganda ##sta ##ffe ##l occupied his house , and he also faced financial trouble , as he owed back taxes yet was unable to access his financial reserves ( his fee due from caste ##rman eventually arrived ) . all belgian publications were now under the control of the german occupying force . the catholic publication le vin ##gt ##ie ##me si ##ec ##le and its supplement le petit vin ##gt ##ie ##me , where her ##ge had always worked serial ##ising the adventures of tin ##tin , no longer had permission to continue publication . land of black gold , the	333
[ "story", "that", "her", "##ge", "had", "been", "serial", "##ising", "there", ",", "had", "to", "be", "abandoned", ".", "victor", "matt", "##hy", "##s", ",", "the", "rex", "##ist", "editor", "of", "le", "pays", "reel", ",", "offered", "her", "##ge", "employment", "as", "a", "cartoonist", ",", "but", "her", "##ge", "perceived", "le", "pays", "reel", "as", "an", "explicitly", "political", "publication", "and", "thus", "declined", "the", "position", ".", "instead", ",", "he", "accepted", "a", "position", "with", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "belgium", "'", "s", "largest", "franco", "##phone", "daily", "newspaper", ".", "confiscated", "from", "its", "original", "owners", ",", "the", "german", "authorities", "permitted", "le", "so", "##ir", "to", "re", "##open", "under", "the", "directors", "##hip", "of", "belgian", "editor", "raymond", "de", "becker", ",", "although", "it", "remained", "firmly", "under", "nazi", "control", ",", "supporting", "the", "german", "war", "effort", "and", "es", "##po", "##using", "anti", "@", "-", "@", "semi", "##tism", "." ]	2,852	story that her ##ge had been serial ##ising there , had to be abandoned . victor matt ##hy ##s , the rex ##ist editor of le pays reel , offered her ##ge employment as a cartoonist , but her ##ge perceived le pays reel as an explicitly political publication and thus declined the position . instead , he accepted a position with le so ##ir , belgium ' s largest franco ##phone daily newspaper . confiscated from its original owners , the german authorities permitted le so ##ir to re ##open under the directors ##hip of belgian editor raymond de becker , although it remained firmly under nazi control , supporting the german war effort and es ##po ##using anti @ - @ semi ##tism .	722
[ "after", "joining", "le", "so", "##ir", "on", "15", "october", ",", "her", "##ge", "created", "its", "new", "children", "'", "s", "supplement", ",", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", ".", "appointed", "editor", "of", "this", "supplement", ",", "he", "was", "aided", "by", "old", "friend", "paul", "jam", "##in", "and", "the", "cartoonist", "jacques", "van", "mel", "##ke", "##bek", "##e", ".", "the", "first", "issue", "of", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", "was", "published", "with", "a", "large", "announcement", "across", "the", "cover", ":", "\"", "tin", "##tin", "et", "milo", "##u", "son", "##t", "rev", "##en", "##us", "!", "\"", "(", "\"", "tin", "##tin", "and", "snowy", "are", "back", "!", "\"", ")", ".", "some", "belgian", "##s", "were", "upset", "that", "her", "##ge", "was", "willing", "to", "work", "for", "a", "newspaper", "controlled", "by", "the", "occupying", "nazi", "administration", ";", "he", "received", "an", "anonymous", "letter", "from", "\"", "the" ]	2,853	after joining le so ##ir on 15 october , her ##ge created its new children ' s supplement , le so ##ir je ##unes ##se . appointed editor of this supplement , he was aided by old friend paul jam ##in and the cartoonist jacques van mel ##ke ##bek ##e . the first issue of le so ##ir je ##unes ##se was published with a large announcement across the cover : " tin ##tin et milo ##u son ##t rev ##en ##us ! " ( " tin ##tin and snowy are back ! " ) . some belgian ##s were upset that her ##ge was willing to work for a newspaper controlled by the occupying nazi administration ; he received an anonymous letter from " the	307
[ "father", "of", "a", "large", "family", "\"", "asking", "him", "not", "to", "work", "for", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "fearing", "that", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "would", "now", "be", "used", "to", "indo", "##ct", "##rina", "##te", "children", "in", "nazi", "ideology", ",", "and", "that", "as", "a", "result", "\"", "they", "will", "no", "longer", "speak", "of", "god", ",", "of", "the", "christian", "family", ",", "of", "the", "catholic", "ideal", ".", ".", ".", "[", "how", "]", "can", "you", "agree", "to", "collaborate", "in", "this", "terrible", "act", ",", "a", "real", "sin", "against", "spirit", "?", "\"", "her", "##ge", "however", "was", "heavily", "en", "##tic", "##ed", "by", "the", "size", "of", "le", "so", "##ir", "'", "s", "readers", "##hip", ",", "which", "reached", "600", "@", ",", "@", "000", ",", "far", "more", "than", "what", "le", "vin", "##gt", "##ie", "##me", "si", "##ec", "##le", "had", "been", "able" ]	2,854	father of a large family " asking him not to work for le so ##ir , fearing that the adventures of tin ##tin would now be used to indo ##ct ##rina ##te children in nazi ideology , and that as a result " they will no longer speak of god , of the christian family , of the catholic ideal . . . [ how ] can you agree to collaborate in this terrible act , a real sin against spirit ? " her ##ge however was heavily en ##tic ##ed by the size of le so ##ir ' s readers ##hip , which reached 600 @ , @ 000 , far more than what le vin ##gt ##ie ##me si ##ec ##le had been able	307
[ "to", "accomplish", ".", "faced", "with", "the", "reality", "of", "nazi", "oversight", ",", "her", "##ge", "abandoned", "the", "over", "##t", "political", "themes", "that", "had", "per", "##va", "##ded", "much", "of", "his", "earlier", "work", ",", "instead", "adopting", "a", "policy", "of", "neutrality", ".", "without", "the", "need", "to", "sat", "##iri", "##se", "political", "types", ",", "harry", "thompson", "observed", "that", "\"", "her", "##ge", "was", "now", "concentrating", "more", "on", "plot", "and", "on", "developing", "a", "new", "style", "of", "character", "comedy", ".", "the", "public", "reacted", "positively", ".", "\"", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "began", "serial", "##isation", "in", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", "on", "17", "october", "1940", ".", "however", ",", "on", "8", "may", "1941", ",", "a", "paper", "shortage", "caused", "by", "the", "ongoing", "war", "led", "to", "the", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", "being", "reduced", "to", "four", "pages" ]	2,855	to accomplish . faced with the reality of nazi oversight , her ##ge abandoned the over ##t political themes that had per ##va ##ded much of his earlier work , instead adopting a policy of neutrality . without the need to sat ##iri ##se political types , harry thompson observed that " her ##ge was now concentrating more on plot and on developing a new style of character comedy . the public reacted positively . " the crab with the golden claws began serial ##isation in le so ##ir je ##unes ##se on 17 october 1940 . however , on 8 may 1941 , a paper shortage caused by the ongoing war led to the le so ##ir je ##unes ##se being reduced to four pages	754
[ ",", "with", "the", "length", "of", "the", "weekly", "tin", "##tin", "strip", "being", "cut", "by", "two", "@", "-", "@", "thirds", ".", "several", "weeks", "later", ",", "on", "3", "september", "1941", ",", "the", "supplement", "disappeared", "altogether", ",", "with", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "being", "moved", "into", "le", "so", "##ir", "itself", "in", "september", ",", "where", "it", "became", "a", "daily", "strip", ".", "as", "a", "result", ",", "her", "##ge", "was", "forced", "to", "alter", "the", "pace", "at", "which", "his", "narrative", "moved", ",", "as", "he", "had", "to", "hold", "the", "reader", "'", "s", "attention", "at", "the", "end", "of", "every", "line", ".", "as", "with", "earlier", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "the", "story", "was", "later", "serial", "##ised", "in", "france", "in", "the", "catholic", "newspaper", "c", "##œ", "##urs", "va", "##illa", "##nts", "from", "21", "june", "1942", ".", "following", "serial", "##isation" ]	2,856	, with the length of the weekly tin ##tin strip being cut by two @ - @ thirds . several weeks later , on 3 september 1941 , the supplement disappeared altogether , with the crab with the golden claws being moved into le so ##ir itself in september , where it became a daily strip . as a result , her ##ge was forced to alter the pace at which his narrative moved , as he had to hold the reader ' s attention at the end of every line . as with earlier adventures of tin ##tin , the story was later serial ##ised in france in the catholic newspaper c ##œ ##urs va ##illa ##nts from 21 june 1942 . following serial ##isation	826
[ ",", "caste", "##rman", "collected", "together", "and", "published", "the", "story", "in", "book", "form", "in", "1941", ";", "the", "last", "black", "@", "-", "@", "and", "@", "-", "@", "white", "tin", "##tin", "volume", "to", "be", "released", ".", "for", "this", "collected", "edition", ",", "her", "##ge", "thought", "of", "renaming", "the", "story", ",", "initially", "considering", "the", "red", "crab", "(", "to", "accompany", "earlier", "adventures", "the", "blue", "lotus", "and", "the", "black", "island", ")", "before", "re", "@", "-", "@", "settling", "on", "le", "crab", "##e", "aux", "pin", "##ces", "d", "'", "or", "(", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", ")", ".", "her", "##ge", "became", "annoyed", "that", "caste", "##rman", "then", "sent", "the", "book", "to", "the", "printers", "without", "his", "final", "approval", ".", "nevertheless", ",", "as", "a", "result", "of", "le", "so", "##ir", "'", "s", "publicity", ",", "book", "sales", "markedly", "increased", "," ]	2,857	, caste ##rman collected together and published the story in book form in 1941 ; the last black @ - @ and @ - @ white tin ##tin volume to be released . for this collected edition , her ##ge thought of renaming the story , initially considering the red crab ( to accompany earlier adventures the blue lotus and the black island ) before re @ - @ settling on le crab ##e aux pin ##ces d ' or ( the crab with the golden claws ) . her ##ge became annoyed that caste ##rman then sent the book to the printers without his final approval . nevertheless , as a result of le so ##ir ' s publicity , book sales markedly increased ,	307
[ "to", "the", "extent", "that", "most", "of", "the", "prior", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "were", "reprinted", "as", "a", "result", ".", "german", "authorities", "made", "two", "exceptions", ":", "no", "reprint", "##ing", "of", "tin", "##tin", "in", "america", "or", "the", "black", "island", "because", "they", "were", "set", "in", "the", "united", "states", "and", "britain", "respectively", ",", "both", "of", "which", "were", "in", "conflict", "with", "germany", ".", "the", "serial", "introduced", "the", "character", "of", "captain", "had", "##dock", ".", "had", "##dock", "made", "his", "first", "appearance", "in", "le", "so", "##ir", "adjacent", "to", "an", "ad", "##vert", "for", "the", "anti", "@", "-", "@", "semitic", "german", "film", ",", "ju", "##d", "su", "##ß", ".", "her", "##ge", "chose", "the", "name", "\"", "had", "##dock", "\"", "for", "the", "character", "after", "his", "wife", ",", "germain", "##e", "re", "##mi", ",", "mentioned", "\"", "a", "sad", "english", "fish", "\"", "during" ]	2,858	to the extent that most of the prior adventures of tin ##tin were reprinted as a result . german authorities made two exceptions : no reprint ##ing of tin ##tin in america or the black island because they were set in the united states and britain respectively , both of which were in conflict with germany . the serial introduced the character of captain had ##dock . had ##dock made his first appearance in le so ##ir adjacent to an ad ##vert for the anti @ - @ semitic german film , ju ##d su ##ß . her ##ge chose the name " had ##dock " for the character after his wife , germain ##e re ##mi , mentioned " a sad english fish " during	307
[ "a", "meal", ".", "the", "inclusion", "of", "the", "japanese", "police", "detective", "bun", "##ji", "ku", "##rak", "##i", "as", "an", "ally", "of", "tin", "##tin", "'", "s", "in", "this", "story", "was", "probably", "designed", "to", "counter", "##balance", "her", "##ge", "'", "s", "portrayal", "of", "the", "japanese", "as", "the", "antagonist", "##s", "in", "his", "earlier", "story", ",", "the", "blue", "lotus", ",", "particularly", "given", "that", "the", "occupying", "government", "was", "allied", "with", "japan", "at", "the", "time", ".", "the", "use", "of", "morocco", "as", "a", "setting", "was", "likely", "influenced", "by", "the", "white", "squadron", "by", "french", "writer", "joseph", "pe", "##yre", ",", "which", "her", "##ge", "had", "read", "and", "seen", "the", "film", "in", "1936", ".", "the", "depiction", "of", "the", "french", "foreign", "legion", "in", "north", "africa", "was", "possibly", "influenced", "by", "p", ".", "c", ".", "wren", "'", "s", "novel", "beau", "ge", "##ste", "(" ]	2,859	a meal . the inclusion of the japanese police detective bun ##ji ku ##rak ##i as an ally of tin ##tin ' s in this story was probably designed to counter ##balance her ##ge ' s portrayal of the japanese as the antagonist ##s in his earlier story , the blue lotus , particularly given that the occupying government was allied with japan at the time . the use of morocco as a setting was likely influenced by the white squadron by french writer joseph pe ##yre , which her ##ge had read and seen the film in 1936 . the depiction of the french foreign legion in north africa was possibly influenced by p . c . wren ' s novel beau ge ##ste (	307
[ "1925", ")", "or", "its", "cinematic", "adaptations", "in", "1926", ",", "1928", ",", "and", "1939", ".", "whereas", "her", "##ge", "'", "s", "use", "of", "chinese", "in", "the", "blue", "lotus", "was", "correct", ",", "the", "arabic", "script", "employed", "in", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "intentionally", "fictitious", ".", "many", "of", "the", "place", "names", "featured", "in", "the", "series", "are", "pun", "##s", ":", "the", "town", "of", "ke", "##f", "##hei", "##r", "was", "a", "pun", "on", "the", "french", "que", "fair", "##e", "?", "(", "\"", "what", "is", "to", "be", "done", "?", "\"", ")", "while", "the", "port", "of", "bag", "##gh", "##ar", "derives", "from", "the", "french", "bag", "##gar", "##e", "(", "scrape", ",", "or", "fight", ")", ".", "the", "name", "of", "omar", "ben", "sal", "##aa", "##d", "is", "a", "pun", "meaning", "\"", "lobster", "salad", "\"", "in", "french", ".", "in", "february" ]	2,860	1925 ) or its cinematic adaptations in 1926 , 1928 , and 1939 . whereas her ##ge ' s use of chinese in the blue lotus was correct , the arabic script employed in the crab with the golden claws was intentionally fictitious . many of the place names featured in the series are pun ##s : the town of ke ##f ##hei ##r was a pun on the french que fair ##e ? ( " what is to be done ? " ) while the port of bag ##gh ##ar derives from the french bag ##gar ##e ( scrape , or fight ) . the name of omar ben sal ##aa ##d is a pun meaning " lobster salad " in french . in february	264
[ "1942", ",", "caste", "##rman", "suggested", "to", "her", "##ge", "that", "his", "books", "be", "published", "in", "a", "new", "format", ";", "62", "@", "-", "@", "pages", "rather", "than", "the", "former", "100", "to", "130", "pages", ",", "and", "now", "in", "full", "colour", "rather", "than", "black", "@", "-", "@", "and", "@", "-", "@", "white", ".", "he", "agreed", "to", "this", ",", "and", "in", "1943", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "re", "@", "-", "@", "edited", "and", "coloured", "for", "publication", "as", "an", "album", "in", "1944", ".", "due", "to", "the", "changes", "in", "how", "the", "adventure", "had", "been", "serial", "##ised", "at", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "the", "album", "at", "this", "jun", "##cture", "was", "only", "58", "pages", "long", ",", "and", "thus", "her", "##ge", "filled", "the", "missing", "pages", "with", "four", "full", "@", "-", "@", "page", "colour", "frames", "," ]	2,861	1942 , caste ##rman suggested to her ##ge that his books be published in a new format ; 62 @ - @ pages rather than the former 100 to 130 pages , and now in full colour rather than black @ - @ and @ - @ white . he agreed to this , and in 1943 the crab with the golden claws was re @ - @ edited and coloured for publication as an album in 1944 . due to the changes in how the adventure had been serial ##ised at le so ##ir , the album at this jun ##cture was only 58 pages long , and thus her ##ge filled the missing pages with four full @ - @ page colour frames ,	825
[ "thus", "bringing", "it", "up", "to", "the", "standard", "62", "@", "-", "@", "page", "format", ".", "in", "the", "1960s", ",", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", ",", "along", "with", "king", "otto", "##kar", "'", "s", "sc", "##ept", "##re", ",", "became", "the", "first", "tin", "##tin", "adventures", "published", "in", "the", "united", "states", ",", "in", "little", "golden", "books", ".", "however", ",", "caste", "##rman", ",", "working", "with", "the", "american", "publisher", "western", "publishing", ",", "made", "a", "number", "of", "changes", ":", "ju", "##mbo", ",", "the", "sailor", "who", "tin", "##tin", "leaves", "bound", "and", "gag", "##ged", "in", "captain", "had", "##dock", "'", "s", "cabin", ",", "as", "well", "as", "another", "man", "who", "beats", "had", "##dock", "in", "the", "cellar", ",", "could", "not", "be", "black", "africans", "as", "depicted", "in", "the", "original", ";", "these", "were", "changed", "to", "a", "white", "sailor", "and", "an" ]	2,862	thus bringing it up to the standard 62 @ - @ page format . in the 1960s , the crab with the golden claws , along with king otto ##kar ' s sc ##ept ##re , became the first tin ##tin adventures published in the united states , in little golden books . however , caste ##rman , working with the american publisher western publishing , made a number of changes : ju ##mbo , the sailor who tin ##tin leaves bound and gag ##ged in captain had ##dock ' s cabin , as well as another man who beats had ##dock in the cellar , could not be black africans as depicted in the original ; these were changed to a white sailor and an	825
[ "arab", "due", "to", "the", "american", "publisher", "'", "s", "concerns", "depicting", "blacks", "and", "whites", "mixing", "together", ".", "the", "accompanying", "text", "was", "not", "changed", ",", "however", ",", "and", "had", "##dock", "still", "refers", "to", "the", "man", "who", "beat", "him", "as", "a", "\"", "negro", "\"", ".", "also", "by", "request", "of", "the", "americans", ",", "scenes", "of", "had", "##dock", "drinking", "directly", "from", "bottles", "of", "whiskey", "on", "the", "lifeboat", "and", "the", "plane", "were", "blank", "##ed", "out", ",", "keeping", "only", "the", "text", ".", "the", "edited", "albums", "later", "had", "their", "blank", "##ed", "areas", "red", "##ra", "##wn", "by", "her", "##ge", "to", "be", "more", "acceptable", ",", "and", "they", "appear", "this", "way", "in", "published", "editions", "around", "the", "world", ".", "caste", "##rman", "republished", "the", "original", "black", "@", "-", "@", "and", "@", "-", "@", "white", "version", "of", "the", "story", "in" ]	2,863	arab due to the american publisher ' s concerns depicting blacks and whites mixing together . the accompanying text was not changed , however , and had ##dock still refers to the man who beat him as a " negro " . also by request of the americans , scenes of had ##dock drinking directly from bottles of whiskey on the lifeboat and the plane were blank ##ed out , keeping only the text . the edited albums later had their blank ##ed areas red ##ra ##wn by her ##ge to be more acceptable , and they appear this way in published editions around the world . caste ##rman republished the original black @ - @ and @ - @ white version of the story in	266
[ "1980", ",", "as", "part", "of", "the", "fourth", "volume", "in", "their", "archives", "her", "##ge", "collection", ".", "in", "1989", ",", "they", "then", "published", "a", "fa", "##cs", "##imi", "##le", "version", "of", "that", "first", "edition", ".", "=", "=", "critical", "analysis", "=", "=", "her", "##ge", "biographer", "benoit", "pee", "##ters", "described", "the", "story", "as", "a", "\"", "rebirth", "\"", "for", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "and", "described", "the", "addition", "of", "had", "##dock", "as", "\"", "a", "formidable", "narrative", "element", "\"", ",", "one", "which", "\"", "profoundly", "changed", "the", "spirit", "of", "the", "series", "\"", ".", "elsewhere", ",", "he", "asserts", "that", "it", "is", "had", "##dock", "'", "s", "appearance", "which", "\"", "makes", "this", "book", "so", "memorable", "\"", "and", "that", "he", "is", "tempted", "to", "define", "the", "book", "by", "that", "character", "'", "s", "debut", ".", "fellow", "biographer", "pierre", "ass", "##ou" ]	2,864	1980 , as part of the fourth volume in their archives her ##ge collection . in 1989 , they then published a fa ##cs ##imi ##le version of that first edition . = = critical analysis = = her ##ge biographer benoit pee ##ters described the story as a " rebirth " for the adventures of tin ##tin and described the addition of had ##dock as " a formidable narrative element " , one which " profoundly changed the spirit of the series " . elsewhere , he asserts that it is had ##dock ' s appearance which " makes this book so memorable " and that he is tempted to define the book by that character ' s debut . fellow biographer pierre ass ##ou	704
[ "##line", "commented", "that", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "had", "\"", "a", "certain", "charm", "\"", "stemming", "from", "its", "use", "of", "\"", "exotic", "##ism", "and", "colonial", "nostalgia", ",", "for", "the", "french", "especially", ",", "ev", "##oki", "##ng", "their", "holdings", "in", "north", "africa", ".", "\"", "michael", "far", "##r", "asserted", "that", "the", "arrival", "of", "had", "##dock", "was", "the", "most", "\"", "remarkable", "\"", "element", "of", "the", "story", ",", "offering", "the", "series", "\"", "tremendous", "new", "potential", "\"", ".", "he", "also", "thought", "that", "the", "dream", "sequences", "reflected", "the", "popularity", "of", "surreal", "##ism", "at", "the", "time", ",", "and", "that", "the", "influence", "of", "cinema", ",", "in", "particular", "the", "films", "of", "alfred", "hitchcock", ",", "is", "apparent", "in", "the", "story", ".", "jean", "@", "-", "@", "marc", "lo", "##ffi", "##cier", "and", "randy", "lo", "##ffi", "##cier", "described", "the", "story" ]	2,865	##line commented that the crab with the golden claws had " a certain charm " stemming from its use of " exotic ##ism and colonial nostalgia , for the french especially , ev ##oki ##ng their holdings in north africa . " michael far ##r asserted that the arrival of had ##dock was the most " remarkable " element of the story , offering the series " tremendous new potential " . he also thought that the dream sequences reflected the popularity of surreal ##ism at the time , and that the influence of cinema , in particular the films of alfred hitchcock , is apparent in the story . jean @ - @ marc lo ##ffi ##cier and randy lo ##ffi ##cier described the story	704
[ "as", "\"", "a", "thin", "##ly", "@", "-", "@", "disguised", "remake", "of", "cigar", "##s", "of", "the", "pharaoh", "\"", ",", "an", "adventure", "of", "tin", "##tin", "which", "had", "been", "first", "serial", "##ised", "in", "1934", ".", "both", "feature", "the", "smuggling", "of", "opium", ",", "in", "crab", "tin", "##s", "and", "cigar", "##s", "respectively", ",", "and", "\"", "desert", "trek", "##s", ",", "hostile", "tribes", "and", ",", "at", "the", "end", ",", "the", "in", "##fi", "##lt", "##rating", "of", "a", "secret", "underground", "lair", ".", "\"", "they", "also", "opined", "that", "artistic", "##ally", ",", "the", "story", "represented", "\"", "a", "turning", "point", "in", "her", "##ge", "'", "s", "career", "\"", ",", "because", "he", "had", "to", "switch", "to", "a", "daily", "format", "in", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "although", "as", "a", "result", "of", "this", "they", "felt", "that", "the", "final", "third", "of", "the", "story", "\"" ]	2,866	as " a thin ##ly @ - @ disguised remake of cigar ##s of the pharaoh " , an adventure of tin ##tin which had been first serial ##ised in 1934 . both feature the smuggling of opium , in crab tin ##s and cigar ##s respectively , and " desert trek ##s , hostile tribes and , at the end , the in ##fi ##lt ##rating of a secret underground lair . " they also opined that artistic ##ally , the story represented " a turning point in her ##ge ' s career " , because he had to switch to a daily format in le so ##ir , although as a result of this they felt that the final third of the story "	755
[ "seems", "rushed", "\"", ".", "stating", "that", "the", "inclusion", "of", "a", "japanese", "detective", "investigating", "drug", "smuggling", "in", "the", "mediterranean", "makes", "no", "sense", "within", "the", "context", "of", "1940s", "europe", ",", "they", "ultimately", "awarded", "the", "story", "three", "out", "of", "five", "stars", ".", "literary", "critic", "jean", "@", "-", "@", "marie", "ap", "##ost", "##oli", "##des", "of", "stanford", "university", ",", "in", "a", "psycho", "##anal", "##ytic", "##al", "review", "of", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", ",", "commented", "that", "this", "book", "witnessed", "tin", "##tin", "'", "s", "\"", "real", "entrance", "into", "the", "community", "of", "human", "beings", "\"", "as", "he", "gains", "an", "\"", "older", "brother", "\"", "in", "had", "##dock", ".", "he", "also", "believed", "that", "the", "recurring", "image", "of", "alcohol", "throughout", "the", "story", "was", "symbolic", "of", "sexuality", ".", "in", "particular", ",", "he", "believed", "that", "there", "was", "a" ]	2,867	seems rushed " . stating that the inclusion of a japanese detective investigating drug smuggling in the mediterranean makes no sense within the context of 1940s europe , they ultimately awarded the story three out of five stars . literary critic jean @ - @ marie ap ##ost ##oli ##des of stanford university , in a psycho ##anal ##ytic ##al review of the crab with the golden claws , commented that this book witnessed tin ##tin ' s " real entrance into the community of human beings " as he gains an " older brother " in had ##dock . he also believed that the recurring image of alcohol throughout the story was symbolic of sexuality . in particular , he believed that there was a	670
[ "strong", "homo", "##ero", "##tic", "sub", "##text", "between", "had", "##dock", "and", "tin", "##tin", ",", "represented", "in", "the", "two", "del", "##iri", "##ous", "sequences", ";", "in", "one", ",", "had", "##dock", "en", "##vision", "##s", "tin", "##tin", "as", "a", "champagne", "bottle", "fr", "##oth", "##ing", "at", "the", "top", "(", "thereby", "symbol", "##ising", "an", "e", "##ja", "##cula", "##ting", "penis", ")", ",", "while", "in", "the", "other", ",", "tin", "##tin", "dreams", "that", "he", "is", "trapped", "inside", "a", "bottle", ",", "with", "had", "##dock", "about", "to", "stick", "a", "cork", "##sc", "##rew", "into", "him", "(", "thereby", "symbol", "##ising", "sexual", "penetration", ")", ".", "however", ",", "ap", "##ost", "##oli", "##des", "notes", ",", "in", "both", "instances", "the", "pair", "are", "prevented", "from", "realising", "their", "sexual", "fantasies", ".", "literary", "critic", "tom", "mccarthy", "con", "##cu", "##rred", "with", "ap", "##ost", "##oli", "##des", "on", "this", "point" ]	2,868	strong homo ##ero ##tic sub ##text between had ##dock and tin ##tin , represented in the two del ##iri ##ous sequences ; in one , had ##dock en ##vision ##s tin ##tin as a champagne bottle fr ##oth ##ing at the top ( thereby symbol ##ising an e ##ja ##cula ##ting penis ) , while in the other , tin ##tin dreams that he is trapped inside a bottle , with had ##dock about to stick a cork ##sc ##rew into him ( thereby symbol ##ising sexual penetration ) . however , ap ##ost ##oli ##des notes , in both instances the pair are prevented from realising their sexual fantasies . literary critic tom mccarthy con ##cu ##rred with ap ##ost ##oli ##des on this point	513
[ ",", "also", "highlighting", "what", "he", "perceived", "as", "homo", "##ero", "##tic", "under", "##tones", "to", "these", "two", "scenes", ".", "he", "also", "noted", "that", "in", "this", "adventure", ",", "the", "manner", "in", "which", "a", "chance", "finding", "of", "a", "tin", "can", "on", "a", "belgian", "street", "leads", "tin", "##tin", "into", "the", "story", "is", "representative", "of", "the", "recurring", "theme", "of", "\"", "tin", "##tin", "the", "detective", "\"", "found", "throughout", "the", "series", ".", "=", "=", "adaptations", "=", "=", "in", "1947", ",", "the", "first", "tin", "##tin", "motion", "picture", "was", "created", ":", "the", "stop", "motion", "@", "-", "@", "animated", "feature", "film", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", ",", "faithful", "##ly", "adapted", "by", "producer", "wil", "##fr", "##ied", "bo", "##ucher", "##y", "for", "films", "claude", "mis", "##onne", ".", "it", "was", "first", "shown", "at", "the", "abc", "cinema", "on", "11", "january", "1947" ]	2,869	, also highlighting what he perceived as homo ##ero ##tic under ##tones to these two scenes . he also noted that in this adventure , the manner in which a chance finding of a tin can on a belgian street leads tin ##tin into the story is representative of the recurring theme of " tin ##tin the detective " found throughout the series . = = adaptations = = in 1947 , the first tin ##tin motion picture was created : the stop motion @ - @ animated feature film the crab with the golden claws , faithful ##ly adapted by producer wil ##fr ##ied bo ##ucher ##y for films claude mis ##onne . it was first shown at the abc cinema on 11 january 1947	671
[ "for", "a", "group", "of", "invited", "guests", ".", "it", "was", "screened", "publicly", "only", "once", ",", "on", "21", "december", "of", "that", "year", ",", "before", "bo", "##ucher", "##y", "declared", "bankruptcy", "and", "fled", "to", "argentina", ".", "in", "1957", ",", "the", "animation", "company", "bel", "##vision", "studios", "produced", "a", "string", "of", "colour", "adaptations", "based", "upon", "her", "##ge", "'", "s", "original", "comics", ",", "adapting", "eight", "of", "the", "adventures", "into", "a", "series", "of", "daily", "five", "@", "-", "@", "minute", "episodes", ".", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "the", "fifth", "such", "story", "to", "be", "adapted", ",", "being", "directed", "by", "ray", "goo", "##ssen", "##s", "and", "written", "by", "greg", ",", "himself", "a", "well", "@", "-", "@", "known", "cartoonist", "who", "in", "later", "years", "would", "become", "editor", "@", "-", "@", "in", "@", "-", "@", "chief", "of", "tin", "##tin" ]	2,870	for a group of invited guests . it was screened publicly only once , on 21 december of that year , before bo ##ucher ##y declared bankruptcy and fled to argentina . in 1957 , the animation company bel ##vision studios produced a string of colour adaptations based upon her ##ge ' s original comics , adapting eight of the adventures into a series of daily five @ - @ minute episodes . the crab with the golden claws was the fifth such story to be adapted , being directed by ray goo ##ssen ##s and written by greg , himself a well @ - @ known cartoonist who in later years would become editor @ - @ in @ - @ chief of tin ##tin	881
[ "magazine", ".", "in", "1991", ",", "a", "second", "animated", "series", "based", "upon", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "was", "produced", ",", "this", "time", "as", "a", "collaboration", "between", "the", "french", "studio", "el", "##lip", "##se", "and", "the", "canadian", "animation", "company", "ne", "##lva", "##na", ".", "adapting", "21", "of", "the", "stories", "into", "a", "series", "of", "episodes", ",", "each", "42", "minutes", "long", ",", "with", "most", "stories", "spanning", "two", "episodes", ",", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "the", "seventh", "story", "produced", "in", "the", "series", ".", "directed", "by", "stephane", "bern", "##asco", "##ni", ",", "critics", "have", "praised", "the", "series", "for", "being", "\"", "generally", "faithful", "\"", ",", "with", "compositions", "having", "been", "actually", "directly", "taken", "from", "the", "panels", "in", "the", "original", "comic", "book", ".", "a", "motion", "capture", "adventure", "film", "titled", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ":", "the" ]	2,871	magazine . in 1991 , a second animated series based upon the adventures of tin ##tin was produced , this time as a collaboration between the french studio el ##lip ##se and the canadian animation company ne ##lva ##na . adapting 21 of the stories into a series of episodes , each 42 minutes long , with most stories spanning two episodes , the crab with the golden claws was the seventh story produced in the series . directed by stephane bern ##asco ##ni , critics have praised the series for being " generally faithful " , with compositions having been actually directly taken from the panels in the original comic book . a motion capture adventure film titled the adventures of tin ##tin : the	874
[ "secret", "of", "the", "unicorn", "directed", "by", "steven", "spielberg", "and", "produced", "by", "peter", "jackson", "was", "released", "in", "the", "us", "on", "21", "december", "2011", "and", "in", "europe", "at", "the", "end", "of", "october", "2011", ".", "parts", "of", "the", "movie", "are", "taken", "from", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "including", "the", "meeting", "and", "first", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "and", "captain", "had", "##dock", ",", "the", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", ",", "the", "flight", "to", "bag", "##gh", "##ar", ",", "and", "the", "crab", "cans", "(", "although", "the", "plot", "involving", "the", "smug", "##gled", "opium", "was", "not", "adapted", ")", ".", "a", "video", "@", "-", "@", "game", "tie", "@", "-", "@", "in", "to", "the", "movie", "was", "released", "october", "2011", ".", "=", "=", "in", "popular", "culture", "=", "=", "in", "the", "simpsons", "episode", "in", "the", "name", "of", "the", "grandfather" ]	2,872	secret of the unicorn directed by steven spielberg and produced by peter jackson was released in the us on 21 december 2011 and in europe at the end of october 2011 . parts of the movie are taken from the crab with the golden claws including the meeting and first adventures of tin ##tin and captain had ##dock , the kara ##bo ##ud ##jan , the flight to bag ##gh ##ar , and the crab cans ( although the plot involving the smug ##gled opium was not adapted ) . a video @ - @ game tie @ - @ in to the movie was released october 2011 . = = in popular culture = = in the simpsons episode in the name of the grandfather	753
[ "bart", "simpson", "makes", "a", "der", "##oga", "##tory", "remark", "about", "belgium", ",", "causing", "his", "mother", "marge", "to", "threaten", "him", "with", "\"", "taking", "his", "tin", "##tin", "##s", "away", "\"", ",", "whereupon", "bart", "clutches", "a", "copy", "of", "the", "tin", "##tin", "album", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "to", "his", "chest", ",", "promising", "he", "'", "ll", "behave", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "is", "a", "fashion", "line", "by", "american", "singer", "gwen", "stefan", "##i", ",", "the", "lead", "vocalist", "of", "the", "rock", "band", "no", "doubt", ".", "the", "line", "manufactures", "apparel", "and", "fashion", "accessories", ".", "it", "was", "founded", "in", "2003", "and", "made", "its", "runway", "debut", "in", "2004", ".", "the", "fashion", "line", "manufactures", "accessories", "like", "shoes", ",", "watches", ",", "bags", "and", "a", "fragrance", "called", "\"", "l", ".", "\"", "the", "name", "is" ]	2,873	bart simpson makes a der ##oga ##tory remark about belgium , causing his mother marge to threaten him with " taking his tin ##tin ##s away " , whereupon bart clutches a copy of the tin ##tin album the crab with the golden claws to his chest , promising he ' ll behave . l . a . m . b . is a fashion line by american singer gwen stefan ##i , the lead vocalist of the rock band no doubt . the line manufactures apparel and fashion accessories . it was founded in 2003 and made its runway debut in 2004 . the fashion line manufactures accessories like shoes , watches , bags and a fragrance called " l . " the name is	760
[ "an", "acronym", "of", "her", "debut", "solo", "album", "love", ".", "angel", ".", "music", ".", "baby", ".", "the", "line", "is", "influenced", "by", "a", "variety", "of", "fashion", "##s", "cultures", ",", "including", "guatemala", "##n", ",", "japanese", ",", "indian", "and", "jamaican", "styles", ".", "stefan", "##i", "came", "from", "a", "family", "of", "seam", "##st", "##resses", ".", "this", "further", "inspired", "her", "to", "launch", "her", "own", "fashion", "line", ".", "the", "line", "achieved", "popularity", "among", "celebrities", "and", "is", "worn", "by", "stars", "such", "as", "ter", "##i", "hatch", "##er", ",", "nicole", "kid", "##man", ",", "paris", "hilton", "and", "stefan", "##i", "herself", ".", "the", "fashion", "line", "made", "a", "runway", "debut", "in", "the", "spring", "collection", "of", "2004", "and", "achieved", "mainstream", "success", "at", "new", "york", "fashion", "week", "in", "2005", ".", "it", "currently", "makes", "an", "annual", "gross", "income", "of", "$", "90", "million", "." ]	2,874	an acronym of her debut solo album love . angel . music . baby . the line is influenced by a variety of fashion ##s cultures , including guatemala ##n , japanese , indian and jamaican styles . stefan ##i came from a family of seam ##st ##resses . this further inspired her to launch her own fashion line . the line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as ter ##i hatch ##er , nicole kid ##man , paris hilton and stefan ##i herself . the fashion line made a runway debut in the spring collection of 2004 and achieved mainstream success at new york fashion week in 2005 . it currently makes an annual gross income of $ 90 million .	797
[ "the", "line", ",", "as", "well", "as", "the", "fashion", "shows", ",", "were", "well", "received", "by", "critics", "and", "appreciated", "the", "ind", "##ul", "##gence", "of", "a", "celebrity", "into", "the", "fashion", "world", ".", "an", "additional", "fashion", "line", "was", "launched", "by", "stefan", "##i", "called", "hara", "##ju", "##ku", "lovers", ".", "in", "late", "2014", "stefan", "##i", "announced", "she", "would", "be", "producing", "an", "animated", "series", "that", "was", "based", "on", "the", "characters", "love", ",", "angel", ",", "music", "and", "baby", ".", "the", "series", ",", "ku", "##uk", "##u", "##u", "hara", "##ju", "##ku", "follows", "the", "hara", "##ju", "##ku", "girls", ",", "known", "together", "as", "h", "##j", "##5", ",", "as", "they", "fight", "evil", "and", "try", "to", "pursue", "their", "music", "career", ".", "stefan", "##i", "first", "came", "face", "to", "face", "with", "designing", "clothes", "when", "she", "and", "her", "mother", "would", "se", "##w", "clothes" ]	2,875	the line , as well as the fashion shows , were well received by critics and appreciated the ind ##ul ##gence of a celebrity into the fashion world . an additional fashion line was launched by stefan ##i called hara ##ju ##ku lovers . in late 2014 stefan ##i announced she would be producing an animated series that was based on the characters love , angel , music and baby . the series , ku ##uk ##u ##u hara ##ju ##ku follows the hara ##ju ##ku girls , known together as h ##j ##5 , as they fight evil and try to pursue their music career . stefan ##i first came face to face with designing clothes when she and her mother would se ##w clothes	721
[ "for", "themselves", "when", "she", "was", "young", ".", "stefan", "##i", "comes", "from", "a", "long", "line", "of", "seam", "##st", "##resses", ",", "as", "even", "her", "great", "@", "-", "@", "grandmother", "would", "se", "##w", "clothes", ".", "stefan", "##i", "made", "most", "of", "the", "things", "she", "wore", "onstage", "during", "concerts", ".", "when", "she", "became", "successful", "and", "began", "to", "tour", "constantly", ",", "she", "felt", "she", "lost", "her", "way", ".", "then", "she", "met", "the", "st", "##yl", "##ist", "andrea", "lie", "##berman", ".", "lie", "##berman", "introduced", "her", "to", "haute", "co", "##ut", "##ure", "clothing", ".", "later", "lie", "##berman", "became", "her", "creative", "consultant", "and", "za", "##ld", "##y", "go", "##co", "took", "over", "as", "the", "head", "designer", ".", "go", "##co", "later", "parted", "ways", "with", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", "." ]	2,876	for themselves when she was young . stefan ##i comes from a long line of seam ##st ##resses , as even her great @ - @ grandmother would se ##w clothes . stefan ##i made most of the things she wore onstage during concerts . when she became successful and began to tour constantly , she felt she lost her way . then she met the st ##yl ##ist andrea lie ##berman . lie ##berman introduced her to haute co ##ut ##ure clothing . later lie ##berman became her creative consultant and za ##ld ##y go ##co took over as the head designer . go ##co later parted ways with l . a . m . b . l . a . m . b .	720
[ "started", "out", "as", "a", "collaboration", "with", "les", "##ports", "##ac", "in", "2003", ".", "the", "name", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "is", "an", "acronym", "which", "stands", "for", "love", ".", "angel", ".", "music", ".", "baby", ".", ",", "which", "is", "also", "the", "name", "of", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "first", "solo", "album", ".", "the", "fashion", "line", "manufactures", "clothes", ",", "shoes", ",", "bags", "and", "a", "fragrance", "called", "\"", "l", "\"", ".", "the", "brand", "started", "out", "as", "a", "line", "for", "women", "but", "claims", "the", "track", "items", "are", "un", "##ise", "##x", ".", "the", "clothes", "were", "manufactured", "by", "ska", "girl", "llc", ",", "which", "was", "founded", "in", "2003", "by", "ken", "er", "##man", ",", "president", "of", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "while", "for", "its", "other", "products", ",", "l", ".", "a", "." ]	2,877	started out as a collaboration with les ##ports ##ac in 2003 . the name l . a . m . b . is an acronym which stands for love . angel . music . baby . , which is also the name of stefan ##i ' s first solo album . the fashion line manufactures clothes , shoes , bags and a fragrance called " l " . the brand started out as a line for women but claims the track items are un ##ise ##x . the clothes were manufactured by ska girl llc , which was founded in 2003 by ken er ##man , president of l . a . m . b . while for its other products , l . a .	720
[ "m", ".", "b", "has", "been", "more", "of", "a", "collaborative", "fashion", "line", ".", "now", "the", "line", "is", "teaming", "up", "with", "another", "manufacturer", ",", "which", "explains", "why", "the", "official", "website", "is", "down", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", "joined", "with", "royal", "elastic", "##s", "for", "the", "shoe", "line", ".", "stefan", "##i", "is", "widening", "her", "foot", "##wear", "line", "for", "adults", "to", "include", "boots", "and", "stil", "##etto", "##s", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", "collaborated", "with", "cot", "##y", "inc", ".", "for", "the", "fragrance", "and", "with", "les", "##ports", "##ac", "for", "hand", "##bags", "in", "2003", ".", "stefan", "##i", "went", "on", "to", "design", "a", "new", "line", "of", "hand", "##bags", "with", "shifter", "and", "partners", "in", "2006", ".", "the", "bags", "feature", "les", "##ports", "##ac", "'", "s", "signature", "rip", "@", "-", "@", "stop" ]	2,878	m . b has been more of a collaborative fashion line . now the line is teaming up with another manufacturer , which explains why the official website is down . l . a . m . b joined with royal elastic ##s for the shoe line . stefan ##i is widening her foot ##wear line for adults to include boots and stil ##etto ##s . l . a . m . b collaborated with cot ##y inc . for the fragrance and with les ##ports ##ac for hand ##bags in 2003 . stefan ##i went on to design a new line of hand ##bags with shifter and partners in 2006 . the bags feature les ##ports ##ac ' s signature rip @ - @ stop	67
[ "nylon", "along", "with", "a", "variety", "of", "antique", "##d", "metal", "hardware", ",", "leather", "trim", "##s", "and", "colorful", "lining", "##s", ".", "stefan", "##i", "plans", "to", "design", "linger", "##ie", "as", "well", "as", "make", "@", "-", "@", "up", "products", "for", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "partnered", "with", "vest", "##al", "group", "on", "a", "line", "of", "women", "'", "s", "watches", ".", "the", "line", "consists", "of", "39", "time", "##piece", "##s", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "products", "are", "relatively", "expensive", ",", "with", "apparel", "priced", "$", "55", "to", "$", "1100", ",", "hand", "##bags", "priced", "$", "80", "to", "$", "82", "##5", ",", "and", "watches", "priced", "$", "125", "to", "$", "99", "##5", ".", "cot", "##y", "inc", ".", "announced", "a", "global", "licensing", "agreement" ]	2,879	nylon along with a variety of antique ##d metal hardware , leather trim ##s and colorful lining ##s . stefan ##i plans to design linger ##ie as well as make @ - @ up products for l . a . m . b . l . a . m . b . partnered with vest ##al group on a line of women ' s watches . the line consists of 39 time ##piece ##s . l . a . m . b . products are relatively expensive , with apparel priced $ 55 to $ 1100 , hand ##bags priced $ 80 to $ 82 ##5 , and watches priced $ 125 to $ 99 ##5 . cot ##y inc . announced a global licensing agreement	322
[ "with", "stefan", "##i", ",", "to", "develop", "and", "market", "fragrance", "##s", "for", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "catherine", "walsh", ",", "senior", "vice", "president", ",", "american", "fragrance", "##s", ",", "cot", "##y", "prestige", ",", "said", "in", "a", "statement", "-", "\"", "from", "the", "packaging", "to", "the", "bottle", "design", "to", "the", "distinctive", "scent", "itself", ",", "we", "will", "be", "working", "very", "closely", "with", "stefan", "##i", "to", "ensure", "that", "her", "signature", "fragrance", "captures", "her", "rare", "spirit", ",", "style", "and", "warmth", ",", "\"", "stefan", "##i", "said", ",", "\"", "creating", "a", "fragrance", "is", "one", "of", "the", "most", "prestigious", "things", "a", "designer", "can", "do", ".", "\"", "the", "fragrance", "called", "\"", "l", "\"", "was", "launched", "in", "september", ",", "2007", "at", "soho", "house", "in", "new", "york", ".", "stefan", "##i", "worked", "with", "perfume", "##r", "harry", "fremont" ]	2,880	with stefan ##i , to develop and market fragrance ##s for l . a . m . b . catherine walsh , senior vice president , american fragrance ##s , cot ##y prestige , said in a statement - " from the packaging to the bottle design to the distinctive scent itself , we will be working very closely with stefan ##i to ensure that her signature fragrance captures her rare spirit , style and warmth , " stefan ##i said , " creating a fragrance is one of the most prestigious things a designer can do . " the fragrance called " l " was launched in september , 2007 at soho house in new york . stefan ##i worked with perfume ##r harry fremont	67
[ "to", "develop", "the", "scent", ".", "stefan", "##i", "described", "the", "fragrance", "as", "\"", "it", "'", "s", "another", "thing", "you", "can", "wear", "and", "another", "thing", "i", "can", "be", "part", "of", "creative", "##ly", ".", "i", "created", "it", "for", "myself", "-", "-", "it", "'", "s", "like", "me", "sh", "##run", "##k", "into", "a", "box", ".", "\"", "the", "perfume", "is", "a", "blend", "of", "the", "aroma", "##s", "of", "h", "##ya", "##cin", "##th", ",", "white", "free", "##sia", ",", "fresh", "pear", ",", "violet", ",", "jasmine", ",", "rose", ",", "lily", ",", "sweet", "pea", ",", "orange", "blossom", ",", "peach", ",", "fran", "##gi", "##pani", ",", "he", "##lio", "##tro", "##pe", "and", "mu", "##sk", ".", "the", "perfume", "is", "available", "in", "50", "ml", "and", "100", "ml", "bottles", ".", "=", "=", "promotion", "and", "fashion", "shows", "=", "=", "stefan", "##i", "frequently", "refers", "to" ]	2,881	to develop the scent . stefan ##i described the fragrance as " it ' s another thing you can wear and another thing i can be part of creative ##ly . i created it for myself - - it ' s like me sh ##run ##k into a box . " the perfume is a blend of the aroma ##s of h ##ya ##cin ##th , white free ##sia , fresh pear , violet , jasmine , rose , lily , sweet pea , orange blossom , peach , fran ##gi ##pani , he ##lio ##tro ##pe and mu ##sk . the perfume is available in 50 ml and 100 ml bottles . = = promotion and fashion shows = = stefan ##i frequently refers to	805
[ "her", "clothing", "line", "in", "her", "music", ",", "as", "one", "of", "the", "brand", "'", "s", "promotional", "strategies", ".", "stefan", "##i", "refers", "to", "her", "clothing", "line", "in", "her", "songs", "\"", "wind", "it", "up", ",", "\"", "\"", "hara", "##ju", "##ku", "girls", ",", "\"", "and", "\"", "crash", "\"", "(", "which", "even", "incorporates", "the", "brand", "'", "s", "slogan", ",", "\"", "i", "want", "you", "all", "over", "me", "like", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "\"", ")", ".", "stefan", "##i", "is", "often", "seen", "wearing", "her", "own", "designs", ",", "especially", "when", "making", "public", "appearances", ".", "a", "thirty", "@", "-", "@", "second", "commercial", "directed", "by", "sophie", "muller", "was", "also", "released", "to", "promote", "the", "brand", "'", "s", "fragrance", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "has", "participated", "in", "the", "spring", "/", "summer" ]	2,882	her clothing line in her music , as one of the brand ' s promotional strategies . stefan ##i refers to her clothing line in her songs " wind it up , " " hara ##ju ##ku girls , " and " crash " ( which even incorporates the brand ' s slogan , " i want you all over me like l . a . m . b . " ) . stefan ##i is often seen wearing her own designs , especially when making public appearances . a thirty @ - @ second commercial directed by sophie muller was also released to promote the brand ' s fragrance . l . a . m . b . has participated in the spring / summer	820
[ "2006", ",", "2007", ",", "and", "2008", "new", "york", "fashion", "weeks", ".", "stefan", "##i", "described", "her", "first", "line", ",", "which", "debuted", "on", "september", "16", ",", "2005", ",", "as", "\"", "a", "little", "sound", "of", "music", ",", "some", "orange", "county", "cho", "##la", "girl", ",", "some", "ras", "##ta", ",", "and", "a", "bit", "of", "the", "great", "ga", "##ts", "##by", ".", "\"", "the", "highlights", "of", "the", "show", "were", "purple", "cars", "bouncing", "using", "hydraulic", "##s", "while", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "song", "\"", "wind", "it", "up", "\"", "made", "its", "debut", "as", "the", "models", "walked", "the", "runway", ".", "for", "spring", "/", "summer", "2007", ",", "stefan", "##i", "opted", "for", "a", "presentation", "rather", "than", "a", "cat", "##walk", "show", ".", "the", "models", ",", "all", "don", "##ning", "identical", "blond", "wig", "##s", ",", "wore", "designs", "stefan", "##i", "said", "were", "inspired" ]	2,883	2006 , 2007 , and 2008 new york fashion weeks . stefan ##i described her first line , which debuted on september 16 , 2005 , as " a little sound of music , some orange county cho ##la girl , some ras ##ta , and a bit of the great ga ##ts ##by . " the highlights of the show were purple cars bouncing using hydraulic ##s while stefan ##i ' s song " wind it up " made its debut as the models walked the runway . for spring / summer 2007 , stefan ##i opted for a presentation rather than a cat ##walk show . the models , all don ##ning identical blond wig ##s , wore designs stefan ##i said were inspired	720
[ "by", "michelle", "p", "##fe", "##iff", "##er", "'", "s", "role", "as", "el", "##vira", "hancock", "in", "the", "1983", "scarf", "##ace", ".", "the", "show", "included", "some", "of", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "trademark", "tracks", "##uit", "##s", "and", "extensively", "referenced", "prints", "from", "guatemala", ",", "india", ",", "and", "japan", ".", "on", "september", "5", ",", "2007", ",", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", "opened", "new", "york", "'", "s", "spring", "/", "summer", "2008", "mercedes", "@", "-", "@", "benz", "fashion", "week", ".", "the", "collection", "\"", "looked", "like", "the", "sixties", "as", "seen", "by", "someone", "who", "grew", "up", "in", "the", "eighties", "\"", "and", "incorporated", "influences", "from", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "ska", "roots", ".", "fashion", "week", "organizer", "fern", "mall", "##is", "said", "that", "celebrity", "designers", "provided", "syn", "##ergy", "and", "energy", "to", "the", "fashion", "industry", ",", "which", "made", "stefan" ]	2,884	by michelle p ##fe ##iff ##er ' s role as el ##vira hancock in the 1983 scarf ##ace . the show included some of stefan ##i ' s trademark tracks ##uit ##s and extensively referenced prints from guatemala , india , and japan . on september 5 , 2007 , l . a . m . b opened new york ' s spring / summer 2008 mercedes @ - @ benz fashion week . the collection " looked like the sixties as seen by someone who grew up in the eighties " and incorporated influences from stefan ##i ' s ska roots . fashion week organizer fern mall ##is said that celebrity designers provided syn ##ergy and energy to the fashion industry , which made stefan	55
[ "##i", "'", "s", "collection", "a", "desirable", "opener", ".", "=", "=", "critical", "reception", "=", "=", "the", "line", "was", "mostly", "well", "received", "by", "critics", "and", "stefan", "##i", "was", "appreciated", "for", "taking", "fashion", "seriously", "even", "though", "she", "is", "a", "celebrity", ".", "fern", "mall", "##is", "of", "im", "##g", "praised", "the", "line", "and", "stefan", "##i", "as", "well", "and", "said", ",", "\"", "the", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "line", "is", "clearly", "at", "the", "top", "of", "these", "lines", "and", "is", "as", "unique", "and", "individual", "as", "gwen", "herself", ".", "\"", "the", "shoes", "were", "well", "received", "by", "the", "critics", ",", "though", "considered", "to", "be", "price", "##y", ".", "desire", "##e", "st", "##im", "##per", "##t", "of", "about", ".", "com", "said", ",", "\"", ".", ".", ".", "these", "shoes", "aren", "'", "t", "for", "everyone", ",", "but" ]	2,885	##i ' s collection a desirable opener . = = critical reception = = the line was mostly well received by critics and stefan ##i was appreciated for taking fashion seriously even though she is a celebrity . fern mall ##is of im ##g praised the line and stefan ##i as well and said , " the l . a . m . b . line is clearly at the top of these lines and is as unique and individual as gwen herself . " the shoes were well received by the critics , though considered to be price ##y . desire ##e st ##im ##per ##t of about . com said , " . . . these shoes aren ' t for everyone , but	720
[ "will", "most", "definitely", "appeal", "to", "fans", "of", "ms", ".", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "music", "and", "fashion", "-", "sense", ".", "\"", "tim", "stack", "of", "entertainment", "weekly", "said", ",", "\"", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "'", "s", "em", "##bell", "##ished", "tracks", "##uit", "##s", ",", "ras", "##ta", "@", "-", "@", "inspired", "knit", "##s", ",", "and", "ga", "##uch", "##o", "@", "-", "@", "heel", "combo", "##s", "deliver", "the", "edge", "\"", "nicole", "phelps", "of", "style", ".", "com", "said", ",", "\"", "the", "collection", ",", "which", "looked", "like", "the", "sixties", "as", "seen", "by", "someone", "who", "grew", "up", "in", "the", "eighties", ",", "was", "altogether", "more", "wear", "##able", "and", "on", "trend", ".", "\"", "fashion", "journalist", "cathy", "ho", "##ryn", "of", "the", "new", "york", "times", "differed", "and", "said", ",", "\"", "if", "ever", "there", "was", "a" ]	2,886	will most definitely appeal to fans of ms . stefan ##i ' s music and fashion - sense . " tim stack of entertainment weekly said , " l . a . m . b . ' s em ##bell ##ished tracks ##uit ##s , ras ##ta @ - @ inspired knit ##s , and ga ##uch ##o @ - @ heel combo ##s deliver the edge " nicole phelps of style . com said , " the collection , which looked like the sixties as seen by someone who grew up in the eighties , was altogether more wear ##able and on trend . " fashion journalist cathy ho ##ryn of the new york times differed and said , " if ever there was a	678
[ "reason", "for", "a", "pop", "star", "to", "concentrate", "on", "her", "vocal", "skills", ",", "it", "was", "gwen", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "fashion", "melt", "##down", ".", "\"", "=", "=", "commercial", "success", "=", "=", "the", "brand", "is", "sold", "in", "275", "stores", "worldwide", "and", "is", "worn", "by", "celebrities", "including", "ter", "##i", "hatch", "##er", ",", "nicole", "kid", "##man", ",", "kelly", "rip", "##a", ",", "paris", "hilton", ",", "and", "stefan", "##i", "herself", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", "sales", "have", "expanded", "from", "$", "40", "million", "in", "2005", "to", "a", "predicted", "$", "90", "million", "in", "2007", ".", "according", "to", "a", "nord", "##strom", "spokesperson", ",", "the", "debut", "of", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "'", "s", "watch", "line", ",", "which", "sold", "out", "in", "two", "days", ",", "was", "the", "store", "'", "s", "most" ]	2,887	reason for a pop star to concentrate on her vocal skills , it was gwen stefan ##i ' s fashion melt ##down . " = = commercial success = = the brand is sold in 275 stores worldwide and is worn by celebrities including ter ##i hatch ##er , nicole kid ##man , kelly rip ##a , paris hilton , and stefan ##i herself . l . a . m . b sales have expanded from $ 40 million in 2005 to a predicted $ 90 million in 2007 . according to a nord ##strom spokesperson , the debut of l . a . m . b . ' s watch line , which sold out in two days , was the store ' s most	720
[ "successful", "watch", "launch", "ever", ".", "the", "brand", "'", "s", "designs", "have", "appeared", "in", "w", ",", "marie", "claire", ",", "elle", ",", "lucky", "and", "ins", "##tyle", ".", "=", "first", "@", "-", "@", "move", "advantage", "in", "chess", "=", "the", "first", "@", "-", "@", "move", "advantage", "in", "chess", "is", "the", "inherent", "advantage", "of", "the", "player", "(", "white", ")", "who", "makes", "the", "first", "move", "in", "chess", ".", "chess", "players", "and", "theorists", "generally", "agree", "that", "white", "begins", "the", "game", "with", "some", "advantage", ".", "since", "1851", ",", "compiled", "statistics", "support", "this", "view", ";", "white", "consistently", "wins", "slightly", "more", "often", "than", "black", ",", "usually", "scoring", "between", "52", "and", "56", "percent", ".", "white", "'", "s", "winning", "percentage", "is", "about", "the", "same", "for", "tournament", "games", "between", "humans", "and", "games", "between", "computers", ".", "however", ",", "white", "'" ]	2,888	successful watch launch ever . the brand ' s designs have appeared in w , marie claire , elle , lucky and ins ##tyle . = first @ - @ move advantage in chess = the first @ - @ move advantage in chess is the inherent advantage of the player ( white ) who makes the first move in chess . chess players and theorists generally agree that white begins the game with some advantage . since 1851 , compiled statistics support this view ; white consistently wins slightly more often than black , usually scoring between 52 and 56 percent . white ' s winning percentage is about the same for tournament games between humans and games between computers . however , white '	643
[ "s", "advantage", "is", "less", "significant", "in", "blitz", "games", "and", "games", "between", "novice", "##s", ".", "chess", "players", "and", "theo", "##ret", "##icia", "##ns", "have", "long", "debated", "whether", ",", "given", "perfect", "play", "by", "both", "sides", ",", "the", "game", "should", "end", "in", "a", "win", "for", "white", ",", "or", "a", "draw", ".", "since", "approximately", "1889", ",", "when", "world", "champion", "wilhelm", "stein", "##itz", "addressed", "this", "issue", ",", "the", "overwhelming", "consensus", "has", "been", "that", "a", "perfectly", "played", "game", "would", "end", "in", "a", "draw", ".", "however", ",", "a", "few", "notable", "players", "have", "argued", "that", "white", "'", "s", "advantage", "may", "be", "sufficient", "to", "force", "a", "win", ":", "weaver", "adams", "and", "vs", "##ev", "##olo", "##d", "ra", "##uze", "##r", "claimed", "that", "white", "is", "winning", "after", "the", "first", "move", "1", ".", "e", "##4", ",", "while", "hans", "berlin", "##er" ]	2,889	s advantage is less significant in blitz games and games between novice ##s . chess players and theo ##ret ##icia ##ns have long debated whether , given perfect play by both sides , the game should end in a win for white , or a draw . since approximately 1889 , when world champion wilhelm stein ##itz addressed this issue , the overwhelming consensus has been that a perfectly played game would end in a draw . however , a few notable players have argued that white ' s advantage may be sufficient to force a win : weaver adams and vs ##ev ##olo ##d ra ##uze ##r claimed that white is winning after the first move 1 . e ##4 , while hans berlin ##er	83
[ "argued", "that", "1", ".", "d", "##4", "may", "win", "for", "white", ".", "some", "players", ",", "including", "world", "champions", "such", "as", "jose", "raul", "cap", "##ab", "##lan", "##ca", ",", "emanuel", "las", "##ker", ",", "and", "bobby", "fischer", ",", "have", "expressed", "fears", "of", "a", "\"", "draw", "death", "\"", "as", "chess", "becomes", "more", "deeply", "analyzed", ".", "to", "alleviate", "this", "danger", ",", "cap", "##ab", "##lan", "##ca", "and", "fischer", "both", "proposed", "chess", "variants", "to", "renew", "interest", "in", "the", "game", ",", "while", "las", "##ker", "suggested", "changing", "how", "draws", "and", "stale", "##mate", "are", "scored", ".", "since", "1988", ",", "chess", "theorists", "have", "challenged", "previously", "well", "@", "-", "@", "established", "views", "about", "white", "'", "s", "advantage", ".", "grandmaster", "(", "gm", ")", "and", "##ras", "ad", "##or", "##jan", "wrote", "a", "series", "of", "books", "on", "the", "theme", "that", "\"", "black", "is" ]	2,890	argued that 1 . d ##4 may win for white . some players , including world champions such as jose raul cap ##ab ##lan ##ca , emanuel las ##ker , and bobby fischer , have expressed fears of a " draw death " as chess becomes more deeply analyzed . to alleviate this danger , cap ##ab ##lan ##ca and fischer both proposed chess variants to renew interest in the game , while las ##ker suggested changing how draws and stale ##mate are scored . since 1988 , chess theorists have challenged previously well @ - @ established views about white ' s advantage . grandmaster ( gm ) and ##ras ad ##or ##jan wrote a series of books on the theme that " black is	291
[ "ok", "!", "\"", ",", "arguing", "that", "the", "general", "perception", "that", "white", "has", "an", "advantage", "is", "founded", "more", "in", "psychology", "than", "reality", ".", "gm", "mi", "##hai", "sub", "##a", "and", "others", "contend", "that", "sometimes", "white", "'", "s", "initiative", "disappears", "for", "no", "apparent", "reason", "as", "a", "game", "progresses", ".", "the", "prevalent", "style", "of", "play", "for", "black", "today", "is", "to", "seek", "dynamic", ",", "un", "##balance", "##d", "positions", "with", "active", "counter", "##play", ",", "rather", "than", "merely", "trying", "to", "equal", "##ize", ".", "modern", "writers", "also", "argue", "that", "black", "has", "certain", "counter", "##va", "##iling", "advantages", ".", "the", "consensus", "that", "white", "should", "try", "to", "win", "can", "be", "a", "psychological", "burden", "for", "the", "white", "player", ",", "who", "sometimes", "loses", "by", "trying", "too", "hard", "to", "win", ".", "some", "symmetrical", "openings", "(", "i", ".", "e", ".", "those" ]	2,891	ok ! " , arguing that the general perception that white has an advantage is founded more in psychology than reality . gm mi ##hai sub ##a and others contend that sometimes white ' s initiative disappears for no apparent reason as a game progresses . the prevalent style of play for black today is to seek dynamic , un ##balance ##d positions with active counter ##play , rather than merely trying to equal ##ize . modern writers also argue that black has certain counter ##va ##iling advantages . the consensus that white should try to win can be a psychological burden for the white player , who sometimes loses by trying too hard to win . some symmetrical openings ( i . e . those	704
[ "where", "both", "players", "make", "the", "same", "moves", ")", "can", "lead", "to", "situations", "where", "moving", "first", "is", "a", "disadvantage", ",", "either", "for", "psychological", "or", "objective", "reasons", ".", "=", "=", "winning", "percentage", "##s", "=", "=", "two", "decades", "later", ",", "stat", "##istic", "##ian", "arthur", "m", ".", "stevens", "concluded", "in", "the", "blue", "book", "of", "charts", "to", "winning", "chess", ",", "based", "on", "a", "survey", "of", "56", "@", ",", "@", "97", "##2", "master", "games", "that", "he", "completed", "in", "1967", ",", "that", "white", "scores", "59", "@", ".", "@", "1", "%", ".", "however", ",", "stevens", "assembled", "his", "games", "from", "those", "that", "had", "been", "published", "in", "chess", "magazines", ",", "rather", "than", "complete", "collections", "of", "all", "the", "games", "played", "in", "particular", "events", ".", "more", "recent", "sources", "indicate", "that", "white", "scores", "approximately", "54", "to", "56", "percent", "." ]	2,892	where both players make the same moves ) can lead to situations where moving first is a disadvantage , either for psychological or objective reasons . = = winning percentage ##s = = two decades later , stat ##istic ##ian arthur m . stevens concluded in the blue book of charts to winning chess , based on a survey of 56 @ , @ 97 ##2 master games that he completed in 1967 , that white scores 59 @ . @ 1 % . however , stevens assembled his games from those that had been published in chess magazines , rather than complete collections of all the games played in particular events . more recent sources indicate that white scores approximately 54 to 56 percent .	316
[ "in", "2005", ",", "gm", "jonathan", "rows", "##on", "wrote", "that", "\"", "the", "conventional", "wisdom", "is", "that", "white", "begins", "the", "game", "with", "a", "small", "advantage", "and", ",", "holding", "all", "other", "factors", "constant", ",", "scores", "approximately", "56", "%", "to", "black", "'", "s", "44", "%", "\"", ".", "international", "master", "(", "im", ")", "john", "watson", "wrote", "in", "1998", "that", "white", "had", "scored", "56", "%", "for", "most", "of", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "but", "that", "this", "figure", "had", "recently", "slipped", "to", "55", "%", ".", "the", "website", "chess", "##games", ".", "com", "holds", "regularly", "updated", "statistics", "on", "its", "games", "database", ".", "as", "of", "january", "12", ",", "2015", ",", "white", "had", "won", "37", "@", ".", "@", "50", "%", ",", "34", "@", ".", "@", "90", "%", "were", "drawn", ",", "and", "black", "had", "won", "27", "@", ".", "@" ]	2,893	in 2005 , gm jonathan rows ##on wrote that " the conventional wisdom is that white begins the game with a small advantage and , holding all other factors constant , scores approximately 56 % to black ' s 44 % " . international master ( im ) john watson wrote in 1998 that white had scored 56 % for most of the 20th century , but that this figure had recently slipped to 55 % . the website chess ##games . com holds regularly updated statistics on its games database . as of january 12 , 2015 , white had won 37 @ . @ 50 % , 34 @ . @ 90 % were drawn , and black had won 27 @ . @	320
[ "60", "%", "out", "of", "73", "##9", "@", ",", "@", "76", "##9", "games", ",", "resulting", "in", "a", "total", "white", "winning", "percentage", "of", "54", "@", ".", "@", "95", "%", ".", "new", "in", "chess", "observed", "in", "its", "2000", "yearbook", "that", "of", "the", "73", "##1", "@", ",", "@", "740", "games", "in", "its", "database", ",", "white", "scored", "54", "@", ".", "@", "8", "%", "overall", ";", "with", "the", "two", "most", "popular", "opening", "moves", ",", "white", "scored", "54", "@", ".", "@", "1", "%", "in", "34", "##9", "@", ",", "@", "85", "##5", "games", "beginning", "1", ".", "e", "##4", ",", "and", "56", "@", ".", "@", "1", "%", "in", "296", "@", ",", "@", "200", "games", "beginning", "1", ".", "d", "##4", ".", "the", "main", "reason", "that", "1", ".", "e", "##4", "was", "less", "effective", "than", "1", ".", "d" ]	2,894	60 % out of 73 ##9 @ , @ 76 ##9 games , resulting in a total white winning percentage of 54 @ . @ 95 % . new in chess observed in its 2000 yearbook that of the 73 ##1 @ , @ 740 games in its database , white scored 54 @ . @ 8 % overall ; with the two most popular opening moves , white scored 54 @ . @ 1 % in 34 ##9 @ , @ 85 ##5 games beginning 1 . e ##4 , and 56 @ . @ 1 % in 296 @ , @ 200 games beginning 1 . d ##4 . the main reason that 1 . e ##4 was less effective than 1 . d	320
[ "##4", "was", "the", "sicilian", "defence", "(", "1", ".", "e", "##4", "c", "##5", ")", ",", "which", "gave", "white", "only", "a", "52", "@", ".", "@", "3", "%", "score", "in", "145", "@", ",", "@", "99", "##6", "games", ".", "stat", "##istic", "##ian", "jeff", "son", "##as", ",", "in", "examining", "data", "from", "266", "@", ",", "@", "000", "games", "played", "between", "1994", "and", "2001", ",", "concluded", "that", "white", "scored", "54", "@", ".", "@", "1767", "%", "plus", "0", "@", ".", "@", "001", "##16", "##4", "times", "white", "'", "s", "el", "##o", "rating", "advantage", ",", "treating", "white", "'", "s", "rating", "advantage", "as", "+", "390", "if", "it", "is", "better", "than", "+", "390", ",", "or", "−", "460", "if", "it", "is", "worse", "than", "−", "460", ".", "he", "found", "that", "white", "'", "s", "advantage", "is", "equivalent", "to", "35", "rating", "points" ]	2,895	##4 was the sicilian defence ( 1 . e ##4 c ##5 ) , which gave white only a 52 @ . @ 3 % score in 145 @ , @ 99 ##6 games . stat ##istic ##ian jeff son ##as , in examining data from 266 @ , @ 000 games played between 1994 and 2001 , concluded that white scored 54 @ . @ 1767 % plus 0 @ . @ 001 ##16 ##4 times white ' s el ##o rating advantage , treating white ' s rating advantage as + 390 if it is better than + 390 , or − 460 if it is worse than − 460 . he found that white ' s advantage is equivalent to 35 rating points	756
[ ",", "i", ".", "e", ".", "if", "white", "has", "a", "rating", "35", "points", "below", "black", "'", "s", ",", "each", "player", "will", "have", "an", "expected", "score", "of", "50", "%", ".", "son", "##as", "also", "found", "that", "white", "'", "s", "advantage", "is", "smaller", "(", "53", "%", ")", "in", "rapid", "games", "than", "in", "games", "at", "a", "slower", "(", "\"", "classical", "\"", ")", "time", "control", ".", "in", "the", "46", "##2", "games", "played", "at", "the", "2009", "world", "blitz", "chess", "championship", ",", "white", "scored", "only", "52", "@", ".", "@", "16", "%", "(", "w", "##38", ".", "96", "d", "##26", ".", "41", "l", "34", "@", ".", "@", "63", ")", ".", "other", "writers", "conclude", "that", "there", "is", "a", "positive", "correlation", "between", "the", "players", "'", "ratings", "and", "white", "'", "s", "score", ".", "according", "to", "gm", "ev", "##geny", "sv" ]	2,896	, i . e . if white has a rating 35 points below black ' s , each player will have an expected score of 50 % . son ##as also found that white ' s advantage is smaller ( 53 % ) in rapid games than in games at a slower ( " classical " ) time control . in the 46 ##2 games played at the 2009 world blitz chess championship , white scored only 52 @ . @ 16 % ( w ##38 . 96 d ##26 . 41 l 34 @ . @ 63 ) . other writers conclude that there is a positive correlation between the players ' ratings and white ' s score . according to gm ev ##geny sv	320
[ "##esh", "##nikov", ",", "statistics", "show", "that", "white", "has", "no", "advantage", "over", "black", "in", "games", "between", "begin", "##ners", ",", "but", "\"", "if", "the", "players", "are", "stronger", ",", "white", "has", "the", "lead", "\"", ".", "an", "analysis", "of", "the", "results", "of", "games", "in", "chess", "##base", "'", "s", "mega", "2003", "database", "between", "players", "with", "similar", "el", "##o", "ratings", ",", "commissioned", "by", "gm", "and", "##ras", "ad", "##or", "##jan", ",", "showed", "that", "as", "the", "players", "'", "ratings", "went", "up", ",", "the", "percentage", "of", "draws", "increased", ",", "the", "proportion", "of", "decisive", "games", "that", "white", "won", "increased", ",", "and", "white", "'", "s", "overall", "winning", "percentage", "increased", ".", "for", "example", ",", "taking", "the", "highest", "and", "lowest", "of", "ad", "##or", "##jan", "'", "s", "rating", "categories", "of", "166", "##9", "games", "played", "by", "the", "highest", "@", "-", "@" ]	2,897	##esh ##nikov , statistics show that white has no advantage over black in games between begin ##ners , but " if the players are stronger , white has the lead " . an analysis of the results of games in chess ##base ' s mega 2003 database between players with similar el ##o ratings , commissioned by gm and ##ras ad ##or ##jan , showed that as the players ' ratings went up , the percentage of draws increased , the proportion of decisive games that white won increased , and white ' s overall winning percentage increased . for example , taking the highest and lowest of ad ##or ##jan ' s rating categories of 166 ##9 games played by the highest @ - @	713
[ "rated", "players", "(", "el", "##o", "ratings", "270", "##0", "and", "above", ")", ",", "white", "scored", "55", "@", ".", "@", "7", "%", "overall", "(", "w", "##26", ".", "5", "d", "##58", ".", "4", "l", "##15", ".", "2", ")", ",", "whereas", "of", "34", "@", ",", "@", "92", "##4", "games", "played", "by", "the", "lowest", "@", "-", "@", "rated", "players", "(", "el", "##o", "ratings", "below", "210", "##0", ")", ",", "white", "scored", "53", "@", ".", "@", "1", "%", "overall", "(", "w", "##37", ".", "0", "d", "##32", ".", "1", "l", "##30", ".", "8", ")", ".", "ad", "##or", "##jan", "also", "analyzed", "the", "results", "of", "games", "played", "at", "the", "very", "highest", "level", ":", "world", "championship", "matches", ".", "of", "75", "##5", "games", "played", "in", "34", "matches", "between", "1886", "and", "1990", ",", "white", "won", "234", "(", "31", "@" ]	2,898	rated players ( el ##o ratings 270 ##0 and above ) , white scored 55 @ . @ 7 % overall ( w ##26 . 5 d ##58 . 4 l ##15 . 2 ) , whereas of 34 @ , @ 92 ##4 games played by the lowest @ - @ rated players ( el ##o ratings below 210 ##0 ) , white scored 53 @ . @ 1 % overall ( w ##37 . 0 d ##32 . 1 l ##30 . 8 ) . ad ##or ##jan also analyzed the results of games played at the very highest level : world championship matches . of 75 ##5 games played in 34 matches between 1886 and 1990 , white won 234 ( 31 @	632
[ ".", "@", "0", "%", ")", ",", "drew", "39", "##7", "(", "52", "@", ".", "@", "6", "%", ")", ",", "and", "lost", "124", "(", "16", "@", ".", "@", "4", "%", ")", ",", "for", "a", "total", "white", "winning", "percentage", "of", "57", "@", ".", "@", "3", "%", ".", "in", "the", "last", "five", "matches", "in", "ad", "##or", "##jan", "'", "s", "survey", ",", "all", "between", "ana", "##to", "##ly", "ka", "##rp", "##ov", "and", "garry", "ka", "##spar", "##ov", ",", "white", "won", "31", "(", "25", "@", ".", "@", "8", "%", ")", ",", "drew", "80", "(", "66", "@", ".", "@", "7", "%", ")", ",", "and", "lost", "9", "(", "7", "@", ".", "@", "5", "%", ")", ",", "for", "a", "total", "white", "winning", "percentage", "of", "59", "@", ".", "@", "2", "%", ".", "chess", "engines", "grand", "tournament", "(", "ce" ]	2,899	. @ 0 % ) , drew 39 ##7 ( 52 @ . @ 6 % ) , and lost 124 ( 16 @ . @ 4 % ) , for a total white winning percentage of 57 @ . @ 3 % . in the last five matches in ad ##or ##jan ' s survey , all between ana ##to ##ly ka ##rp ##ov and garry ka ##spar ##ov , white won 31 ( 25 @ . @ 8 % ) , drew 80 ( 66 @ . @ 7 % ) , and lost 9 ( 7 @ . @ 5 % ) , for a total white winning percentage of 59 @ . @ 2 % . chess engines grand tournament ( ce	643

[ "terrorists", "with", "zombies", ",", "brooks", "said", ":", "=", "=", "reception", "=", "=", "reviews", "for", "the", "novel", "have", "been", "generally", "positive", ".", "gilbert", "cruz", "of", "entertainment", "weekly", "gave", "the", "novel", "an", "\"", "a", "\"", "rating", ",", "commenting", "that", "the", "novel", "shared", "with", "great", "zombie", "stories", "the", "use", "of", "a", "central", "metaphor", ",", "describing", "it", "as", "\"", "an", "addict", "##ively", "read", "##able", "oral", "history", ".", "\"", "steven", "h", ".", "silver", "identified", "brooks", "'", "international", "focus", "as", "the", "novel", "'", "s", "greatest", "strength", "and", "commented", "favorably", "on", "brooks", "'", "ability", "to", "create", "an", "appreciation", "for", "the", "work", "needed", "to", "combat", "a", "global", "zombie", "outbreak", ".", "silver", "'", "s", "only", "complaint", "was", "with", "\"", "good", "@", "-", "@", "bye", "##s", "\"", "—", "the", "final", "chapter", "—", "in", "which", "characters", "get" ]

2,800

terrorists with zombies , brooks said : = = reception = = reviews for the novel have been generally positive . gilbert cruz of entertainment weekly gave the novel an " a " rating , commenting that the novel shared with great zombie stories the use of a central metaphor , describing it as " an addict ##ively read ##able oral history . " steven h . silver identified brooks ' international focus as the novel ' s greatest strength and commented favorably on brooks ' ability to create an appreciation for the work needed to combat a global zombie outbreak . silver ' s only complaint was with " good @ - @ bye ##s " — the final chapter — in which characters get

834

[ "a", "chance", "to", "give", "a", "final", "closing", "statement", ".", "silver", "felt", "that", "it", "was", "not", "always", "apparent", "who", "the", "sun", "##dry", ",", "und", "##iff", "##ere", "##nti", "##ated", "characters", "were", ".", "the", "eagle", "described", "the", "book", "as", "being", "\"", "unlike", "any", "other", "zombie", "tale", "\"", "as", "it", "is", "\"", "sufficiently", "terrifying", "for", "most", "readers", ",", "and", "not", "always", "in", "a", "blood", "@", "-", "@", "and", "@", "-", "@", "guts", "way", ",", "either", ".", "\"", "keith", "phi", "##pps", "of", "the", "a", ".", "v", ".", "club", "stated", "that", "the", "format", "of", "the", "novel", "makes", "it", "difficult", "for", "it", "to", "develop", "momentum", ",", "but", "found", "the", "novel", "'", "s", "individual", "episodes", "gripping", ".", "patrick", "daily", "of", "the", "chicago", "reader", "said", "the", "novel", "trans", "##cend", "##s", "the", "\"", "si", "##llin", "##ess" ]

2,801

a chance to give a final closing statement . silver felt that it was not always apparent who the sun ##dry , und ##iff ##ere ##nti ##ated characters were . the eagle described the book as being " unlike any other zombie tale " as it is " sufficiently terrifying for most readers , and not always in a blood @ - @ and @ - @ guts way , either . " keith phi ##pps of the a . v . club stated that the format of the novel makes it difficult for it to develop momentum , but found the novel ' s individual episodes gripping . patrick daily of the chicago reader said the novel trans ##cend ##s the " si ##llin ##ess

878

[ "\"", "of", "the", "zombie", "survival", "guide", "by", "\"", "touching", "on", "deeper", ",", "more", "somber", "aspects", "of", "the", "human", "condition", ".", "\"", "in", "his", "review", "for", "time", "out", "chicago", ",", "pete", "coco", "declared", "that", "\"", "[", "b", "]", "ending", "horror", "to", "the", "form", "of", "alternative", "history", "would", "have", "been", "novel", "in", "and", "of", "itself", ".", "doing", "so", "in", "the", "mode", "of", "stud", "##s", "ter", "##kel", "might", "constitute", "brilliance", ".", "\"", "ron", "currie", "jr", ".", "named", "world", "war", "z", "one", "of", "his", "favorite", "apocalyptic", "novels", "and", "praised", "brooks", "for", "illustrating", "\"", "the", "ta", "##cit", "agreement", "between", "writer", "and", "reader", "that", "is", "essential", "to", "the", "success", "of", "stories", "about", "the", "end", "of", "the", "world", ".", ".", ".", "[", "both", "]", "agree", "to", "pretend", "that", "this", "is", "not", "fiction", "," ]

2,802

" of the zombie survival guide by " touching on deeper , more somber aspects of the human condition . " in his review for time out chicago , pete coco declared that " [ b ] ending horror to the form of alternative history would have been novel in and of itself . doing so in the mode of stud ##s ter ##kel might constitute brilliance . " ron currie jr . named world war z one of his favorite apocalyptic novels and praised brooks for illustrating " the ta ##cit agreement between writer and reader that is essential to the success of stories about the end of the world . . . [ both ] agree to pretend that this is not fiction ,

835

[ "that", "in", "fact", "the", "horrific", "tales", "of", "a", "war", "between", "humans", "and", "zombies", "are", "based", "in", "reality", ".", "\"", "drew", "taylor", "of", "the", "fairfield", "county", "weekly", "credited", "world", "war", "z", "with", "making", "zombies", "more", "popular", "in", "mainstream", "society", ".", "the", "hardcover", "version", "of", "world", "war", "z", "spent", "four", "weeks", "on", "the", "new", "york", "times", "best", "seller", "list", ",", "peaking", "at", "number", "nine", ".", "by", "november", "2011", ",", "according", "to", "publishers", "weekly", ",", "world", "war", "z", "had", "sold", "one", "million", "copies", "in", "all", "formats", ".", "=", "=", "audio", "##book", "=", "=", "random", "house", "published", "an", "ab", "##ridge", "##d", "audio", "##book", "in", "2007", ",", "directed", "by", "john", "mc", "el", "##roy", "and", "produced", "by", "dan", "z", "##itt", ",", "with", "sound", "editing", "by", "charles", "de", "monte", "##bell", "##o", ".", "the" ]

2,803

that in fact the horrific tales of a war between humans and zombies are based in reality . " drew taylor of the fairfield county weekly credited world war z with making zombies more popular in mainstream society . the hardcover version of world war z spent four weeks on the new york times best seller list , peaking at number nine . by november 2011 , according to publishers weekly , world war z had sold one million copies in all formats . = = audio ##book = = random house published an ab ##ridge ##d audio ##book in 2007 , directed by john mc el ##roy and produced by dan z ##itt , with sound editing by charles de monte ##bell ##o . the

903

[ "book", "is", "read", "by", "brooks", "but", "includes", "other", "actors", "taking", "on", "the", "roles", "of", "the", "many", "individual", "characters", "who", "are", "interviewed", "in", "the", "novel", ".", "brooks", "'", "previous", "career", "in", "voice", "acting", "and", "voice", "@", "-", "@", "over", "work", "meant", "he", "could", "recommend", "a", "large", "number", "of", "the", "cast", "members", ".", "on", "may", "14", ",", "2013", ",", "random", "house", "audio", "released", "a", "length", "##ier", "audio", "##book", "titled", "world", "war", "z", ":", "the", "complete", "edition", "(", "movie", "tie", "@", "-", "@", "in", "edition", ")", ":", "an", "oral", "history", "of", "the", "zombie", "war", ".", "it", "contains", "the", "entirety", "of", "the", "original", ",", "ab", "##ridge", "##d", "audio", "##book", ",", "as", "well", "as", "new", "recordings", "of", "each", "missing", "segment", ".", "a", "separate", ",", "additional", "audio", "##book", "containing", "only", "the", "new" ]

2,804

book is read by brooks but includes other actors taking on the roles of the many individual characters who are interviewed in the novel . brooks ' previous career in voice acting and voice @ - @ over work meant he could recommend a large number of the cast members . on may 14 , 2013 , random house audio released a length ##ier audio ##book titled world war z : the complete edition ( movie tie @ - @ in edition ) : an oral history of the zombie war . it contains the entirety of the original , ab ##ridge ##d audio ##book , as well as new recordings of each missing segment . a separate , additional audio ##book containing only the new

749

[ "recordings", "not", "found", "in", "the", "original", "audio", "##book", "was", "released", "simultaneously", "as", "world", "war", "z", ":", "the", "lost", "files", ":", "a", "companion", "to", "the", "ab", "##ridge", "##d", "edition", ".", "*", "una", "##bridge", "##d", "edition", "in", "her", "review", "of", "the", "audio", "##book", "for", "strange", "horizons", ",", "si", "##ob", "##han", "carroll", "called", "the", "story", "\"", "gripping", "\"", "and", "found", "the", "listening", "experience", "ev", "##oca", "##tive", "of", "orson", "welles", "'", "s", "famous", "radio", "narration", "of", "the", "war", "of", "the", "worlds", "(", "broadcast", "october", "30", ",", "1938", ")", ".", "carroll", "had", "mixed", "opinions", "on", "the", "voice", "acting", ",", "com", "##men", "##ding", "it", "as", "\"", "solid", "and", "under", "##sta", "##ted", ",", "mer", "##ciful", "##ly", "free", "of", "'", "special", "effects", "'", "and", "'", "scenery", "chewing", "'", "overall", "\"", ",", "but", "lame", "##nting" ]

2,805

recordings not found in the original audio ##book was released simultaneously as world war z : the lost files : a companion to the ab ##ridge ##d edition . * una ##bridge ##d edition in her review of the audio ##book for strange horizons , si ##ob ##han carroll called the story " gripping " and found the listening experience ev ##oca ##tive of orson welles ' s famous radio narration of the war of the worlds ( broadcast october 30 , 1938 ) . carroll had mixed opinions on the voice acting , com ##men ##ding it as " solid and under ##sta ##ted , mer ##ciful ##ly free of ' special effects ' and ' scenery chewing ' overall " , but lame ##nting

684

[ "what", "she", "perceived", "as", "und", "##ue", "cheer", "##iness", "on", "the", "part", "of", "max", "brooks", "and", "ina", "##uth", "##ent", "##ici", "##ty", "in", "steve", "park", "'", "s", "chinese", "accent", ".", "publishers", "weekly", "also", "criticized", "brooks", "'", "narration", ",", "but", "found", "that", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "\"", "all", "@", "-", "@", "star", "cast", "deliver", "their", "parts", "with", "such", "fe", "##r", "##vor", "and", "intensity", "that", "listeners", "cannot", "help", "but", "em", "##path", "##ize", "with", "these", "characters", "\"", ".", "in", "an", "article", "in", "slate", "concerning", "the", "mistakes", "producers", "make", "on", "publishing", "audio", "##books", ",", "nate", "dime", "##o", "used", "world", "war", "z", "as", "an", "example", "of", "drama", "##ti", "##zation", "##s", "whose", "full", "casts", "contributed", "to", "making", "them", "\"", "great", "listen", "##s", "\"", "and", "described", "the", "book", "as", "a", "\"", "smarter", "@", "-", "@" ]

2,806

what she perceived as und ##ue cheer ##iness on the part of max brooks and ina ##uth ##ent ##ici ##ty in steve park ' s chinese accent . publishers weekly also criticized brooks ' narration , but found that the rest of the " all @ - @ star cast deliver their parts with such fe ##r ##vor and intensity that listeners cannot help but em ##path ##ize with these characters " . in an article in slate concerning the mistakes producers make on publishing audio ##books , nate dime ##o used world war z as an example of drama ##ti ##zation ##s whose full casts contributed to making them " great listen ##s " and described the book as a " smarter @ - @

683

[ "than", "@", "-", "@", "it", "@", "-", "@", "has", "@", "-", "@", "any", "@", "-", "@", "right", "@", "-", "@", "to", "@", "-", "@", "be", "zombie", "novel", "\"", ".", "the", "world", "war", "z", "audio", "##book", "won", "the", "2007", "audi", "##e", "award", "for", "multi", "@", "-", "@", "voiced", "performance", "and", "was", "nominated", "for", "audio", "##book", "of", "the", "year", ".", "=", "=", "film", "adaptation", "=", "=", "in", "june", "2006", ",", "paramount", "studios", "secured", "the", "film", "rights", "for", "world", "war", "z", "for", "brad", "pitt", "'", "s", "production", "company", ",", "plan", "b", "entertainment", ",", "to", "produce", ".", "the", "screenplay", "was", "written", "by", "j", ".", "michael", "st", "##rac", "##zyn", "##ski", ",", "with", "marc", "forster", "directing", "and", "pitt", "starring", "as", "the", "main", "character", ",", "un", "employee", "gerry", "lane", ".", "despite", "being", "the" ]

2,807

than @ - @ it @ - @ has @ - @ any @ - @ right @ - @ to @ - @ be zombie novel " . the world war z audio ##book won the 2007 audi ##e award for multi @ - @ voiced performance and was nominated for audio ##book of the year . = = film adaptation = = in june 2006 , paramount studios secured the film rights for world war z for brad pitt ' s production company , plan b entertainment , to produce . the screenplay was written by j . michael st ##rac ##zyn ##ski , with marc forster directing and pitt starring as the main character , un employee gerry lane . despite being the

678

[ "draft", "that", "got", "the", "film", "green", "@", "-", "@", "lit", ",", "st", "##rac", "##zyn", "##ski", "'", "s", "script", "was", "tossed", "aside", ",", "so", "that", "production", ",", "which", "was", "to", "begin", "at", "the", "start", "of", "2009", ",", "was", "delayed", "while", "the", "script", "was", "completely", "re", "@", "-", "@", "written", "by", "matthew", "michael", "car", "##nah", "##an", "to", "set", "the", "film", "in", "the", "present", ",", "leaving", "behind", "much", "of", "the", "book", "'", "s", "premise", "to", "make", "it", "more", "of", "an", "action", "film", ".", "in", "a", "2012", "interview", ",", "brooks", "claimed", "the", "film", "now", "had", "nothing", "in", "common", "with", "the", "novel", "other", "than", "the", "title", ".", "filming", "commenced", "mid", "@", "-", "@", "2011", ",", "and", "the", "film", "was", "released", "in", "june", "2013", ".", "=", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "=", "sentence", "spa" ]

2,808

draft that got the film green @ - @ lit , st ##rac ##zyn ##ski ' s script was tossed aside , so that production , which was to begin at the start of 2009 , was delayed while the script was completely re @ - @ written by matthew michael car ##nah ##an to set the film in the present , leaving behind much of the book ' s premise to make it more of an action film . in a 2012 interview , brooks claimed the film now had nothing in common with the novel other than the title . filming commenced mid @ - @ 2011 , and the film was released in june 2013 . = sentence spa ##cing = sentence spa

873

[ "##cing", "is", "the", "horizontal", "space", "between", "sentences", "in", "types", "##et", "text", ".", "it", "is", "a", "matter", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "##al", "convention", ".", "since", "the", "introduction", "of", "mo", "##vable", "@", "-", "@", "type", "printing", "in", "europe", ",", "various", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "conventions", "have", "been", "used", "in", "languages", "with", "a", "latin", "alphabet", ".", "these", "include", "a", "normal", "word", "space", "(", "as", "between", "the", "words", "in", "a", "sentence", ")", ",", "a", "single", "enlarged", "space", ",", "and", "two", "full", "spaces", ".", "until", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "publishing", "houses", "and", "printers", "in", "many", "countries", "used", "additional", "space", "between", "sentences", ".", "there", "were", "exceptions", "to", "this", "traditional", "spa", "##cing", "method", "—", "some", "printers", "used", "spa", "##cing", "between", "sentences", "that", "was", "no", "wider", "than", "word", "spa", "##cing", ".", "this", "was", "french", "spa" ]

2,809

##cing is the horizontal space between sentences in types ##et text . it is a matter of ty ##po ##graphic ##al convention . since the introduction of mo ##vable @ - @ type printing in europe , various sentence spa ##cing conventions have been used in languages with a latin alphabet . these include a normal word space ( as between the words in a sentence ) , a single enlarged space , and two full spaces . until the 20th century , publishing houses and printers in many countries used additional space between sentences . there were exceptions to this traditional spa ##cing method — some printers used spa ##cing between sentences that was no wider than word spa ##cing . this was french spa

267

[ "##cing", "—", "a", "term", "synonymous", "with", "single", "@", "-", "@", "space", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "until", "the", "late", "20th", "century", ".", "with", "the", "introduction", "of", "the", "type", "##writer", "in", "the", "late", "19th", "century", ",", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", "used", "two", "spaces", "between", "sentences", "to", "mimic", "the", "style", "used", "by", "traditional", "types", "##ette", "##rs", ".", "while", "wide", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "was", "phased", "out", "in", "the", "printing", "industry", "in", "the", "mid", "@", "-", "@", "twentieth", "century", ",", "the", "practice", "continued", "on", "type", "##writer", "##s", "and", "later", "on", "computers", ".", "perhaps", "because", "of", "this", ",", "many", "modern", "sources", "now", "incorrectly", "claim", "that", "wide", "spa", "##cing", "was", "created", "for", "the", "type", "##writer", ".", "the", "desired", "or", "correct", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "is", "often", "debated", "but", "many", "sources", "now", "say", "additional", "space", "is", "not" ]

2,810

##cing — a term synonymous with single @ - @ space sentence spa ##cing until the late 20th century . with the introduction of the type ##writer in the late 19th century , ty ##pis ##ts used two spaces between sentences to mimic the style used by traditional types ##ette ##rs . while wide sentence spa ##cing was phased out in the printing industry in the mid @ - @ twentieth century , the practice continued on type ##writer ##s and later on computers . perhaps because of this , many modern sources now incorrectly claim that wide spa ##cing was created for the type ##writer . the desired or correct sentence spa ##cing is often debated but many sources now say additional space is not

286

[ "necessary", "or", "desirable", ".", "from", "around", "1950", ",", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "became", "standard", "in", "books", ",", "magazines", "and", "newspapers", "and", "the", "majority", "of", "style", "guides", "that", "use", "a", "latin", "@", "-", "@", "derived", "alphabet", "as", "a", "language", "base", "now", "pre", "##scribe", "or", "recommend", "the", "use", "of", "a", "single", "space", "after", "the", "concluding", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "of", "a", "sentence", ".", "however", ",", "some", "sources", "still", "state", "that", "additional", "spa", "##cing", "is", "correct", "or", "acceptable", ".", "the", "debate", "continues", "on", "the", "world", "wide", "web", ".", "many", "people", "prefer", "double", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "for", "informal", "use", "because", "that", "was", "how", "they", "were", "taught", "to", "type", ".", "there", "is", "a", "debate", "on", "which", "convention", "is", "more", "read", "##able", ";", "the", "few", "recent", "direct", "studies", "conducted", "since", "2002", "have", "produced" ]

2,811

necessary or desirable . from around 1950 , single sentence spa ##cing became standard in books , magazines and newspapers and the majority of style guides that use a latin @ - @ derived alphabet as a language base now pre ##scribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding pun ##ct ##uation of a sentence . however , some sources still state that additional spa ##cing is correct or acceptable . the debate continues on the world wide web . many people prefer double sentence spa ##cing for informal use because that was how they were taught to type . there is a debate on which convention is more read ##able ; the few recent direct studies conducted since 2002 have produced

259

[ "inc", "##on", "##clusive", "results", ".", "=", "=", "=", "traditional", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "=", "=", "=", "shortly", "after", "the", "invention", "of", "mo", "##vable", "type", ",", "highly", "variable", "spa", "##cing", "was", "created", "that", "could", "create", "spaces", "of", "any", "size", ",", "and", "allowed", "for", "perfectly", "even", "justification", ".", "early", "american", ",", "english", ",", "and", "other", "european", "types", "##ette", "##rs", "'", "style", "guides", "(", "also", "known", "as", "printers", "'", "rules", ")", "specified", "spa", "##cing", "standards", "that", "were", "all", "essentially", "identical", "from", "the", "18th", "century", "onwards", ".", "these", "guides", "—", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", "jacob", "##i", "in", "the", "uk", "(", "1890", ")", "and", "mack", "##ella", "##r", ",", "harp", "##el", ",", "and", "de", "vin", "##ne", "(", "1866", "–", "1901", ")", "in", "the", "u", ".", "s", ".", "—", "indicated", "that", "sentences", "should" ]

2,812

inc ##on ##clusive results . = = = traditional types ##etti ##ng = = = shortly after the invention of mo ##vable type , highly variable spa ##cing was created that could create spaces of any size , and allowed for perfectly even justification . early american , english , and other european types ##ette ##rs ' style guides ( also known as printers ' rules ) specified spa ##cing standards that were all essentially identical from the 18th century onwards . these guides — e . g . , jacob ##i in the uk ( 1890 ) and mack ##ella ##r , harp ##el , and de vin ##ne ( 1866 – 1901 ) in the u . s . — indicated that sentences should

268

[ "be", "em", "@", "-", "@", "spaced", ",", "and", "that", "words", "should", "be", "1", "/", "3", "or", "1", "/", "2", "em", "@", "-", "@", "spaced", "(", "illustration", "right", ")", ".", "the", "relative", "size", "of", "the", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "would", "vary", "depending", "on", "the", "size", "of", "the", "word", "spaces", "and", "the", "justification", "needs", ".", "for", "most", "countries", ",", "this", "remained", "the", "standard", "for", "published", "work", "until", "the", "20th", "century", ".", "yet", ",", "even", "in", "this", "period", ",", "there", "were", "publishing", "houses", "(", "notably", "in", "france", ")", "that", "used", "a", "standard", "word", "space", "between", "sentences", "—", "a", "technique", "called", "french", "spa", "##cing", "(", "illustration", "below", ")", ".", "=", "=", "=", "mechanical", "type", "and", "the", "advent", "of", "the", "type", "##writer", "=", "=", "=", "mechanical", "type", "systems", "introduced", "near", "the", "end" ]

2,813

be em @ - @ spaced , and that words should be 1 / 3 or 1 / 2 em @ - @ spaced ( illustration right ) . the relative size of the sentence spa ##cing would vary depending on the size of the word spaces and the justification needs . for most countries , this remained the standard for published work until the 20th century . yet , even in this period , there were publishing houses ( notably in france ) that used a standard word space between sentences — a technique called french spa ##cing ( illustration below ) . = = = mechanical type and the advent of the type ##writer = = = mechanical type systems introduced near the end

267

[ "of", "the", "19th", "century", ",", "such", "as", "the", "lin", "##otype", "and", "mono", "##type", "machines", ",", "allowed", "for", "some", "variable", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "similar", "to", "hand", "composition", ".", "just", "as", "these", "machines", "revolution", "##ized", "the", "mass", "production", "of", "text", ",", "the", "advent", "of", "the", "type", "##writer", "around", "the", "same", "time", "revolution", "##ized", "the", "creation", "of", "personal", "and", "business", "documents", ".", "but", "the", "type", "##writer", "##s", "'", "mechanical", "limitations", "did", "not", "allow", "variable", "spa", "##cing", "—", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", "could", "only", "choose", "the", "number", "of", "times", "they", "pressed", "the", "space", "bar", ".", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", "in", "some", "english", "@", "-", "@", "speaking", "countries", "initially", "learned", "to", "insert", "three", "spaces", "between", "sentences", "to", "approximate", "the", "wider", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "used", "in", "traditional", "printing", ",", "but", "later", "settled", "on", "two" ]

2,814

of the 19th century , such as the lin ##otype and mono ##type machines , allowed for some variable sentence spa ##cing similar to hand composition . just as these machines revolution ##ized the mass production of text , the advent of the type ##writer around the same time revolution ##ized the creation of personal and business documents . but the type ##writer ##s ' mechanical limitations did not allow variable spa ##cing — ty ##pis ##ts could only choose the number of times they pressed the space bar . ty ##pis ##ts in some english @ - @ speaking countries initially learned to insert three spaces between sentences to approximate the wider sentence spa ##cing used in traditional printing , but later settled on two

266

[ "spaces", ",", "a", "practice", "that", "continued", "throughout", "the", "20th", "century", ".", "this", "became", "known", "as", "english", "spa", "##cing", ",", "and", "marked", "a", "diver", "##gence", "from", "french", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", ",", "who", "continued", "to", "use", "french", "spa", "##cing", ".", "=", "=", "=", "transition", "to", "single", "spa", "##cing", "=", "=", "=", "in", "the", "early", "20th", "century", ",", "some", "printers", "began", "using", "one", "and", "a", "half", "inter", "##word", "spaces", "(", "an", "\"", "en", "quad", "\"", ")", "to", "separate", "sentences", ".", "this", "standard", "continued", "in", "use", ",", "to", "some", "extent", ",", "into", "the", "1990s", ".", "magazines", ",", "newspapers", ",", "and", "books", "began", "to", "adopt", "the", "single", "space", "convention", "in", "the", "united", "states", "in", "the", "1940s", "and", "in", "the", "united", "kingdom", "in", "the", "1950s", ".", "ty", "##pis", "##ts", "did", "not", "move" ]

2,815

spaces , a practice that continued throughout the 20th century . this became known as english spa ##cing , and marked a diver ##gence from french ty ##pis ##ts , who continued to use french spa ##cing . = = = transition to single spa ##cing = = = in the early 20th century , some printers began using one and a half inter ##word spaces ( an " en quad " ) to separate sentences . this standard continued in use , to some extent , into the 1990s . magazines , newspapers , and books began to adopt the single space convention in the united states in the 1940s and in the united kingdom in the 1950s . ty ##pis ##ts did not move

267

[ "to", "single", "spa", "##cing", "simultaneously", ".", "the", "average", "writer", "still", "relied", "on", "the", "type", "##writer", "to", "create", "text", "—", "with", "its", "inherent", "mechanical", "spa", "##cing", "limitations", ".", "technological", "advances", "began", "affecting", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "methods", ".", "in", "1941", ",", "ibm", "introduced", "the", "executive", ",", "a", "type", "##writer", "capable", "of", "proportional", "spa", "##cing", "—", "which", "had", "been", "used", "in", "professional", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "for", "hundreds", "of", "years", ".", "this", "innovation", "broke", "the", "hold", "that", "the", "mono", "##space", "##d", "font", "had", "on", "the", "type", "##writer", "—", "reducing", "the", "severity", "of", "its", "mechanical", "limitations", ".", "by", "the", "1960s", ",", "electronic", "photo", "##type", "##sett", "##ing", "systems", "ignored", "runs", "of", "white", "space", "in", "text", ".", "this", "was", "also", "true", "of", "the", "world", "wide", "web", ",", "as", "html", "normally", "ignores", "additional", "spa" ]

2,816

to single spa ##cing simultaneously . the average writer still relied on the type ##writer to create text — with its inherent mechanical spa ##cing limitations . technological advances began affecting sentence spa ##cing methods . in 1941 , ibm introduced the executive , a type ##writer capable of proportional spa ##cing — which had been used in professional types ##etti ##ng for hundreds of years . this innovation broke the hold that the mono ##space ##d font had on the type ##writer — reducing the severity of its mechanical limitations . by the 1960s , electronic photo ##type ##sett ##ing systems ignored runs of white space in text . this was also true of the world wide web , as html normally ignores additional spa

266

[ "##cing", ",", "although", "in", "2011", "the", "cs", "##s", "2", "@", ".", "@", "1", "standard", "officially", "added", "an", "option", "that", "can", "preserve", "additional", "spaces", ".", "in", "the", "1980s", ",", "desktop", "publishing", "software", "provided", "the", "average", "writer", "with", "more", "advanced", "format", "##ting", "tools", ".", "by", "the", "late", "20th", "century", ",", "literature", "on", "the", "written", "word", "had", "begun", "to", "adjust", "its", "guidance", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "=", "=", "modern", "literature", "=", "=", "early", "positions", "on", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "(", "the", "\"", "arrangement", "and", "appearance", "of", "text", "\"", ")", "supported", "traditional", "spa", "##cing", "techniques", "in", "english", "publications", ".", "in", "1954", ",", "geoffrey", "dow", "##ding", "'", "s", "book", ",", "finer", "points", "in", "the", "spa", "##cing", "and", "arrangement", "of", "type", ",", "under", "##sco", "##red", "the", "widespread", "shift", "from", "a", "single", "enlarged" ]

2,817

##cing , although in 2011 the cs ##s 2 @ . @ 1 standard officially added an option that can preserve additional spaces . in the 1980s , desktop publishing software provided the average writer with more advanced format ##ting tools . by the late 20th century , literature on the written word had begun to adjust its guidance on sentence spa ##cing . = = modern literature = = early positions on ty ##po ##graphy ( the " arrangement and appearance of text " ) supported traditional spa ##cing techniques in english publications . in 1954 , geoffrey dow ##ding ' s book , finer points in the spa ##cing and arrangement of type , under ##sco ##red the widespread shift from a single enlarged

266

[ "em", "space", "to", "a", "standard", "word", "space", "between", "sentences", ".", "with", "the", "advent", "of", "the", "computer", "age", ",", "ty", "##po", "##grapher", "##s", "began", "de", "##pre", "##cating", "double", "spa", "##cing", ",", "even", "in", "mono", "##space", "##d", "text", ".", "in", "1989", ",", "desktop", "publishing", "by", "design", "stated", "that", "\"", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "requires", "only", "one", "space", "after", "periods", ",", "question", "marks", ",", "ex", "##cl", "##ama", "##tion", "points", ",", "and", "colon", "##s", "\"", ",", "and", "identified", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "as", "a", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "convention", ".", "stop", "stealing", "sheep", "&", "find", "out", "how", "type", "works", "(", "1993", ")", "and", "designing", "with", "type", ":", "the", "essential", "guide", "to", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "(", "2006", ")", "both", "indicate", "that", "uniform", "spa", "##cing", "should", "be", "used", "between", "words", ",", "including", "between", "sentences" ]

2,818

em space to a standard word space between sentences . with the advent of the computer age , ty ##po ##grapher ##s began de ##pre ##cating double spa ##cing , even in mono ##space ##d text . in 1989 , desktop publishing by design stated that " types ##etti ##ng requires only one space after periods , question marks , ex ##cl ##ama ##tion points , and colon ##s " , and identified single sentence spa ##cing as a ty ##po ##graphic convention . stop stealing sheep & find out how type works ( 1993 ) and designing with type : the essential guide to ty ##po ##graphy ( 2006 ) both indicate that uniform spa ##cing should be used between words , including between sentences

267

[ ".", "more", "recent", "works", "on", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "weigh", "in", "strongly", ".", "ile", "##ne", "st", "##riz", "##ver", ",", "founder", "of", "the", "type", "studio", ",", "says", ",", "\"", "forget", "about", "to", "##ler", "##ating", "differences", "of", "opinion", ":", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "##ally", "speaking", ",", "typing", "two", "spaces", "before", "the", "start", "of", "a", "new", "sentence", "is", "absolutely", ",", "une", "##qui", "##vo", "##cal", "##ly", "wrong", ".", "\"", "the", "complete", "manual", "on", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "(", "2003", ")", "states", "that", "\"", "the", "type", "##writer", "tradition", "of", "separating", "sentences", "with", "two", "word", "spaces", "after", "a", "period", "has", "no", "place", "in", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "\"", "and", "the", "single", "space", "is", "\"", "standard", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "practice", "\"", ".", "the", "elements", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "style", "(", "2004", ")", "advocates", "a", "single", "space", "between" ]

2,819

. more recent works on ty ##po ##graphy weigh in strongly . ile ##ne st ##riz ##ver , founder of the type studio , says , " forget about to ##ler ##ating differences of opinion : ty ##po ##graphic ##ally speaking , typing two spaces before the start of a new sentence is absolutely , une ##qui ##vo ##cal ##ly wrong . " the complete manual on ty ##po ##graphy ( 2003 ) states that " the type ##writer tradition of separating sentences with two word spaces after a period has no place in types ##etti ##ng " and the single space is " standard ty ##po ##graphic practice " . the elements of ty ##po ##graphic style ( 2004 ) advocates a single space between

267

[ "sentences", ",", "noting", "that", "\"", "your", "typing", "as", "well", "as", "your", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "will", "benefit", "from", "un", "##lea", "##rn", "##ing", "this", "qu", "##aint", "[", "double", "spa", "##cing", "]", "victorian", "habit", ".", "\"", "david", "jury", "'", "s", "book", ",", "about", "face", ":", "rev", "##iving", "the", "rules", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", "(", "2004", ")", "—", "published", "in", "switzerland", "—", "cl", "##ari", "##fies", "the", "contemporary", "ty", "##po", "##graphic", "position", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ":", "word", "spaces", ",", "preceding", "or", "following", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", ",", "should", "be", "optical", "##ly", "adjusted", "to", "appear", "to", "be", "of", "the", "same", "value", "as", "a", "standard", "word", "space", ".", "if", "a", "standard", "word", "space", "is", "inserted", "after", "a", "full", "point", "or", "a", "com", "##ma", ",", "then", ",", "optical", "##ly", ",", "this", "produces", "a", "space" ]

2,820

sentences , noting that " your typing as well as your types ##etti ##ng will benefit from un ##lea ##rn ##ing this qu ##aint [ double spa ##cing ] victorian habit . " david jury ' s book , about face : rev ##iving the rules of ty ##po ##graphy ( 2004 ) — published in switzerland — cl ##ari ##fies the contemporary ty ##po ##graphic position on sentence spa ##cing : word spaces , preceding or following pun ##ct ##uation , should be optical ##ly adjusted to appear to be of the same value as a standard word space . if a standard word space is inserted after a full point or a com ##ma , then , optical ##ly , this produces a space

267

[ "of", "up", "to", "50", "%", "wider", "than", "that", "of", "other", "word", "spaces", "within", "a", "line", "of", "type", ".", "this", "is", "because", "these", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "marks", "carry", "space", "above", "them", ",", "which", ",", "when", "added", "to", "the", "adjacent", "standard", "word", "spaces", ",", "combines", "to", "create", "a", "visually", "larger", "space", ".", "some", "argue", "that", "the", "\"", "additional", "\"", "space", "after", "a", "com", "##ma", "and", "full", "point", "serves", "as", "a", "\"", "pause", "signal", "\"", "for", "the", "reader", ".", "but", "this", "is", "unnecessary", "(", "and", "visually", "disrupt", "##ive", ")", "since", "the", "pause", "signal", "is", "provided", "by", "the", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "mark", "itself", ".", "=", "=", "=", "style", "and", "language", "guides", "=", "=", "=", "early", "style", "guides", "for", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "used", "a", "wider", "space", "between", "sentences", "than", "between", "words" ]

2,821

of up to 50 % wider than that of other word spaces within a line of type . this is because these pun ##ct ##uation marks carry space above them , which , when added to the adjacent standard word spaces , combines to create a visually larger space . some argue that the " additional " space after a com ##ma and full point serves as a " pause signal " for the reader . but this is unnecessary ( and visually disrupt ##ive ) since the pause signal is provided by the pun ##ct ##uation mark itself . = = = style and language guides = = = early style guides for types ##etti ##ng used a wider space between sentences than between words

262

[ "–", "\"", "traditional", "spa", "##cing", "\"", ",", "as", "shown", "in", "the", "illustration", "to", "the", "right", ".", "during", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "style", "guides", "commonly", "mandated", "two", "spaces", "between", "sentences", "for", "type", "##written", "manuscripts", ",", "which", "were", "used", "prior", "to", "professionally", "types", "##etti", "##ng", "the", "work", ".", "as", "computer", "desktop", "publishing", "became", "commonplace", ",", "type", "##written", "manuscripts", "became", "less", "relevant", "and", "most", "style", "guides", "stopped", "making", "distinctions", "between", "manuscripts", "and", "final", "types", "##et", "products", ".", "in", "the", "same", "period", ",", "style", "guides", "began", "changing", "their", "guidance", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "1969", "edition", "of", "the", "chicago", "manual", "of", "style", "used", "em", "spaces", "between", "sentences", "in", "its", "text", ";", "by", "the", "2003", "edition", "it", "had", "changed", "to", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "for", "both", "manuscript", "and", "print", "." ]

2,822

– " traditional spa ##cing " , as shown in the illustration to the right . during the 20th century , style guides commonly mandated two spaces between sentences for type ##written manuscripts , which were used prior to professionally types ##etti ##ng the work . as computer desktop publishing became commonplace , type ##written manuscripts became less relevant and most style guides stopped making distinctions between manuscripts and final types ##et products . in the same period , style guides began changing their guidance on sentence spa ##cing . the 1969 edition of the chicago manual of style used em spaces between sentences in its text ; by the 2003 edition it had changed to single sentence spa ##cing for both manuscript and print .

266

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2,823

by the 1980s , the united kingdom ' s hart ' s rules ( 1983 ) had shifted to single sentence spa ##cing . other style guides followed suit in the 1990s . soon after the beginning of the 21st century , the majority of style guides had changed to indicate that only one word space was proper between sentences . modern style guides provide standards and guidance for the written language . these works are important to writers since " virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication . " late editions of comprehensive style guides , such as the oxford style manual ( 2003 ) in the united kingdom and the chicago manual of style (

262

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2,824

2010 ) in the united states , provide standards for a wide variety of writing and design topics , including sentence spa ##cing . the majority of style guides now pre ##scribe the use of a single space after terminal pun ##ct ##uation in final written works and publications . a few style guides allow double sentence spa ##cing for draft work , and the gregg reference manual makes room for double and single sentence spa ##cing based on author preferences . web design guides do not usually provide guidance on this topic , as " html refuses to recognize double spaces altogether . " these works themselves follow the current publication standard of single sentence spa ##cing . the european union ' s inter ##ins

282

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2,825

##ti ##tu ##tion ##al style guide ( 2008 ) indicates that single sentence spa ##cing is to be used in all european union publications — encompassing 23 languages . for the english language , the european commission ' s english style guide ( 2010 ) states that sentences are always single @ - @ spaced . the style manual : for authors , editors and printers ( 2007 ) , first published in 1966 by the commonwealth government printing office of australia , st ##ip ##ulates that only one space is used after " sentence @ - @ closing pun ##ct ##uation " and that " programs for word processing and desktop publishing offer more sophisticated , variable spa ##cing , so this practice of double

262

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2,826

spa ##cing is now avoided because it can create distracting gaps on a page . " national languages not covered by an authoritative language academy typically have multiple style guides — only some of which may discuss sentence spa ##cing . this is the case in the united kingdom . the oxford style manual ( 2003 ) and the modern humanities research association ' s m ##hra style guide ( 2002 ) state that only single spa ##cing should be used . in canada , both the english and french language sections of the canadian style , a guide to writing and editing ( 1997 ) , pre ##scribe single sentence spa ##cing . in the united states , many style guides — such as the

259

[ "chicago", "manual", "of", "style", "(", "2003", ")", "—", "allow", "only", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "most", "important", "style", "guide", "in", "italy", ",", "il", "nu", "##ovo", "manual", "##e", "di", "stil", "##e", "(", "2009", ")", ",", "does", "not", "address", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ",", "but", "the", "gui", "##da", "di", "stil", "##e", "italian", "##o", "(", "2010", ")", ",", "the", "official", "guide", "for", "microsoft", "translation", ",", "tells", "users", "to", "use", "single", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "\"", "instead", "of", "the", "double", "spa", "##cing", "used", "in", "the", "united", "states", "\"", ".", "some", "languages", ",", "such", "as", "french", "and", "spanish", ",", "have", "academies", "that", "set", "language", "rules", ".", "their", "publications", "typically", "address", "or", "##th", "##ography", "and", "grammar", "as", "opposed", "to", "matters", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", ".", "style", "guides", "are", "less", "relevant", "for", "such", "languages" ]

2,827

chicago manual of style ( 2003 ) — allow only single sentence spa ##cing . the most important style guide in italy , il nu ##ovo manual ##e di stil ##e ( 2009 ) , does not address sentence spa ##cing , but the gui ##da di stil ##e italian ##o ( 2010 ) , the official guide for microsoft translation , tells users to use single sentence spa ##cing " instead of the double spa ##cing used in the united states " . some languages , such as french and spanish , have academies that set language rules . their publications typically address or ##th ##ography and grammar as opposed to matters of ty ##po ##graphy . style guides are less relevant for such languages

256

[ ",", "as", "their", "academies", "set", "pre", "##script", "##ive", "rules", ".", "for", "example", ",", "the", "academie", "francaise", "publishes", "the", "di", "##ction", "##naire", "de", "l", "'", "academie", "francaise", "for", "french", "speakers", "worldwide", ".", "the", "1992", "edition", "does", "not", "provide", "guidance", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ",", "but", "is", "single", "@", "-", "@", "sentence", "@", "-", "@", "spaced", "throughout", "—", "consistent", "with", "historical", "french", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "spanish", "language", "is", "similar", ".", "the", "most", "important", "body", "within", "the", "association", "of", "spanish", "language", "academies", ",", "the", "real", "academia", "es", "##pan", "##ola", ",", "publishes", "the", "di", "##cci", "##ona", "##rio", "de", "la", "len", "##gua", "es", "##pan", "##ola", ",", "which", "is", "viewed", "as", "pre", "##script", "##ive", "for", "the", "spanish", "language", "worldwide", ".", "the", "2001", "edition", "does", "not", "provide", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "guidance", "," ]

2,828

, as their academies set pre ##script ##ive rules . for example , the academie francaise publishes the di ##ction ##naire de l ' academie francaise for french speakers worldwide . the 1992 edition does not provide guidance on sentence spa ##cing , but is single @ - @ sentence @ - @ spaced throughout — consistent with historical french spa ##cing . the spanish language is similar . the most important body within the association of spanish language academies , the real academia es ##pan ##ola , publishes the di ##cci ##ona ##rio de la len ##gua es ##pan ##ola , which is viewed as pre ##script ##ive for the spanish language worldwide . the 2001 edition does not provide sentence spa ##cing guidance ,

257

[ "but", "is", "itself", "single", "sentence", "spaced", ".", "the", "german", "language", "manual", "em", "##pf", "##eh", "##lun", "##gen", "des", "rats", "fur", "deutsche", "rec", "##ht", "##sch", "##re", "##ib", "##ung", "(", "\"", "recommendations", "of", "the", "council", "for", "german", "or", "##th", "##ography", "\"", ")", "(", "2006", ")", "does", "not", "address", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "manual", "itself", "uses", "one", "space", "after", "terminal", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", ".", "additionally", ",", "the", "dude", "##n", ",", "the", "german", "language", "dictionary", "most", "commonly", "used", "in", "germany", ",", "indicates", "that", "double", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "is", "an", "error", ".", "a", "few", "reference", "grammar", "##s", "address", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", ",", "as", "increased", "spa", "##cing", "between", "words", "is", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "in", "itself", ".", "most", "do", "not", ".", "grammar", "guides", "typically", "cover", "terminal", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "and", "the", "proper", "construction" ]

2,829

but is itself single sentence spaced . the german language manual em ##pf ##eh ##lun ##gen des rats fur deutsche rec ##ht ##sch ##re ##ib ##ung ( " recommendations of the council for german or ##th ##ography " ) ( 2006 ) does not address sentence spa ##cing . the manual itself uses one space after terminal pun ##ct ##uation . additionally , the dude ##n , the german language dictionary most commonly used in germany , indicates that double sentence spa ##cing is an error . a few reference grammar ##s address sentence spa ##cing , as increased spa ##cing between words is pun ##ct ##uation in itself . most do not . grammar guides typically cover terminal pun ##ct ##uation and the proper construction

262

[ "of", "sentences", "—", "but", "not", "the", "spa", "##cing", "between", "sentences", ".", "moreover", ",", "many", "modern", "grammar", "guides", "are", "designed", "for", "quick", "reference", "and", "refer", "users", "to", "comprehensive", "style", "guides", "for", "additional", "matters", "of", "writing", "style", ".", "for", "example", ",", "the", "pocket", "idiot", "'", "s", "guide", "to", "grammar", "and", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "(", "2005", ")", "points", "users", "to", "style", "guides", "such", "as", "the", "mla", "style", "manual", "for", "consistency", "in", "format", "##ting", "work", "and", "for", "all", "other", "\"", "editorial", "concerns", "\"", ".", "the", "grammar", "bible", "(", "2004", ")", "states", "that", "\"", "the", "modern", "system", "of", "english", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "is", "by", "no", "means", "simple", ".", "a", "book", "that", "covers", "all", "the", "bases", "would", "need", "to", "be", "of", "considerable", "breadth", "and", "weight", "and", "anyone", "interested", "in", "such", "a", "resource" ]

2,830

of sentences — but not the spa ##cing between sentences . moreover , many modern grammar guides are designed for quick reference and refer users to comprehensive style guides for additional matters of writing style . for example , the pocket idiot ' s guide to grammar and pun ##ct ##uation ( 2005 ) points users to style guides such as the mla style manual for consistency in format ##ting work and for all other " editorial concerns " . the grammar bible ( 2004 ) states that " the modern system of english pun ##ct ##uation is by no means simple . a book that covers all the bases would need to be of considerable breadth and weight and anyone interested in such a resource

276

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2,831

is advised to consult the chicago manual of style . " in the computer era , spa ##cing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages . some systems accept whatever the user types , while others attempt to alter the spa ##cing , or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences . computer @ - @ based word processors , and types ##etti ##ng software such as tr ##off and tex , allow users to arrange text in a manner previously only available to professional types ##ette ##rs . the text editing environment in em ##ac ##s uses a double space following a period to identify the end of sentences una ##mb ##ig ##uously ; the double space

266

[ "convention", "prevents", "confusion", "with", "periods", "within", "sentences", "that", "sign", "##ify", "abbreviation", "##s", ".", "how", "em", "##ac", "##s", "recognizes", "the", "end", "of", "a", "sentence", "is", "controlled", "by", "the", "settings", "sentence", "@", "-", "@", "end", "@", "-", "@", "double", "@", "-", "@", "space", "and", "sentence", "@", "-", "@", "end", ".", "the", "vi", "editor", "also", "follows", "this", "convention", ";", "thus", ",", "it", "is", "relatively", "easy", "to", "manipulate", "(", "jump", "over", ",", "copy", ",", "del", "##ete", ")", "whole", "sentences", "in", "both", "em", "##ac", "##s", "and", "vi", ".", "the", "unix", "types", "##ette", "##r", "program", "tr", "##off", "uses", "two", "spaces", "to", "mark", "the", "end", "of", "a", "sentence", ".", "this", "allows", "the", "types", "##ette", "##r", "to", "distinguish", "sentence", "endings", "from", "abbreviation", "##s", "and", "to", "types", "##et", "them", "differently", ".", "early", "versions", "of", "tr" ]

2,832

convention prevents confusion with periods within sentences that sign ##ify abbreviation ##s . how em ##ac ##s recognizes the end of a sentence is controlled by the settings sentence @ - @ end @ - @ double @ - @ space and sentence @ - @ end . the vi editor also follows this convention ; thus , it is relatively easy to manipulate ( jump over , copy , del ##ete ) whole sentences in both em ##ac ##s and vi . the unix types ##ette ##r program tr ##off uses two spaces to mark the end of a sentence . this allows the types ##ette ##r to distinguish sentence endings from abbreviation ##s and to types ##et them differently . early versions of tr

279

[ "##off", ",", "which", "only", "types", "##et", "in", "fixed", "width", "font", "##s", ",", "would", "automatically", "add", "a", "second", "space", "between", "sentences", ",", "which", "were", "detected", "based", "on", "the", "combination", "of", "terminal", "pun", "##ct", "##uation", "and", "a", "line", "feed", ".", "microsoft", "word", "does", "not", "treat", "sentences", "differently", "by", "default", ",", "but", "the", "grammar", "checking", "can", "be", "set", "to", "prefer", "a", "specific", "number", "of", "spaces", "between", "sentences", ".", "on", "some", "modern", "touch", "@", "-", "@", "screen", "platforms", ",", "including", "android", "and", "ios", ",", "typing", "two", "spaces", "in", "a", "row", "is", "automatically", "interpreted", "to", "mean", "the", "end", "of", "a", "sentence", ",", "and", "a", "period", "is", "automatically", "inserted", ".", "however", ",", "only", "one", "space", "is", "retained", ".", "multiple", "spaces", "are", "eliminated", "by", "default", "in", "most", "world", "wide", "web", "content", ",", "regardless" ]

2,833

##off , which only types ##et in fixed width font ##s , would automatically add a second space between sentences , which were detected based on the combination of terminal pun ##ct ##uation and a line feed . microsoft word does not treat sentences differently by default , but the grammar checking can be set to prefer a specific number of spaces between sentences . on some modern touch @ - @ screen platforms , including android and ios , typing two spaces in a row is automatically interpreted to mean the end of a sentence , and a period is automatically inserted . however , only one space is retained . multiple spaces are eliminated by default in most world wide web content , regardless

293

[ "of", "whether", "they", "are", "associated", "with", "sentences", "or", "not", ".", "there", "are", "options", "for", "preserving", "spa", "##cing", ",", "such", "as", "the", "cs", "##s", "white", "@", "-", "@", "space", "property", ",", "and", "the", "<", "pre", ">", "tag", ".", "twitter", "retains", "extra", "spaces", "in", "user", "input", "on", "their", "website", ".", "html", "also", "includes", "several", "other", "space", "entities", "which", "are", "not", "collapsed", ",", "such", "as", "an", "em", "space", ",", "an", "en", "space", ",", "and", "a", "non", "@", "-", "@", "breaking", "space", ".", "some", "unicode", "space", "characters", "are", "also", "not", "collapsed", "on", "the", "web", ".", "=", "=", "controversy", "=", "=", "james", "fe", "##lic", "##i", ",", "author", "of", "the", "complete", "manual", "of", "ty", "##po", "##graphy", ",", "says", "that", "the", "topic", "of", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "is", "\"", "the", "debate", "that", "refuses", "to" ]

2,834

of whether they are associated with sentences or not . there are options for preserving spa ##cing , such as the cs ##s white @ - @ space property , and the < pre > tag . twitter retains extra spaces in user input on their website . html also includes several other space entities which are not collapsed , such as an em space , an en space , and a non @ - @ breaking space . some unicode space characters are also not collapsed on the web . = = controversy = = james fe ##lic ##i , author of the complete manual of ty ##po ##graphy , says that the topic of sentence spa ##cing is " the debate that refuses to

293

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2,835

die . . . in all my years of writing about type , it ' s still the question i hear most often , and a search of the web will find threads gal ##ore on the subject " . this subject is still widely debated today . many people are opposed to single sentence spa ##cing for various reasons . some state that the habit of double spa ##cing is too deeply ing ##rained to change . others claim that additional space between sentences improves the aesthetics or read ##ability of text . proponents of double sentence spa ##cing also state that some publishers may still require double @ - @ spaced manuscript submissions from authors . a key example noted is the screen ##writing

266

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2,836

industry ' s mono ##space ##d standard for screenplay manuscripts , courier , 12 @ - @ point font , although some works on screen ##writing indicate that courier is merely preferred – proportional font ##s may be used . some reliable sources state simply that writers should follow their particular style guide , but proponents of double spa ##cing caution that publishers ' guidance takes precedence , including those that ask for double sentence spaced manuscripts . one of the most popular arguments against wider sentence spa ##cing is that it was created for mono ##space ##d font ##s of the type ##writer , and is no longer needed with modern proportional font ##s . however , proportional font ##s existed together with wide sentence

282

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2,837

spa ##cing for centuries before the type ##writer , and remained for decades after its invention . when the type ##writer was first introduced , ty ##pis ##ts were most commonly taught to use three spaces between sentences . this gradually shifted to two spaces , while the print industry remained unchanged in its wide em @ - @ spaced sentences . some sources now state it is acceptable for mono ##space ##d font ##s to be single spaced today , although other references continue to specify double spa ##cing for mono ##space ##d font ##s . the double space type ##writer convention has been taught in schools in typing classes , and that remains the practice in many cases . some voice concerns that students

399

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2,838

will later be forced to re ##lea ##rn how to type . most style guides indicate that single sentence spa ##cing is proper for final or published work today , and most publishers require manuscripts to be submitted as they will appear in publication — single sentence spaced . writing sources typically recommend that prospective authors remove extra spaces before submit ##ting manuscripts , although other sources state that publishers will use software to remove the spaces before final publication . = = effects on read ##ability and leg ##ibility = = claims ab ##ound regarding the leg ##ibility and read ##ability of the single and double sentence spa ##cing methods — by proponents on both sides . supporters of single spa ##cing assert that familiarity

264

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2,839

with the current standard in books , magazines , and the web enhance ##s read ##ability , that double spa ##cing looks strange in text using proportional font ##s , and that the " rivers " and " holes " caused by double spa ##cing imp ##air read ##ability . proponents of double sentence spa ##cing state that the extra space between sentences enhance ##s read ##ability by providing clearer breaks between sentences and making text appear more leg ##ible , particularly noting the very small visual difference between a dot and a com ##ma . however , ty ##po ##graphic opinions are typically an ##ec ##dot ##al with no basis in evidence . " opinions are not always safe guides to leg ##ibility of print

825

[ "\"", ",", "and", "when", "direct", "studies", "are", "conducted", ",", "an", "##ec", "##dot", "##al", "opinions", "—", "even", "those", "of", "experts", "—", "can", "turn", "out", "to", "be", "false", ".", "text", "that", "seems", "leg", "##ible", "(", "visually", "pleasing", "at", "first", "glance", ")", "may", "be", "shown", "to", "actually", "imp", "##air", "reading", "effectiveness", "when", "subjected", "to", "scientific", "study", ".", "direct", "studies", "on", "sentence", "spa", "##cing", "include", "those", "by", "lo", "##h", ",", "branch", ",", "she", "##wan", "##own", ",", "and", "ali", "(", "2002", ")", ";", "clinton", ",", "branch", ",", "ho", "##ls", "##chu", "##h", ",", "and", "she", "##wan", "##own", "(", "2003", ")", ";", "and", "ni", ",", "branch", ",", "and", "chen", "(", "2004", ")", ",", "with", "results", "favor", "##ing", "neither", "single", ",", "double", ",", "nor", "triple", "spa", "##cing", ".", "the", "2002", "study", "tested", "participants", "'" ]

2,840

" , and when direct studies are conducted , an ##ec ##dot ##al opinions — even those of experts — can turn out to be false . text that seems leg ##ible ( visually pleasing at first glance ) may be shown to actually imp ##air reading effectiveness when subjected to scientific study . direct studies on sentence spa ##cing include those by lo ##h , branch , she ##wan ##own , and ali ( 2002 ) ; clinton , branch , ho ##ls ##chu ##h , and she ##wan ##own ( 2003 ) ; and ni , branch , and chen ( 2004 ) , with results favor ##ing neither single , double , nor triple spa ##cing . the 2002 study tested participants '

266

[ "reading", "speed", "for", "single", "and", "double", "sentence", "spaced", "passages", "of", "on", "@", "-", "@", "screen", "text", ".", "the", "authors", "stated", "that", "\"", "the", "'", "double", "space", "group", "'", "consistently", "took", "longer", "time", "to", "finish", "than", "the", "'", "single", "space", "'", "group", "\"", "but", "concluded", "that", "\"", "there", "was", "not", "enough", "evidence", "to", "suggest", "that", "a", "significant", "difference", "exists", ".", "\"", "the", "2003", "and", "2004", "studies", "analyzed", "on", "@", "-", "@", "screen", "single", ",", "double", ",", "and", "triple", "spa", "##cing", ".", "in", "both", "cases", ",", "the", "authors", "stated", "that", "there", "was", "insufficient", "evidence", "to", "draw", "a", "conclusion", ".", "ni", ",", "branch", ",", "chen", ",", "and", "clinton", "conducted", "a", "similar", "study", "in", "2009", "using", "identical", "spa", "##cing", "variables", ".", "the", "authors", "concluded", "that", "the", "\"", "results", "provided", "insufficient" ]

2,841

reading speed for single and double sentence spaced passages of on @ - @ screen text . the authors stated that " the ' double space group ' consistently took longer time to finish than the ' single space ' group " but concluded that " there was not enough evidence to suggest that a significant difference exists . " the 2003 and 2004 studies analyzed on @ - @ screen single , double , and triple spa ##cing . in both cases , the authors stated that there was insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion . ni , branch , chen , and clinton conducted a similar study in 2009 using identical spa ##cing variables . the authors concluded that the " results provided insufficient

266

[ "evidence", "that", "time", "and", "comprehension", "differ", "significantly", "among", "different", "conditions", "of", "spa", "##cing", "between", "sentences", "\"", ".", "=", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "=", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "(", "french", ":", "le", "crab", "##e", "aux", "pin", "##ces", "d", "'", "or", ")", "is", "the", "ninth", "volume", "of", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "the", "comics", "series", "by", "belgian", "cartoonist", "her", "##ge", ".", "the", "story", "was", "serial", "##ised", "weekly", "in", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", ",", "the", "children", "'", "s", "supplement", "to", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "belgium", "'", "s", "leading", "franco", "##phone", "newspaper", ",", "from", "october", "1940", "to", "october", "1941", "amidst", "the", "german", "occupation", "of", "belgium", "during", "world", "war", "ii", ".", "part", "##way", "through", "serial", "##isation", ",", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", "was" ]

2,842

evidence that time and comprehension differ significantly among different conditions of spa ##cing between sentences " . = the crab with the golden claws = the crab with the golden claws ( french : le crab ##e aux pin ##ces d ' or ) is the ninth volume of the adventures of tin ##tin , the comics series by belgian cartoonist her ##ge . the story was serial ##ised weekly in le so ##ir je ##unes ##se , the children ' s supplement to le so ##ir , belgium ' s leading franco ##phone newspaper , from october 1940 to october 1941 amidst the german occupation of belgium during world war ii . part ##way through serial ##isation , le so ##ir je ##unes ##se was

307

[ "cancelled", "and", "the", "story", "began", "to", "be", "serial", "##ised", "daily", "in", "the", "pages", "of", "le", "so", "##ir", ".", "the", "story", "tells", "of", "young", "belgian", "reporter", "tin", "##tin", "and", "his", "dog", "snowy", ",", "who", "travel", "to", "morocco", "to", "pursue", "a", "gang", "of", "international", "opium", "smug", "##glers", ".", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "published", "in", "book", "form", "shortly", "after", "its", "conclusion", ".", "her", "##ge", "continued", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "with", "the", "shooting", "star", ",", "while", "the", "series", "itself", "became", "a", "defining", "part", "of", "the", "franco", "@", "-", "@", "belgian", "comics", "tradition", ".", "in", "1943", ",", "her", "##ge", "coloured", "and", "red", "##rew", "the", "book", "in", "his", "distinctive", "li", "##gne", "@", "-", "@", "claire", "style", "for", "caste", "##rman", "'", "s", "republic", "##ation", ".", "the", "crab", "with", "the" ]

2,843

cancelled and the story began to be serial ##ised daily in the pages of le so ##ir . the story tells of young belgian reporter tin ##tin and his dog snowy , who travel to morocco to pursue a gang of international opium smug ##glers . the crab with the golden claws was published in book form shortly after its conclusion . her ##ge continued the adventures of tin ##tin with the shooting star , while the series itself became a defining part of the franco @ - @ belgian comics tradition . in 1943 , her ##ge coloured and red ##rew the book in his distinctive li ##gne @ - @ claire style for caste ##rman ' s republic ##ation . the crab with the

837

[ "golden", "claws", "introduces", "the", "recurring", "character", "captain", "had", "##dock", ",", "who", "became", "a", "major", "fixture", "of", "the", "series", ".", "the", "book", "is", "the", "first", "tin", "##tin", "adventure", "published", "in", "the", "united", "states", "and", "the", "first", "to", "be", "adapted", "into", "a", "motion", "picture", ".", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "adapted", "for", "the", "1956", "bel", "##vision", "studios", "animation", "her", "##ge", "'", "s", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "for", "the", "1991", "el", "##lip", "##se", "/", "ne", "##lva", "##na", "animated", "series", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "and", "for", "the", "2011", "film", "directed", "by", "steven", "spielberg", ".", "tin", "##tin", "is", "informed", "by", "thomson", "and", "thompson", "of", "a", "case", "involving", "the", "ram", "##bling", "##s", "of", "a", "drunken", "man", ",", "later", "killed", ",", "found", "with", "a", "scrap", "of", "paper", "from" ]

2,844

golden claws introduces the recurring character captain had ##dock , who became a major fixture of the series . the book is the first tin ##tin adventure published in the united states and the first to be adapted into a motion picture . the crab with the golden claws was adapted for the 1956 bel ##vision studios animation her ##ge ' s adventures of tin ##tin , for the 1991 el ##lip ##se / ne ##lva ##na animated series the adventures of tin ##tin , and for the 2011 film directed by steven spielberg . tin ##tin is informed by thomson and thompson of a case involving the ram ##bling ##s of a drunken man , later killed , found with a scrap of paper from

826

[ "what", "appears", "to", "be", "a", "tin", "of", "crab", "meat", "with", "the", "word", "\"", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", "\"", "sc", "##ra", "##wled", "on", "it", ".", "his", "subsequent", "investigation", "and", "the", "kidnapping", "of", "a", "japanese", "man", "interested", "in", "giving", "him", "a", "letter", "leads", "tin", "##tin", "to", "a", "ship", "called", "the", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", ",", "where", "he", "is", "abducted", "by", "a", "syndicate", "of", "criminals", "who", "have", "hidden", "opium", "in", "the", "crab", "tin", "##s", ".", "tin", "##tin", "escapes", "from", "his", "locked", "room", "after", "snowy", "chew", "##s", "through", "his", "bonds", "and", "tin", "##tin", "knocks", "out", "a", "man", "sent", "to", "bring", "him", "food", ",", "leaving", "the", "man", "bound", "and", "gag", "##ged", "in", "the", "room", ".", "tin", "##tin", "encounters", "captain", "had", "##dock", ",", "an", "alcoholic", "sea", "captain", ",", "who", "is", "manipulated", "by" ]

2,845

what appears to be a tin of crab meat with the word " kara ##bo ##ud ##jan " sc ##ra ##wled on it . his subsequent investigation and the kidnapping of a japanese man interested in giving him a letter leads tin ##tin to a ship called the kara ##bo ##ud ##jan , where he is abducted by a syndicate of criminals who have hidden opium in the crab tin ##s . tin ##tin escapes from his locked room after snowy chew ##s through his bonds and tin ##tin knocks out a man sent to bring him food , leaving the man bound and gag ##ged in the room . tin ##tin encounters captain had ##dock , an alcoholic sea captain , who is manipulated by

307

[ "his", "first", "mate", ",", "allan", ",", "and", "is", "unaware", "of", "his", "crew", "'", "s", "criminal", "activities", ".", "tin", "##tin", "hides", "in", "the", "locker", "under", "the", "bed", "and", "defeats", "ju", "##mbo", ",", "the", "sailor", "left", "in", "the", "cabin", ",", "while", "allan", "thinks", "tin", "##tin", "has", "climbed", "out", "of", "the", "port", "##hole", "back", "into", "the", "store", "##room", ".", "he", "blows", "open", "the", "store", "##room", "door", ",", "then", "finding", "it", "empty", "goes", "back", "to", "the", "captain", "'", "s", "room", ",", "where", "he", "finds", "ju", "##mbo", "tied", "to", "a", "chair", "and", "gag", "##ged", ".", "escaping", "the", "ship", "in", "a", "lifeboat", "after", "sending", "a", "radio", "message", "to", "the", "police", "about", "the", "cargo", ",", "a", "sea", "##plane", "tries", "to", "attack", "them", ".", "tin", "##tin", "and", "the", "captain", "hi", "##jack", "the", "plane", "," ]

2,846

his first mate , allan , and is unaware of his crew ' s criminal activities . tin ##tin hides in the locker under the bed and defeats ju ##mbo , the sailor left in the cabin , while allan thinks tin ##tin has climbed out of the port ##hole back into the store ##room . he blows open the store ##room door , then finding it empty goes back to the captain ' s room , where he finds ju ##mbo tied to a chair and gag ##ged . escaping the ship in a lifeboat after sending a radio message to the police about the cargo , a sea ##plane tries to attack them . tin ##tin and the captain hi ##jack the plane ,

773

[ "tie", "up", "the", "pilots", ",", "and", "try", "to", "reach", "spain", ".", "had", "##dock", "'", "s", "drunken", "behaviour", "in", "a", "storm", "causes", "them", "to", "crash", "@", "-", "@", "land", "in", "the", "sahara", ",", "where", "the", "crew", "escapes", ".", "after", "trek", "##king", "across", "the", "desert", "and", "nearly", "dying", "of", "de", "##hy", "##dra", "##tion", ",", "tin", "##tin", "and", "had", "##dock", "are", "rescued", "and", "taken", "to", "a", "french", "outpost", ",", "where", "they", "hear", "on", "the", "radio", "the", "storm", "sunk", "the", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", ".", "they", "travel", "to", "a", "moroccan", "port", ",", "and", "along", "the", "way", "are", "attacked", "by", "tu", "##are", "##g", "tribes", "##men", ",", "defending", "themselves", "with", "french", "mas", "@", "-", "@", "36", "rifles", ".", "at", "the", "port", ",", "members", "of", "his", "old", "crew", "kidnap", "the", "captain", "after", "he" ]

2,847

tie up the pilots , and try to reach spain . had ##dock ' s drunken behaviour in a storm causes them to crash @ - @ land in the sahara , where the crew escapes . after trek ##king across the desert and nearly dying of de ##hy ##dra ##tion , tin ##tin and had ##dock are rescued and taken to a french outpost , where they hear on the radio the storm sunk the kara ##bo ##ud ##jan . they travel to a moroccan port , and along the way are attacked by tu ##are ##g tribes ##men , defending themselves with french mas @ - @ 36 rifles . at the port , members of his old crew kidnap the captain after he

307

[ "recognise", "##s", "their", "disguised", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", ".", "tin", "##tin", "meets", "thomson", "and", "thompson", "who", "got", "his", "message", ",", "and", "they", "learn", "that", "the", "wealthy", "merchant", "omar", "ben", "sal", "##aa", "##d", "sold", "the", "crab", "tin", "##s", ";", "tin", "##tin", "tells", "thomson", "and", "thompson", "to", "discreet", "##ly", "investigate", ".", "tin", "##tin", "tracks", "down", "the", "gang", "and", "saves", "the", "captain", ",", "but", "they", "both", "become", "into", "##xi", "##cated", "by", "the", "fu", "##mes", "from", "wine", "barrels", "breached", "in", "a", "shootout", "with", "the", "villains", ".", "had", "##dock", "chases", "a", "gang", "@", "-", "@", "member", "from", "the", "cellar", "to", "an", "entrance", "behind", "a", "book", "##case", "in", "sal", "##aa", "##d", "'", "s", "house", ".", "upon", "sober", "##ing", "up", ",", "tin", "##tin", "discovers", "a", "necklace", "of", "a", "crab", "with", "golden", "claws", "on" ]

2,848

recognise ##s their disguised kara ##bo ##ud ##jan . tin ##tin meets thomson and thompson who got his message , and they learn that the wealthy merchant omar ben sal ##aa ##d sold the crab tin ##s ; tin ##tin tells thomson and thompson to discreet ##ly investigate . tin ##tin tracks down the gang and saves the captain , but they both become into ##xi ##cated by the fu ##mes from wine barrels breached in a shootout with the villains . had ##dock chases a gang @ - @ member from the cellar to an entrance behind a book ##case in sal ##aa ##d ' s house . upon sober ##ing up , tin ##tin discovers a necklace of a crab with golden claws on

307

[ "the", "now", "@", "-", "@", "subdued", "owner", "of", "the", "wine", "cellar", ",", "omar", "ben", "sal", "##aa", "##d", ",", "and", "realizes", "that", "he", "is", "the", "leader", "of", "the", "drug", "cartel", ".", "allan", "steals", "a", "boat", "and", "tries", "escaping", ",", "but", "tin", "##tin", "captures", "him", ".", "the", "police", "arrest", "the", "gang", "and", "free", "the", "japanese", "man", ",", "who", "introduces", "himself", "as", "bun", "##ji", "ku", "##rak", "##i", ",", "a", "police", "detective", "who", "was", "trying", "to", "warn", "tin", "##tin", "of", "the", "group", "he", "was", "up", "against", ".", "he", "had", "been", "investigating", "the", "sailor", "on", "had", "##dock", "'", "s", "crew", "who", "drowned", ";", "the", "sailor", "was", "on", "the", "verge", "of", "bringing", "him", "opium", "before", "he", "was", "eliminated", ".", "turning", "on", "the", "radio", ",", "tin", "##tin", "learns", "that", ",", "thanks", "to", "him" ]

2,849

the now @ - @ subdued owner of the wine cellar , omar ben sal ##aa ##d , and realizes that he is the leader of the drug cartel . allan steals a boat and tries escaping , but tin ##tin captures him . the police arrest the gang and free the japanese man , who introduces himself as bun ##ji ku ##rak ##i , a police detective who was trying to warn tin ##tin of the group he was up against . he had been investigating the sailor on had ##dock ' s crew who drowned ; the sailor was on the verge of bringing him opium before he was eliminated . turning on the radio , tin ##tin learns that , thanks to him

307

[ ",", "the", "entire", "organisation", "of", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "is", "behind", "bars", ".", "as", "the", "belgian", "army", "clashed", "with", "the", "invading", "germans", "in", "may", "1940", ",", "her", "##ge", "and", "his", "wife", "fled", "by", "car", "to", "france", "along", "with", "tens", "of", "thousands", "of", "other", "belgian", "##s", ",", "first", "staying", "in", "paris", "and", "then", "heading", "south", "to", "pu", "##y", "@", "-", "@", "de", "@", "-", "@", "dome", ",", "where", "they", "remained", "for", "six", "weeks", ".", "on", "28", "may", ",", "belgian", "king", "leopold", "iii", "officially", "surrendered", "the", "country", "to", "the", "german", "army", "to", "prevent", "further", "killing", ";", "a", "move", "that", "her", "##ge", "agreed", "with", ".", "germany", "placed", "belgium", "under", "occupation", ".", "her", "##ge", "followed", "the", "king", "'", "s", "request", "that", "all", "civilians", "who", "had", "fled", "the", "country" ]

2,850

, the entire organisation of the crab with the golden claws is behind bars . as the belgian army clashed with the invading germans in may 1940 , her ##ge and his wife fled by car to france along with tens of thousands of other belgian ##s , first staying in paris and then heading south to pu ##y @ - @ de @ - @ dome , where they remained for six weeks . on 28 may , belgian king leopold iii officially surrendered the country to the german army to prevent further killing ; a move that her ##ge agreed with . germany placed belgium under occupation . her ##ge followed the king ' s request that all civilians who had fled the country

236

[ "return", ";", "he", "arrived", "back", "in", "brussels", "on", "30", "june", ".", "there", ",", "he", "found", "that", "an", "officer", "of", "the", "german", "army", "'", "s", "propaganda", "##sta", "##ffe", "##l", "occupied", "his", "house", ",", "and", "he", "also", "faced", "financial", "trouble", ",", "as", "he", "owed", "back", "taxes", "yet", "was", "unable", "to", "access", "his", "financial", "reserves", "(", "his", "fee", "due", "from", "caste", "##rman", "eventually", "arrived", ")", ".", "all", "belgian", "publications", "were", "now", "under", "the", "control", "of", "the", "german", "occupying", "force", ".", "the", "catholic", "publication", "le", "vin", "##gt", "##ie", "##me", "si", "##ec", "##le", "and", "its", "supplement", "le", "petit", "vin", "##gt", "##ie", "##me", ",", "where", "her", "##ge", "had", "always", "worked", "serial", "##ising", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "no", "longer", "had", "permission", "to", "continue", "publication", ".", "land", "of", "black", "gold", ",", "the" ]

2,851

return ; he arrived back in brussels on 30 june . there , he found that an officer of the german army ' s propaganda ##sta ##ffe ##l occupied his house , and he also faced financial trouble , as he owed back taxes yet was unable to access his financial reserves ( his fee due from caste ##rman eventually arrived ) . all belgian publications were now under the control of the german occupying force . the catholic publication le vin ##gt ##ie ##me si ##ec ##le and its supplement le petit vin ##gt ##ie ##me , where her ##ge had always worked serial ##ising the adventures of tin ##tin , no longer had permission to continue publication . land of black gold , the

333

[ "story", "that", "her", "##ge", "had", "been", "serial", "##ising", "there", ",", "had", "to", "be", "abandoned", ".", "victor", "matt", "##hy", "##s", ",", "the", "rex", "##ist", "editor", "of", "le", "pays", "reel", ",", "offered", "her", "##ge", "employment", "as", "a", "cartoonist", ",", "but", "her", "##ge", "perceived", "le", "pays", "reel", "as", "an", "explicitly", "political", "publication", "and", "thus", "declined", "the", "position", ".", "instead", ",", "he", "accepted", "a", "position", "with", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "belgium", "'", "s", "largest", "franco", "##phone", "daily", "newspaper", ".", "confiscated", "from", "its", "original", "owners", ",", "the", "german", "authorities", "permitted", "le", "so", "##ir", "to", "re", "##open", "under", "the", "directors", "##hip", "of", "belgian", "editor", "raymond", "de", "becker", ",", "although", "it", "remained", "firmly", "under", "nazi", "control", ",", "supporting", "the", "german", "war", "effort", "and", "es", "##po", "##using", "anti", "@", "-", "@", "semi", "##tism", "." ]

2,852

story that her ##ge had been serial ##ising there , had to be abandoned . victor matt ##hy ##s , the rex ##ist editor of le pays reel , offered her ##ge employment as a cartoonist , but her ##ge perceived le pays reel as an explicitly political publication and thus declined the position . instead , he accepted a position with le so ##ir , belgium ' s largest franco ##phone daily newspaper . confiscated from its original owners , the german authorities permitted le so ##ir to re ##open under the directors ##hip of belgian editor raymond de becker , although it remained firmly under nazi control , supporting the german war effort and es ##po ##using anti @ - @ semi ##tism .

722

[ "after", "joining", "le", "so", "##ir", "on", "15", "october", ",", "her", "##ge", "created", "its", "new", "children", "'", "s", "supplement", ",", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", ".", "appointed", "editor", "of", "this", "supplement", ",", "he", "was", "aided", "by", "old", "friend", "paul", "jam", "##in", "and", "the", "cartoonist", "jacques", "van", "mel", "##ke", "##bek", "##e", ".", "the", "first", "issue", "of", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", "was", "published", "with", "a", "large", "announcement", "across", "the", "cover", ":", "\"", "tin", "##tin", "et", "milo", "##u", "son", "##t", "rev", "##en", "##us", "!", "\"", "(", "\"", "tin", "##tin", "and", "snowy", "are", "back", "!", "\"", ")", ".", "some", "belgian", "##s", "were", "upset", "that", "her", "##ge", "was", "willing", "to", "work", "for", "a", "newspaper", "controlled", "by", "the", "occupying", "nazi", "administration", ";", "he", "received", "an", "anonymous", "letter", "from", "\"", "the" ]

2,853

after joining le so ##ir on 15 october , her ##ge created its new children ' s supplement , le so ##ir je ##unes ##se . appointed editor of this supplement , he was aided by old friend paul jam ##in and the cartoonist jacques van mel ##ke ##bek ##e . the first issue of le so ##ir je ##unes ##se was published with a large announcement across the cover : " tin ##tin et milo ##u son ##t rev ##en ##us ! " ( " tin ##tin and snowy are back ! " ) . some belgian ##s were upset that her ##ge was willing to work for a newspaper controlled by the occupying nazi administration ; he received an anonymous letter from " the

307

[ "father", "of", "a", "large", "family", "\"", "asking", "him", "not", "to", "work", "for", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "fearing", "that", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "would", "now", "be", "used", "to", "indo", "##ct", "##rina", "##te", "children", "in", "nazi", "ideology", ",", "and", "that", "as", "a", "result", "\"", "they", "will", "no", "longer", "speak", "of", "god", ",", "of", "the", "christian", "family", ",", "of", "the", "catholic", "ideal", ".", ".", ".", "[", "how", "]", "can", "you", "agree", "to", "collaborate", "in", "this", "terrible", "act", ",", "a", "real", "sin", "against", "spirit", "?", "\"", "her", "##ge", "however", "was", "heavily", "en", "##tic", "##ed", "by", "the", "size", "of", "le", "so", "##ir", "'", "s", "readers", "##hip", ",", "which", "reached", "600", "@", ",", "@", "000", ",", "far", "more", "than", "what", "le", "vin", "##gt", "##ie", "##me", "si", "##ec", "##le", "had", "been", "able" ]

2,854

father of a large family " asking him not to work for le so ##ir , fearing that the adventures of tin ##tin would now be used to indo ##ct ##rina ##te children in nazi ideology , and that as a result " they will no longer speak of god , of the christian family , of the catholic ideal . . . [ how ] can you agree to collaborate in this terrible act , a real sin against spirit ? " her ##ge however was heavily en ##tic ##ed by the size of le so ##ir ' s readers ##hip , which reached 600 @ , @ 000 , far more than what le vin ##gt ##ie ##me si ##ec ##le had been able

307

[ "to", "accomplish", ".", "faced", "with", "the", "reality", "of", "nazi", "oversight", ",", "her", "##ge", "abandoned", "the", "over", "##t", "political", "themes", "that", "had", "per", "##va", "##ded", "much", "of", "his", "earlier", "work", ",", "instead", "adopting", "a", "policy", "of", "neutrality", ".", "without", "the", "need", "to", "sat", "##iri", "##se", "political", "types", ",", "harry", "thompson", "observed", "that", "\"", "her", "##ge", "was", "now", "concentrating", "more", "on", "plot", "and", "on", "developing", "a", "new", "style", "of", "character", "comedy", ".", "the", "public", "reacted", "positively", ".", "\"", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "began", "serial", "##isation", "in", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", "on", "17", "october", "1940", ".", "however", ",", "on", "8", "may", "1941", ",", "a", "paper", "shortage", "caused", "by", "the", "ongoing", "war", "led", "to", "the", "le", "so", "##ir", "je", "##unes", "##se", "being", "reduced", "to", "four", "pages" ]

2,855

to accomplish . faced with the reality of nazi oversight , her ##ge abandoned the over ##t political themes that had per ##va ##ded much of his earlier work , instead adopting a policy of neutrality . without the need to sat ##iri ##se political types , harry thompson observed that " her ##ge was now concentrating more on plot and on developing a new style of character comedy . the public reacted positively . " the crab with the golden claws began serial ##isation in le so ##ir je ##unes ##se on 17 october 1940 . however , on 8 may 1941 , a paper shortage caused by the ongoing war led to the le so ##ir je ##unes ##se being reduced to four pages

754

[ ",", "with", "the", "length", "of", "the", "weekly", "tin", "##tin", "strip", "being", "cut", "by", "two", "@", "-", "@", "thirds", ".", "several", "weeks", "later", ",", "on", "3", "september", "1941", ",", "the", "supplement", "disappeared", "altogether", ",", "with", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "being", "moved", "into", "le", "so", "##ir", "itself", "in", "september", ",", "where", "it", "became", "a", "daily", "strip", ".", "as", "a", "result", ",", "her", "##ge", "was", "forced", "to", "alter", "the", "pace", "at", "which", "his", "narrative", "moved", ",", "as", "he", "had", "to", "hold", "the", "reader", "'", "s", "attention", "at", "the", "end", "of", "every", "line", ".", "as", "with", "earlier", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", ",", "the", "story", "was", "later", "serial", "##ised", "in", "france", "in", "the", "catholic", "newspaper", "c", "##œ", "##urs", "va", "##illa", "##nts", "from", "21", "june", "1942", ".", "following", "serial", "##isation" ]

2,856

, with the length of the weekly tin ##tin strip being cut by two @ - @ thirds . several weeks later , on 3 september 1941 , the supplement disappeared altogether , with the crab with the golden claws being moved into le so ##ir itself in september , where it became a daily strip . as a result , her ##ge was forced to alter the pace at which his narrative moved , as he had to hold the reader ' s attention at the end of every line . as with earlier adventures of tin ##tin , the story was later serial ##ised in france in the catholic newspaper c ##œ ##urs va ##illa ##nts from 21 june 1942 . following serial ##isation

826

[ ",", "caste", "##rman", "collected", "together", "and", "published", "the", "story", "in", "book", "form", "in", "1941", ";", "the", "last", "black", "@", "-", "@", "and", "@", "-", "@", "white", "tin", "##tin", "volume", "to", "be", "released", ".", "for", "this", "collected", "edition", ",", "her", "##ge", "thought", "of", "renaming", "the", "story", ",", "initially", "considering", "the", "red", "crab", "(", "to", "accompany", "earlier", "adventures", "the", "blue", "lotus", "and", "the", "black", "island", ")", "before", "re", "@", "-", "@", "settling", "on", "le", "crab", "##e", "aux", "pin", "##ces", "d", "'", "or", "(", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", ")", ".", "her", "##ge", "became", "annoyed", "that", "caste", "##rman", "then", "sent", "the", "book", "to", "the", "printers", "without", "his", "final", "approval", ".", "nevertheless", ",", "as", "a", "result", "of", "le", "so", "##ir", "'", "s", "publicity", ",", "book", "sales", "markedly", "increased", "," ]

2,857

, caste ##rman collected together and published the story in book form in 1941 ; the last black @ - @ and @ - @ white tin ##tin volume to be released . for this collected edition , her ##ge thought of renaming the story , initially considering the red crab ( to accompany earlier adventures the blue lotus and the black island ) before re @ - @ settling on le crab ##e aux pin ##ces d ' or ( the crab with the golden claws ) . her ##ge became annoyed that caste ##rman then sent the book to the printers without his final approval . nevertheless , as a result of le so ##ir ' s publicity , book sales markedly increased ,

307

[ "to", "the", "extent", "that", "most", "of", "the", "prior", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "were", "reprinted", "as", "a", "result", ".", "german", "authorities", "made", "two", "exceptions", ":", "no", "reprint", "##ing", "of", "tin", "##tin", "in", "america", "or", "the", "black", "island", "because", "they", "were", "set", "in", "the", "united", "states", "and", "britain", "respectively", ",", "both", "of", "which", "were", "in", "conflict", "with", "germany", ".", "the", "serial", "introduced", "the", "character", "of", "captain", "had", "##dock", ".", "had", "##dock", "made", "his", "first", "appearance", "in", "le", "so", "##ir", "adjacent", "to", "an", "ad", "##vert", "for", "the", "anti", "@", "-", "@", "semitic", "german", "film", ",", "ju", "##d", "su", "##ß", ".", "her", "##ge", "chose", "the", "name", "\"", "had", "##dock", "\"", "for", "the", "character", "after", "his", "wife", ",", "germain", "##e", "re", "##mi", ",", "mentioned", "\"", "a", "sad", "english", "fish", "\"", "during" ]

2,858

to the extent that most of the prior adventures of tin ##tin were reprinted as a result . german authorities made two exceptions : no reprint ##ing of tin ##tin in america or the black island because they were set in the united states and britain respectively , both of which were in conflict with germany . the serial introduced the character of captain had ##dock . had ##dock made his first appearance in le so ##ir adjacent to an ad ##vert for the anti @ - @ semitic german film , ju ##d su ##ß . her ##ge chose the name " had ##dock " for the character after his wife , germain ##e re ##mi , mentioned " a sad english fish " during

307

[ "a", "meal", ".", "the", "inclusion", "of", "the", "japanese", "police", "detective", "bun", "##ji", "ku", "##rak", "##i", "as", "an", "ally", "of", "tin", "##tin", "'", "s", "in", "this", "story", "was", "probably", "designed", "to", "counter", "##balance", "her", "##ge", "'", "s", "portrayal", "of", "the", "japanese", "as", "the", "antagonist", "##s", "in", "his", "earlier", "story", ",", "the", "blue", "lotus", ",", "particularly", "given", "that", "the", "occupying", "government", "was", "allied", "with", "japan", "at", "the", "time", ".", "the", "use", "of", "morocco", "as", "a", "setting", "was", "likely", "influenced", "by", "the", "white", "squadron", "by", "french", "writer", "joseph", "pe", "##yre", ",", "which", "her", "##ge", "had", "read", "and", "seen", "the", "film", "in", "1936", ".", "the", "depiction", "of", "the", "french", "foreign", "legion", "in", "north", "africa", "was", "possibly", "influenced", "by", "p", ".", "c", ".", "wren", "'", "s", "novel", "beau", "ge", "##ste", "(" ]

2,859

a meal . the inclusion of the japanese police detective bun ##ji ku ##rak ##i as an ally of tin ##tin ' s in this story was probably designed to counter ##balance her ##ge ' s portrayal of the japanese as the antagonist ##s in his earlier story , the blue lotus , particularly given that the occupying government was allied with japan at the time . the use of morocco as a setting was likely influenced by the white squadron by french writer joseph pe ##yre , which her ##ge had read and seen the film in 1936 . the depiction of the french foreign legion in north africa was possibly influenced by p . c . wren ' s novel beau ge ##ste (

307

[ "1925", ")", "or", "its", "cinematic", "adaptations", "in", "1926", ",", "1928", ",", "and", "1939", ".", "whereas", "her", "##ge", "'", "s", "use", "of", "chinese", "in", "the", "blue", "lotus", "was", "correct", ",", "the", "arabic", "script", "employed", "in", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "intentionally", "fictitious", ".", "many", "of", "the", "place", "names", "featured", "in", "the", "series", "are", "pun", "##s", ":", "the", "town", "of", "ke", "##f", "##hei", "##r", "was", "a", "pun", "on", "the", "french", "que", "fair", "##e", "?", "(", "\"", "what", "is", "to", "be", "done", "?", "\"", ")", "while", "the", "port", "of", "bag", "##gh", "##ar", "derives", "from", "the", "french", "bag", "##gar", "##e", "(", "scrape", ",", "or", "fight", ")", ".", "the", "name", "of", "omar", "ben", "sal", "##aa", "##d", "is", "a", "pun", "meaning", "\"", "lobster", "salad", "\"", "in", "french", ".", "in", "february" ]

2,860

1925 ) or its cinematic adaptations in 1926 , 1928 , and 1939 . whereas her ##ge ' s use of chinese in the blue lotus was correct , the arabic script employed in the crab with the golden claws was intentionally fictitious . many of the place names featured in the series are pun ##s : the town of ke ##f ##hei ##r was a pun on the french que fair ##e ? ( " what is to be done ? " ) while the port of bag ##gh ##ar derives from the french bag ##gar ##e ( scrape , or fight ) . the name of omar ben sal ##aa ##d is a pun meaning " lobster salad " in french . in february

264

[ "1942", ",", "caste", "##rman", "suggested", "to", "her", "##ge", "that", "his", "books", "be", "published", "in", "a", "new", "format", ";", "62", "@", "-", "@", "pages", "rather", "than", "the", "former", "100", "to", "130", "pages", ",", "and", "now", "in", "full", "colour", "rather", "than", "black", "@", "-", "@", "and", "@", "-", "@", "white", ".", "he", "agreed", "to", "this", ",", "and", "in", "1943", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "was", "re", "@", "-", "@", "edited", "and", "coloured", "for", "publication", "as", "an", "album", "in", "1944", ".", "due", "to", "the", "changes", "in", "how", "the", "adventure", "had", "been", "serial", "##ised", "at", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "the", "album", "at", "this", "jun", "##cture", "was", "only", "58", "pages", "long", ",", "and", "thus", "her", "##ge", "filled", "the", "missing", "pages", "with", "four", "full", "@", "-", "@", "page", "colour", "frames", "," ]

2,861

1942 , caste ##rman suggested to her ##ge that his books be published in a new format ; 62 @ - @ pages rather than the former 100 to 130 pages , and now in full colour rather than black @ - @ and @ - @ white . he agreed to this , and in 1943 the crab with the golden claws was re @ - @ edited and coloured for publication as an album in 1944 . due to the changes in how the adventure had been serial ##ised at le so ##ir , the album at this jun ##cture was only 58 pages long , and thus her ##ge filled the missing pages with four full @ - @ page colour frames ,

825

[ "thus", "bringing", "it", "up", "to", "the", "standard", "62", "@", "-", "@", "page", "format", ".", "in", "the", "1960s", ",", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", ",", "along", "with", "king", "otto", "##kar", "'", "s", "sc", "##ept", "##re", ",", "became", "the", "first", "tin", "##tin", "adventures", "published", "in", "the", "united", "states", ",", "in", "little", "golden", "books", ".", "however", ",", "caste", "##rman", ",", "working", "with", "the", "american", "publisher", "western", "publishing", ",", "made", "a", "number", "of", "changes", ":", "ju", "##mbo", ",", "the", "sailor", "who", "tin", "##tin", "leaves", "bound", "and", "gag", "##ged", "in", "captain", "had", "##dock", "'", "s", "cabin", ",", "as", "well", "as", "another", "man", "who", "beats", "had", "##dock", "in", "the", "cellar", ",", "could", "not", "be", "black", "africans", "as", "depicted", "in", "the", "original", ";", "these", "were", "changed", "to", "a", "white", "sailor", "and", "an" ]

2,862

thus bringing it up to the standard 62 @ - @ page format . in the 1960s , the crab with the golden claws , along with king otto ##kar ' s sc ##ept ##re , became the first tin ##tin adventures published in the united states , in little golden books . however , caste ##rman , working with the american publisher western publishing , made a number of changes : ju ##mbo , the sailor who tin ##tin leaves bound and gag ##ged in captain had ##dock ' s cabin , as well as another man who beats had ##dock in the cellar , could not be black africans as depicted in the original ; these were changed to a white sailor and an

825

[ "arab", "due", "to", "the", "american", "publisher", "'", "s", "concerns", "depicting", "blacks", "and", "whites", "mixing", "together", ".", "the", "accompanying", "text", "was", "not", "changed", ",", "however", ",", "and", "had", "##dock", "still", "refers", "to", "the", "man", "who", "beat", "him", "as", "a", "\"", "negro", "\"", ".", "also", "by", "request", "of", "the", "americans", ",", "scenes", "of", "had", "##dock", "drinking", "directly", "from", "bottles", "of", "whiskey", "on", "the", "lifeboat", "and", "the", "plane", "were", "blank", "##ed", "out", ",", "keeping", "only", "the", "text", ".", "the", "edited", "albums", "later", "had", "their", "blank", "##ed", "areas", "red", "##ra", "##wn", "by", "her", "##ge", "to", "be", "more", "acceptable", ",", "and", "they", "appear", "this", "way", "in", "published", "editions", "around", "the", "world", ".", "caste", "##rman", "republished", "the", "original", "black", "@", "-", "@", "and", "@", "-", "@", "white", "version", "of", "the", "story", "in" ]

2,863

arab due to the american publisher ' s concerns depicting blacks and whites mixing together . the accompanying text was not changed , however , and had ##dock still refers to the man who beat him as a " negro " . also by request of the americans , scenes of had ##dock drinking directly from bottles of whiskey on the lifeboat and the plane were blank ##ed out , keeping only the text . the edited albums later had their blank ##ed areas red ##ra ##wn by her ##ge to be more acceptable , and they appear this way in published editions around the world . caste ##rman republished the original black @ - @ and @ - @ white version of the story in

266

[ "1980", ",", "as", "part", "of", "the", "fourth", "volume", "in", "their", "archives", "her", "##ge", "collection", ".", "in", "1989", ",", "they", "then", "published", "a", "fa", "##cs", "##imi", "##le", "version", "of", "that", "first", "edition", ".", "=", "=", "critical", "analysis", "=", "=", "her", "##ge", "biographer", "benoit", "pee", "##ters", "described", "the", "story", "as", "a", "\"", "rebirth", "\"", "for", "the", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "and", "described", "the", "addition", "of", "had", "##dock", "as", "\"", "a", "formidable", "narrative", "element", "\"", ",", "one", "which", "\"", "profoundly", "changed", "the", "spirit", "of", "the", "series", "\"", ".", "elsewhere", ",", "he", "asserts", "that", "it", "is", "had", "##dock", "'", "s", "appearance", "which", "\"", "makes", "this", "book", "so", "memorable", "\"", "and", "that", "he", "is", "tempted", "to", "define", "the", "book", "by", "that", "character", "'", "s", "debut", ".", "fellow", "biographer", "pierre", "ass", "##ou" ]

2,864

1980 , as part of the fourth volume in their archives her ##ge collection . in 1989 , they then published a fa ##cs ##imi ##le version of that first edition . = = critical analysis = = her ##ge biographer benoit pee ##ters described the story as a " rebirth " for the adventures of tin ##tin and described the addition of had ##dock as " a formidable narrative element " , one which " profoundly changed the spirit of the series " . elsewhere , he asserts that it is had ##dock ' s appearance which " makes this book so memorable " and that he is tempted to define the book by that character ' s debut . fellow biographer pierre ass ##ou

704

[ "##line", "commented", "that", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "had", "\"", "a", "certain", "charm", "\"", "stemming", "from", "its", "use", "of", "\"", "exotic", "##ism", "and", "colonial", "nostalgia", ",", "for", "the", "french", "especially", ",", "ev", "##oki", "##ng", "their", "holdings", "in", "north", "africa", ".", "\"", "michael", "far", "##r", "asserted", "that", "the", "arrival", "of", "had", "##dock", "was", "the", "most", "\"", "remarkable", "\"", "element", "of", "the", "story", ",", "offering", "the", "series", "\"", "tremendous", "new", "potential", "\"", ".", "he", "also", "thought", "that", "the", "dream", "sequences", "reflected", "the", "popularity", "of", "surreal", "##ism", "at", "the", "time", ",", "and", "that", "the", "influence", "of", "cinema", ",", "in", "particular", "the", "films", "of", "alfred", "hitchcock", ",", "is", "apparent", "in", "the", "story", ".", "jean", "@", "-", "@", "marc", "lo", "##ffi", "##cier", "and", "randy", "lo", "##ffi", "##cier", "described", "the", "story" ]

2,865

##line commented that the crab with the golden claws had " a certain charm " stemming from its use of " exotic ##ism and colonial nostalgia , for the french especially , ev ##oki ##ng their holdings in north africa . " michael far ##r asserted that the arrival of had ##dock was the most " remarkable " element of the story , offering the series " tremendous new potential " . he also thought that the dream sequences reflected the popularity of surreal ##ism at the time , and that the influence of cinema , in particular the films of alfred hitchcock , is apparent in the story . jean @ - @ marc lo ##ffi ##cier and randy lo ##ffi ##cier described the story

704

[ "as", "\"", "a", "thin", "##ly", "@", "-", "@", "disguised", "remake", "of", "cigar", "##s", "of", "the", "pharaoh", "\"", ",", "an", "adventure", "of", "tin", "##tin", "which", "had", "been", "first", "serial", "##ised", "in", "1934", ".", "both", "feature", "the", "smuggling", "of", "opium", ",", "in", "crab", "tin", "##s", "and", "cigar", "##s", "respectively", ",", "and", "\"", "desert", "trek", "##s", ",", "hostile", "tribes", "and", ",", "at", "the", "end", ",", "the", "in", "##fi", "##lt", "##rating", "of", "a", "secret", "underground", "lair", ".", "\"", "they", "also", "opined", "that", "artistic", "##ally", ",", "the", "story", "represented", "\"", "a", "turning", "point", "in", "her", "##ge", "'", "s", "career", "\"", ",", "because", "he", "had", "to", "switch", "to", "a", "daily", "format", "in", "le", "so", "##ir", ",", "although", "as", "a", "result", "of", "this", "they", "felt", "that", "the", "final", "third", "of", "the", "story", "\"" ]

2,866

as " a thin ##ly @ - @ disguised remake of cigar ##s of the pharaoh " , an adventure of tin ##tin which had been first serial ##ised in 1934 . both feature the smuggling of opium , in crab tin ##s and cigar ##s respectively , and " desert trek ##s , hostile tribes and , at the end , the in ##fi ##lt ##rating of a secret underground lair . " they also opined that artistic ##ally , the story represented " a turning point in her ##ge ' s career " , because he had to switch to a daily format in le so ##ir , although as a result of this they felt that the final third of the story "

755

[ "seems", "rushed", "\"", ".", "stating", "that", "the", "inclusion", "of", "a", "japanese", "detective", "investigating", "drug", "smuggling", "in", "the", "mediterranean", "makes", "no", "sense", "within", "the", "context", "of", "1940s", "europe", ",", "they", "ultimately", "awarded", "the", "story", "three", "out", "of", "five", "stars", ".", "literary", "critic", "jean", "@", "-", "@", "marie", "ap", "##ost", "##oli", "##des", "of", "stanford", "university", ",", "in", "a", "psycho", "##anal", "##ytic", "##al", "review", "of", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", ",", "commented", "that", "this", "book", "witnessed", "tin", "##tin", "'", "s", "\"", "real", "entrance", "into", "the", "community", "of", "human", "beings", "\"", "as", "he", "gains", "an", "\"", "older", "brother", "\"", "in", "had", "##dock", ".", "he", "also", "believed", "that", "the", "recurring", "image", "of", "alcohol", "throughout", "the", "story", "was", "symbolic", "of", "sexuality", ".", "in", "particular", ",", "he", "believed", "that", "there", "was", "a" ]

2,867

seems rushed " . stating that the inclusion of a japanese detective investigating drug smuggling in the mediterranean makes no sense within the context of 1940s europe , they ultimately awarded the story three out of five stars . literary critic jean @ - @ marie ap ##ost ##oli ##des of stanford university , in a psycho ##anal ##ytic ##al review of the crab with the golden claws , commented that this book witnessed tin ##tin ' s " real entrance into the community of human beings " as he gains an " older brother " in had ##dock . he also believed that the recurring image of alcohol throughout the story was symbolic of sexuality . in particular , he believed that there was a

670

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2,868

strong homo ##ero ##tic sub ##text between had ##dock and tin ##tin , represented in the two del ##iri ##ous sequences ; in one , had ##dock en ##vision ##s tin ##tin as a champagne bottle fr ##oth ##ing at the top ( thereby symbol ##ising an e ##ja ##cula ##ting penis ) , while in the other , tin ##tin dreams that he is trapped inside a bottle , with had ##dock about to stick a cork ##sc ##rew into him ( thereby symbol ##ising sexual penetration ) . however , ap ##ost ##oli ##des notes , in both instances the pair are prevented from realising their sexual fantasies . literary critic tom mccarthy con ##cu ##rred with ap ##ost ##oli ##des on this point

513

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2,869

, also highlighting what he perceived as homo ##ero ##tic under ##tones to these two scenes . he also noted that in this adventure , the manner in which a chance finding of a tin can on a belgian street leads tin ##tin into the story is representative of the recurring theme of " tin ##tin the detective " found throughout the series . = = adaptations = = in 1947 , the first tin ##tin motion picture was created : the stop motion @ - @ animated feature film the crab with the golden claws , faithful ##ly adapted by producer wil ##fr ##ied bo ##ucher ##y for films claude mis ##onne . it was first shown at the abc cinema on 11 january 1947

671

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2,870

for a group of invited guests . it was screened publicly only once , on 21 december of that year , before bo ##ucher ##y declared bankruptcy and fled to argentina . in 1957 , the animation company bel ##vision studios produced a string of colour adaptations based upon her ##ge ' s original comics , adapting eight of the adventures into a series of daily five @ - @ minute episodes . the crab with the golden claws was the fifth such story to be adapted , being directed by ray goo ##ssen ##s and written by greg , himself a well @ - @ known cartoonist who in later years would become editor @ - @ in @ - @ chief of tin ##tin

881

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2,871

magazine . in 1991 , a second animated series based upon the adventures of tin ##tin was produced , this time as a collaboration between the french studio el ##lip ##se and the canadian animation company ne ##lva ##na . adapting 21 of the stories into a series of episodes , each 42 minutes long , with most stories spanning two episodes , the crab with the golden claws was the seventh story produced in the series . directed by stephane bern ##asco ##ni , critics have praised the series for being " generally faithful " , with compositions having been actually directly taken from the panels in the original comic book . a motion capture adventure film titled the adventures of tin ##tin : the

874

[ "secret", "of", "the", "unicorn", "directed", "by", "steven", "spielberg", "and", "produced", "by", "peter", "jackson", "was", "released", "in", "the", "us", "on", "21", "december", "2011", "and", "in", "europe", "at", "the", "end", "of", "october", "2011", ".", "parts", "of", "the", "movie", "are", "taken", "from", "the", "crab", "with", "the", "golden", "claws", "including", "the", "meeting", "and", "first", "adventures", "of", "tin", "##tin", "and", "captain", "had", "##dock", ",", "the", "kara", "##bo", "##ud", "##jan", ",", "the", "flight", "to", "bag", "##gh", "##ar", ",", "and", "the", "crab", "cans", "(", "although", "the", "plot", "involving", "the", "smug", "##gled", "opium", "was", "not", "adapted", ")", ".", "a", "video", "@", "-", "@", "game", "tie", "@", "-", "@", "in", "to", "the", "movie", "was", "released", "october", "2011", ".", "=", "=", "in", "popular", "culture", "=", "=", "in", "the", "simpsons", "episode", "in", "the", "name", "of", "the", "grandfather" ]

2,872

secret of the unicorn directed by steven spielberg and produced by peter jackson was released in the us on 21 december 2011 and in europe at the end of october 2011 . parts of the movie are taken from the crab with the golden claws including the meeting and first adventures of tin ##tin and captain had ##dock , the kara ##bo ##ud ##jan , the flight to bag ##gh ##ar , and the crab cans ( although the plot involving the smug ##gled opium was not adapted ) . a video @ - @ game tie @ - @ in to the movie was released october 2011 . = = in popular culture = = in the simpsons episode in the name of the grandfather

753

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2,873

bart simpson makes a der ##oga ##tory remark about belgium , causing his mother marge to threaten him with " taking his tin ##tin ##s away " , whereupon bart clutches a copy of the tin ##tin album the crab with the golden claws to his chest , promising he ' ll behave . l . a . m . b . is a fashion line by american singer gwen stefan ##i , the lead vocalist of the rock band no doubt . the line manufactures apparel and fashion accessories . it was founded in 2003 and made its runway debut in 2004 . the fashion line manufactures accessories like shoes , watches , bags and a fragrance called " l . " the name is

760

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2,874

an acronym of her debut solo album love . angel . music . baby . the line is influenced by a variety of fashion ##s cultures , including guatemala ##n , japanese , indian and jamaican styles . stefan ##i came from a family of seam ##st ##resses . this further inspired her to launch her own fashion line . the line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as ter ##i hatch ##er , nicole kid ##man , paris hilton and stefan ##i herself . the fashion line made a runway debut in the spring collection of 2004 and achieved mainstream success at new york fashion week in 2005 . it currently makes an annual gross income of $ 90 million .

797

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2,875

the line , as well as the fashion shows , were well received by critics and appreciated the ind ##ul ##gence of a celebrity into the fashion world . an additional fashion line was launched by stefan ##i called hara ##ju ##ku lovers . in late 2014 stefan ##i announced she would be producing an animated series that was based on the characters love , angel , music and baby . the series , ku ##uk ##u ##u hara ##ju ##ku follows the hara ##ju ##ku girls , known together as h ##j ##5 , as they fight evil and try to pursue their music career . stefan ##i first came face to face with designing clothes when she and her mother would se ##w clothes

721

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2,876

for themselves when she was young . stefan ##i comes from a long line of seam ##st ##resses , as even her great @ - @ grandmother would se ##w clothes . stefan ##i made most of the things she wore onstage during concerts . when she became successful and began to tour constantly , she felt she lost her way . then she met the st ##yl ##ist andrea lie ##berman . lie ##berman introduced her to haute co ##ut ##ure clothing . later lie ##berman became her creative consultant and za ##ld ##y go ##co took over as the head designer . go ##co later parted ways with l . a . m . b . l . a . m . b .

720

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2,877

started out as a collaboration with les ##ports ##ac in 2003 . the name l . a . m . b . is an acronym which stands for love . angel . music . baby . , which is also the name of stefan ##i ' s first solo album . the fashion line manufactures clothes , shoes , bags and a fragrance called " l " . the brand started out as a line for women but claims the track items are un ##ise ##x . the clothes were manufactured by ska girl llc , which was founded in 2003 by ken er ##man , president of l . a . m . b . while for its other products , l . a .

720

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2,878

m . b has been more of a collaborative fashion line . now the line is teaming up with another manufacturer , which explains why the official website is down . l . a . m . b joined with royal elastic ##s for the shoe line . stefan ##i is widening her foot ##wear line for adults to include boots and stil ##etto ##s . l . a . m . b collaborated with cot ##y inc . for the fragrance and with les ##ports ##ac for hand ##bags in 2003 . stefan ##i went on to design a new line of hand ##bags with shifter and partners in 2006 . the bags feature les ##ports ##ac ' s signature rip @ - @ stop

67

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2,879

nylon along with a variety of antique ##d metal hardware , leather trim ##s and colorful lining ##s . stefan ##i plans to design linger ##ie as well as make @ - @ up products for l . a . m . b . l . a . m . b . partnered with vest ##al group on a line of women ' s watches . the line consists of 39 time ##piece ##s . l . a . m . b . products are relatively expensive , with apparel priced $ 55 to $ 1100 , hand ##bags priced $ 80 to $ 82 ##5 , and watches priced $ 125 to $ 99 ##5 . cot ##y inc . announced a global licensing agreement

322

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2,880

with stefan ##i , to develop and market fragrance ##s for l . a . m . b . catherine walsh , senior vice president , american fragrance ##s , cot ##y prestige , said in a statement - " from the packaging to the bottle design to the distinctive scent itself , we will be working very closely with stefan ##i to ensure that her signature fragrance captures her rare spirit , style and warmth , " stefan ##i said , " creating a fragrance is one of the most prestigious things a designer can do . " the fragrance called " l " was launched in september , 2007 at soho house in new york . stefan ##i worked with perfume ##r harry fremont

67

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2,881

to develop the scent . stefan ##i described the fragrance as " it ' s another thing you can wear and another thing i can be part of creative ##ly . i created it for myself - - it ' s like me sh ##run ##k into a box . " the perfume is a blend of the aroma ##s of h ##ya ##cin ##th , white free ##sia , fresh pear , violet , jasmine , rose , lily , sweet pea , orange blossom , peach , fran ##gi ##pani , he ##lio ##tro ##pe and mu ##sk . the perfume is available in 50 ml and 100 ml bottles . = = promotion and fashion shows = = stefan ##i frequently refers to

805

[ "her", "clothing", "line", "in", "her", "music", ",", "as", "one", "of", "the", "brand", "'", "s", "promotional", "strategies", ".", "stefan", "##i", "refers", "to", "her", "clothing", "line", "in", "her", "songs", "\"", "wind", "it", "up", ",", "\"", "\"", "hara", "##ju", "##ku", "girls", ",", "\"", "and", "\"", "crash", "\"", "(", "which", "even", "incorporates", "the", "brand", "'", "s", "slogan", ",", "\"", "i", "want", "you", "all", "over", "me", "like", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "\"", ")", ".", "stefan", "##i", "is", "often", "seen", "wearing", "her", "own", "designs", ",", "especially", "when", "making", "public", "appearances", ".", "a", "thirty", "@", "-", "@", "second", "commercial", "directed", "by", "sophie", "muller", "was", "also", "released", "to", "promote", "the", "brand", "'", "s", "fragrance", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "has", "participated", "in", "the", "spring", "/", "summer" ]

2,882

her clothing line in her music , as one of the brand ' s promotional strategies . stefan ##i refers to her clothing line in her songs " wind it up , " " hara ##ju ##ku girls , " and " crash " ( which even incorporates the brand ' s slogan , " i want you all over me like l . a . m . b . " ) . stefan ##i is often seen wearing her own designs , especially when making public appearances . a thirty @ - @ second commercial directed by sophie muller was also released to promote the brand ' s fragrance . l . a . m . b . has participated in the spring / summer

820

[ "2006", ",", "2007", ",", "and", "2008", "new", "york", "fashion", "weeks", ".", "stefan", "##i", "described", "her", "first", "line", ",", "which", "debuted", "on", "september", "16", ",", "2005", ",", "as", "\"", "a", "little", "sound", "of", "music", ",", "some", "orange", "county", "cho", "##la", "girl", ",", "some", "ras", "##ta", ",", "and", "a", "bit", "of", "the", "great", "ga", "##ts", "##by", ".", "\"", "the", "highlights", "of", "the", "show", "were", "purple", "cars", "bouncing", "using", "hydraulic", "##s", "while", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "song", "\"", "wind", "it", "up", "\"", "made", "its", "debut", "as", "the", "models", "walked", "the", "runway", ".", "for", "spring", "/", "summer", "2007", ",", "stefan", "##i", "opted", "for", "a", "presentation", "rather", "than", "a", "cat", "##walk", "show", ".", "the", "models", ",", "all", "don", "##ning", "identical", "blond", "wig", "##s", ",", "wore", "designs", "stefan", "##i", "said", "were", "inspired" ]

2,883

2006 , 2007 , and 2008 new york fashion weeks . stefan ##i described her first line , which debuted on september 16 , 2005 , as " a little sound of music , some orange county cho ##la girl , some ras ##ta , and a bit of the great ga ##ts ##by . " the highlights of the show were purple cars bouncing using hydraulic ##s while stefan ##i ' s song " wind it up " made its debut as the models walked the runway . for spring / summer 2007 , stefan ##i opted for a presentation rather than a cat ##walk show . the models , all don ##ning identical blond wig ##s , wore designs stefan ##i said were inspired

720

[ "by", "michelle", "p", "##fe", "##iff", "##er", "'", "s", "role", "as", "el", "##vira", "hancock", "in", "the", "1983", "scarf", "##ace", ".", "the", "show", "included", "some", "of", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "trademark", "tracks", "##uit", "##s", "and", "extensively", "referenced", "prints", "from", "guatemala", ",", "india", ",", "and", "japan", ".", "on", "september", "5", ",", "2007", ",", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", "opened", "new", "york", "'", "s", "spring", "/", "summer", "2008", "mercedes", "@", "-", "@", "benz", "fashion", "week", ".", "the", "collection", "\"", "looked", "like", "the", "sixties", "as", "seen", "by", "someone", "who", "grew", "up", "in", "the", "eighties", "\"", "and", "incorporated", "influences", "from", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "ska", "roots", ".", "fashion", "week", "organizer", "fern", "mall", "##is", "said", "that", "celebrity", "designers", "provided", "syn", "##ergy", "and", "energy", "to", "the", "fashion", "industry", ",", "which", "made", "stefan" ]

2,884

by michelle p ##fe ##iff ##er ' s role as el ##vira hancock in the 1983 scarf ##ace . the show included some of stefan ##i ' s trademark tracks ##uit ##s and extensively referenced prints from guatemala , india , and japan . on september 5 , 2007 , l . a . m . b opened new york ' s spring / summer 2008 mercedes @ - @ benz fashion week . the collection " looked like the sixties as seen by someone who grew up in the eighties " and incorporated influences from stefan ##i ' s ska roots . fashion week organizer fern mall ##is said that celebrity designers provided syn ##ergy and energy to the fashion industry , which made stefan

55

[ "##i", "'", "s", "collection", "a", "desirable", "opener", ".", "=", "=", "critical", "reception", "=", "=", "the", "line", "was", "mostly", "well", "received", "by", "critics", "and", "stefan", "##i", "was", "appreciated", "for", "taking", "fashion", "seriously", "even", "though", "she", "is", "a", "celebrity", ".", "fern", "mall", "##is", "of", "im", "##g", "praised", "the", "line", "and", "stefan", "##i", "as", "well", "and", "said", ",", "\"", "the", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "line", "is", "clearly", "at", "the", "top", "of", "these", "lines", "and", "is", "as", "unique", "and", "individual", "as", "gwen", "herself", ".", "\"", "the", "shoes", "were", "well", "received", "by", "the", "critics", ",", "though", "considered", "to", "be", "price", "##y", ".", "desire", "##e", "st", "##im", "##per", "##t", "of", "about", ".", "com", "said", ",", "\"", ".", ".", ".", "these", "shoes", "aren", "'", "t", "for", "everyone", ",", "but" ]

2,885

##i ' s collection a desirable opener . = = critical reception = = the line was mostly well received by critics and stefan ##i was appreciated for taking fashion seriously even though she is a celebrity . fern mall ##is of im ##g praised the line and stefan ##i as well and said , " the l . a . m . b . line is clearly at the top of these lines and is as unique and individual as gwen herself . " the shoes were well received by the critics , though considered to be price ##y . desire ##e st ##im ##per ##t of about . com said , " . . . these shoes aren ' t for everyone , but

720

[ "will", "most", "definitely", "appeal", "to", "fans", "of", "ms", ".", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "music", "and", "fashion", "-", "sense", ".", "\"", "tim", "stack", "of", "entertainment", "weekly", "said", ",", "\"", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "'", "s", "em", "##bell", "##ished", "tracks", "##uit", "##s", ",", "ras", "##ta", "@", "-", "@", "inspired", "knit", "##s", ",", "and", "ga", "##uch", "##o", "@", "-", "@", "heel", "combo", "##s", "deliver", "the", "edge", "\"", "nicole", "phelps", "of", "style", ".", "com", "said", ",", "\"", "the", "collection", ",", "which", "looked", "like", "the", "sixties", "as", "seen", "by", "someone", "who", "grew", "up", "in", "the", "eighties", ",", "was", "altogether", "more", "wear", "##able", "and", "on", "trend", ".", "\"", "fashion", "journalist", "cathy", "ho", "##ryn", "of", "the", "new", "york", "times", "differed", "and", "said", ",", "\"", "if", "ever", "there", "was", "a" ]

2,886

will most definitely appeal to fans of ms . stefan ##i ' s music and fashion - sense . " tim stack of entertainment weekly said , " l . a . m . b . ' s em ##bell ##ished tracks ##uit ##s , ras ##ta @ - @ inspired knit ##s , and ga ##uch ##o @ - @ heel combo ##s deliver the edge " nicole phelps of style . com said , " the collection , which looked like the sixties as seen by someone who grew up in the eighties , was altogether more wear ##able and on trend . " fashion journalist cathy ho ##ryn of the new york times differed and said , " if ever there was a

678

[ "reason", "for", "a", "pop", "star", "to", "concentrate", "on", "her", "vocal", "skills", ",", "it", "was", "gwen", "stefan", "##i", "'", "s", "fashion", "melt", "##down", ".", "\"", "=", "=", "commercial", "success", "=", "=", "the", "brand", "is", "sold", "in", "275", "stores", "worldwide", "and", "is", "worn", "by", "celebrities", "including", "ter", "##i", "hatch", "##er", ",", "nicole", "kid", "##man", ",", "kelly", "rip", "##a", ",", "paris", "hilton", ",", "and", "stefan", "##i", "herself", ".", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", "sales", "have", "expanded", "from", "$", "40", "million", "in", "2005", "to", "a", "predicted", "$", "90", "million", "in", "2007", ".", "according", "to", "a", "nord", "##strom", "spokesperson", ",", "the", "debut", "of", "l", ".", "a", ".", "m", ".", "b", ".", "'", "s", "watch", "line", ",", "which", "sold", "out", "in", "two", "days", ",", "was", "the", "store", "'", "s", "most" ]

2,887

reason for a pop star to concentrate on her vocal skills , it was gwen stefan ##i ' s fashion melt ##down . " = = commercial success = = the brand is sold in 275 stores worldwide and is worn by celebrities including ter ##i hatch ##er , nicole kid ##man , kelly rip ##a , paris hilton , and stefan ##i herself . l . a . m . b sales have expanded from $ 40 million in 2005 to a predicted $ 90 million in 2007 . according to a nord ##strom spokesperson , the debut of l . a . m . b . ' s watch line , which sold out in two days , was the store ' s most

720

[ "successful", "watch", "launch", "ever", ".", "the", "brand", "'", "s", "designs", "have", "appeared", "in", "w", ",", "marie", "claire", ",", "elle", ",", "lucky", "and", "ins", "##tyle", ".", "=", "first", "@", "-", "@", "move", "advantage", "in", "chess", "=", "the", "first", "@", "-", "@", "move", "advantage", "in", "chess", "is", "the", "inherent", "advantage", "of", "the", "player", "(", "white", ")", "who", "makes", "the", "first", "move", "in", "chess", ".", "chess", "players", "and", "theorists", "generally", "agree", "that", "white", "begins", "the", "game", "with", "some", "advantage", ".", "since", "1851", ",", "compiled", "statistics", "support", "this", "view", ";", "white", "consistently", "wins", "slightly", "more", "often", "than", "black", ",", "usually", "scoring", "between", "52", "and", "56", "percent", ".", "white", "'", "s", "winning", "percentage", "is", "about", "the", "same", "for", "tournament", "games", "between", "humans", "and", "games", "between", "computers", ".", "however", ",", "white", "'" ]

2,888

successful watch launch ever . the brand ' s designs have appeared in w , marie claire , elle , lucky and ins ##tyle . = first @ - @ move advantage in chess = the first @ - @ move advantage in chess is the inherent advantage of the player ( white ) who makes the first move in chess . chess players and theorists generally agree that white begins the game with some advantage . since 1851 , compiled statistics support this view ; white consistently wins slightly more often than black , usually scoring between 52 and 56 percent . white ' s winning percentage is about the same for tournament games between humans and games between computers . however , white '

643

[ "s", "advantage", "is", "less", "significant", "in", "blitz", "games", "and", "games", "between", "novice", "##s", ".", "chess", "players", "and", "theo", "##ret", "##icia", "##ns", "have", "long", "debated", "whether", ",", "given", "perfect", "play", "by", "both", "sides", ",", "the", "game", "should", "end", "in", "a", "win", "for", "white", ",", "or", "a", "draw", ".", "since", "approximately", "1889", ",", "when", "world", "champion", "wilhelm", "stein", "##itz", "addressed", "this", "issue", ",", "the", "overwhelming", "consensus", "has", "been", "that", "a", "perfectly", "played", "game", "would", "end", "in", "a", "draw", ".", "however", ",", "a", "few", "notable", "players", "have", "argued", "that", "white", "'", "s", "advantage", "may", "be", "sufficient", "to", "force", "a", "win", ":", "weaver", "adams", "and", "vs", "##ev", "##olo", "##d", "ra", "##uze", "##r", "claimed", "that", "white", "is", "winning", "after", "the", "first", "move", "1", ".", "e", "##4", ",", "while", "hans", "berlin", "##er" ]

2,889

s advantage is less significant in blitz games and games between novice ##s . chess players and theo ##ret ##icia ##ns have long debated whether , given perfect play by both sides , the game should end in a win for white , or a draw . since approximately 1889 , when world champion wilhelm stein ##itz addressed this issue , the overwhelming consensus has been that a perfectly played game would end in a draw . however , a few notable players have argued that white ' s advantage may be sufficient to force a win : weaver adams and vs ##ev ##olo ##d ra ##uze ##r claimed that white is winning after the first move 1 . e ##4 , while hans berlin ##er

83

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2,890

argued that 1 . d ##4 may win for white . some players , including world champions such as jose raul cap ##ab ##lan ##ca , emanuel las ##ker , and bobby fischer , have expressed fears of a " draw death " as chess becomes more deeply analyzed . to alleviate this danger , cap ##ab ##lan ##ca and fischer both proposed chess variants to renew interest in the game , while las ##ker suggested changing how draws and stale ##mate are scored . since 1988 , chess theorists have challenged previously well @ - @ established views about white ' s advantage . grandmaster ( gm ) and ##ras ad ##or ##jan wrote a series of books on the theme that " black is

291

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2,891

ok ! " , arguing that the general perception that white has an advantage is founded more in psychology than reality . gm mi ##hai sub ##a and others contend that sometimes white ' s initiative disappears for no apparent reason as a game progresses . the prevalent style of play for black today is to seek dynamic , un ##balance ##d positions with active counter ##play , rather than merely trying to equal ##ize . modern writers also argue that black has certain counter ##va ##iling advantages . the consensus that white should try to win can be a psychological burden for the white player , who sometimes loses by trying too hard to win . some symmetrical openings ( i . e . those

704

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2,892

where both players make the same moves ) can lead to situations where moving first is a disadvantage , either for psychological or objective reasons . = = winning percentage ##s = = two decades later , stat ##istic ##ian arthur m . stevens concluded in the blue book of charts to winning chess , based on a survey of 56 @ , @ 97 ##2 master games that he completed in 1967 , that white scores 59 @ . @ 1 % . however , stevens assembled his games from those that had been published in chess magazines , rather than complete collections of all the games played in particular events . more recent sources indicate that white scores approximately 54 to 56 percent .

316

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2,893

in 2005 , gm jonathan rows ##on wrote that " the conventional wisdom is that white begins the game with a small advantage and , holding all other factors constant , scores approximately 56 % to black ' s 44 % " . international master ( im ) john watson wrote in 1998 that white had scored 56 % for most of the 20th century , but that this figure had recently slipped to 55 % . the website chess ##games . com holds regularly updated statistics on its games database . as of january 12 , 2015 , white had won 37 @ . @ 50 % , 34 @ . @ 90 % were drawn , and black had won 27 @ . @

320

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2,894

60 % out of 73 ##9 @ , @ 76 ##9 games , resulting in a total white winning percentage of 54 @ . @ 95 % . new in chess observed in its 2000 yearbook that of the 73 ##1 @ , @ 740 games in its database , white scored 54 @ . @ 8 % overall ; with the two most popular opening moves , white scored 54 @ . @ 1 % in 34 ##9 @ , @ 85 ##5 games beginning 1 . e ##4 , and 56 @ . @ 1 % in 296 @ , @ 200 games beginning 1 . d ##4 . the main reason that 1 . e ##4 was less effective than 1 . d

320

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2,895

##4 was the sicilian defence ( 1 . e ##4 c ##5 ) , which gave white only a 52 @ . @ 3 % score in 145 @ , @ 99 ##6 games . stat ##istic ##ian jeff son ##as , in examining data from 266 @ , @ 000 games played between 1994 and 2001 , concluded that white scored 54 @ . @ 1767 % plus 0 @ . @ 001 ##16 ##4 times white ' s el ##o rating advantage , treating white ' s rating advantage as + 390 if it is better than + 390 , or − 460 if it is worse than − 460 . he found that white ' s advantage is equivalent to 35 rating points

756

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2,896

, i . e . if white has a rating 35 points below black ' s , each player will have an expected score of 50 % . son ##as also found that white ' s advantage is smaller ( 53 % ) in rapid games than in games at a slower ( " classical " ) time control . in the 46 ##2 games played at the 2009 world blitz chess championship , white scored only 52 @ . @ 16 % ( w ##38 . 96 d ##26 . 41 l 34 @ . @ 63 ) . other writers conclude that there is a positive correlation between the players ' ratings and white ' s score . according to gm ev ##geny sv

320

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2,897

##esh ##nikov , statistics show that white has no advantage over black in games between begin ##ners , but " if the players are stronger , white has the lead " . an analysis of the results of games in chess ##base ' s mega 2003 database between players with similar el ##o ratings , commissioned by gm and ##ras ad ##or ##jan , showed that as the players ' ratings went up , the percentage of draws increased , the proportion of decisive games that white won increased , and white ' s overall winning percentage increased . for example , taking the highest and lowest of ad ##or ##jan ' s rating categories of 166 ##9 games played by the highest @ - @

713

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2,898

rated players ( el ##o ratings 270 ##0 and above ) , white scored 55 @ . @ 7 % overall ( w ##26 . 5 d ##58 . 4 l ##15 . 2 ) , whereas of 34 @ , @ 92 ##4 games played by the lowest @ - @ rated players ( el ##o ratings below 210 ##0 ) , white scored 53 @ . @ 1 % overall ( w ##37 . 0 d ##32 . 1 l ##30 . 8 ) . ad ##or ##jan also analyzed the results of games played at the very highest level : world championship matches . of 75 ##5 games played in 34 matches between 1886 and 1990 , white won 234 ( 31 @

632

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2,899

. @ 0 % ) , drew 39 ##7 ( 52 @ . @ 6 % ) , and lost 124 ( 16 @ . @ 4 % ) , for a total white winning percentage of 57 @ . @ 3 % . in the last five matches in ad ##or ##jan ' s survey , all between ana ##to ##ly ka ##rp ##ov and garry ka ##spar ##ov , white won 31 ( 25 @ . @ 8 % ) , drew 80 ( 66 @ . @ 7 % ) , and lost 9 ( 7 @ . @ 5 % ) , for a total white winning percentage of 59 @ . @ 2 % . chess engines grand tournament ( ce

643