cchoi1022/wikitext-103-v1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 0 6.86k
sweet and sour chicken deep @@ fried balls of chicken breast in batter
<unk> japanese tempura style fried chicken
chicken with chilies ( <unk> ) a sichuan @@ style dish with small deep @@ fried pieces of chicken that are then stir @@ fried with chilies
chicken lollipop an indian snack of fried chicken <unk> coated in a spiced batter and fried

= = racial stereotype = =

in the united states fried chicken has stereotypically been associated with african @@ americans the reasons for this are various chicken dishes were popular among slaves before the civil war as chickens were generally the only animals slaves were allowed to raise on their own with the prevalence of such a stereotype being due in large part to minstrel shows and the film birth of a nation
on two occasions the golfer tiger woods has been the target of remarks regarding fried chicken the first occurred in 1997 when golfer fuzzy zoeller said that woods should avoid choosing fried chicken for the masters champions ' dinner the following year the second when golfer sergio garcía was asked in a press conference in 2013 whether he would invite woods to dinner during the us open to settle their ongoing feud garcía said we will have him round every night we will serve fried chicken which woods said was wrong hurtful and clearly inappropriate both zoeller and garcía subsequently apologized to woods
in 2009 a bangladeshi immigrant to the us renamed his restaurant obama fried chicken in honor of recently inaugurated president barack obama despite controversy at the time the owner refused to change the name back and the restaurant continues to operate under this name
at a dinner during black history month an nbc chef leslie calhoun served fried chicken the drummer of the roots questlove was angered by this and thought it both offensive and ignorant
in 2012 burger king withdrew a commercial which featured mary j blige singing about a crispy chicken wrap due to the racial stereotypes surrounding fried chicken


= clare winger harris =

clare winger harris ( january 18 1891 october 1968 ) was an early science fiction writer whose short stories were published during the 1920s she is credited as the first woman to publish stories under her own name in science fiction magazines her stories often dealt with characters on the borders of humanity such as cyborgs
harris began publishing in 1926 and soon became well liked by readers she sold a total of eleven stories which were collected in 1947 as away from the here and now her gender was a surprise to gernsback the editor who first bought her work as she was the first woman to publish science fiction stories under her own name her stories which often feature strong female characters have been occasionally reprinted and have received some positive critical response including a recognition of her pioneering role as a woman writer in a male @@ dominated field

= = life = =

clare winger was born on january 18 1891 in freeport illinois and later attended smith college in massachusetts in 1912 she married frank clyde harris her husband was an architect and engineer who served in world war i and was chief engineer with the loudon machinery company in iowa and one of the organizers of the american monorail company of cleveland ohio
harris gave birth to three sons ( clyde winger born 1915 donald stover born 1916 and lynn <unk> born 1918 ) she died in pasadena california in 1968
harris wrote her most acclaimed works during the 1920s in 1930 she stopped writing to raise and educate her children

= = writing career = =

harris published her first short story the runaway world in the july 1926 issue of weird tales in december of that year she submitted a story for a contest being run by amazing stories editor hugo gernsback harris 's story the fate of the poseidonia ( a space opera about martians who steal earth 's water placed third harris soon became one of <unk> 's most popular writers
harris eventually published eleven short stories in pulp magazines most of them in amazing stories ( although she also published in other places such as science wonder quarterly )
in 1947 harris 's short stories were collected under the title away from the here and now her stories have also been reprinted in anthologies such as daughters of earth feminist science fiction in the 20th century ( with a critical essay ) sci @@ fi <unk> amazing science fiction anthology the wonder years 1926 @@ 1935 and gosh wow sense of wonder science fiction she wrote one novel persephone of eleusis a romance of ancient greece ( 1923 )
harris also wrote one of the first attempts to classify science fiction when in the august 1931 issue of wonder stories she listed 16 basic science fiction themes including interplanetary space travel adventures on other worlds and the creation of synthetic life

= = critical view and influence = =

when <unk> published harris 's first short story in amazing stories he praised her writing while also expressing amazement that a woman could write good scientifiction ( as science fiction was then called ) saying that the third prize winner should prove to be a woman was one of the surprises of the contest for as a rule women do not make good <unk> writers because their education and general tendencies on scientific matters are usually limited but the exception as usual proves the rule the exception in this case being extraordinarily impressive
for many years harris claimed to have been the first woman science @@ fiction writer in the united states while this can be debated ( since gertrude barrows bennett writing under the pseudonym francis stevens published science fiction stories as early as 1917 ) harris is recognized as the first woman to publish stories in science fiction magazines under her own name
even though harris published only a handful of stories almost all of them have been reprinted over the years of these the miracle of the lily has been reprinted the most and praised by many critics with richard lupoff saying the story would have won the hugo award for best short story if the award had existed then lupoff also wrote that [ w ] hile today 's reader may find her prose creaky and old @@ fashioned the stories positively teem with still @@ fresh and provocative ideas
the fate of the poseidonia has also been reprinted a number of times and is credited as an early example of a science fiction story with a heroic female lead character other of harris 's stories are also noted for featuring strong female characters such as sylvia the airplane pilot and mechanic in the ape cycle ( 1930 ) harris also wrote one story utilizing a female point of view ( in 1928 's the fifth dimension )
because harris was the first woman published in science fiction magazines and because of her embrace of female characters and themes she has been recognized in recent years as a pioneer of women 's and feminist science fiction

= = = novels = = =

persephone of eleusis a romance of ancient greece ( 1923 )

= = = collections = = =

away from the here and now stories in pseudo @@ science ( philadelphia dorrance 1947 )

= = = short stories = = =

( all stories included in away from the here and now )
a runaway world ( weird tales july 1926 )
the fate of the poseidonia ( amazing stories june 1927 )
a certain soldier ( weird tales november 1927 )
the fifth dimension ( amazing stories december 1928 )
the menace from mars ( amazing stories october 1928 )
the miracle of the lily ( amazing stories april 1928 )
the artificial man ( science wonder quarterly fall 1929 )
a baby on neptune with miles j breuer md ( amazing stories december 1929 )
the diabolical drug ( amazing stories may 1929 )
the evolutionary monstrosity ( amazing stories quarterly winter 1929 )
the ape cycle ( science wonder quarterly spring 1930 )

= = = essays = = =

letter ( air wonder stories september 1929 )
letter ( wonder stories august 1931 )


= richard rennison =

richard rennison ( 29 october 1889 5 august 1969 ) was the last anvil priest at gretna green scotland between 1926 and 1940 he performed irregular marriages of couples over the anvil at the old blacksmith shop where the couple proclaimed that they were single and wanted to get married in front of witnesses as anvil priest rennison generally requested a fee of £ 1 but was known to earn up to £ 20 for a ceremony ( approximately £ 3 @@ 030 in 2012 )
the popularity of the marriages grew whilst he was performing them to the point that a special committee was formed to look at marriage in scotland to which rennison was called as a witness by the time irregular marriages were outlawed in scotland by the marriage ( scotland ) act 1939 rennison had conducted 5 @@ 147 ceremonies

= = personal life = =

richard rennison was born on 29 october 1889 in <unk> northumberland to coalminer james rennison and his wife ann he spent time working as a general dealer and as a photographer he also spent time as a methodist preacher in tyneside in 1923 he married jessie little in <unk> cumberland the pair moved to gretna in 1926 by which time rennison was describing himself as a saddler an ironmonger and a boot maker when he moved to gretna he initially set himself up as a saddler and opened a cafe before being taken on by hugh mackie the manager of the old blacksmith 's shop rennison died on 5 august 1969 at <unk> northumberland

= = the last anvil priest = =

before 1940 marriage in scotland was based on celtic customs rather than catholic religious customs as such marriage only required a couple to agree to be married in front of witnesses the simplicity of these irregular marriages meant that they were used by couples who wished to elope and gretna green became a hotspot for elopement because it was the village in scotland nearest to the english border the marriages were provided by the blacksmith as he was certain to be a citizen of scotland and was easy to find at the forge
hugh mackie purchased the old blacksmith 's shop at gretna green in 1890 and resided there as anvil priest until 1926 when he was looking to retire and find a replacement mackie found richard rennison who had recently joined the community and by october 1927 rennison was presiding over marriages and acting as caretaker of the shop the shop had ceased any metalwork in 1900 and was solely used for marriage ceremonies a natural showman rennison soon became the resident anvil priest and set about marrying people he would regularly point out that although he was not a member of the clergy he could marry people as he was no sinner the reverse of his surname in his first ten years he married around 2000 couples the majority of whom were couples between 40 and 60 years old by 1939 the number of marriages he had performed had increased past 4000 due to the many young men who wanted to get married before starting their service in world war ii
marriages at the blacksmith shop were inconsistent during rennison 's time as anvil priest although they followed the same pattern and both parties were to declare in front of witnesses they were single and that one had lived in scotland for 21 days there are documented cases where these requirements were not confirmed at this point rennison would strike the hammer on the anvil and the couple would be married rennison 's wife often acted as a witness to the couples getting married and sometimes performed the ceremonies herself the marriage fee was supposedly £ 1 but rennison would sometimes perform the ceremony for free or however much he was given in one case he received £ 20 ( worth approximately £ 3 @@ 030 in 2012 ) if witnesses were required they would be provided at the cost of 2s 6d each
rennison travelled to london in 1931 for a sight @@ seeing visit and he brought the anvil with him to protect it from theft the anvil never left his side despite weighing 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) the leader @@ post suggested that since the cost of a new anvil was much less than the cost of transporting the old one this was more likely to be a publicity stunt
in 1935 due to the increasing popularity of the gretna green irregular marriages a special committee headed by lord morison was appointed to look at marriage in scotland rennison gave evidence before the committee in 1936 there he claimed that he was known as the gretna priest but did not dress like one and stated that he knew he was not one he also confirmed that he had been removing the word priest from marriage certificates and telling couples that they needed to confirm their marriage with the registrar at dumfries the committee 's findings led to the marriage ( scotland ) act 1939 which outlawed the process of irregular marriages when the new law came into force in 1940 rennison had performed 5 @@ 147 marriages his role then changed to a symbolic one blessing marriages and acting as caretaker of the forge he also regularly appeared at court to ensure the marriages he performed were judicially recognised


= finite subdivision rule =

in mathematics a finite subdivision rule is a recursive way of dividing a polygon or other two @@ dimensional shape into smaller and smaller pieces subdivision rules in a sense are generalizations of fractals instead of repeating exactly the same design over and over they have slight variations in each stage allowing a richer structure while maintaining the elegant style of fractals subdivision rules have been used in architecture biology and computer science as well as in the study of hyperbolic manifolds substitution tilings are a well @@ studied type of subdivision rule

= = definition = =

a subdivision rule takes a tiling of the plane by polygons and turns it into a new tiling by subdividing each polygon into smaller polygons it is finite if there are only finitely many ways that every polygon can subdivide each way of subdividing a tile is called a tile type each tile type is represented by a label ( usually a letter ) every tile type subdivides into smaller tile types each edge also gets subdivided according to finitely many edge types finite subdivision rules can only subdivide tilings that are made up of polygons labelled by tile types such tilings are called subdivision complexes for the subdivision rule given any subdivision complex for a subdivision rule we can subdivide it over and over again to get a sequence of tilings
for instance binary subdivision has one tile type and one edge type
since the only tile type is a quadrilateral binary subdivision can only subdivide tilings made up of quadrilaterals this means that the only subdivision complexes are tilings by quadrilaterals the tiling can be regular but doesn 't have to be
here we start with a complex made of four quadrilaterals and subdivide it twice all quadrilaterals are type a tiles

= = examples of finite subdivision rules = =

sweet and sour chicken deep @@ fried balls of chicken breast in batter

<unk> japanese tempura style fried chicken

chicken with chilies ( <unk> ) a sichuan @@ style dish with small deep @@ fried pieces of chicken that are then stir @@ fried with chilies

chicken lollipop an indian snack of fried chicken <unk> coated in a spiced batter and fried

= = racial stereotype = =

in the united states fried chicken has stereotypically been associated with african @@ americans the reasons for this are various chicken dishes were popular among slaves before the civil war as chickens were generally the only animals slaves were allowed to raise on their own with the prevalence of such a stereotype being due in large part to minstrel shows and the film birth of a nation

on two occasions the golfer tiger woods has been the target of remarks regarding fried chicken the first occurred in 1997 when golfer fuzzy zoeller said that woods should avoid choosing fried chicken for the masters champions ' dinner the following year the second when golfer sergio garcía was asked in a press conference in 2013 whether he would invite woods to dinner during the us open to settle their ongoing feud garcía said we will have him round every night we will serve fried chicken which woods said was wrong hurtful and clearly inappropriate both zoeller and garcía subsequently apologized to woods

in 2009 a bangladeshi immigrant to the us renamed his restaurant obama fried chicken in honor of recently inaugurated president barack obama despite controversy at the time the owner refused to change the name back and the restaurant continues to operate under this name

at a dinner during black history month an nbc chef leslie calhoun served fried chicken the drummer of the roots questlove was angered by this and thought it both offensive and ignorant

in 2012 burger king withdrew a commercial which featured mary j blige singing about a crispy chicken wrap due to the racial stereotypes surrounding fried chicken

= clare winger harris =

clare winger harris ( january 18 1891 october 1968 ) was an early science fiction writer whose short stories were published during the 1920s she is credited as the first woman to publish stories under her own name in science fiction magazines her stories often dealt with characters on the borders of humanity such as cyborgs

harris began publishing in 1926 and soon became well liked by readers she sold a total of eleven stories which were collected in 1947 as away from the here and now her gender was a surprise to gernsback the editor who first bought her work as she was the first woman to publish science fiction stories under her own name her stories which often feature strong female characters have been occasionally reprinted and have received some positive critical response including a recognition of her pioneering role as a woman writer in a male @@ dominated field

= = life = =

clare winger was born on january 18 1891 in freeport illinois and later attended smith college in massachusetts in 1912 she married frank clyde harris her husband was an architect and engineer who served in world war i and was chief engineer with the loudon machinery company in iowa and one of the organizers of the american monorail company of cleveland ohio

harris gave birth to three sons ( clyde winger born 1915 donald stover born 1916 and lynn <unk> born 1918 ) she died in pasadena california in 1968

harris wrote her most acclaimed works during the 1920s in 1930 she stopped writing to raise and educate her children

= = writing career = =

harris published her first short story the runaway world in the july 1926 issue of weird tales in december of that year she submitted a story for a contest being run by amazing stories editor hugo gernsback harris 's story the fate of the poseidonia ( a space opera about martians who steal earth 's water placed third harris soon became one of <unk> 's most popular writers

harris eventually published eleven short stories in pulp magazines most of them in amazing stories ( although she also published in other places such as science wonder quarterly )

in 1947 harris 's short stories were collected under the title away from the here and now her stories have also been reprinted in anthologies such as daughters of earth feminist science fiction in the 20th century ( with a critical essay ) sci @@ fi <unk> amazing science fiction anthology the wonder years 1926 @@ 1935 and gosh wow sense of wonder science fiction she wrote one novel persephone of eleusis a romance of ancient greece ( 1923 )

harris also wrote one of the first attempts to classify science fiction when in the august 1931 issue of wonder stories she listed 16 basic science fiction themes including interplanetary space travel adventures on other worlds and the creation of synthetic life

= = critical view and influence = =

when <unk> published harris 's first short story in amazing stories he praised her writing while also expressing amazement that a woman could write good scientifiction ( as science fiction was then called ) saying that the third prize winner should prove to be a woman was one of the surprises of the contest for as a rule women do not make good <unk> writers because their education and general tendencies on scientific matters are usually limited but the exception as usual proves the rule the exception in this case being extraordinarily impressive

for many years harris claimed to have been the first woman science @@ fiction writer in the united states while this can be debated ( since gertrude barrows bennett writing under the pseudonym francis stevens published science fiction stories as early as 1917 ) harris is recognized as the first woman to publish stories in science fiction magazines under her own name

even though harris published only a handful of stories almost all of them have been reprinted over the years of these the miracle of the lily has been reprinted the most and praised by many critics with richard lupoff saying the story would have won the hugo award for best short story if the award had existed then lupoff also wrote that [ w ] hile today 's reader may find her prose creaky and old @@ fashioned the stories positively teem with still @@ fresh and provocative ideas

the fate of the poseidonia has also been reprinted a number of times and is credited as an early example of a science fiction story with a heroic female lead character other of harris 's stories are also noted for featuring strong female characters such as sylvia the airplane pilot and mechanic in the ape cycle ( 1930 ) harris also wrote one story utilizing a female point of view ( in 1928 's the fifth dimension )

because harris was the first woman published in science fiction magazines and because of her embrace of female characters and themes she has been recognized in recent years as a pioneer of women 's and feminist science fiction

= = = novels = = =

persephone of eleusis a romance of ancient greece ( 1923 )

= = = collections = = =

away from the here and now stories in pseudo @@ science ( philadelphia dorrance 1947 )

= = = short stories = = =

( all stories included in away from the here and now )

a runaway world ( weird tales july 1926 )

the fate of the poseidonia ( amazing stories june 1927 )

a certain soldier ( weird tales november 1927 )

the fifth dimension ( amazing stories december 1928 )

the menace from mars ( amazing stories october 1928 )

the miracle of the lily ( amazing stories april 1928 )

the artificial man ( science wonder quarterly fall 1929 )

a baby on neptune with miles j breuer md ( amazing stories december 1929 )

the diabolical drug ( amazing stories may 1929 )

the evolutionary monstrosity ( amazing stories quarterly winter 1929 )

the ape cycle ( science wonder quarterly spring 1930 )

= = = essays = = =

letter ( air wonder stories september 1929 )

letter ( wonder stories august 1931 )

= richard rennison =

richard rennison ( 29 october 1889 5 august 1969 ) was the last anvil priest at gretna green scotland between 1926 and 1940 he performed irregular marriages of couples over the anvil at the old blacksmith shop where the couple proclaimed that they were single and wanted to get married in front of witnesses as anvil priest rennison generally requested a fee of £ 1 but was known to earn up to £ 20 for a ceremony ( approximately £ 3 @@ 030 in 2012 )

the popularity of the marriages grew whilst he was performing them to the point that a special committee was formed to look at marriage in scotland to which rennison was called as a witness by the time irregular marriages were outlawed in scotland by the marriage ( scotland ) act 1939 rennison had conducted 5 @@ 147 ceremonies

= = personal life = =

richard rennison was born on 29 october 1889 in <unk> northumberland to coalminer james rennison and his wife ann he spent time working as a general dealer and as a photographer he also spent time as a methodist preacher in tyneside in 1923 he married jessie little in <unk> cumberland the pair moved to gretna in 1926 by which time rennison was describing himself as a saddler an ironmonger and a boot maker when he moved to gretna he initially set himself up as a saddler and opened a cafe before being taken on by hugh mackie the manager of the old blacksmith 's shop rennison died on 5 august 1969 at <unk> northumberland

= = the last anvil priest = =

before 1940 marriage in scotland was based on celtic customs rather than catholic religious customs as such marriage only required a couple to agree to be married in front of witnesses the simplicity of these irregular marriages meant that they were used by couples who wished to elope and gretna green became a hotspot for elopement because it was the village in scotland nearest to the english border the marriages were provided by the blacksmith as he was certain to be a citizen of scotland and was easy to find at the forge

hugh mackie purchased the old blacksmith 's shop at gretna green in 1890 and resided there as anvil priest until 1926 when he was looking to retire and find a replacement mackie found richard rennison who had recently joined the community and by october 1927 rennison was presiding over marriages and acting as caretaker of the shop the shop had ceased any metalwork in 1900 and was solely used for marriage ceremonies a natural showman rennison soon became the resident anvil priest and set about marrying people he would regularly point out that although he was not a member of the clergy he could marry people as he was no sinner the reverse of his surname in his first ten years he married around 2000 couples the majority of whom were couples between 40 and 60 years old by 1939 the number of marriages he had performed had increased past 4000 due to the many young men who wanted to get married before starting their service in world war ii

marriages at the blacksmith shop were inconsistent during rennison 's time as anvil priest although they followed the same pattern and both parties were to declare in front of witnesses they were single and that one had lived in scotland for 21 days there are documented cases where these requirements were not confirmed at this point rennison would strike the hammer on the anvil and the couple would be married rennison 's wife often acted as a witness to the couples getting married and sometimes performed the ceremonies herself the marriage fee was supposedly £ 1 but rennison would sometimes perform the ceremony for free or however much he was given in one case he received £ 20 ( worth approximately £ 3 @@ 030 in 2012 ) if witnesses were required they would be provided at the cost of 2s 6d each

rennison travelled to london in 1931 for a sight @@ seeing visit and he brought the anvil with him to protect it from theft the anvil never left his side despite weighing 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) the leader @@ post suggested that since the cost of a new anvil was much less than the cost of transporting the old one this was more likely to be a publicity stunt

in 1935 due to the increasing popularity of the gretna green irregular marriages a special committee headed by lord morison was appointed to look at marriage in scotland rennison gave evidence before the committee in 1936 there he claimed that he was known as the gretna priest but did not dress like one and stated that he knew he was not one he also confirmed that he had been removing the word priest from marriage certificates and telling couples that they needed to confirm their marriage with the registrar at dumfries the committee 's findings led to the marriage ( scotland ) act 1939 which outlawed the process of irregular marriages when the new law came into force in 1940 rennison had performed 5 @@ 147 marriages his role then changed to a symbolic one blessing marriages and acting as caretaker of the forge he also regularly appeared at court to ensure the marriages he performed were judicially recognised

= finite subdivision rule =

in mathematics a finite subdivision rule is a recursive way of dividing a polygon or other two @@ dimensional shape into smaller and smaller pieces subdivision rules in a sense are generalizations of fractals instead of repeating exactly the same design over and over they have slight variations in each stage allowing a richer structure while maintaining the elegant style of fractals subdivision rules have been used in architecture biology and computer science as well as in the study of hyperbolic manifolds substitution tilings are a well @@ studied type of subdivision rule

= = definition = =

a subdivision rule takes a tiling of the plane by polygons and turns it into a new tiling by subdividing each polygon into smaller polygons it is finite if there are only finitely many ways that every polygon can subdivide each way of subdividing a tile is called a tile type each tile type is represented by a label ( usually a letter ) every tile type subdivides into smaller tile types each edge also gets subdivided according to finitely many edge types finite subdivision rules can only subdivide tilings that are made up of polygons labelled by tile types such tilings are called subdivision complexes for the subdivision rule given any subdivision complex for a subdivision rule we can subdivide it over and over again to get a sequence of tilings

for instance binary subdivision has one tile type and one edge type

since the only tile type is a quadrilateral binary subdivision can only subdivide tilings made up of quadrilaterals this means that the only subdivision complexes are tilings by quadrilaterals the tiling can be regular but doesn 't have to be

here we start with a complex made of four quadrilaterals and subdivide it twice all quadrilaterals are type a tiles

= = examples of finite subdivision rules = =