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= = = battery pack fire risk = = =

in june 2011 a volt that had been subjected by the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ) to a 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) side pole impact crash test followed by a post @@ impact rollover caught fire three weeks later in the test center parking lot burning nearby vehicles the battery was found to be the source of the fire after the fire both chevrolet and the nhtsa independently replicated the crash test and a subsequent vehicle rotation procedure to test for any fluid leakage but in their first attempt they could not reproduce the conditions under which the battery pack ignited the nhtsa said it had concluded that the crash test damaged the volt s lithium @@ ion battery and that the damage led to a vehicle fire that took several weeks to develop in further testing of the volt 's batteries carried out by nhtsa in november 2011 two of the three tests resulted in thermal events one battery pack was rotated 180 degrees within hours after it was impacted and began to smoke and emit sparks after rotation in the other case the battery pack that was crashed @@ tested one week earlier and that had been monitored since the test caught fire the nhtsa then took an uncommon step on november 25 2011 and opened a formal safety defect investigation without any data from real @@ world incidents to examine the potential risks involved from intrusion damage to the battery pack in the chevrolet volt after the initial volt fire the nhtsa examined the nissan leaf and other plug @@ in electric vehicles and said its testing has not raised safety concerns about vehicles other than the chevy volt
as a result of this investigation gm announced that it would offer any new gm car in exchange to any volt owner who has concerns while the federal investigation was taking place in december 2011 the company said that if necessary they were prepared to recall all the vehicles and repair them upon determination of the cause of the fires and also announced they would buy back the car if the owner was too afraid of the potential for a fire gm 's ceo also said that it may be necessary to redesign or make changes to the battery pack depending on the recommendations from federal officials as of december 1 33 volt owners in the us and 3 in canada had requested a loaner car as of december 5 general motors reported that a couple dozen volt owners had requested the carmaker to buy back their cars and the company had already agreed to repurchase about a dozen before the carmaker agrees to buy back each vehicle other options are explored as gm primarily wants to provide loaner cars but if the only way we can make them happy is to repurchase it then we will a gm spokesman said general motors explained that the buy back price includes the volt purchase price plus taxes and fees less a usage fee based on how many miles the car has been run as of january 5 2012 gm reported that around 250 volt owners had requested either a loaner vehicle or a potential buyback
the nhtsa also said it was working with all automakers to develop postcrash procedures to keep occupants of electric vehicles and emergency personnel who respond to crash scenes safe additionally nhtsa advised to be aware that fires may occur a considerable amount of time after a crash general motors said the first fire would have been avoided if gm 's protocols for deactivating the battery after the crash had been followed these protocols had been used by gm since july 2011 but were not shared with the nhtsa until november 2011 in another statement the carmaker stated that they are working with other vehicle manufacturers first responders tow truck operators and salvage associations with the goal of implementing industrywide protocols
customer deliveries of the opel ampera in europe were delayed until the nhtsa completed its investigation of the volt 's battery fire risk to make sure the vehicle is safe however deliveries of the first chevrolet volts in europe began in france in november 2011 deliveries of the vauxhall ampera in the uk continued as scheduled for may 2012 opel ampera deliveries began in february 2012
battery enhancements
on january 5 2012 general motors announced that it would offer a customer @@ satisfaction program to provide modifications to the chevrolet volt to reduce the chance that the battery pack could catch fire days or weeks after a severe accident the carmaker described the modifications as voluntary enhancements and stated that neither the car nor the battery was being recalled general motors determined the june fire was the result of a minor intrusion from a portion of the vehicle into a side section of the battery pack this intrusion resulted in a small coolant leak inside the battery of approximately 50 ml ( 1 @@ 8 imp fl oz 1 @@ 7 us fl oz ) when the vehicle was put through a slow roll where it was rotated at 90 @@ degree increments holding in each position for about five minutes an additional 1 liter ( 0 @@ 22 imp gal 0 @@ 26 us gal ) of coolant leaked with the vehicle in the 180 degrees position ( upside down ) the coolant came in contact with the printed circuit board electronics at the top of the battery pack and later crystallized three weeks later this condition in combination with a charged battery led to a short circuit that resulted in the post @@ crash fire
general motors explained the modifications will enhance the vehicle structure that surround the battery and the battery coolant system to improve battery protection after a severe crash the safety enhancements consist of strengthening an existing portion of the volt s vehicle safety structure to further protect the battery pack in a severe side collision add a sensor in the reservoir of the battery coolant system to monitor coolant levels and add a tamper @@ resistant bracket to the top of the battery coolant reservoir to help prevent potential coolant overfill the additional side safety structural pieces have a total weight of 2 to 3 lb ( 0 @@ 91 to 1 @@ 36 kg ) and their function is to spread the load of a severe side impact away from the battery pack reducing the possibility of intrusion into the pack
during december 2011 gm conducted four crash tests of volts with the reinforced steel and upgraded cooling system resulting in no intrusion to the battery and no coolant leakage on december 22 2011 the nhtsa also subjected a modified volt to the same test that led to the original fire with no signs of the damage that is believed to have been the cause the nhtsa said the preliminary results of the crash test indicate the remedy proposed by general motors today should address the issue of battery intrusion though its investigation remained open general motors declined to say how much the modifications would cost
all 12 @@ 400 chevrolet volts produced until december 2011 including all amperas in stock at european dealerships were scheduled to receive the safety enhancements since production was halted during the holidays the enhancements were in place when production resumed in early 2012 sales continued and dealers modified the volts they had in stock general motors sent a letter to volt owners indicating that they could schedule the service appointment to protect their batteries beginning in the last week of march 2012 general motors also decided to replace the 120 @@ volt charging cords in most of the nearly 10 @@ 000 volts sold since late 2010 the new cords were enhanced to add durability and some of the chargers built after february 5 have the new cords
nhtsa findings
on january 20 2012 the national highway traffic safety administration closed the volt 's safety defect investigation related to post @@ crash fire risk the agency concluded that no discernible defect trend exists and also found that the modifications recently developed by general motors are sufficient to reduce the potential for battery intrusion resulting from side impacts the nhtsa also said that based on the available data nhtsa does not believe that chevy volts or other electric vehicles pose a greater risk of fire than gasoline @@ powered vehicles the agency also announced it has developed interim guidance to increase awareness and identify appropriate safety measures regarding electric vehicles for the emergency response community law enforcement officers tow truck operators storage facilities and consumers
house of representatives hearing
the chairman of the subcommittee on regulatory affairs stimulus oversight and government spending us representative jim jordan held hearings on january 25 2012 to investigate why the nhtsa opened a formal investigation only five months after the first postcrash battery fire occurred in june the subcommittee of the house committee on oversight and government reform wanted to determine if government officials including from nhtsa purposely held back information on the volt fire for political reasons both daniel akerson general motors ceo and david l strickland nhtsa administrator denied any wrongdoing

= = reception = =


= = = awards and recognition = = =

the volt has received awards from multiple organizations
us organizations
2009 green car vision award by the green car journal at the washington auto show for a bold and far @@ reaching approach that promises to bring an exceptionally fuel efficient model to consumers at reasonable cost
2011 car and driver ten best cars for the first time ever car and driver magazine included an electrically powered car among its 10 best
2011 motor trend car of the year the magazine commented that in the 61 @@ year history of the car of the year award there have been few contenders as hyped or as controversial as the chevrolet volt
2011 green car of the year by green car journal the magazine editors explained that this award welcomes a new genre of mass @@ production electric vehicles to the consumer market with the volt as the first @@ ever electric vehicle to take top prize
2011 automobile of the year by automobile magazine the editors commented that the volt is genuinely an all @@ new car in the most simplistic sense as well as in the greater notion that the volt is unlike any vehicle we have ever driven
2011 north american car of the year announced at the 2011 north american international auto show forty @@ nine american and canadian automobile writers chose the volt the nominees were judged based on innovation design safety handling driver satisfaction and value
listed among the 2011 greenest vehicles of the year by the american council for an energy @@ efficient economy
listed among the 2011 best green cars by mother earth news
2011 edison award gold in the transportation category personal transportation segment
2012 best resale value award in the category of electric cars by kelley blue book
2011 the volt ranked first in consumer reports ' list of owner @@ satisfaction based on its 2011 annual auto survey with 93 respondents who owned the volt saying they definitely would purchase that same vehicle again the magazine noted that the volt had been on sale for just a few months at the time of the survey and also clarified that the survey took place before the national highway traffic safety administration investigation regarding the volt 's battery fire risk
2012 total cost of ownership award in the electric car category granted by kelley blue book for the lowest projected costs during initial five @@ year ownership period in its category
2012 the volt ranked first for a second year in a row in consumer reports ' list of owner @@ satisfaction based on its 2012 annual auto survey with 92 respondents who owned the volt saying they definitely would purchase that same vehicle again
2016 green car of the year by green car journal ( awarded to the second generation volt ) the chevrolet volt is the first model to receive this award more than once
international organizations
2009 festival automobile international awarded the grand prize for environment to the volt
2011 world green car announced at the 2011 new york auto show
2012 international engine of the year award in the category of green engine shared by the opel ampera and the chevrolet volt for their 1 @@ 4 l engine @@ based extended @@ range electric powertrain
european organizations
2011 overall winner of what car green awards granted by the uk magazine to the vauxhall ampera
2011 top gear 's green car of the year 2011 to the vauxhall ampera
2012 car of the year in denmark in october 2011 18 danish motor journalists chose the opel ampera as car of the year 2012 by a wide margin despite being more expensive than the family cars the award usually goes to
2012 european car of the year shared by the chevrolet volt and the opel / vauxhall the ampera / volt became the first car developed in the us to win this european award
2013 green mobility trophy readers of auto zeitung in germany awarded the opel ampera the <unk> and named the mid @@ size sedan the best electric vehicle
rest of the world organizations
2012 drive 's green innovation award to the holden volt as part of the australia 's drive car of the year awards

= = = reviews and test drives = = =

the following tables summarize the results of long @@ term tests reported by specialized media
notes
1 ^ the epa run tests used a reproducible methodology to produce results that can be compared between vehicles and test sites the remainder of the results were obtained using un @@ controlled driving cycles and are comparable neither to each nor between different vehicles


= arthur prince of wales =

arthur tudor ( 20 september 1486 2 april 1502 ) was prince of wales earl of chester and duke of cornwall as the eldest son and heir apparent of henry vii of england arthur was viewed by contemporaries as the great hope of the newly established house of tudor his mother elizabeth of york was the daughter of edward iv and his birth cemented the union between the house of tudor and the house of york
plans for arthur 's marriage began before his third birthday he was installed as prince of wales two years later he grew especially close to his siblings margaret and henry duke of york with the latter of whom he shared some tutors at the age of eleven arthur was formally betrothed to catherine of aragon a daughter of the powerful catholic monarchs in spain in an effort to forge an anglo @@ spanish alliance against france arthur was well educated and contrary to modern belief was in good health for the majority of his life soon after his marriage to catherine in 1501 the couple took up residence at ludlow castle in shropshire where arthur died six months later of an unknown ailment catherine would later firmly state that the marriage had not been consummated
one year after arthur 's death henry vii renewed his efforts of sealing a marital alliance with spain by arranging for catherine to marry arthur 's brother henry who had by then become prince of wales arthur 's untimely death paved the way for henry 's accession as henry viii in 1509 the potential for a question as to the consummation of arthur and catherine 's marriage was much later ( and in a completely different political context ) exploited by henry viii and his court to cast doubt on the validity of catherine 's union with henry eventually leading to the separation between the church of england and the roman catholic church

= = infancy = =

in 1485 henry tudor became king of england upon defeating richard iii at the battle of bosworth in an effort to strengthen the tudor claim to the throne and emphasise his family 's welsh that is to say romano @@ british ancestry henry had royal genealogists trace his lineage back to the ancient british rulers and decided on naming his firstborn son after the legendary king arthur on this occasion camelot was identified as present @@ day winchester and his wife elizabeth of york was sent to saint swithun 's priory ( today winchester cathedral priory ) in order to give birth there born at saint swithun 's priory on 20 september 1486 at about 1 am arthur was henry and elizabeth 's eldest child arthur 's birth was anticipated by french and italian humanists eager for the start of a virgilian golden age sir francis bacon wrote that although the prince was born one month premature he was strong and able young arthur was viewed as a living symbol of not only the union between the house of tudor and the house of york but also of the end of the wars of the roses in the opinion of contemporaries arthur was the great hope of the newly established house of tudor
arthur became duke of cornwall at birth four days after his birth the baby was baptised at winchester cathedral by the bishop of worcester john alcock and his baptism was immediately followed by his confirmation john de vere 13th earl of oxford thomas stanley 1st earl of derby william fitzalan 16th earl of arundel queen elizabeth woodville and cecily of york served as godparents the latter two carried the prince during the ceremony initially arthur 's nursery in farnham was headed by elizabeth darcy who had served as chief nurse for edward iv 's children including arthur 's own mother after arthur was created prince of wales in 1490 he was awarded a household structure at the behest of his father over the next thirteen years henry vii and elizabeth would have six more children of whom only three margaret henry and mary would reach adulthood arthur was especially close to his sister margaret ( b 1489 ) and his brother henry ( b 1491 ) with whom he shared a nursery
on 29 november 1489 after being made a knight of the bath arthur was appointed prince of wales and earl of chester and was invested as such at the palace of westminster on 27 february 1490 as part of his investiture ceremony he progressed down the river thames in the royal barge and was met at chelsea by the lord mayor of london john <unk> and at lambeth by spanish ambassadors on 8 may 1491 he was made a knight of the garter at saint george 's chapel at windsor palace it was around this time that arthur began his formal education under john rede a former headmaster of winchester college his education was subsequently taken over by bernard andré a blind poet and then by thomas linacre formerly henry vii 's physician arthur 's education covered grammar poetry rhetoric and ethics and focused on history arthur was a very skilled pupil and andré wrote that the prince of wales had either memorised or read a selection of homer virgil ovid terence a good deal of cicero and a wide span of historical works including those of thucydides caesar livy and tacitus arthur was also a superb archer and had learned to dance right pleasant and honourably by 1501 { { <unk> \| gunn \| monckton \| 2009 \| p = 9 } 00 }

= = childhood = =

the popular belief that arthur was sickly during his lifetime stems from a victorian misunderstanding of a letter from 1502 on the contrary there are no reports of arthur being ill during his lifetime arthur grew up to be unusually tall for his age and was considered handsome by the spanish court he had reddish hair small eyes a high @@ bridged nose and resembled his brother henry who was said to be extremely handsome by contemporaries as described by historians steven gunn and linda monckton arthur had an amiable and gentle personality and was overall a delicate lad
in may 1490 arthur was created warden of all the marches towards scotland and the earl of surrey was appointed as the prince 's deputy from 1491 arthur was named on peace commissions in october 1492 when his father travelled to france he was named keeper of england and king 's lieutenant following the example of edward iv henry vii set up the council of wales and the marches for arthur in wales in order to enforce royal authority there although the council had already been set up in 1490 it was headed by jasper tudor duke of bedford arthur was first dispatched to wales in 1501 at the age of fifteen in march 1493 arthur was granted the power to appoint justices of oyer and terminer and inquire into franchises thus strengthening the council 's authority in november of that year the prince also received an extensive land grant in wales including the county of march
arthur was served by sons of english irish and welsh nobility such as <unk> óg fitzgerald 9th earl of kildare who had been brought to the english court as a consequence of the involvement of his father gerald fitzgerald 8th earl of kildare in the crowning of pretender lambert simnel in ireland during henry vii 's reign other servants were anthony willoughby a son of robert willoughby 1st baron willoughby de broke robert radcliffe the heir of the 9th baron fitzwalter and maurice st john a favourite nephew of arthur 's grandmother lady margaret beaufort he was brought up with gruffydd ap rhys ap thomas the son of powerful welsh nobleman thomas ap rhys gruffydd grew quite close to arthur and was buried in worcester cathedral upon his death in 1521 alongside the prince 's tomb

= = marriage = =

henry vii planned to marry arthur to a daughter of the catholic monarchs isabella i of castile and ferdinand ii of aragon in order to forge an anglo @@ spanish alliance against france it was suggested that the choice of marrying arthur to ferdinand and isabella 's youngest daughter catherine ( b 1485 ) would be appropriate the treaty of medina del campo ( 27 march 1489 ) provided that arthur and catherine would be married as soon as they reached canonical age it also settled catherine 's dowry at 200 @@ 000 crowns ( the equivalent of £ 5 million in 2007 ) since arthur not yet 14 was below the age of consent a papal dispensation ( ie waiver ) allowing the marriage was issued in february 1497 and the pair were betrothed by proxy on 25 august 1497 two years later a marriage by proxy took place at arthur 's <unk> manor in bewdley near worcester arthur said to roderigo de puebla who had acted as proxy for catherine that he much rejoiced to contract the marriage because of his deep and sincere love for the princess
in a letter from october 1499 arthur referring to catherine as my dearest spouse had written
i cannot tell you what an earnest desire i feel to see your highness and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming let [ it ] be hastened [ that ] the love conceived between us and the wished @@ for joys may reap their proper fruit
the young couple exchanged letters in latin until 20 september 1501 when arthur having attained the age of 15 was deemed old enough to be married catherine landed in england about two weeks later on 2 october 1501 at plymouth the next month on 4 november 1501 the couple met each other for the first time at dogmersfield in hampshire arthur wrote to catherine 's parents that he would be a true and loving husband the couple soon discovered that they had mastered different pronunciations of latin and so were unable to communicate five days later on 9 november 1501 catherine arrived in london
on 14 november 1501 the marriage ceremony finally took place at saint paul 's cathedral both arthur and catherine wore white satin the ceremony was conducted by henry deane archbishop of canterbury who was assisted by william warham bishop of london following the ceremony arthur and catherine left the cathedral and headed for baynard 's castle where they were entertained by the best voiced children of the king 's chapel who sang right sweetly with quaint harmony
what followed was a ceremony laid down by arthur 's grandmother lady margaret beaufort the bed was sprinkled with holy water after which catherine was led away from the wedding feast by her ladies @@ in @@ waiting she was undressed veiled and reverently laid in bed while arthur in his shirt with a gown cast about him was escorted by his gentlemen into the bedchamber while viols and tabors played the bishop of london blessed the bed and prayed for the marriage to be fruitful after which the couple were left alone this is the only public bedding of a royal couple recorded in britain in the 16th century

= = death = =

after residing at <unk> manor for a month arthur and catherine headed for the marches in wales where they established their household at ludlow castle arthur had been growing weaker since his wedding and although catherine was reluctant to follow him she was ordered by henry vii to join her husband arthur found it easy to govern wales as the border had become quiet after many centuries of warfare in march 1502 arthur and catherine were afflicted by an unknown illness a malign vapour which proceeded from the air while catherine recovered arthur died on 2 april 1502 at ludlow six months short of his sixteenth birthday
news of arthur 's death reached henry vii 's court late on 4 april the king was awoken from his sleep by his confessor who quoted job by asking henry if we receive good things at the hands of god why may we not endure evil things he then told the king that [ his ] dearest son hath departed to god and henry burst into tears grief @@ stricken and emotional he then had his wife brought into his chambers so that they might take the painful news together elizabeth reminded henry that god had helped him become king and had ever preserved him adding that they had been left with yet a fair prince and two fair princesses and that god is where he was and [ they were ] both young enough soon after leaving henry 's bedchamber elizabeth collapsed and began to cry while the ladies sent for the king who hurriedly came and relieved her
on 8 april a general procession took place for the salvation of arthur 's soul that night a dirge was sung in st paul 's cathedral and every parish church in london on 23 april arthur 's body which had previously been embalmed sprinkled with holy water and sheltered with a canopy was carried out of ludlow castle and into the parish church of ludlow by various noblemen and gentlemen on 25 april arthur 's body was taken to worcester cathedral via the river severn in a special wagon upholstered in black and drawn by six horses also caparisoned in black as was customary catherine did not attend the funeral the earl of surrey acted as chief mourner at the end of the ceremony sir william <unk> sir richard croft and arthur 's household ushers broke their staves of office and threw them into the prince 's grave during the funeral arthur 's own arms were shown alongside those of cadwaladr ap gruffydd and brutus of troy two years later a chantry was erected over arthur 's grave

= = legacy = =

shortly after arthur 's death the idea of <unk> the now @@ widowed catherine to the new heir henry had arisen both the king and isabella were keen on moving forward with the betrothal and the pope granted a dispensation towards that end after originally rejecting the idea henry announced after his succession on 22 april 1509 that he would marry catherine the wedding took place on 11 june catherine bore henry six children three sons died before reaching three months of age a daughter was stillborn and another lived for only a week the couple 's only surviving child was mary i ( b 1516 )
in 1526 after eighteen years of marriage henry started to pursue the affections of anne boleyn the sister of his former mistress mary boleyn at the same time he became troubled by what became known as the king 's great matter that is finding an appropriate solution for his lack of male descendants he found several possible options he could have attempted to legitimise his illegitimate son henry fitzroy but this would not be easy and would require the pope 's intervention he could have married his daughter mary off and hoped for a grandson this was not seen as a real option because mary was a sickly child and was unlikely to conceive before henry 's death finally he could somehow reject catherine and marry a bride more likely to bear children probably seeing the possibility of marrying anne the third was ultimately the most viable option to henry and it soon became the king 's wish to dissolve his marriage
henry believed that his marriage was cursed and found confirmation in the bible in leviticus 20 21 although in the morning following his wedding arthur had claimed that he was thirsty for i have been in the midst of spain last night and that having a wife is a good pastime these claims are generally dismissed by modern historians as mere boasts of a boy who did not want others to know of his failure and catherine maintained the claim that she had married henry while still a virgin until the day she died after henry 's constant support of the claim that catherine 's first marriage had been consummated an annulment was issued on 23 april 1533 while the king had already married anne on 25 january anne was beheaded for high treason in 1536 after which henry proceeded to marry four more times at the time of his death in 1547 henry only had three living children his only son edward vi succeeded but died six years later his successors were henry 's daughters by catherine and anne mary i and elizabeth i upon elizabeth 's death in 1603 the male line of the house of tudor came to an end
in 2002 following the initiative of canon ian mackenzie arthur 's funeral was reenacted with a requiem mass at worcester cathedral on occasion of the quincentenary of his death despite his role in english history arthur has remained largely forgotten since his death

= = popular culture = =

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