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on june 14 1832 the six men were sent from fort hamilton to work on spafford farm the group had just commenced working when they were attacked by a band of kickapoo warriors the warriors had concealed themselves in some trees near the farmstead and opened fire in a surprise attack the men dropped their tools and broke for the pecatonica river reaching the river and making a hasty crossing having crossed the river four of the men were shot as they clambered up the opposite bank
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spafford searles and <unk> were killed instantly in the melee also killed was bull ( probably john compton ) spencer and 17 @@ year @@ old million were able to escape the attackers million escaped by jumping into the pecatonica river hiding in brush and making his way to fort hamilton spencer 's escape was a longer process he did not jump into the river but hid along the banks one of the attackers pursued him but spencer killed the warrior before he could be overtaken he wandered the woods for several days before reaching fort hamilton
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spencer reached fort hamilton around the same time that colonel william s hamilton arrived with a large group of menominee who had volunteered against the sauk and fox afraid that the fort had also been attacked spencer retreated back into the woods he avoided the fort for between six and nine days when hunger finally drove him into the open where he realized his mistake
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= = aftermath = =
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word of the attack at spafford 's farm spread quickly to fort defiance about five miles southeast of mineral point a small volunteer force of 13 men was assembled at fort defiance and they set off to hunt down the band of native americans responsible for the massacre the group reached fort hamilton at around midnight on june 15 on the morning of june 15 survivor bennett million guided the militia volunteers back to the site of the massacre one of the volunteers was alexander higgenbotham a survivor of the st vrain massacre the bodies of the dead were badly mutilated and spafford 's corpse was headless his head was found scalped and tossed into the grass along the river bank the volunteers buried the mangled bodies of the fallen and searched in vain for spencer whom they also assumed dead
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colonel henry dodge was at gratiot 's grove when the war descended upon spafford farm having just sent his volunteers to their forts to resupply and recuperate shortly after he arrived back at his home fort he received word of the aubrey murder at fort blue mounds and the incident at spafford farm dodge ordered militia detachments from fort defiance fort jackson and fort hamilton to the scene of the massacre
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after the massacre general henry atkinson was informed that dodge was to take over general alexander posey 's brigade at fort hamilton while dodge was on his way to visit the brigade he heard a rifle shot from a group of native americans dodge quickly returned to his command post and gathered as many men as he could to pursue the enemy with dodge in quick pursuit a group of approximately 25 native warriors criss @@ crossed the pecatonica river until finding flight hopeless they prepared to make a stand at the battle of pecatonica
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= i miss you ( miley cyrus song ) =
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i miss you is a song by american recording artist miley cyrus it was co @@ written by cyrus ( credited under her birth name destiny hope cyrus ) brian green wendy foy green and produced by brian green i miss you is a homage to cyrus ' late grandfather ron cyrus who died in february 28 2006 he was diagnosed with mesothelioma and seeing her grandfather nearing death cyrus wanted to write him a song prior to his decease it was released to radio disney mid @@ year 2007 as promotion for the dual disc hannah montana 2 meet miley cyrus the song is a ballad with rock and country influences
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the song received generally positive reviews from music critics some commented on how it deviated from her usual material at the time and how effective the message was i miss you appeared on two united states charts it peaked at number nine on bubbling under hot 100 singles an extension of the billboard hot 100 chart and at number ninety @@ two on the defunct pop 100 cyrus performed the song on acoustic guitar as an encore at several stops on her first headlining concert tour the best of both worlds tour ( 2007 08 )
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= = background = =
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the singer had a very close relationship with her paternal grandfather ron cyrus a democratic legislator in the state of kentucky and public servant whom she referred to as pappy he was diagnosed with mesothelioma a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body 's internal organs and struggled with the illness for several years as result of exposure to asbestos cyrus then relocated from franklin tennessee to los angeles california to commence work on the disney channel original series hannah montana at the sight of her grandfather ailing from afar cyrus was inspired to compose i miss you in her autobiography miles to go ( 2009 ) she explained that 's how i ended up writing the song ' i miss you ' for pappy he was so sick i knew he was dying and slowly so did my heart i couldn 't imagine life without him she co @@ wrote the song with her mother 's dear friends wendy foy green and brian green and described it as the most difficult song for her write because of the subject matter cyrus attempted to halt writing i miss you telling her co @@ writers she could not bear anymore
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however cyrus later desired to resume writing saying she knew what [ her ] heart wanted to say and whatever is in [ her ] heart finds its way to [ her ] fingertips moreover she desired for her grandfather to listen to the song before passing away although cyrus was never able to sing it for him her father played a quick cut of i miss you for ron towards the end of his life the singer said she liked to believe that the song gave her grandfather hope in a similar fashion which he gave and continues to give hope to her at the age of 70 ron cyrus died on february 28 2006 two days prior the red carpet premiere of hannah montana in the episode she 's a <unk> cyrus sang a part of the song as miley stewart in memory of the character 's late mother cyrus then recorded the song for her debut album meet miley cyrus the singer believed that despite having personal significance to her i miss you could have a variety of meanings for distinct people in divergent situations including moving away from home the loss of a parent or a breakup in a romantic relationship
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= = composition = =
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i miss you is a pop music song with a length of three minutes and fifty @@ eight seconds it is a ballad that maintains low @@ key with an acoustic styling i miss you is influenced by elements of the country music genre nevertheless it has a rock music @@ based musical arrangement relying prominently on a gentle strumming guitar for instrumentation written in the key of b ♭ major but will transpose at the key of c major at the end of the bridge i miss you is set in common time with a tempo of 85 beats per minute cyrus ' low and throaty vocals span a one octave ranging from g3 to b ♭ 4 the song has the following chord progression b ♭ gm7 f f <unk>
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= = reception = =
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= = = critical reception = = =
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i miss you has received generally positive reviews from music critics heather phares of allmusic complimented i miss you and categorized it as one of the tracks on meet miley cyrus that bared much resemblance to hannah montana songs andy webster of the new york times wrote that i miss you is as doleful as it gets andy <unk> of the seattle post @@ intelligencer believed the track had a level a sincerity that was void from the remainder of cyrus ' repertoire at the time he added the songs are more guitar @@ driven the outfits more adult and the lyrics imply a string of bad boyfriends but it feels like imaginary drama taken from high school poetry as if she 's pretending to be older than she is in a similar note elysa gardner of usa today stated the song was the exception to the heavy on flash and fantasy that characterized cyrus at the time joseph p kahn of the boston globe mentioned the song while remarking that cyrus ' songs surpass much of the music played on radio disney maitland mcdonagh of tv guide believed the track a was a clear demonstration of how affectionate cyrus was with her grandfather kelly jane torrance of the washington times said i miss you was an unpredictable effort which according to her was both empathetic and executed properly from cyrus
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= = = chart performance = = =
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on the week ending july 14 2007 i miss you debuted on two us billboard charts it entered at number nine on the billboard hot 100 extension the bubbling under hot 100 singles chart and at number ninety @@ two in its only week on the discontinued pop 100 chart the following week the song fell to number twenty @@ five in its second and final appearance on the bubbling under hot 100 singles chart
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= = live performances = =
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cyrus performed i miss you as an encore on sporadic dates of her first headlining tour the best of both worlds tour which extended from october 2007 to january 2008 the tour 's concert film uses the performance within the set although it was not performed as such the performance had cyrus dressed in a white tank top blue cardigan and denim pants and sole on the stage she sat on a stool that placed towards the end of the runaway performing with an acoustic guitar as images and home footage of ron cyrus appeared on the screens chris william of entertainment weekly attended the november 8 2007 concert at the san diego sports arena in san diego california and wrote so it was especially sweet when for the encore she ditched the dancers and enhancers and strummed an acoustic guitar on ' i miss you ' vulnerably serenading her late <unk> and for once really looking and sounding 14 not everyone noticed because when she finished half the seats were empty alison <unk> dressed of the chicago tribune stated that despite its simplicity the performance on december 8 2007 at the allstate arena in rosemont illinois felt like as though it was the largest production of all in a gray shirt and black pants cyrus performed the song along with ready set don 't go and the best of both worlds on the oprah winfrey show on december 20 2007 as a screen displayed a light @@ blue background on october 5 2013 as part of a saturday night live skit cyrus performed an excerpt from i miss you with actress vanessa bayer
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= = charts = =
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= 55 cancri b =
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55 cancri b ( abbreviated 55 cnc b ) occasionally designated 55 cancri ab ( to distinguish it from the star 55 cancri b ) also named galileo is an extrasolar planet orbiting the sun @@ like star 55 cancri a every 14 @@ 65 days it is the second planet in order of distance from its star and is an example of a hot jupiter or possibly rather warm jupiter
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in july 2014 the international astronomical union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars the process involved public nomination and voting for the new names in december 2015 the iau announced the winning name was galileo for this planet the winning name was submitted by the royal netherlands association for meteorology and astronomy of the netherlands it honors early @@ 17th century astronomer and physicist galileo galilei
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= = discovery = =
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55 cancri b was discovered in 1996 by geoffrey marcy and r paul butler it was the fourth known extrasolar planet excluding pulsar planets like the majority of known extrasolar planets it was discovered by detecting variations in its star 's radial velocity caused by the planet 's gravity by making sensitive measurements of the doppler shift of the spectrum of 55 cancri a a 15 @@ day periodicity was detected the planet was announced in 1996 together with the planet of tau boötis and the innermost planet of upsilon andromedae
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even when this inner planet with a mass at least 78 times that of jupiter was accounted for the star still showed a drift in its radial velocity this eventually led to the discovery of the outer planet 55 cancri d in 2002
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= = orbit and mass = =
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55 cancri b is in a short @@ period orbit though not so extreme as that of the previously detected hot jupiter 51 pegasi b the orbital period indicates that the planet is located close to a 1 3 mean motion resonance with 55 cancri c however investigations of the planetary parameters in a newtonian simulation indicate that while the orbital periods are close to this ratio the planets are not actually in the resonance
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in 2012 b 's upper atmosphere was observed transiting the star so its inclination is about 85 degrees coplanar with 55 cancri e this helped to constrain the mass of the planet but the inclination was too low to constrain its radius
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the mass is about 85 that of jupiter
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= = characteristics = =
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55 cancri b is a gas giant with no solid surface the atmospheric transit has demonstrated hydrogen in the upper atmosphere
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that transit is so tangential that properties such as its radius density and temperature are unknown assuming a composition similar to that of jupiter and that its environment is close to chemical equilibrium 55 cancri b 's upper atmosphere is predicted to be cloudless with a spectrum dominated by alkali metal absorption
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the atmosphere 's transit indicates that it is slowly evaporating under the sun 's heat the evaporation is slower than that for previously studied ( hotter ) hot jupiters
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the planet is unlikely to have large moons since tidal forces would either eject them from orbit or destroy them on short timescales relative to the age of the system
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= ridge racer ( video game ) =
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ridge racer ( <unk> <unk> rēsā ) is a 1993 racing video game developed and published by namco it was initially released on the namco system 22 arcade system board and later ported to the playstation console in 1994 it is the first title in the ridge racer series released for arcades and home consoles the objective is to finish in first place in a series of races ridge racer was among the first racing games to use polygon graphics to its full potential the playstation version supports namco 's negcon controller
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the first home version of ridge racer was released in japan in 1994 as a launch title for the playstation the versions for north america and europe were released in 1995 it was re @@ released in japan for the playstation the best range in july 1997 and for the greatest hits and platinum ranges in north america and pal regions respectively the same year the game played a major role in establishing the new system and giving it an early edge over its nearest competitor the sega saturn and was considered a rival to sega 's daytona usa
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ridge racer received a highly positive reception reviewers praised the graphics audio drifting mechanics and arcade @@ like gameplay although some were critical of the lack of strong artificial intelligence and multiplayer mode the arcade version was followed by a sequel ridge racer 2 in 1994 whereas the playstation sequel ridge racer revolution was released in december 1995 in japan and in 1996 in north america and pal regions the soundtrack was remixed and released on the namco game sound express vol 11 album
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= = gameplay = =
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in the playstation version a mini @@ game of galaxian can be played as the game loads if won eight additional cars become available the cars are varied in their specifications some feature a high top speed others excelling at acceleration or turning and others being more balanced certain cars are named after other namco games such as <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> and xevious once the game has loaded all the cd is needed for is to play six music tracks the disc can be replaced at any time during gameplay although the game does not update regardless of what disc is inserted there will always be six tracks corresponding the starting points of the tracks on the game disc
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a course transmission ( automatic or six @@ speed manual ) car and song are chosen the racetrack can be observed from the first @@ person perspective ( or from the third @@ person perspective for the playstation version ) namco 's negcon controller can be used to play being an arcade racer collisions do no damage and merely slow the player down there is a time limit which ends the game if counted down to zero
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a single course is featured although it consists of four configurations of increasing difficulty novice intermediate advanced and time trial ( the latter two are extended ) the player races eleven opponents except in time trial where there is only one the higher the difficulty the faster the cars run with time trial being the fastest each race consists of three laps ( two on the beginner course ) checkpoints that grant additional time when passed through are present throughout in the playstation version after every race is won reversed ones become available and an additional opponent is encountered in time trial the 13th racing devil the fastest car on winning the car is unlocked in the arcade version the winning player 's score is saved in action @@ replay highlights after finishing the game
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the playstation version features hidden mirror version of the tracks it becomes a mirror image of itself left turns become right turns and vice @@ versa and the surroundings switch sides of the road
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= = development and release = =
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at jamma 's 1992 amusement machine show in japan held during 27 19 august 1992 namco debuted a racing game called sim drive for the namco system 22 arcade system board it was a sequel to eunos roadster driving simulator a mazda mx @@ 5 driving simulation arcade game that namco developed with mazda and released in 1990 its 3d polygon graphics stood out for its use of gouraud shading and texture mapping after a location test at the show where it was previewed by the november 1992 issue of electronic gaming monthly sim drive had a limited japanese release in december 1992 but did not get a mass @@ market release it served as a prototype for ridge racer
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ridge racer had a development cycle of eight months the development team was under pressure to complete it before their rivals and designer <unk> tanaka commented that the other company was in the same position ridge racer was originally planned to be an f1 racing game but the concept was replaced with one based on a trend among japanese car enthusiasts at the time namco bandai 's general manager <unk> sakagami explained that they liked racing on mountain roads and did not want to slow down around corners so drifted around them instead the team therefore decided to create a game which lets the player test his driving skills and experience the car 's manipulation at high speeds while mastering drifting
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development for the playstation version began in april 1994 because of the radical differences that version essentially had to be done from scratch and took nearly as long to develop being completed in november 1994 the playstation port was developed by the same team due to technical limitations the playstation port was difficult to program and runs at a lower resolution lower framerate ( 30 frames per second for ntsc 25 for pal ) and was less detailed specialised graphics libraries had to be developed because it was felt the standard ones provided by sony were too limited visual director <unk> sakagami remarked that the hardest element to port was the experience of driving a car it was felt that the negcon controller would provide a more analogue feel than the standard playstation controller sakagami was concerned about loading times due to the cd @@ rom format the team countered this by having all the data loaded into memory by the time the title screen appeared and having the player play a mini @@ game of galaxian while waiting sakagami chose galaxian because he was part of its arcade team and wanted to honour his former boss due to cds being cheaper to produce the retail price was cheaper than cartridge games despite an increase in development costs ridge racer sold for under ¥ 6000 ( £ 37 ) in japan
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during release for arcade system board ridge racer was called by namco the most realistic driving game ever it featured three @@ dimensional polygon graphics with texture mapping the playstation version was shown at the 1995 electronic entertainment expo event and was an innovation in the use of three @@ dimensional polygons ridge racer was released in japan on 3 december 1994 in north america on 9 september 1995 and in europe on 29 september as a launch title for the playstation
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= = = music = = =
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the soundtrack was produced alongside the game by shinji hosoe with contributions from nobuyoshi sano and ayako saso as the development team didn 't have enough time to produce them separately the team did not initially plan to have music but ended up producing techno which tanaka believed helped players to enjoy a fun feeling while playing hiroshi okubo believed techno would give a feeling of energy journey and speed and commented that the genre was chosen because it embodied the game 's unrealistic speed and tension this was commemorated by the release of namco game sound express vol 11 which featured remixed versions on 21 january 1994 in japan
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= = reception = =
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ridge racer received critical acclaim the graphics and sound in particular were praised in the april 1994 issue of the uk magazine computer and video games paul rand gave high marks remarking that it was far and away the most realistic arcade game ever seen on reviewing the arcade machine ( based on the full @@ scale unit ) in a review of its japanese console release gamepro called the playstation version a near carbon copy of the original and praised the graphics soundtrack and the entire game being loaded into the playstation 's ram eliminating mid @@ game loading and giving the option of removing the game disc and using the playstation as a music cd player during gameplay although they criticised the graphical glitches and slowdown the game was recommended next generation applauded the conversion 's faithful recreation of the arcade version smooth graphics and additional cars although they noted the lack of variety in the different cars ' performance and the absence of a multiplayer mode as downsides they found the game overall remarkable and commented that the fact that ridge racer was an early game for the playstation and a rushed project at that made it an excellent harbinger of what 's to come gamepro 's review of the later north american release judged that the game surpassed competitor daytona usa in graphics audio and control responsiveness and called it the best racing game to date for home systems commenting on the realism game informer remarked that ridge racer does a better job of capturing the feel of high performance car racing than any existing driving game
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the two sports reviewers of electronic gaming monthly praised the gameplay and music maximum commented that ridge racer isn 't without its bad points basically there is only one track and the game lacks the awesome crash sequences of daytona usa but everything else in the title is sheer class they commented positively on the feeling of smoothness and speed the distinctly european dance music the engine sounds and the unrealistically exaggerated driving manoeuvres in 1996 ign commented that despite two years of release the game has definitely stood the test of time but complained that there is no two @@ player mode and that the cars don 't really vary in performance that much allgame 's shawn sackenheim praised the game particularly the graphics and audio and concluded that it is a fun title that racing fans will love coming soon magazine praised its ultra fluid and very realistic graphics but criticised the game for being too short the electric playground 's victor lucas gave top marks remarking the experience of playing rr supersedes the thrills generally attributed to playing other racing video games and further commented i really can 't stress enough how deserving of your video game dollars ridge racer is edge praised the dazzling graphics and arcade @@ perfect music
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despite positive reviews the game was criticised by 1upcom for the arcade style of gameplay the lack of artificial intelligence has received criticism the movement of the computer @@ controlled cars is restricted to predetermined waypoints the game was reviewed in 1995 in dragon no 221 by jay & dee in the eye of the monitor column where dee called it just another racing game
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ridge racer was awarded best driving game of 1995 by electronic gaming monthly it was listed as one of the best games of all time by game informer in 2001 yahoo in 2005 electronic gaming monthly in 2006 guinness world records in 2008 and 2009 nowgamer in 2010 and fhm in 2012
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