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the germans prohibited publication of any regular polish @@ language book literary study or scholarly paper in 1940 several german @@ controlled printing houses began operating in occupied poland publishing items such as polish @@ german dictionaries and antisemitic and anticommunist novels
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censorship at first targeted books that were considered to be serious including scientific and educational texts and texts that were thought to promote polish patriotism only fiction that was free of anti @@ german overtones was permitted banned literature included maps atlases and english and french @@ language publications including dictionaries several non @@ public indexes of prohibited books were created and over 1 @@ 500 polish writers were declared dangerous to the german state and culture the index of banned authors included such polish authors as adam mickiewicz juliusz słowacki stanisław wyspiański bolesław prus stefan żeromski józef ignacy kraszewski władysław reymont stanisław wyspiański julian tuwim <unk> <unk> leopold staff eliza <unk> and maria konopnicka mere possession of such books was illegal and punishable by imprisonment door @@ to @@ door sale of books was banned and bookstores which required a license to operate were either emptied out or closed
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poles were forbidden under penalty of death to own radios the press was reduced from over 2 @@ 000 publications to a few dozen all censored by the germans all pre @@ war newspapers were closed and the few that were published during the occupation were new creations under the total control of the germans such a thorough destruction of the press was unprecedented in contemporary history the only officially available reading matter was the propaganda press that was disseminated by the german occupation administration cinemas now under the control of the german propaganda machine saw their programming dominated by nazi german movies which were preceded by propaganda newsreels the few polish films permitted to be shown ( about 20 of the total programming ) were edited to eliminate references to polish national symbols as well as jewish actors and producers several propaganda films were shot in polish although no polish films were shown after 1943 as all profits from polish cinemas were officially directed toward german war production attendance was discouraged by the polish underground a famous underground slogan declared <unk> <unk> <unk> w <unk> ( only pigs attend the movies ) a similar situation faced theaters which were forbidden by the germans to produce serious spectacles indeed a number of propaganda pieces were created for theater stages hence theatrical productions were also boycotted by the underground in addition actors were discouraged from performing in them and warned that they would be labeled as collaborators if they failed to comply ironically restrictions on cultural performances were eased in jewish ghettos given that the germans wished to distract ghetto inhabitants and prevent them from grasping their eventual fate
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music was the least restricted of cultural activities probably because hans frank regarded himself as a fan of serious music in time he ordered the creation of the orchestra and symphony of the general government in its capital kraków numerous musical performances were permitted in cafes and churches and the polish underground chose to boycott only the propagandist operas visual artists including painters and sculptors were compelled to register with the german government but their work was generally tolerated by the underground unless it conveyed propagandist themes shuttered museums were replaced by occasional art exhibitions that frequently conveyed propagandist themes
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the development of nazi propaganda in occupied poland can be divided into two main phases initial efforts were directed towards creating a negative image of pre @@ war poland and later efforts were aimed at fostering anti @@ soviet antisemitic and pro @@ german attitudes
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= = = soviet occupation = = =
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after the soviet invasion of poland ( beginning 17 september 1939 ) that followed the german invasion that had marked the start of world war ii ( beginning 1 september 1939 ) the soviet union annexed the eastern parts ( kresy ) of the second polish republic comprising 201 @@ 015 square kilometres ( 77 @@ 612 sq mi ) and a population of 13 @@ 299 million hitler and stalin shared the goal of obliterating poland 's political and cultural life so that poland would according to historian niall ferguson cease to exist not merely as a place but also as an idea
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the soviet authorities regarded service to the prewar polish state as a crime against revolution and counter @@ revolutionary activity and arrested many members of the polish intelligentsia politicians civil servants and academics as well as ordinary persons suspected of posing a threat to soviet rule more than a million polish citizens were deported to siberia many to gulag concentration camps for years or decades others died including over 20 @@ 000 military officers who perished in the katyn massacres
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the soviets quickly <unk> the annexed lands introducing compulsory collectivization they proceeded to confiscate nationalize and redistribute private and state @@ owned polish property in the process they banned political parties and public associations and imprisoned or executed their leaders as enemies of the people in line with soviet anti @@ religious policy churches and religious organizations were persecuted on 10 february 1940 the nkvd unleashed a campaign of terror against anti @@ soviet elements in occupied poland the soviets ' targets included persons who often traveled abroad persons involved in overseas correspondence <unk> <unk> red cross workers refugees smugglers priests and members of religious congregations the nobility landowners wealthy merchants bankers industrialists and hotel and restaurant owners stalin like hitler worked to eliminate polish society
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the soviet authorities sought to remove all trace of the polish history of the area now under their control the name poland was banned polish monuments were torn down all institutions of the dismantled polish state including the lwów university were closed then reopened mostly with new russian directors soviet communist ideology became paramount in all teaching polish literature and language studies were dissolved by the soviet authorities and the polish language was replaced with russian or ukrainian polish @@ language books were burned even in the primary schools polish teachers were not allowed in the schools and many were arrested classes were held in belorussian lithuanian and ukrainian with a new pro @@ soviet curriculum as polish @@ canadian historian piotr <unk> noted citing british historians m r d foot and i c b dear majority of scholars believe that in the soviet occupation zone conditions were only marginally less harsh than under the germans in september 1939 many polish jews had fled east after some months of living under soviet rule some of them wanted to return to the german zone of occupied poland
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all publications and media were subjected to censorship the soviets sought to recruit polish left @@ wing intellectuals who were willing to cooperate soon after the soviet invasion the writers ' association of soviet ukraine created a local chapter in lwów there was a polish @@ language theater and radio station polish cultural activities in minsk and wilno were less organized these activities were strictly controlled by the soviet authorities which saw to it that these activities portrayed the new soviet regime in a positive light and vilified the former polish government
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the soviet propaganda @@ motivated support for polish @@ language cultural activities however clashed with the official policy of russification the soviets at first intended to phase out the polish language and so banned polish from schools street signs and other aspects of life this policy was however reversed at times first before the elections in october 1939 and later after the german conquest of france in november 1940 the poles of lwów observed the 85th anniversary of adam mickiewicz 's death soon however stalin decided to re @@ implement the russification policies he reversed his decision again however when a need arose for polish @@ language pro @@ soviet propaganda following the german invasion of the soviet union as a result stalin permitted the creation of polish forces in the east and later decided to create a communist people 's republic of poland
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many polish writers collaborated with the soviets writing pro @@ soviet propaganda they included jerzy <unk> tadeusz boy @@ żeleński kazimierz <unk> janina <unk> jan <unk> teodor <unk> leon <unk> zuzanna ginczanka halina <unk> mieczysław <unk> stefan <unk> stanisław jerzy <unk> tadeusz <unk> juliusz kleiner jan kott <unk> <unk> karol <unk> leopold lewin anatol <unk> jerzy <unk> leon pasternak julian <unk> jerzy <unk> jerzy rawicz adolf rudnicki włodzimierz <unk> włodzimierz <unk> elżbieta <unk> anatol stern julian stryjkowski lucjan <unk> leopold <unk> wanda wasilewska stanisław wasilewski adam <unk> aleksander weintraub and bruno winawer
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other polish writers however rejected the soviet persuasions and instead published underground jadwiga <unk> jerzy <unk> jadwiga <unk> @@ <unk> <unk> <unk> beata <unk> <unk> <unk> tadeusz peiper teodor <unk> juliusz petry some writers such as władysław <unk> after collaborating with the soviets for a few months joined the anti @@ soviet opposition similarly aleksander wat initially sympathetic to communism was arrested by the soviet nkvd secret police and exiled to kazakhstan
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= = underground culture = =
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= = = patrons = = =
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polish culture persisted in underground education publications even theater the polish underground state created a department of education and culture ( under stanisław lorentz ) which along with a department of labor and social welfare ( under jan stanisław jankowski and later stefan mateja ) and a department for elimination of the effects of war ( under antoni olszewski and bronisław <unk> ) became underground patrons of polish culture these departments oversaw efforts to save from looting and destruction works of art in state and private collections ( most notably the giant paintings by jan matejko that were concealed throughout the war ) they compiled reports on looted and destroyed works and provided artists and scholars with means to continue their work and their publications and to support their families thus they sponsored the underground publication ( bibuła ) of works by winston churchill and arkady fiedler and of 10 @@ 000 copies of a polish primary @@ school primer and commissioned artists to create resistance artwork ( which was then disseminated by operation n and like activities ) also occasionally sponsored were secret art exhibitions theater performances and concerts
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other important patrons of polish culture included the roman catholic church and polish aristocrats who likewise supported artists and safeguarded polish heritage ( notable patrons included cardinal adam stefan sapieha and a former politician janusz radziwiłł ) some private publishers including stefan <unk> zbigniew <unk> and the <unk> publishing house paid writers for books that would be delivered after the war
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= = = education = = =
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in response to the german closure and censorship of polish schools resistance among teachers led almost immediately to the creation of large @@ scale underground educational activities most notably the secret teaching organization ( tajna organizacja <unk> ton ) was created as early as in october 1939 other organizations were created locally after 1940 they were increasingly subordinated and coordinated by the ton working closely with the underground 's state department of culture and education which was created in autumn 1941 and headed by czesław <unk> creator of the ton classes were either held under the cover of officially permitted activities or in private homes and other venues by 1942 about 1 @@ 500 @@ 000 students took part in underground primary education in 1944 its secondary school system covered 100 @@ 000 people and university level courses were attended by about 10 @@ 000 students ( for comparison the pre @@ war enrollment at polish universities was about 30 @@ 000 for the 1938 / 1939 year ) more than 90 @@ 000 secondary @@ school pupils attended underground classes held by nearly 6 @@ 000 teachers between 1943 and 1944 in four districts of the general government ( centered on the cities of warsaw kraków radom and lublin ) overall in that period in the general government one of every three children was receiving some sort of education from the underground organizations the number rose to about 70 for children old enough to attend secondary school it is estimated that in some rural areas the educational coverage was actually improved ( most likely as courses were being organized in some cases by teachers escaped or deported from the cities ) compared to pre @@ war classes the absence of polish jewish students was notable as they were confined by the nazi germans to ghettos there was however underground jewish education in the ghettos often organized with support from polish organizations like ton students at the underground schools were often also members of the polish resistance
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in warsaw there were over 70 underground schools with 2 @@ 000 teachers and 21 @@ 000 students underground warsaw university educated 3 @@ 700 students issuing 64 masters and 7 doctoral degrees warsaw <unk> under occupation educated 3 @@ 000 students issuing 186 engineering degrees 18 doctoral ones and 16 <unk> jagiellonian university issued 468 masters and 62 doctoral degrees employed over 100 professors and teachers and served more than 1 @@ 000 students per year throughout poland many other universities and institutions of higher education ( of music theater arts and others ) continued their classes throughout the war even some academic research was carried out ( for example by władysław tatarkiewicz a leading polish philosopher and zenon <unk> a linguist ) nearly 1 @@ 000 polish scientists received funds from the underground state enabling them to continue their research
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the german attitude to underground education varied depending on whether it took place in the general government or the annexed territories the germans had almost certainly realized the full scale of the polish underground education system by about 1943 but lacked the manpower to put an end to it probably prioritizing resources to dealing with the armed resistance for the most part closing underground schools and colleges in the general government was not a top priority for the germans in 1943 a german report on education admitted that control of what was being taught in schools particularly rural ones was difficult due to lack of manpower transportation and the activities of the polish resistance some schools semi @@ openly taught unauthorized subjects in defiance of the german authorities hans frank noted in 1944 that although polish teachers were a mortal enemy of the german states they could not all be disposed of immediately it was perceived as a much more serious issue in the annexed territories as it hindered the process of germanization involvement in the underground education in those territories was much more likely to result in a sentence to a concentration camp
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= = = print = = =
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there were over 1 @@ 000 underground newspapers among the most important were the biuletyn informacyjny of armia krajowa and rzeczpospolita of the government delegation for poland in addition to publication of news ( from intercepted western radio transmissions ) there were hundreds of underground publications dedicated to politics economics education and literature ( for example <unk> i <unk> ) the highest recorded publication volume was an issue of biuletyn informacyjny printed in 43 @@ 000 copies average volume of larger publication was 1 @@ 000 5 @@ 000 copies the polish underground also published booklets and leaflets from imaginary anti @@ nazi german organizations aimed at spreading disinformation and lowering morale among the germans books were also sometimes printed other items were also printed such as patriotic posters or fake german administration posters ordering the germans to evacuate poland or telling poles to register household cats
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the two largest underground publishers were the bureau of information and propaganda of armia krajowa and the government delegation for poland <unk> <unk> zakłady <unk> ( secret military publishing house ) of jerzy <unk> ( subordinated to the armia krajowa ) was probably the largest underground publisher in the world in addition to polish titles armia krajowa also printed false german newspapers designed to decrease morale of the occupying german forces ( as part of action n ) the majority of polish underground presses were located in occupied warsaw until the warsaw uprising in the summer of 1944 the germans found over 16 underground printing presses ( whose crews were usually executed or sent to concentration camps ) the second largest center for polish underground publishing was kraków there writers and editors faced similar dangers for example almost the entire editorial staff of the underground satirical paper na <unk> was arrested and its chief editors were executed in kraków on 27 may 1944 ( na <unk> was the longest published polish underground paper devoted to satire 20 issues were published starting in october 1943 ) the underground press was supported by a large number of activists in addition to the crews manning the printing presses scores of underground couriers distributed the publications according to some statistics these couriers were among the underground members most frequently arrested by the germans
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under german occupation the professions of polish journalists and writers were virtually eliminated as they had little opportunity to publish their work the underground state 's department of culture sponsored various initiatives and individuals enabling them to continue their work and aiding in their publication novels and anthologies were published by underground presses over 1 @@ 000 works were published underground over the course of the war literary discussions were held and prominent writers of the period working in poland included among others krzysztof kamil <unk> <unk> <unk> tadeusz borowski tadeusz boy @@ żeleński maria dąbrowska tadeusz <unk> zuzanna ginczanka jarosław <unk> future nobel prize winner czesław miłosz zofia <unk> jan <unk> leopold staff kazimierz wyka and jerzy zawieyski writers wrote about the difficult conditions in the prisoner @@ of @@ war camps ( konstanty <unk> <unk> stefan <unk> leon <unk> andrzej <unk> and marian <unk> ) the ghettos and even from inside the concentration camps ( jan maria <unk> halina <unk> zofia <unk> ( <unk> ) tadeusz <unk> kazimierz andrzej jaworski and marian kubicki ) many writers did not survive the war among them krzysztof kamil <unk> wacław <unk> tadeusz boy @@ żeleński tadeusz <unk> zuzanna ginczanka juliusz kaden @@ <unk> stefan <unk> janusz korczak halina <unk> tadeusz <unk> witold <unk> ferdynand antoni <unk> włodzimierz <unk> leon <unk> kazimierz <unk> @@ <unk> and bruno schulz
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= = = visual arts and music = = =
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with the censorship of polish theater ( and the virtual end of the polish radio and film industry ) underground theaters were created primarily in warsaw and kraków with shows presented in various underground venues beginning in 1940 the theaters were coordinated by the secret theatrical council four large companies and more than 40 smaller groups were active throughout the war even in the gestapo 's pawiak prison in warsaw and in auschwitz underground acting schools were also created underground actors many of whom officially worked mundane jobs included karol <unk> elżbieta <unk> henryk borowski wojciech <unk> władysław <unk> stefan jaracz tadeusz kantor mieczysław <unk> bohdan korzeniowski jan <unk> adam <unk> andrzej <unk> leon schiller arnold <unk> stanisława <unk> edmund <unk> maria <unk> karol wojtyła ( who later became pope john paul ii ) marian <unk> jerzy zawieyski and others theater was also active in the jewish ghettos and in the camps for polish war prisoners
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polish music including orchestras also went underground top polish musicians and directors ( adam <unk> zbigniew <unk> jan <unk> barbara <unk> zygmunt <unk> jerzy <unk> witold lutosławski andrzej panufnik piotr <unk> edmund rudnicki eugenia <unk> jerzy <unk> kazimierz <unk> maria <unk> bolesław woytowicz mira <unk> ) performed in restaurants cafes and private homes with the most daring singing patriotic ballads on the streets while evading german patrols patriotic songs were written such as <unk> <unk> the most popular song of occupied warsaw patriotic puppet shows were staged jewish musicians ( eg władysław szpilman ) and artists likewise performed in ghettos and even in concentration camps although many of them died some survived abroad like alexandre <unk> in the united states and eddie rosner and henryk wars in the soviet union
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visual arts were practiced underground as well cafes restaurants and private homes were turned into galleries or museums some were closed with their owners staff and patrons harassed arrested or even executed polish underground artists included eryk <unk> stanisław <unk> @@ <unk> stanisław ostoja @@ <unk> and konstanty maria <unk> some artists worked directly for the underground state forging money and documents and creating anti @@ nazi art ( satirical posters and caricatures ) or polish patriotic symbols ( for example <unk> ) these works were reprinted on underground presses and those intended for public display were plastered to walls or painted on them as graffiti many of these activities were coordinated under the action n operation of armia krajowa 's bureau of information and propaganda in 1944 three giant ( 6 m or 20 ft ) puppets caricatures of hitler and benito mussolini were successfully displayed in public places in warsaw some artists recorded life and death in occupied poland despite german bans on poles using cameras photographs and even films were taken although it was impossible to operate an underground radio station underground auditions were recorded and introduced into german radios or loudspeaker systems underground postage stamps were designed and issued since the germans also banned polish sport activities underground sport clubs were created underground football matches and even tournaments were organized in warsaw kraków and poznań although these were usually dispersed by the germans all of these activities were supported by the underground state 's department of culture
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= = = warsaw uprising = = =
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during the warsaw uprising ( august october 1944 ) people in polish @@ controlled territory endeavored to recreate the former day @@ to @@ day life of their free country cultural life was vibrant among both soldiers and the civilian population with theaters cinemas post offices newspapers and similar activities available the 10th underground tournament of poetry was held during the uprising with prizes being weaponry ( most of the polish poets of the younger generation were also members of the resistance ) headed by antoni <unk> the home army 's bureau of information and propaganda even created three newsreels and over 30 @@ 000 metres ( 98 @@ 425 ft ) of film documenting the struggle
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eugeniusz <unk> took some 1 @@ 000 photographs before he died sylwester braun some 3 @@ 000 of which 1 @@ 500 survive jerzy <unk> some 1 @@ 000 of which 600 survived
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= = culture in exile = =
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polish artists also worked abroad outside of occupied europe arkady fiedler based in britain with the polish armed forces in the west wrote about the 303 polish fighter squadron melchior <unk> wrote about the polish contribution to the capture of monte cassino in italy other writers working abroad included jan lechoń antoni słonimski kazimierz wierzyński and julian tuwim there were artists who performed for the polish forces in the west as well as for the polish forces in the east among musicians who performed for the polish ii corps in a polska parada cabaret were henryk wars and irena anders the most famous song of the soldiers fighting under the allies was the <unk> maki na monte cassino ( the red poppies on monte cassino ) composed by feliks konarski and alfred schultz in 1944 there were also polish theaters in exile in both the east and the west several polish painters mostly soldiers of the polish ii corps kept working throughout the war including tadeusz piotr <unk> adam <unk> marian <unk> bolesław <unk> and stefan knapp
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= = influence on postwar culture = =
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the wartime attempts to destroy polish culture may have strengthened it instead norman davies wrote in god 's playground in 1945 as a prize for untold sacrifices the attachment of the survivors to their native culture was stronger than ever before similarly close @@ knit underground classes from primary schools to universities were renowned for their high quality due in large part to the lower ratio of students to teachers the resulting culture was however different from the culture of interwar poland for a number of reasons the destruction of poland 's jewish community poland 's postwar territorial changes and postwar migrations left poland without its historic ethnic minorities the multicultural nation was no more
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the experience of world war ii placed its stamp on a generation of polish artists that became known as the generation of <unk> the term denotes an entire generation of poles born soon after poland regained independence in 1918 whose adolescence was marked by world war ii in their art they discovered a new poland one forever changed by the atrocities of world war ii and the ensuing creation of a communist poland
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over the years nearly three @@ quarters of the polish people have emphasized the importance of world war ii to the polish national identity many polish works of art created since the war have centered on events of the war books by tadeusz borowski adolf rudnicki henryk <unk> miron <unk> hanna krall and others films including those by andrzej wajda ( a generation <unk> ashes and diamonds <unk> a love in germany korczak katyń ) tv series ( four tank men and a dog and stakes larger than life ) music ( <unk> <unk> ) and even comic books all of these diverse works have reflected those times polish historian tomasz <unk> wrote in 1996
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educational and training programs place special emphasis on the world war ii period and on the occupation events and individuals connected with the war are ubiquitous on tv on radio and in the print media the theme remains an important element in literature and learning in film theater and the fine arts not to mention that politicians constantly make use of it probably no other country marks anniversaries related to the events of world war ii so often or so solemnly
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= arihant @@ class submarine =
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the arihant class ( sanskrit for killer of enemies ) is a class of nuclear @@ powered ballistic missile submarines being built for the indian navy they were developed under the us $ 2 @@ 9 billion advanced technology vessel ( atv ) project to design and build nuclear @@ powered submarines
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the lead vessel of the class ins arihant was launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials was confirmed as ready for operations on 23 february 2016 arihant is the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the united nations security council
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= = history = =
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in december 1971 during the indo @@ pakistani war of 1971 the us president richard nixon sent a carrier battle group named task force 74 led by the nuclear @@ powered uss enterprise into the bay of bengal in an attempt to intimidate india in response the soviet union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from vladivostok to trail the us task force the event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then prime minister indira gandhi following the 1974 smiling buddha nuclear test the director of marine engineering ( dme ) at naval headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system ( project 932 )
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the indian navy 's advanced technology vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s then defence minister george fernandes confirmed the project in 1998 the initial intent of the project was to design nuclear @@ powered fast attack submarines though following nuclear tests conducted by india in 1998 at pokhran test range and the indian pledge of no first use the project was re @@ aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete india 's nuclear triad
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= = description = =
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the arihant @@ class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the advanced technology vessel ( atv ) project they will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by india the submarines are 112 m ( 367 ft ) long with a beam of 11 m ( 36 ft ) a draught of 10 m ( 33 ft ) displacement of 6 @@ 000 tonnes ( 5 @@ 900 long tons 6 @@ 600 short tons ) and a diving depth of 300 m ( 980 ft ) the complement is about 95 including officers and sailors the boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 83 mw ( 111 @@ 000 hp ) pressurised water reactor and can achieve a maximum speed of 12 15 knots ( 22 28 km / h ) when surfaced and 24 knots ( 44 km / h ) when submerged
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the submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to 12 k @@ 15 <unk> missiles with one warhead each ( with a range of 750 km or 470 mi ) or 4 k @@ 4 missiles ( with a range of 3 @@ 500 km or 2 @@ 200 mi ) the submarines are similar to the akula @@ class submarine of russia the indian navy will train on ins chakra an akula @@ class submarine leased from russia in 2012
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= = development = =
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the submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel the miniaturized version of the reactor was designed and built by the bhabha atomic research centre ( barc ) at the indira gandhi centre for atomic research ( <unk> ) in kalpakkam it included a 42 @@ metre ( 138 ft ) section of the submarine 's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor a control room as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters the prototype reactor became critical on 11 november 2003 and was declared operational on 22 september 2006 successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for arihant the reactor subsystems were tested at the machinery test center in visakhapatnam facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established
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the detailed engineering of the design was implemented at larsen & toubro 's submarine design center at their <unk> shipbuilding facility tata power sed built the control systems for the submarine the steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by <unk> industries the lead vessel underwent a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in july 2009 the propulsion and power systems were tested with high @@ pressure steam trials followed by harbor @@ acceptance trials that included submersion tests by flooding its ballast tanks and controlled dives to limited depths ins arihant 's reactor went critical for the first time on 10 august 2013 on 13 december 2014 the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials
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= = ships in class = =
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exact number of planned submarines remains unclear according to media reports about three to six submarines are planned to be built the first boat of the class ins arihant is expected to be commissioned by 2016 the first four vessels are expected to be commissioned by 2023 in december 2014 the work on a second nuclear reactor began and the second boat ins <unk> is being prepared for sea trials the next three ships in the class after the lead ship will be larger and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry up to 8 k4 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than ins arihant a larger follow on class to the arihant class is also planned these new boats will be capable of carrying 12 to 16 ballistic missiles
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= = timeline = =
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= sms markgraf =
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sms markgraf was the third battleship of the four @@ ship könig class she served in the imperial german navy during world war i the battleship was laid down in november 1911 and launched on 4 june 1913 she was formally commissioned into the imperial navy on 1 october 1914 just over two months after the outbreak of war in europe markgraf was armed with ten 30 @@ 5 @@ centimeter ( 12 @@ 0 in ) guns in five twin turrets and could steam at a top speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h 24 mph ) markgraf was named in honor of the royal family of baden the name markgraf is a rank of german nobility and is equivalent to the english margrave or marquess
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along with her three sister ships könig grosser kurfürst and kronprinz markgraf took part in most of the fleet actions during the war including the battle of jutland on 31 may and 1 june 1916 at jutland markgraf was the third ship in the german line and heavily engaged by the opposing british grand fleet she sustained five large @@ caliber hits and her crew suffered 23 casualties markgraf also participated in operation albion the conquest of the gulf of riga in late 1917 the ship was damaged by a mine while en route to germany following the successful conclusion of the operation
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after germany 's defeat in the war and the signing of the armistice in november 1918 markgraf and most of the capital ships of the high seas fleet were interned by the royal navy in scapa flow the ships were disarmed and reduced to skeleton crews while the allied powers negotiated the final version of the treaty of versailles on 21 june 1919 days before the treaty was signed the commander of the interned fleet rear admiral ludwig von reuter ordered the fleet to be scuttled to ensure that the british would not be able to seize the ships unlike most of the scuttled ships markgraf was never raised for scrapping the wreck is still sitting on the bottom of the bay
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= = construction and design = =
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markgraf was ordered under the provisional name ersatz weissenburg and built at the ag weser shipyard in bremen under construction number 186 her keel was laid in november 1911 and she was launched on 4 june 1913 at her launching ceremony the ship was christened by frederick ii grand duke of baden the head of the royal family of baden in honor of which the ship had been named fitting @@ out work was completed by 1 october 1914 the day she was commissioned into the high seas fleet she had cost the imperial german government 45 million goldmarks
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markgraf displaced 25 @@ 796 t ( 25 @@ 389 long tons ) as built and 28 @@ 600 t ( 28 @@ 100 long tons ) fully loaded with a length of 175 @@ 4 m ( 575 ft 6 in ) a beam of 19 @@ 5 m ( 64 ft 0 in ) and a draft of 9 @@ 19 m ( 30 ft 2 in ) she was powered by three bergmann steam turbines three oil @@ fired and twelve coal @@ fired boilers which developed a total of 40 @@ 830 shp ( 30 @@ 450 kw ) and yielded a maximum speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h 24 mph ) the ship had a range of 8 @@ 000 nautical miles ( 15 @@ 000 km 9 @@ 200 mi ) at a cruising speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h 14 mph ) the ship had a crew of 41 officers and 1 @@ 095 enlisted sailors
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she was armed with ten 30 @@ 5 cm ( 12 @@ 0 in ) sk l / 50 guns arranged in five twin gun turrets two superfiring turrets each fore and aft and one turret amidships between the two funnels her secondary armament consisted of fourteen 15 cm ( 5 @@ 9 in ) sk l / 45 quick @@ firing guns six 8 @@ 8 cm ( 3 @@ 5 in ) sk l / 45 quick @@ firing guns and five 50 cm ( 20 in ) underwater torpedo tubes one in the bow and two on each beam markgraf 's 8 @@ 8 cm guns were removed and replaced with four 8 @@ 8 cm anti @@ aircraft guns the ship 's main armored belt was 350 millimeters ( 14 in ) thick the deck was 30 mm ( 1 @@ 2 in ) thick the main battery turrets and forward conning tower were armored with 300 mm ( 12 in ) thick steel plates
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