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when mason was injured in warm @@ ups late in the year columbus was without an active goaltender on their roster to remedy the situation the team signed former university of michigan goaltender shawn hunwick to a one @@ day amateur tryout contract after being eliminated from the ncaa tournament just days prior hunwick skipped an astronomy class and drove his worn down 2003 ford ranger to columbus to make the game he served as the back @@ up to allen york during the game and the following day he signed a contract for the remainder of the year with mason returning from injury hunwick was third on the team 's depth chart when an injury to york allowed hunwick to remain as the back @@ up for the final two games of the year in the final game of the season the blue jackets were leading the islanders 7 3 with 2 33 remaining when at the behest of his teammates head coach todd richards put hunwick in to finish the game he did not face a shot hunwick was the franchise record ninth player to make his nhl debut during the season conversely vaclav <unk> played in his 1000th nhl game during the year

= = transactions = =

during the off @@ season the blue jackets parted ways with defensemen jan hejda anton stralman sami <unk> and mike commodore hejda who played four of his first five nhl seasons with the blue jackets was offered a contract by columbus but felt that the organization undervalued him and left via free agency columbus had offered him a three @@ year $ 7 @@ 5 million contract he instead signed a four @@ year $ 13 million deal with the colorado avalanche stralman and <unk> were not given qualifying offers which made them unrestricted free agents and both signed with other teams commodore had originally signed a big contract with the blue jackets in 2008 but fell out of favor he was waived sent to the minors and eventually had his contract bought out in order to replace the departed players columbus not only acquired james wisniewski but also signed ten @@ year nhl veteran radek <unk> <unk> played only seven games with the blue jackets before suffering a concussion and missing the remainder of the season brett <unk> was brought in to replace him

= gregorian tower =

the gregorian tower ( italian torre <unk> ) or tower of the winds ( italian torre dei venti ) is a round tower located above the gallery of maps which connects the villa belvedere with the apostolic palace in vatican city the tower was built between 1578 and 1580 to a design by the bolognese architect ottaviano mascherino ( who was credited with building the apostolic palace ) mainly to promote the study of astronomy for the gregorian calendar reform which was commissioned by pope gregory xiii and promulgated in 1582 it was then also known as the tower of winds the tower is now called the <unk> astronomica vaticana the vatican observatory four stages of progressive development have occurred since it was first established the tower was an edifice of great value for astronomical observations made using a sundial as they provided essential confirmation of the need to reform the julian calendar

= = early history = =

the first stage of building of the tower as recorded by leo xiii in his motu proprio ut <unk> of 1891 is credited to pope gregory xiii pope from 1572 to 1585 the directive was to build a tower at a suitable location in the vatican and equip it with the greatest and best instruments of the time the design was effected after a series of meetings of the experts who had been appointed to reform the julian calendar in use since 45 bc to verify their proposed reforms fr christoph clavius a jesuit mathematician from the roman college was the expert on the committee who suggested the new system for the observations the 73 metres ( 240 ft ) tower was then built above the museum and library flanked by the belvedere and della pigna courtyards the instrumentation for the observation of the sun rays falling over it consisted of a meridian line designed by ignazio <unk> of perugia it was in the form of a circular marble plate in the centre embellished with scientific designs the tower still remains today but has undergone improvements over the centuries

= = second stage = =

the second stage of construction in the 17th and 18th centuries when the tower was under the charge of the vatican librarian involved mgr filippo luigi gilii a clergyman of st peter 's basilica earlier in 1797 pius vi gave approval to placing a latin inscription <unk> vaticana at the entrance to the upper part of the tower which was implemented by cardinal <unk> with plans to enhance the instrumentation system in the tower 's observatory the original observatory was then set up above the second level of the tower with the agreement of pope pius vi its instrumentation apart from many normal devices ( such as meteorological and magnetic equipment with a seismograph and a small transit and pendulum clock ) was noted for the <unk> telescope the instrumentation facilitated recording of occurrences of eclipse appearance of comets satellites of jupiter and mercury s transit as an addition under the patronage of pope pius x four rotary observatory domes were also added at strategic locations on the 1 @@ 300 feet ( 400 m ) long fortification walls more than a thousand years old mgr gilii highly respected as a polyglot with a knowledge of physics biology archeology and the hebrew language was in charge of the observatory from 1800 to 1821 he carried out continuous meteorological observations ( twice a day at 6 am and 2 pm ) conforming to the programme of the mannheim meteorological society while the observation records for seven years were published the balance data in a manuscript form was preserved in the vatican library subsequent to gilii 's death in 1821 the observatory on the tower was discontinued and the instruments were moved to the observatory at the roman college established in 1787 it was considered more suitable for making observations than the vatican

= = third stage = =

the revival of the observatory on the gregorian tower was initiated by the <unk> francesco denza with the approval of pope leo xiii high quality instruments were procured partly with generous donations from hicks of london and the automatic recording instruments were procured from richard in paris a four @@ inch equatorial a three @@ inch transit instrument and four pendulum clocks with two chronometers were also procured from the observatory at modena in 1888 the gift of a 16 inch long telescope to pope leo xiii became a part of the observatory father denza joined the observatory in 1889 after it was upgraded with more modern instruments the same year a second tower was built some 400 metres ( 1 @@ 300 ft ) away from the main gregorian tower overlooking the vatican gardens behind st peter 's basilica on the south @@ west border it was built to a diameter of 17 metres ( 56 ft ) with a lower wall thickness of 4 @@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) which could bear the load of a 13 inch photographic refractor newly procured from paris augustinian father rodriguez was the expert meteorologist who held the post of director from 1898 to 1905 in 1891 pope leo xiii promulgating the motu proprio ut <unk> designated the second tower as the seat of the newly established vatican observatory a decision which required altering the roof to provide a flat terrace for astronomical observations

= = fourth stage = =

the fourth stage involved remedying the problem of communicating between the two towers during the time of pope pius x his plans were to make the gregorian tower into a historical tower and to record and carry out observations at the second tower by linking the two towers along the fortified wall with a 83 metres ( 272 ft ) iron bridge spanning the gap at the west end of this bridge a four @@ inch equatorial was installed on semicircular bastion the east end of the bridge above the barracks of the gendarmes had a heliograph with a camera attached used to photograph the sun ( <unk> ) a new 16 @@ inch visual telescope called torre pio x was erected in the second tower as a result of these modifications the original library was moved to the pontifical academy lincei and the old meteorological and seismic instruments were shifted to the valle di pompei observatory the new astronomical library was housed in two rooms of the building the two new <unk> machines were used for recording on the <unk> plates the recorded observations were published along with explanatory notes together with the last two series of the atlas of stars charts were printed on silver bromide paper

= = features = =

the tower had two floors and a mezzanine on the first floor was the famous sundial room or meridian room which was initially an open loggia pope urban viii had it enclosed and it was subsequently decorated with long sequences of frescoes painted between 1580 and 1582 by simon lagi and the two flemish artists paul and matthijs <unk> today the tower has paintings by cristoforo roncalli and <unk> da siena
the sundial room also called the meridian hall was once the residence of queen christina of sweden then newly converted to catholicism the room was further modified by two additions which gave it its current name a sundial and a delicate but sophisticated <unk> which was fixed to the ceiling of the meridian hall these were created by ignazio <unk> the papal <unk> in association with the gregorian calendar reform the sundial consisted of a straight line in white marble running across the floor in a north @@ south direction intended to measure the height of the sun at noon according to the seasons of the year the observations made with the sundial provided essential confirmation of the need to reform the julian calendar the <unk> in contrast was a complex mechanism attached to the ceiling which was used to measure the strength and direction of the wind but soon stopped functioning the instrument may have led to the other name of the tower tower of the winds however an ancient observatory at athens was also called the tower of the winds and might have been the source for inspiration
the interior walls and ceiling of the hall were richly decorated in some cases with gaudy frescoes of the hills and roman countryside the <unk> religious themes the buildings surrounding the area and naval shipwrecks with jesus calming the storm and so forth


= there 's got to be a way =

there 's got to be a way is a song by american singer and songwriter mariah carey from her self @@ titled debut studio album ( 1990 ) columbia released it as the fifth and final single from the album in the united kingdom it was one of four songs carey wrote with ric wake during their first recording session together but there 's got to be a way was the only composition to make the final track listing it is a socio @@ political conscious r & b @@ pop song which addresses the existence of poverty racism and war in the world which gradually becomes more aspirational and positive as it progresses the track garnered a mixed reception upon the album 's release in 1990 while carey 's vocals were praised it was seen as too political an accompanying music video highlights social injustices the song reached number 54 on the uk singles chart

= = background and release = =

there 's got to be a way was written by mariah carey and ric wake for carey 's self @@ titled debut studio album ( 1990 ) it was written during carey and wake 's first recording session together they composed four songs but only there 's got to be a way was chosen for the final track listing co @@ produced by wake and narada michael walden it appears as the second of ten songs on the track listing the track was recorded and engineered by bob <unk> at cove city sound studios and the power station both located in new york city he was assisted by dana jon chappelle it was mixed by david frazer at tarpan studios in san rafael the keyboards bass and rhythm engineering was carried out by louis biancaniello while joe franco performed the percussion vernon ice black played the guitar and rich tancredo also performing on the keyboards walter afanasieff played the synth horns carey provided her own background vocals along with billy t scott <unk> muhammed and the billy t scott ensemble the song was released as the fifth and final single from the album in the united kingdom it is available to purchase as a cd single while the remixes are available on vinyl

= = composition = =

there 's got to be a way is an r & b @@ pop music song with elements of gospel the theme of social activism can be heard in the lyrics there s got to be a way / to connect this world today the song begins with carey publicly denouncing the existence of poverty and racism in the world and she uses the bridge to shift the lyrics towards an uplifting and aspirational tone carey suggests we should be more tolerant of each other and not resort so readily to war in the lyrics couldn 't we accept each other / can 't we make ourselves aware

= = critical reception = =

music critic robert christgau felt that carey was being too political in her brave young idealistic attack on war and destitution ralph novak david hiltbrand and david grogan of people wrote that it is a testimony to her talent that she does so much with so little they continued to write that carey 's tone and clarity makes there 's got to be a way a mesmerizing track to mark twenty @@ five years since the release of mariah carey in june 1990 billboard writer trevor anderson wrote a track @@ by @@ track review of the album in june 2015 he noted that there 's got to be a way follows the same melodic tone as the album 's opener vision of love but highlighted their stark lyrical differences as the former is about social activism and the latter is about love although he praised carey 's vocals writing that she deploys one of her best whistle notes of her career he felt that the aim for broad appeal comes at the expense of memorable lyrics

= = music video = =

the accompanying music video begins with a shot of an empty street followed by clips of disadvantaged and poorer members of society going about their daily activities two men play dominoes on a wooden crate outside a building a gang make fun of an elderly man hanging newspapers outside his store and an obese woman walks down the street clips of carey leaning against a wall and sitting on some steps looking on at what is happening are shown as the first chorus begins everyone starts to dance joyfully in the street and help those in need a gospel choir comes out of one of the buildings as the street becomes more crowded with people of all ages and backgrounds rejoicing and getting along with each other one of the shops in the background has a neon light outside the entrance which says jesus saves

= = track listings = =

there 's got to be a way ( original album version ) 4 52
there 's got to be a way ( 7 remix )
there 's got to be a way ( 12 remix )
there 's got to be a way ( alternative vocal dub mix )

= = charts = =



= nebraska highway 88 =

nebraska highway 88 ( n @@ 88 ) is a highway in northwestern nebraska it has a western terminus at wyoming highway 151 ( wyo 151 ) at the wyoming nebraska state line the road travels eastward to n @@ 71 where it turns south n @@ 88 continues east to south of bridgeport the road turns north ends at an intersection with us highway 385 ( us 385 ) and n @@ 92 in bridgeport the route was designated in 1937 before the official state highway system was created it was extended to the state line in 1986

= = route description = =

n @@ 88 starts at the nebraska wyoming state line in banner county where wyo 151 ends and travels northeast the road quickly bends east after less than one mile ( 1 @@ 6 km ) and continues in a straight line for the next twenty miles ( 32 km ) n @@ 88 intersects minor streets through rural farmland the route turns south at n @@ 71 and becomes concurrent four miles ( 6 @@ 4 km ) later n @@ 88 turns east ending the concurrency with n @@ 71 the route continues to travel through farmland for sixteen miles ( 26 km ) where it enters morrill county the road crosses over pumpkin creek four times and enters the unincorporated community of <unk> two rock formations courthouse and jail rocks become visible from the road n @@ 88 turns north toward bridgeport soon after the road crosses over pumpkin creek for the fifth time and enters into bridgeport five miles ( 8 @@ 0 km ) later the road intersects a railroad owned by bnsf railway n @@ 88 turns northeast soon after and ends at the intersection of us 385 and n @@ 92 in 2012 nebraska department of roads ( <unk> ) calculated as many as 2 @@ 410 vehicles traveling on the n @@ 71 / n @@ 88 concurrency and as few as 315 vehicles traveling east of the banner morrill county line this is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( aadt ) a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year only the n @@ 71 / n @@ 88 concurrency is part of the national highway system ( nhs ) a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy mobility and defense of the nation

= = history = =

n @@ 88 was unofficially designated around 1937 connecting from n @@ 29 to n @@ 86 and n @@ 19 in bridgeport the route remained relatively the same as the state highway system was officially designated before 1955 nebraska did not have an adequate legal instrument to define the state highway system by 1960 n @@ 19 was renumbered to us 385 and us 26 was rerouted north near bridgeport the old alignment became part of n @@ 92 two years later n @@ 29 was renumbered to n @@ 71 between 1981 @@ 82 a road appeared on the official state map extending from wyo 151 to n @@ 71 that road became part of n @@ 88 by 1986 no significant changes have been made since

= = major intersections = =



= uss atlanta ( 1861 ) =

atlanta was a casemate ironclad that served in the confederate and union navies during the american civil war she was converted from a scottish @@ built blockade runner named fingal by the confederacy after she made one run to savannah georgia after several failed attempts to attack union blockaders the ship was captured by two union monitors in 1863 when she ran aground atlanta was floated off repaired and rearmed serving in the union navy for the rest of the war she spent most of her time deployed on the james river supporting union forces there the ship was decommissioned in 1865 and placed in reserve several years after the end of the war atlanta was sold to haiti but was lost at sea in december 1869 on her delivery voyage

= = description and career as fingal = =

fingal was designed and built as a merchantman by j & g thomson 's clyde bank iron shipyard at govan in glasgow scotland and was completed early in 1861 she was described by midshipman dabney scales who served on the atlanta before her battle with the monitors as being a two @@ masted iron @@ hulled ship 189 feet ( 57 @@ 6 m ) long with a beam of 25 feet ( 7 @@ 6 m ) she had a draft of 12 feet ( 3 @@ 7 m ) and a depth of hold of 15 feet ( 4 @@ 6 m ) he estimated her tonnage at around 700 tons bm fingal was equipped with two vertical single @@ cylinder direct @@ acting steam engines using steam generated by one flue @@ tubular boiler the engines drove the ship at a top speed of around 13 knots ( 24 km / h 15 mph ) they had a bore of 39 inches ( 991 mm ) and a stroke of 30 inches ( 762 mm )
the ship briefly operated between glasgow and other ports in scotland for hutcheson 's west highland service before she was purchased in september 1861 by james d bulloch the primary foreign agent in great britain for the confederacy to deliver the military and naval ordnance and supplies that he had purchased to disguise his control of fingal and the destination of her cargo bulloch hired an english crew and captain and put out his destination as bermuda and nassau in the bahamas the cargo was loaded in greenock in early october although bullock and the other passengers would not attempt to board until they rendezvoused with the ship at holyhead wales on the night 14 / 15 october as she was slowly rounding the breakwater at holyhead fingal rammed and sank the austrian brig <unk> slowly swinging at anchor without lights bulloch and the passengers embarked in the steamer while bulloch dispatched a letter to his financial agents instructing them to settle damages with the brig 's owners because he could not afford to take the time to deal with the affair lest he and fingal be detained the ship reached bermuda on 2 november and after leaving port on 7 november bulloch informed the crew that the steamer 's real destination was savannah georgia he offered to take anyone who objected to the plan to nassau however all of the crew agreed to join in the effort to run the union blockade fingal was able slip safely into the savannah estuary in a heavy fog on the night of 12 november without sighting any blockaders
while fingal was discharging her cargo bulloch went to richmond to confer with stephen mallory secretary of the navy mallory endorsed bulloch 's plan to load fingal with cotton to sell on the navy department 's account to be used to purchase more ships and equipment in europe he returned to savannah on 23 november and it took him almost a month to purchase a cargo and acquire enough coal he made one attempt to break through the blockade on 23 december but it proved impossible to do as the union controlled every channel from savannah aided by their occupation of tybee island at the mouth of the savannah river bulloch reported to mallory in late january 1862 that breaking out was hopeless so mallory ordered him to turn the ship over to another officer and to return to europe some other way

= = as atlanta = =

the brothers asa and nelson tift received the contract to convert the blockade runner into an ironclad in early 1862 with the name of atlanta after the city in georgia this was largely financed by contributions from the women of savannah fingal was cut down to her main deck and large wooden sponsons were built out from the sides of her hull to support her casemate after the conversion atlanta was 204 feet ( 62 @@ 2 m ) long overall and had a beam of 41 feet ( 12 m ) her depth of hold was now 17 feet ( 5 @@ 2 m ) and she now had a draft of 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 @@ 8 m ) atlanta now displaced 1 @@ 006 long tons ( 1 @@ 022 t ) and her speed was estimated at 7 10 knots ( 13 19 km / h 8 @@ 1 11 @@ 5 mph )
the armor of the casemate was angled at 30 ° from the horizontal and made from two layers of railroad rails rolled into plates 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick and 7 inches ( 180 mm ) wide the outer layer ran vertically and the inner layer horizontally her armor was backed by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of oak vertically oriented and two layers of 7 @@ 5 inches ( 191 mm ) of pine alternating in direction the bottom of the casemate was some 20 inches ( 508 mm ) from the waterline and its top was 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 @@ 59 m ) above the waterline the pyramidal pilothouse was armored in the same way and had room for two men the upper portion of atlanta 's hull received two inches of armor
the rectangular casemate was pierced with eight narrow gun ports one each at the bow and stern and three along each side each gun port was protected by an armored shutter made of two layers of iron riveted together and allowed the guns to elevate only to a maximum of + 5 to + 7 ° atlanta was armed with single @@ banded 7 @@ inch ( 178 mm ) brooke rifles on pivot mounts at the bow and stern the middle gun port on each side was occupied by a single @@ banded 6 @@ 4 @@ inch ( 163 mm ) brooke rifle the 17 @@ caliber seven @@ inch guns weighed about 15 @@ 000 pounds ( 6 @@ 800 kg ) and fired 80 @@ pound ( 36 kg ) armor @@ piercing bolts and 110 @@ pound ( 50 kg ) explosive shells the equivalent statistics for the 18 @@ 5 @@ caliber 6 @@ 4 @@ inch gun were 9 @@ 110 pounds ( 4 @@ 130 kg ) with 80 @@ pound bolts and 64 @@ pound ( 29 kg ) shells atlanta was also armed with a 20 @@ foot ( 6 @@ 1 m ) solid iron ram that was reinforced by a series of vertical steel bars in front of the ram was a spar torpedo that carried 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of black powder on a wooden pole connected to an iron lever that could be raised or lowered by means of pulleys
on 31 july 1862 under the command of lieutenant charles h mcblair atlanta conducted her sea trials down the savannah river toward fort pulaski the ship proved to be difficult to steer and the additional weight of her armor and guns significantly reduced her speed and increased her draft this latter was a real problem in the shallow waters near savannah she also leaked significantly and her design virtually eliminated air circulation one report said that it was almost intolerable on board the atlanta there being no method of ventilation and the heat was intense scales commented in his diary what a comfortless infernal and god @@ forsaken ship
attempts were made to fix the problems and were at least partially successful in stopping many of the leaks the ship was commissioned on 22 november and became the flagship of flag officer josiah tattnall commander of the naval defenses of georgia under pressure from mallory to engage the blockading ships tattnall attempted to engage them before any ironclads arrived on 5 january 1863 but army engineers could not clear the obstacles blocking the channel in a timely manner despite early coordination being made by tattnall to do so it took another month to actually clear the obstacles and two monitors arrived before the end of january nonetheless tattnall attempted to pass through the obstructions during high tide on 3 february but high winds prevented the water from rising enough to allow the ship to do so after atlanta successfully passed through them on 19 march tattnall planned to attack the union base at port royal south carolina while the monitors were attacking charleston deserters revealed tatnall 's plan while he was waiting at the head of <unk> sound and he was forced to retreat when three monitors augmented the defenses at port royal dissatisfied with tattnall 's perceived lack of aggressiveness mallory replaced tattnall as commander of the savannah squadron later that month with commander richard l page page in his turn was relieved in may by commander william a webb atlanta remained the squadron flagship throughout this time
webb demonstrated his aggressiveness when he attempted to sortie on the first spring tide ( 30 may ) after taking command but atlanta 's forward engine broke down after he had passed the obstructions and the ship ran aground she was not damaged although it took over a day to pull her free he planned to make another attempt on the next full tide rejecting mallory 's idea that he wait until the nearly complete ironclad savannah was finished before his next sortie in the meantime rear admiral samuel f du pont commander of the south atlantic blockading squadron had ordered the monitors weehawken and nahant into <unk> sound commander john rodgers in weehawken had overall command of the two ships
in the early evening of 15 june webb began his next attempt by passing over the lower obstructions in the wilmington river and spent the rest of the night coaling he moved forward the next evening to a concealed position within easy reach of the monitors for an attack early the following morning webb planned to sink one of the monitors with his spar torpedo and then deal with the other one with his guns the gunboat <unk> and the tugboat resolute were to accompany him to tow one or both of the monitors back to savannah
a lookout aboard weehawken spotted atlanta at 04 10 on the morning of 17 june when the latter ship closed to within about 1 @@ 5 miles ( 2 @@ 4 km ) of the two union ships she fired one round from her bow gun that passed over weehawken and landed near nahant shortly afterward atlanta ran aground on a sandbar she was briefly able to free herself but the pressure of the tide pushed her back onto the sandbar this time webb was unable to get off and the monitors closed the range when weehawken the leading ship closed to within 200 300 yards ( 180 270 m ) she opened fire with both of her guns the 11 @@ inch ( 279 mm ) shell missed but the 15 @@ inch ( 381 mm ) shell struck the ironclad above the port middle gun port penetrated her armor and broke the wooden backing behind it spraying splinters and fragments that disabled the entire gun crew and half the crew of the bow gun even though it failed to cleanly penetrate through the backing the next shot from the 11 @@ inch dahlgren gun struck the upper hull and started a small leak even though it failed to penetrate the two @@ inch armor there the next shell from the 15 @@ inch dahlgren glanced off the middle starboard gun shutter as it was being opened wounding half the gun 's crew with fragments the final shell was also from the 15 @@ inch dahlgren and it struck the top of the pilothouse breaking the armor there and wounding both pilots in it by this time atlanta had been able to fire only seven shots none of which hit either union ship and was hard aground with high tide not due for another hour and a half weehawken and nahant were able to freely maneuver into positions from which the atlanta 's narrow gun ports would not allow her to reply and the damage already inflicted by the former ship made further resistance futile webb surrendered his ship within 15 minutes of opening fire before nahant even had a chance to fire of the ironclad 's 21 officers and 124 enlisted men one man was killed and another sixteen were wounded badly enough to require hospitalization

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