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= 1940 atlantic hurricane season =
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the 1940 atlantic hurricane season was a generally average period of tropical cyclogenesis in 1940 though the season had no official bounds most tropical cyclone activity occurred during august and september throughout the year fourteen tropical cyclones formed of which nine reached tropical storm intensity six were hurricanes none of the hurricanes reached major hurricane intensity tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration may have remained undetected because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable as a result of a reanalysis project which analyzed the season in 2012 an additional hurricane was added to hurdat the year 's first tropical storm formed on may 19 off the northern coast of hispaniola at the time this was a rare occurrence as only four other tropical disturbances were known to have formed prior during this period since then reanalysis of previous seasons has concluded that there were more than four tropical cyclones in may before 1940 the season 's final system was a tropical disturbance situated in the greater antilles which dissipated on november 8
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all three hurricanes in august brought flooding rainfall to areas of the united states the first became the wettest tropical cyclone recorded in louisiana history the second hurricane impacted regions of the southeastern united states producing record precipitation and killing at least 52 people despite not making landfall the third hurricane in august interacted with a stationary front over the mid @@ atlantic states resulting in localized flooding and thus making the tropical cyclone the wettest in new jersey history this hurricane would also be the strongest in the hurricane season with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 961 mbar ( hpa 28 @@ 39 inhg ) making it a high @@ end category 2 hurricane on the modern @@ day saffir simpson hurricane wind scale activity decreased in september though a damaging hurricane swept through areas of the canadian maritimes resulting in large crop and infrastructural losses two tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm strength were recorded in october though neither resulted in fatalities collectively storms in the hurricane season caused 71 fatalities and $ 29 @@ 329 million in damages the 1940 south carolina hurricane which swept through areas of the southeastern united states in august was the most damaging and deadly of the tropical cyclones
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= = storms = =
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= = = tropical storm one = = =
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on may 18 a weak low @@ pressure area was detected south of hispaniola moving northward the low became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical storm at 1200 utc on may 19 southeast of turks island at the time ship observations indicated that the disturbance had a well @@ defined cyclonic circulation with the strongest winds situated in the northern semicircle of the cyclone continuing northward the tropical storm gradually intensified and attained maximum sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) by 0000 utc on may 22 the belgian ship ms <unk> recorded a peripheral barometric pressure of 996 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 42 inhg ) this was the lowest pressure measured in connection with the storm the following day the tropical storm temporarily curved towards the east @@ southeast before recurving back towards a northeast direction at the same time the storm expanded in size and began to transition into an extratropical cyclone by 1200 utc the cyclone completed its extratropical transition due to the entrainment of colder air the remnant system persisted until 0600 utc on may 27
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= = = hurricane two = = =
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on august 3 an extratropical cyclone developed into a tropical depression off the west coast of florida initially a weak disturbance it moved generally westward slowly gaining in intensity early on august 4 the depression attained tropical storm intensity ships in the vicinity of the storm reported a much stronger tropical cyclone than initially suggested after reaching hurricane strength on august 5 south of the mississippi river delta the storm strengthened further into a modern @@ day category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph and a minimum barometric pressure of 972 mbar ( hpa 28 @@ 71 inhg ) at 0600 utc on august 7 the hurricane moved ashore near sabine pass texas later that day at peak strength once inland the storm executed a sharp curve to the north and quickly weakened degenerating into a tropical storm on august 8 before dissipating over arkansas on august 10
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reports of a potentially destructive hurricane near the united states gulf coast forced thousands of residents in low @@ lying areas to evacuate prior to the storm moving inland offshore the hurricane generated rough seas and a strong storm surge peaking at 6 @@ 4 ft ( 1 @@ 95 m ) on the western edge of lake pontchartrain the anomalously high tides flooded many of louisiana 's outlying islands inundating resorts strong winds caused moderate infrastructural damage primarily in texas though its impact was mainly to communication networks along the us gulf coast which were disrupted by the winds however much of the property and crop damage wrought by the hurricane was due to the torrential rainfall it produced in low @@ lying areas setting off record floods rainfall peaked at 37 @@ 5 in ( 953 mm ) in miller island off louisiana making it the wettest tropical cyclone in state history nineteen official weather stations in both texas and louisiana observed record 24 @@ hour rainfall totals for the month of august as a result of the slow @@ moving hurricane property livestock and crops especially cotton corn and pecan crops were heavily damaged entire ecosystems were also altered by the rainfall overall the storm caused $ 10 @@ 75 million in damages and seven fatalities
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= = = hurricane three = = =
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a storm of potentially cape verde origin was detected in the virgin islands at 1800 utc on august 5 initially moving westward the tropical storm gradually gained in intensity before making a sharp curve towards the north on august 8 the storm continued in a northerly motion before a second curvature brought it in a generally westward direction on august 9 shortly after the tropical storm reached hurricane intensity as a modern @@ day category 1 hurricane the hurricane eventually made landfall at peak intensity on hilton head island south carolina at 2030 utc on september 21 at the time the storm had maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of 972 mbar ( hpa 28 @@ 71 inhg ) equivalent to a modern @@ day category 2 hurricane once inland the tropical cyclone gradually weakened and recurved northeastward before dissipating over the appalachian mountains on august 14
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the hurricane dropped torrential rainfall over the southeast united states causing unprecedented devastation in the region the storm was considered the worst to impact in the region in at least 29 years precipitation peaked at 20 @@ 65 in ( 525 mm ) in idlewild north carolina the heavy rainfall caused streams to greatly exceed their respective flood stages damaging waterfront property many of the deaths occurred in north carolina where 30 people died transportation was disrupted as a result of the debris scattered by the wind and rain in caldwell county alone 90 percent of bridges were swept away overall the storm caused 50 fatalities and $ 13 million in damages
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= = = hurricane four = = =
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on august 26 a low @@ pressure area in the open atlantic ocean became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical cyclone moving slowly in a general west @@ northwest motion the disturbance intensified reaching tropical storm strength on august 28 and subsequently hurricane intensity on august 30 the hurricane passed within 85 mi ( 135 km ) of cape hatteras before recurving towards the northeast however the hurricane continued to intensify and reached peak intensity as a modern @@ day category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 961 mbar ( hpa 28 @@ 38 inhg ) though these statistical peaks were achieved at different times on september 2 afterwards the tropical cyclone began a weakening trend as it proceeded northward and had degenerated into a tropical storm by the time it made its first landfall on nova scotia later that day the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the next day while making another landfall on new brunswick the extratropical remnants persisted into quebec before merging with a larger extratropical system late on september 3
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despite not making landfall on the united states the hurricane caused widespread damage extensive precautionary measures were undertaken across the coast particularly in new england the heightened precautions were due in part to fears that effects from the storm would be similar to that of a devastating hurricane which struck the region two years prior most of the damage associated with the hurricane occurred in new jersey where the combination of moisture from the hurricane and a stationary front produced record rainfall peaking at 24 in ( 610 mm ) in the town of ewan this would make the storm the wettest in state history the resultant floods damaged infrastructure mostly to road networks damage in the state amounted to $ 4 million further north in new england strong winds were reported though damage remained minimal although the storm made two landfalls in atlantic canada damage too was minimal and was limited to several boating incidents caused by strong waves overall the hurricane caused $ 4 @@ 05 million in damage primarily due to flooding in new jersey and seven fatalities
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= = = hurricane five = = =
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a tropical depression was first detected east of the lesser antilles on september 7 though at the time weather observations in the area were sparse the disturbance gradually intensified throughout much of its early formative stages attaining tropical storm strength on september 10 further strengthening into a hurricane north of puerto rico occurred two days later shortly thereafter the hurricane recurved northward and reached peak intensity the following day as a modern @@ day category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of at least 988 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 18 inhg ) the cyclone steadily weakened thereafter before making landfall on nova scotia on september 17 with winds of 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) moving into the gulf of saint lawrence later that day the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the remnant system curved eastward and passed over newfoundland before dissipating over the atlantic on september 19
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while off of the united states east coast the hurricane caused numerous shipping incidents most notably the stranding of the swedish freighter laponia off of cape hatteras north carolina on september 16 two other boat incidents resulted in two deaths the hurricane also brought strong winds of tropical storm @@ force and snow over areas of new england in atlantic canada a strong storm surge peaking at 4 ft ( 1 @@ 3 m ) above average sunk or damaged several ships and inundated cities in new brunswick the waves hurt the lobster fishing industry in nova scotia strong winds disrupted telecommunication and power services the winds also severely damaged crops roughly half of apple production in annapolis valley was lost during the storm resulting in around $ 1 @@ 49 million in economic losses strong winds in new brunswick caused moderate to severe infrastructural damage and additional damages to crops occurred there overall the hurricane caused three fatalities with two off of the united states and one in new brunswick
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= = = tropical storm six = = =
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a westward moving tropical depression developed in the southwestern caribbean sea just west of bluefields nicaragua at 1200 utc on september 18 the following day the depression intensified into a tropical storm at 0600 utc the tropical storm made landfall on the mosquito coast of nicaragua at 1400 utc with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression over land but reintensified back to tropical storm strength upon entry into the gulf of honduras on september 20 the cyclone 's northwest motion caused it to make a second landfall near the border of mexico and british honduras at 0300 utc on september 21 as a slightly stronger system with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) this would be the storm 's peak intensity over the yucatán peninsula the tropical storm re @@ weakened but later intensified once again once it reached the gulf of mexico in the gulf the storm made a gradual curve northward before making a final landfall near lafayette louisiana at 0900 utc on september 24 with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1002 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 59 inhg ) once inland the tropical cyclone curved eastward and weakened before dissipating the next day after becoming absorbed by a frontal boundary
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upon making landfall the tropical storm produced strong winds over a wide area the strongest winds were reported by a station in san antonio texas which reported 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) winds far removed from the storm 's center these strong winds were likely due to squalls heavy rainfall was also reported though the rains mainly occurred to the east of the passing tropical cyclone precipitation peaked at 10 in ( 254 mm ) in ville platte louisiana the tropical storm produced three tornadoes over the southern united states which <unk> caused $ 39 @@ 000 in damage and caused two fatalities two of the tornadoes formed in mississippi while one formed in louisiana several other people were also injured by the tornadoes
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= = = hurricane seven = = =
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in late september a tropical wave persisted in the northeastern atlantic ocean the low @@ pressure area later became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical storm at 0000 utc on september 22 the disturbance quickly organized after tropical cyclogenesis and reached a strength equivalent to a modern @@ day category 1 hurricane strength at 1800 utc later that day the american steamship otho encountered the system that day and reported gale force winds in conjunction with a peripheral barometric pressure of 996 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 42 inhg ) the tropical cyclone continued to the east @@ northeast where it gradually intensified at 1200 utc on september 23 the hurricane attained modern @@ day category 2 hurricane intensity with winds of 100 mbar ( 155 km / h ) a peak which would be maintained for at least the following 12 hours a second steamship the lobito reported hurricane @@ force winds along with a minimum pressure of 977 mbar ( hpa 28 @@ 85 inhg ) this would be the lowest pressure measured associated with the tropical cyclone after reaching peak intensity the hurricane began a weakening trend and degenerated to a category 1 hurricane at 0600 utc as it passed over the azores the following day the hurricane recurved westward where it weakened before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on september 28 this remnant system subsequently dissipated
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as the hurricane passed over the azores several weather stations reported low barometric pressures with the lowest being a measurement of 984 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 06 inhg ) on terceira island at 0600 utc on september 25 as a result of the impending storm several pan am clipper flights to the archipelago were suspended for three consecutive days the maximum reported gust in the azores was an observation of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) on september 25 as a result of moving slowly over the islands torrential rainfall was also reported at angra do heroísmo 13 @@ 11 in ( 333 mm ) of precipitation was reported in a four @@ day accounting for a third of the station 's yearly average rainfall strong storm surge was reported at the same location the waves swept boats away from the coasts of islands further inland there was extensive damage to homes and crops though no people died despite evidence that the system had distinct tropical characteristics it was not operationally added to hurdat
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= = = hurricane eight = = =
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on october 19 a low @@ pressure area moved into the southwestern caribbean sea the area of disturbed weather quickly became well @@ organized and was analyzed to have become a tropical depression at 0000 utc on october 20 initially the tropical cyclone moved very slowly towards the west and then the northwest shortly after formation the disturbance intensified into a tropical storm at 1800 utc later that day the ss cristobal provided the first indications of a tropical cyclone in the region after reporting strong gusts and low pressures north of the panama canal zone during that evening continuing to intensify the storm reached hurricane intensity at 0600 utc on october 22 several vessels in the storm 's vicinity reported strong gusts and rough seas generated by the storm later that day at 1200 utc the ship ss castilla reported a minimum pressure of 983 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 03 inhg ) near the periphery of the storm based on this observation the hurricane was estimated to have reached intensity at the same time with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) the hurricane subsequently curved west and then southwest before making its only landfall in northern nicaragua at 1900 utc on october 23 at peak intensity once inland the tropical cyclone rapidly weakened over mountainous terrain and dissipated at 1200 utc the following day reports of damage were limited though a report stated that considerable damage had occurred where the hurricane made landfall
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= = = tropical storm nine = = =
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on october 23 an open trough was centered north of hispaniola near the turks and caicos islands at 0000 utc the following day the area of disturbed weather became organized and was analyzed to have become a tropical storm southeast of inagua based on nearby vessel reports initially the storm drifted northward but later began to accelerate towards the northeast after a roughly 12 @@ hour period at 0600 utc on september 25 the disturbance slightly gained in intensity to attain maximum wind speeds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) these would be the strongest winds associated with the storm as a fully tropical cyclone a reanalysis of the system indicated that due to a lack of definite tropical features the storm may have had been a subtropical cyclone on october 26 the system became increasingly asymmetric and had developed frontal boundaries allowing for it to be classified as an extratropical cyclone at 0600 utc that day once transitioning into an extratropical system the storm continued to intensified as it moved northward on october 27 the system was analyzed to have a minimum pressure of at least 985 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 09 inhg ) after passing to the southeast of bermuda at 1200 utc later that day the cyclone reached an extratropical peak intensity with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) just east of newfoundland had the storm been tropical at the time it would have been classified as a modern @@ day category 1 hurricane subsequently the extratropical storm curved eastward where it persisted before dissipating by 1800 utc on september 29
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= = = tropical depressions = = =
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in addition to the storms which attained at least tropical storm strength in 1940 five additional tropical depressions were analyzed by the hurdat reanalysis project to have developed during the season due to their weak intensity however they were not added to hurdat on september 2 a closed low @@ pressure area was detected in the open atlantic ocean southeast of bermuda and was analyzed as a tropical depression at the time the disturbance had a minimum pressure of at least 1015 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 98 inhg ) the depression initially moved to the southeast but later recurved towards the northwest over the next two days on september 4 the ss west <unk> en route for boston massachusetts reported winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) which would be considered as tropical storm @@ force winds the depression later moved to the northeast before it was absorbed by a stationary front on september 7 since there was only one report that the disturbance may have reached tropical storm intensity it was not included in hurdat later on september 10 a trough was detected in a similar region in the atlantic where the first depression formed the trough later became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression the cyclone moved slowly to the east and did not further intensify before dissipating on september 13
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on october 7 a large elongated extratropical cyclone extended across the atlantic ocean with a pressure of at most 1015 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 98 inhg ) the following day the low @@ pressure area became more narrow and well @@ defined with its central pressure deepening to 1000 mph ( hpa 29 @@ 53 inhg ) on october 9 the extratropical system was analyzed to have become a tropical depression the low moved slowly to the northeast and gradually weakened before dissipating on october 10 on october 14 offshore observations indicated that a tropical depression had developed north of the bahamas the following day however the depression became less defined and degenerated into a trough of low pressure on october 16 two ships listed in the international comprehensive ocean @@ atmosphere data set reported winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) off the coast of north carolina however since these reports occurred in a higher pressure gradient the system was not included in hurdat
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on november 2 a trough of low @@ pressure was analyzed near the lesser antilles the system moved westward into the caribbean sea without much organization on november 7 the low @@ pressure area moved south of cuba and became sufficiently organized to be considered a tropical depression with a pressure of at least 1010 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 83 inhg ) the depression moved over cuba and into the atlantic where it dissipated the following day on november 9 a second system was detected northeast of bermuda with a pressure of 1005 mbar ( hpa 29 @@ 68 inhg ) though it remained unclear whether the two systems were related
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= = season effects = =
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= ode to a nightingale =
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ode to a nightingale is a poem by john keats written either in the garden of the spaniards inn hampstead london or according to keats ' friend charles armitage brown under a plum tree in the garden of keats ' house at wentworth place also in hampstead according to brown a nightingale had built its nest near the house keats and brown shared in the spring of 1819 inspired by the bird 's song keats composed the poem in one day it soon became one of his 1819 odes and was first published in annals of the fine arts the following july
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ode to a nightingale is a personal poem that describes keats 's journey into the state of negative capability the tone of the poem rejects the optimistic pursuit of pleasure found within keats 's earlier poems and rather explores the themes of nature transience and mortality the latter being particularly personal to keats
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the nightingale described within the poem experiences a type of death but does not actually die instead the songbird is capable of living through its song which is a fate that humans cannot expect the poem ends with an acceptance that pleasure cannot last and that death is an inevitable part of life in the poem keats imagines the loss of the physical world and sees himself dead as a sod over which the nightingale sings the contrast between the immortal nightingale and mortal man sitting in his garden is made all the more acute by an effort of the imagination the presence of weather is noticeable in the poem as spring came early in 1819 bringing nightingales all over the heath
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= = background = =
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of keats 's six major odes of 1819 ode to psyche was probably written first and to autumn written last sometime between these two he wrote ode to a nightingale it is possible that ode to a nightingale was written between 26 april and 18 may 1819 based on weather conditions and similarities between images in the poem and those in a letter sent to fanny keats on may day the poem was composed at the hampstead house keats shared with brown possibly while sitting beneath a plum tree in the garden according to keats ' friend brown keats finished the ode in just one morning in the spring of 1819 a nightingale had built her nest near my house keats felt a tranquil and continual joy in her song and one morning he took his chair from the breakfast @@ table to the grass @@ plot under a plum @@ tree where he sat for two or three hours when he came into the house i perceived he had some scraps of paper in his hand and these he was quietly thrusting behind the books on inquiry i found those scraps four or five in number contained his poetic feelings on the song of the nightingale brown 's account is personal as he claimed the poem was directly influenced by his house and preserved by his own doing however keats relied on both his own imagination and other literature as sources for his depiction of the nightingale
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the exact date of ode to a nightingale as well as ode on indolence ode on melancholy and ode on a grecian urn is unknown as keats dated all as ' may 1819 ' however he worked on the four poems together and there is a unity in both their stanza forms and their themes the exact order the poems were written in is also unknown but they form a sequence within their structures while keats was writing ode on a grecian urn and the other poems brown transcribed copies of the poems and submitted them to richard woodhouse during this time benjamin haydon keats ' friend was given a copy of ode to a nightingale and he shared the poem with the editor of the annals of the fine arts james elmes elmes paid keats a small sum of money and the poem was published in the july issue the poem was later included in keats ' 1820 collection of poems lamia isabella the eve of st agnes and other written by <unk> kumar
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poems
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= = structure = =
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ode to a nightingale was probably the first of the middle set of four odes that keats wrote following ode to psyche according to brown there is further evidence of this in the structure of the poems because keats combines two different types of lyrical poetry in an experimental way the odal hymn and the lyric of questioning voice that responds to the odal hymn this combination of structures is similar to that in ode on a grecian urn in both poems the dual form creates a sort of dramatic element within the poem the stanza forms of the poem is a combination of elements from petrarchan sonnets and shakespearean sonnets
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when it came to vowel forms keats incorporated a pattern of alternating historically short and long vowel sounds in his ode in particular line 18 ( and purple @@ stained mouth ) has the historical pattern of short followed by long followed by short and followed by long this alteration is continued in longer lines including line 31 ( away away for i will fly to thee ) which contains five pairs of alternations however other lines such as line 3 ( or emptied some dull opiate to the drains ) rely on a pattern of five short vowels followed by long and short vowel pairings until they end with a long vowel these are not the only combination patterns present and there are patterns of two short vowels followed by a long vowel in other lines including 12 22 and 59 which are repeated twice and then followed up with two sets of short and then long vowel pairs this reliance on vowel sounds is not unique to this ode but is common to keats 's other 1819 odes and his eve of st agnes
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the poem incorporates a complex reliance on assonance the repetition of vowel sounds in a conscious pattern as found in many of his poems such a reliance on assonance is found in very few english poems within ode to a nightingale an example of this pattern can be found in line 35 ( already with thee tender is the night ) where the ea of already connects with the e of tender and the i of with connects with the i of is this same pattern is found again in line 41 ( i cannot see what flowers are at my feet ) with the a of cannot linking with the a of at and the ee of see linking with the ee of feet this system of assonance can be found in approximately a tenth of the lines of keats 's later poetry
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when it came to other sound patterns keats relied on double or triple caesuras in approximately 6 of lines throughout the 1819 odes an example from ode to a nightingale can be found within line 45 ( the grass the thicket and the fruit @@ tree wild ) as the pauses after the commas are a masculine pause furthermore keats began to reduce the amount of latin @@ based words and syntax that he relied on in his poetry which in turn shortened the length of the words that dominate the poem there is also an emphasis on words beginning with consonants especially those that begin with b p or v these three consonants are relied on heavily in the first stanza and they are used <unk> to add a musical tone within the poem
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in terms of poetic meter keats relies on spondee throughout his 1819 odes and in just over 8 of his lines within ode to a nightingale including line 12
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and line 25
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to walter jackson bate the use of spondees in lines 31 34 creates a feeling of slow flight and in the final stanza the distinctive use of scattered spondees together with initial inversion lend [ s ] an approximate phonetic suggestion of the peculiar spring and bounce of the bird in its flight
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= = poem = =
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my heart aches and a drowsy numbness pains
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my sense as though of hemlock i had drunk
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or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
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one minute past and lethe @@ wards had sunk
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'tis not through envy of thy happy lot 5
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but being too happy in thine happiness
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that thou light @@ wingèd dryad of the trees
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in some melodious plot
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of <unk> green and shadows numberless
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<unk> of summer in full @@ throated ease 10
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o for a draught of vintage that hath been
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cool 'd a long age in the deep @@ <unk> earth
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tasting of flora and the country @@ green
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dance and provençal song and sunburnt mirth
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o for a beaker full of the warm south 15
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