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= wasp @@ 13b =
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wasp @@ 13b is an extrasolar planet that was discovered in 2008 in the orbit of the sunlike star wasp @@ 13 the planet has a mass of nearly half that of jupiter but a radius five @@ fourths the size of jupiter this low relative mass might be caused by a core that is of low mass or that is not present at all
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the planet orbits at approximately 5 of the distance between the sun and earth every four days the star was observed several times between 2006 and 2009 at first through the superwasp program and later through focused follow @@ up observations analysis of collected radial velocity measurements led to the discovery of wasp @@ 13b which was reported in a journal on april 7 2009 a follow @@ up study published in 2011 investigated the cause for inflated planets such as wasp @@ 13b and re @@ examined ( and re @@ constrained ) its mass radius density and age
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= = discovery = =
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between november 27 2006 and april 1 2007 <unk> images of the star wasp @@ 13 by the superwasp @@ north program based at roque de los muchachos observatory in the canary islands led to the identification of wasp @@ 13 as host to a potentially transiting object photometric follow @@ up observations were taken on february 16 2008 using the james gregory telescope ( jgt ) in scotland which took 1047 exposures of the star although the last twenty images taken were obscured by cloud cover and were discarded using hd <unk> as a reference star along with jgt measurements the astronomers investigating the system were able to create a light curve for the transiting planet
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wasp @@ 13 was observed between february 11 and 15 in 2008 by the sophie échelle spectrograph at the haute @@ provence observatory in france determining the radial velocity of the transiting body use of the fies <unk> spectrograph at the nordic optical telescope in the canary islands gained other spectral measurements that yielded the characteristics of the star analysis of the sophie and fies data were used to constrain some of the orbiting body 's characteristics the discovery of the orbiting body 's mass using radial velocity measurements led to its confirmation as the planet wasp @@ 13b
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the discovery of wasp @@ 13b was reported in the journal astronomy and astrophysics by the european southern observatory on may 19 2009 the discovery paper was received by the journal on april 7 2009
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later between 2009 and 2011 another team of astronomers observed wasp @@ 13b and wasp @@ 21b to find what caused some hot jupiters to have anomalously high radii the rise photometric camera on the liverpool telescope was used to detect further transits two partial transits and two full transits were observed during this period although the quality of both full transits was slightly compromised because of passing cloud cover the collected observations along with the jgt observations that were used to confirm the planet were scaled to filter out errors such as background noise the data was then used to re @@ define wasp @@ 13b 's parameters including its age mass radius and density the study also noted that a limb darkening effect was present a characteristic that may affect future atmospheric studies of the planet
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= = host star = =
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wasp @@ 13 is a sunlike g @@ type star located in the lynx constellation measurements taken by fies and sophie did not constrain the mass radius or age well however a later 2011 study using the liverpool telescope better @@ constrained those parameters the star 's mass is estimated at 1 @@ 09 times the mass of the sun its radius at 1 @@ 559 times that of the sun and its density at 0 @@ 288 time 's the sun 's density these characteristics are re @@ defined taking limb darkening into account the star 's metallicity which is measured by iron content is placed roughly at [ fe / h ] = 0 similar to that of the sun also the star 's estimated effective temperature is <unk> k slightly warmer than the sun
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wasp @@ 13 has an apparent magnitude of 10 @@ 42 making it invisible to the unaided eye as seen from earth
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= = characteristics = =
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wasp @@ 13b is a transiting planet with an estimated mass that is ( including limb darkening ) 0 @@ 477 times that of jupiter and a radius that is 1 @@ 389 times jupiter 's radius the planet is in other words less than half the mass of jupiter but slightly less than fourteen tenths its size wasp @@ 13b 's low mass can mostly likely be attributed to the presence of a low @@ mass core or to the total lack of a core according to the discovery paper wasp @@ 13b which orbits its host star at a distance of 0 @@ <unk> au circles its star completely every 4 @@ <unk> days the 2011 study on the planet recognized wasp @@ 13b as the fifth lowest @@ density extrasolar planet known behind kepler @@ 7b wasp @@ 17b tres @@ 4b and <unk> @@ 5b
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wasp @@ 13b has an orbital inclination of <unk> which means that it orbits almost edge @@ on as seen from earth
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= u2 concert in sarajevo =
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on 23 september 1997 the irish rock band u2 held a concert at koševo stadium in sarajevo bosnia and herzegovina as part of the group 's popmart tour they were the first major artist to hold a concert in the city after the end of the bosnian war approximately 45 @@ 000 fans attended the show
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the band first became involved with sarajevo in 1993 on their zoo tv tour approached by aid worker bill carter about bringing attention to the siege of sarajevo the band conducted nightly satellite transmissions with bosnians during their shows these link @@ ups were the subject of criticism from journalists for mixing entertainment with human tragedy although the war made it impractical for u2 to visit sarajevo at the time they vowed to eventually play a concert in the city after the conflict ended in november 1995 they made arrangements to visit sarajevo and with help from united nations ambassadors and peacekeeping troops they scheduled and played the concert in 1997
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the band offered to hold a benefit concert or small show in sarajevo but it was requested that they stage a full popmart concert the performance consequently featured the tour 's extravagant stage and the band played a set list typical of the tour the show brought together people of different ethnicities who had previously clashed during the war and train service was temporarily resumed to allow concertgoers to attend among the songs played was miss sarajevo written by u2 and brian eno about a beauty pageant held during the war although the band were displeased with their performance and lead vocalist bono had vocal difficulties the concert was well received and was credited with improving morale among bosnians the members of u2 consider the show to be among their proudest moments the concert was lauded by bosnians
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= = background = =
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= = = war in sarajevo = = =
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socialist federal republic of yugoslavia was composed of six constituent republics bosnia @@ herzegovina croatia macedonia montenegro serbia and slovenia in 1991 croatia and slovenia seceded from yugoslavia bosnia @@ herzegovina a republic with a mixed population consisting of bosniaks serbs and croats followed suit in march 1992 in a highly controversial referendum creating tension in the ethnic communities bosnian serb militias whose strategic goal was to secede from bosnia and herzegovina and unite with serbia encircled sarajevo with a siege force of 18 @@ 000 stationed in the surrounding hills from which they assaulted the city with weapons that included artillery mortars tanks anti @@ aircraft guns heavy machine @@ guns rocket launchers and aircraft bombs from 2 may 1992 until the end of the war in 1996 the city was blockaded the army of the republic of bosnia and herzegovina numbering roughly 40 @@ 000 inside the besieged city was poorly equipped and unable to break the siege meanwhile throughout the country thousands of predominantly bosniak civilians were driven from their homes in a process of ethnic cleansing in sarajevo women and children attempting to buy food were frequently terrorized by bosnian serb sniper fire
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= = = u2 's reaction = = =
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in 1993 u2 were in europe for the zooropa leg of their zoo tv tour before their 3 july show in verona italy the band received a fax from radio televizija bosne i hercegovina asking for an interview regarding the situation in bosnia the band agreed and met with an american aid worker named bill carter who acted as the station 's foreign associate due to serbian travel restrictions carter described his experiences in sarajevo helping bosnians while surviving the dangerous living conditions lead vocalist bono was unnerved to hear that those living in makeshift bomb shelters in the city played music including u2 's at loud volumes to drown out the sound of explosions while in sarajevo carter had seen a television interview on mtv in which bono mentioned the theme of the zooropa tour leg was a unified europe feeling that such an aim was empty if ignoring the bosnians ' plight carter sought bono 's help he requested that u2 go to sarajevo to bring attention to the war and break the media fatigue that had occurred from covering the conflict
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bono agreed to carter 's request without asking the rest of the band and when informed of the idea the other members gave only tacit approval they briefly considered playing an impromptu concert in the city with bono suggesting that they perform in the bunker where carter and his friends hid during the siege he said even if all we get is some extra attention for bosnia on mtv that 's something the idea fell through when it was pointed out that the logistics of transporting their equipment into the city were impossible as the only way into sarajevo was on a united nations plane manager paul mcguinness realized that even if the band managed to organize a concert it would endanger their lives and those of the audience and the zoo tv crew as he explained u2 's effort to discuss any humanitarian issue have sometimes been accompanied by a false instinct that u2 is also obliged to resolve that issue going to sarajevo seems to me to fall into that category i think it would endanger the people we go with endanger the tour and endanger the band drummer larry mullen jr feared that the move would look like a publicity stunt
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instead the group agreed to use the tour 's satellite dish to conduct live video transmissions from their concerts to carter in sarajevo carter returned to the city and assembled a video unit the band purchased a satellite dish to be sent to sarajevo and paid a £ 100 @@ 000 fee to join the european broadcasting union ( ebu ) once set up the band began satellite link @@ ups to sarajevo on nearly a nightly basis the first of which aired on 17 july 1993 in bologna italy to connect with the ebu satellite carter and two co @@ workers were forced to visit the sarajevo television station at night and to film with as little light as possible to avoid the attention of snipers and bombers to reach the building they had to traverse an area known as sniper alley this was done a total of 12 times over the course of a month during the broadcasts carter discussed the deteriorating situation in the city and bosnians often spoke to u2 and their audience these grim interviews starkly contrasted with the rest of the show concerts on the zoo tv tour were elaborately staged multimedia events that satirised television and the audience 's over @@ stimulation most of the shows were scripted but the link @@ ups to sarajevo were not leaving the group unsure who would speak or what they would say u2 stopped the broadcasts in august 1993 after learning that the siege of sarajevo was being reported on the front of many british newspapers though this trend had begun before the band 's first sarajevo transmission nathan jackson suggested that u2 's actions had brought awareness of the situation to their fans and to the british public indirectly
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reactions to the transmissions were mixed many fans felt the transmissions disrupted the flow of the concerts most of the british press was highly critical one writer for nme wrote the bosnian linkup was beyond bad taste it was insulting bono thought that they were bringing the public 's attention to an important event though he admitted that the link @@ ups were the most difficult thing the band had done in their career guitarist the edge said we don 't normally see that kind of cold hard news we get a very sanitized editorialized take on everything when you watch the television news you are getting something palatable whereas this was really quite unpalatable most of the time and for that reason i think it affected people very much including us mullen worried that the band were exploiting the bosnians ' suffering for entertainment during a transmission from the band 's concert at wembley stadium three women in sarajevo asked what the band intended to do to help before telling bono we know you 're not going to do anything for us you 're going to go back to a rock show you 're going to forget that we even exist and we 're all going to die during a transmission to a glasgow concert a bosnian woman told the concert audience we would like to hear the music too but we hear only the screams of wounded and tortured people and raped women some people were upset by the circumstances of sarajevo and were motivated to join the war child charity project including u2 producer brian eno despite u2 's obligation to the tour and their inability to perform in sarajevo during the war they vowed to play the city someday
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the band contributed to bosnian relief efforts to enhance humanitarian and public awareness of the issue and bono and carter subsequently collaborated on the documentary miss sarajevo which showcased the war @@ torn city during carter 's six months living there in 1995 u2 and eno wrote the song miss sarajevo as a response to the surreal acts of defiance that had taken place during the siege of sarajevo one such act was a beauty pageant organized by bosnian women who planned to fight the war with their lipstick and heels during the pageant all of the participants walked onto the stage carrying a banner that said don 't let them kill us the winner of the pageant 17 @@ year @@ old <unk> nogić later said the pageant was a crazy thing to do during a war but we tried to live a normal life it was some kind of a defence mechanism we all had years later bono said it was pure dada and it deserved to be celebrated in song of the song 's meaning he said everywhere people had heard their call for help but help never came that was the feeling i had tried to tackle subjects like this head @@ on but i 'd learnt a lesson you have to try and make the same points in a different less direct more surrealist way miss sarajevo was recorded with luciano pavarotti and released as the first single from u2 's side @@ project with eno entitled original soundtracks 1 the record was released under the pseudonym passengers
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= = scheduling and preparations = =
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as the bosnian war ended in 1995 and the siege of sarajevo in 1996 the stability of the region began to improve realizing this u2 began to plan a concert for sarajevo that would take place on their 1997 popmart tour although they were the first major musical artist to perform in the city following the war china drum had played a concert in july 1996 music journalist andrew mueller described china drum 's experience in a single van as a logistical and administrative nightmare muhamed sacirbey the bosnian ambassador to the united nations helped u2 make arrangements playing an informal role as promoter and organizer mcguinness said we thought it was going to be quite difficult but it 's been quite straightforward people have just wanted to help we 've <unk> a lot of equipment forklifts and so on from the military and the local crew have been incredibly supportive
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scheduling the concert meant a financial loss of £ 500 @@ 000 for the band despite sponsorship from coca @@ cola and gsm ticket prices were set at just dm 8 ( £ 8 us $ 18 ) because of the 50 percent unemployment rate in the city bono offered for the group to perform a benefit concert or small show in sarajevo but the city requested they hold the full popmart show bono said we offered to do a charity gig here just turn up and do a scratch gig but they wanted the whole fucking thing they wanted the lemon mcguinness added we felt it was important that we treat this as another city on the tour to pay them that respect to come here and not do the whole show would have been rude according to news releases following the concert the total net income for the show was us $ 13 @@ 500 however tour promoter john giddings noted that price did not include the costs of the production or transportation
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as late as july 1997 u2 were pressured to accept an offer of approximately $ 4 million to perform in basel switzerland on the date scheduled for the sarajevo show at the time rumours about the region 's instability persisted to ensure the sarajevo show was not canceled sacirbey appeared at many of the band 's preceding shows to lobby on behalf of the city for the stage to reach sarajevo the road crew had to drive the equipment and stage through war @@ torn bosnia although the trip was without incident they had to pass through towns such as mostar which had been obliterated during the war stage and lighting designer willie williams commented that when the truck drivers arrived you could see that they were changed men the only trouble in transporting the stage came when a border control agent prevented them from crossing the border for hours the trucks reached sarajevo two days prior to the concert arriving to the cheers and applause of the city 's residents their arrival was the first concrete evidence that the band were keeping their promise to play there mcguinness explained this is a city that 's been disappointed so many times there were a lot of people who weren 't prepared to believe the gig was going to take place until they saw the stage going up until then tickets had sold very slowly but within 24 hours of the trucks ' arrival another 8 @@ 000 tickets were sold despite this a day before the concert 15 @@ 000 tickets remained unsold three @@ hundred local residents were employed to help assemble the stage and promote the show
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several hundred members of the international stabilisation force ( sfor ) were tasked with upholding the dayton agreement for the concert the band were overwhelmed by the sights they saw when arriving during the war koševo stadium was used as a morgue and graveyards were present on either sides although the venue had escaped the worst of the shelling the nearby olympic hall <unk> had been badly damaged during the war despite its condition u2 used the building for their dressing rooms and offices following the concert it was used to provide lodging for 3 @@ 000 fans the band 's hotel a nearby holiday inn had been shelled during the siege and part of the building had been destroyed as a result the walls in mullen 's room were punctured with mortar shrapnel and sections of the floor were also missing prior to the show sacirbey took mullen on a tour of the city showing him the sarajevo roses embedded in the streets
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on the day of the concert trains ran into sarajevo for the first time since the start of the war two lines were opened one from mostar to sarajevo and the other from <unk> to sarajevo although the railways had been functional for the duration of the war muslim and croat politicians could not decide who would operate them as a result the trains were only run on the date of the concert to bring fans to the city and the day after to take them home again visa requirements were temporarily suspended an effort was made to include all of the country 's ethnic groups at the concert approximately 500 fans crossed the ethnic boundary lines between bosnia 's serb republic and the moslem @@ croat federation people from several of the other yugoslavian republics went to sarajevo for the concert with buses carrying fans from zagreb croatia and ljubljana slovenia security around the event was strict sfor soldiers searched for bombs with sniffer dogs and the buildings around the stadium were lined with irish troops and sharpshooters in case violence broke out
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= = concert overview = =
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the concert was held on 23 september 1997 and approximately 45 @@ 000 people attended it was broadcast in bosnia by local television networks as well as globally by bbc during the event 10 @@ 000 soldiers stood on the left side of the stadium to ensure no conflicts broke out at <unk> a decision was made to open the stadium gates to all allowing approximately 10 @@ 000 more fans who could not afford the concert or who had not purchased tickets in time to attend in addition to the local and foreign fans 6 @@ 000 off @@ duty sfor soldiers attended the event in uniform <unk> nogić attended the concert and arrived in a limo with the band the concert was broadcast live internationally on radio and all proceeds from the radio sales were donated to the war child project
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three opening acts played before u2 beginning with the gazi <unk> @@ beg choir an islamic choir from a local high school their performance was followed by two local bands protest and <unk> one of which was chosen personally by sacirbey and the other which was selected through a radio contest following the opening acts musician howie b performed a dj set before u2 took the stage
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the band 's set list was similar to that of most shows on the popmart tour but with sunday bloody sunday in place of the edge 's karaoke segment and the addition of miss sarajevo in the second encore the night was a celebration of the end of the war with bono setting the tone by shouting out viva sarajevo fuck the past kiss the future at the beginning of even better than the real thing bono had struggled with his voice throughout the tour and the morning of the concert he woke up without a voice there was no intent to cancel and the show went ahead as planned though bono had few difficulties through the opening quartet of mofo i will follow gone and even better than the real thing his voice gave out during last night on earth in 2006 the edge suggested that bono 's vocal troubles had been caused by laryngitis or by the stress of the previous few months of touring though he later remarked that it didn 't really matter that our lead singer was under the weather because every member of the audience seemed to join in on every song there was a mass chorus for the whole concert
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at various points during until the end of the world and new year 's day bono gestured for the audience to help him with the vocals and by the eighth song of the night pride ( in the name of love ) he was reduced to speaking the lyrics instead of singing them the band continued with their standard set list by playing i still haven 't found what i 'm looking for stand by me all i want is you and staring at the sun u2 considered playing desire after all i want is you but they chose not to perform the song the edge then performed a solo version of sunday bloody sunday the rendition was slower and quieter than the studio version during the song bono went backstage for cortisone injections which helped to improve his voice for a short time brian eno was prepared to go on stage to replace bono if he could not continue or to sing alongside him bono ultimately returned to the stage alone for the next song bullet the blue sky and the band continued with renditions of please and where the streets have no name which concluded the main set
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in the interlude before the first encore u2 had a worried discussion over the introduction to miss sarajevo the song had only been played once prior at a benefit concert in 1995 with bono the edge eno and pavarotti they returned to the stage and played discothèque if you wear that velvet dress with or without you and a rough version of miss sarajevo pavarotti was not at the concert to sing his part and so an antique gramophone was brought onto the stage in his place eno came on stage to sing backing vocals and bono invited nogić on stage during the chorus during the song the video screen showed images from carter 's miss sarajevo documentary including footage of the girls taking part in the beauty contest and the banner reading please don 't let them kill us bono apologized for the rocky performance at the end of the song saying sarajevo this song was written for you i hope you like it because we can 't fucking play it the concert concluded with a second encore of hold me thrill me kiss me kill me mysterious ways one and an abbreviated cover of unchained melody
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after the band had walked offstage in a move described by nme as the most meaningful of the concert the audience faced the troops in the stadium and broke into a spontaneous round of applause which quickly turned into an ovation an act which the soldiers mimicked in turn
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= = reaction = =
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the day after the concert in sarajevo a local newspaper carried an editorial which was headlined today was the day the siege of sarajevo ended in reaction to the event a bosnian student told members of the international press i felt excluded from the world for so long it 's not only about u2 it 's the feeling of being part of the world a local resident said that the concert was proof that we have peace here that everything is ok fans from outside the former yugoslavia described sarajevo as an oasis of light in the midst of destroyed and fire @@ damaged buildings and deserted villages despite the subpar performance the associated press said for two magical hours the rock band u2 achieved what warriors politicians and diplomats could not they united bosnia andrew mueller of the independent wrote for the first time since the start of the war in 1992 people more accustomed to seeing each other through the sights of a rifle were converging on the capital to listen to music together it was a reminder of prewar sarajevo home to some of old yugoslavia 's best rock bands sacirbey stated that he was satisfied that the concert was held to promote a sense of normalcy peace and reconciliation in sarajevo and not to raise money he also expressed thanks on behalf of president alija izetbegović who described the concert as a landmark event
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mullen and the edge both agreed that playing the sarajevo concert had been the highlight of their careers mullen said [ t ] here 's no doubt that that is an experience i will never forget for the rest of my life and if i had to spend 20 years in the band just to play that show [ ] i think it would have been worthwhile bono described it as one of the toughest and one of the sweetest nights of my life saying of the audience i think they wanted more than anything a return to normalcy that 's what these people want it 's what they deserve he also speculated that the loss of his voice had allowed room for sarajevo to take the gig away from us they could see that things could go horribly wrong they 'd gone to a lot of trouble to come here and they were just going to make it happen and they did after the completion of the popmart tour he said it was amazing and confounding to discover that on our most ' pop ' of tours some of the best shows were in political hotspots like santiago sarajevo tel aviv [ ] anywhere music meant more than entertainment following the concert president izetbegović presented bono with an honorary bosnian passport in recognition of his humanitarian efforts during the war
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= = legacy = =
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the peaceful nature of the u2 concert was fleeting as violence flared up in the region the following year with the kosovo war nato troops remained in sarajevo until 2004 while european union peace @@ keeping troops remain in the city
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following the sarajevo concert the edge 's solo performance of sunday bloody sunday was performed at the majority of shows for the remainder of the tour and a recording of the song from the sarajevo concert was released on the cd single for if god will send his angels on 8 december 1997 the edge later stated the band had rediscovered the song in sarajevo after his solo performance a short documentary about the concert missing sarajevo was included on the dvd release of u2 's 2002 video compilation the best of 1990 @@ 2000
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after u2 first performed miss sarajevo at the sarajevo concert it was not performed again until the second leg of the vertigo tour in 2005 u2 did not return to perform in any country in the former yugoslavia until august 2009 when they performed two shows in zagreb during the u2 360 ° tour during the zagreb shows bono stated that his honorary bosnian passport was one of his most treasured possessions which prompted the country 's council of ministers to announce that his passport was to be revoked citing how country 's laws do not allow honorary <unk> to be conferred
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= frank slide =
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the frank slide was a rockslide that buried part of the mining town of frank alberta canada the province of alberta was not created until september 1905 more than two years after the slide the community was still part of the northwest territories when the incident occurred at 4 10 am on april 29 1903 over 82 million tonnes ( 90 million tons ) of limestone rock slid down turtle mountain within 100 seconds obliterating the eastern edge of frank the canadian pacific railway line and the coal mine it was one of the largest landslides in canadian history and remains the deadliest as between 70 and 90 of the town 's residents were killed most of whom remain buried in the rubble multiple factors led to the slide turtle mountain 's formation left it in a constant state of instability coal mining operations may have weakened the mountain 's internal structure as did a wet winter and cold snap on the night of the disaster
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the railway was repaired within three weeks and the mine was quickly reopened the section of town closest to the mountain was relocated in 1911 amid fears that another slide was possible the town 's population nearly doubled its pre @@ slide population by 1906 but dwindled after the mine closed permanently in 1917 the community is now part of the municipality of crowsnest pass in the province of alberta and has a population around 200 the site of the disaster which remains nearly unchanged since the slide is now a popular tourist destination it has been designated a provincial historic site of alberta and is home to an interpretive centre that receives over 100 @@ 000 visitors annually
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= = background = =
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the town of frank was founded in the southwestern corner of the district of alberta a subdivision of the northwest territories in 1901 a location was chosen near the base of turtle mountain in the crowsnest pass where coal had been discovered one year earlier it was named after henry frank who along with samuel <unk> owned the canadian @@ american coal and coke company which operated the mine that the town was created to support the pair celebrated the founding of the town on september 10 1901 with a gala opening that featured speeches from territorial leaders sporting events a dinner and tours of the mine and planned layout for the community the canadian pacific railway ( cpr ) ran special trains that brought over 1 @@ 400 people from neighbouring communities to celebrate the event by april 1903 the permanent population had reached 600 and the town featured a two @@ storey school and four hotels
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turtle mountain stands immediately south of frank it consists of an older limestone layer folded over on top of softer materials such as shale and sandstone erosion had left the mountain with a steep overhang of its limestone layer it has long been unstable the blackfoot and <unk> peoples called it the mountain that moves and refused to camp in its vicinity in the weeks leading up to the disaster miners occasionally felt rumblings from within the mountain while the pressure created by the shifting rock sometimes caused the timbers supporting the mine shafts to crack and splinter
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= = rockslide = =
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in the early morning hours of april 29 1903 a freight train pulled out of the mine and was slowly making its way towards the townsite when the crew heard a deafening rumble behind them the engineer instinctively set the throttle to full speed ahead and sped his train to safety across the bridge over the crowsnest river at 4 10 am 30 million cubic metres ( 82 million tonnes ) of limestone rock broke off the peak of turtle mountain the section that broke was 1 @@ 000 metres ( 3 @@ 300 ft ) wide 425 metres ( 1 @@ 394 ft ) high and 150 metres ( 490 ft ) deep witnesses to the disaster claimed it took about 100 seconds for the slide to reach up the opposing hills indicating the mass of rock traveled at a speed of about 112 kilometres per hour ( 70 mph ) the sound was heard as far away as cochrane over 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) north of frank
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initial reports on the disaster indicated that frank had been nearly wiped out by the mountain 's collapse it was thought the rockslide was triggered by an earthquake volcanic eruption or explosion within the mine the majority of the town survived but the slide buried buildings on the eastern outskirts of frank seven cottages were destroyed as were several businesses the cemetery a 2 @@ kilometre ( 1 @@ 2 mi ) stretch of road and railroad tracks and all of the mine 's buildings
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approximately 100 people lived in the path of destruction located between the cpr tracks and the river the death toll is uncertain estimates range between 70 and 90 it is the deadliest landslide in canadian history and was the largest until the hope slide in 1965 it is possible that the toll may have been higher since as many as 50 transients had been camped at the base of the mountain while looking for work some residents believed that they had left frank shortly before the slide though there is no way to be certain most of the victims remain entombed beneath the rocks only 12 bodies were recovered in the immediate aftermath the skeletons of six additional victims were unearthed in 1924 by crews building a new road through the slide
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initial news reports stated that between 50 and 60 men were within the mountain and had been buried with no hope of survival in reality there were 20 miners working the night shift at the time of the disaster three had been outside the mine and were killed by the slide the remaining 17 were underground they discovered that the entrance was blocked and water from the river which had been dammed by the slide was coming in via a secondary tunnel they unsuccessfully tried to dig their way through the blocked entrance before one miner suggested he knew of a seam of coal that reached the surface working a narrow tunnel in pairs and threes they dug through the coal for hours as the air around them became increasingly toxic only three men still had enough energy to continue digging when they broke through to the surface late in the afternoon the opening was too dangerous to escape from due to falling rocks from above encouraged by their success the miners cut a new shaft that broke through under an outcropping of rock that protected them from falling debris thirteen hours after they were buried all 17 men emerged from the mountain
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the miners found that the row of cottages that served as their homes had been devastated and some of their families killed seemingly at random one found his family alive and safe in a makeshift hospital but another emerged to discover his wife and four children had died fifteen @@ year @@ old lillian clark working a late shift that night in the town 's boarding house had been given permission to stay overnight for the first time she was the only member of her family to survive her father was working outside the mine when the slide hit while her mother and six siblings were buried in their home all 12 men living at the cpr work camp were killed but 128 more who were scheduled to move into the camp the day before the slide had not arrived the train that was supposed to take them there from morrissey british columbia failed to pick them up the spokane flyer a passenger train heading west from lethbridge was saved by cpr brakeman sid <unk> one of two men who rushed across the rock @@ strewn ground to warn the train that the track had been buried under the slide through falling rocks and a dust cloud that impaired his visibility <unk> ran for 2 kilometres ( 1 @@ 2 mi ) to warn the oncoming locomotive of the danger the cpr gave him a letter of commendation and a $ 25 cheque in recognition of his heroism
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= = = aftermath = = =
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early on april 30 a special train from fort macleod arrived with police officers and doctors premier frederick haultain arrived at the disaster site on may 1 where he met with engineers who had investigated the top of turtle mountain though new fissures had formed at the peak they felt there was limited further risk to the town the cpr 's chief engineer was convinced that frank was in imminent danger from another slide siding with the latter haultain ordered the town evacuated and the geological survey of canada ( gsc ) sent two of its top geologists to investigate further they reported that the slide had created two new peaks on the mountain and that the north peak overlooking the town was not in imminent danger of collapse as a result the evacuation order was lifted on may 10 and frank 's citizens returned the north @@ west mounted police reinforced by officers who arrived from cranbrook macleod and calgary kept tight control of the town and ensured that no cases of looting occurred during the evacuation
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clearing the canadian pacific railway line was of paramount importance approximately 2 kilometres ( 1 @@ 2 mi ) of the main line had been buried under the slide along with part of an auxiliary line the cpr had the line cleared and rebuilt within three weeks intent on reopening the mine workers opened passageways to the old mine works by may 30 to their amazement they discovered that charlie the horse one of three who worked in the mine had survived for over a month underground the horse had subsisted by eating the bark off the timber supports and by drinking from pools of water the horse died when his rescuers overfed him on oats and brandy
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the town 's population not only recovered but grew the 1906 census of the canadian prairies listed the population at 1 @@ 178 a new study commissioned by the dominion government determined that the cracks in the mountain continued to grow and that the risk of another slide remained consequently parts of frank closest to the mountain were dismantled or relocated to safer areas
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