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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
The real act of marriage takes place in the heart, not in the ballroom or church or synagogue. It's a choice you make -- not just on your wedding day, but over and over again -- and that choice is reflected in the way you treat your husband or wife. Angelis, Barbara De
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Man makes holy what he believes. Renan, Ernest
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
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Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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3 Jan 2013 Flanneltron » (Journeyer)
Robot Scripting
During 2003 and 2004, I worked on FIRST robots. I was a college student, but Northeastern University hosted a team supporting multiple high schools. FIRST competition robots are radio controlled, however autonomous routines activated by the operator are allowed and would be hugely advantageous. But most teams never got to that point, and were lucky [...]
Syndicated 2013-01-03 04:11:31 from SynapticNulship
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"url": "scienceroll.com/2008/10/31/best-invention-in-2008-23andme-or-hype/?_wpnonce=cb13afa090&like=1",
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Skip to content
Best Invention in 2008: 23andMe or Hype?
TIME magazine published the complete list of the top 50 best inventions of 2008. The winner is 23andMe, the Google sponsored genetic company that provides SNP genotyping. Spittoon, the official blog of 23andme also covered the subject. While I think their service is important, Medgadget shared some major points with us and I must say they were right. These are the truest words I’ve ever read about direct-to-consumer genetic testing.
We say, TIME was probably sucking up to people whose lives have become a never ending effort to hype things onto the common man. You see, whether you take 23andme’s Anne Wojcicki and her husband Sergei Brin (co-founder of a website Google.com, an advertising agency with no customer service), or 23andme’s investor movie mogul Harvey Weinstein, or Navigenic’s venture capitalist John Doerr, they feel that they are changing the world. But really, considering the hype, aren’t they more interested in making money and elevating themselves to the level of revolutionaries, than furthering medicine and its technology?
Other interesting inventions:
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"url": "wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Tag:sport%3Dsoccer",
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Tag:sport=soccer
From OpenStreetMap Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Available languages
+/- sport=soccer
Description
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer
Used on these elements
Useful combination
Status
Undefined
A place where soccer is played, that is, association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, a team sport played between two teams of eleven players (on Wikipedia).
Note: While called "football" (fussball, fotball, ...) in many countries, it is best to tag it as "soccer" to avoid confusion with other usages of "football". The OpenStreetMap tagging guidelines have always been to go for UK-English spellings. However, in this special case it is far too confusing for some other English speaking countries, and it has been decided to use soccer to mean this kind of football.
How to map
Add this sport tag to any element representing a place where soccer can be played.
Since this is a non-physical tag it should be combined with other (physical) tags, eg:
Since soccer pitches are quite large they'll often be drawn as an area, but they can be entered as a single node (to be refined later)
Related terms: <soccer>
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"url": "wikitravel.org/wiki/en/index.php?oldid=1788661&title=Houston%2FEaDo-East_End",
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Houston/EaDo-East End
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
EaDo (short for "East Downtown") and East End are two historic districts located just east of downtown Houston.
Get in
See
Do
• Houston Ship Channel Boat Tour, [1]. 10:30 and 2:30 Tu, We, Fr, Sa, 2:30 Th and Su.. See one of the busiest ports in the world. Advance reservations required. Free, reservations required..
Buy
Eat
• Kanomwan, 736 1/2 Telephone Rd, 713-923-4236. Wonderful Thai restaurant in historic 3rd Ward; home of the "Thai Nazi" (a la "Seinfeld").
• Kim Son, 2001 Jefferson St, 713-222-2461 (), [2]. 11-midnight Fr-Sa, 11-11 Su-Th. Houston's biggest Vietnamese restaurant that has several other locations in town.
Drink
• Super Happy Fun Land [3] is Houston's venue for experimental electronic music, underground jazz, and outsider art!
• Lucky's Pub, 801 St. Emanuel, (713) 522-2010, [4]. This sports bar is quite large and offers plenty of room for you and a large group of friends to go and watch your favorite sporting events. Anytime a Houston team is playing, this place gets packed with fans. They have plenty of beer on tap. Their food is also not bad for a sports bar.
Sleep
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This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3401.0 - Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia, Jun 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/04/2009
Future Releases
• Next Issue: Nov 2013 expected for release on 13/01/2014
Past Releases
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5372.0.55.001 - International Merchandise Trade: Confidential Commodities List, Mar 2011
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/04/2011
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
PREFACE
This document details all import and export commodities which have been subject to confidentiality restrictions since 1 January 1988. The data cube containing the details of the confidentialisation is referred to as the Confidential Commodities List (CCL).
The CCL is available from the Downloads tab of this document. The data cube presents information under the following four headings:
• changes and new restrictions to import items in the current month
• changes and new restrictions to export items in the current month
• all import restrictions from January 1988 to the current month
• all export restrictions from January 1988 to the current month.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Heterogeneity of mammary lesions represent molecular differences
Ruria Namba1, Jeannie E Maglione2, Ryan R Davis1, Colin A Baron1, Stephenie Liu1, Condie E Carmack3, Lawrence JT Young2, Alexander D Borowsky12, Robert D Cardiff12 and Jeffrey P Gregg1*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
2 Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
3 Agilent Technologies, Deer Creek Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Cancer 2006, 6:275 doi:10.1186/1471-2407-6-275
Published: 5 December 2006
Abstract
Background
Human breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, histopathologically, molecularly and phenotypically. The molecular basis of this heterogeneity is not well understood. We have used a mouse model of DCIS that consists of unique lines of mammary intraepithelial neoplasia (MIN) outgrowths, the premalignant lesion in the mouse that progress to invasive carcinoma, to understand the molecular changes that are characteristic to certain phenotypes. Each MIN-O line has distinguishable morphologies, metastatic potentials and estrogen dependencies.
Methods
We utilized oligonucleotide expression arrays and high resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to investigate whole genome expression patterns and whole genome aberrations in both the MIN-O and tumor from four different MIN-O lines that each have different phenotypes. From the whole genome analysis at 35 kb resolution, we found that chromosome 1, 2, 10, and 11 were frequently associated with whole chromosome gains in the MIN-Os. In particular, two MIN-O lines had the majority of the chromosome gains. Although we did not find any whole chromosome loss, we identified 3 recurring chromosome losses (2F1-2, 3E4, 17E2) and two chromosome copy number gains on chromosome 11. These interstitial deletions and duplications were verified with a custom made array designed to interrogate the specific regions at approximately 550 bp resolution.
Results
We demonstrated that expression and genomic changes are present in the early premalignant lesions and that these molecular profiles can be correlated to phenotype (metastasis and estrogen responsiveness). We also identified expression changes associated with genomic instability. Progression to invasive carcinoma was associated with few additional changes in gene expression and genomic organization. Therefore, in the MIN-O mice, early premalignant lesions have the major molecular and genetic changes required and these changes have important phenotypic significance. In contrast, the changes that occur in the transition to invasive carcinoma are subtle, with few consistent changes and no association with phenotype.
Conclusion
We propose that the early lesions carry the important genetic changes that reflect the major phenotypic information, while additional genetic changes that accumulate in the invasive carcinoma are less associated with the overall phenotype.
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Email updates
Keep up to date with the latest news and content from BMC Public Health and BioMed Central.
Research article
Pedestrian injury and the built environment: an environmental scan of hotspots
Nadine Schuurman1*, Jonathan Cinnamon1, Valorie A Crooks1 and S Morad Hameed2
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
2 Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2009, 9:233 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-233
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/233
Received:12 January 2009
Accepted:14 July 2009
Published:14 July 2009
© 2009 Schuurman et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Pedestrian injury frequently results in devastating and costly injuries and accounts for 11% of all road user fatalities. In the United States in 2006 there were 4,784 fatalities and 61,000 injuries from pedestrian injury, and in 2007 there were 4,654 fatalities and 70,000 injuries. In Canada, injury is the leading cause of death for those under 45 years of age and the fourth most common cause of death for all ages Traumatic pedestrian injury results in nearly 4000 hospitalizations in Canada annually. These injuries result from the interplay of modifiable environmental factors. The objective of this study was to determine links between the built environment and pedestrian injury hotspots in Vancouver.
Methods
Data were obtained from the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC) for the 6 year period from 2000 to 2005 and combined with pedestrian injury data extracted from the British Columbia Trauma Registry (BCTR) for the same period. High incident locations (hotspots) for pedestrian injury in the City of Vancouver were identified and mapped using geographic information systems (GIS), and the characteristics of the built environment at each of the hotspot locations were examined by a team of researchers.
Results
The analysis highlighted 32 pedestrian injury hotspot locations in Vancouver. 31 of 32 hotspots were situated on major roads. Likewise, the majority of hotspots were located on downtown streets. The 'downtown eastside' was identified as an area with multiple high-incident locations, including the 2 highest ranked pedestrian injury hotspots. Bars were present at 21 of the hotspot locations, with 11 of these locations being judged to have high alcohol establishment density.
Conclusion
This study highlighted the disproportionate burden of pedestrian injury centred on the downtown eastside area of Vancouver. The environmental scan revealed that important passive pedestrian safety countermeasures were only present at a minority of high-incident locations. More importantly, bars were highly associated with risk of pedestrian injury. This study is the basis for potential public health intervention by clearly indicating optimal locations for signalized pedestrian crosswalks.
Background
The World Health Organization [1] estimates that more than five million people around the world die annually as a result of injury. Half-a-million are in high-income countries alone, where they account for 6% of all deaths. In high-income countries, road traffic injuries (including pedestrian trauma), self-inflicted injuries and interpersonal violence are the three leading causes of death among people aged 15–29 years [2]. In Canada, injury is the leading cause of death for those under 45 years of age and the fourth most common cause of death for all ages. Collisions between motor-vehicles and pedestrians claim hundreds of lives and injure tens of thousands annually [3]. Traumatic pedestrian injury, in particular, results in around 4000 hospitalizations in Canada each year [4]. These injuries often result from the interplay of modifiable or preventable environmental factors [5]. Addressing the environmental factors related to pedestrian injury thus represents an important public health opportunity.
Active interventions to reduce the toll of pedestrian injury centre on educating drivers and pedestrians in road safety and enforcement of traffic safety laws, while passive interventions largely involve modifications to the built-environment [6,7]. Designing pedestrian-friendly roadways has the potential to reduce pedestrian injury [7,8]; however the movement of motorized vehicles remains the primary design objective for road engineers, while pedestrian safety is often an afterthought [9,10]. Research has linked aspects of the built environment, roadway infrastructure, and types of land-use to an increase or decrease in the risk of pedestrian injury. For example, roadway design factors including curb parking, long blocks, and the absence of marked and signalized crosswalks are associated with an increase in the risk of collisions between pedestrians and vehicles. Certain types of land uses have been linked with increases in pedestrian injury incidence, in particular schools and alcohol serving establishments [11-22]. Lower vehicle speeds, exclusive turn phasing at intersections, and medians have been shown to reduce pedestrian-vehicle encounters [8]. These and other environmental countermeasures are highly-effective, low-cost solutions that can be implemented at high-risk sites to help reduce the burden of pedestrian injury [23].
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a valuable tool for epidemiological research [24]. A handful of pedestrian injury studies have used GIS to analyze incident locations; however, few of these studies include a comprehensive analysis of the environmental factors that may be contributing to the risk of pedestrian injury [25-27]. The goals of this study were (i) to use GIS to determine pedestrian injury hotspot locations in the City of Vancouver and (ii) to determine key characteristics of the built-environment that may contribute to increased risk of pedestrian injury. Results of this study highlight important areas of the city that should be targeted for safety interventions, and may be useful for directing strategies to implement environmental countermeasures. In addition, this study introduces an innovative methodological advancement in using GIS-based hot spot analysis in combination with a detailed environmental scan.
Methods
In this study, high incident locations (hotspots) for pedestrian injury in the City of Vancouver were identified using GIS, and the characteristics of the built environment at each of the hotspot locations were examined. Two pedestrian injury data sources were combined for the analysis: The Insurance Corporation of British Columbia's (ICBC) pedestrian-vehicle collision data for the 6 year period from 2000 to 2005 inclusive, and the British Columbia Trauma Registry's (BCTR) pedestrian injury records for the 6 year period 2001 to 2006 inclusive. The ICBC source records all reported incidents, while the BCTR source records all incidents that resulted in a hospital stay of two days or more. Combined, and with duplicate records removed, data from the two sources can be considered representative of the majority of injuries from pedestrian-vehicle collisions over a given 6 year period. It should be noted that each record involved one person. If a road traffic collision involved two people, then there would be two incidents for that particular hotspot. For the purposes of this study, hotspots were determined to be locations where a minimum of 5 incidents were recorded in both datasets combined. Hotspots were then ranked according to the number of incidents recorded over the 6 year period. More severe incidents were ranked equally with "near misses" recorded as minor injuries. The rationale for this is that these minor incidents were as potentially lethal.
Incident locations were mapped using ArcGIS 9.2, [28] georeferenced to either an intersection or midblock location. The ICBC data were mapped according to latitude and longitude coordinates provided in the dataset for each incident location. The BCTR data were geocoded based on the street address or intersection where the incident occurred which was available in the dataset. The frequency of non-mappable records was negligible, and all data were assumed to be accurate and complete. A kernel density map was created to allow for a simple visual examination of incident locations and precise identification of all hotspots. A kernel search distance of 100 m was used, as it proved to be the most appropriate distance for highlighting unique incident locations. Elements of the built-environment and roadway design were recorded at each of the hotspot locations to examine their potential contribution to pedestrian injury. A team of 4 researchers independently surveyed each hotspot to assess 14 pre-determined built-environment characteristics, and recorded any other particularities observed at each location (e.g., changes in roadway slope). Prior to the observational period the investigators met to discuss how each variable should be interpreted in order to enhance the consistency of recorded data. The four investigators independently completed their observations at each intersection on a standard recording sheet and then immediately met to compare notes and resolve any disagreements or differences in interpretation. Overall there was very little disagreement in the data recorded on the standard sheet across investigators and any that did occur was easily resolved through discussion at the intersection. Finally, all investigators reviewed and agreed with the data shared in the summative table produced (see Table 1).
Table 1. Results of the hotspot environmental scan
The environmental scan was conducted between 10 am and 3 pm to avoid encountering high traffic volume and associated congestion. Factors that have been shown to increase risk that were included in the assessment were long blocks, presence of bus stops, curb parking, absence of controlled crosswalks, and visual obstructions. Protective factors assessed were the presence of traffic calming measures, medians or pedestrian refuge islands, and exclusive turn signals at intersections. Factors that contribute to location complexity were the number of signs, number of approach lanes, and whether a vehicle turning ban was in effect. Also recorded were the densities of bars, retail establishments, and schools in proximity to the hotspot locations. Privacy was protected both use of the kernel density method and by the clustering of incidents into hotspots of greater than 5 collisions.
Ethics approval for this study was granted from the Office of Research Services at Simon Fraser University (file #37437).
Results
A total of 2358 pedestrian-vehicle collisions were recorded within the City of Vancouver over the 6 year period, for an average annual pedestrian injury incidence rate of 66.6/100,000 residents. Intersections – rather than midblock locations – accounted for 61% of all incidents. Our analysis highlighted 32 pedestrian injury hotspot locations in the City of Vancouver for this time period. Figure 1 shows the intersections and midblock locations where pedestrian injuries were recorded and illuminates the high density locations. The darkest shades indicate the higher density hotspots. Of the 32 hotspots, 21 (66%) were at intersections while 11 were at midblock locations. Thirty-one of 32 hotspots were situated on either major collector or major arterial roads, with just one at a midblock location of a minor traffic-restricted street. Overall, most hotspots were located on downtown streets. The downtown eastside (DTES) area was particularly highlighted as an area with multiple high-incident locations, including the 2 highest ranked pedestrian injury hotspots. Also of interest is the east-west Broadway corridor – a retail intensive commercial stretch.
Figure 1. The intersections and midblock locations where pedestrian injuries were recorded, illuminating the high density locations.
Results of the hotspot environmental scan are shown in Table 1. The results of primary interest are highlighted in the table, indicating the presence of demonstrated risk factors for pedestrian injury, or lack of pedestrian safety countermeasures in place at the location. For a majority of midblock and intersection hotspots, long blocks, bus stops, and curb parking were recorded. Only 1 of the 11 midblock locations had a marked and signalized pedestrian crosswalk. Regarding visual obstructions, a minority of locations had advertising or flora which was deemed to be intrusive. Complex signage was observed at just 3 hotspots. The number of approach lanes varied from 2 to 6 for midblock locations with 6 being the most common, and from 6 to 14 for intersections, with 12 the most common. Just 4 of 21 intersections had a turning ban imposed. Almost all (26) locations had retail establishments nearby, with 9 considered to be in high retail density areas. Only 2 locations were situated near schools, and only 1 had traffic-calming measures in place. Nine of 32 hotspots had medians or traffic refuge islands, and 12 of 21 intersections had exclusive turning signals. Bars were present at 21 of the hotspot locations, with 11 of these locations judged to have high alcohol serving establishment density.
Discussion
The mapping of Vancouver's pedestrian injury hotspots revealed an intriguing spatial pattern. As may be expected, there were more high-incident locations in downtown areas compared with outer areas of the city; however, the disproportionate number of hotspots in a small area of the DTES is conspicuous. Nine of 32 hotspots, and fully 10 per cent of total pedestrian injuries in Vancouver, were recorded within this small part of the downtown core. This area is notorious as the epicentre of homelessness in Vancouver in which large numbers of homeless and other marginalized individuals congregate along Hastings and adjacent streets. It is also where a large number of services aimed at homeless, drug addicted, and/or mentally ill persons are located. It is also likely that the number of alcohol-serving retail establishments within the DTES was a strong factor with respect to the number of hotspots in the area. This is consistent with the existing literature [11-18]. The authors hypothesize that a combination of mental illness, despondency associated with homelessness and high alcohol and substance abuse contributed to the concentration of pedestrian injury in the DTES.
The scan of roadway infrastructure and built-environment characteristics at pedestrian injury hotspots in Vancouver produced two findings of interest. The most striking finding was the frequent presence of demonstrated environmental risk factors, coupled with a scarcity of traffic-calming and passive pedestrian safety countermeasures at many of the high-incident locations. A second important finding from the environmental scan was that bars were closely situated to many of the hotspots.
The Absence of Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures
Road safety research has highlighted the influential roles that road infrastructure and the local environment at collision sites contribute to the occurrence of pedestrian injury [29]. Passive safety measures including the development of safe road infrastructure have been successful in reducing the burden of pedestrian injury [30]. Road-dividing medians were absent from a majority of high-incident locations, despite nearly all of the hotspots occurring on major arterial and collector roads. It has been shown that medians or pedestrian refuge islands can reduce pedestrian injury as they promote a two-stage crossing on busy streets and a slight reduction in vehicle speeds [31]. Implementation of medians or refuge islands is likely possible at many of the hotspot locations in which they are absent. The highest-ranked intersection location at Hastings and Main Streets (Figure 2) is a good candidate for installation of a roadway-dividing median which will allow for a two stage crossing if needed, and will likely reduce vehicle speeds in this pedestrian-congested area. Another roadway modification designed with the pedestrian in mind (and endorsed by the City of Vancouver) is corner sidewalk bulges to reduce crossing times for pedestrians [32]. Figure 3 shows a location with a corner bulge in place. Medians and bulges at this hotspot location may require lane narrowing, or a possible lane removal which may result in reduced vehicle flow on this thoroughfare; however, the potential to increase pedestrian safety at this high-incident location should be paramount.
Figure 2. Intersection at Hastings and Main Streets.
Figure 3. A location with a corner bulge in place.
The absence of marked and signalized pedestrian crossings at all but one midblock location is of particular concern. Well-marked crosswalks with a pedestrian-controlled signal can reduce pedestrian-vehicle conflicts [33]. Another option that has been shown to be effective at midblock locations are non-signalized crosswalks with in-pavement lights that flash when a pedestrian is present [34]. These were not present at any of our hotspot locations. The midblock location on Hastings St. between Columbia and Main was by far the highest ranked incident location (Figure 4). This is one of the main areas of the DTES where large groups of homeless people congregate, and is also the precise location of Insite, the government-sponsored controlled safe drug injection facility. These are likely factors in the disproportionately large number of pedestrian-vehicle collisions at this location; however, no crosswalk, traffic-calming measures, or pedestrian safety interventions are in place at this midblock location. The City of Vancouver has committed to providing midblock crossings on downtown streets near "significant pedestrian generators that create high demands for pedestrian crossing at mid-block" [32]. Figure 5 shows a signalized crosswalk and median at a midblock location on Expo/Pacific Blvd. This type of roadway design/traffic calming measure could potentially improve pedestrian safety at this very high-incident location on Hastings St. Indeed, this study is the basis for concerted and directed intervention on the part of public safety officials. Moreover, it provides a protocol for determining and studying hotspot locations in other cities.
Figure 4. The midblock location on Hastings St. between Columbia and Main.
Figure 5. A signalized crosswalk and median at a midblock location on Expo/Pacific Blvd.
The Presence of Bars and Alcohol Serving Establishments
Alcohol consumption by pedestrians is a recognized factor influencing their risk of collision with a vehicle; however it is often overlooked as an issue in comparison with alcohol consumption by drivers. Recent consumption of alcohol is common in injured pedestrians, and it has been shown that the severity of injuries is frequently greater for this group [35]. The high incidence of injury in alcohol-affected pedestrians may in part be due to the effects of alcohol on the pedestrian's ability to judge gaps in the traffic for safe road-crossing [36]. Pedestrian injury hotspot locations are often in areas with a high density of bars and other alcohol serving establishments. In a spatial analysis of pedestrian injury in San Francisco, LaScala et al. [37] discovered that pedestrian injury was highest in areas with the greatest density of alcohol serving establishments, for incidents where the pedestrian had been consuming alcohol. The results of the present study indicate that bars were located immediately proximal to two-thirds of the hotspots, with almost one-third located in high density bar and alcohol serving establishment areas. Since pedestrian injury patients' alcohol levels are not consistently included in the BCTR, we were unable to gauge whether alcohol was a definitive explanation for the correlation between bars and injuries. However, there is ample reason to suspect that this is the case and policy should proceed accordingly.
Active interventions such as educating the customer and service establishment in safe drinking guidelines have been used to varying success [14]; however, more effective countermeasures may involve modifying the roadway environment or calming traffic to increase the safety of alcohol-affected pedestrians. Results of a study by Lenné et al. [38] suggest that modifying traffic signals at high-risk times (late evening and early morning) could help reduce injury in this group. Specifically, if traffic signals in areas of high alcohol establishment density were set to 'dwell-on-red' in all directions when no vehicles were present, then the average speed of vehicles would drop, thus creating a safer pedestrian environment. An Australian study proposed that environmental countermeasures such as enhanced street lighting, medians, skid-resistant surfaces, and highly responsive pedestrian operated signals should be implemented in areas with high alcohol-related pedestrian-vehicle collisions [39].
Our findings did not implicate schools as a type of land use associated with Vancouver's pedestrian injury hotspots, despite the various other studies that have described the risk of pedestrian injury to children at or near schools as an important public health problem [21,40]. Road safety engineering is common in Vancouver on streets surrounding schools; particularly traffic-calming measures such as speed humps, road narrowing, and reduced speed limits designed to prevent pedestrian injuries among school children. These passive interventions can reduce the toll of paediatric pedestrian injury near schools through a reduction of speed and traffic volumes in sensitive areas [41]. Traffic-calming and environmental countermeasures should also be aggressively pursued in other parts of the city, especially in areas of elevated pedestrian use such as Vancouver's DTES and streets with a high density of alcohol serving establishments. There are fewer options available to calm traffic and improve pedestrian safety on arterial roads; however reducing the width of vehicle lanes can reduce the overall speed of vehicles on busy thoroughfares [42]. Also, a simple reduction of speed limits in high-risk areas is likely to be effective. Measures such as this, coupled with engineering modifications including medians or refuge islands, corner bulges, and controlled midblock crosswalks could be implemented with probable benefits for pedestrian safety.
Limitations
This study has several limitations. The socio-demographic characteristics of the location of injury (average income, age of the population), and of the injured pedestrian (age, income, etc.) were not addressed. We focused on the contribution of the built-environment to pedestrian injury because much less is known about the relationship between roadway design and land-use type with pedestrian injury, compared with its social correlates. Also, it is possible that aspects of the built-environment not considered (or overlooked) in our analysis may be associated with pedestrian injury at these hotspot sites. For instance, we did not examine land use in detail nor did we account for weather or traffic volumes. Another limitation may be that the characteristics of a whole area could potentially have a greater effect on pedestrian injury than those of individual incident locations. For example, there is likely an area effect behind the clustering of multiple high-incident locations in the DTES. Also, while our designation of a pedestrian injury hotspot as a location with 5 or more incidents over the time period was done in order to set parameters on the scope of the analysis, there are no firmly established precedents in the literature regarding hotspot determination.
Another potential limitation of this research is the reliance on raw numbers of incidents rather than using a denominator population. We did this for several reasons. First, many of the incidents occurred in high traffic areas that were not particularly high population density regions (e.g. the DTES). Thus residential population density would not be a good indicator of pedestrian or road traffic. Second, many of the incident locations were not coincident with the home residence of the victims. Third, our chief focus was the examination of urban design that facilitates greater rates of injury.
Conclusion
This study highlighted the disproportionate burden of pedestrian injury centred on the DTES area of Vancouver through undertaking a spatial analysis of pedestrian injury and subsequent environmental scan of hotspots. The environmental scan revealed that some important passive pedestrian safety countermeasures were only present at a minority of high-incident locations. Our findings support those of other studies which associate density of bars with pedestrian injury; however, there was no such association with schools. These results provide a foundation for extending pedestrian injury research as well as instituting passive intervention efforts. Future studies should analyze the effectiveness of built-environment modifications on reducing rates of pedestrian injury in areas such as those highlighted in this study.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
NS conceptualized and designed the study, participated in the environmental scan as well as in writing the paper. JC conducted the spatial analysis, participated in the environmental scan and contributed substantially to writing the paper. VC participated in the environmental scan and in writing the paper. SMH contributed to the study design and participated in the environmental scan.
Acknowledgements
NS would like to thank the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (MSFHR) for their continued career support.
References
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19. Clifton KJ, Kreamer-Fults K: An examination of the environmental attributes associated with pedestrian-vehicular crashes near public schools.
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20. Hotz GA, Cohn SM, Nelson J, Mishkin D, Castelblanco A, Li P, Duncan R: Pediatric pedestrian trauma study: a pilot project.
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23. World Health Organization: World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
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25. Morency P, Cloutier MS: From targeted "black spots" to area-wide pedestrian safety.
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28. ESRI: ArcGIS.
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31. King MR, Carnegie JA, Ewing R: Pedestrian safety through a raised median and redesigned intersections. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Record 1828; 2003.
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34. Hakkert AS, Gitelman V, Ben-Shabat E: An evaluation of crosswalk warning systems: effects on pedestrian and vehicle behaviour.
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35. Vives MJ, Kishan S, Asghar J, Peng B, Reiter MF, Milo S, Livingston D: Spinal injuries in pedestrians struck by motor vehicles.
J Spinal Disord Tech 2008, 21(4):281-287. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
36. Oxley J, Lenne M, Corben B: The effect of alcohol impairment on road-crossing behaviour.
Transp Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 2006, 9(4):258-268. Publisher Full Text
37. LaScala EA, Gerber D, Gruenewald PJ: Demographic and environmental correlates of pedestrian injury collisions: a spatial analysis.
Accid Anal Prev 2000, 32(5):651-658. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
38. Lenné MG, Corben BF, Stephan K: Traffic signal phasing at intersections to improve safety for alcohol-affected pedestrians.
Accid Anal Prev 2007, 39(4):751-756. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
39. Corben B, Diamantopoulou K, Mullan N, Mainka B: Environmental Countermeasures for Alcohol-related Pedestrian Crashes. Melbourne: Monash University Accident Research Centre; 1996.
40. Newbury C, Hsiao K, Dansey R, Hamill J: Paediatric pedestrian trauma: The danger after school.
J Paediatr Child Health 2008, 44(9):488-491. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
41. Jones SJ, Lyons RA, John A, Palmer SR: Traffic calming policy can reduce inequalities in child pedestrian injuries: database study.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/233/prepub
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Roy's Postcards: 1986/11/14
Inscription:
We went to the aquariam and saw some of these. It was fun. I bought this postcard for 20¢. It was in Baltamore. (We is me, Robert, Michael and Shelly.)
Postcard back:
The great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) is generally more curious than dangerous on the reef. Photo © Jerry Greenberg 1972. All rights reserved.
Leonard's comments:
Barracuda: the most determined-looking fish in the ocean.
I like how I belatedly realized that I'd left out some vital information about my trip, and crammed it in at the end.
See also: zoo
This document (source) is part of Crummy, the webspace of Leonard Richardson (contact information). It was last modified on Friday, November 29 2013, 13:00:15 Nowhere Standard Time and last built on Friday, December 06 2013, 05:00:03 Nowhere Standard Time.
Crummy is © 1996-2013 Leonard Richardson. Unless otherwise noted, all text licensed under a Creative Commons License.
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Continental Geophysics Project - Maps
See all Geoscience Australia Maps and 3D Models
MAPS 3D Models
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(27 products total)
Title Map ID Coverage Scale State ↑ Edition Reliability Year Released
Airborne Electromagnetic Survey Index Map, May 2012
n/a n/a n/a AU 1 2012 01/Jun/2012
Australia digital elevation colour image 1:5 000 000
n/a n/a 1:5,000,000 AU n/a n/a 10/Jan/1997
Australia elevation colour image map 1:25 000 000
n/a n/a 1:25,000,000 AU n/a n/a 06/Mar/1997
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Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia, 4th Edition, 1:25 Million scale, 2004
n/a n/a 1:25,000,000 AU 4 n/a 29/Nov/2004
Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia, 5th edition, 1:5 million scale, 2010
n/a n/a 1:5,000,000 AU 5 n/a 01/Jul/2010
Magnetic anomaly map of Australia
n/a n/a 1:5,000,000 AU 3 n/a 07/Sep/1999
Radiometric Map of Australia 2nd Edition DVD
n/a n/a n/a AU n/a n/a 11/Aug/2010
Radiometric Map of Australia, 1st edition, 2009 (A0 map only)
n/a n/a n/a AU n/a n/a 03/Dec/2010
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Cairns - Georgetown pixel image maps
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Georgetown Block, Queensland goldfields, TMI RTP colour pixel image
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Flinder Ranges, South Australia, gamma-ray spectrometry pixel image map
1/1 View Spatial Extents 1:500,000 AU-SA n/a n/a 21/Jun/2002
Flinder Ranges, South Australia, magnetic pixel image
1/1 View Spatial Extents 1:500,000 AU-SA n/a n/a 21/Jun/2002
Kimberley Region 1:1m TMI pixel
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Londonderry - Drysdale First Vertical Derivative of TMI (rtp)
SD5209 View Spatial Extents 1:250,000 AU-WA n/a n/a 30/Aug/2001
Londonderry - Drysdale Potassium (red), Thorium (green), Uranium (blue) colour composite
SD5209 View Spatial Extents 1:250,000 AU-WA n/a n/a 30/Aug/2001
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(Notable Residents)
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*[[Elizabeta Torres]]
*[[Elizabeta Torres]]
*[[Willy Valerio]]
*[[Willy Valerio]]
+
*[[Antonio Foster]]
==Businesses==
==Businesses==
Revision as of 00:43, 4 June 2010
File:Rail.jpg
An elevated train passes between tenement buildings in Bohan.
Bohan is one of the five boroughs in the Grand Theft Auto IV version of Liberty City. It's the smallest major island in GTA IV, only containing 7 of the city's 65 individual neighborhoods with only four accessible businesses, with an estimated population of 1,045,463. Its real-life archetype is The Bronx. Bohan is located in the north-east of Liberty City.
According to the in-game Public Broadcasting documentary, Bohan is a Dutch word meaning "Dutch word" (Although this is untrue. The real dutch word for "Dutch word" is "Nederlands woord"). Most Bohan avenues are named after major prisons (Alcatraz Avenue, Rykers Avenue, Sing Sing Avenue, San Quentin Avenue, and Guantanamo Avenue being five examples). Many Bohan streets are named after breakdancing moves, such as Worm Street, Spin Street, Applejack Street and Valdez Street.
Character
Bohan is the most deprived of the five boroughs in Liberty City. It mainly consists of run-down housing projects and derelict squalor housing. South Bohan and Fortside are the best examples of this type of location. Whilst there is often evidence of gentrification in other deprived districts across Liberty City there is very little evidence of it in these neighborhoods. There is a strong gang presence in these two districts, with South Bohan and Fortside being Spanish Lords' primary turf.
Chase Point and Industrial generally consist of abandoned warehouses and archaic docking facilities, serving as Bohan's declining industrial districts. Prostitution is very common in these districts, far more so than anywhere else in Liberty City. Street prostitutes can be found congregating on many street corners during the nighttime.
Northern Gardens is a slightly less deprived area with considerable green space and a beach in its northern limits. It provides Bohan's Policing and Medical Services. The major function of the neighborhood is its housing of the Northern Gardens Projects which is one of Liberty City's largest housing estates. The projects' main complex shows signs of gentrification with the presence of small convenience shops and comparatively modern housing facilities. The police station is directly connected to Northern Gardens Projects by means of a short staircase, presumably to allow for an improved police presence and more effective response to crime.
Boulevard is Bohan's largest district and contains considerable parkland, green space and a beach in its northern limits. Boulevard is the safest and least deprived of the seven districts. The areas to the south of the district are more urban in character and are focused around the Grand Boulevard thoroughfare.
Little Bay is in the east of Bohan and is the borough's smallest locale. It contains low-rise apartment housing and could be considered one of the borough's safer and less deprived areas.
The population of Bohan are mainly Spanish or of another Hispanic nationality; this population trend is particularly concentrated around South Bohan and Fortside. Other ethnic enclaves include the predominant African-American demographic of Northern Gardens and an Albanian presence in Little Bay.
Transport
Subway Stations
Bridges
Highways
• The Northern Expressway: the main highway that connects the Northwood Heights Bridge and the Dukes Bay Bridge.
Public Services
Police Departments
• Bohan East Police Department on Leavenworth Ave.
• Bohan West Police Department on Applejack St.
Hospitals
• Bohan Hospital on Leavenworth Ave.
Fire Departments
• Bohan Fire Department on Caterpillar St.
Pickups
Health
• In Boulevard, on Lompoc Avenue; in the northern basketball court, beside the bleachers
• In the Industrial District, on Leavenworth Avenue; under the 24-7 Supermarket sign near the Bohan Hospital stairs
• In the Industrial District, on Lomac Avenue; in the southwest corner of the warehouse from Hostile Negotiation
• In Little Bay, on Sing Song Avenue; on the makeup table in the dressing room at the end of the stage in The Triangle Club
• In Northern Gardens, on Coxsack Avenue; in a dirt lot on top of a wall near the stoop
• In South Bohan, on Attica Avenue; in an office in the Sprunk warehouse
Armor
• In Chase Point, on Folsom Way; in the corner of the top floor of the unfinished building
• In Fortside, on Grand Blvd.; on the pier
• In Fortside, on Folsom Way; behind a green storage unit, behind the ARS building
Notable Residents
Businesses
Neighborhoods
Other Information
• When the player drives off either bridges entering Bohan, a glitch will happen. The game's short-term vehicle spawning memory will become corrrupt, but it'll fix itself, and either your vehicle or someone else's car will spawn in carparks or parked on the streets. It'll still work if the player drives in a public service, emergency or industrial, it'll just spawn a nearby car.
• Although Gainer Street can be seen on the game's map, it is not registered in the game, and is referred to as a part of San Quentin Avenue.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 635631, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/635631
Research Article
Real-Time Simulation of Fluid Scenes by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Marching Cubes
1College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
2State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beijing 100083, China
Received 2 August 2012; Accepted 26 September 2012
Academic Editor: Fei Kang
Copyright © 2012 Weihong Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Simulating fluid scenes in 3DGIS is of great value in both theoretical research and practical applications. To achieve this goal, we present an algorithm for simulation of fluid scenes based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics. A 3D spatial grid partition algorithm is proposed to increase the speed for searching neighboring particles. We also propose a real-time interactive algorithm about particle and surface topography. We use Marching Cubes algorithm to extract the surface of free moving fluids from particles data. Experiments show that the algorithms improve the rate of rendering frame in realtime, reduce the computing time, and extract good real effects of fluid surface.
1. Introduction
Simulation of fluid scenes has a wide range of applications in the movie special effects, computer animation, game production, virtual reality, and many other fields [14]. At first, most studies of fluid simulation are based on the nonphysical procedural modeling method which generates scene by parameterized surface. Although the simulation is faster, these methods are not based on physical principles, thus lack of authenticity, and can’t simulate some detailed effects, such as the effect of wave overturning. At the same time these methods are based on random functions, it is difficult to achieve solid-liquid interaction. So most researchers focused on fluid simulation based on physical methods.
At present, physics-based fluid simulation methods are mainly divided into two types [5]: one is grid-based Euler method, the other is particle-based Lagrange method. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a new method based on particle-based Lagrange method, which is mainly used in astrophysics at first. J. Monaghan is the first one to apply SPH into simulation of free surface flow. Stam and Fiume [6] brought in SPH method into fluid simulation to achieve the effect of gas and flame. And then, the researches on fluid simulation mainly adopt particle-based Lagrange method. Harada et al. [7] made the searching adjacent particle feasible by constructing uniform spatial grid. Under this circumstances, fluid particles are relatively dispersed and lots of idle grid units would appear. Therefore, Grahn [8] made the fast searching adjacent particle of arbitrary size scene possible by constructing the space uniform grids with Hash function through GPU. Kolb and Cuntz [9] made use of GPU to achieve the whole process of SPH. However, this method calculates in the grids and interpolates in the particles, which leads to physical discontinuousness and simulation results distorted. David Lopez et al. [10] made use of SPH to build the physical pressure modal on river basin of the Villar Del Rey Dam, and it simulated the fluid scene of discharge floodwater. The way to deal with boundary interaction is too simple. So it simplified the terrain boundary to regular area, but the terrain surface is rugged in 3DGIS.
Although there are many SPH methods to simulate fluid in literature, they can’t apply to simulate fluid in real-time and high efficiency in complex scene [1113], such as simulating debris flow and flood and other process of fluid evolution in the 3DGIS. This paper improves 3D spatial grid partition algorithm to increase speed of neighboring particles searching, and we also propose a real-time interactive algorithm on particle and terrain surface. The results show that this method can calculate in real-time and has a good rendering rate.
2. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
The basic idea of SPH makes fluid as a series of discrete particles, through the role of the smooth, which has certain radius of kernel functions to a particle physics scalar (such as density, pressure, etc.) assigning to the adjacent particles, as shown in Figure 1. Physical scalar of any particle can be calculated by where is density of the particle , is quality of the particle , and is radius of smoothing kernel. If the distance from the particle to particle , that is, , the particles is in smooth domain of the particle , we can get the weight of particle by smoothing kernel function . Otherwise , the weight of the particles is zero. In the solution of fluid equations, we often need to take derivatives of the physical scalar, and this operation only affects smoothing kernel function in SPH method. Therefore gradient of physical scalar value A can be expressed as (2.2).
Figure 1: The basic principle of SPH.
3. Grid-Based Neighboring Particles Search
The existing neighboring particle search algorithms mostly adopt to traverse all particles directly, with time complexity of and stands for the number of fluid particles. Chen et al. [14] constructed an index table of two-dimensional array of particle and spatial grid by dividing the three-dimensional space grid with grid number being the primary key and the index table being radix sorted (algorithm complexity of radix sort is ). The index numbers of the first particle which corresponds to each grid are obtained so that each grid in the particle is identified.
In this paper, the improved neighboring particle search algorithm doesn’t need to create the index table of particle and grid but divide grids, which saves memory space. It also doesn’t need to sort the particles and the index table, so it reduces the complexity of algorithm. The algorithm steps are as follows.
Step 1. Divide the three-dimensional spatial grid. In this paper, bounding box of the three-dimensional terrain space is divided into cube grid with length of . stands for the radius of smoothing kernel. The Standard Template Library std::vector is used to store information of particles of each spatial grid. Particle is a class which stores density, velocity, spatial coordinates, and other physical information of fluid particle, and a Particle* pointer pointing to next particle.
Step 2. Put the fluid particles into three-dimensional spatial grid. Insert all the particles into the corresponding spatial grid number by (3.1). That is to insert the current particle pointer into the spatial grid: where stands for the particle in axis coordinate, respectively, min_int is the positive integer function that get the minimum value, and represents spatial grid number.
Step 3. Calculate the neighboring particles of each particle. In SPH method, particles are only affected by other particles in radius of smoothing kernel, so we will find the scope for particle located in the neighborhood of 27 spatial grids. Firstly, calculate the spatial grid number of particle by (3.1); then calculate index number of by GridWidth, GridDepth, and GridHeight, respectively, stand for the dimension on direction of spatial grid, then the contained particles of are stored in pointer array. Finally, visit all the particles in and calculate current particle of density and physical pressure and so on by using the equations derivated from (2.1) and (2.2).
4. Interaction between the Fluid Particles and the Boundary
The simplest algorithm is exhaustive algorithm on dealing with interaction between fluids and boundary. Assuming that there are geometric facets and fluid particles in the scene, its time complexity is . In the 3DGIS, the number of triangular patches of terrain mostly ranges from 105 to 107 and the number of fluid particles is generally between 103 and 106. If the exhaustive algorithm is adopted, the computation will be too huge to be accepted. In this regard, [14] proposed a boundary interaction algorithm based on spatial mesh, which inserts information of the terrain boundary and obstacle into the spatial grid, then judges whether the fluid particles are intersected with boundary geometry patches and obstacle in spatial grid when the fluid particles pass through. The algorithm requires geometry patches of boundaries to be small enough; if geometry patches are large, the number of grid number each grid space occupied will increase, which will lead to reduced efficiency of algorithm.
Because the number of triangular grids of terrain is huge in the 3DGIS, if the above algorithms are adopted for boundary interaction, the amount of calculation will be too huge and the efficiency of real-time rendering will be degenerated. Regarding this, this paper proposes a real-time interaction method of the boundary bounce particles, where the time complexity of algorithms is and is the number of fluid particles. Interaction between the fluid particles and the terrain is mainly used in interaction between the fluid particles and the terrain surface to prevent fluid particles from penetrating through the terrain surface, shown in Figure 2 The basic idea of algorithm is as follows.
Figure 2: Interaction between the fluid particles and the terrain surface.
Step 1. Calculate intersection of the ray and triangular grid of the terrain surface. The origin of the rays is and direction is straight down (). As DEM data is regular grid data, two-dimension array can be used for storage. Spatial coordinate of the triangle patches of terrain surface can be calculated by (4.1). is . In a similar way, coordinates of and can be calculated. The and axis’s coordinates of and are equal, if , then calculate the elevation of by bilinear interpolation of triangle 1. Otherwise, calculate the elevation of by bilinear interpolation of triangle 2, and are the coordinates of , and are coordinates of . , respectively, stands for the particle on axis coordinate. and , respectively, stands for space interval on axis coordinate of the terrain elevation. stands for the two-dimension array which stores the terrain data:
Step 2. Judge whether the particle is in the area that rebounded by the terrain. First, calculate the spatial distance from particles to . If , then the particle is not in rebound area, so go to Step 1, and deal with particle . Otherwise, , then enter Step 3, values for which is the radius of the smoothed particle.
Step 3. Calculate force of rebound boundary. When fluid particle is close to terrain, the particle will be rebounded by the terrain surface. The rebound force can be calculated by (4.2), where is speed of the particle, is the hardness parameters of the terrain, is deceleration parameter of terrain to the particle, and is the normal unit vector of the triangular patches that include the intersection . When the fluid particles gradually approach the terrain surface, the rebound force increases gradually until the velocity of the particle decreases to zero. At this time, the particle is still subjected to the effect of rebound which increases the velocity of the particle, thus preventing fluid particles to penetrate through the terrain. The direction of the rebound force is normal direction of the triangular mesh plane. Note that the rendering system only renders the clockwise triangular patches; we adopt clockwise triangles for the calculation of the normal unit vector of triangular patches that the particles locate in:
5. Visualization of the Fluid Surface
The fluid surface reconstruction is important for fluid simulation. Lighting and texture rendering of the fluid surface will improve the fidelity of fluid scene. Iwasaki et al. [15] proposed Point Splatting method to build the surface rendering, and this method has highly real-time rendering efficiency, but emptiness appears where fluid particles are relatively sparse [1620]. In this paper, Marching Cubes algorithm is proposed to be applied in constructing fluid surface of free moving, which has the advantages of simple operation and fast drawing. The process is as follows.
Step 1. The 3D space is evenly divided into spatial grids. Traverse all the particles in the fluid region, calculate minimum coordinates () and maximum coordinates () of the particles which are bounding box of fluid region, and divide the box into homogeneous spatial grids.
Step 2. Calculate the density of the vertices of each spatial grids. Then use the divided grids as the sampling points of fluid scenes to get fluid density field data. Calculate the density value of each grid of the 8 vertices by using (2.1) and SPH interpolation on particles of each grid.
Step 3. Determine the threshold value of density isosurface of the fluid surface. According to the fluid pressure equal to atmospheric pressure, and the state equation of an ideal atmosphere, threshold value of density isosurface of the fluid surface can be obtained as follows: where stands for the fluid surface density, for atmospheric pressure, and for gaseous constant.
Step 4. Compare each vertex density value of spatial grid with threshold value of isosurface. If the vertex density value is greater or equal to the isosurface value, vertex value is 1 and the vertex is in the isosurface; otherwise is 0 and the vertex is outside of isosurface. According to the result of the comparison, structure the grid state table.
Step 5. Calculate the vertex of density isosurface coordinates of each spatial grid. If a vertex of a side of a grid is in the isosurface, while the other vertex is out of the isosurface, then, this side inevitably intersects with the desired isosurface. Firstly, according to the grid state table, get the grid’s sides which intersect with the isosurface. Then calculate the intersection of grid’s side and isosurface by linear interpolation method.
Step 6. Draw density isosurface. By using the central difference method and the linear interpolation method, calculate vertex normal of each triangle. Finally according to the coordinate values of each triangle vertex and normal vector, draw density isosurface.
6. Experiment Results
In this paper, the experiment platform is Intel Core 2 Duo CPU T6670@2.2GHZ. Main memory is 2 G, and graphic card is NVIDIA GeForce 9300GS with memory of 256 M, and operating system is Windows XP, and the drawing SDK is OSG (OpenSceneGraph).
Figure 3 shows fluid outflowing from a topographic position in 3DGIS, and its dynamic process of evolution on the terrain surface. The fluid particle number is 30000. Figure 4 shows the Figure 3 Scene by Marching Cube algorithm to construct the effect of fluid surface of free moving.
Figure 3: Fluid in the dynamic evolution process of particle simulation (particle number 30000).
Figure 4: Effect of reconstruction of fluid surface mesh reconstruction (particle number 30000).
As this algorithm applies Marching Cube algorithm which is the same as [8] to construct the fluid surface and field particle search and complex boundary interaction algorithm which are used in this algorithm are different to [12], thus they are comparable. Table 1 shows the comparison of simulation speed of the algorithm and two other kinds of algorithm. Figure 5 shows comparison of computing time per frame. Table 1 and Figure 5 show that this algorithm reduces the computation time per frame.
Table 1: Comparison of the three algorithms on simulation rate.
Figure 5: Comparison of the three algorithms on simulation rate.
7. Conclusion
In order to simulate the fluid scene in 3DGIS, this paper proposed an SPH algorithm for fluid scene simulation. The experiment results show that this algorithm can calculate in real-time and has a good real-time rate of rendering frame, and achieve the desired goals. In near future we intend to further improve the algorithms of extracting fluid surface and enhance reconstruction speed and accuracy of the fluid surface mesh.
Acknowledgments
This paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60873033), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (R1090569), and the State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment Open Fund (SKLSDE-2012KF-05).
References
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cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-48
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Nursing Research and Practice
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 813409, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/813409
Review Article
Postnatal Depression Is a Public Health Nursing Issue: Perspectives from Norway and Ireland
1Department of Nursing, Diakonova University College, Fredensborgveien 24 Q, 0177 Oslo, Norway
2School of Nursing & Midwifery, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, University College Cork, Ireland
Received 2 March 2013; Revised 16 July 2013; Accepted 1 August 2013
Academic Editor: Megan Aston
Copyright © 2013 Kari Glavin and Patricia Leahy-Warren. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The framework provided by the Millennium Development Goals includes maternal health as an area of priority. Postnatal depression (PND) is a serious public health issue because it occurs at a crucial time in a mothers’ life, can persist for long periods, and can have adverse effects on partners and the emotional, behavioural, and cognitive development of infants and children. Internationally, public health nurses (PHNs) are key professionals in the delivery of health care to mothers in the postpartum period, and international research collaborations are encouraged. Two researchers from the European Academy of Nursing Science (EANS) identified a need to collaborate and strengthen research capacity and discussion on postnatal depression, a public health nursing issue in both countries. Within the context of public health and public health nursing in Ireland and Norway, the aim of this paper is to present a discussion on the concept of PND, prevalence, and outcomes; screening issues for PHNs; and the research evidence of the benefits of social support in facilitating recovery for new mothers.
1. Introduction
The WHO-UNFPA [1] has clearly identified maternal mental health as fundamental in attaining the Millennium Development Goals. Postnatal depression (PND) is a significant public health issue, occurring during the perinatal period which is a time of intense change and transition for women. Distinguishing between a natural response to motherhood and symptoms of PND can be difficult both for new mothers and their families [2, 3]. Detection of and intervention in postnatal depression is crucial to the well-being of mothers, their infants, partners, and families. It occurs at a critical time in a mothers’ life and can persist for long periods. It can have adverse effects on partners and on emotional and cognitive development of infants and children [46]. Public health nurses (PHNs) all over the world have a major role in supporting families with new born babies, and a key concern for public health nursing is the framework provided by the Millennium Development Goals which includes improving maternal health [1]. Many cases of postnatal depression are not detected [7] as there is no international agreement on screening for postnatal depression. There are opinions that the screening instruments do not meet the WHO criteria for when screening should be performed [8]. The Marcé Society for Perinatal Mental Health is an international society for the understanding, prevention, and treatment of mental illness related to childbearing [9]. There is a growing view within the society in favour of undertaking universal psychosocial assessment in perinatal women, as long as it takes place within an integrated care model [10]. Ireland and Norway have many similarities from a geographic, demographic, and public health care model and public health nursing perspectives. The PHN is the primary health care professional providing care to women in the postnatal period in both Ireland and Norway.
The European Academy of Nursing Science (EANS) is a forum for connecting nurse/midwife scientists within Europe through scholarship and research [11]. It offers opportunities to test innovative ideas, pool expertise, and strengthen research capacity in line with the objectives of the European Research Area. Researchers may collaborate across participating countries on any subject which demonstrates a need for international cooperation. To draw attention to important common challenges for nurses, this collaborative research has great significance. The authors met at an EANS conference in the summer of 2012 and identified a need to collaborate and strengthen research capacity and discussion on postnatal depression as a public health nursing issue in both countries. The aim of this paper is to present a discussion on the concept of PND, prevalence, and outcomes; similarities and differences in public health and public health nursing models in Ireland and Norway; research evidence on identification and screening issues for PHNs; and the benefits of social support in facilitating recovery for new mothers. Whilst it is acknowledged that other health care professionals such as midwifes, social workers, and psychologists also contribute to care of women with PND, the focus of this paper is on the role of the PHN. This paper will contribute to the discourse on PND and PHNs contribution in identification and treatment in the context of primary health care internationally.
2. Prevalence and Outcomes Related to Postnatal Depression
PND in women usually occurs 4–6 weeks after birth, and international studies find that between 8% and 15% of mothers are affected by this condition [1215]. However, in some studies, the prevalence of postnatal depression ranges from zero to almost 60% [16], and the prevalence rates vary across and within countries, from as low as 4.4% at 12 months to as high as 73.7% [17]. In some countries, there are few reports of PND, whereas in other countries reported postnatal depressive symptoms are very prevalent. Prevalence rates reported from Ireland have also varied from 11.4% to 28.6% [18] with the most recent study with first-time mothers reporting prevalence rates of 13% at 6 weeks and 10% at 12 weeks [13]. Four Norwegian studies show prevalence between 8.9% and 16.5% [1922]. These figures indicate a serious clinical issue for PHNs providing postnatal care to new mothers in the community.
There may be many reasons for this variation in prevalence which include using different screening assessments, using varying cut-off scores (10–13) on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) [23], assorted timescales (6–12 weeks postpartum), and different samples. For example, one study included a high representation of a sample of mothers with previous history of depression [24]. However, it is well documented that postnatal depression affects at least 10% to 15% of all mothers within the first postpartum year [2, 3, 16, 25]. Thus, several thousand women are affected by this condition each year and this should be an important issue for public health services. This condition has well-documented health consequences for the mother, child, and family [3].
Women who have PND are significantly more likely to experience future episodes of depression, and infants and children are particularly vulnerable because of impaired maternal-infant interactions and significant cognitive and emotional development [3, 5]. The nature and symptoms of PND are characterised by tearfulness, fatigue, anxiety, despondency, and excessive anxiety over the baby [23]. An indication of PND is a low mood that causes every day to be experienced as heavy and grey. Some women experience loss of control over their existence, which can lead to an increasing feeling of unease, irritability and outbreaks of anger, inability to cope, and thoughts of suicide. Depression ranges from mild, temporary episodes of sadness to severe, persistent depression [2]. Depressed mothers report higher parenting stress than nondepressed mothers [26, 27], and maternal depressive symptoms might also contribute to unfavourable parenting practices [28] which can adversely affect child growth and development and thus a concern for PHNs.
3. Public Health Care and Public Health Nursing Services
Ireland and Norway have many similarities from a geographic and demographic perspective and both have a strong commitment to primary care and public health. Both countries have similar sized populations, but economically there are differences in relation to poverty, life expectancy is lower, and inequalities are higher in Ireland [29]. The public health system in Ireland is a two-tier system where public and private sectors exist and is governed by the Health Act of 2004 [30]. Following this legislation, the Health Service Executive was established and is responsible for providing health and personal social services to the population. The public health system has a number of on-going issues which could have an impact on primary care services. These include long waiting lists; over capacity on hospital beds; patients awaiting admission on trolleys in the emergency departments; moratorium on staff recruitment leading to staff shortages. Ireland’s two-tier health care system has failed in many respects to deliver adequate, fair, and equitable services to meet people’s needs [31]. Not all citizens in Ireland have free health care at the point of delivery as it is based on income. Many health care payment schemes operate such as the General Medical Services (GMS) card, Pay Related Social Insurance (PRSI), and drug payment scheme. Nearly 40% of the population are covered by a medical card or a GP visit card [32]. Mental health services have not been prioritised by government and the quality of services lag behind international best practice. There is an ongoing recognition for the need for a shift from the medical model and in-patient treatment to a holistic model of care with recovery and community services at its core [33, 34].
In contrast to Ireland, Norway has universal health care for its entire population and free health care at the point of delivery. Municipalities are responsible for managing the services within Norwegian laws and regulations [35]. The Norwegian government has recognized the need for public health services to address mental health issues for women during pregnancy and after childbirth and acknowledges that well-child clinics are an especially suited arena for preventive mental and social work [36]. In both “The women’s health strategy” in St. meld. nr. 16 (2002-2003) [37] and the government’s “Strategic plan for the mental health of children and adolescents…” is the commitment to expand and strengthen support for women in this period of their lives. There is also a wish to increase research on women’s mental health during pregnancy and birth [38], which also reflects the ethos of the Vision for Change strategy document in Ireland [33]. In a recent report from Australia [39], perinatal depression is estimated to cost the Australian economy $433.52 million in 2012, in financial costs only ($4,509 per person with perinatal depression). In addition to the financial costs, perinatal depression equates to a loss of 20,732 disability-adjusted life year DALYs in 2012, which represents a significant disease burden.
There are no comparable figures available for Ireland and Norway, but it is reasonable to assume similar costs to their economies. Guidelines for treatment of postpartum mental disorders are lacking in both Ireland and Norway [33, 40, 41], and resources have not been increased either in Norway [36, 42] or in Ireland [29]. Furthermore, hospital stay for women after delivery has been dramatically shortened in the last decades, from previous 5–7 days to currently 1-2 days. Since primary health care has not received the required amount of resources [33, 43], support for new families is significantly impaired. There is need for clinical nursing service improvement both from a resource and evidence based perspectives specifically for the identification and management of PND.
In Ireland and Norway, public health nurses (PHNs) are geographically based and provide a nursing service to new mothers and their infants in the community. Ireland has generalist public health nurses, which means they care for all persons within their defined geographic area from the cradle to the grave [44]. In contrast, PHNs in Norway are specialists and are responsible for preventive services provided to infants, children, adolescents, and their families [45]. Maternity services are free which entitles every woman to General Practice (GP) and hospital obstetric services. In general, midwives are employed to work in the hospital system with some regions having minimal community based service for up to 10 days postpartum. The work of PHNs consists of health promotion and primary prevention, which means promoting mental and physical health as well as good social and environmental conditions and preventing disease, injury, and disability [44, 46]. PHNs in Ireland are mandated to visit all new mothers within 48 hours of discharge from hospital, and similar to PHNs in Ireland are mandated to visit all new mothers within 48 hours of discharge from hospital, and similar to PHNs in Norway who offer home visits within the early weeks after birth and attendance at well baby clinics until the child is four years [40] or school going age [44]. Given the short length of stay at the maternity wards, this home visit is especially important to support the new family. Support and information from the PHN at the home visit can have a preventive effect on depressive symptoms in postpartum women [20, 47].
4. Identification of Postnatal Depression
On a very basic level, Norway has far more PHNs devoted specifically to public health issues, with one client group, compared with PHNs in Ireland providing services to all client groups with a preventative and curative remit. In Norway, there are 2069 PHNs employed in municipal family health clinics and school health services, and in Ireland there were 1702 PHNs employed in the Irish Health Service Executive [29]. PHNs in both countries have the most contact with mothers in the postpartum period and therefore are in a prime position to assess for postnatal depression and facilitate and help mothers to mobilise support from their social network and also to provide support when none are available. In Norway, recent reports suggest that there is not enough research of satisfactory quality available to give recommendations for how to work with PND in the municipalities [8, 48, 49]. In February 2013, The National Council for Priority Setting in Health Care in Norway [8] recommended that screening for postnatal depression should not be introduced on a national basis at the present time. The decision was based on that the EPDS screening does not meet the WHO criteria for when screening should be performed. However, the recent position paper by the Marcé Society recommends undertaking universal psychosocial assessment in perinatal women, as long as it takes place within an integrated care model [10]. In Ireland, recommendations are made for interventions to address PND which may have a wide range of socioeconomic benefits, extending well beyond the impact of the intervention on the mother [33]. Screening for PND is currently not a routine component of the PHN postnatal visit, and thus, many women may not be assessed [50].
There is growing evidence that PND can be effectively treated and possibly prevented [27, 5153]. However, according to Dennis [54] it is still undetected or untreated in many women. Although a number of tools (essentially self-report questionnaires) have been developed for the detection of depression, only eight studies assess their use in the postnatal period [55]. Only one of these, the Edinburgh Post Depression Scale (EPDS) [23], has been used in a sufficient number of studies to make a judgement on its usefulness. Recent studies [14, 25, 27, 28, 51, 53] indicate that EPDS can be a useful tool to detect PND in women. Cox et al. [23] developed this self-rating scale for detecting depressive symptoms among women who have just given birth. The scale has been translated into several languages. The scale considers the intensity of depressive symptoms that are present in the previous seven days. EPDS has been used both in clinical settings and in epidemiological studies and is generally well accepted by women [56, 57]. Although the sensitivity and specificity vary across languages and cultures, the sensitivity and specificity of the EPDS have been satisfactory in several studies [2, 15, 21, 58]. The form is described as a reliable screening tool [12] and has been recommended for screening of postnatal women [15, 59]. There has been much debate in the literature as to the suitability of using the EPDS in clinical practice for screening for PND. This reluctance is primarily related to the EPDS having reasonable sensitivity but lower specificity, and thus, positive predictive value is poor. This means that many women who do not have PND are being told of the possibility that they have the condition and then could be subject to further investigation, placing an increased and wasteful burden on resources. However, it is important to be aware that the EPDS is a screening instrument that indicates the possible presence of depression and not a diagnostic tool. To determine a clinical diagnosis of PND, it is necessary to use the EPDS, followed by a clinical assessment and an interview [2]. Thus, the clinical assessment done by the PHN after the EPDS is decisive of further followup. PHNs have described EPDS as a door opener for talking to new mothers about their mental health [52]. According to Seeley [60], the EPDS is only as good as the person using it. Similarly, using the Whooley et al. [61] questions plus the additional Arroll et al. [62] question has also demonstrated poor positive predictive value. Nonetheless, the Current NICE [63] guidelines recommend using them. Although little specific evidence exists for their use in the perinatal period, their ease of use and reasonable sensitivity and specificity, particularly if combined with the additional help question from Arroll et al. [62], suggest that their use in routine care may be practical and acceptable. The questions are simple screening methods which can detect postnatal depression and lead to a subsequent referral for a full clinical assessment followup. This screening technique is an opportunity to screen without the need for a more formal assessment. However, all postnatal depression screening and assessment must be combined with a treatment chain and systematic referral procedures [2, 10, 64]. Public health nurses have the most contact with mothers and new babies in the postpartum period and therefore are in a prime position to assess for PND and provide support. According to Negron et al. [65], it is important to identify social support resources needs of new mothers to facilitate their transition to motherhood and recovery after childbirth.
5. Social Support
International and national policy documents suggest that social support is necessary for maternal and infant well-being and facilitates women’s transition to motherhood. In previous research, mothers in the postnatal period have reported help received from their partners and mothers, both with household chores and infant care, to be of great importance to them. Providing support for mothers in caring for their infants in the postnatal period is an important concern for nurses in the community, because research has shown that social support can facilitate women’s transition to motherhood [66], some of whom find the transition psychologically stressful. Furthermore, previous research has indicated that social support from partners, maternal mothers and peers [67], and home visits from nurses [22, 68] have reduced postnatal depressive symptoms. Within the Irish context, given the importance of social support in facilitating transition to motherhood, Leahy-Warren [69] conducted research with first-time mothers exploring the relationship between social support and confidence in infant care practices at 6 weeks postpartum. Findings revealed that support in the guise of mothers’ receiving positive affirmation with caring for their infant had a significant influence on their confidence in caring for their infants. Mothers’ revealed that the sources of this type of support were their partners and own mothers. Results also showed that public health nurses and maternal mothers were the primary source of informational support. Therefore, it is essential that nurses facilitate the identification of individual mothers’ sources of support and continue to provide them with information that is relevant and appropriate.
A more recent Irish study examined the relationship between postnatal depression, maternal parental self-efficacy (confidence), and postnatal depression during the first 3 months postpartum with a large sample of first-time mothers () [14, 50]. The results showed that at 6 weeks, significant relationships were found between functional social support and postnatal depression and informal social support and postnatal depression. This means that support received from mothers’ partner, own mother, family, and friends positively influenced postnatal depressive symptoms at 6 weeks. The types of support that were significant were informational, instrumental (hands-on help), emotional (caring) and appraisal (positive affirmation). Findings also revealed that the higher the level of maternal parental self-efficacy (confidence) the lower the level of depressive symptoms. This means that mothers who have confidence in their own ability to care for their infants are less likely to have postnatal depressive symptoms. Nurses need to be aware of and acknowledge the significant contribution of social support, particularly from family and friends in positively influencing first-time mothers’ mental health and well-being.
The best predictors of postnatal depression at 12 weeks were at-birth professional support and emotional support. What this means is that mothers who received low levels of professional support at birth were 3.24 times more at risk of PND at 12 weeks than mothers who received high levels of professional support. Furthermore, there was an elevated risk (2.92 times) of PND at 12 weeks in mothers with low emotional support, compared with those who received high emotional support at birth [18, 44]. In a study with first-time mothers , when their babies were 3 months old, Tarkka et al. [70] showed that social support and support from public health nurses were important factors in first-time mothers coping with child care. Similar findings were reported from Taiwan, where findings revealed that nursing interventions enhanced women’s social support and decreased their PND [71]. Razurel et al. [72] interviewed 60 women six weeks after the birth of their first child. The new mothers expressed the need to be supported and counselled when problems arose and regretted the lack of long-term postpartum support. Gao et al. [73] compared the prevalence of depression in the postpartum period and its relationship with perceived stress and social support in first-time mothers and fathers. In this cross-sectional study with a sample of 130 pairs of parents, they found that perceived stress, social support, and partner’s depression were significantly associated with depression in new mothers and suggest that counselling, support, and routine screening for depression should be provided to both mothers and fathers. A qualitative study using focus groups of women participating in a postpartum depression randomised controlled trial explored their experiences of social support in the postpartum period [65]. One of the main themes identified were mothers’ major needs and social support expectations including providers of social support. Mothers indicated that support from partners and family was expected and should be provided without asking. Furthermore, findings indicated that identifying support needs and expectations of new mothers is critical for mothers’ recovery after childbirth. These findings signify the need for public health nurses to be mindful of the importance of support for mothers in the early postnatal period. Recovery can be facilitated by helping mothers identify the types of supports they need and who is best from their social network to provide specific supports. PHNs can contribute by facilitating and helping mothers to mobilise support from within their social network.
Glavin [47] discusses a model for prevention, identification, and treatment for PND in a Norwegian municipality. The PHNs in the intervention municipality undertook specific training related to PND [27, 52]. In this study, 2227 women participated, 437 in the control group and 1790 in the intervention group. At the home visit two weeks postpartum, the PHNs in the intervention group gave information (both written and oral) about PND and encouraged the mother to contact the well-child clinic before the first appointment if she felt depressed. A significant difference in PND symptoms was detected between the two groups at six weeks postpartum. This indicates that information and support can prevent some cases of PND with better outcomes for maternal and infant health and well-being [22]. The PHNs in the intervention municipality used the EPDS followed by a clinical assessment and an interview to assess all mothers for PND at six weeks postpartum. The assessment was followed up by supportive counselling sessions with a PHN for women in need of that. A total of 228 women, 64 in the control group and 164 in the intervention group, had an EPDS score ≥10 at six weeks. The women who received supportive counselling sessions showed a significant decrease in depression score compared to the usual care group up to 12 months postpartum [74]. The study by Glavin et al. [27, 47, 74] showed an effect on depressive symptoms among depressed women as well as among the nondepressed up to 12 months after delivery, and the results are supported by other studies [51, 53]. In a prospective cluster trial, randomized by GP practice with 1474 interventions and 767 control women, Morrell et al. [53] and Brugha et al. [51] used EPDS and trained health visitors to assess for PND and give supporting counselling sessions to mothers in need of that. They also reported a decrease in the PND scores among women who received support from health visitors. A review including fifteen trials, involving over 7600 women, Dennis and Creedy [75] reported that home visits after birth by public health nurses or midwives helped to prevent PND. Thus, several studies indicate that support from the PHN may have a preventive effect on PND in women.
6. Conclusion
The prevalence of PND at 10–15% is a serious public health issue and consequently a public health nursing clinical concern in the community. The adverse consequences of PND for mothers and their families necessitate the need for PHNs to identify those at risk. Public health care in the guise of primary care in Ireland and Norway is an ideal integrated model of care in the community in which universal screening could be achieved by PHNs with appropriate and adequate resources. Research evidence has demonstrated the significant beneficial effects of PHN support visits and facilitation and mobilisation of social supports from mothers’ social network. Priority needs to be given at a strategic level in both countries to resource a perinatal mental health strategy, embedded in public health policy to ensure that universal psychosocial assessment in perinatal women is undertaken within an integrated care model. The prevention, detection, and treatment of this condition in women are crucial. This needs to be considered given the benefits to the individual, the family, the community, the health care profession, and financial costs to each country.
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68. E. Shaw, C. Levitt, S. Wong, and J. Kaczorowski, “Systematic review of the literature on postpartum care: effectiveness of postpartum support to improve maternal parenting, mental health, quality of life, and physical health,” Birth, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 210–220, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
For commercial support around LibreOffice see our list of certified partners.
Selected: LibreOffice Windows, version 4.0.6, Kashmiri
You need to download and install these files in order:
Packages
Developers
• Software development kit (SDK)
Download the SDK for developing extensions and external tools.
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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Yahoo Bing Transitions In Asian Markets
Sep 21, 2011 • 8:39 am | (1) by | Filed Under Yahoo Search Engine & Yahoo SEO
Yahoo announced they have made the transition from Yahoo powered search results to Bing powered results in the Asian markets.
These markets include Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam but exclude Korea.
Yahoo also said the transition for the organic results in Greece, Poland, Romania, Switzerland (German, French and Italian languages) and Turkey are complete.
I am not sure when the paid search side will be transitions, there have been issues on that front - from what I understand.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Google Really Wants You To Sign Up For Google Plus
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
So you want to do marketing for your company. You've created a marketing plan and want to implement it. How do you determine which applications/vendors to use?
For example, for email marketing and online surveys, use Vertical Response or Constant Contact or Mail Chimp or iContact or SurveyMonkey or...
What about:
Social Media apps
Mobile marketing apps
SEO apps SEM/keyword apps Analytics tools and apps
The list goes on. Ask friends? Use forums with colleagues? Web search? Something else?
Greatly appreciate it.
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add comment
2 Answers
So you want to do marketing for your company...
You're asking technology questions. I'm a marketer, and trust me, (a) there are plenty of good-enough tools out there for any and every activity you're going to call 'marketing,' (b) they're all the wrong place to start your thinking about marketing!
The start point is your customers/users. If you don't have any yet, post some additional comments to describe your situation and I'll suggest appropriate ways to get that initial base.
So let's assume you do have people getting value from what you do. Start talking to them 1-1. Ask if they're willing to spend 20 minutes talking to you. Block out half of every day for as long as it takes and get to know them. Find out what life's like from your customer's point of view. What are they loving? What frustrates them?
The bulk tools work best when you're using the learning from individual conversations and scaling the interaction up. Working (as most startups do) the other way round is expensive and destructive.
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To me the best way to do marketing on social-media is not by feeding them with content, but by engaging in conversations. Lets say, your product deals with 'weight loss' - you would find numerous people tweeting about this problem, to whom you can interact, gauge their response and see if your product could benefit them.
The above is just an example to use twitter for marketing which I have found to work well.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
In order to build our website we need to create a short 1 minute video about our project similar to this http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCHhwxvQqxg.
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add comment
2 Answers
I'm assuming you want to do it on the cheap: 1 minute of video isn't long, you might only be just commencing this idea, and once your website is running you might want to redo the video again anyway to better reflect the message you want to convey.
Two options come to mind:
1. Find your local college/University that teaches students multimedia, graphic or video design, and post a job ad there. Most likely there will be an electronic job board that you can advertise for free.
2. Advertise your job out on to one of the freelancer web sites such as http://www.elance.com/, http://www.freelancer.com/, http://www.guru.com/, and http://www.vworker.com/.
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There are a lot of companies that provide this type of service. They range in price greatly from 4k to 20k.
You can see a lot of options here http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-best-studios-for-producing-explanation-videos-like-Epipheo?q=epipheo.
From my research, the cheaper end is http://www.gisteo.com/, and the more expensive end is http://www.epipheo.com.
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Angelica Meggars
Info
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Location
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This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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Wikia
SRD:Improved Aura of Courage
Talk0
9,519pages on
this wiki
This material is published under the OGL
Improved Aura of Courage [Epic]Edit
PrerequisiteEdit
Cha 25, aura of courage class ability.
BenefitEdit
The character’s aura of courage grants a +8 morale bonus on saving throws against fear effects.
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Added by staff
You oughtn't to yield to temptation. Well, somebody must, or the thing becomes absurd.
This quote is about temptation. Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Hope, Anthony ...
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Nobody has bookmarked this quote yet.
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Added by staff
A narcissist is someone better looking than you are.
• 4
This quote is about vanity. Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Vidal, Gore ...
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I'm male, say nothing
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I'm female, say nothing
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I'm male, say nothing
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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When asked what he would do if he only had six months to live: Type faster. Asimov, Isaac
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
The true courage of civilized nations is readiness for sacrifice in the service of the state, so that the individual counts as only one amongst many. The important thing here is not personal mettle but aligning oneself with the universal. Hegel, Georg
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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