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Learn about investing for free. Educational posts related to funds, stocks, bonds, commodities as well as investment analysis.
[link]
r/StockMarket - Reddit's front page of the stock market, financial news
Stock market news, Trading, investing, long term, short term traders, daytrading, technical analysis, fundamental analysis and more. We cover it all at stockmarket.
[link]
Are you a newbie? Want to know what are your choices in the Forex market? Then here is it. #daytradingmethods #forexmarket #investment #momentumtrading #trend #scalping #reversetrading #pricemoves #traderpulse
submitted by traderpulse to u/traderpulse [link] [comments]
What are the most unregulated forms of investing? I know forex is pretty unregulated, but does anything top forex? I don’t know much about options or futures, but I assume options are pretty regulated, am I wrong? I feel like futures would be pretty unregulated, but I’m honestly just guessing here
submitted by doofusspeed to investing [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Do you want to understand what is a forex trader? Why are people attracted to becoming a forex trader? Learn why in this article. https://t.co/yBZIo9qLhW #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
@AlphaexCapital : Ever wanted to know what is a swing trader? In this article, we delve into one of the most popular trading styles and how you can benefit from it. => https://t.co/jSAv9ETA93 #forex #investing #bitcoin #crypto #xrp #btc #eth #forexsignals
submitted by AlphaexCapital to AlphaexCapital [link] [comments]
One type of investing many people are interested in now is foreign currency exchange, referred to as forex. While the concept of forex trading seems fairly simple, actually being successful ... Forex quotes and prices of US Dollar, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Japanese Yen, Swiss Franc and other Currencies. Forex is the foreign exchange market, traded 24 hours a day, 5 days a week by banks, institutions, and individual traders. Learn more about the world’s most traded market with a turnover of $5.1* trillion per day. Investing.com covers the latest forex news in the currency market and breaking financial news stories. Forex is a portmanteau of foreign currency and exchange. Foreign exchange is the process of changing one currency into another currency for a variety of reasons, usually for commerce, trading, or ...
[index] [2220] [1766] [154] [538] [698] [5088] [3981] [4994] [5193] [2556]
Investing Basics: Forex - YouTube
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The Arizona general election will be held on November 6, 2012, with early voting starting on October 11. After the many recent legislative challenges to reproductive health care access, both nationally and statewide, the importance of voting in November can’t be overstated. To help voters, Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona has endorsed candidates who have shown strong commitment to reproductive health and freedom. Along with those endorsements, we are spotlighting our endorsed candidates in a series called “Meet Our Candidates.” To vote in the general election, you must register to vote by October 9 — and can even register online. Make your voice heard in 2012!
[V]oters first elected Dr. Eric Meyer to the Arizona House of Representatives in 2008, where he has served on the Education, Government, and Transportation committees. Once again, he seeks to represent the constituents of Central Phoenix, Sunnyslope, and Paradise Valley — the newly redrawn Legislative District 28 — in the Arizona House of Representatives.
He was gracious enough to agree to an interview with Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona, which took place on September 17, 2012.
“Sex education … should be comprehensive and based on facts and peer-reviewed research.”
Tell us a little about your background.
I attended Cocopah Elementary School and Chaparral High School. I earned a degree in economics from the University of Southern California and a medical degree from the University of Arizona Medical School. My post-graduate training was in the specialty of emergency medicine at Oregon Health Sciences University. I practiced medicine in Portland’s Providence Emergency Department, eventually becoming director of that department.
I returned to Arizona 15 years ago with my wife, Sarah Snell, also a physician, and our two children. While Sarah concentrates on her practice, I serve on the Scottsdale School District Governing Board and in the Arizona State Legislature.
As a member of the Children’s Museum of Phoenix Board of Directors and the Scottsdale Unified School District All-City Athlete Banquet Board, I am a dedicated advocate for children. I have also served as a legislative liaison for the Scottsdale Parent Council, PTO president for Arcadia Neighborhood Learning Center, and Scottsdale Unified School District budget committee member.
I believe strong public schools are the bedrock of Arizona’s future. As a school board member for the past eight years, I have gained intimate knowledge of our schools’ needs, and have developed a plan to move our schools forward.
My background in economics and medicine gives me the tools to address the growing problem of access to quality, affordable health care, especially for our children, and to identify ways to diversify and strengthen our economy.
One of your Republican opponents, Kate Brophy McGee, voted both to deny public funding to Planned Parenthood and to prevent taxpayers from being able to claim donations to Planned Parenthood as part of the “working poor donation tax credit” program for charitable organizations. How would you respond to this?
One in five Arizonans is uninsured, well over 1 million residents. Planned Parenthood plays a critical role in providing care to a large group of women in our state that have nowhere else to turn for their health care needs. With the loss of the working poor tax credit, fewer women will get their yearly exams for breast and cervical cancer as well as many other treatments. This is shortsighted and wrong. As legislators, we should be looking at cost effective ways to provide care and detect disease early. Unfortunately, elimination of the tax credit will lead to the opposite. We should not be playing political games with people’s lives; we should be working to ensure that every Arizona resident has access to quality health care.
Your other Republican opponent, Amanda Reeve, voted against Planned Parenthood and reproductive health interests throughout the 2012 legislative session, including a vote for Senate Bill 1009, which effectively requires school curricula to provide biased information to students in promoting childbirth and adoption over abortion as pregnancy options for teens. Do you believe this is the correct way to approach sex ed for students in Arizona public schools? Why or why not?
Sex education in our schools should be comprehensive and based on facts and peer-reviewed research. If we fail to adequately educate our children, we continue down the current path of one in four sexually active teens with sexually transmitted diseases and more than 50 percent of teen pregnancies unplanned. Abstinence is a component of a comprehensive sexual education, but without all options and information being dispensed without judgment, we are doomed to failure.
In contrast to the bad bills supported by your opponents in the previous legislative session, what kind of beneficial legislation would you like to see introduced, and why do you think it’s important to fight for it?
Fund education, fund KidsCare, restore AHCCCS funding, remove the broad range of bills that have placed restrictions on women’s reproductive choices, keep guns out of schools, get guns out of bars. The list could go on and on. The legislature has an approval rating in the single digits. The majority and the governor have taken us down the wrong path.
Why do you think it is important that people make their own health care choices?
Every individual should have the right to choose their own health care path. During this last session, we legislated health care standards, basing this decision not on the safety of our citizenry, but instead on the personal beliefs of lawmakers. We made it a crime to practice standard of care medicine. We should not impose our values on others through legislation, but should instead provide education and an equitable and accessible system that allows Arizona citizens to choose the care that meets their own needs.
Because of the views of the other candidates in the LD 28 House election, Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona is recommending a “single-shot vote” for Eric Meyer. With a single-shot vote, voters vote for one, and only one, candidate in an election, even though they can vote for as many as two. This increases the chances of the chosen single-shot candidate being elected. Since every voter gets two votes for state representative, if some of the voters use only one, then the candidate receiving that single vote automatically receives a greater percentage of the total votes cast, giving him or her a better chance at winning the election.
In single-shotting a candidate, you are in essence giving both of your votes to one candidate by not giving the second to another.
To find out more information about Dr. Meyer, you can visit his campaign website, EricForAZ.com, or his Facebook page, Rep. Eric Meyer.
With all the redistricting that’s taken place this year, you might not even know what legislative district you’re in — but you can click here to find out! And, regardless of which legislative district in Arizona you live in, you can contact us if you’d like to volunteer for an endorsed candidate in your legislative district.
This entry was posted in Elections and tagged 2012 General Election, AHCCCS, Amanda Reeve, Arizona, Arizona House of Representatives, comprehensive sex education, election, emergency medicine, endorsement, Eric Meyer, family planning, general election, health care, insurance, Kate Brophy McGee, LD 28, Legislative District 28, legislature, Maricopa County, Meet Our Candidates, Paradise Valley, Phoenix, Planned Parenthood, Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona, pro-choice, public education, public schools, reproductive freedom, reproductive rights, SB 1009, Scottsdale, Senate Bill 1009, sex ed, sex education, sexual health, single shot vote, single shotting, Sunnyslope, teen pregnancy, unintended pregnancy, unplanned pregnancy, vote, voting, women, women's health, working poor donation tax credit by Tori. Bookmark the permalink.
About Tori
Tori is a secondary teacher who’s been working in Arizona schools since 2004. She is strongly committed to helping people of all ages access the information and services they need to make accurate, informed, and empowered choices for themselves.
View all posts by Tori →
3 thoughts on “Meet Our Candidates: Eric Meyer for State Representative, LD 28”
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Pingback: Meet Our Candidates: Patricia Flickner for State Representative, LD 15 | Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona | Blog
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An ideal imitation of the human eye enables the precise measurement of near-eye and head-mounted display quality
Posted on January 27, 2021 by Eugene Panich
Reply
The all-new 2021 version of the Almalence Human Eye Simulator. Optically clear. Eye Tracking ready.
To assess the quality of head-mounted displays, it is necessary to capture images which exactly match with what a human eye would perceive. Indeed, a capturing device has to be capable of accurately replicating the human eye’s optical properties. If they are not, then this could lead to some drastic irregularities – a mismatch of entrance pupil diameter, for instance, would lead to quite different blurs and aberrations, or even sometimes visible Fresnel rings, which are not apparent to the human eye. Once you do have a capturing device in place that can match the optical properties of the human eye, however, then now comes the real challenge: the device has to be recognized as an “eye” by eye trackers – otherwise, there will simply be no chance of capturing a correct picture, as a wrong picture would be displayed in the first place, in case the HMD uses eye position-dependent rendering techniques like foveated rendering or dynamic aberrations correction – which have recently been becoming standard for high-quality near-eye displays.
Almalence, a pioneer in designing the eye-imitating cameras, has now begun to roll out an all-new and updated version of its powerful eye simulator, better than ever and ideally suited for near-eye display picture capturing and quality measurement tasks. It features made-to-order, optically clear eye corneas, flawlessly creating a perfect match to the form of a real, human eye that is indistinguishable for eye trackers – unlike other, off-the-shelf parts and solutions, which commonly result in deviations from the proper shape. A clear aperture for up to a 120° FOV enables the seamless capture of up to the entire field of view in one shot, without ever compromising the contrast and MTF of the true visible picture.
The ideal profile of both visible and IR light absorption and reflection is painstakingly implemented, in order to make the simulator’s iris look exactly like a natural iris to an eye tracker. An additional IR-cut filter also prevents unwanted reflections from the camera lens, which may spoof eye tracker readings.
Auto-focus capability, to avoid having to manually adjust the focal point when moving the “eye” inside head-mounted displays that exhibit a significant field curvature.
The platform encapsulates multiple capturing camera designs, including a 100° field of view camera which enables the user to capture the entire visible FOV in one shot. This feature is also quite useful for geometry distortion measurements. Specially designed narrow 78- and 34-degree FOV cameras are also included, engineered for high-precision optical measurements, including apparent resolution, chromatic aberrations, and more.
A monochromatic camera can also optionally be used with the eye simulator, in order to resolve ambiguity in color channel mixing between the HMD display and CFA filters inside the camera.
Almalence has also developed a powerful software for the processing and transforming of captured images, so that they can readily be used for correct measurements of geometry, MTF, channel crossing, and other quality characteristics, with industry-standard tools such as ImaTest. Together with a 6-DOF robo-arm and its controlling software, all of the above-mentioned features seamlessly combine to present a complete, easy-to-implement tool for head-mounted displays, picture quality assessment, and the profiling of geometry and aberrations correction.
Posted in eye tracking, products, VR | Leave a reply
xTeleZoom extends the lossless zoom range of iPhone 7+ dual camera
Posted on February 27, 2017 by Eugene Panich
Reply
Computational imaging technology increases the resolution and enables high quality zoom beyond iPhone 7+ 2x telephoto camera hardware.
February 27, 2017. Barcelona.
Today at Mobile World Congress, Almalence, the leader in computational imaging technologies announced its xTeleZoom app for the iPhone, enabling extra high quality zoom capability. Using a sophisticated computational technique, the app is able to dramatically preserve resolution and suppress the noise while zooming.
Mobile phone photography is still limited in its ability to zoom in without sacrificing resolution and image detail. While there is no practical way to create an optical zoom solution in mobile form factor constraints, the phone makers, including Apple, add an extra telephoto camera to their devices to provide good zoom quality. This approach, however, is able to provide only a limited optical zoom factor as the longer focal length lenses in mobile size constraints suffer from decreased aperture, resulting in low resolution and high noise level.
“We developed xTeleZoom because even the most advanced hardware solutions alone cannot address the need for taking high quality zoom photos”, said Eugene Panich, CEO of Almalence. “The decreasing thickness of new phone generations poses bigger challenges on the lenses ability to zoom and resolve good image quality. Software like xTeleZoom is the only practical way to break the zoom quality barrier”.
Almalence’s xTeleZoom uses computational imaging technology that enables better zoom shots from the iPhone without compromised image quality. Originally developed for professional photography it’s now available as an iPhone app to extend the high quality zoom range of the telephoto camera of the iPhone 7+. The users of the iPhone 6, iPhone 6s and iPhone 7 models without a tele camera will also benefit from higher quality zoom using the xTeleZoom app.
xTeleZoom is available on iTunes for $.99: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/xtele-zoom/id1189050574
About Almalence
Almalence, an Intel Portfolio Company, is the global leader in computational imaging technologies used in a wide range of optical systems from high-end DSLR cameras to mobile phones. Almalence’s solutions are licensed by top smartphone OEMs. Almalence Inc. is a privately owned company with headquarters in Austin, Texas and the team distributed across the world – USA, Russia, Israel, China, and South Korea. For more information about Almalence technologies please visit www.almalence.com.
Posted in mobile, press release, products, resolution | Tagged dual camera, iPhone, zoom | Leave a reply
A Better Camera featured on BBC Click
Posted on February 7, 2014 by Eugene Panich
Reply
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01r0tbz
Kate Russell’s choice of dress matches A Better Camera brand.
Posted in mobile, products | Tagged a better camera, BBC | Leave a reply
Almalence’s new technology makes cameras see like human eye
Posted on January 9, 2014 by Eugene Panich
Reply
Have you ever noticed that you see much more details when looking at a scene by eye than when seeing a photo of the same scene? If not, it’s just because it’s too common to be noticed. Even having, physically, a lower dynamic range than a camera, human eyes see more.
Almalence Dynamic Range Optimizer optimizes the usage of dynamic range of 8-bit images to make the most of image details visible. DRO uses a technique similar to tone mapping, exploiting the peculiarities of human vision. DRO can be used either for optimal conversion of RAW images into 8-bit RGB/YUV images or for improvement of existing 8-bit images.
Same data acquired by the camera, different usage of dynamic range. Left: standard image produced by the camera. Right: result of Almalence DRO processing, close to what human eye would see. Details in shadows are revealed due to optimization of dynamic range usage. Noise is not amplified.
DRO is easy-to-integrate, extremely fast solution that automatically improves the images in 100% cases and can substitute HDR in most of cases.
Comparing to existing solutions aiming to provide similar improvements of digital imaging, Almalence DRO:
is faster by the order of magnitude, which allows to use it in mobile devices, for both still images and video
provides better quality, mainly due to absence of noise amplification in shadows
improves both shadows and highlights
Left: standard image, right: DRO processed (optimized) image. Details in both shadows and highlights are revealed due to optimization of dynamic range usage.
DRO can be integrated in ISP, camera drivers or applications.
Some comparison examples are available on our site: DRO_examples_Almalence_site.zip (33 MB)
Demo application is available upon request.
Posted in examples, mobile, products | Tagged announce, demo, HDR, tone mapping | Leave a reply
A Better Camera: alpha testers wanted!
Posted on August 27, 2013 by Eugene Panich
Reply
For years we’ve been providing you with the most advanced imaging applications for Android. Now we have fused all our applications into a single multi-purpose camera app.
Moreover, we have made this application open source so that it should be backed with the power of Android developers community!
We are excited to invite you to become an tester of a very early alpha version of the application.
See the details on A Better Camera site
Posted in mobile, products | Tagged a better camera, android | Leave a reply
PhotoAcute 3.011
Posted on March 20, 2013 by Eugene Panich
Reply
New version of PhotoAcute released, featuring new super resolution profiles, including Hasselblad / Leaf Aptus 17:
Release notes on PhotoAcute forum
Posted in products, routine | Tagged photoacute, superresolution | Leave a reply
Superb quality zoom with newly available Huawei Ascend P2, first tests at MWC 2013
Posted on February 25, 2013 by Eugene Panich
Reply
Camera became one of the things (if not the only one) that really make the difference in modern smartphones. Among the leading OEMs such as HTC, Sony and Intel who emphasize their new advanced camera features, Huawei offers something really unique – SuperZoom feature, allowing to take high quality images when zooming in with a mobile phone camera.
We had a chance to test SuperZoom feature with Huawei Ascend P2 phone at Huawei’s stand at Mobile World Congress. In brief, it works incredibly, see the pictures below.
Left: normal zoom, right: Super Zoom
Left: generic digital zoom, right: SuperZoom
Left: ordinary zoom, right: Super Zoom
Left: usual zoom, low detail; right: Super Zoom, high resolution and lot of details
Conclusion: SuperZoom is a revolutionary technology providing zoom quality comparable to optical zoom, on mobile devices!
Feb 25, 2013, Barcelona.
Posted in examples, mobile, products, resolution | Tagged huawei, mobile, superresolution, superzoom | Leave a reply
Almalence releases an accessible HDR tool for converting RAW into detail-rich vivid images
Posted on June 1, 2012 by Eugene Panich
Reply
Your camera captures the details, HDRAW makes them visible
The maximal dynamic range – the contrast between the brightest point and the darkest one – of a JPEG image is about 4,000 times lower than the range seen by a human eye. A camera captures several times higher dynamic range than one available with JPEG. This means that the range is either cut or squeezed in JPEG photos, therefore in high contrast scenes the details in highlights and shadows are lost, as well as the details of low-contrast objects. RAW images still contain the full dynamic range captured by the camera.
HDRAW utilizes Tone Mapping technique, allowing to preserve the details while fitting high dynamic range image into the limited dynamic range of JPEG or any other 8-bit format. Exploiting the properties of the human vision, HDRAW makes the picture and color details visible in all areas of the photo from the darkest to the brightest one.
Single-image HDR
HDRAW is a single-image HDR tool that utilizes higher dynamic range available in RAW.
RAW made easy
While usual RAW development process is a sophisticated task that requires adjusting a lot of parameters in a RAW converter, HDRAW is intended to produce rich detail images virtually in one click (ok, three clicks actually). It still allows you to adjust tone mapping parameters, but the standard presets are enough in most cases.
HDRAW.net
Along with HDRAW application we’ve launched HDRAW.net community for photo sharing, discussions, etc.
HDRAW is available at introductory price of $14.99. Registered users of PhotoAcute can use HDRAW for free – HDRAW accepts PhotoAcute 3 registration codes.
Posted in products | Tagged HDR, RAW, tone mapping | Leave a reply
Smart handling of moving objects in PhotoAcute
Posted on March 31, 2012 by Eugene Panich
Reply
In PhotoAcute version 3.005 we have introduced a qualitative improvement of moving objects processing. Even with exposure bracketed images of very complex scenes with moving objects and varying illumination PhotoAcute now produces consistent results.
PhotoAcute version 3.005 free download
Posted in products | Tagged moving objects, photoacute | Leave a reply
Catch the very moment with our new Android application
Posted on March 29, 2012 by Eugene Panich
Reply
Unlike the other cameras that take an image after you tap the shutter button, Pix Fix keeps taking the images until you tap the button.
So, the meaning of the Button is now “Stop! That’s a wrap!” instead of “That’s the moment, ooops I’ve missed it”.
After clicking the shutter button you have a series of photos taken before the click. You can then pick the photos where the moment is captured or save the whole series.
Pix Fix is available at introductory price on Google Play. Get it now!
Posted in mobile, products | Leave a reply
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Recent Posts
Almalence SuperResolution Zoom selected by Qualcomm Technologies and ASUS for the Smartphone for Snapdragon Insiders for its superior image quality
Almalence wins an Award at 2021 SID Display Week with its Digital Lens technology!
Near-eye Display Optic Deficiencies and Ways to Overcome Them
An ideal imitation of the human eye enables the precise measurement of near-eye and head-mounted display quality
Almalence SuperResolution now supports Mediatek APU
Recent Comments
Eye-clean picture clarity with human-eye resolution Varjo head-mounted display and Almalence Digital Lens | Almalence Blog on Accurate Eye Imitation for VR HMD Testing
Almalence compares Google's Super Resolution Zoom to its own Super Sensor solution: Digital Photography Review on Google Super Resolution Zoom: Good Start but not There Yet
Google Super Resolution Zoom: Good Start but Long Way to Go | Almalence Blog on Google Super Resolution Zoom: Good Start but not There Yet
Accurate Eye Imitation for VR HMD Testing | Almalence Blog on Almalence Digital Lens technology enables high resolution wide FoV VR HMDs
Almalence Announces SuperSensorNews Tech | News Tech on Almalence’s SuperSensor boosts mobile camera quality beyond physical limitations
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The Georgian bee trio Bzikebi (The Wasps) won the sixth Junior Eurovision Song Contest minutes ago. With 154 points they bzzzed the competition away. The bees were magnificent on stage, in yellow and black, they performed a lovely typically childish yet very complex song. And the lyrics consists of a single word only – “bzzz”, performed with immaculate mixture of tones and melodies.
Congratulations, Georgia!
Nov 22nd, 2008 Categories: Eurovision, Fun, JESC, News Tags:
Comments
Comments are closed.
Eurovision is probably the biggest song contest where annually compete singers from all member countries of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The first contest edition was held in 1956.
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For most of them, I will not vote for them because they have no respect for the law. They are circumventing the law on premature campaigning. And not to mention the stupidity of their commercials.
Of course, they can say they used their own funds for the TV campaign, but in the end, how will they recover these expenses? Is this an investment with hopes of high returns?
This alone shows their character. Why vote for someone who can not respect the laws of the land?
On Villar
It's so simple, if he's innocent, why don't he face the charges on double insertion? Can he honestly say that his companies never benefited from his position? If he has the integrity, why did he not avoid funding projects that will benefit his companies? I think we call that delicadeza in this country.
And Mr. OFW, you might want to help Dondon Lanuza who is currently on death row for self defense (someone tried to rape him).
On Roxas
How pathetic can you be? Marrying someone just to get some points in the survey? Who on earth would announce an engagement in Wowowee if you are serious about someone? And his commercials are just as pathetic. "Anak, ako na?" - yeah right! So trapo!
On Binay, Teodoro, Syjuco, & Genuino
What do you call people who use their position to advance their personal agenda? Suckers! Trapo at its best!
On Bayani
Can you imagine a country of pink fences? Of course, Marikina is touted to be a model city. But model on what? Cleanliness? It is only clean because they dump their waste somewhere else. And oh yeah, they are also the couple who advised people to flush their kitchen waste in the toilet bowl since it is biodegradable anyway! Nice!
And what about what he did on the trees along Katipunan? Cut them in the middle of the night! Traidor! Of course, there's no wonder the man who claimed trees in the cities are causing floods would do it!
On Legarda
Will you vote for a political prostitute? She claims to be for the environment, but what has she done? She sold the Philippines to Japan with the JPEPA. She failed the green groups, and she failed me.
On de Castro
Oh well, too much political baggage? Personal interest? Interest of former employers? Have you noticed the sponsors of Trip na Trip - the very late night show of Kat de Castro? Almost all are government agencies and GCC's!
And did he ever make a stand on all the important issues of our time? NO, he played safe! The making of a lame duck president!
On Panlilio
A leader must learn to listen. A leader must learn to sacrifice. A leader must unite. Unless Panlilio shows he has these traits, then maybe I will vote for him. Maybe. Your loyalty must be to your province and to your constituents, not to your provincial administrator. If she is causing most of the problems, I'm sure Pampangga has a lot more who are equally if not more qualified.
And of course, you must make the supreme sacrifice. Resign from priesthood, even just for formality (as they say, once a priest, always a priest). Then, maybe. Just maybe.
On Padaca
Yes, she was able to defeat a political dynasty. But, I fear she has the making of another dictator. Have you heard her talk? "My task force; my projects; my, my, my..." The way she delivered it just sent chills to my spine (and yes, it's not just me. I discussed it after with the others in the audience). Political will is one thing, hard headedness and self centeredness is another. She still has a lot of time to prove herself. Then maybe I will vote for her. Just maybe. (But please don't run as Pres or VP).
I will vote for Gov. Teddy Baguilat of Ifugao. He is an example of a leader who has vision, the political will and the integrity that we need. Most important, he has the humility to stay grounded despite his success/ power. It is a must.
(Just because someone's name is not here, it DOES NOT mean I will vote for them. Watch out for Part 2!)
Patuloy na umiibig sa Pilipinas,
At naniniwala sa galing ng Pilipino,
Froilan Grate | GreenMinds
www.NoBystanders.blogspot.com
Posted by Last Row Traveler at 10:19 AM
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Labels: baguilat, binay, de castro, election, legarda, padaca, panlilio, politics, roxas, villar, vote
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From a PR perspective, I completely agree that Sony has screwed the pooch on managing consumer opinions, at least within the industry. Outside, however, the average consumer just sees a $499 60GB PS3 on sale.
I disagree with the people that insist Sony is driving for some “magical” $599 price point. If it was, I think the sales spike they will see from this price drop will convince them otherwise. The reality for Sony is that they have a huge number of 60GB systems collecting dust on store shelves. The still-born 20GB is largely vanished, and the 80GB isn’t even available yet.
Now, if Sony was to announce the 80GB system at the same $499 that the 60GB has just been reduced to, how many of those 60GB systems would they be likely to sell, now or in the future? Not many, I’d wager, unless they planned to drop the price on those even further. The company would be foolish to do that, especially since the 80GB won’t be around until August. The smart thing to do — and what I suspect is Sony’s plan all along here — is to release the 80GB at $599 with the no-longer-in-production 60GB at $499 until the 60GB units are either depleted or nearly impossible to find (as opposed to now, where it’s the only thing available!), then get a further PR boost with another price drop lowering the 80GB to $499 as well.
I personally can’t think of a better time than now to invest some dough in the inevitable (for some gamers anyway) of a PS3. The price has just dropped, and isn’t likely to drop below $499 any time soon. You might get an extra 20GB for the same price in the not-too-distant future, but at the cost of true backwards compatibility on the system (and it’s not like the the hard drive is very difficult to upgrade way past the 80GB). If the new price point is still too hot for your blood, that’s understandable, but you’ll be waiting years for it to come far below that, so I’m not speaking to you anyhow.
[2] Comments
July 13, 2007
Friday
What the @#&$!
Filed under: General , Videogames by Nate @ 11:03 am
How concerned are you about possible criticisms that you should have given European consumers what SCEA has given US consumers, i.e. the option to pay a lower price?
Well, they’re not really are they, because what the US are offering from the 1st of August is a USD 599 version with one game. All they’re doing is taking their stock in trade that they’ve got at the moment of the 60GB model, marking the price down and it will all be gone by the end of July.
So once the 60GB is gone, that will be the end of the 60GB then?
In America, yes.
[Source: gamesindustry.biz interview with SCEE president David Reeves]
One step forward and another big step back… Can Sony not see that $599 is more than most people are willing to pay, regardless of how almighty its console is? A discount of over 15% brings it slightly out of the realm of insanity (arguably), and will surely convince some fools to take the plunge. But this move just demonstrates that Sony actually has confidence in their former price point. Just like the suggestion that people will want to work a little harder to be able to afford its videogame system, this once again illustrates just how dangerously (for them) out of touch Sony really is.
The king is dead, long live the king.
[Update: SCEA has apparently corrected the story created by the loose-lipped SCEE president. “As announced this week, SCEA’s product offering in North America consists of a 80GB PS3 available in August at $599 and a 60GB PS3 available now for $499. We have will have ample supplies of both models to meet the needs of our consumers for the foreseeable future.” Assuming this is not just some “we have nothing to announce…. right until the moment we have something to announce,” it’s good to see they haven’t completely lost their minds.]
[3] Comments
July 9, 2007
Monday
Twilight Princess: The Legend will never die!
Filed under: Game Reviews , General , Videogames by Nate @ 11:22 am
Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess was the next A-list title to fall beneath my hammer of Summer of Adventure goodness. Unlike the previous, Squeenix-made titles, Zelda has always been much more about the gameplay than the underlying story, so the fact that I have already experienced the core storyline involved here many, many times before is of less importance. What matters here is how it plays.
And man, does it play well. Wii Sports may be a fine showcase for what the Nintendo Wii can do for non-gamers and physically active playing, but I can’t think of a better example than Zelda for how the Wii’s novel functionality can be harnessed to service the needs of traditional game genres. Initially, I was disappointed to learn that swinging the Wii-mote to effect Link’s sword attack is merely a static cue for the system — you can swing from above, from the left, from the right, and your elfin protagonist will do the same single attack as if you had only pressed a button. I can’t fault the Zelda team too much for this, as it was apparently my mistaken belief that the Wii-mote would act as some divine, simplified motion capture device and channel my fearsome fencing tactics onto the screen. In truth, only when you delicately aim the Wii-mote at the screen as a pointer does it actually track your precise path; in all other cases, the specific form of your movement serves only to signal the console something like, “Hey, he wants Link to attack!”
Despite this setback, Twilight Princess did a stellar job in following the gameplay style established with Ocarina of Time (and if you didn’t like that, you won’t like this much more), while adding some real diversity to play through use of the Wii remote. I understand it was originally designed for the Gamecube, and that most or all of the game’s mechanics are faithfully grafted onto the old generation (or well, the reverse is most likely the case), but I found aiming my bow or clawshot with the pointer’s precision to be a joy, and it makes me giddy like a kid at Christmas to think about how good something like Metroid Prime will be.
Also in need of mentioning is the variety and quality of the game design itself. The levels were all masterfully laid out, and toe very nicely the fine line of challenge but not frustration (most of the time). If you can look past the macro view that everything in the game is just concocted to give Link nine (or so) dungeons to crawl, each with a main boss and sub-boss, and each with a new gadget to add to your repertoire, you’ll find some of the most inventive and exciting battles I have ever seen, and more ways to use a boomerang than a young boy should be allowed (wait till you see what Zelda does with it!).
On a critical note, while the “mature” visuals made for a markedly darker story, a welcome new direction for the series, it also highlighted some of the less than creative aspects to Twilight Princess. I love the use and re-use of the classic Zelda theme songs and sound effects, but it can go too far. The visual style cries out for dramatic voice acting something fierce, and Midna’s babytalk and Link’s overly repeated moans and gasps just dig the knife a little deeper by hinting what might have been. I think I forgot to mention it before, but this was something Final Fantasy XII did extraordinarily well, and I think I could have enjoyed Twilight Princess‘ plot, which to their credit they did a decent job at making engaging, far more if I wasn’t constantly being reminded that in spite of the visuals, I’m still firmly in Nintendo KiddyLandâ„¢.
I think Nintendo’s strict adherence to its 1980s-established canon, at least in the case of Zelda, is starting to be more of a liability than a benefit, even down to the classic sound effects and synthy music composition. It doesn’t seem as much so in other franchises like Mario (at least in its Super Paper incarnation), where Nintendo seems to be going in the opposite direction of Zelda — simple graphics and complete mixing-up of the series lore (Mario and Bowser joining forces, etc.). At some point, I fear Nintendo is going to play the Link-saving-Princess-Zelda theme a little too often, and the storyline will all but completely cease to be at all compelling.
The Zelda games fall on the far outer reaches of the action RPG genre, to the point that the gameplay matters so much more than the story, Nintendo can get away with rehashing the same Triforce/Princess/Ganondorf shtick so much that even the characters in the game have legends about previous titles. Fortunately for anyone playing Twilight Princess, both are worthwhile and galvanic, even if the puzzles can occasionally frustrate and the story feel a little played.
Score 8.5 / 10
No Comments
June 24, 2007
Sunday
Kingdom Hearts II: Really not as bad as I make it sound!
Filed under: Game Reviews , General , Videogames by Nate @ 11:53 am
The second game title in my Summer of Adventure 2007 shares a lot in common with the first — extremely high visual fidelity, unheard of production values, and another clear triumph of style over substance. Kingdom Hearts II attempts to recreate the enchanting fusion of Disney and Final Fantasy universes that made the first title both unique and endearing. And it largely succeeds, by using the exact same formula as its predecessor, nearly to the letter.
After an incomprehensible introduction, KH2 quickly returns to series protagonist Sora’s search for his fellow beach children, Kairi and Riku. Â After the start of the first game, his friends were swept away and Sora found himself chosen to bear the mysterious and powerful keyblade, and teaming with Disney mascots Donald and Goofy as they trek from Disney world to world in their quest. Â His search took him to exotic Disney locales from films like Hercules, Winnie the Pooh, Aladdin, The Little Mermaid, and Nightmare Before Christmas. Â At the end, he is momentarily reunited with his friends before being separated again and forced to continue his search.
In the sequel, you will visit exotic Disney locales from films like Hercules, Winnie the Pooh, Aladdin, The Little Mermaid, and Nightmare Before Christmas as Sora fights with Donald and Goofy, using the keyblade in his search for Kairi and Riku (sound familiar?). My biggest gripe with the game is not, however, its almost lazy concept recycling to set up yet another game; it’s the story writers’ attempt to pass off confusion, obscurity, and faux complexity as any kind of real plot depth. This time around, in addition to the myriad of Disney-branded villains, Sora & co. have to contend with the “mysterious” Organization XIII. Its members are unknown, its intentions are mysterious, and its relevance to any real story the game might have is almost nil. The antagonistic concept from the first title — Disney villains are summoning violent creatures called Heartless to steal people’s hearts — is twisted and mashed to such a degree that not only do you cease to understand the point, you may well cease to care. Now, in addition to the Heartless, there are Nobodies, who seem to serve little purpose but make for slightly greater enemy variety. Apparently, whenever a Heartless is created, so is a Nobody. Organization XIII is made up of Nobodies whose plan is to use Sora’s unique (?) ability to destroy Heartless (which the Organization itself creates? how does that work?), which then release hearts into the sky (wait, I thought they were Heartless!) and ultimately collect them for nefarious and titular purposes. It’s all needlessly complicated, to a point that I think even many of the characters, including Organization XIII members, cease to be able to keep track.
Having seen what poor translations can do to story comprehension in games like Final Fantasy Tactics, I’d like to think perhaps KH2 has an amazing and deep story just waiting to get out. But, like most current Square-Enix titles, the localization is superb, and the game’s plot is truly weak and not written with any eye to lasting meaning. I like to think its planning went like…
Talk about friendship a lot
Talk about hearts a lot
Talk about light and darkness a lot
Throw in a bunch of meaningless but beloved Disney and FFÂ characters
Profit!!
The frenetic action of the original game has also been tweaked for this iteration, and the results are more or less the same. Much of the combat system, such as Summons, Limits, and some of the transformations in Sora’s Drive Form, is entirely unnecessary to succeed in battle, and so is ultimately just wasted. And since so much of it (including merely healing yourself) consumes every ounce of Sora’s Magic instantly, players are actually discouraged from making much use of them. For my part, I found Sora to be a perfectly effective killing machine in his normal form with a powerful keyblade and occasional healing spell, and progressed through 95% of the game with that setup only (and that’s on Proud/Hard mode).Â
It seems like Square-Enix builds their games in committees.  They have dedicated teams working on separate aspects of a game, who meet once a week or so to discuss progress and ultimately integration.  Thus you have endless number of pointless sidequests and subsidiary systems, summon spells, item synthesizing, the Gummi ship system, and the list goes on.  Each is mildly compelling in its own right, but without any real incentive to invest time — the game is almost easy to complete without the need for any of the above — who but the obsessive completionist really cares?
And to just beat a dead horse a bit further, will we ever see the day when stories about friendship, light and darkness, and the depth of one’s heart go a little further than prepubescent boys facing pseudo-complicated adversity, for the sole purpose of exploiting decades of dearly beloved (and heavily copyrighted) franchises?  I know it’s possible — I’ve seen real sincerity and feeling in television shows like Firely, and films like Spirited Away.  There were even real messages behind many of the franchises, both Disney and Squaresoft, unceremoniously plundered for their character likenesses and skeleton plots, but they are virtually non-existent in their KH forms.  Don’t get me wrong, I enjoyed playing Kingdom Hearts II a great deal.  As a mindless game, it largely succeeds in every area.  But the developer shoulders a challenge when it creates a storyline on so many archetypal themes and allusionary depth of character.  Where a television show like Firefly left me feeling enriched and hungering for more, KH2 left me tired of caring about its plot, and a little glad it’s all over.
Score: 7 / 10
No Comments
June 12, 2007
Tuesday
Final Fantasy XII ~A Vagrant Story Sequel~
Filed under: Game Reviews , General , Videogames by Nate @ 7:20 pm
What do you get when you combine the director and musical composer of Vagrant Story with the budget and scope of Square’s flagship franchise? You get a polished, compelling mish-mash that possesses neither the clear intrigue and individual focus of VS nor the standard-setting gameplay and thematic overtones that came to define FF. But hot damn it looks good!
It’s possible FFXII was doomed for me from the beginning. Still bitter from the Final Fantasy that wasn’t (XI), the idea of setting the next game in the universe of a series spinoff, replacing the head job and composer, both new to the series and inferior to the original men, was just asking me to nit-pick the final product to death. Even so, despite an initially negative reaction and what I believe are some serious shortcomings, I came to enjoy it quite a bit.
There is a great deal that FFXII does right. Towering above all is the visual presentation, with level design and graphical complexity, prerendered and in-game, so breathtaking it makes you want to cry. It’s all the more impressive that such a visual feast is served through the seven year old PS2 hardware. If the game’s other aspects matched its exquisite vistas and mind-bending layouts, it would certainly be one of the greatest games of all time.
Musically, Final Fantasy has always been a standard. Although you can argue the quality of Uematsu’s work of late, even FFX, on which he only partially collaborated, had its share of standout pieces. Hitoshi Sakimoto helmed FFXII’s composition, and he did about as well as his previous works. That is to say, if you preferred the glissando strings and roaming harmonies of Vagrant Story, Breath of Fire V, or Final Fantasy Tactics to Uematsu’s simpler melodic structure, you won’t be disappointed in the least. But for those that can still hum the original FF theme, Prelude, or any of the myriad of character themes that have made the Final Fantasy series an aural powerhouse over the years, you may come away from his latest work as I did – pleased overall, but a bit disappointed. The quality of composition is high, but like many film scores, it’s just present, not memorable. This approach works for some games (and movies), but for a series that almost singlehandedly opened the door to game music as a subgenre, the change is almost too stark. All of that said, I did like the music, just in a different way.
Speaking of changes, by far the largest is the battle system, an ever-evolving piece of Final Fantasy. FFXII jettisons the old system almost entirely, including random battles, static positions, and even the need to individually instruct your party members. Instead it feels like a modified MMO control style, with a twist to allow you command over three party members. The Gambit system lets you preprogram orders for your characters for everything from whom and when to attack, to what status buffs to maintain. This makes combat almost automatic, and without much difficulty reduces the player to simply driving around auto-piloted killing machines (you can still enter commands manually, but you quicky get broken of that in all but special circumstances). There is a notable feeling of accomplishment from maintaining and tweaking your party’s gambits, but in trade for a large dose of passivity. In the end, it just wasn’t quite as fun or engaging as previous installments.
What really let me down was the most critical part of any RPG: its story. The political intrigue of the main über-plot was engrossing enough, if a little dry (Is the princess alive? Will she reclaim her throne? Will the Archadian Empire succeed in drawing Rosaria into a conflict by asserting its dominion over the Kingdom of Dalmasca?). But the main problem lies in piss poor character development. Most of the characters, including Vaan the aspiring sky pirate, Penelo the poor young wench, and Basch the dishonored soldier, get 99% of their development in their introduction, after which they mindlessly follow the party for the rest of the game. The only playable character to really have any depth is Ashe, and that’s primarily because the entire fucking game revolves around her!
Other games in the series have suffered the same problem to lesser degrees. Tifa didn’t have much point beyond breasts, and Zell was about as tag along as they come. But no other game in the series has done so little with its cast after setting them up. While the plot of FFXII itself is passable, the characters themselves are all just faceless retainers in Ashe’s entourage (oh, we find out Balthier has an interesting dad but it never becomes part of the story, and Fran has a segment where we find out the sexy rabbit Viera people are in bizarre tune with nature).
An excellent example of character development done right in a game with a medium-to-large cast is the last great (IMO) game of the series, Final Fantasy X. Every character has an arc, a journey they themselves go on. They may all be going with Yuna on her quest to defeat Sin, but they have their own stories as well. In XII, Vaan has no story – from the start he wants to become a sky pirate. That’s it. I won’t spoil whether he succeeds or not, but it’s the only thing we know of his character from beginning to end.
All this ranting makes the game sound bad… It’s not. It was a lot of fun, and a good story if you pretend it only really consists of one or two characters.
Score: 8.5 / 10
1 Comment
June 12, 2007
Tuesday
Summer of Adventure 2007
Filed under: General , Videogames by Nate @ 9:09 am
I’m spending the summer in sunny Pensacola, Florida, for an internship with the Navy JAG (like the TV show!), and so far it’s been great. One mildly negative side effect of completely moving to a new city alone, however, is just that — I’m totally alone! My coworkers so far are good people, but mostly older than me, with families and lives of their own.
I have no doubt I’ll eventually develop a perfectly satisfactory social life in time (though being here just two months or so will cut that process short somewhat), but in the mean time I find myself with a lot of “free” time, especially on the weekends. Fortunately I’ve come prepared for just such a possibility, with a virtual cornucopia of gaming produce to tide me over and provide a healthy sense of accomplishment, despite the fact that I’m not actually achieving anything of real merit (but isn’t that always the case with videogaming? *le sigh*)
In the spirit of doing things of questionable real value, I’ll be commenting on my evanescent exploits here periodically, and any discussion following them would help me even further to whittle my days away (that means you, DS Fanboy). So! Bring on the game reviews!
No Comments
March 18, 2007
Sunday
Keeps Them Comin’ Back For More
Filed under: General , Videogames by Nate @ 12:16 pm
When you’re a major retail chain in a highly competitive market, it’s generally not good form to have your customers leave feeling like criminals (as opposed to the RIAA, who benefits from a virtual monopoly over its market and thus can afford to). Such was the case when I recently visited just such a major electronics retail store, who shall remain nameless (but relying on its name you would believe it to be a bustling metropolis in some nation of electronics).
I went there to buy a videogame…
The new releases are locked in a glass cabinet, and unlike places like Wal-Mart, which always seem to swirl with the unwashed masses, this store requires I stand around for five minutes pathetically begging uninterested employees to let me do what at another store I might have done in seconds: pick up the product.
Not that they really needed the glass cabinet — every videogame is individually sealed in a sturdy plastic codex (presumably to foil anyone clever enough to break into the cabinet).
Now at the cashier, my photo ID is (obviously) needed to ensure I’m not making my purchase with a stolen credit card.
After swiping my card, the cashier demands to know my telephone number, though I bet with enough resistance I could have fought it (my will was broken at that point). How nice it was, and not at all creepy, to see mine and every one of my other family members’ addresses and telephone numbers pop up on her screen, ensuring our participation in direct-mail marketing and salable consumer statistics for years to come.
The cashier finally slips the printed receipt into a cute holder for me to sign, although my signature on the paper is not what they’re after. Apparently the holder goes ahead and captures my signature digitally as well (for what nefarious marketing purpose I can only guess), after which I am free to take the worthless, signed paper with me out the door.
Much of it is standard these days in the world of retail, but when all combined in what should have been a five minute visit, I just left feeling lucky they deemed me worthy of making my purchase at all. And a little dirty…
No Comments
February 22, 2007
Thursday
Virtually Fit
Filed under: General , Videogames by Nate @ 8:49 pm
How could World of Warcraft help me to get in shape? The answer is a simple combination of the psychology behind the games and the opening of a YMCA just two miles from my apartment.
World of Warcraft is an MMO and centered largely on social interaction, but part of what makes it so addictive is its system of perceived rewards. I read somewhere once that the human mind prefers efficient numbers by its nature. So if given an achievable reward in a visible numerical form, we will naturally find satisfaction in even incremental improvement. I don’t know if that’s true, but the masses of gamers addicted to games using this principle would lend it some measure of credibility.
So when I decided last January to get serious about physical fitness, I found familiar mechanics in the computerized Fitlinxx system at the Y. Once registered in the system, the software keeps track of how long you run, how much weight you lift, and your target levels via touchscreen terminals at each exercise machine. You earn FitPoints for every pound lifted and every minute of cardio, and even get a bonus when you increase your targets. Over time, you even level up and gain rewards (waterbottles, t-shirts, etc.)! Toss in a convenient website from which to track your progress from home and enter exercising you do away from the gym (earning FitPoints for everything), and you have essentially the same kind of motivator that keeps people grinding mobs in a virtual world.
Of course, given enough time and the real reward begins to take hold — you are stronger, more fit, and (at least in my case) feel more self-confident.
No Comments
November 17, 2006
Friday
A Democrat, A Man of the People
Filed under: General , Politics , Videogames by Nate @ 1:20 pm
HEADLINE: Former Senator John Edwards Turns to Wal-Mart for PlayStation3
Just like the millions of Americans who turn to their neighborhood Wal-Mart for their holiday shopping needs [[including the esteemed former SC senator, I’m sure]], Wal-Mart announced today that former Sen. John Edwards is seeking to be one of the first to get a Sony PlayStation3, one of the most coveted holiday gift items this Christmas season.
Yesterday, a staff person for former Sen. Edwards contacted a Wal-Mart electronics manager in Raleigh, North Carolina to obtain a Sony PlayStation3 on behalf of the Senator’s family. [[Wow, way to use political staffer as personal shopper. But wait, isn’t Walmart for poor people?]] Later that night, Sen. Edwards reportedly re-told a homespun story to participants of a United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) union-sponsored call about how his son had chided a fellow student for purchasing shoes at Wal-Mart. [[Yup, apparently so.]]
[Wal-Mart] noted the PlayStation3 is an extremely popular item this Christmas season, and while the rest of America’s working families are waiting patiently in line, Senator Edwards wants to cut to the front. [[Well, he’s rich, and IMPORTANT , after all. What good is being a soulless trial attorney and failed vice-presidential candidate if you can’t use it to screw over the average Joe?]]
[Source]
[3] Comments
October 3, 2006
Tuesday
Final Fantasy XII Leaked… Everybody Cover Your Asses!
Filed under: General , Videogames by Nate @ 10:11 pm
So the English-language version of FFXII has apparently been leaked onto the Internet. While this in and of itself is of little interest to me — I’m looking forward to playing it in English, but having already indulged myself in the Japanese import months ago, I’m content to wait it out — the online reaction is somewhat amusing. While I’ve never known the gaming press to be concerned with piracy news, the news post at 1Up.com caught my eye:
UPDATE: Since filing our original report, it appears Square Enix has started asserting legal control. One popular torrent site, where many others were linking to as an originator, has already removed their torrent listing completely, a response we may see echoed at other Internet dwellings eventually, but for now, many torrents remain alive and well.
Furthermore, when news of the torrents broke, thousands rushed to download the files before they started disappearing (or anyone took notice of their existence). Our question: what happens to all the people who were inevitably monitored downloading? Will Square Enix press charges against the offenders? It’s too early to tell, but we wouldn’t rule out the possibility.
[Why should they do that? The same kind thing happened with FFVIII, FFX, and probably a host of other Squaresoft games. Besides that, litigation might punish the downloaders, but the leak’s overall affect on the game’s sales will be negligible (especially considering that these people pirating the game now likely would have done the same after the official release anyway).
On the other hand, this very directed speculation and suggestion about the company’s likelihood to “press charges” (has Square EVER commenced litigation on its own for this kind of piracy?) might very well frighten young, would-be pirates from taking the “risk” in the first place.]
ORIGINAL STORY: Yesterday, the rumor mill suggested an early copy of the US version of Final Fantasy XII, not scheduled for a release until the end of the month, leaked onto the pirating scene. Given the especially large download size and the need for torrents to grow a decent number of seeds (hosts who provide the files for “leechers” on torrents), however, there was little to no confirmation on whether the files were legit.
… No, we will not be linking to any venue where a user could download a copy, and any discussion in the 1UP user comments or message boards to that capacity will result in immediate account suspension. [As well they should. Providing a popular location to exchange information of the pirated game would put 1Up at a lot more risk than any single pirate.] Forgetting that pirating is a criminal activity, Final Fantasy XII is supposed to be an absolutely incredible RPG — we strongly encourage gamers to wait a few more weeks for the real game to properly reward Square Enix for their labored work. [Easy for them to say, being already in possession of legitimately obtained copies of the title in question] We don’t mean to be publisher apologists here, but it’s only common decency.
Taking 1Up at its word that it is not a publisher apologist, the question this story left in my head was, “Then why publish such a story in the first place (since I’m sure discussion of pirated material is already prohibited by the click-wrap agreements binding every 1Up forum member)? Is FFXII that good of a game that 1Up feels altruistically inclined to beg its readers not to indulge (despite the fact that posting the story at all probably notified far more people of its existence than if they had remained quiet)?”
No, it’s a scared news outlet covering its ass, and highlighting a major problem with the gaming news “industry” as a whole. The reason: where do you think the pirates obtained the original copy of the game to start the torrents seeding in the first place? Games don’t need to begin replication until a very short time before release. While it’s not impossible someone at a fabrication plant could have pocketed a copy, it’s FAR more likely one of the multitude of review copies Square Enix sent to the news organizations disappeared for a half an hour, and the deed was done. Much like the DVD screeners sent to Academy Award voters prior to the Oscars, if copies are continually leaked to the unscrupulous public, publishers may decide (as I’m sure some do) that the risk of escape is not worth giving the press their advance copies of what is surely to be a mega-seller title anyway. By posting this story as it did, 1Up (and other news sites) have given news of the leak to its entire readership, while still covering its ass in case future publishers put up a stink. Score one for common decency!
The problem this illustrates is just how beholden the gaming “news” sites are to the game makers themselves. Would the industry covering Hollywood (or, God forbid, REAL press outlets such as Wall Street Journal or CNN) alter their coverage because the targets they are covering might get upset? Doubtful. But the only things gaming sites have are exclusive access (interviews, review copies) and press releases (which everyone receives at the same time). And because so many of them are willing to sell out their reviews, write meticulously criticism-free previews, and post sham news stories like this one, anyone not engaging in the same will be left in the dust. Game reviews are a dime-a-dozen (we even feature them here at Ignophobia, bastion of gaming journalistic excellence), but if you have that exclusive interview with Tetsuya Nomura, you’re sure to get the hits…
The gaming press seems preoccupied with coming across as “legitimate.” For that to truly happen, organizations need to be willing to hold publishers and even developers at arm’s length, stop idolizing them just because they enjoy what they create, and cover the industry in more serious, less “fill our sites with ads and Flash” fashion.
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You know that old adage "the shoemaker's children go barefoot"? I was speaking with my 85-year-old dad on the telephone yesterday, and I realized it fit me all too well. My dad has had a pretty serious hearing loss since I was a kid. He says it's from exposure to over an hour of loud static from a television set he was fixing back in the '80s. At first it was just his high frequencies that left him, but it's been progressive over time, and these days he finds talking on the telephone a real strain. I've offered to CART our phone calls, so that he can speak to me while I answer back in steno over the internet. He didn't go for it, just like he always refused to get fitted for hearing aids (he insists that the random one he found in a bargain bin at Goodwill works just fine) and like he refused to read the CART output screen I proudly set up for him at his 80th birthday party. He thinks my job is great and he's proud of me, but he's not interested in making use of accommodations, and I've learned over the years not to push him. When we talk on the phone, he gets by with a mixture of contextual guesswork, bluffing, and asking me to repeat myself. Over the years I've learned how to be patient and clear when communicating, how to paraphrase my sentences in several different ways, avoiding words containing high frequencies (like "th", "f", and "s") as much as possible, and how to gracefully let go of something I wanted to tell him if he's decided that he can't quite get it but he wants to move on. It's not an ideal solution, but it more or less works for us, and the important stuff comes through.
Different people feel differently, though. With my clients, I always email before first meeting them if I can, so that we can discuss their preferences in text. Onsite, I try to get the steno machine set up as early as possible, so that we can communicate unambiguously, without any potential for misunderstanding. Occasionally, though, the steno machine isn't at hand. If I'm meeting one of my deaf or hard of hearing friends for lunch, they don't always want me to take out my bulky and conspicuous gear; sometimes they do, and I never have a problem with it. But sometimes they want to talk without the machine between us. There's a huge variety of communication preferences among people with hearing loss, and it's important to ask them what they prefer and then to follow their lead. If they want to sit somewhere quiet and use mostly speech reading, there are a number of things you can do to make it easier for them: Speak somewhat slowly but normally, without either shouting or over-enunciating (which can distort the ordinary motions of the lips). Insert contextual markers (like "Oh, remember when we were talking about...") when changing subjects, instead of just jumping from one topic to another. Don't speak with your mouth full, turn away in the middle of a sentence, or cover your mouth with your hand. If there's a sudden background noise like a clatter of dishes or a motorcycle going by, pause and resume when it's over. Pay attention to their body language. If they're leaning forward with their eyebrows furrowed and their mouth tight, they might be straining a lot to get what you're saying. Offer to move somewhere quieter if you can, or just ask them if you should be doing anything differently.
All of the above generally works best for people who use their ears to some extent, with or without hearing aids or cochlear implants. Speech reading without any audio input whatever can be very difficult and frustrating, so many people without much audio feedback use other methods to communicate. Learning ASL is always a good idea in our line of work, though it takes a lot of intensive study to become conversational, much less fluent. I've been studying it for a number of years, and I'm still more or less a novice, though I hope to gradually get better with time and practice. Keep in mind that a lot of people with hearing loss don't know ASL. Late-deafened and hard of hearing people are less likely than culturally Deaf people to sign, though it's never good to assume based on someone's background whether they do or not. Always ask. Many of my clients don't know ASL, and at least least two of them have preferred Cued Speech instead. I don't know Cued Speech, but I'm planning to take a crash course in it this spring. I'm excited. It'll definitely take less training than learning an entirely new language like ASL, but it's important to remember that significantly fewer people know how to cue than how to sign.
I couldn't embed it, but click here for an ASL version of Jabberwocky
If all else fails and you're still unable to use your steno machine for whatever reason, there's always the old standbys: Gesture, facial expression, and longhand writing -- or, more often these days, tapping out letters on a smartphone keyboard. Whatever method you use to communicate, just be patient, attentive, and respectful, and you'll never go far wrong.
Posted by Mirabai Knight at 9:35 PM
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Sometimes, however, the steno machine isn't nearby. In case I'm meeting one of my hard of hearing or in need of a hearing aide companions for lunch, they don't generally need me to take out my cumbersome and prominent apparatus; now and again they do, and I never have an issue with it. GetMyLeather.com
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StenoKnight Image by brilliant Deaf cartoonist Adrean Clark of Adreanaline.com
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Mirabai Knight is the sole proprietor of StenoKnight CART Services, which provides verbatim Communication Access Realtime Transcription (CART) to Deaf and hard of hearing students and professionals onsite in New York City and remotely across the country.
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| 1,582.2 | 79,246 |
http://blog.stenoknight.com/2012/04/communicating-sans-steno.html?showComment=1562927677945
|
blog.stenoknight.com
| 1.000151 |
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2ZXJzYXRpb25hbCwgbXVjaCBsZXNzIGZsdWVudC4gSSd2ZSBiZWVuIHN0dWR5aW5nIGl0IGZvciBhIG51bWJlciBvZiB5ZWFycywgYW5kIEknbSBzdGlsbCBtb3JlIG9yIGxlc3MgYSBub3ZpY2UsIHRob3VnaCBJIGhvcGUgdG8gZ3JhZHVhbGx5IGdldCBiZXR0ZXIgd2l0aCB0aW1lIGFuZCBwcmFjdGljZS4gS2VlcCBpbiBtaW5kIHRoYXQgYSBsb3Qgb2YgcGVvcGxlIHdpdGggaGVhcmluZyBsb3NzIGRvbid0IGtub3cgQVNMLiBMYXRlLWRlYWZlbmVkIGFuZCBoYXJkIG9mIGhlYXJpbmcgcGVvcGxlIGFyZSBsZXNzIGxpa2VseSB0aGFuIGN1bHR1cmFsbHkgRGVhZiBwZW9wbGUgdG8gc2lnbiwgdGhvdWdoIGl0J3MgbmV2ZXIgZ29vZCB0byBhc3N1bWUgYmFzZWQgb24gc29tZW9uZSdzIGJhY2tncm91bmQgd2hldGhlciB0aGV5IGRvIG9yIG5vdC4gQWx3YXlzIGFzay4gTWFueSBvZiBteSBjbGllbnRzIGRvbid0IGtub3cgQVNMLCBhbmQgYXQgbGVhc3QgbGVhc3QgdHdvIG9mIHRoZW0gaGF2ZSBwcmVmZXJyZWQgQ3VlZCBTcGVlY2ggaW5zdGVhZC4gSSBkb24ndCBrbm93IEN1ZWQgU3BlZWNoLCBidXQgSSdtIHBsYW5uaW5nIHRvIHRha2UgYSBjcmFzaCBjb3Vyc2UgaW4gaXQgdGhpcyBzcHJpbmcuIEknbSBleGNpdGVkLiBJdCdsbCBkZWZpbml0ZWx5IHRha2UgbGVzcyB0cmFpbmluZyB0aGFuIGxlYXJuaW5nIGFuIGVudGlyZWx5IG5ldyBsYW5ndWFnZSBsaWtlIEFTTCwgYnV0IGl0J3MgaW1wb3J0YW50IHRvIHJlbWVtYmVyIHRoYXQgc2lnbmlmaWNhbnRseSBmZXdlciBwZW9wbGUga25vdyBob3cgdG8gY3VlIHRoYW4gaG93IHRvIHNpZ24uIEkgY291bGRuJ3QgZW1iZWQgaXQsIGJ1dCBjbGljayBoZXJlIGZvciBhbiBBU0wgdmVyc2lvbiBvZiBKYWJiZXJ3b2NreSBJZiBhbGwgZWxzZSBmYWlscyBhbmQgeW91J3JlIHN0aWxsIHVuYWJsZSB0byB1c2UgeW91ciBzdGVubyBtYWNoaW5lIGZvciB3aGF0ZXZlciByZWFzb24sIHRoZXJlJ3MgYWx3YXlzIHRoZSBvbGQgc3RhbmRieXM6IEdlc3R1cmUsIGZhY2lhbCBleHByZXNzaW9uLCBhbmQgbG9uZ2hhbmQgd3JpdGluZyAtLSBvciwgbW9yZSBvZnRlbiB0aGVzZSBkYXlzLCB0YXBwaW5nIG91dCBsZXR0ZXJzIG9uIGEgc21hcnRwaG9uZSBrZXlib2FyZC4gV2hhdGV2ZXIgbWV0aG9kIHlvdSB1c2UgdG8gY29tbXVuaWNhdGUsIGp1c3QgYmUgcGF0aWVudCwgYXR0ZW50aXZlLCBhbmQgcmVzcGVjdGZ1bCwgYW5kIHlvdSdsbCBuZXZlciBnbyBmYXIgd3JvbmcuIFBvc3RlZCBieSBNaXJhYmFpIEtuaWdodCBhdCA5OjM1IFBNIEVtYWlsIFRoaXNCbG9nVGhpcyFTaGFyZSB0byBUd2l0dGVyU2hhcmUgdG8gRmFjZWJvb2tTaGFyZSB0byBQaW50ZXJlc3QgMjkwIGNvbW1lbnRzOiBVbmtub3duIEFwcmlsIDQsIDIwMTIgYXQgOTowNCBQTSBXaGF0IGEgdGhvdWdodGZ1bCBhbmQgaW50ZXJlc3RpbmcgZGlzY3Vzc2lvbiBhYm91dCBjb21tdW5pY2F0aW9uLCB0aGFuayB5b3UuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgVW5rbm93biBNYXJjaCAyOCwgMjAxNyBhdCAxMTowMiBBTSBJIGZvdW5kIHRoaXMgYmxvZyB2ZXJ5IHVzZWZ1bC5BcyB5b3UgaGF2ZSBzaGFyZWQgdGhlIGRhdGEgcmVnYXJkaW5nIHRlY2hub2xvZ3kgb2YgY29tbXVuaWNhdGluZyBhbmQgdGhpcyBpcyBleGFjdGx5IHdoaWNoIGkgaGF2ZSBiZWVuIHNlYXJjaGluZyBmb3Igc2luY2UgbG9uZyB0aW1lIGFuZCBmaW5hbGx5IGkgZ290IGl0IGZyb20gdGhpcyBibG9nLkkgYW0gYSBzdHVkZW50IGFuZCBhbmQgaSBhbHdheXMgc2VhcmNoIGZvciBteSBhY2FkZW1pYyB3cml0aW5nIGhlbHAgYmVjYXVzZSBpIGFsd2F5cyBnZXQgaXQgdGhyb3VnaCBvbmxpbmUgcmVzb3VyY2VzLGFzIGkgd29yayBhbmQgZ2V0IGVkdWNhdGlvbiB0b2dldGhlci4gU28gaXQgaXMgcXVpdGUgaGFyZCB0byBnZXQgRXNzYXkgaGVscCBVSyBmb3IgbXkgYWNhZGVtaWMgd3JpdGluZy5BcyBtYW55IGluZGl2aWR1YWxzIGFyZSBnb2luZyB0aHJvdWdoIHdpdGggdGhpcyBvbmxpbmUgc2VydmljZXMgYW5kIHRoZXkgYXJlIGhhcHB5IHdpdGggaXQuU28gaSBhbSBhbHNvIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9yIHRoZSBzYW1lIHJlc3BvbnNlIGZyb20gaGVyZSBhbmQgbWFrZSB0aGUgbW9zdCBvZiBpdC5UaGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgaXQuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgRGV2aS5Bbmd1bGFyanMgT2N0b2JlciAxOSwgMjAxOSBhdCA5OjU2IEFNIElFRUUgUHJvamVjdCBEb21haW4gbWFuYWdlbWVudCBpbiBzb2Z0d2FyZSBlbmdpbmVlcmluZyBpcyBkaXN0aW5jdCBmcm9tIHRyYWRpdGlvbmFsIHByb2plY3QgZGV2ZW9wbWVudCBpbiB0aGF0IHNvZnR3YXJlIHByb2plY3RzIGhhdmUgYSB1bmlxdWUgbGlmZWN5Y2xlIHByb2Nlc3MgdGhhdCByZXF1aXJlcyBtdWx0aXBsZSByb3VuZHMgb2YgdGVzdGluZywgdXBkYXRpbmcsIGFuZCBmYWN1bHR5IGZlZWRiYWNrLiBBIElFRUUgRG9tYWluIHByb2plY3QgRmluYWwgWWVhciBQcm9qZWN0cyBmb3IgQ1NFIHN5c3RlbSBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCBsaWZlIGN5Y2xlIGlzIGVzc2VudGlhbGx5IGEgcGhhc2VkIHByb2plY3QgbW9kZWwgdGhhdCBkZWZpbmVzIHRoZSBvcmdhbml6YXRpb25hbCBjb25zdHJhaW50cyBvZiBhIGxhcmdlLXNjYWxlIHN5c3RlbXMgcHJvamVjdC4gVGhlIG1ldGhvZHMgdXNlZCBpbiBhIElFRUUgRE9tYWluIFByb2plY3Qgc3lzdGVtcyBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCBsaWZlIGN5Y2xlIHN0cmF0ZWd5IFByb2plY3QgQ2VudGVycyBpbiBDaGVubmFpIEZvciBDU0UgcHJvdmlkZSBjbGVhcmx5IGRlZmluZWQgcGhhc2VzIG9mIHdvcmsgdG8gcGxhbiwgZGVzaWduLCB0ZXN0LCBkZXBsb3ksIGFuZCBtYWludGFpbiBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBzeXN0ZW1zLiBUaGlzIGlzIGVub3VnaCBmb3IgbWUuIEkgd2FudCB0byB3cml0ZSBzb2Z0d2FyZSB0aGF0IGFueW9uZSBjYW4gdXNlLCBhbmQgdmlydHVhbGx5IGV2ZXJ5b25lIHdobyBoYXMgYW4gaW50ZXJuZXQgY29ubmVjdGVkIGRldmljZSB3aXRoIGEgc2NyZWVuIGNhbiB1c2UgYXBwcyB3cml0dGVuIGluIEphdmFTY3JpcHQuIEphdmFTY3JpcHQgVHJhaW5pbmcgaW4gQ2hlbm5haSBKYXZhU2NyaXB0IHdhcyB1c2VkIGZvciBsaXR0bGUgbW9yZSB0aGFuIG1vdXNlIGhvdmVyIGFuaW1hdGlvbnMgYW5kIGxpdHRsZSBjYWxjdWxhdGlvbnMgdG8gbWFrZSBzdGF0aWMgd2Vic2l0ZXMgZmVlbCBtb3JlIGludGVyYWN0aXZlLiBMZXQncyBhc3N1bWUgOTAlIG9mIGFsbCB3ZWJzaXRlcyB1c2luZyBKYXZhU2NyaXB0IHVzZSBpdCBpbiBhIHRyaXZpYWwgd2F5LiBUaGF0IHN0aWxsIGxlYXZlcyAxNTAgbWlsbGlvbiBzdWJzdGFudGlhbCBKYXZhU2NyaXB0IFRyYWluaW5nIGluIENoZW5uYWkgSmF2YVNjcmlwdCBhcHBsaWNhdGlvbnMuIERlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFJlcGx5IFVua25vd24gQXVndXN0IDI1LCAyMDE3IGF0IDY6MDMgQU0gVGhpcyBpcyBhIHRvIGEgd29uZGVyZnVsIGRlZ3JlZSBsaWdodGluZyB1cCBhcnRpY2xlLiBJIGxpa2V3aXNlIGFncmVlIHdpdGggeW91ciBwb3N0IHRpdGxlIGFuZCB5b3VyIGdlbnVpbmVseSB3ZWxsIGRlbGluZWF0ZSB5b3VyIHZpZXdwb2ludC4gSSBhbSBhc3RvdW5kaW5nbHkgcGxheWZ1bCB0byBzZWUgdGhpcyBwb3N0LiBBIGRlZGljYXRpb24gb2YgZ3JhdGVmdWxuZXNzIGlzIGFsbCB0b2dldGhlciBmb3Igc2hhcmUgd2l0aCB1cy4gS2VlcCBpdCB1cCBhbmQgc2hhcmUgdGhlIG1vcmUgbW9zdCByZWxhdGVkIHBvc3QuIEVzc2F5IFBsdXMgQXdlc29tZSB3b3JrISBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFVua25vd24gU2VwdGVtYmVyIDgsIDIwMTcgYXQgNTozNiBBTSBCZWZvcmUgY3JpdGljYWwgdGhpbmtpbmcgY2FuIGJlIENoZWFwIEVzc2F5IFdyaXRpbmcgU2VydmljZSBVSyBlZHVjYXRlZCB0byBraWRzLCBpdCBtdXN0IGJlIGNvbXByZWhlbmRlZCBieSB0aGUgdHdvIGdhdGhlcmluZ3MgdGhhdCBjcml0aWNhbCB0aGlua2luZyBpcyBhIHByb2NlZHVyZS4gVGhlIHByb2NlZHVyZSBpcyBhbiBhZHZlbnR1cmUgd2hpY2gsIHdoZW4gY29tcGxldGVkLCBmaW5kcyB0aGUgdHdvIGdhdGhlcmluZ3MgZ2xhZC4gVGhlIGNhdGNocGhyYXNlcyBoZXJlIGFyZSBwcm9jZXNzIGFuZCB1cGJlYXQuIEhvdyBhYm91dCB3ZSBtYWtlIGEgZ2xhbmNlIGF0IHRoZSBzdHJpZGVzIHRvIGNyaXRpY2FsIHRoaW5raW5nIHdpdGggYSBjYXNlIG9mIGEgZ3Jvd24tdXAgYW5kIGEgeW91bmdzdGVyIHdvcmtpbmcgdGhyb3VnaCB0byBhbiBhbnN3ZXIgd2hpY2ggbWFrZXMgYm90aCBjaGVlcmZ1bC4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSByZWdpbmFsZCBzdXJpY3QgU2VwdGVtYmVyIDE5LCAyMDE3IGF0IDU6MzggQU0gR29vZCBwb3N0LiBZb3Ugc2hvdWxkIGFsc28gY2xpY2sgdGhpcyBsaW5rIHRvIGdldCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBhYm91dCBIb3ZlcndhdGNoIGFwcC4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBVbmtub3duIE5vdmVtYmVyIDE0LCAyMDE3IGF0IDU6MDcgQU0gSSByZWFkIHRoaXMgY29tcGxldGUgcG9zdCBhbmQgSSBjb25zaWRlciB0aGF0IGRpZmZlcmVudCBwZW9wbGUgdGhpbmsgZGlmZmVyZW50bHkuIEJ5IHByb2Zlc3Npb24gSSdtIGFuIGFjYWRlbWljIHdyaXRlciBhdCBDb2xsZWdlIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBVSyBhbmQganVzdCBzYXkgdGhhdCBhcyB5b3UgZGlzY3Vzc2VkIENBUlQgUHJvYmxlbSBTb2x2aW5nIEVsZW1lbnRzIHN0ZXAgYnkgc3RlcCB0aGV5IGNhbiBiZSBzdXBwb3J0aW5nIGZvciB0aG9zZSBwZXJzb24gd2hvc2UgYXJlIHdpbGxpbmcgdG8gc29sdmUgdGhpcyBpc3N1ZXMuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgU29waGlhIExhd3JlbmNlIE5vdmVtYmVyIDI3LCAyMDE3IGF0IDE6MzkgQU0gSSB0aGluayBpdCBpcyBiZXR0ZXIhIEkgYW0gbm90IG9uZSB0byBzaXQgYW5kIHRhbGsgb24gdGhlIGNlbGwgcGhvbmUsIEkgc2ltcGx5IGRvbid0IGhhdmUgdGltZS4gSSBoYXZlIGEgdGVuZGVuY3kgdG8gbm90IGNhbGwgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMgZm9yIHRoYXQgc3RyYWlnaHRmb3J3YXJkIHJlYXNvbi4gSGF2aW5nIHRoZSBjYXBhY2l0eSB0byBjb252ZXkgYSBmYXN0IGNvbnRlbnQgb3IgZW1haWwgZW5jb3VyYWdlcyBtZSBzdGF5IGluIHRvdWNoIHdpdGggZnJpZW5kcyBhbmQgZmFtaWx5IGFuZCBpdCBkb2Vzbid0IHJlcXVpcmUgdXAgYSBjb25zaWRlcmFibGUgbWVhc3VyZSBvZiBpbnZlc3RtZW50LiBBcyBzYWlkIGJ5IFVLIEVzc2F5IHdyaXRpbmcsIHNvIHllcyB0ZWNobm9sb2d5IGhhcyBtYWRlIGl0IHNvIHdlIGNhbiBjb21tdW5pY2F0ZSBiZXR0ZXIuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgRGVhbm5hIFdpbGxpYW1zIEphbnVhcnkgOSwgMjAxOCBhdCAyOjU1IEFNIFNvbWV0aW1lcywgaG93ZXZlciwgdGhlIHN0ZW5vIG1hY2hpbmUgaXNuJ3QgbmVhcmJ5LiBJbiBjYXNlIEknbSBtZWV0aW5nIG9uZSBvZiBteSBoYXJkIG9mIGhlYXJpbmcgb3IgaW4gbmVlZCBvZiBhIGhlYXJpbmcgYWlkZSBjb21wYW5pb25zIGZvciBsdW5jaCwgdGhleSBkb24ndCBnZW5lcmFsbHkgbmVlZCBtZSB0byB0YWtlIG91dCBteSBjdW1iZXJzb21lIGFuZCBwcm9taW5lbnQgYXBwYXJhdHVzOyBub3cgYW5kIGFnYWluIHRoZXkgZG8sIGFuZCBJIG5ldmVyIGhhdmUgYW4gaXNzdWUgd2l0aCBpdC4gR2V0TXlMZWF0aGVyLmNvbSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFkYW1ldmUgSmFudWFyeSAyMiwgMjAxOCBhdCAxMToyMyBBTSBUaGFua3MgZm9yIHdyaXRpbmcgc3VjaCBhIHF1YWxpdHkgd3JpdGUtdXAhIEkgaG9wZSBvdGhlciBwZW9wbGUgZ2V0IG11Y2ggaGVscCBmcm9tIHRoaXMgd3JpdGluZyBwaWVjZSBhcyB3ZWxsLiBTdHVkZW50cyBzdHJ1Z2dsaW5nIHRvIHdyaXRlIHRoZWlyIGFzc2lnbm1lbnRzIGNhbiBvcHQgZm9yIG91ciBvbmxpbmUgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIGFuZCBnZXQgdGhlaXIgY291cnNld29yayB3cml0dGVuIGJ5IHF1YWxpZmllZCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGV4cGVydHMuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgUm9zZSBMaW4gTWFyY2ggNywgMjAxOCBhdCA0OjAxIEFNIEkgYW0gZ2xhZCB0byBoYXZlIHZpc2l0ZWQgdGhpcyBzaXRlLiBJdCBpcyBhIHdlbGwtZGVzaWduZWQgc2l0ZSBhbmQgYWxzbyBjb250YWlucyB1c2VmdWwgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gZm9yIHRoZSB2aXNpdG9ycy4gV2UgYXJlIGEgd2ViIHBvcnRhbCB3aGVyZSBzdHVkZW50cyBjaGVjayAmIHdyaXRlIHJldmlld3MgZm9yIGFzc2lnbm1lbnRzIHJlbGF0ZWQgd2Vic2l0ZXMuIEhlcmUgeW91IGNhbiBjaGVjayBBbGxhc3NpZ25tZW50aGVscCByZXZpZXdzLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IE1heCBXaWxsb3IgQXByaWwgMTIsIDIwMTggYXQgMTE6MjUgUE0gR3JlYXQgcG9zdCEgSSBhbSBhY3R1YWxseSBnZXR0aW5nIHJlYWR5IHRvIGFjcm9zcyB0aGlzIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIHdoaWNoIEkgZm91bmQgdmVyeSBpbnRlcmVzdGluZyB0byByZWFkLiBJIGFtIHdvcmtpbmcgYXMgYW4gYWNhZGVtaWMgY29uc3VsdGFudCBpbiBBdXN0cmFsaWEgYW5kIG9mZmVyIGV4Y2VsbGVudCBteSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgc2VydmljZXMgdG8gY29sbGVnZSBzdHVkZW50cy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBqYW1lcyBjb29rIE1heSAyOCwgMjAxOCBhdCAxMDowOSBQTSBWaXNpdCB1cyB0byBrbm93IHRoZSByZXZpZXdzIG9mIGRpZmZlcmVudCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZSBwcm92aWRlcnMuIGFsbGFzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwIHJldmlld3MgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBVSyBEaXNzZXJ0YXRpb24gSGVscCBNYXkgMzEsIDIwMTggYXQgMTI6NDkgQU0gSSBsb3ZlZCB0aGUgcG9zdCwga2VlcCBwb3N0aW5nIGludGVyZXN0aW5nIHBvc3RzLiBJIHdpbGwgYmUgYSByZWd1bGFyIHJlYWRlci4uLiBJIGFtIG9mZmVyaW5nIGRpc3NlcnRhdGlvbiBoZWxwIHRvIHN0dWRlbnRzIGluIFVLIGF0IGxvdyBwcmljZS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBVbmtub3duIEp1bmUgMywgMjAxOCBhdCAxMToyNCBQTSBJdCdzIGludGVyZXN0aW5nIGFydGljbGUgdmVyeSBncmVhdCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBhbmQgaGVscGZ1bCBhbHNvLkkgd2FudCB0byBrbm93IG1vcmUgYWJvdXQgdGhpcyByZWxhdGVkIHRvcGljcy4gVGhhbmsgeW91IGZvciB0aGUgd29uZGVyZnVsIHNoYXJpbmcuIEN1c3RvbSBMb2dvIERlc2lnbiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFVua25vd24gSnVseSAxOSwgMjAxOCBhdCAxMjoyNCBBTSBJIGFtIGhhcHB5IHRvIGZpbmQgdGhpcyBwb3N0IHZlcnkgdXNlZnVsIGZvciBtZSwgYXMgaXQgY29udGFpbnMgbG90IG9mIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBJIGFsd2F5cyBwcmVmZXIgdG8gcmVhZCB0aGUgcXVhbGl0eSBjb250ZW50IGFuZCB0aGlzIHRoaW5nIEkgZm91bmQgaW4geW91IHBvc3QuIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZy4gVmlzaXQgaGVyZTogQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgam9obiBhbWJlciBBdWd1c3QgMiwgMjAxOCBhdCAzOjAyIEFNIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyBzdWNoIGEgbmljZSBwaWVjZSBvZiBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiB0byB1cy4gVGhpcyBpcyB2ZXJ5IGtub3dsZWRnZWFibGUgZm9yIG1lLiBJIGFtIEpvaG4gYW5kIGkgYW0gb2ZmZXJpbmcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIHRvIHN0dWRlbnRzIG9mIEF1c3RyYWxpYSBhbmQgYWxsIG92ZXIgdGhlIHdvcmxkLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFdpbGxpYW0gTHVjYXMgQXVndXN0IDksIDIwMTggYXQgMzoxNCBBTSBZb3VyIHBvc3QgaXMgdmVyeSBuaWNlIGFuZCBpIGhvcGUgb3RoZXIgcGVvcGxlIGdldCBtdWNoIGhlbHAgZnJvbSB0aGlzIHdyaXRpbmcgcGllY2UuIEkgYWxzbyBkbyBwcm92aWRlIHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZSB0byBzdHVkZW50cy4gR2V0IG15IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBhdXN0cmFsaWEgaW4gYWZmb3JkYWJsZSBwcmljZS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBPbGl2aWEgQ3JldyBBdWd1c3QgOSwgMjAxOCBhdCAxMDoyMyBQTSBFeGNlbGxlbnQgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gb24geW91ciBibG9nLCB0aGFuayB5b3UgZm9yIHRha2luZyB0aGUgdGltZSB0byBzaGFyZSB3aXRoIHVzLiBBbWF6aW5nIGluc2lnaHQgeW91IGhhdmUgb24gdGhpcywgaXQncyBuaWNlIHRvIGZpbmQgYSB3ZWJzaXRlIHRoYXQgZGV0YWlscyBzbyBtdWNoIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGFib3V0IGRpZmZlcmVudCBhcnRpc3RzLiB2aXNpdCBoZXJlOi0gbXkgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgT2xpdmlhIENyZXcgQXVndXN0IDIxLCAyMDE4IGF0IDE6MTIgQU0gRXhjZWxsZW50IGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIG9uIHlvdXIgYmxvZywgdGhhbmsgeW91IGZvciB0YWtpbmcgdGhlIHRpbWUgdG8gc2hhcmUgd2l0aCB1cy4gQW1hemluZyBpbnNpZ2h0IHlvdSBoYXZlIG9uIHRoaXMsIGl0J3MgbmljZSB0byBmaW5kIGEgd2Vic2l0ZSB0aGUgZGV0YWlscyBzbyBtdWNoIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGFib3V0IGRpZmZlcmVudCBhcnRpc3RzLiB2aXNpdCBoZXJlOi0gYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIG1lbGJvdXJuZSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFBhbmthaiBTaW5naCBBdWd1c3QgMjksIDIwMTggYXQgNTowNSBBTSBJIHNob3VsZCB0aGFuayB5b3UgZm9yIHRoZSB1bmRlcnRha2luZ3MgeW91IGhhdmUgbWFkZSBpbiBtYWtpbmcgdGhpcyBhcnRpY2xlLCB0aGlzIGlzIHJlYWxseSBuaWNlIGFuZCB1c2VmdWwgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24uIFdlYnNpdGUgRGVzaWduIENvbXBhbnkgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBzYWNoaW4ub2dlbmluZm8gQXVndXN0IDI5LCAyMDE4IGF0IDEwOjM5IFBNIEVuZ2xpc2ggc29uZyBseXJpY3MgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBIYXJyaXNvbiBBaWRlbiBBdWd1c3QgMzAsIDIwMTggYXQgMTE6MjUgUE0gSSByZWFsbHkgaGFwcHkgZm91bmQgdGhpcyB3ZWJzaXRlIGV2ZW50dWFsbHkuLiBSZWFsbHkgaW5mb3JtYXRpdmUgYW5kIGluc3BpcmF0aXZlICEhVGhhbmtzIGZvciB0aGUgcG9zdCBhbmQgZWZmb3J0ICEgUGxlYXNlIGtlZXAgc2hhcmluZyBtb3JlIHN1Y2ggYXJ0aWNsZS4gSSd2ZSByZWFsbHkgbGlrZSB5b3VyIGJsb2cgYW5kIGluc3BpcmUgbWUgaW4gbWFueSB3YXlzIFdlIGhhdmUgYWxyZWFkeSBzZXQgYSBoaWdoIHN0YW5kYXJkIGZvciBjb3Vyc2V3b3JrIGhlbHAuIHZpc2l0IGhlcmU6LSBjb3Vyc2V3b3JrIGhlbHAgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBhZGFtIGhlYnJldyBBdWd1c3QgMzEsIDIwMTggYXQgMjowMSBBTSBXaG8gY2FuIHdyaXRlIG15IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgb25saW5lIGluIFVLPyBIaXJlIE15QXNzaWdubWVudEhlbHAuQ28uVWsgd2lsbCBkbyB5b3VyIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgb25saW5lIGZvciB5b3UuIFRoZXkgY2FuIGRpcmVjdGx5IHBsYWNlIHRoZSBvcmRlciBieSB1c2luZyB0aGUgb25saW5lIG9yZGVyIGZvcm0gZGlzcGxheWVkIG9uIHRoZSBob21lcGFnZS4gT25jZSBzdHVkZW50cyBwbGFjZSB0aGVpciByZXF1ZXN0IGZvciBnZXR0aW5nIHRoZWlyIGFzc2lnbm1lbnRzIHdyaXR0ZW4gYnkgd2VsbC1xdWFsaWZpZWQgZXhwZXJ0cywgb3VyIG9wZXJhdGlvbiBzZW5kcyB0aGVtIGEgZnJlZSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHF1b3RlLiBBdmFpbCBiZXN0IHByaWNlIGFuZCBoaWdoZXIgZ3JhZGVzLiBXaGVuIHRoZXkgYWdyZWUgdG8gbWFrZSB0aGUgcGF5bWVudCwgdGhlIG9yZGVyIGdldHMgY29uZmlybWVkLiBJbiB0aGUgbGFzdCBzdGVwLCB0aGV5IHJlY2VpdmUgdGhlIGNvbXBsZXRlZCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGluIHRoZWlyIGFjY291bnQgYmVmb3JlIHRoZSBkZWFkbGluZS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBNaWNoYWVsIEpvbmVzIEF1Z3VzdCAzMSwgMjAxOCBhdCAyOjI2IEFNIEl0IGlzIG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgZmluZXN0IHdlYnNpdGVzIEkgaGF2ZSBzdHVtYmxlZCB1cG9uLiBJdCBpcyBub3Qgb25seSB3ZWxsIGRldmVsb3BlZCwgYnV0IGhhcyBnb29kIGNvbnRlbnQgYXMgd2VsbC4gSXQgY291bGQgcHJvdmUgdG8gYmUgYW4gaW5zcGlyYXRpb24gZm9yIG1hbnkgb3RoZXIgZW50cmVwcmVuZXVycy4gT3VyIGNvbXBhbnkgaXMgaW50byBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgc2VjdG9yIGFuZCBoZWxwcyBwdXBpbHMgaW4gY29tcGxldGluZyB0aGVpciBhY2FkZW1pYyB0YXNrcy4gU3R1ZGVudHMgY2FuIHVzZSBvdXIgc2VydmljZSBmb3IgdGhlIHNhbWUgcHVycG9zZS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBDaHJpcyBHcmVlbndhbHR5IFNlcHRlbWJlciA4LCAyMDE4IGF0IDEwOjM0IEFNIFRoaXMgaXMgc28gZ29vZCBJIGRvIHNvY2lhbCBtZWRpYSBtYXJrZXRpbmcgZm9yIGEgbGl2aW5nIGFuZCB1bmRlcnN0YW5kIHRoZSBpbXBvcnRhbmNlIG9mIHNvY2lhbCBtZWRpYSBub3Qgb25seSBpbiBhIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBidXQgYWxzbyBmb3IgYSBjaHVyY2guIFRoZXJlJ3Mgc28gbXVjaCBtb3JlIHBvdGVudGlhbCB0aGF0IHdlIGNhbiBmdWxmaWxsIG9uIHNvY2lhbCBmb3IgdGhlIGRpc3NlcnRhdGlvbiB3cml0aW5nIHNlcnZpY2UuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgVW5rbm93biBTZXB0ZW1iZXIgOCwgMjAxOCBhdCAxMDo0MyBBTSBUaGUgbWFpbiB0aGluZyBmb3IgYSBzbWFsbCBidXNpbmVzcyBvd25lciBhYm91dCBoaXJpbmcgYSBkaWdpdGFsIG1hcmtldGluZyBhZ2VuY3kgdGhleSB3YW50IHRvIHNlZSBhIHJldHVybiBvbiB0aGVpciBpbnZlc3RtZW50IGFuZCBkbyBub3Qgd2FudCB0byBoYXZlIHRvIHB1dCBpbiBhIGxvdCBvZiBlZmZvcnQgdG8gYWNxdWlyZSBpdCBmcm9tIG1hcmtldGluZy4gYW5uaXZlcnNhcnkgd2lzaGVzIHRvIGRhdWdodGVyIGFuZCBzb24gaW4gbGF3IFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgVGhlcmVzYSBEZWxjYXMgU2VwdGVtYmVyIDE0LCAyMDE4IGF0IDEwOjA5IFBNIE9ubGluZSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgYnkgTXkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBTZXJ2aWNlcyBoYXMgYmVlbiB0cnVzdGVkIGJ5IG1pbGxpb25zIG9mIHN0dWRlbnRzIHdvcmxkd2lkZSBmb3Igb3ZlciBhIGRlY2FkZS4gV2UgaGF2ZSBiZWVuIHByb3ZpZGluZyBjb21wbGV0ZSBhY2FkZW1pYyBhc3Npc3RhbmNlIHRvIHN0dWRlbnRzIHN0cnVnZ2xpbmcgd2l0aCB0aGVpciBjb2xsZWdlIGFuZCB1bml2ZXJzaXR5IHRhc2tzLiBXaGV0aGVyIGl0IGlzIGFuIGVzc2F5LCBkaXNzZXJ0YXRpb24sIGNhc2Ugc3R1ZHkgb3IgYW55IG90aGVyIGZvcm0gb2YgYXNzZXNzbWVudCwgeW91IGNhbiB0cnVzdCB1cyBmb3IgMTAwJSBvcmlnaW5hbCwgd2VsbC1yZXNlYXJjaGVkIGFuZCByZWZlcmVuY2VkIGFjYWRlbWljIGRvY3VtZW50cyB0aGF0IGVuc3VyZSBIaWdoLURpc3RpbmN0aW9uIGdyYWRlcy4gQW4gb25saW5lIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCwgYWNhZGVtaWMgc2VydmljZXMgcHJvdmlkZXIgc3VjaCBhcyBNeSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IFNlcnZpY2VzLCBpcyB3ZWxsLWtub3duIGZvciBpdHMgMjQtaG91ciBvbmxpbmUgYXNzaXN0YW5jZSBvbiB0aGUgV2hhdHNBcHAgcGxhdGZvcm0uIFN0dWRlbnRzIGNhbiByZWFjaCBvdXQgdG8gdXMgd2l0aCB0aGVpciBxdWVyaWVzIGF0IGFueSBwb2ludCBvZiB0aGUgZGF5IG9yIG5pZ2h0IGFuZCBnZXQgdGhlIG1vc3QgZWZmZWN0aXZlIHNvbHV0aW9ucyBmb3IgdGhlbS4gT3VyIGJlc3Qgb25saW5lIGFjYWRlbWljIGhlbHAgZXhwZXJ0cyB0YWxrIGFib3V0IGhvdyB0byBzZWxlY3QgYW5kIGV2YWx1YXRlIHRoZSByaWdodCBhY2FkZW1pYyBzb3VyY2VzLCBDaGVhcCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgd2hpY2ggd2lsbCBoZWxwIHlvdSBjbGVhciBhbGwgeW91ciBhc3NpZ25tZW50LXJlbGF0ZWQgZG91YnRzIGF0IGxvdyBjb3N0LiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFCIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBTZXB0ZW1iZXIgMjIsIDIwMTggYXQgMTI6MTQgQU0gQSBoaWdoLXN0YW5kYXJkIHBvc3Qgd2l0aCBhbGwgaW1wZXJhdGl2ZSBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBhYm91dCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgVUsgc2VydmljZXMuIExvb2tpbmcgZm9yd2FyZCB0byBhdmFpbCB0aGUgcHJlbWl1bSBzZXJ2aWNlcy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBNYXggV2lsbG9yIFNlcHRlbWJlciAyNCwgMjAxOCBhdCAxMTo1NCBQTSBUaGlzIHBvc3QgaXMgbm90IGp1c3QgaW5mb3JtYXRpdmUgYnV0IGltcHJlc3NpdmUgYWxzby4gVGhlIHBvc3QgaXMgc28gY29udmluY2luZyB0aGF0IGl0IGNyZWF0ZWQgYW4gdXJnZSB0byBjaG9vc2UgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIHNlcnZpY2VzLiBZb3UgY2FuIGVtYWlsIHVzIGF0IEluZm9ATXlhc3NpZ25tZW50aGVscGF1LkNvbSBvciBQaG9uZSBOdW1iZXI6ICs2MS0yLTgwMDUtODIyNyBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFNvcGhpZSBHcmFjZSBPY3RvYmVyIDgsIDIwMTggYXQgNzoyMyBQTSBUb29rIG1lIHRpbWUgdG8gcmVhZCBhbGwgdGhlIGNvbW1lbnRzLCBidXQgSSByZWFsbHkgZW5qb3llZCB0aGUgYXJ0aWNsZS4gSXQgcHJvdmVkIHRvIGJlIFZlcnkgaGVscGZ1bCB0byBtZSBhbmQgSSBhbSBzdXJlIHRvIGFsbCB0aGUgY29tbWVudGVycyBoZXJlISBwaWNiZWFyIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgVW5rbm93biBPY3RvYmVyIDEyLCAyMDE4IGF0IDE6MDggQU0gV2UgYWltIHRvIHByb3ZpZGUgYSBjb21wbGV0ZSBsYXcgZGlzc2VydGF0aW9uIGhlbHAgaW4gVUsgd2UgaGF2ZSBwdXQgdG9nZXRoZXIgYWxsIHRoZSBkaXNzZXJ0YXRpb24gY29uc3VsdGluZyBzZXJ2aWNlcyB0aGF0IGFyZSByZXF1aXJlZCB0byBnaXZlIGEgY29tcGxldGUgaGVscCB0byB0aGUgc3R1ZGVudHMuIEFyZSB5b3UgdG9vIHN0dWNrIHdpdGggd3JpdGluZyB5b3VyIGRpc3NlcnRhdGlvbiBvbiBVSyBuZW9uYXRhbCBjYXJlPyBDYW5ub3QgZmlndXJlIG91dCBob3cgdG8gcHJvY2VlZCB3aXRoIHlvdXIgZGlzc2VydGF0aW9uIHBhcGVyIG9uIG51cnNpbmcgZXRoaWNzIGluIFVLPyBXaGF0ZXZlciB0aGUgdG9waWMgbWlnaHQgYmUsIGFsd2F5cyByZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0IERpc3NlcnRhdGlvbiBQcm92aWRlcnMgaXMgdGhlcmUgdG8gZ2l2ZSBudXJzaW5nIGRpc3NlcnRhdGlvbiBoZWxwIHdoZW4geW91IGFyZSBhc3NpZ25lZCB0byB3cml0ZSBvbmUuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgT2xpdmlhIENyZXcgT2N0b2JlciAxNCwgMjAxOCBhdCAxMTo0OCBQTSBIZXksIEkgYW0gT2xpdmlhIENyZXcgYXMgYW4gIkFjYWRlbWljIFdyaXRlciIgaW4gTGl2ZXdlYnR1dG9ycy4gVGhlIGFib3ZlIHBvc3QgaGFzIGdpdmVuIHJlbGlhYmxlIGFuZCBnZW51aW5lIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGFib3V0IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBBdXN0cmFsaWEuIExvb2tpbmcgZm9yd2FyZCB0byBhdmFpbCB0aGVpciBlbWluZW50IHNlcnZpY2VzLiB2aXNpdCBub3c6LSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgYXVzdHJhbGlhIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgSGFycmlzb24gQWlkZW4gT2N0b2JlciAxNywgMjAxOCBhdCA1OjAwIFBNIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyB0aGlzIGJsb2cgcG9zdCwgc3VjaCBleHRyYW9yZGluYXJ5IGRhdGEsIEFwcHJlY2lhdGUgdGhlIHBvc2l0aXZlIGlucHV0LiBJIGdlbmVyYWxseSBsaWtlIHRoZXNlIHN0dWZmLiBTaW1pbGFybHksIHdlIGV4YW1pbmVkIHRoZSBzdWJzdGFuY2Ugb24gdGhlIHBhZ2VzIG9mIHRoZSBzaXRlLCBpbmNsdWRpbmcgYmVzdCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgd3JpdGluZyBzZXJ2aWNlIHNwZWNpZmljIHRoaW5ncywgdGhhbmtzIGFuZCBrZWVwIGl0IHVwLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEVtaWx5IEJyaWFuIE9jdG9iZXIgMTgsIDIwMTggYXQgMjozNiBQTSBFeGNlbGxlbnQgYXJ0aWNsZS4gVmVyeSBpbnRlcmVzdGluZyB0byByZWFkLiBJIHJlYWxseSBsb3ZlIHRvIHJlYWQgc3VjaCBhIG5pY2UgYXJ0aWNsZS4gVGhhbmtzISBrZWVwIHJvY2tpbmcuIENsaWNrIEhlcmUgOiBjYXRlcnBpbGxhciB1c2VkIHdoZWVsIGV4Y2F2YXRvciBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFNhcmFoIFNtaXRoIE9jdG9iZXIgMjAsIDIwMTggYXQgMTowMSBBTSBIZWxsbyBNeSBuYW1lIGlzIFNhcmFoIFNtaXRoIGFuZCBUaGlzIGlzIGEgdmVyeSBuaWNlIHBvc3QuIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyB3aXRoIHVzLiBLZWVwIGl0IHVwLiBGb3IgQmVzdCBteWFzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwIGluIFVLIGZvciAyNCo3LiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IG9ubGluZWNvbnRlbnR3cml0aW5naGVscCBPY3RvYmVyIDIwLCAyMDE4IGF0IDM6MjkgQU0gSSBsb3ZlIHRvIHZpc2l0IHlvdXIgc2l0ZSByZXBlYXRlZGx5IGJlY2F1c2U7IGhlcmUgSSBmaW5kIGFsbCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBpcyB2ZXJ5IHVzZWZ1bCBhbmQgZWR1Y2F0aW9uYWwgZm9yIG1lLiB2YW5jb3V2ZXIgcmVmZXJlbmNpbmcgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBOYXRoYW4gV2lsbGlhbSBPY3RvYmVyIDIwLCAyMDE4IGF0IDM6MzYgQU0gQSBmbGF3bGVzcyBwYXBlciBpcyB3aGF0IHN0dWRlbnRzIG11c3Qgc3VibWl0IGFuZCB0aGUgdGFzayBvZiBlZGl0aW5nIGFuZCBwcm9vZnJlYWRpbmcgdGhlIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgcGFwZXJzIGlzIHJpc2t5LiBIb3dldmVyLCB3aXRoIHRoZSBpbnRyb2R1Y3Rpb24gb2YgZWRpdGluZyBhbmQgcHJvb2ZyZWFkaW5nIHNlcnZpY2VzLCB0b2RheSwgdGhlIHN0dWRlbnRzIGFyZSBpbiByZWxpZWYuIEFuZCBvbmx5IGludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgc3R1ZGVudHMga25vdyBpdCBiZXR0ZXIgYmVjYXVzZSB0byB0aGVtIEVuZ2xpc2ggaXMgYSBzZWNvbmQgbGFuZ3VhZ2UuIE1hdGggaG9tZXdvcmsgZXNwZWNpYWxseSBvZiB0aGUgbW9kZXJuIGVkdWNhdGlvbiBzeXN0ZW0gaXMgcXVpdGUgY29tcGxpY2F0ZWQgd2hpY2ggY2FuIG1ha2UgaXQgdHJvdWJsZXNvbWUgZm9yIHRoZSBjaGlsZHJlbiBhbmQgdGhlIHBhcmVudHMuIFRoZSBsZWFybmluZyBwcm9jZXNzIGNhbiBhbHNvIGdldCBoYXJtZWQuIEF2YWlsaW5nIHRoZSBwcmltYXJ5IGhvbWV3b3JrIGhlbHAgY2FuIGJlIGEgc29sdXRpb24gdG8gdGhpcyBwcm9ibGVtIHdoaWNoIGNhbiBiZSBiZW5lZmljaWFsIGVzcGVjaWFsbHkgZm9yIHRoZSBzdHVkZW50cycgZWR1Y2F0aW9uLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFNhaXZ5IEhvcGtpbnMgT2N0b2JlciAyMCwgMjAxOCBhdCA0OjU4IEFNIFRoZSB0aGVvcmllcyBvZiBmaW5hbmNpYWwgZWNvbm9taWNzIGFyZSBpbXBsZW1lbnRlZCB0byByZXZpZXcgaG93IHRpbWUsIHJpc2sgYW5kIG9wcG9ydHVuaXR5LCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBhbmQgY29zdCBjYW4gY2F1c2Ugb2YgaW5jZW50aXZlIGFuZCBkaXNpbmNlbnRpdmVzIGZvciBhIGNlcnRhaW4gZGVjaXNpb24uRmluYW5jaWFsIEVjb25vbWljcyBldm9sdmVzIHNvcGhpc3RpY2F0ZWQgbW9kZWxzIGFuZCBhbHNvIHRyYW5zcG9ydCBlY29ub21pY3MgaXMgcmVjb2duaXplZCBhcyBhIHN1Yi1kaXNjaXBsaW5lIG9mIGVjb25vbWljcyAoYWxzbyBoYXMgYSBzdHJvbmcgbGluayB3aXRoIGNpdmlsIGVuZ2luZWVyaW5nKSwgZGVhbHMgd2l0aCB0aGUgcmVhc29ucyBhbmQgYW5zd2VycyB3aGljaCBhcmUgZGlyZWN0bHkgcmVsYXRlZCB0byB0aGUgYWxsb2NhdGlvbiBvZiByZXNvdXJjZXMuIE15QXNzaWdubWVudEhlbHAuY29tIGhhcyBlbnRodXNpYXN0aWMsIGNvbW1pdHRlZCBhbmQgZGVkaWNhdGVkIHRlYW0gb2YgdHJhbnNwb3J0IGVjb25vbWljcyBleHBlcnRzLCB3aG8gYXJlIHJlc3BvbnNpYmxlIGZvciBhbGxvY2F0aW5nIGdvb2Qgc2VydmljZXMgdG8gc3R1ZGVudHMuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgam9obiBhbWJlciBPY3RvYmVyIDI1LCAyMDE4IGF0IDEyOjM2IEFNIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyBzdWNoIGEgbmljZSBwaWVjZSBvZiBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiB0byB1cy4gVGhpcyBpcyB2ZXJ5IGtub3dsZWRnZWFibGUgZm9yIG1lLiBJIGFtIEpvaG4gYW5kIGkgYW0gb2ZmZXJpbmcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIHRvIHN0dWRlbnRzIG9mIEF1c3RyYWxpYSBhbmQgYWxsIG92ZXIgdGhlIHdvcmxkLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEJUSEFXSyBPY3RvYmVyIDI5LCAyMDE4IGF0IDExOjA4IFBNIFRoYW5rIHlvdSBmb3IgdGhpcyBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbi4gSSByZWFkIHlvdXIgYmxvZyBhbmQgSSBhbSBzYXRpc2ZpZWQgd2l0aCB5b3VyIHdyaXRpbmcgY29udGVudHMuIFJlYWRpbmcgaXMgb25lIG9mIG15IGhvYmJpZXMuIEkgbGlrZSB0byBibG9ncyB0byBnZXQgc3VjaCBpbnRlcnN0aW5nIHBvc3RzLiBJdCBoYXMgYSBsb3Qgb2YgdGlueSBpbmZvcm1haW9uIHdoaWNoIGlzIHJlYWxseSBoZWxwZnVsIHRvIHVuZGVyc3RhbmQgZXNpbHkuIEtlZXAgc2hhcmluZyBtb3JlIG5ld3MuIGJlc3QgZ29vZCBtb3JuaW5nIGltYWdlIGZvciBmcmllbmRzLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFub255bW91cyBPY3RvYmVyIDMxLCAyMDE4IGF0IDExOjU3IFBNIFdyaXRpbmcgYWNhZGVtaWMgZG9jdW1lbnRzIGlzIGEgdGFzayBtb3N0IHN0dWRlbnRzIHByZWZlciB0byBsZWF2ZSB1cCB0byB0aGUgc3ViamVjdCBtYXR0ZXIgZXhwZXJ0cy4gVGhpcyBpcyBiZWNhdXNlIG1vc3Qgb2YgdGhlbSBhcmUgY29tcGxleCBhbmQgY29tcHJlaGVuc2l2ZSwgdGhlIHJlc2VhcmNoIGZvciB3aGljaCBjb25zdW1lcyBhIGxhcmdlIHBvcnRpb24gb2YgdGhlaXIgdmFsdWFibGUgdGltZS4gRHVyaW5nIGhpZ2hlciBzdHVkaWVzIGluIGNvbGxlZ2VzLCBzdHVkZW50cyBvZnRlbiBoYXZlIHRvIHByZXBhcmUgbXVsdGlwbGUgZG9jdW1lbnRzLCBxdWl6emVzIGFuZCBzdXJwcmlzZSB0ZXN0cy4gVGhpcyBpcyB0aGUgbWFpbiByZWFzb24gd2h5IG1vc3Qgc3R1ZGVudHMgc2VhcmNoIGZvciBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgb3ZlciB0aGUgaW50ZXJuZXQgYW5kIGNob29zZSBvbmx5IHRoZSBtb3N0IHByb2ZpY2llbnQgYW5kIHRydXN0ZWQgYWNhZGVtaWMgd3JpdGluZyBleHBlcnRzLiBUaGUgaW5jcmVhc2luZyBpbXBvcnRhbmNlIG9mIHdyaXRpbmcgYXNzaWdubWVudHMgaGFzIHByb21wdGVkIHN0dWRlbnRzIHRvIHRha2UgYSBoZWxwaW5nIGhhbmQgZnJvbSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZXMuIER1cmluZyBoaWdoZXIgc3R1ZGllcyBpbiBjb2xsZWdlcywgc3R1ZGVudHMgb2Z0ZW4gaGF2ZSB0byBwcmVwYXJlIG11bHRpcGxlIGRvY3VtZW50cywgcXVpenplcyBhbmQgc3VycHJpc2UgdGVzdHMuIFRoaXMgaXMgdGhlIG1haW4gcmVhc29uIHdoeSBtb3N0IHN0dWRlbnRzIHNlYXJjaCBmb3IgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIEF1c3RyYWxpYSBvdmVyIHRoZSBpbnRlcm5ldCBhbmQgY2hvb3NlIG9ubHkgdGhlIG1vc3QgcHJvZmljaWVudCBhbmQgdHJ1c3RlZCBhY2FkZW1pYyB3cml0aW5nIGV4cGVydHMuIEFuIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgb2YgSVQgaXMgYSBzY29wZSB0byBkaWcgb3V0IG5ldyBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBhbmQgdW5jb3ZlciB0aGUgZmFjdHMgd2hpY2ggY291bGQgYmUgYSBwYXJhbGxlbCBzdHVkeSBhbG9uZyB3aXRoIGltcGxhbnRpbmcgaXQgYnkgY3JlYXRpbmcgbmV3IGFyZWEgb2YgSVQgYXBwbGljYXRpb24uIEhlIHN0YXJ0cyBkaXNsaWtpbmcgaGlzIHNjaG9vbCBvciBjb2xsZWdlLiBUaGVyZWZvcmUsIGl0IGlzIGFkdmlzYWJsZSBmb3Igc3R1ZGVudHMgdG8gc2VlayBwcm9mZXNzaW9uYWwgbGF3IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscHMuIExhdyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgaW4gdW5kZXJzdGFuZGluZyBob3cgbGVnYWwgdGhlb3JpZXMgYW5kIGNvbmNlcHRzIGNhbiBiZSBlbmZvcmNlZCBpbiB0aGUgcmVhbCB3b3JsZC4gSXQgc2Vla3MgdG8gZ3VpZGUgdXMgYWJvdXQgcHJvc3BlY3RpdmUtcmVmb3JtIG9uIHRoZSBsYXdzIGFjcm9zcyBjb3VydHMsIHBvbGljaW5nLCBidXNpbmVzc2VzLCBsZWdhbCBmaXJtcywgYW5kIHNlY3VyaXR5IGFnZW5jaWVzLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFVua25vd24gTm92ZW1iZXIgNCwgMjAxOCBhdCA5OjU5IFBNIEhlbGxvIE15IG5hbWUgaXMgTWljaGFlbCBTbWl0aCBhbmQgVGhpcyBpcyBhIHZlcnkgYXdlc29tZSBwb3N0LiBUaGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgdGhpcy4gRm9yIEJlc3QgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFVTIGluIFVTIGZvciAyNCo3LiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFVua25vd24gTm92ZW1iZXIgMTMsIDIwMTggYXQgNDoxOSBBTSBoZWxsbywgdGhpcyBpcyByb3h5IHNtaXRoLiB0aGlzIGlzIGEgbmljZSBwb3N0LCB0aGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcuIEdldCB0aGUgYmVzdCBwZXJkaXNjbyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgaW4gQXVzdHJhbGlhLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEplbm5pZmVyIE5vdmVtYmVyIDE2LCAyMDE4IGF0IDM6NTIgQU0gRXh0cmVtZWx5IGludHJpZ3VpbmcgdG8gcGVydXNlLiBJIHRydWx5IGxvdmUgdG8gcGVydXNlIHN1Y2ggYSBwbGVhc2FudCBhcnRpY2xlLiBpbiBzdWNoIGEgY2FzZSwgdG8gdGhlIHBvaW50IHRoYXQgYW55IGV4dHJhIGVycmFuZCB3aWxsIGRlc2lnbmF0ZSB5b3UgdG8gcG9zc2VzcyB0byBmaW5kIGVuZXJneSBmb3IgdGhhdCB0YXNrLCBzbyBTdHJhdGVneSBBbmQgUGxhbm5pbmcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBXcml0aW5nIFNlcnZpY2Ugd2lsbCB0YWtlIG1vcmUuIE11Y2ggb2JsaWdlZCEgY29udGludWUgc2hha2luZy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBVbmtub3duIE5vdmVtYmVyIDE2LCAyMDE4IGF0IDc6MTYgUE0gUU5DIEplbGx5IEdhbWF0IHwgT2JhdCBMdXB1cyB8IE9iYXQgSGVwYXRpdGlzIEIgfCBPQkFUIEhFUlBFUyB8IE9iYXQgSW1wZXRpZ28gfCBPYmF0IEFic2VzIEt1bGl0IHwgT2JhdCBDYWNhciBBcGkgfCBPQkFUIFBTT1JJQVNJUyB8IE9iYXQgRWtzaW0gfCBPYmF0IERlcm1hdGl0aXMgfCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFVua25vd24gTm92ZW1iZXIgMTcsIDIwMTggYXQgMToxNCBBTSBIZWxsbyBNeSBuYW1lIGlzIE1pY2hhZWwgU21pdGggYW5kIFRoaXMgaXMgYSB2ZXJ5IGF3ZXNvbWUgcG9zdC4gVGhhbmtzIGZvciBzaGFyaW5nIHRoaXMuIEZvciBCZXN0IHVuaXQgOCBsZWdpc2xhdGlvbiBhbmQgZXRoaWNzIHRyYXZlbCBhbmQgdG91cmlzbSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGluIFVTIGZvciAyNCo3LiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFVua25vd24gTm92ZW1iZXIgMjMsIDIwMTggYXQgMzoxMCBBTSBIZWxsbywgSSBhbSByb3h5IHNtaXRoLiB0aGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgdGhpcyBwb3N0LiBwcm92aWRlIHlvdSBiZXN0IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBBdXN0cmFsaWEgYW55dGltZS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBVbmtub3duIE5vdmVtYmVyIDIzLCAyMDE4IGF0IDExOjQwIFBNIFRoaXMgY29tbWVudCBoYXMgYmVlbiByZW1vdmVkIGJ5IHRoZSBhdXRob3IuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgVW5rbm93biBOb3ZlbWJlciAyMywgMjAxOCBhdCAxMTo0MiBQTSBIZWxsbyBOaWNlIHBvc3QuIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZy4gQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFVBRSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IE9saXZpYSBDcmV3IE5vdmVtYmVyIDI2LCAyMDE4IGF0IDI6MzAgQU0gSGV5LCBJIGFtIG9saXZpYSBjcmV3IGFzIGFuICJBY2FkZW1pYyBXcml0ZXIiIGluIExpdmV3ZWJ0dXRvcnMuIFRoZSBhYm92ZSBwb3N0IGhhcyBnaXZlbiByZWxpYWJsZSBhbmQgZ2VudWluZSBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBhYm91dCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgQXVzdHJhbGlhLiBMb29raW5nIGZvcndhcmQgdG8gYXZhaWwgdGhlaXIgZW1pbmVudCBzZXJ2aWNlcy4gdmlzaXQgbm93Oi0gYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXBwU3F1YWR6IFNvZnR3YXJlIE5vdmVtYmVyIDI3LCAyMDE4IGF0IDI6NDMgQU0gVGhhbmtzIGZvciBzaGFyaW5nIHRoaXMgcG9zdC4gSSB3YW50IHRvIHNoYXJlIHNvbWUgaGVscGZ1bCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiByZWdhcmRpbmcgTW9iaWxlIEFwcCBEZXZlbG9wbWVudCBDb21wYW55IGFzc2lzdGFuY2UuIFdlIGFsc28gcHJvdmlkZSBzZXJ2aWNlcyBsaWtlIGFzIE1vYmlsZSBhcHAgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQgY29tcGFueS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBXaWxsaWFtIEx1Y2FzIERlY2VtYmVyIDQsIDIwMTggYXQgMjo1NSBBTSBMb3ZlIHRoZSBhcnRpY2xlIGFuZCB0aGUgd2F5IHlvdSBkZXNjcmliZSB0aGUgcG9pbnRzLiBDb2xsZWdlIEVzc2F5IEhlbHAgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBbm9ueW1vdXMgRGVjZW1iZXIgNSwgMjAxOCBhdCA4OjU2IEFNIEkgYWRtaXJlIHBlb3BsZSB3aG8ga2VlcCBzaGFyaW5nIHZhbHVhYmxlIHN0b3JpZXMgdGhyb3VnaCBncmVhdCB3cml0aW5nLiBJJ20gZ2xhZCB0byBoYXZlIHJlYWQgdGhpcyBibG9nLiBUaGFua3MgYW5kIGhvcGUgdG8gcmVhZCBtb3JlIHNvb24uIENoZWNrIG91dCBMYXdyZW5jZSBUb2RkIE1heHdlbGwncyBwYWdlIHRvIGxlYXJuIG1vcmUgYWJvdXQgcmVhbCBlc3RhdGUuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgSW5zcGlyYXRpb24gRGVjZW1iZXIgMTAsIDIwMTggYXQgMTE6NTkgQU0gSSBhbSBzZWFyY2hpbmcgZm9yIHNvbWUgZ29vZCBzaXRlIGZvciBsZWFybmluZy4gU2VjdXJpdHkgVG9rZW5zIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgam9obnMgYmVycnkgRGVjZW1iZXIgMTIsIDIwMTggYXQgMzo0MiBBTSBIZWxsbyBNeSBuYW1lIGlzIGpvaG5zIGJlcnJ5IGFuZCB0aGlzIGlzIHZlcnkgYW1hemluZyBwb3N0IHRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyB3aXRoIFVBRS4gQmVzdCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgVUFFIGluIFVBRS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBUaGVyZXNhIERlbGNhcyBEZWNlbWJlciAxMiwgMjAxOCBhdCA0OjAyIEFNIE15IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgU2VydmljZXMsIGlzIHdlbGwta25vd24gZm9yIGl0cyAyNC1ob3VyIG9ubGluZSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgb24gdGhlIFdoYXRzQXBwIHBsYXRmb3JtLiBTdHVkZW50cyBjYW4gcmVhY2ggb3V0IHRvIHVzIHdpdGggdGhlaXIgcXVlcmllcyBhdCBhbnkgcG9pbnQgb2YgdGhlIGRheSBvciBuaWdodCBhbmQgZ2V0IHRoZSBtb3N0IGVmZmVjdGl2ZSBzb2x1dGlvbnMgZm9yIHRoZW0uIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgYWRhbSBoZWJyZXcgRGVjZW1iZXIgMTgsIDIwMTggYXQgNDozNCBBTSBTdWNoIGEgbmljZSBibG9nIHBvc3Qgb24gdGhpcyB0b3BpYy4gSW4gdG9kYXkncyBoaWdobHkgY29tcGV0aXRpdmUgd29ybGQsIG9wdGluZyBmb3IgcHJvZmVzc2lvbmFsIFVNTCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgd2lsbCBhbHdheXMga2VlcCB5b3UgYWhlYWQgb2YgdGhlIHJlc3QuIE92ZXIgdGhlIHllYXJzLCB3ZSBoYXZlIGFzc2lzdGVkIHRob3VzYW5kcyBvZiBzdHVkZW50cyB0aHJvdWdoIG91ciBVTUwgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIHNlcnZpY2UsIGFuZCBoYXZlIHJlY2VpdmVkIGEgbG90IG9mIHByYWlzZSBmcm9tIHRoZWlyIHByb2Zlc3Nvci4gTm93LCBpdCdzIHlvdXIgdGltZSB0byBzaGluZS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBbm55IEJhbmsgRGVjZW1iZXIgMjAsIDIwMTggYXQgMTA6NDIgUE0gR290b2Fzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwLmNvbSBwcm92aWRlIGJlc3QgYXNzaWdubWVudCBzZXJ2aWNlcyBhbmQgaXQgaGFzIGdhaW5lZCB0aGUgdHJ1c3Qgb2YgbWlsbGlvbnMgb2Ygc3R1ZGVudHMgd29ybGR3aWRlIGluIHBhc3QgOSB5ZWFycy4gV2UgaGF2ZSBiZWVuIGEgbGVhZGVyIGluIHByb3ZpZGluZyBhIGNvbXByZWhlbnNpdmUgYWNhZGVtaWMgYXNzaXN0YW5jZSB0byB0aGUgc3R1ZGVudHMgc3RydWdnbGluZyB3aGlsZSBwcmVwYXJpbmcgdGhlaXIgYXNzaWdubWVudHMuIFdoZXRoZXIgaXQgaXMgYW4gYXNzaWdubWVudCwgaG9tZXdvcmssIHJlcG9ydGVyIGFueSBvdGhlciBmb3JtIG9mIGFzc2Vzc21lbnQsIHlvdSBjYW4gYmFuayB5b3VyIHRydXN0IHVwb24gdXMgZm9yIG9yaWdpbmFsLCB3ZWxsLXJlc2VhcmNoZWQgYW5kIHByb3Blcmx5IHJlZmVyZW5jZWQgc29sdXRpb25zICYgdGFyZ2V0IGZvciBIaWdoLURpc3RpbmN0aW9uIGdyYWRlcy4gWW91IGNhbiByZWFjaCB1cyBhdCBhbnkgcG9pbnQgaW4gdGltZSB3ZSBhcmUgMjR4NyBhdmFpbGFibGUgZm9yIGhlbHAuIFdlIGhhdmUgYmVlbiByYXRlZCB0b3Btb3N0IHNlcnZpY2UgcHJvdmlkZXIuIGNvbmZsaWN0IG1hbmFnZW1lbnQgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIGRvIG15IHByb2plY3QgbWFuYWdlbWVudCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHByb2plY3QgbWFuYWdlbWVudCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgc3RyYXRlZ3kgbWFuYWdlbWVudCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgcG9ydGVyJ3MgZml2ZSBmb3JjZXMgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIGhpc3RvcnkgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIHNvY2lvbG9neSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgTVlPQiBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgd3JpdGVycyBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFNvcGhpZSBHcmFjZSBEZWNlbWJlciAyMSwgMjAxOCBhdCA4OjMyIFBNIFRoYW5rIHlvdSBmb3IgeW91ciBwb3N0LCBJIGxvb2sgZm9yIHN1Y2ggYXJ0aWNsZSBhbG9uZyB0aW1lLiBBbmQgZG8geW91IHdhbnQgdG8gbGVhdmUgdGhlIHZpcnR1YWwgd29ydGggeW91cnNlbGY/IElmIHlvdSB3YW50LCBsZXQgZ28gdG8gdGhlIGdhbWUgc2ltcyA0IGNoZWF0cy4gQ2xpY2sgbGluayB0byBwYXJ0aWNpcGF0ZSBnYW1lLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGpvaG5uaWNrc29uIERlY2VtYmVyIDI4LCAyMDE4IGF0IDM6NTMgQU0gT3VyIEdvdG9Bc3NpZ25tZW50SGVscCBCZXN0IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBXZWJzaXRlIGZvciBRdWFsaXR5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgV3JpdGluZyBIZWxwLiBUYWtlIGFkdmFudGFnZSBvZiBhIHBvY2tldC1mcmllbmRseSBhY2FkZW1pYyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgc2VydmljZS4gVmlzaXQgdXMgbm93IGFuZCBib29rIGFuIG9yZGVyLiBvbmxpbmUgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIGF1c3RyYWxpYSB1c2EgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIHVrIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBkbyBteSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGNhbmFkYSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZSBpbiBueiBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHdyaXRpbmcgaGVscGVyIG1hbGF5c2lhIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBTaW5nYXBvcmUgdWFlIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBjZHIgd3JpdGluZyBzZXJ2aWNlcyBmb3IgZW5naW5lZXJzIGF1c3RyYWxpYSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFub255bW91cyBKYW51YXJ5IDIsIDIwMTkgYXQgMzo0NCBBTSBTZWVraW5nIGZvciBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAnPyBXZSBNeSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IFNlcnZpY2VzIGNhbiBoZWxwIHlvdSB3aXRoIHlvdXIgYXNzaWdubWVudC4gU2VhcmNoaW5nIGZvciBIZWxwIE15IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgR2V0IGJlc3Qgb2ZmZXJzICYgSW5zdGFudCBEaXNjb3VudCBvbiBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgc2VydmljZXMgaW4gQXVzdHJhbGlhLCBVSywgVVMsIFVBRSwgU2luZ2Fwb3JlIGJ5IDI0IDcgb25saW5lIGV4cGVydHMuIEhvd2V2ZXIsIE15IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgU2VydmljZXMgaXMgYSB3ZWxsLWVzdGFibGlzaGVkIGFuZCBwcm9taW5lbnQgbmFtZSBpbiBwcm92aWRpbmcgaGlnaC1xdWFsaXR5IGluc3RhbnQgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIE9ubGluZSB0byBzdHVkZW50cyBzaW5jZSBhbG1vc3QgYSBkZWNhZGUuIFlvdSBjYW4gdHJ1c3Qgb3VyIGFjYWRlbWljIGdob3N0d3JpdGVycyBjb21wbGV0ZWx5IHRvIGdldCBiZXN0IHF1YWxpdHkgd3JpdGUtdXBzIGluY2x1ZGluZyBjYXNlIHN0dWRpZXMsIHJlc2VhcmNoIHByb3Bvc2FscywgZGlzc2VydGF0aW9ucyBhbmQgdGhlc2VzLCBhbmQgbW9yZS4gTWFya2V0aW5nIGlzIG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgbW9zdCBpbXBvcnRhbnQgZnVuY3Rpb25zIG9mIG1hbmFnZW1lbnQgdGhhdCBoZWxwcyBpbiBjcmVhdGluZyBuZXcgY3VzdG9tZXJzIGFuZCBpbiBhZGRpbmcgdmFsdWUgdG8gdGhlIGJ1c2luZXNzLiBTdHJ1Y3R1cmluZyBhbiBlc3NheSBzdWNjZXNzZnVsbHkgaXMgYSBkaWZmaWN1bHQgdGFzaywgdGhlcmVmb3JlIE15IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgU2VydmljZXMgc2VydmUgc3R1ZGVudHMgd2l0aCB0aGUgbW9zdCByZWxpYWJsZSBlc3NheSB3cml0aW5nIHNlcnZpY2UsIHdlIGhhdmUgdGhlIGJlc3QgdGVhbSBvZiBlc3NheSB3cml0ZXJzIHRoYXQgaGVscCB5b3UgaW4gdGhlIGJlc3QgcG9zc2libGUgd2F5LCBhbmQgZ2V0IHlvdSB0aGUgZ3JhZGVzIHlvdSB3YW50LCBhbmQgbGVhcm5pbmcgZnJvbSB0aGUgYmVzdCBwb3NzaWJsZSBzb3VyY2Ugd2l0aGluIHRoZSBsZWFzdCBwb3NzaWJsZSB0aW1lLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBKYW51YXJ5IDIzLCAyMDE5IGF0IDQ6MTIgQU0gSSBmb3VuZCB0aGlzIG9uZSBwcmV0dHkgZmFzY2luYXRpbmcgYW5kIGl0IHNob3VsZCBnbyBpbnRvIG15IGNvbGxlY3Rpb24uIFZlcnkgZ29vZCB3b3JrISBJIGFtIEltcHJlc3NlZC4gV2UgYXBwcmVjaWF0ZSB0aGF0IHBsZWFzZSBrZWVwIGdvaW5nIHRvIHdyaXRlIG1vcmUgY29udGVudC4gV2UgYXJlIHRoZSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHBlciwgd2UgcHJvdmlkZSBzZXJ2aWNlcyBhbGwgb3ZlciB0aGUgZ2xvYmUuIFdlIGFyZSBiZXN0IGluIHRoZXNlIDotIHNlcnZpY2VzIEFydGljbGUgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEVzc2F5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscGVyIEVzc2F5IHdyaXRpbmcgRXNzYXkgd3JpdGluZyBzZXJ2aWNlIERpc3NlcnRhdGlvbiBoZWxwIFRoZXNpcyB3cml0aW5nIGhlbHAgV3JpdGUgTXkgRXNzYXkgRG8gTXkgRXNzYXkgSGlyZSBDaGVhcCBFc3NheSBXcml0ZXIgQ29sbGVnZSBFc3NheSBIZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEphbnVhcnkgMjMsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDoxNSBBTSBUaGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgdGhpcyBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbi4gSSBoYXZlIHNoYXJlZCB0aGlzIGxpbmsgd2l0aCBvdGhlcnMga2VlcCBwb3N0aW5nIHN1Y2ggaW5mb3JtYXRpb24uIHRvIHByb3ZpZGUgYmVzdCBpbiBjbGFzcyBsYXcgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIG9ubGluZSBhdCB2ZXJ5IGFmZm9yZGFibGUgcHJpY2VzLiBFc3NheSB3cml0aW5nIEVzc2F5IFdyaXRlciBBcnRpY2xlIHJld3JpdGVyIEVzc2F5IHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZSBFc3NheSB3cml0aW5nIGhlbHAgV3JpdGUgTXkgRXNzYXkgV3JpdGUgTXkgQXJ0aWNsZSBoaXJlIHdyaXRlciBXcml0ZSBteSBlc3NheSBjaGVhcCBoaXJlIGFydGljbGUgd3JpdGVyIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEphbnVhcnkgMjMsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDoxNiBBTSBNYW55IG9mIHRoZSBwZW9wbGUgYXJlIGRlcHJlc3NlZCBhYm91dCB0aGUgcHJvYmxlbXMgb2YgZXNzYXkgd3JpdGluZy4gV2VsbCwgZG9uJ3Qgd29ycnkgYWJvdXQgdGhhdCBiZWNhdXNlIHdlIGFyZSBwcm92aWRpbmcgdGhpcyBzZXJ2aWNlIGF0IGEgdmVyeSByZWFzb25hYmxlIHByaWNlLiBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwZXIgRXNzYXkgd3JpdGluZyBFc3NheSB3cml0aW5nIHNlcnZpY2UgRGlzc2VydGF0aW9uIGhlbHAgVGhlc2lzIHdyaXRpbmcgaGVscCBXcml0ZSBNeSBFc3NheSBDb21wdXRlciBTY2llbmNlIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgU291dGggQWZyaWNhIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgV3JpdGluZyBTZXJ2aWNlIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEphbnVhcnkgMjMsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDoxOCBBTSBJIGxvdmVkIHRoZSBhcnRpY2xlLCBrZWVwIHVwZGF0aW5nIGludGVyZXN0aW5nIGFydGljbGVzLiBJIHdpbGwgYmUgYSByZWd1bGFyIHJlYWRlciBJIGFtIG9mZmVyaW5nIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCB0byBzdHVkZW50cyBvdmVyIHRoZSBnbG9iZSBhdCBhIGxvdyBwcmljZS4gRGlnaXRhbCBNYXJrcnRpbmcgQmxvZyBTRU8gQmxvZyBTb2NpYWwgTWVkaWEgQmxvZyBFbWFpbCBNYXJrZXRldGluZyBCbG9nIE9ubGluZSBtYXJrZXRpbmcgQmxvZyBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBKYW51YXJ5IDIzLCAyMDE5IGF0IDQ6MjAgQU0gSSBmb3VuZCB0aGlzIG9uZSBwcmV0dHkgZmFzY2luYXRpbmcgYW5kIGl0IHNob3VsZCBnbyBpbnRvIG15IGNvbGxlY3Rpb24uIFZlcnkgZ29vZCB3b3JrISBJIGFtIEltcHJlc3NlZC4gV2UgYXBwcmVjaWF0ZSB0aGF0IHBsZWFzZSBrZWVwIGdvaW5nIHRvIHdyaXRlIG1vcmUgY29udGVudC4gV2UgYXJlIHRoZSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHBlciwgd2UgcHJvdmlkZSBzZXJ2aWNlcyBhbGwgb3ZlciB0aGUgZ2xvYmUuIFdlIGFyZSBiZXN0IGluIHRoZXNlIDotIHNlcnZpY2VzIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBOWiBBc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgVUsgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFVTIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBBdXN0cmFsaWEgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIENhbmFkYSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHBlciBBc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgSG9tZXdvcmsgSGVscCBXcml0aW5nIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBIZWxwIEZvciBBc3NpZ25tZW50IFdyaXRlIG15IGVzc2F5IGhlbHAgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgSmFudWFyeSAyMywgMjAxOSBhdCA0OjIxIEFNIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyB0aGlzIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBJIGhhdmUgc2hhcmVkIHRoaXMgbGluayB3aXRoIG90aGVycyBrZWVwIHBvc3Rpbmcgc3VjaCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbi4gdG8gcHJvdmlkZSBiZXN0IGluIGNsYXNzIGxhdyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgb25saW5lIGF0IHZlcnkgYWZmb3JkYWJsZSBwcmljZXMuIEFuY2hvciBUYWcgZG0gYmVnaW5uZXJzIGRtIGJlZ2lubmVyIGRpZ2l0YWwgbWFya2V0aW5nIGZvciB3ZWJzaXRlIGRpZ2l0YWwgbWFya2V0aW5nIGZvciBiZWdpbm5lciBkaWdpdGFsIG1hcmtldGluZyBiZWdpbm5lciBsZWFybiBkaWdpdGFsIG1hcmtldGluZyBsZWFybiBkaWdpdGFsIG1hcmtldGluZyBmcmVlIG9ubGluZSBsZWFybiBkaWdpdGFsIG1hcmtldGluZyBmcmVlIGxlYXJuIHNlbyBob3cgdG8gbGVhcm4gYWZmaWxpYXRlIG1hcmtldGluZyBkbSBiZWdpbm5lcnMgZG0gYmVnaW5uZXIgZGlnaXRhbCBtYXJrZXRpbmcgZm9yIHdlYnNpdGUgZGlnaXRhbCBtYXJrZXRpbmcgZm9yIGJlZ2lubmVyIGRpZ2l0YWwgbWFya2V0aW5nIGJlZ2lubmVyIGxlYXJuIGRpZ2l0YWwgbWFya2V0aW5nIGxlYXJuIGRpZ2l0YWwgbWFya2V0aW5nIGZyZWUgb25saW5lIGxlYXJuIGRpZ2l0YWwgbWFya2V0aW5nIGZyZWUgbGVhcm4gc2VvIGhvdyB0byBsZWFybiBhZmZpbGlhdGUgbWFya2V0aW5nIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEphbnVhcnkgMjMsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDoyMiBBTSBNYW55IG9mIHRoZSBwZW9wbGUgYXJlIGRlcHJlc3NlZCBhYm91dCB0aGUgcHJvYmxlbXMgb2YgZXNzYXkgd3JpdGluZy4gV2VsbCwgZG9uJ3Qgd29ycnkgYWJvdXQgdGhhdCBiZWNhdXNlIHdlIGFyZSBwcm92aWRpbmcgdGhpcyBzZXJ2aWNlIGF0IGEgdmVyeSByZWFzb25hYmxlIHByaWNlLiBEaWdpdGFsIE1hcmtldGluZyBBZ2VuY3kgU2VvIHNlcnZpY2VzIFBQQyBDb21wYW55IERpZ2l0YWwgTWFya2V0aW5nIFNlcnZpY2VzIFNvY2lhbCBNZWRpYSBNYXJrZXRpbmcgQ29tcGFueSBTZW8gQ29tcGFueSBTZW8gV2Vic2l0ZSBEZXNpZ24gU2VvIHNlcnZpY2VzIGZvciBzbWFsbCBidXNpbmVzcyBJbnRlcm5ldCBNYXJrZXRpbmcgQ29tcGFueSBPbmxpbmUgTWFya2V0aW5nIEFnZW5jeSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBKYW51YXJ5IDIzLCAyMDE5IGF0IDQ6MjMgQU0gSSBsb3ZlZCB0aGUgYXJ0aWNsZSwga2VlcCB1cGRhdGluZyBpbnRlcmVzdGluZyBhcnRpY2xlcy4gSSB3aWxsIGJlIGEgcmVndWxhciByZWFkZXIgSSBhbSBvZmZlcmluZyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgdG8gc3R1ZGVudHMgb3ZlciB0aGUgZ2xvYmUgYXQgYSBsb3cgcHJpY2UuIERpZ2l0YWwgTWFya2V0aW5nIEFnZW5jeSBQUEMgQ29tcGFueSBEaWdpdGFsIE1hcmtldGluZyBTZXJ2aWNlcyBkaWdpdGFsIG1hcmtldGluZyBmb3Igd2Vic2l0ZSBsZWFybiBkaWdpdGFsIG1hcmtldGluZyBJbnRlcm5ldCBNYXJrZXRpbmcgQ29tcGFueSBPbmxpbmUgTWFya2V0aW5nIEFnZW5jeSBPbmx5IERpZ2l0YWwgT3dubHkgRGlnaXRhbCBiZXN0IGRpZ2l0YWwgbWFya2V0aW5nIGFnZW5jeSBEaWdpdGFsIE1hcmtldGluZyBDb21wYW55IEluIEluZGlhIGRpZ2l0YWwgbWFya2V0aW5nIGNvbXBhbnkgZGlnaXRhbCBtYXJrZXRpbmcgY29tcGFueSBpbiBndXJnYW9uIGRpZ2l0YWwgbWFya2V0aW5nIGNvbXBhbnkgaW4gaW5kaWEgb25saW5lIG1hcmtldGluZyBjb21wYW55IG9ubGluZSBtYXJrZXRpbmcgY29tcGFueSBpbiBpbmRpYSBpbnRlcm5ldCBtYXJrZXRpbmcgY29tcGFueSBpbiBpbmRpYSBkaWdpdGFsIG1hcmtldGluZyBjb21wYW55IGluIEt1cnVrc2hldHJhIHNvY2lhbCBtZWRpYSBjb21wYW55IHNvY2lhbCBtZWRpYSBtYXJrZXRpbmcgYWdlbmN5IHNvY2lhbCBtZWRpYSBtYXJrZXRpbmcgYWdlbmN5IGluIGRlbGhpIHNvY2lhbCBtZWRpYSBtYXJrZXRpbmcgY29tcGFueSBzb2NpYWwgbWVkaWEgbWFya2V0aW5nIGFnZW5jeSBzb2NpYWwgbWVkaWEgYWdlbmN5IHNvY2lhbCBtZWRpYSBtYXJrZXRpbmcgYWdlbmN5IGluIGluZGlhIHNvY2lhbCBtZWRpYSBjb21wYW55IGluIGluZGlhIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEphbnVhcnkgMjMsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDoyNCBBTSBJIGZvdW5kIHRoaXMgb25lIHByZXR0eSBmYXNjaW5hdGluZyBhbmQgaXQgc2hvdWxkIGdvIGludG8gbXkgY29sbGVjdGlvbi4gVmVyeSBnb29kIHdvcmshIEkgYW0gSW1wcmVzc2VkLiBXZSBhcHByZWNpYXRlIHRoYXQgcGxlYXNlIGtlZXAgZ29pbmcgdG8gd3JpdGUgbW9yZSBjb250ZW50LiBXZSBhcmUgdGhlIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscGVyLCB3ZSBwcm92aWRlIHNlcnZpY2VzIGFsbCBvdmVyIHRoZSBnbG9iZS4gV2UgYXJlIGJlc3QgaW4gdGhlc2UgOi0gc2VydmljZXMgUHJvZ3JhbW1pbmcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEphdmEgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEphdmEgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEphdmEgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIE9ubGluZSBKYXZhIEhvbWV3b3JrIEhlbHAgSmF2YSBIb21ld29yayBIZWxwIERvIE15IEphdmEgQXNzaWdubWVudCBKYXZhIFByb2dyYW1taW5nIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBKYXZhIENvZGluZyBIZWxwIEhlbHAgd2l0aCBKYXZhU2NyaXB0IEhlbHAgd2l0aCBQeXRob24gSG9tZXdvcmsgUHl0aG9uIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBEbyBteSBweXRob24gaG9tZXdvcmsgRG8gTXkgSmF2YSBIb21ld29yayBKYXZhIFByb2dyYW1taW5nIEhlbHAgSmF2YSBQcm9qZWN0IGhlbHAgSmF2YSBQcm9ncmFtbWluZyBIZWxwIERCTVMgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEphbnVhcnkgMjMsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDoyNSBBTSBTdGF0aXN0aWNzIEV4cGVydHMgU3RhdGlzdGljcyBIb21ld29yayBIZWxwIFN0YXRpc3RpY3MgSGVscCBTdGF0aXN0aWNzIFR1dG9ycyBzdGF0aXN0aWNzIGhlbHAgU3RhdGlzdGljcyBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgU3RhdGlzdGljcyBIb21ld29yayBIZWxwIHN0YXRpc3RpY3MgaG9tZXdvcmsgc29sdXRpb25zIGhlbHAgd2l0aCBzdGF0aXN0aWNzIHN0YXRpc3RpY3MgaGVscCBmb3Igc3R1ZGVudHMgc3RhdGlzdGljcyBoZWxwIHN0dWRlbnRzIHN0YXRpc3RpY3MgbWF0aCBoZWxwIHN0YXRpc3RpY3Mgb25saW5lIGhlbHAgaG9tZXdvcmsgc3RhdGlzdGljcyBob21ld29yayBoZWxwZXIgc3RhdGlzdGljcyBob21ld29yayBzb2x2ZXIgT25saW5lIHN0YXRpc3RpY3MgaG9tZXdvcmsgaGVscCBzdGF0aXN0aWNzIGhlbHAgb25saW5lIGhlbHAgd2l0aCBzdGF0aXN0aWNzIGhvbWV3b3JrIHN0YXRpc3RpY3MgaG9tZXdvcmsgc3RhdHMgaG9tZXdvcmsgc29sdmVyIHN0YXRpc3RpYyBoZWxwIG9ubGluZSBTUFNTIG9ubGluZSBTUFNTIEhlbHAgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgSmFudWFyeSAyMywgMjAxOSBhdCA0OjI2IEFNIE1hbnkgb2YgdGhlIHBlb3BsZSBhcmUgZGVwcmVzc2VkIGFib3V0IHRoZSBwcm9ibGVtcyBvZiBlc3NheSB3cml0aW5nLiBXZWxsLCBkb24ndCB3b3JyeSBhYm91dCB0aGF0IGJlY2F1c2Ugd2UgYXJlIHByb3ZpZGluZyB0aGlzIHNlcnZpY2UgYXQgYSB2ZXJ5IHJlYXNvbmFibGUgcHJpY2UuIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBBdXN0cmFsaWEgQXVzdHJhbGlhbiBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgQXNzaWdubWVudCB3cml0aW5nIHNlcnZpY2UgQXVzdHJhbGlhIE9ubGluZSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgYXVzdHJhbGlhIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBCcmlzYmFuZSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgU3lkbmV5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBBZGVsYWlkZSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgUGVydGggQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIE1lbGJvdXJuZSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgQ2FuYmVyYSBFc3NheSBXcml0aW5nIFNlcnZpY2UgYXVzdHJhbGlhIE51cnNpbmcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEF1c3RyYWxpYSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBBdXN0cmFsaWEgV3JpdGUgTXkgRXNzYXkgQXVzdHJhbGlhIENoZWFwIEVzc2F5IFdyaXRpbmcgU2VydmljZSBBdXN0cmFsaWEgQWNjb3VudGluZyBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgQXVzdHJhbGlhIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXVkcmV5IENydXogRmVicnVhcnkgMTUsIDIwMTkgYXQgMTozMiBBTSBUaGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgdGhpcyBibG9nIHBvc3Qgd2hpY2ggaXMgdmVyeSBpbmZvcm1hdGl2ZS4gSSBhbSB3b3JraW5nIGFzIGFuIGNvbnRlbnQgd3JpdGVyIGFuZCBvZmZlciBFeGNlbGxlbnQgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIFNlcnZpY2VzLiBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgaW4gQXVzdHJhbGlhIExhdyBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgRW5naW5lZXJpbmcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIFN0YXRpc3RpY3MgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEZpbmFuY2UgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIE1hdGggQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgYWRhbSBoZWJyZXcgRmVicnVhcnkgMjUsIDIwMTkgYXQgMzozNiBBTSBJIHdvdWxkIGxpa2UgdG8gdGhhbmtzIGZvciBzaGFyaW5nIHRoZSBoaWdoLXZhbHVlIGJsb2cgd2l0aCB1cy4gVGhlIGNhc2Ugc3R1ZHkgaXMgYWJvdXQgc3RyYXRlZ2llcyBhbmQgb3BlcmF0aW5nIHByb2Nlc3MgdGhlIG51dHMgc2VsbGluZyBjb21wYW55LCBQbGFudGVycyBOdXRzLiBJdCBpcyBhIGZhbW91cyBjb21wYW55IG9mIG51dHMgcHJvZHVjdHMgaW4gQW1lcmljYS4gQnV0IGZyb20gZmV3IHllYXJzLCB0aGVyZSBpcyBhIGRlY3JlbWVudCBpbiB0aGUgc2Fsc2FzIGFuZCByZXZlbnVlIG9mIHRoZSBjb21wYW55LiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEdvdG9Fc3NheUhlbHAgRmVicnVhcnkgMjgsIDIwMTkgYXQgOToyNSBQTSBtYmEgZXNzYXkgd3JpdGluZyBoZWxwIG51cnNpbmcgZXNzYXkgd3JpdGluZyBoZWxwIG9ubGluZSBlc3NheSB3cml0aW5nIGhlbHAgZXNzYXkgd3JpdGluZyBzZXJ2aWNlcyBvbmxpbmUgd3JpdGUgbXkgZXNzYXkgZ2V0IGNoZWFwZXN0IGVzc2F5IHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IG9ubGluZWNvbnRlbnR3cml0aW5naGVscCBNYXJjaCA0LCAyMDE5IGF0IDEyOjEzIEFNIFRoZSBvcmdhbml6YXRpb25hbCBjaGFuZ2UgbWFuYWdlbWVudCBpcyBleHBsYWluZWQgaW4gdGhpcyByZXBvcnQuIFRoZXJlIGlzIGJyaWVmIGRpc2N1c3Npb24gb24gY2hhbmdlcyByZXF1aXJlZCBieSB0aGUgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIEZhc3QgVHJhY2sgQ291cmllciBpbiByZWxhdGlvbiB0byB0aGVpciBwZW9wbGUgb3IgZW1wbG95ZWVzLCBwcm9jZXNzZXMsIHRlY2hub2xvZ3kgYW5kIHRoZSBzeXN0ZW0uIFRoZSByZXBvcnQgY29uc2lzdCB0aGUgZXhwbGFuYXRpb24gYmVoaW5kIHRoZSBjaGFuZ2VzIG1hZGUgaW4gYSBvcmdhbml6YXRpb24uIE9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbmFsIENoYW5nZSBNYW5hZ2VtZW50IFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgSmFtZXMgU2FtYXVlbCBNYXJjaCA4LCAyMDE5IGF0IDM6MzMgQU0gSG93ZXZlciwgdGhhdCdzIG5vdCB0aGUgb25seSByZWFzb24gZm9yIHN1Y2ggYWN0aW9ucyBmcm9tIHRoZSBzdHVkZW50cy4gRXhwZXJ0cyBiZWxpZXZlIHRoYXQgdGhlcmUgYXJlIHBsZW50eSBvZiBvdGhlciByZWFzb25zIHRoYXQgY29tcGVsIGEgc3R1ZGVudCB0byByZXF1ZXN0IHRoZXNlIG9ubGluZSBleHBlcnRzICJ3cml0ZSBteSBwYXBlciBmb3IgbWUiLCBhbmQgYXMgYSBzdHVkZW50LCB5b3UgbWF5IGhhdmUgYWxyZWFkeSBleHBlcmllbmNlZCBzb21lIG9mIHRoZXNlIGNoYWxsZW5nZXMgeW91cnNlbGYuIEEgdGVybSBwYXBlciBpcyBhIGZvcm0gYW4gYW5hbHl0aWNhbCByZXBvcnQgdGhhdCB0aGUgc3R1ZGVudHMgd3JpdGUgZm9yIGFjaGlldmluZyB0aGVpciBncmFkdWF0aW9uIG9yIG1hc3RlciBkZWdyZWUuIEJ1dCB0aGUgZmFjdCBvZiB0aGUgbWF0dGVyIGlzLCB0aGV5IG9mdGVuIHNlZWsgdGVybSBwYXBlciBoZWxwIGJlY2F1c2Ugb2YgdGhlaXIgaW5hYmlsaXR5IHRvIHdyaXRlIGFjY3VyYXRlIHBhcGVycyBtZWV0aW5nIGFsbCB0aGUgZ3VpZGVsaW5lcyBhbmQgcmVxdWlyZW1lbnRzIG9mIHRoZSBwcm9mZXNzb3IuIExpc3RlZCBiZWxvdyBhcmUgdGhyZWUgc3RlcHMgdGhhdCBjYW4gaGVscCB5b3Ugd3JpdGUgdG9wLW5vdGNoIHRlcm0gcGFwZXJzIHdpdGggdXRtb3N0IGVhc2UuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkga3Jpc3RlbiBNYXJjaCAxNiwgMjAxOSBhdCAyOjE0IEFNIEdldCB0aGUgYmVzdCBlc3NheSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgZnJvbSB0aGUgZXhwZXJ0cyBvZiBTdHVkZW50cyBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgYXQgYSByZWFzb25hYmxlIHByaWNlLiBPdXIgZXhwZXJ0cyBwcm92aWRlIHRoZSByZWxpYWJsZSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgc2VydmljZXMgdG8gdGhlIHN0dWRlbnRzLiBPdXIgb25saW5lIEV4cGVydCBXcml0ZXJzIGFyZSBwcm9maWNpZW50IGluIHdyaXRpbmcgdGhlIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQ2hyaXMgUGF1bCBNYXJjaCAxOSwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMToxNCBQTSBIZWxsbyBNeSBuYW1lIGlzIENocmlzIFBhdWwgYW5kIFRoaXMgaXMgYSB2ZXJ5IG5pY2UgcG9zdCwgVGhhbmtzIGZvciBTaGFyaW5nLiBHZXQgdGhlIEJlc3QgT2YgUHJvZ3JhbW1pbmcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIGluIEF1c3RyYWxpYS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBTb3BoaWFNaWxsZXIgTWFyY2ggMjIsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDo0OSBBTSBHZXQgdGhlIFByb2dyYW1taW5nIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBhbnl0aW1lLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGplc3NpY2Fqb25lczAyMjAgTWFyY2ggMjksIDIwMTkgYXQgMTI6MTIgQU0gVGhpcyBjb21tZW50IGhhcyBiZWVuIHJlbW92ZWQgYnkgdGhlIGF1dGhvci4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBnb21leiBzZWxlbmEgTWFyY2ggMjksIDIwMTkgYXQgNDo1NiBBTSBUaGVzZSBhcmUgYW1hemluZyEgSSBsb3ZlIHRoZW0sIEkga2VwdCB0aGUgcG9zdCBhcnRpY2xlIGFuZCBpdCB3YXMgcmlnaHQgb24gdGhlIG1vbmV5LiBFeHRyZW1lbHkgc29kZGVuIGhvd2V2ZXIgZGlkbid0IGxhc3QgZXhjZXB0aW9uYWxseSB3ZWxsIG1lZGl1bS10ZXJtIG15d2VnbWFuc2Nvbm5lY3QgfCBteXdlZ21hbnNjb25uZWN0IGxvZ2luIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgamVzc2ljYWpvbmVzMDIyMCBBcHJpbCAyLCAyMDE5IGF0IDExOjIwIFBNIEhlbGxvIFRoaXMgaXMgamVzc2ljYSBqb25lcywgVGhhbmtzIGZvciBTaGFyaW5nIHRoaXMuIEJlc3QgV2ViIGFuZCBNb2JpbGUgQXBwbGljYXRpb24gc29sdXRpb24gcHJvdmlkZXIgTG9jdXMgUmFncyBpbiBJbmRpYS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBNb2JpbGVBcHBEZXZlbG9wbWVudCBBcHJpbCAzLCAyMDE5IGF0IDEyOjUzIEFNIFRoYW5rIHlvdSBmb3IgYmVzdG93aW5nIHRoaXMgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gd2hpY2ggd2lsbCBlbmxpZ2h0ZW4gbWFueSBvZiB1cy4gSXQncyByZWFsbHkgaGVscGZ1bCBmb3IgbWUgYW5kIHRoZSBvbmUgd2hvIHdhbnRzIHRvIGtub3cgbW9yZSBhYm91dCBtb2JpbGUgYXBwIGRldmVsb3BtZW50IGNvbXBhbnkuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQWxsIEVzc2F5IFdyaXRlciBBcHJpbCAxMCwgMjAxOSBhdCA0OjAxIEFNIENvc3QgY2FwaXRhbCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgaXMgcXVpdGUgY29tcGxleCBpbiB0aGUgYXJlYSBvZiBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAuIFRoZSBjb3N0IG9mIGNhcGl0YWwgaXMgZGVzY3JpYmVkIGFzIHRoZSBjb3N0IG9mIGZ1bmRzIHVzZWQgZm9yIGZpbmFuY2luZyBidXNpbmVzcy4gSXQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHRoZSBvcHBvcnR1bml0eSBjb3N0IG9mIG1ha2luZyBhIHBhcnRpY3VsYXIgaW52ZXN0bWVudC4gSXQgaXMgY2hhcmFjdGVyaXplZCBhcyB0aGUgcmF0ZSBvZiByZXR1cm4gdGhhdCBjb3VsZCBoYXZlIGJlZW4gZXhwZWN0ZWQgaW52ZXN0aW5nIHRoZSBzYW1lIG1vbmV5IHRvIGVhcm4gYW4gYWx0ZXJuYXRpdmUgaW52ZXN0bWVudCB3aXRoIGVxdWFsIHJpc2suIEV4cGVyaWVuY2VkIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgd3JpdGVycyBhdCBNeUFzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwLmNvbSBwcm92aWRlIGhlbHAgdG8gdGhlIHN0dWRlbnRzIG5lZWRpbmcgaGVscCBpbiBjYWxjdWxhdGluZyBjb3N0IG9mIGNhcGl0YWwgaW4gZmluYW5jaWFsIG1hbmFnZW1lbnQuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgd2F0c29uNzY5IEFwcmlsIDE1LCAyMDE5IGF0IDU6MDAgQU0gVGhlIGN1cnJlbnQgcGFwZXIgd2lsbCBiZSBmb2N1c2VkIHRvIGFkZHJlc3MgNWMgYW5hbHlzaXMgbWFya2V0aW5nIGFzcGVjdHMgb2YgYm93bGluZyBwYXJsb3Igb24gdGhlIGJhc2lzIG9mIGNhc2Ugc3R1ZHkgb2YgU3VnYXIgQm93bC4gU3VnYXIgQm93bCBpcyBhIGZhbWlseSBvcmllbnRlZCBidXNpbmVzcyBvcmdhbml6YXRpb24gbGVkIGJ5IFNoZWxieSBHaXZlbnMuIFRoZSBvcmdhbml6YXRpb24gZGVlcGx5IGVucm9vdGVkIHdpdGggdGhlIHNldmVudGllcyBzdHlsZSBib3dsaW5nIGJ1c2luZXNzLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IE1hcmsgSGFsZXMgQXByaWwgMTUsIDIwMTkgYXQgNTo0NyBBTSBFbmdhZ2luZyBhbmQgdW5pcXVlIHRoZXNpcyBzdGF0ZW1lbnRzOiBpZiB5b3Ugd2FudCB5b3VyIHRoZXNpcyBzdGF0ZW1lbnRzIHRvIGJlIGVuZ2FnaW5nIGFuZCB1bmlxdWUgZnJvbSBldmVyeSBhc3BlY3QsIGZlZWwgZnJlZSB0byBoaXJlIG91ciByZXNlYXJjaCBwYXBlciB3cml0aW5nIHNlcnZpY2UuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgd2F0c29uNzY5IEFwcmlsIDE2LCAyMDE5IGF0IDM6MjEgQU0gUG91c3NhcmQgdiBTcGllcnMgb2YgYSBjb250cmFjdCBhcmUgY2xhc3NpZmllZCBhcyBlaXRoZXIgY29uZGl0aW9ucyBvciB3YXJyYW50aWVzLiBBIGNvbmRpdGlvbiBpcyB0aGUgbWFqb3IgdGVybSBvZiBhbnkgY29udHJhY3QuIEl0IGlzIHNhaWQgdGhhdCBpdCBnb2VzIHRvIHRoZSByb290IG9mIHRoZSBjb250cmFjdCwgYSBicmVhY2ggb2Ygd2hpY2ggZW50aXRsZXMgdGhlIGlubm9jZW50IHBhcnR5IHRvIHJlcHVkaWF0ZSBpdCBhbmQgY2xhaW0gZm9yIHBheW1lbnQgb2YgZGFtYWdlcyBhcyB3ZWxsLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IHdhdHNvbjc2OSBBcHJpbCAxNywgMjAxOSBhdCA0OjE0IEFNIFRoZSBjdXJyZW50IHBhcGVyIHdpbGwgYmUgZm9jdXNlZCB0byBhZGRyZXNzIDVjIGFuYWx5c2lzIG1hcmtldGluZyBhc3BlY3RzIG9mIGJvd2xpbmcgcGFybG9yIG9uIHRoZSBiYXNpcyBvZiBjYXNlIHN0dWR5IG9mIFN1Z2FyIEJvd2wuIFN1Z2FyIEJvd2wgaXMgYSBmYW1pbHkgb3JpZW50ZWQgYnVzaW5lc3Mgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIGxlZCBieSBTaGVsYnkgR2l2ZW5zLiBUaGUgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIGRlZXBseSBlbnJvb3RlZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzZXZlbnRpZXMgc3R5bGUgYm93bGluZyBidXNpbmVzcy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBqZXNzaWNham9uZXMwMjIwIEFwcmlsIDE4LCAyMDE5IGF0IDEyOjIzIEFNIEhlbGxvIFRoaXMgaXMgamVzc2ljYSBqb25lcywgVGhhbmtzIGZvciBTaGFyaW5nIHRoaXMuIG5ldHdvcmsgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gc2VjdXJpdHkgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgd2F0c29uNzY5IEFwcmlsIDE4LCAyMDE5IGF0IDQ6NTMgQU0gVGhlIHBhcnRpZXMgdG8gYSBwb3Vzc2FyZCB2IHNwaWVycyBhcmUgbm9ybWFsbHkgYm91bmQgYnkgdGhlIHRlcm1zIG9mIHRoZSBjb250cmFjdCBvbmx5LiBTdGF0ZW1lbnRzIG1hZGUgaW4gY29udHJhY3QgbmVnb3RpYXRpb25zIHdpdGggdGhlIGludGVudCB0byBwZXJzdWFkZSBlaXRoZXIgcGFydHkgdG8gZW50ZXIgaW50byBhIGNvbnRyYWN0IGRvIG5vdCBmb3JtIHBhcnQgb2YgdGhlIGNvbnRyYWN0IGV4Y2VwdCB3aGVyZSB0aGV5IGFyZSBpbmNvcnBvcmF0ZWQgdGhyb3VnaCB3cml0aW5nIGFzIHRlcm1zIG9mIHRoZSBjb250cmFjdC4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBwZWNrMzggQXByaWwgMTksIDIwMTkgYXQgNDo0MCBBTSBJbGFjIG1ldGhvZCBwcm92aWRlcyBpbiB0aGlzIHJlZ2FyZCB0aGUgbGF3IHByb3ZpZGVzIHRoYXQgYXJlIHByb21pc2VkIHRvIGtlZXAgdGhlIG9mZmVyIG9wZW4gaXMgbm90IHZhbGlkIHVubGVzcyBpdCBpcyBub3Qgc3VwcG9ydGVkIGJ5IHNlcGFyYXRlIGNvbnNpZGVyYXRpb24uIEl0IGlzIHJlcXVpcmVkIGluIHN1Y2ggYSBjYXNlIHRoYXQgdGhlcmUgaXMgYSBzZXBhcmF0ZSBjb250cmFjdCBhbmQgdGhpcyBjb250cmFjdCBpcyBmb3Iga2VlcGluZyB0aGUgb2ZmZXIgb3Blbi4gU3VjaCBhIGNvbnRyYWN0IGlzIGFsc28ga25vd24gYXMgYW4gb3B0aW9uLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IHBlY2szOCBBcHJpbCAyMCwgMjAxOSBhdCAyOjEyIEFNIFRoZSBtYXJrZXQgZm9yIGNoZXdpbmcgZ3VtIGNhbiBiZSByZWdhcmRlZCBhcyBvbGlnb3BvbHkgY2hhcmFjdGVyaXN0aWNzIGNvbmRpdGlvbiBiZWNhdXNlIGl0IHNhdGlzZmllZCB0aGUgaW1wb3J0YW50IGNoYXJhY3RlcmlzdGljcyBvZiBiZWluZyBhbiBvbGlnb3BvbHkgZmlybS4gQXMgZm9yIGluc3RhbmNlLCB0aGUgaW1wb3J0YW50IGZlYXR1cmUgb2Ygb2xpZ29wb2x5IGFzIG5vdGVkIGFib3ZlIHNpZ25pZmllcyB0aGF0IGluIG9saWdvcG9seSBtYXJrZXQuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgcGVjazM4IEFwcmlsIDIyLCAyMDE5IGF0IDQ6NDMgQU0gRGlzYWR2YW50YWdlcyBvZiBtdWx0aW5hdGlvbmFsIGNvbXBhbmllcyB3aG8gaGF2ZSBodWdlIGJ1c2luZXNzIG9wZXJhdGlvbnMgYW5kIHRoZXkgb3BlcmF0ZSBpbiBtb3JlIHRoYW4gb25lIGNvdW50cnkuIE11bHRpbmF0aW9uYWwgY29tcGFuaWVzIGFyZSBoZWFkcXVhcnRlcmVkIGluIGhvbWUgY291bnRyeSBhbmQgdGhleSBvcGVyYXRlIGJ1c2luZXNzIGZyb20gaG9zdCBjb3VudHJpZXMuIEluIG1vc3QgY2FzZXMsIHRoZSBob21lIGNvdW50cnkgaXMgYSBkZXZlbG9wZWQgY291bnRyeSBhbmQgdGhlIGhvc3QgY291bnRyeSBpcyBhIGRldmVsb3BpbmcgbmF0aW9uLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IHdhdHNvbjc2OSBBcHJpbCAyMywgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjEzIEFNIFRoZSBjdXJyZW50IHBhcGVyIHdpbGwgYmUgZm9jdXNlZCB0byBhZGRyZXNzIDVjIGFuYWx5c2lzIG1hcmtldGluZyBhc3BlY3RzIG9mIGJvd2xpbmcgcGFybG9yIG9uIHRoZSBiYXNpcyBvZiBjYXNlIHN0dWR5IG9mIFN1Z2FyIEJvd2wuIFN1Z2FyIEJvd2wgaXMgYSBmYW1pbHkgb3JpZW50ZWQgYnVzaW5lc3Mgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIGxlZCBieSBTaGVsYnkgR2l2ZW5zLiBUaGUgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIGRlZXBseSBlbnJvb3RlZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzZXZlbnRpZXMgc3R5bGUgYm93bGluZyBidXNpbmVzcy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSB3YXRzb243NjkgQXByaWwgMjQsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDo0OCBBTSBNYXJrZXRpbmcgcGxhbiBvZiBTdGFyYnVja3MgbWFpbmx5IGVtcGhhc2l6ZXMgdXBvbiB0aGUgaGlnaGVyIGNsYXNzIGN1c3RvbWVycyB3aG8gaW1tZW5zZWx5IHZhbHVlIHByZW1pdW0gcXVhbGl0eSBjb2ZmZWUuIFN1Y2ggY3VzdG9tZXJzIGFwcHJlY2lhdGUgdGhlIG5hdHVyYWwgaW5ncmVkaWVudHMgdGhhdCBhcmUgZXh0cmFjdGVkIGZyb20gcmVsaWFibGUgc291cmNlcyBhcyB3ZWxsIGFzIHRob3JvdWdobHkgZGVkaWNhdGVkIHRvIHJlcGF5aW5nIGl0IGJhY2sgbyB0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgZm9yIGl0cyBwcm90ZWN0aW9uIChBaWVsbG8gYW5kIERpY2tpbnNvbiwgMjAxNCkuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgamFjazM4IEFwcmlsIDI1LCAyMDE5IGF0IDM6MDggQU0gQ291cmllclBsZWFzZSwgYSBicmFuY2ggb2YgU2luZ1Bvc3QgZ3JvdXAgaW4gQXVzdHJhbGlhLCBpcyB3b3JraW5nIGFzIGEgbGVhZGluZyBkZWxpdmVyeSBzZXJ2aWNlIGluIEF1c3RyYWxpYSBhbmQgcHJvdmlkZXMgaXRzIHNlcnZpY2VzIGluIGFsbCBvdmVyIHRoZSBjb3VudHJ5LiBDb3VyaWVyUGxlYXNlIHdhcyBsYXVuY2hlZCBpbiAxOTgzLiBUaGlzIGNvdXJpZXIgc2VydmljZSBpcyBzcGVjaWFsaXplZCBpbiBkZWxpdmVyeSBpbiBtZXRyb3BvbGl0YW4gY2l0aWVzLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IHJpY2gzOCBBcHJpbCAyNSwgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjI2IEFNIFRoaXMgZXNzYXkgcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIEhpc3RvcnksIGRldmVsb3BtZW50LCBhbmQgZ3Jvd3RoIG9mIEthdGllIFBhZ2UgZW50cmVwcmVuZXVyIHRoYXQgbWFkZSBoZXIgc3VjY2Vzc2Z1bC4gSXQgYWxzbyBkaXNjdXNzZXMgdGhlIHJvbGUgb2YgZmFtaWx5IGFuZCBzb2Npby1jdWx0dXJhbCBiYWNrZ3JvdW5kIGluIHRoZSBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCBvZiBlbnRyZXByZW5ldXJpYWwgcGFzc2lvbiBvZiBLYXRpZSBQYWdlLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGphbWVzMTk5MiBBcHJpbCAyNSwgMjAxOSBhdCA0OjE3IEFNIE9sYSBib2xhIGZ1bGwgTW92aWUgaXMgYW4gdXBsaWZ0aW5nIGZpY3Rpb25hbCB0YWxlIGJ5IENoaXUgS2VuZyBHdWFuLCBpbiB3aGljaCB0aGUgZ2xvcnkgb2YgbXVsdGljdWx0dXJhbCBmb290YmFsbGVyIHdhcyBjYXN0ZWQuIFRoZSBnbG9yaW91cyBkYXlzIG9mIGVudGlyZSBNYWxheXNpYSB3YXMgYWxzbyBwcmVzZW50ZWQgaW4gYSB2ZXJ5IGJlYXV0aWZ1bCB3YXkuIFRoaXMgbW92aWUgaXMgaW5zcGlyZWQgYnkgdGhlIHRydWUgZXZlbnRzIGFuZCB0aGUgc3Rvcnkgb2YgdGhlIG1vdmllIGlzIGFsc28gb3JpZ2luYWwgYW5kIHJlYWwgKEhhc3NhbiwgQWJkdWxsYWgsIGFuZCBTYWxsZWgsIDIwMTUpLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGRhdmlkMTk5MiBBcHJpbCAyNSwgMjAxOSBhdCA0OjM5IEFNIFRoZSBudXJzaW5nIGNsaW5pY2FsIHJlYXNvbmluZyBjeWNsZSBpcyB0aGUgcHJvY2VzcyB3aXRoIHRoZSBoZWxwIG9mIHdoaWNoIG51cnNlcyBhbmQgb3RoZXIgY2xpbmljYWwgc3RhZmZzIHByb2Nlc3MgcGF0aWVudCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBhbmQgdW5kZXJ0YWtlIGFwcHJvcHJpYXRlIG51cnNpbmcgYWN0aXZpdGllcyBiYXNlZCBvbiB0aGUgcGF0aWVudCdzIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIChTYWxtaW5lbiBldCBhbC4gMjAxNCkuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgZGF2aWQzOCBBcHJpbCAyNSwgMjAxOSBhdCA0OjU0IEFNIFRoZSBwdXJwb3NlIGhlcmUgZm9yIHRoaXMgZXNzYXkgaXMgdG8gZGVzY3JpYmUgdGhlIHByb2NlZHVyZSBvZiBjbGluaWNhbCByZWFzb25pbmcgY3ljbGUsIGRlbW9uc3RyYXRlLCBhbmQgc3Vic3RhbnRpYXRlIHdoeSBudXJzaW5nIHNjaG9sYXJzIHJlcXVpcmUgc3R1ZHlpbmcgY2xpbmljYWwgcmVhc29uaW5nLiBJbiBsaXRlcmF0dXJlLCB0aGUgdGVybWlub2xvZ2llcyBjbGluaWNhbCByZWFzb25pbmcsIGNob2ljZS1tYWtpbmcsIGFuZCBjbGluaWNhbCBqdWRnbWVudCBhcmUgaGFiaXR1YWxseSB1c2VkIGV4Y2hhbmdlYWJsZSAoTG9mdHVzLCAyMDEyKS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSB3YXRzb243NjkgQXByaWwgMjUsIDIwMTkgYXQgMTA6MTEgUE0gVGhlcmUgYXJlIGNlcnRhaW4gY2FzZXMgbWFzdGVycyB2IGNhbWVyb24gcGFydGllcyBuZWdvdGlhdGluZyB0aGUgdGVybXMgb2YgdGhlIGNvbnRyYWN0LCBtYXkgZGVjaWRlIHRvIHdyaXRlIGRvd24gdGhlIGFncmVlZCB0ZXJtcywgc3ViamVjdCB0byBiZWluZyBmb3JtYWxpemVkIGluIGEgbGVnYWxseSBlbmZvcmNlYWJsZSBjb250cmFjdC4gSW4gc3VjaCBhIGNhc2UsIHRoZSBrZXkgdGVybXMgdXNlZCBmb3IgZGlzdGluZ3Vpc2hpbmcgdGhlc2UgYWdyZWVtZW50cyBoYXZlIGJlZW4gZGVzY3JpYmVkIGFzICdzdWJqZWN0IHRvIGNvbnRyYWN0Jy4gQWZ0ZXIgY29uY2x1ZGluZyBzdWNoIGFuIGFncmVlbWVudCwgaWYgZHVlIHRvIGFueSByZWFzb24uIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgcGVjazM4IEFwcmlsIDI1LCAyMDE5IGF0IDEwOjI3IFBNIENvTGlueGlzIGEgc2hhcmVkIHNlcnZpY2VzIG9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbiB3aG8gZG9lcyBub3QgZGVhbCB3aXRoIGN1c3RvbWVyLiBNYW51ZmFjdHVyZS1tZW1iZXJzIGFyZSBpbmNsdWRlZCBpbiB0aGUgYnVzaW5lc3Mgb3BlcmF0aW9uLiBPbmUgd2Vic2l0ZSBpcyBwcm92aWRlZCBieSB0aGUgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIHRvIGFjY2VzcyB0aGUgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gYnkgdGhlIG1lbWJlcnMsIGRpc3RyaWJ1dG9ycyBhbmQgY3VzdG9tZXJzLiBUaGlzIHN0dWR5IGJhc2VkIG9uIHRoZSBhbnN3ZXJzIG9mIHRocmVlIHF1ZXN0aW9ucy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBqYWNrMzggQXByaWwgMjUsIDIwMTkgYXQgMTE6MTggUE0gVGhlIG1haW4gcHVycG9zZSBvZiB0aGUgcmVwb3J0IGlzIHRvIGV4YW1pbmUgYW5kIHByZXNlbnQgdGhlIEdBUCBhbmFseXNpcyBvZiBOZXN0bGUgYW5kIHN3b3QgYW5hbHlzaXMgb2YgYW11bCBhbmQgdGhlbiBnaXZlIHJlY29tbWVuZGF0aW9ucyBvbiBob3cgY2FuIHRoZXkgaW1wcm92ZSB0aGUgcGVyZm9ybWFuY2UuIEdhcCBhbmFseXNpcyBpcyB0aGUgY29tcGFyaXNvbiBvZiBhY3R1YWwgcGVyZm9ybWFuY2Ugd2l0aCB0aGUgcG90ZW50aWFsIG9yIGRlc2lyZWQgcGVyZm9ybWFuY2UuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgamFtZXMxOTkyIEFwcmlsIDI1LCAyMDE5IGF0IDExOjM2IFBNIFRoaXMgdHlwZSBvZiBtYXRyaXggc3RydWN0dXJlIHByb3ZpZGVzIHN0cmVuZ3RoIHRvIHRoZSBXYWxtYXJ0IG9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbmFsIHN0cnVjdHVyZS4gV2FsbWFydCBpcyBhbiBpbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIGNvbXBhbnkgd2l0aCBpdHMgcHJlc2VudCBpbiBhbG1vc3QgZXZlcnkgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgd29ybGQuIFRoZSBtYXRyaXggb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uYWwgc3RydWN0dXJlIGVuYWJsZXMgV2FsbWFydCB0byBvdmVyY29tZSB0aGUgaW50ZXJuYWwgYmFycmllcnMgYW5kIG1haW50YWluIGEgYmFsYW5jZSBiZXR3ZWVuIHRoZSBlZmZlY3RpdmVuZXNzIGFuZCBlZmZpY2llbmN5IChLYXVwZXIsIDIwMTIpLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IHJpY2gzOCBBcHJpbCAyNSwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMTo1NyBQTSBCYXNlZCBvbiB0aGUgcm95IG1vcmdhbiB2YWx1ZSBzZWdtZW50cywgZ2VvZ3JhcGhpY2FsIHNlZ21lbnRhdGlvbiBtZWFucyB3aGVuIHRoZSBjb25zdW1lcnMgb3IgYnVzaW5lc3MgYnV5ZXJzIGFyZSBzZWdtZW50ZWQgYmFzZWQgb24gdGhlIGRlbW9ncmFwaGljIG9yIGdlb2dyYXBoaWMgbG9jYXRpb24uIEFkZGl0aW9uYWxseSwgdGhlIGNvbnN1bWVycyBtYXkgYmUgc2VwYXJhdGVkIGJhc2VkIG9uIHRoZSB1c2VyIHN0YXR1cywgYmVuZWZpdHMgYW5kIGxveWFsdHkgc3RhdHVzLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEphY29iIFBhcmtlciBBcHJpbCAyNiwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMjowNiBBTSBUaGlzIGNvbW1lbnQgaGFzIGJlZW4gcmVtb3ZlZCBieSB0aGUgYXV0aG9yLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEphY29iIFBhcmtlciBBcHJpbCAyNiwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMjowNiBBTSBIZWxsbyBNeSBuYW1lIGlzIEphY29iIFBhcmtlciBhbmQgVGhpcyBpcyBhIHZlcnkgbmljZSBwb3N0LCBUaGFua3MgZm9yIFNoYXJpbmcuIFdlYiBhbmQgQXBwbGljYXRpb24gU29sdXRpb24gUHJvdmlkZXIgQ29tcGFueSBMT0NVUyBSQUdTIGluIEluZGlhLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGRhdmlkMTk5MiBBcHJpbCAyNiwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMjoxNiBBTSBUaGVyZSBpcyBubyBydWxpbmcgb3IgZGlyZWN0IGxhdyBhdmFpbGFibGUgdG8gbWVudGlvbiB0aGUgc2NvcGUgYW5kIHByZWNpc2UgdW5kZXJzdGFuZGluZyBvZiB0aGUgd29yZCDigJhyZXNpZGUnLiBIZW5jZSwgaW4gb3JkZXIgdG8gY29tbWVudCBvbiB0aGUgdGF4IHJlc2lkZW5jeSBwb3NpdGlvbiBmb3IgYW4gaW5kaXZpZHVhbCwgb25lIG5lZWRzIHRvIGZpbmQgdGhlIHZlcmRpY3Qgb2YgdGhlIHJlbGV2YW50IGNhc2VzLiBUaGVzZSBqdWRnZW1lbnRzIHdpdGggdGhlIHByb3Zpc2lvbiBvZiB0aGUgdGF4IHJ1bGluZyB0ciA5OC8xNyB3aWxsIHByb3ZpZGUgYSByb290IHRvIG9waW5lIHRoZSB0YXggcmVzaWRlbmN5IHBvc2l0aW9uLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGRhdmlkMzggQXByaWwgMjYsIDIwMTkgYXQgMTo1MyBBTSBBIGxlYXNlIGlzIGNsYXNzaWZpZWQgYXMgZmlhbmPDqSBsZWFzZSBpZiBpdCB0cmFuc2ZlcnMgYWxsIHRoZSByaXNrcyBhbmQgcmV3YXJkcyBhbmQgaW5jaWRlbnRzIHRvIG93bmVyc2hpcC4gSG93ZXZlciwgY2xhc3NpZmljYXRpb24gb2YgbGVhc2UgZGVwZW5kcyB1cG9uIHRoZSBpbmNlcHRpb24gb2YgbGVhc2UuIEhvd2V2ZXIsIHdpdGggdGhlIGNoYW5nZSBpbiBJQVMtMTcgYW5kIGFwcGxpY2FiaWxpdHkgb2YgYWFzYiAxMTcsIHRoZXJlIGFyZSBmb2xsb3dpbmcgcHJpbmNpcGxlcyB0aGF0IHNob3VsZCBiZSBhcHBsaWVkIGluIHRoZSBmaW5hbmNpYWwgc3RhdGVtZW50IG9mIGxlYXNlLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBBcHJpbCAyNiwgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjQwIEFNIEFsbGFzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwIGhhcyBhIHRlYW0gd2l0aCB2YXN0IGV4cGVyaWVuY2Ugb2YgcHJvZ3JhbW1pbmcgYW5kIGhhcyBwcm9mZXNzaW9uYWxzIHdpdGggcmVsZXZhbnQgaW5kdXN0cnkgZXhwZXJpZW5jZSwgd2hvIGFyZSBmb2N1c2VkIG9uIGhlbHBpbmcgc3R1ZGVudHMgd2l0aCB0aGVpciBQcm9ncmFtbWluZyBoZWxwLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGphbWVzMTk5MiBBcHJpbCAyNywgMjAxOSBhdCAxOjA3IEFNIFRoZSBjdXJyZW50IHBhcGVyIHdpbGwgYmUgZm9jdXNlZCB0byBhZGRyZXNzIDVjIGFuYWx5c2lzIG1hcmtldGluZyBhc3BlY3RzIG9mIGJvd2xpbmcgcGFybG9yIG9uIHRoZSBiYXNpcyBvZiBjYXNlIHN0dWR5IG9mIFN1Z2FyIEJvd2wuIFN1Z2FyIEJvd2wgaXMgYSBmYW1pbHkgb3JpZW50ZWQgYnVzaW5lc3Mgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIGxlZCBieSBTaGVsYnkgR2l2ZW5zLiBUaGUgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIGRlZXBseSBlbnJvb3RlZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzZXZlbnRpZXMgc3R5bGUgYm93bGluZyBidXNpbmVzcy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBKZW5uaWZlciBCcm93biBBcHJpbCAyNywgMjAxOSBhdCAxOjI4IEFNIE15IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBBc3Npc3RzIFN0dWRlbnRzIGluIGFsbCBLaW5kcyBvZiBMYXcgQXNzaWdubWVudHMgQ3JpbWlub2xvZ3kgaXMgYSBzY2llbnRpZmljIGFwcHJvYWNoIHRvd2FyZHMgdGhlIHN0dWR5IG9mIGNyaW1lcy4gRGlmZmVyZW50IHBoaWxvc29waGVycyBwdXQgdGhlaXIgdmlld3MgaW4gdGhlaXIgb3duIHdheSBtYWtpbmcgdGhlIHRvcGljIHRvbyB2YXN0LiBUbyBjb21waWxlIGFsbCB0aGVpciB2aWV3cyB3ZSBuZWVkIHRvIHJlZmVyIHRvIGNyaW1pbm9sb2d5IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBzZXJ2aWNlLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IHBlY2szOCBBcHJpbCAyNywgMjAxOSBhdCAxOjMzIEFNIHBvdXNzYXJkIHYgc3BpZXJzIG9mIHRoZSBjb250cmFjdCBpcyBhIHByb3Zpc2lvbiB0aGF0IGZvcm1zIHBhcnQgb2YgYSBjb250cmFjdC4gRXZlcnkgdGVybSBpbiBhIGNvbnRyYWN0IGNyZWF0ZXMgYSBjb250cmFjdHVhbCBvYmxpZ2F0aW9uIHdoaWNoIHdoZW4gYnJlYWNoZWQgYnkgZWl0aGVyIG9mIHRoZSBwYXJ0aWVzIGxlYWRzIHRvIGxpdGlnYXRpb24gZm9yIHRoZSBicmVhY2guIEFsbCB0aGUgdGVybXMgb2YgYSBjb250cmFjdCBhcmUgbm90IGV4cHJlc3NseSBzdGF0ZWQgaW4gdGhlIGNvbnRyYWN0LiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGRhdmlkMTk5MiBBcHJpbCAyNywgMjAxOSBhdCAyOjU1IEFNIG1hcmtldGluZyBwbGFuIG9mIHN0YXJidWNrcyBDb3Jwb3JhdGlvbiBiZWxpZXZlcyB0aGF0IHdpdGggdGFyZ2V0aW5nIG9mIGhpZ2ggZW5kIGNvZmZlZSBkcmlua2VyIGFsb25nIHdpdGggY29mZmVlIGNyZWFtZXIsIGFzIGNvbnNpc3RlbnQgd2l0aCBwcmVzZW50IHByYWN0aWNlcy4gVGhlIENvcnBvcmF0aW9uIGFpbXMgYXQgYWNoaWV2aW5nIG5ldyBzZWdtZW50IG9mIGNvZmZlZSBkcmlua2Vycy4gVGhlIHJlcG9ydCBhaW1zIGF0IGRldmVsb3BpbmcgYSBtYXJrZXRpbmcgcGxhbiBmb3IgU3RhcmJ1Y2tzIChMYXBlcnNvbm5lLCAyMDEzKS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSByaWNoMzggQXByaWwgMjcsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDozMyBBTSBpbGFjIG1ldGhvZCBuZWVkcyB0byBiZSBkZWNpZGVkIGluIHRoZSBwcmVzZW50IGNhc2UgaXMgdGhhdCBhbiBvZmZlciB3YXMgbWFkZSBieSBNaW5nIHRvIExlZSB0byBzZWxsIGhlciB2b3RlIGZvciAkMTAsMDAwLiBBZnRlciByZWNlaXZpbmcgdGhlIG9mZmVyLCBMZWUgbWFkZSBhIHBob25lIGNhbGwgdG8gTWluZyBpbiB3aGljaCBMZWUgYXNrZWQgTWluZyB0byBob2xkIHRoZSB2b3RlIGZvciBhIHdlZWsuIE1pbmcgYmVjYW1lIHJlYWR5IHRvIGhvbGQgdGhlIGJvYXQgZm9yIGEgd2VlayBob3dldmVyIHdoZW4gTGVlIHRlbGVwaG9uZWQgTWluZywgYWNjZXB0aW5nIHRoZSBvZmZlci4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSB3YXRzb243NjkgQXByaWwgMjksIDIwMTkgYXQgMTI6NTkgQU0gNWMgYW5hbHlzaXMgY3VycmVudCBwYXBlciB3aWxsIGJlIGZvY3VzZWQgdG8gYWRkcmVzcyB2YXJpb3VzIG1hcmtldGluZyBhc3BlY3RzIG9mIGJvd2xpbmcgcGFybG9yIG9uIHRoZSBiYXNpcyBvZiBjYXNlIHN0dWR5IG9mIFN1Z2FyIEJvd2wuIFN1Z2FyIEJvd2wgaXMgYSBmYW1pbHkgb3JpZW50ZWQgYnVzaW5lc3Mgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIGxlZCBieSBTaGVsYnkgR2l2ZW5zLiBUaGUgb3JnYW5pemF0aW9uIGRlZXBseSBlbnJvb3RlZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzZXZlbnRpZXMgc3R5bGUgYm93bGluZyBidXNpbmVzcy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBwZWNrMzggQXByaWwgMjksIDIwMTkgYXQgMTo1NiBBTSBwb3Vzc2FyZCB2IHNwaWVycyBvZiB0aGUgY29udHJhY3QgaXMgYSBwcm92aXNpb24gdGhhdCBmb3JtcyBwYXJ0IG9mIGEgY29udHJhY3QuIEV2ZXJ5IHRlcm0gaW4gYSBjb250cmFjdCBjcmVhdGVzIGEgY29udHJhY3R1YWwgb2JsaWdhdGlvbiB3aGljaCB3aGVuIGJyZWFjaGVkIGJ5IGVpdGhlciBvZiB0aGUgcGFydGllcyBsZWFkcyB0byBsaXRpZ2F0aW9uIGZvciB0aGUgYnJlYWNoLiBBbGwgdGhlIHRlcm1zIG9mIGEgY29udHJhY3QgYXJlIG5vdCBleHByZXNzbHkgc3RhdGVkIGluIHRoZSBjb250cmFjdC4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBqYW1lczE5OTIgQXByaWwgMjksIDIwMTkgYXQgMzoyNyBBTSBXcml0aW5nIGVzc2F5cyBjYW4gYmUgZnVuIGlmIHlvdSBrbm93IHdoYXQgaXMgdG8gYmUgd3JpdHRlbiBhbmQgaG93IHRvIGFydGljdWxhdGUgdGhlIHBhcGVyIHdpdGggZXZlcnkgcmVxdWlyZWQgZGV0YWlsIGFuZCBpZGVhcy4gVGFsa2luZyBvZiB3cml0aW5nIG5hcnJhdGl2ZSBlc3NheSBhbmQgc2F2aW5nIHlvdXIgYWNhZGVtaWMgZ3JhZGVzIGJ5IG1ha2luZyBhIGdyZWF0IGltcHJlc3Npb24gb24geW91ciB0ZWFjaGVyLCBpdCBpcyB0byBiZSBub3RlZCB0aGF0IG9uZSBtdXN0IGNob29zZSB0byBzZWxlY3QgdG9waWNzIHdpc2VseS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBtYXJjb3N0ZWZhbjk5MiBNYXkgOCwgMjAxOSBhdCA1OjAyIEFNIFRoaXMgaXMgbWFyY28gc3RlZmFuLCBUaGFua3MgZm9yIFNoYXJpbmcgdGhpcy4gbmV0d29yayBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBzZWN1cml0eSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBzdHVkZW50c2Fzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwIE1heSA4LCAyMDE5IGF0IDEwOjUxIFBNIE91ciB0ZWFtIGlzIHJlYWR5IHRvIGhlbHAgeW91IGFuZCBrZWVwcyB3b3JraW5nIGZvciB0aGUgc3R1ZGVudHMgdG8gZ2l2ZSBiZXN0IHNlcnZpY2UgZXZlcnkgZGF5LiBBdCBzdHVkZW50c2Fzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwLmNvbSBzdHVkZW50cyBjYW4gZWFzaWx5IGdldCBiZXN0IHNlcnZpY2UgMjRYNy4gU28gc3RvcCBzZWFyY2hpbmcgZWxzZS4gU3R1ZGVudHMgd2hvIHN0dWRkaW5nIGluIHBoeXNpYyBzdWJqZWN0IGFuZCBrZWVwcyBkZW1hbmRpbmcgZm9yIGZpbmlzaCBwaHlzaWMgaG9tZXdvcmsgdGhleSBjYW4gcXVpY2tseSBnZXQgcGh5c2ljcyBob21ld29yayBoZWxwIGZyb20gdGhlIHN0dWRlbnRzIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBleHBlcnRzLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGphbWVzIGNvb2sgTWF5IDgsIDIwMTkgYXQgMTE6MDUgUE0gQWxsYXNzaWdubWVudGhlbHAgaXMgYSB3ZWIgcG9ydGFsIHdoZXJlIHN0dWRlbnRzIGdldCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGV4cGVydCBoZWxwIGZvciBhbGwgdGhlIHN1YmplY3RzLCB3aXRoIHRoZSBoZWxwIG9mIG91ciBleHBlcnRzLiBZb3Ugd2lsbCBnZXQgMTAwJSBwbGFnaWFyaXNtIGZyZWUgYXNzaWdubWVudC4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBpcGhvbmd0aHV5bmV0IE1heSAxMCwgMjAxOSBhdCA4OjAwIEFNIGlwaG9uZ3RodXluZXQgaXBob25ndGh1eW5ldCBpcGhvbmd0aHV5bmV0IGlwaG9uZ3RodXluZXQgaXBob25ndGh1eW5ldCBpcGhvbmd0aHV5bmV0IGlwaG9uZ3RodXluZXQgaXBob25ndGh1eW5ldCBpcGhvbmd0aHV5bmV0IFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgSmFjb2IgUGFya2VyIE1heSAxMywgMjAxOSBhdCA1OjA2IEFNIEhlbGxvIE15IG5hbWUgaXMgSmFjayBQZXRlciBhbmQgVGhpcyBpcyBhIHZlcnkgbmljZSBwb3N0LCBUaGFua3MgZm9yIFNoYXJpbmcuIFdlYiBhbmQgQXBwbGljYXRpb24gU29sdXRpb24gUHJvdmlkZXIgTE9DVVMgUkFHUyBJVCBDb21wYW55IGluIEluZGlhLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IG1hcmNvc3RlZmFuOTkyIE1heSAxNCwgMjAxOSBhdCA1OjAzIEFNIFRoaXMgaXMgbWFyY28gc3RlZmFuLCBUaGFua3MgZm9yIFNoYXJpbmcgdGhpcy4gbmV0d29yayBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBzZWN1cml0eSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBtaWtlcm9jayBNYXkgMTUsIDIwMTkgYXQgMTI6NDkgQU0gdGhhbmtzIGZvciBzaGFyaW5nIGl0IElkbGUgQ29mZmVlIENvcnAgYXVmIFBDIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkga3Jpc3RlbiBNYXkgMTYsIDIwMTkgYXQgNDoxNCBBTSBTdHVkZW50cyBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgaXMgdGhlIG1vc3QgcmVwdXRlZCBhbmQgcmVsaWFibGUgYnJhbmQgcHJvdmlkaW5nIG15IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCB0byB0aGUgc3R1ZGVudHMuIE91ciBleHBlcnRzIGNhbiBoYW5kbGUgYW55IGNvbXBsaWNhdGVkIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgcXVlcmllcyBvdXRzdGFuZGluZ2x5LiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEtyaXN0aW5lIFJvYmluc29uIE1heSAxNywgMjAxOSBhdCAxOjU4IEFNIE91ciBDUE0gaG9tZXdvcmsgaGVscGVycyB1c2UgYWNjdXJhdGUgcHJvYmxlbS1zb2x2aW5nIHN0cmF0ZWdpZXMgdG8gY29tZSB1cCB3aXRoIHRoZSByaWdodCBhbnN3ZXJzIHRvIGVhY2ggcXVlc3Rpb24gaW4gdGhpcyBjb3Vyc2UuIFN0dWNrIHdpdGggdGhlIHF1ZXN0aW9ucyBpbiB0aGUgY291cnNlIDEgb2YgQ1BNPyBHZXQgQ1BNIGhvbWV3b3JrIGhlbHAgZnJvbSB1cyBub3chIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgRW1hbiBLaGFuIE1heSAyOCwgMjAxOSBhdCA4OjMwIEFNIHZlcnkgbmljZSBwb3N0IGlmIHlvdSBsb3ZlIHdyZXN0bGluZyB5b3UgY2FuIGdvIGFuZCB3YXRjaCBoZXJlIGF0IHdhdGNod3Jlc3RsaW5nIGFuZCB3YXRjaCBmcmVlIG9ubGluZSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEVtYW4gS2hhbiBNYXkgMjgsIDIwMTkgYXQgODozMSBBTSB2ZXJ5IG5pY2UgcG9zdCBhbmQgZGV0YWlsIHdvcmsgZG9uZSBieSB0aGUgYXJ0aWNsZSBhbmQgaXQgc2hvd3MgaG93IGdvb2QgeW91IGFyZSBpbiB3cml0aW5nIGdvb2Qgc3R1ZmYgcGxlYXNlIGNoZWNrIGJ1eSAxMDAwIGZhY2Vib29rIHBhZ2UgbGlrZXMgYW5kIGNoZWNrIG15IHdvcmsgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBFbWFuIEtoYW4gTWF5IDI4LCAyMDE5IGF0IDg6MzEgQU0gdmVyeSBuaWNlIHBvc3QgYW5kIGRldGFpbCB3b3JrIGRvbmUgYnkgdGhlIGFydGljbGUgYW5kIGl0IHNob3dzIGhvdyBnb29kIHlvdSBhcmUgaW4gd3JpdGluZyBnb29kIHN0dWZmIHBsZWFzZSBjaGVjayBmdW51bmJsb2NrZWRnYW1lcy5pbmZvIGFuZCBwbGF5IGFueSBnYW1lIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgRW1hbiBLaGFuIE1heSAyOCwgMjAxOSBhdCA4OjM0IEFNIHZlcnkgbmljZSBwb3N0IGFuZCBkZXRhaWwgd29yayBkb25lIGJ5IHRoZSBhcnRpY2xlIGFuZCBpdCBzaG93cyBob3cgZ29vZCB5b3UgYXJlIGluIHdyaXRpbmcgZ29vZCBzdHVmZiBwbGVhc2UgY2hlY2sgZG93bmxvYWQgbW9iZHJvIGFwayBmcmVlIGFuZCB3YXRjaCBhbnkgbW92aWUgeW91IHdhbnQgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBFbWFuIEtoYW4gTWF5IDI4LCAyMDE5IGF0IDg6MzQgQU0gdmVyeSBuaWNlIHBvc3QgYW5kIGRldGFpbCB3b3JrIGRvbmUgYnkgdGhlIGFydGljbGUgYW5kIGl0IHNob3dzIGhvdyBnb29kIHlvdSBhcmUgaW4gd3JpdGluZyBnb29kIHN0dWZmIHBsZWFzZSBjaGVjayB0ZXJyYXJpdW10di5pbmZvIGFuZCB3YXRjaCBhbnkgbW92aWUgeW91IHdhbnQgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBFbWFuIEtoYW4gTWF5IDI4LCAyMDE5IGF0IDg6MzQgQU0gdmVyeSBuaWNlIHBvc3QgYW5kIGRldGFpbCB3b3JrIGRvbmUgYnkgdGhlIGFydGljbGUgYW5kIGl0IHNob3dzIGhvdyBnb29kIHlvdSBhcmUgaW4gd3JpdGluZyBnb29kIHN0dWZmIHBsZWFzZSBjaGVjayBwbGF5IHRhbmsgdHJvdWJsZSAyIGFuZCBwbGF5IHRhbmsgdHJvdWJsZSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEVtYW4gS2hhbiBNYXkgMjgsIDIwMTkgYXQgODozNCBBTSBtb2x0byBiZWxsbyBpbCBwb3N0IGUgaWwgbGF2b3JvIGRpIGRldHRhZ2xpbyBmYXR0byBkYWxsJ2FydGljb2xvIGUgbW9zdHJhIHF1YW50byBzZWkgYnJhdm8gbmVsbG8gc2NyaXZlcmUgcm9iYSBidW9uYSwgY29udHJvbGxhIGNiMDEgZSBndWFyZGEgdHV0dGkgaSBmaWxtIGNoZSB2dW9pIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgcm9zZSBNYXkgMzAsIDIwMTkgYXQgNToyNiBBTSBBIHZlcnkgaW50ZXJlc3RpbmcgYXJ0aWNsZSwgSSBsZWFybmVkIGEgbG90IG9mIG5ldyB0aGluZ3MgZm9yIG15c2VsZiwgd2hpY2ggSSBoYWRuJ3QgdGhvdWdodCBhYm91dCBiZWZvcmUsIGJ1dCB1bmZvcnR1bmF0ZWx5IG5vdCBhbGwgdGhlIHRpcHMgYXJlIGFwcGxpY2FibGUgYXQgdGhlIG1vbWVudCB0byBtb2Rlcm4gd29ya3MuIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGlyZWxhbmQgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIEp1bmUgMiwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMDoyNSBQTSBXb3chISBSZWFsbHkgYSBuaWNlIEFydGljbGUuIFRoaXMgaXMgb25lIG9mIHRoZSBmaW5lc3QgcG9zdCBJIGhhdmUgZXZlciBzZWVuLiBUaGUgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaW4gdGhpcyBibG9nIGlzIHZlcnkgaGVscGZ1bCBmb3IgdXMuIHJlc2VhcmNoIHBhcGVyIHdyaXRpbmcgaGVscCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IE9saXZlciBTbWl0aCBKdW5lIDMsIDIwMTkgYXQgNjowNSBBTSBXZSBhcmUgcHJvdWQgb2Ygb3VyIGJlc3QgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFNpbmdhcG9yZSBleHBlcnRzIGJlY2F1c2Ugb2YgdGhlaXIgZGVkaWNhdGlvbiBwcm92aWRpbmcgY29udGludW91cyBzdXBwb3J0IHRvIHN0dWRlbnRzIGJ5IGhlbHBpbmcgdGhlbSBtZWV0IGRlYWRsaW5lcyBhbmQgc2NvcmluZyBiZXR0ZXIgZ3JhZGVzLiBXZSB1bmRlcnN0YW5kIGhvdyBpbXBvcnRhbnQgYWNhZGVtaWMgYXNzZXNzbWVudHMgYXJlIGluIGRldmVsb3BpbmcgYSBzdHVkZW50J3MgY2FyZWVyIGFuZCBmdXR1cmUgb3Bwb3J0dW5pdGllcywgdGhpcyBpcyB3aHkgd2UgdGFrZSBleHRyZW1lIG1lYXN1cmVzIHRvIGVuc3VyZSB0aGF0IGFsbCBvdXIgc29sdXRpb25zIGFyZSBiZXN0LWluLWNsYXNzLiBBbGwgc3R1ZGVudHMgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFNpbmdhcG9yZSBjYW4gcmVhY2ggdXMgYW5kIGF2YWlsIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9ubGluZSBtYXRsYWIgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIGZyb20gb3VyIGFjYWRlbWljIGV4cGVydHMuIE91ciBwcmltYXJ5IG1vdGl2ZSBpcyBub3Qgb25seSB0byBwcm92aWRlIHlvdSB3aXRoIHRoZSBiZXN0IGhlbHAgYnV0IGFsc28gdG8gbWFrZSB5b3VyIGpvdXJuZXkgc21vb3RoLiBUaGUgaW5jcmVhc2luZyBpbXBvcnRhbmNlIG9mIHdyaXRpbmcgYXNzaWdubWVudHMgaGFzIHByb21wdGVkIHN0dWRlbnRzIHRvIHRha2UgYSBoZWxwaW5nIGhhbmQgZnJvbSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZXMuIER1cmluZyBoaWdoZXIgc3R1ZGllcyBpbiBjb2xsZWdlcywgc3R1ZGVudHMgb2Z0ZW4gaGF2ZSB0byBwcmVwYXJlIG11bHRpcGxlIGRvY3VtZW50cywgcXVpenplcywgYW5kIHN1cnByaXNlIHRlc3RzLiBUaGlzIGlzIHRoZSBtYWluIHJlYXNvbiB3aHkgbW9zdCBzdHVkZW50cyBzZWFyY2ggZm9yIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBhdXN0cmFsaWEgb3ZlciB0aGUgaW50ZXJuZXQgYW5kIGNob29zZSBvbmx5IHRoZSBtb3N0IHByb2ZpY2llbnQgYW5kIHRydXN0ZWQgYWNhZGVtaWMgd3JpdGluZyBleHBlcnRzLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFuZHkgV2lsc29uIEp1bmUgMTcsIDIwMTkgYXQgMTo0MCBBTSBUaGFua3MgZm9yIHRoZSBwb3N0LiBJZiB5b3UgYXJlIHRoaW5raW5nIHdobyB3aWxsIGNvbXBsZXRlIG15IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgZm9yIG1lIGluIEF1c3RyYWxpYT8gU3R1ZGVudCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgaXMgaGVyZSB0byBwcm92aWRlcyBxdWFsaXR5IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCB3aXRoIDEwMCUgZ3VhcmFudGVlIGFuZCAwJSBwbGFnaWFyaXNtLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFN0ZWZhbiBDYXJsIEp1bmUgMTksIDIwMTkgYXQgNTowNiBBTSBHZXQgZXNzYXkgd3JpdGluZyBoZWxwIHNlcnZpY2VzIGluIE5ldyBaZWFsYW5kIGZyb20gU3R1ZGVudHNBc3NpZ25tZW50SGVscC5jb20uIEl0IHByb3ZpZGVzIGVzc2F5IHdyaXRpbmcgTlogc2VydmljZXMgZm9yIHRoZSBzdHVkZW50cyB3aG8gbmVlZCBlc3NheSBoZWxwIG9yIHdobyBoYXMgcHJvYmxlbSBpbiB3cml0aW5nIGVzc2F5IGluIGEgcHJvcGVyIGZvcm1hdC4gV2UgcHJvdmlkZSBvbi10aW1lIGRlbGl2ZXJ5IG9mIHlvdXIgZXNzYXkuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgS05URUNIIEp1bmUgMjgsIDIwMTkgYXQgMTE6MzcgUE0gVGhhbmsgLGwgYW0gS05URUNILCB3ZSBoYXZlIHRoZSBwYWdpbmcgc3lzdGVtIGFuZCBzaXAgc2VydmVyLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGpvaG4gYWxleGEgSnVseSAxLCAyMDE5IGF0IDEyOjAwIEFNIE91ciBMYXcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIGlzIG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgbW9zdCB0cnVzdGVkIGFuZCByZWxpYWJsZSBwbGF0Zm9ybXMgd2hpY2ggb2ZmZXIgc2ltcGxlIHlldCBlZmZlY3RpdmUgbGF3IGhvbWV3b3JrIHdyaXRpbmcgdGlwcyB0byBzdHVkZW50cyBhbGwgb3ZlciB0aGUgd29ybGQuIElmIHlvdSBhcmUgcHVyc3VpbmcgbWFzdGVycyBpbiBsYXcsIHdlIGFyZSB0aGUgYmVzdCBvcHRpb25zIGF2YWlsYWJsZSBpbiB0aGUgbWFya2V0LiBObyBtYXR0ZXIgd2hhdCBzb3J0cyBvZiBkaWZmaWN1bHR5IHlvdSBhcmUgZmFjaW5nLCBvdXIgZXhwZXJ0cyBwcm92aWRlIGNvbXBsZXRlbHkgcGxhZ2lhcmlzbS1mcmVlIGFuZCB1bmlxdWUgYXNzaWdubWVudCB3cml0aW5nIHNvbHV0aW9ucyBhdCB5b3VyIGRlc2suIE91ciB3cml0aW5nIHNlcnZpY2VzIGFyZSBub3Qgb25seSBhZmZvcmRhYmxlIGJ1dCBhbHNvIGRlbGl2ZXIgcHJlbWl1bSBxdWFsaXR5IGNvbnRlbnQuIFdlIGNvdmVyIG1vc3Qgb2YgdGhlIGFyZWFzIHRoYXQgYXJlIHJlbGF0ZWQgdG8gTGF3IHN1YmplY3Qgd2l0aCBvcHRpbXVtIGJyaWxsaWFuY2UuIE91ciB3cml0ZXJzIHByb2ZmZXIgYWxsIHRoZSBuZWNlc3NhcnkgaGVscCBhbmQgZ3VpZGFuY2UgYXQgYW4gYWZmb3JkYWJsZSByYXRlLiBMYXcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIExhdyBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhvbWV3b3JrIEhlbHAgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBbXlyYUx5YWxsIEp1bHkgMSwgMjAxOSBhdCAxOjU5IEFNIFN0cml2aW5nIHRvIGdldCB0aGUgYmVzdCBBdXN0cmFsaWFuIEhlbHAgd2l0aCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IHByb3ZpZGVyIHdoaWNoIHdpbGwgaGVscCB5b3Ugb3V0IHdpdGggYWxsIHlvdXIgYWNhZGVtaWMgcmVsYXRlZCBwcm9ibGVtcy4gTGV0IHVzIGhlbHAgeW91IG91dCB3aXRoIHByb3BlciBndWlkYW5jZSBhbmQgYXZhaWxpbmcgeW91IHdpdGggY2hlYXAgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIHNlcnZpY2VzIGluIG5vIHRpbWUuIFdlIEF1c3RyYWxpYW4gQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIGV4cGVydHMgYXJlIHByb2ZpY2llbnQgaW4gd3JpdGluZyB5b3VyIGNoZWFwIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBzZXJ2aWNlcy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBFbWlseSBHcmFoYW0gSnVseSAxLCAyMDE5IGF0IDI6MDEgQU0gR290b0Vzc2F5SGVscCBTZXJ2aWNlcyBpcyBvbmUgYW1vbmcgdGhlIGJlc3QgVUsgRXNzYXkgSGVscCBwcm92aWRlciB3aGljaCB3aWxsIGhlbHAgeW91IG91dCB3aXRoIGFsbCB5b3VyIGFjYWRlbWljIHJlbGF0ZWQgcHJvYmxlbXMgLiBUaGV5IGhhdmUgYSBsb3Qgb2YgcHJvZmVzc2lvbmFsIGV4cGVydHMgd2hvIGhhdmUgZXhwZXJ0aXNlIGtub3dsZWRnZSBpbiBnaXZpbmcgeW91IHByb3BlciBndWlkYW5jZSBhbmQgcHJvdmlkaW5nIHlvdSB3aXRoIGNoZWFwIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBzZXJ2aWNlcy4gWW91IGFyZSBmcmVlIHRvIGNvbnRhY3QgdGhlaXIgZXhwZXJ0cyBieSB2aXNpdGluZyB0aGVpciB3ZWJzaXRlIGFuZCBnZXQgeW91ciBwZW5kaW5nIHByZXNlbnRhdGlvbnMgY29tcGxldGVkIG9uIHRoZSBnaXZlbiB0aW1lLiBUaGV5IGFyZSBnaXZpbmcgdGhpcyBzZXJ2aWNlcyB0byBhbGwgdGhlIHN0dWRlbnRzIG9mIGRpZmZlcmVudCBTdWJqZWN0cyBsaWtlIG51cnNpbmcgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwLCBtYW5hZ2VtZW50IGhlbHAgc2VydmljZXMsIGh1bWFuaXRpZXMgaGVscCBldGMgLiBNYW55IHN0dWRlbnRzIHNlZSB0aGF0IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBVSyBleHBlcnRzIGFyZSBwcm9maWNpZW50IGluIHdyaXRpbmcgeW91ciBhc3NpZ25tZW50cyBidXQgbm8gb25lIHdvbmRlcnMgdGhlIHJlYXNvbiBiZWhpbmQgaXQgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBa3NoaXRhIFNoYXJtYSBKdWx5IDEsIDIwMTkgYXQgNjo0MiBBTSBhbmRyb2lkIGFwcCBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCBjb21wYW55IGluIGluZGlhIGhhcyBtYWRlIHRoZSBwcm9jZXNzaW5nIG9mIGJ1c2luZXNzIG9wZXJhdGlvbnMgZWFzaWVyLiBMZXQgdXMgaGVscCB5b3UgY3JlYXRlIHN0YXRlLW9mLXRoZS1hcnQgQW5kcm9pZCBtb2JpbGUgYXBwcyB0aGF0IHdpbGwgY2F0ZXIgdG8gdGhlIG5lZWRzIG9mIHlvdXIgY3VzdG9tZXJzIGFzIHdlbGwgYXMgeW91ciBidXNpbmVzcy4gTm93YWRheXMsIGFuZHJvaWQgYXBwIGRldmVsb3BtZW50IGNvbXBhbnkgaW4gZGVsaGkgLCBhcmUgbW9zdCBjb21tb24gcHJhY3RpY2VzIHVzZWQgaW4gZXZlcnkgYnVzaW5lc3MuIFRoZXJlIGlzIGEgYmlnIHJhdGlvIG9mIHNtYXJ0IHBob25lIHVzZXIgd29ybGR3aWRlLiBUaGlzIGlzIHRoZSBtYWluIHJlYXNvbiBvZiBtb2JpbGUgYXBwIGRldmVsb3BtZW50IGNvbXBhbnkgaW4gZGVsaGkgaW5jcmVhc2VkIGRlbWFuZCBmb3IgaW5ub3ZhdGl2ZSBhbmRyb2lkIGFwcGxpY2F0aW9uIGRldmVsb3BtZW50IFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQWtzaGl0YSBTaGFybWEgSnVseSAyLCAyMDE5IGF0IDExOjI5IFBNIHdvbmRlcm1vdXNlIHRlY2hub2xvZ2llcyBwdnQgbHRkIGhhcyBtYWRlIHRoZSBwcm9jZXNzaW5nIG9mIGJ1c2luZXNzIG9wZXJhdGlvbnMgZWFzaWVyLiBMZXQgdXMgaGVscCB5b3UgY3JlYXRlIHN0YXRlLW9mLXRoZS1hcnQgQW5kcm9pZCBtb2JpbGUgYXBwcyB0aGF0IHdpbGwgY2F0ZXIgdG8gdGhlIG5lZWRzIG9mIHlvdXIgY3VzdG9tZXJzIGFzIHdlbGwgYXMgeW91ciBidXNpbmVzcy4gTm93YWRheXMsIGFuZHJvaWQgYXBwIGRldmVsb3BtZW50IGNvbXBhbnkgaW4gaW5kaWEsIGFyZSBtb3N0IGNvbW1vbiBwcmFjdGljZXMgdXNlZCBpbiBldmVyeSBidXNpbmVzcy4gVGhlcmUgaXMgYSBiaWcgcmF0aW8gb2Ygc21hcnQgcGhvbmUgdXNlciB3b3JsZHdpZGUuIFRoaXMgaXMgdGhlIG1haW4gcmVhc29uIG9mIGFuZHJvaWQgYXBwIGRldmVsb3BtZW50IGNvbXBhbnkgaW4gZGVsaGkgaW5jcmVhc2VkIGRlbWFuZCBmb3IgaW5ub3ZhdGl2ZSBhbmRyb2lkIGFwcGxpY2F0aW9uIGRldmVsb3BtZW50IFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwZXIgSnVseSAxMiwgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjE5IEFNIEkgbG92ZWQgdGhlIGFydGljbGUsIGtlZXAgdXBkYXRpbmcgaW50ZXJlc3RpbmcgYXJ0aWNsZXMuIEkgd2lsbCBiZSBhIHJlZ3VsYXIgcmVhZGVyLiBJIGFtIG9mZmVyaW5nIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCB0byBzdHVkZW50cyBvdmVyIHRoZSBnbG9iZSBhdCBhIGxvdyBwcmljZS4gUiB2cyBQeXRob24gTWluaXRhYiB2cyBTUFNTIFIgdnMgUHl0aG9uIFN0ZXBzIHRvIGxlYXJuIFRhYmxlYXUgYXQgcmFwaWQgcGFjZSBTZWNyZXRzIHRvIHNjb3JlIGhpZ2ggZ3JhZGVzIFJlYXNvbnMgdG8gaGF2ZSBkYXRhIG1pbmluZyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgV2F5cyB0byBjaG9vc2UgdGhlIGJlc3QgSk1QIGhvbWV3b3JrIGhlbHAgRGF0YSBBbmFseXRpY3MgU2tpbGxzIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwZXIgSnVseSAxMiwgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjIwIEFNIEkgZm91bmQgdGhpcyBvbmUgcHJldHR5IGZhc2NpbmF0aW5nIGFuZCBpdCBzaG91bGQgZ28gaW50byBteSBjb2xsZWN0aW9uLiBWZXJ5IGdvb2Qgd29yayEgSSBhbSBJbXByZXNzZWQuIFdlIGFwcHJlY2lhdGUgdGhhdCBwbGVhc2Uga2VlcCB3cml0aW5nIG1vcmUgY29udGVudC4gV2UgYXJlIHRoZSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHBlciwgd2UgcHJvdmlkZSBzZXJ2aWNlcyBhbGwgb3ZlciB0aGUgZ2xvYmUuIFdlIGFyZSBiZXN0IGluIHRoZXNlOi0gc2VydmljZXMgQmVuZWZpdHMgb2YgU29jaWFsIE1lZGlhIExpbmsgQnVpbGRpbmcgVG9vbHMgRGlnaXRhbCBNYXJrZXRpbmcgQmVuZWZpdHMgb2YgU29jaWFsIE1lZGlhIE1hcmtldGluZyB0byB0aGUgYnVzaW5lc3MgV29yZFByZXNzIHZzIEJsb2dnZXIgQmVzdCBDb250ZW50IE1hcmtldGluZyBTdHJhdGVneSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscGVyIEp1bHkgMTIsIDIwMTkgYXQgMzoyMSBBTSBUaGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgdGhpcyBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbi4gSSBoYXZlIHNoYXJlZCB0aGlzIGxpbmsgd2l0aCBvdGhlciBrZWVwIHBvc3Rpbmcgc3VjaCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiB0byBwcm92aWRlIGJlc3QgaW4gY2xhc3MgbGF3IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBvbmxpbmUgYXQgdmVyeSBhZmZvcmRhYmxlIHByaWNlcy4gcHl0aG9uLXZzLWphdmEtd2hpY2gtb25lLWlzLWJldHRlci10by1jaG9vc2U/IGhvdy1hc3NpZ25tZW50LWhlbHAtc2VydmljZS1jYW4taGVscC15b3UtdG8tc2NvcmUtYmV0dGVyLWdyYWRlPyBKYXZhIEhvbWV3b3JrIEhlbHAgSmF2YSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgd2h5LXN0dWRlbnQtbmVlZHMtamF2YS1ob21ld29yay1oZWxwPyB3aHktc3R1ZGVudHMtbmVlZC1weXRob24taG9tZXdvcmstaGVscD8gSmF2YSBIb21ld29yayBIZWxwIHwgSmF2YSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgfCBEbyBNeSBKYXZhIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgRG8gbXkgSmF2YSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHBlciBKdWx5IDEyLCAyMDE5IGF0IDM6MzQgQU0gTWFueSBvZiB0aGUgcGVvcGxlIGFyZSBkZXByZXNzZWQgYWJvdXQgdGhlIHByb2JsZW1zIG9mIGVzc2F5IHdyaXRpbmcuIFdlbGwsIGRvbid0IHdvcnJ5IGFib3V0IHRoYXQgYmVjYXVzZSB3ZSBhcmUgcHJvdmlkaW5nIHRoaXMgc2VydmljZSBhdCBhIHZlcnkgcmVhc29uYWJsZSBwcmljZS4gTWFueSBvZiB0aGUgcGVvcGxlIGFyZSBkZXByZXNzZWQgYWJvdXQgdGhlIHByb2JsZW1zIG9mIGVzc2F5IHdyaXRpbmcuIFdlbGwsIGRvbid0IHdvcnJ5IGFib3V0IHRoYXQgYmVjYXVzZSB3ZSBhcmUgcHJvdmlkaW5nIHRoaXMgc2VydmljZSBhdCBhIHZlcnkgcmVhc29uYWJsZSBwcmljZS4gTWFueSBvZiB0aGUgcGVvcGxlIGFyZSBkZXByZXNzZWQgYWJvdXQgdGhlIHByb2JsZW1zIG9mIGVzc2F5IHdyaXRpbmcuIFdlbGwsIGRvbid0IHdvcnJ5IGFib3V0IHRoYXQgYmVjYXVzZSB3ZSBhcmUgcHJvdmlkaW5nIHRoaXMgc2VydmljZSBhdCBhIHZlcnkgcmVhc29uYWJsZSBwcmljZS4gT25saW5lIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBBdXN0cmFsaWEgNSBlZmZlY3RpdmUgZGF0YWJhc2UgYXNzaWdubWVudCBpZGVhcyBwc3ljaG9sb2d5IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCA2IEJlbmVmaXRzIG9mIE1lZGl0YXRpb24gdG8gU3R1ZGVudHMgQmVzdCBTdGF0aWNzIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBCZXN0IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBUb3AgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwZXIgSnVseSAxMiwgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjM0IEFNIEkgbG92ZWQgdGhlIGFydGljbGUsIGtlZXAgdXBkYXRpbmcgaW50ZXJlc3RpbmcgYXJ0aWNsZXMuIEkgd2lsbCBiZSBhIHJlZ3VsYXIgcmVhZGVyLiBJIGFtIG9mZmVyaW5nIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCB0byBzdHVkZW50cyBvdmVyIHRoZSBnbG9iZSBhdCBhIGxvdyBwcmljZS4gd2hpY2ggbGFuZ3VhZ2UgaXMgYmV0dGVyIHRvIHVzZSBmb3IgbWFjaGluZSBsZWFybmluZyAoUiBvciBQeXRob24pPyBIb3cgZG8gSSBsZWFybiBDb21wdXRlciBOZXR3b3JraW5nIGluIGFuIGVmZmVjdGl2ZSBhbmQgcHJhY3RpY2FsIHdheSByIHZzIHB5dGhvbiwgd2hpY2ggb25lIGlzIGJldHRlciBmb3IgZnV0dXJlPyBIb3cgY2FuIEkgaW1wcm92ZSBwcm9ncmFtbWluZyBza2lsbHM/IFNvbWUgb2YgdGhlIGJlc3Qgd2F5cyB0byBsZWFybiBwcm9ncmFtbWluZyBTb21lIG9mIHRoZSBiZXN0IHdheXMgdG8gbGVhcm4gcHJvZ3JhbW1pbmcgQ29tcHV0ZXIgU2NpZW5jZSBIb21ld29yayBIZWxwIFByb2dyYW1taW5nIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscGVyIEp1bHkgMTIsIDIwMTkgYXQgMzozNSBBTSBJIGZvdW5kIHRoaXMgb25lIHByZXR0eSBmYXNjaW5hdGluZyBhbmQgaXQgc2hvdWxkIGdvIGludG8gbXkgY29sbGVjdGlvbi4gVmVyeSBnb29kIHdvcmshIEkgYW0gSW1wcmVzc2VkLiBXZSBhcHByZWNpYXRlIHRoYXQgcGxlYXNlIGtlZXAgd3JpdGluZyBtb3JlIGNvbnRlbnQuIFdlIGFyZSB0aGUgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwZXIsIHdlIHByb3ZpZGUgc2VydmljZXMgYWxsIG92ZXIgdGhlIGdsb2JlLiBXZSBhcmUgYmVzdCBpbiB0aGVzZTotIHNlcnZpY2VzIEhvdyBUbyBEbyBIb21ld29yayBGYXN0IGhvdyB0byB3cml0ZSBhbiBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhvdyB0byB3cml0ZSBhbiBpbnRyb2R1Y3Rpb24gZm9yIGFuIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSG93IHRvIHdyaXRlIGFuIGV4cG9zaXRvcnkgZXNzYXk/IHdoYXQgaXMgcHl0aG9uIHByb2dyYW1taW5nIGxhbmd1YWdlIGFuZCB3aGVyZSBpdCBpcyB1c2VkPyBXaGF0IGlzIHRoZSBkaWZmZXJlbmNlIGRpZmZlcmVuY2UgYmV0d2VlbiBqYXZhIGFuZCBqYXZhIHNjcmlwdD8gSG93IHRvIHN0dWR5IGZvciBleGFtcyBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscGVyIEp1bHkgMTIsIDIwMTkgYXQgMzozNSBBTSBUaGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgdGhpcyBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbi4gSSBoYXZlIHNoYXJlZCB0aGlzIGxpbmsgd2l0aCBvdGhlciBrZWVwIHBvc3Rpbmcgc3VjaCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiB0byBwcm92aWRlIGJlc3QgaW4gY2xhc3MgbGF3IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBvbmxpbmUgYXQgdmVyeSBhZmZvcmRhYmxlIHByaWNlcy4gV2hlbiBhbmQgd2h5IHN0dWRlbnRzIGFzayBmb3IgdGhlIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscD8gV2hlcmUgY2FuIHlvdSBnZXQgcmVsaWFibGUgYXNzaWdubWVudHMgdG8gSGVscCBBdXN0cmFsaWE/IFdobyBjYW4gZG8gbXkgYXNzaWdubWVudHMgYXQgdGhlIGxhc3QgbWludXRlPyBXaGVuIHNob3VsZCB5b3Ugc2F5IGZvciBteSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHA/IEhvdyB0byB3cml0ZSBhIG51cnNpbmcgYXNzaWdubWVudCBpbiBBdXN0cmFsaWE/IEhvdyB0byBXcml0ZSBhbiBFZmZlY3RpdmUgQXNzaWdubWVudCBmb3IgU3R1ZGVudHM/IEhvdyB0byBXcml0ZSBhbiBFZmZlY3RpdmUgQXNzaWdubWVudCBmb3IgU3R1ZGVudHM/IEhvdyB0byBXcml0ZSBhbiBFZmZlY3RpdmUgQXNzaWdubWVudCBmb3IgU3R1ZGVudHM/IFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgTWF4IFJ1c2VsIEp1bHkgMTUsIDIwMTkgYXQgNTo1MSBBTSBUaGFuayB5b3UgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgdGhpcy4gVGhlIGJsb2cgaXMgdmVyeSBpbmZvcm1hdGl2ZS4gVGhlIGdpdmVuIGJsb2cgdGVuZHMgdG8gcHJvdmlkZSBlc3NlbnRpYWwgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gYWJvdXQgdGhlIGNoYW5nZXMgYW5kIG1vZGlmaWNhdGlvbnMgb2YgdGhlIFdlYiBhcHBsaWNhdGlvbiBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCBjb21wYW55IFVTQS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBbm9ueW1vdXMgSnVseSAyNCwgMjAxOSBhdCA1OjIzIEFNIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyB0aGUgdXNlZnVsIGFuZCBpbmZvcm1hdGl2ZSBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiwgaSBsaWtlIHlvdXIgYWxsIGFydGljbGVzLiBpIGFtIGFsc28gYSBibG9nZ2VyLCB3cml0aW5nIGRpZmZlcmVudCAtIGRpZmZlcmVudCB0b3BpY3MuIElmIHlvdSBhcmUgaW50ZXJlc3RlZCB0byByZWFkaW5nIG15IHdlYnNpdGUgYXJ0aWNsZXMsIHBsZWFzZSByZWFkIG9uY2UgLSBGaW5hbmNlIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IERvbWVuaWMgVHlsb3IgSnVseSAyOSwgMjAxOSBhdCA1OjExIEFNIEF1c3RyYWxpYSB3cml0aW5nIGlzIGFyZHVvdXMgd29yayBmb3Igc3R1ZGVudHMgYW5kIHRoZXkgZG8gbm90IGRvIGVhc2lseS4gV2UgcHJvdmlkZSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHdyaXRpbmcgaGVscCBzZXJ2aWNlIGF0IEF1c3RyYWxpYSBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAuIFN0dWRlbnRzIGNhbiBlYXNpbHkgaGlyZSBhbmQgd29yayB0aGVtLiBXZSBwcm92aWRlIGZhc3QgYW5kIHVuaXF1ZSB3b3JrLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFVua25vd24gSnVseSAzMSwgMjAxOSBhdCA0OjU5IEFNIFlvdXIgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaXMgdmVyeSBkZXRhaWxlZCBhbmQgdXNlZnVsIHRvIG1lLCB0aGFuayB5b3UgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcuIEkgaG9wZSB5b3Ugd2lsbCBhbHdheXMgYmUgdXAgdG8gZGF0ZS4ga25vdyBhYm91dCBhbnZlc2hpIGphaW4uIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQWxwaGEgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEF1Z3VzdCAxOSwgMjAxOSBhdCAyOjQyIEFNIEkgY2FuIG9ubHkgaW1hZ2luZSBob3cgbXVjaCByZXNlYXJjaCBoYXMgZ29uZSBpbnRvIHRoaXMuIEkgbGlrZSB5b3VyIHdyaXRpbmcgc2tpbGxzIGFzIGl0IG1ha2VzIG9uZSBmZWVsIGluY2x1ZGVkIGluIHRoZSBqb3VybmV5LiBUaGFuayB5b3UgZm9yIHRoZSB2YWx1YWJsZSBub3Rlcy4gQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIERpc3NlcnRhdGlvbiBXcml0aW5nIFNlcnZpY2VzIEVzc2F5IFdyaXRpbmcgU2VydmljZSBNYXJrZXRpbmcgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEZpbmFuY2UgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIE1hbmFnZW1lbnQgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIENoZWFwIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgVWsgQmVzdCBEaXNzZXJ0YXRpb24gV3JpdGluZyBTZXJ2aWNlcyBBY2NvdW50IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBHZXQgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBVc2EgRWNvbm9taWNzIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBBY2FkZW1pYyBXcml0aW5nIEhlbHAgYWNjb3VudGluZyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZSBjaGVhcCBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZSBnZXQgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIG9ubGluZSBiZXN0IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBvbmxpbmUgYmVzdCBvbmxpbmUgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgSmFzbWluZSBKb2UgQXVndXN0IDIzLCAyMDE5IGF0IDE6MTUgQU0gSSB3b3VsZCBsaWtlIHRvIHRoYW5rcyBmb3IgZ2l2aW5nIHRoaXMgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24uIEZlZWxpbmcgc3RyZXNzZWQgd2l0aCBkb2luZyB5b3VyIGNoZW1pc3RyeSBhc3NpZ25tZW50PyBMZXQgTXlBc3NpZ25tZW50aGVscC5jb20gaGVscCB5b3UgdG8gZ2V0IHJpZCBvZiBhbGwgdGhlIHRyb3VibGVzLiBXZSBvZmZlciBjaGVtaXN0cnkgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIGluIFUuUy4gd2hpY2ggaXMgYSBzcGVjaWFsaXplZCwgbXVsdGlmYWNldGVkIG9ubGluZSBzdXBwb3J0IHNlcnZpY2UgdG8gc3R1ZGVudHMuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgRXhwbyAyMDIwIEF1Z3VzdCAyMywgMjAxOSBhdCAyOjE5IEFNIFdoYXQgYW4gaW5jcmVkaWJsZSB3b3JrISBOb3Qgb25seSB3YXMgaXQgaW5mb3JtYXRpdmUgYnV0IGFsc28gbmljZWx5IHdyaXR0ZW4uIFRvIHRoZSBwb2ludC4gV291bGQgbGlrZSB0byByZWFkIG1vcmUgZnJvbSB0aGlzIHNwYWNlLiBUaGFuayB5b3UgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgZ3JlYXQgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gdG8gdXMuIGR1YmFpIGxvZ28gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBY2FkZW1pYyBBc3NpZ25tZW50IFdyaXRpbmcgU2VwdGVtYmVyIDEyLCAyMDE5IGF0IDU6NDcgQU0gSGVsbG8sIEkgaGF2ZSBicm93c2VkIG1vc3Qgb2YgeW91ciBwb3N0cy4gVGhpcyBwb3N0IGlzIHByb2JhYmx5IHdoZXJlIEkgZ290IHRoZSBtb3N0IHVzZWZ1bCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBmb3IgbXkgcmVzZWFyY2guIFRoYW5rcyBmb3IgcG9zdGluZywgd2UgY2FuIHNlZSBtb3JlIG9uIHRoaXMuIEFyZSB5b3UgYXdhcmUgb2YgYW55IG90aGVyIHdlYnNpdGVzIG9uIHRoaXMgc3ViamVjdC4gYWNjb3VudGluZyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IHdyaXRpbmcgc2VydmljZSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFub255bW91cyBTZXB0ZW1iZXIgMTMsIDIwMTkgYXQgMzoyNiBBTSBNeSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEV4cGVydHMgaXMgb25lIG9mIHRoZSB0b3AgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIHNlcnZpY2UgcHJvdmlkZXJzIHRoYXQgcHJvdmlkZSBiZXN0IGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCB0byB0aG9zZSBzdHVkZW50cyB3aG8gZmFjZSB0aGVzZSBpc3N1ZXMgYW5kIHdyaXRlIG1lZGlvY3JlIGFzc2lnbm1lbnRzIGFuZCBzY29yZSBwb29yIGdyYWRlcy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBFbW1hIERhdmlzIFNlcHRlbWJlciAxNiwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMjozMyBBTSBUbyBhZGQgcmVmZXJlbmNlcyBpbiB5b3VyIGFjYWRlbWljIHBhcGVyIGlzIGFuIGVzc2VudGlhbCBwYXJ0IGFzIGl0IG1ha2VzIGl0IGVzYXkgZm9yIHJlYWRlcnMgdG8gdHJhY2UgdGhlIHNvdXJjZXMgeW91IGhhdmUgdXNlZCBpbiB5b3VyIGRldmVsb3BtZW50IG9mIHdvcmsuIEl0IGV2ZW50dWFsbHkgZ2l2ZXMgeW91IGNyZWRpdCBpbiB5b3VyIHJlc2VhcmNoIGVmZm9ydCBhbmQgcXVhbGl0eS4gSWYgeW91IGRvbid0IGFja25vd2xlZGdlIG90aGVyIHBlcnNvbidzIHdvcmsgaW4geW91ciBwYXBlciwgdGhlbiBpdCB3b3VsZCBiZSBjb25zaWRlcmVkIGFzIHBsYWdpYXJpc20uIFZhbmNvdXZlciByZWZlcmVuY2luZyBpcyBhbHNvIG9uZSBvZiB0aGVtIHRoYXQgYXJlIHVzZWQgdG8gZW5oYW5jZSB0aGUgcHJlc2VudGF0aW9uIG9mIHlvdXIgd29yay4gSXQgc2hvd3MgdGhhdCB0aGUgd3JpdGluZyBpcyBiYXNlZCBvbiBrbm93bGVkZ2UuVGhlcmUgYXJlIGNlcnRhaW4gcnVsZXMgd2hpbGUgdXNpbmcgVmFuY291dmVyIHN0eWxlIHJlZmVyZW5jaW5nIGdlbmVyYXRvciB0b29sLiBUaGF0J3Mgd2h5IGl0J3MgdmVyeSBpbXBvcnRhbnQgdG8gdXNlIFZhbmNvdXZlciByZWZlcmVuY2UgYW5kIGNpdGUgc291cmNlcyBpbiB5b3VyIGFueSBhY2FkZW1pYyBwYXBlciBsaWtlIHJlc2VhcmNoIHBhcGVyLCBwaGlsb3NvcGh5IHBhcGVyIG9yIGVzc2F5cyBhY2N1cmF0ZWx5LiBXaGVuIHlvdSBhcmUgbm90IHN1cmUgYWJvdXQgaG93IHRvIGdlbmVyYXRyZSBhIHBlcmZlY3QgbGlzdCBmb3IgY2l0YXRpb24gaW4gVmFuY291dmVyIHN0eWxlLCBvbmUgY2FuIHVzZSBvbmxpbmUgYXV0by1nZW5lcmF0aW5nIHRvb2wgdG8gY2l0ZSB5b3VyIGFjZGVtaWMgZnJvbSBBbGxlc3NheXJpdGVyLmNvbS4gQXZhaWwgZnJlZSBwbGFnaWFyaXNtLWZyZWUgVmFuY291dmVyIHJlZmVyZW5jaW5nIGdlbmVyYXRvciBhbmQgVmFuY291dmVyIGNpdGF0aW9uIGdlbmVyYXRvciB0b29sLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFNvcGhpYSBUaG9tYXMgU2VwdGVtYmVyIDE2LCAyMDE5IGF0IDM6NDggQU0gRXhjZWxsZW50IHBvc3QgYW5kIHdvbmRlcmZ1bCBibG9nLCBWZXJ5IGdvb2Qgd3JpdGluZyBhIHVuaXZlcnNpdHkgY29sbGVnZSBhbmQgY29sbGVjdGluZyBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBvbiB0aGlzIHRvcGljIC5JIHJlYWxseSBsaWtlIHRoaXMgdHlwZSBvZiBpbnRlcmVzdGluZyBhcnRpY2xlcyBrZWVwIGl0IHVwLiBKYXZhIGhvbWV3b3JrIGhlbHAgTXkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQWFyIE92ZXJzZWFzIFNlcHRlbWJlciAxOCwgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjExIEFNIFN0dWR5IGluIENhbmFkYSBDb25zdWx0YW50cyBDYW5hZGEgRWR1Y2F0aW9uIENvbnN1bHRhbnRzIEJlc3QgQ2FuYWRhIEVkdWNhdGlvbiBDb25zdWx0YW50cyBpbiBEZWxoaSBJbW1pZ3JhdGlvbiBTZXJ2aWNlcyBmb3IgQ2FuYWRhIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgaW5kZWVkIHNlbyBTZXB0ZW1iZXIgMTksIDIwMTkgYXQgMzoyNCBBTSBBd2Vzb21lIGJsb2chIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyB2aXNpdCBhdCBCZXN0IFNFTyBDb21wYW55IGluIEluZGlhIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQWNjZXNzIEluc3RpdHV0ZSBTZXB0ZW1iZXIgMTksIDIwMTkgYXQgOTo1MSBQTSBJIHJlYWxseSBoYXBweSBmb3VuZCB0aGlzIHdlYnNpdGUgZXZlbnR1YWxseS4gUmVhbGx5IGluZm9ybWF0aXZlIGFuZCBpbm9wZXJhdGl2ZSwgVGhhbmtzIGZvciB0aGUgcG9zdCBhbmQgZWZmb3J0ISBQbGVhc2Uga2VlcCBzaGFyaW5nIG1vcmUgc3VjaCBibG9nLiBla2cgcGhsZWJvdG9teSBjZXJ0aWZpY2F0aW9uLCBueWMgfCBzb2Z0d2FyZSBxdWFsaXR5IGFzc3VyYW5jZSBhbmFseXN0IGNlcnRpZmljYXRpb24gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBkYWlzeXRob21hcyBTZXB0ZW1iZXIgMTksIDIwMTkgYXQgMTE6MjEgUE0gQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIEV4cGVydHMgU2VydmljZXMgYnkgU3R1ZGVudHNBc3NpZ25tZW50SGVscC5jb20gYXQgYSByZWFzb25hYmxlIHByaWNlLiBPdXIgdG9wIFF1YWxpZmllZCB3cml0ZXJzIHByb3ZpZGUgdGhlIGJlc3Qgc2VydmljZXMgYW5kIGdvb2QgcXVhbGl0eSB3b3JrLiBPdXIgZXhwZXJ0IHdvcmsgZm9yIGltcHJvdmluZyB5b3VyIGdyYWRlcyBhbmQgdGhleSBrbm93IHdoYXRzIHRoZSByaWdodCBmb3JtYXQgb2YgQXNzaWdubWVudCB3cml0aW5nLiBHZXQgeW91ciBvcmRlciBub3chIEZvciBtb3JlIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGNvbnRhY3QgaGVyZS0gaW5mb0BzdHVkZW50c2Fzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwLmNvbSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFsZXggS2ltIFNlcHRlbWJlciAxOSwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMTozMSBQTSBUcmFuc2xhdGlvbiBTZXJ2aWNlcyBTaW5nYXBvcmUgb2ZmZXJzIGh1Z2UgZGlzY291bnRlZCB0cmFuc2xhdGlvbiBpbiB2YXJpb3VzIGtpbmRzIG9mIGZpZWxkIGxpa2UgdGVjaG5pY2FsLG1lZGljYWwsYnVzaW5lc3MsZmluYW5jaWFsIGFuZCBtYW55IG1vcmUgaW4gU2luZ2Fwb3JlIGFuZCBhY3Jvc3MgdGhlIGdsb2JlLklmIHlvdSBhcmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3Igc3VjaCBraW5kIG9mIHNtYXJ0IHRyYW5zbGF0aW9uIHdvcmsgd2l0aCBjZXJ0aWZpY2F0aW9uIHRoZW4geW91IG11c3QgY29tZSB3aXRoIHVzLkhlcmUsb3VyIGV4cGVydHMgYXJlIHJlYWR5IHRvIGRvIHlvdXIgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24gdGFzayBpbiBudW1lcm91cyBwYWlyIG9mIGxhbmd1YWdlcyBsaWtlIEVuZ2xpc2ggdG8gQ2hpbmVzZSxFbmdsaXNoIHRvIE1hbGF5LEVuZ2xpc2ggdG8gVGhhaSBhbmQgbWFueSBtb3JlIGluIHNob3J0IHNwYW4gb2YgdGltZS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBDYXJkVG9uaWMgU2VwdGVtYmVyIDIxLCAyMDE5IGF0IDM6MTYgQU0gTmljZSBibG9nISBTdWNoIGFuIGFtYXppbmcgYW5kIGhlbHBmdWwgcG9zdCB0aGlzIGlzLiBJIHJlYWxseSByZWFsbHkgbG92ZSBpdC4gSXQncyBzbyBnb29kIGFuZCBzbyBhd2Vzb21lLiBJIGFtIGp1c3QgYW1hemVkLiBJIGhvcGUgdGhhdCB5b3UgY29udGludWUgdG8gZG8geW91ciB3b3JrIGxpa2UgdGhpcyBpbiB0aGUgZnV0dXJlIGFsc28uIGl0dW5lcyBnaWZ0IGNhcmQgc2FsZSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IE1vYmlsZSBBcHAgRGV2ZWxvcGVyIFNlcHRlbWJlciAyNiwgMjAxOSBhdCA5OjA3IFBNIE5pY2UgcG9zdCEhIEkgYW0gbG9va2luZyBmb3IgdGhpcyBraW5kIG9mIHBvc3QgZnJvbSBsYXN0IG1hbnkgZGF5cy4gTW9iaWxlIGFwcCBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCBjb21wYW5pZXMgaW4gaW5kaWEgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBFbGl0ZSBQZWRpYXRyaWNzIFNlcHRlbWJlciAyNiwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMToyMyBQTSBHcmVhdCBCbG9nISBUaGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJpbmcgaXQgd2l0aCB1cyBLZWVwIGl0IHVwIGtpZHMgY2FyZSBwZWRpYXRyaWNzIENsaWZ0b24gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBc2hsZXkgU2VwdGVtYmVyIDMwLCAyMDE5IGF0IDQ6MDggQU0gQW1hemluZyBwb3N0LiBJIGFtIHNvIGltcHJlc3NlZC4gQ291bGQgbmV2ZXIgdGhpbmsgb2Ygc3VjaCBhIHRoaW5nIGlzIHBvc3NpYmxlIHdpdGggaXQuLi5JIHRoaW5rIHlvdSBoYXZlIGEgZ3JlYXQga25vd2xlZGdlIGVzcGVjaWFsbHkgd2hpbGUgZGVhbGluZ3Mgd2l0aCBzdWNoIHN1YmplY3RzLiBTdGF0aXN0aWNzIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBDb21wdXRlciBTY2llbmNlIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBGaW5hbmNlIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEhhcm1vbnkgQ3JlbWF0aW9uIFNlcHRlbWJlciAzMCwgMjAxOSBhdCA5OjUyIFBNIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyB0aGUgZ3JlYXQgcG9zdCB3aXRoIHVzLiBGb3IgQ2hlYXAgY3JlbWF0aW9uIGpld2VscnkgeW91IGNhbiBjb250YWN0IHdpdGggSGFybW9ueSBjcmVtYXRpb24gdGhleSBoYXZlIHNvIG1hbnkgY3VzdG9taXplZCBkZXNpZ25zIHRvIHN0b3JlIHRoZSBtZW1vcmllcyBvZiB5b3VyIGxvdmVkIG9uZXMuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgaW1vdmllIFdpbmRvd3MgT2N0b2JlciA0LCAyMDE5IGF0IDU6NDggQU0gTmljZSBibG9nIVRoaXMgYmxvZyBnaXZlcyByZWFsbHkgaW1wb3J0YW50IGluZm9ybWF0aW9uLlRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZyB2aXNpdCBhdCBtb3ZpZSBlZGl0b3IgZnJlZSBkb3dubG9hZCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IFdvbWVuc0NlbnRlcnVzIE9jdG9iZXIgNSwgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjUwIEFNIEFtYXppbmcgcG9zdCEhIHRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmUgaXQgd2l0aCB1cyBCdXkgYWJvcnRpb24gcGlsbCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGhvb2RndXl6IE9jdG9iZXIgOCwgMjAxOSBhdCAyOjI1IEFNIFRoaXMgaXMgdmVyeSBpbXByZXNzaXZlIFBvc3QhISB0aGFua3MgZm9yIHNoYXJlIGl0IHdpdGggdXMgaG9vZCBjbGVhbmluZyBzZXJ2aWNlIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgRWxpdGUgUGVkaWF0cmljcyBPY3RvYmVyIDgsIDIwMTkgYXQgMTA6MjEgUE0gQW1hemluZyBQb3N0LHRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmUgaXQgd2l0aCB1cyBiZXN0IHVyZ2VudCBjYXJlIGZvciBraWRzIENsaWZ0b24gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBjYXJvbGluYWN5Y2xlIE9jdG9iZXIgMTAsIDIwMTkgYXQgMToxMiBBTSBBd2Vzb21lIGJsb2chIFRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmUgaXQgd2l0aCB1cyBtb3RvcmN5Y2xlIGhlbG1ldHMgYW5kIGphY2tldHMgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBY3RpdmVDb29sIEZhc2hpb24gT2N0b2JlciAxNCwgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjU0IEFNIGdyZWF0IHBvc3QsdGhhbmtzIGZvciBzaGFyZSBpdCB3aXRoIHVzICxpZiB5b3UgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgZmFzaGlvbiBwcm9kdWN0IHRoZW4gdmlzaXQgb3VyIHdlYiBzaXRldCBzaGlydCBzdXBwbGllciBzaW5nYXBvcmUgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBhYmNhc3NpZ25tZW50aGVscCBPY3RvYmVyIDIwLCAyMDE5IGF0IDExOjQ0IFBNIEFCQyBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgaXMgYW4gaW5jb21wYXJhYmxlIG9ubGluZSBBbGwgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIGNvbXBhbnkgZGVsaXZlcmluZyBleGNlbGxlbnQgYWNhZGVtaWMgYXNzaWdubWVudHMsIGVzc2F5cywgY291cnNld29yayBhbmQgcmVwb3J0cy4gVGhyb3VnaCBhIHRlYW0gb2Ygb3ZlciAzMDAwIHN1YmplY3QgZXhwZXJ0cyB3ZSBlbnN1cmUgaW5kaXZpZHVhbCBhdHRlbnRpb24gdG8gZXZlcnkgc3R1ZGVudCBtYWtpbmcgdGhlIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCBleHBlcmllbmNlIGNvbXBsZXRlbHkgcGVyc29uYWxpemVkIGluIG5hdHVyZS4gV2l0aCBvdXIgcm91bmQgdGhlIGNsb2NrIHNlcnZpY2VzLCB5b3UgY2FuIGJlIGFzc3VyZWQgb2YgaGlnaCBncmFkZXMgZXZlcnkgdGltZS4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBXb21lbnNDZW50ZXJ1cyBPY3RvYmVyIDI0LCAyMDE5IGF0IDExOjMzIFBNIEF3ZXNvbWUgYmxvZyEgVGhhbmtzIGZvciBzaGFyaW5nIGl0IHdpdGggdXMgU2Vjb25kIFRyaW1lc3RlciBBYm9ydGlvbiBQaWxsIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgUmFzd28gT2N0b2JlciAyNiwgMjAxOSBhdCAyOjQyIEFNIFRva28gT3RvbW90aWYgOiBhbGF0IHRla25paywgcGVya2FrYXMgYmVuZ2tlbCwgYWxhdCBzYWZldHksIGFsYXQgdWt1ciwgbWVzaW4gcGVya2FrYXMsIHNjYW5uZXIgbW9iaWwsIGFsYXQgc2VydmlzIG1vdG9yLCBhbGF0IGN1Y2kgbW9iaWwsIG1lc2luIGxhcy4gUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBpbW92aWUgV2luZG93cyBPY3RvYmVyIDMxLCAyMDE5IGF0IDQ6MjUgQU0gQXdlc29tZSBibG9nIVRoYW5rcyBmb3Igc2hhcmluZy5LZWVwIGl0IHVwLmZyZWUgbW92aWUgbWFrZXIgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBUb3RhbCBBc3NpZ25tZW50IEhlbHAgTm92ZW1iZXIgNywgMjAxOSBhdCAyOjA1IEFNIFdlIGhhdmUgYW4gZXhwZXJ0aXNlIGluIHByb3ZpZGluZyBhY2NvdW50aW5nIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscC4gT3VyIGFjY291bnRpbmcgd3JpdGVycyBhcmUgaGlnaGx5IGV4cGVyaWVuY2VkIGFuZCBkZWRpY2F0ZWQgaW4gdGhlaXIgc3BlY2lmaWMgZG9tYWluLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEpveSBCcmljayBOb3ZlbWJlciA3LCAyMDE5IGF0IDQ6NDUgQU0gVGhhbmtzIGZvciBzaGFyaW5nIHZhbHVhYmxlIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGFib3V0IFBIUCBQcm9ncmFtbWluZyBIZWxwLiBVc2luZyBvbmxpbmUgd3JpdGluZyBzZXJ2aWNlcywgc3R1ZGVudHMgY2FuIHNjb3JlIGdvb2QgZ3JhZGVzIGluIHRoZWlyIHByb2plY3Qgc3VibWlzc2lvbi4gUEhQIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBQSFAgSG9tZXdvcmsgSGVscCBQSFAgUHJvZ3JhbW1pbmcgSGVscCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IGFiY2Fzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwIE5vdmVtYmVyIDEwLCAyMDE5IGF0IDk6NDIgUE0gQUJDIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBpcyBhbiBpbmNvbXBhcmFibGUgb25saW5lIEVjb25vbWljcyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgY29tcGFueSBkZWxpdmVyaW5nIGV4Y2VsbGVudCBhY2FkZW1pYyBhc3NpZ25tZW50cywgZXNzYXlzLCBjb3Vyc2V3b3JrIGFuZCByZXBvcnRzLiBUaHJvdWdoIGEgdGVhbSBvZiBvdmVyIDMwMDAgc3ViamVjdCBleHBlcnRzIHdlIGVuc3VyZSBpbmRpdmlkdWFsIGF0dGVudGlvbiB0byBldmVyeSBzdHVkZW50IG1ha2luZyB0aGUgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIGV4cGVyaWVuY2UgY29tcGxldGVseSBwZXJzb25hbGl6ZWQgaW4gbmF0dXJlLiBXaXRoIG91ciByb3VuZCB0aGUgY2xvY2sgc2VydmljZXMsIHlvdSBjYW4gYmUgYXNzdXJlZCBvZiBoaWdoIGdyYWRlcyBldmVyeSB0aW1lLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFsZXggS2ltIE5vdmVtYmVyIDExLCAyMDE5IGF0IDExOjI0IFBNIEFyZSB5b3UgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgVHJhbnNsYXRpb24gSGVscCBpbiBTaW5nYXBvcmU/IFR1cm4gdG93YXJkcyBTaW5nYXBvcmV0cmFuc2xhdG9ycy5jb20gYW5kIHN0YXkgdGVuc2lvbiBmcmVlLiBVbmRlciB0aGUgZ3VpZGFuY2Ugb2YgcHJvZmVzc2lvbmFsIGFuZCBleHBlcmllbmNlZCBsaW5ndWlzdCBleHBlcnRzLCB5b3Ugd2lsbCBnZXQgdGhlIGJlc3QgYWNhZGVtaWMgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24gcmVnYXJkaW5nIHlvdXIgY29tcGxpY2F0ZWQgc3ViamVjdCBpbiB0aGUgZGVzaXJlZCBsYW5ndWFnZS4gSGVyZSwgb3VyIFNpbmdhcG9yZSBUcmFuc2xhdG9ycyBkZWxpdmVyIHlvdSBhIHJpZ29yb3VzIHRyYW5zbGF0aW9uIGluIHF1aWNrIHR1cm4gYXJvdW5kLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IG15YXNzaWdubWVudGhlbHAgTm92ZW1iZXIgMTMsIDIwMTkgYXQgMzozNiBBTSBBdCBNeWFzc2lnbm1lbnRoZWxwIHdpdGggb3VyIGN1c3RvbWl6ZWQgc2VydmljZXMgd2UgY2F0ZXIgdG8gZXZlcnkgaW5kaXZpZHVhbCdzIGVkdWNhdGlvbmFsIHJlcXVpcmVtZW50IGFuZCBjb250ZW50IHRoYXQgaXMgd2VsbCByZXNlYXJjaGVkIGFuZCB0aGUgcXVhbGl0eSBvZiB0aGUgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaXMgdmVyc2F0aWxlIG91ciBleHBlcnQgYWNhZGVtaWNpYW5zIGluIEVsZWN0cm9uaWMgRW5naW5lZXJpbmcgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIGxvb2sgaW50byBldmVyeSBkZXRhaWwgb2Ygd2hhdCBpcyByZXF1aXJlZCBhbmQgd29yayBlZmZpY2llbnRseSBpbnRvIGluY3VsY2F0aW5nIHRoZSBtb3N0IGFjYWRlbWljYWxseSBhcHByb3ZlZCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiB0aGF0IGNhbiBiZSB1c2VkIGZvciB5b3VyIEFzc2lnbm1lbnRzLiBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IE9saXZlciBTbWl0aCBOb3ZlbWJlciAxNCwgMjAxOSBhdCAxMDoxOCBQTSBXZSBhcmUgcHJvdWQgb2Ygb3VyIGJlc3QgQXNzaWdubWVudCBIZWxwIFNpbmdhcG9yZSBleHBlcnRzIGJlY2F1c2Ugb2YgdGhlaXIgZGVkaWNhdGlvbiBwcm92aWRpbmcgY29udGludW91cyBzdXBwb3J0IHRvIHN0dWRlbnRzIGJ5IGhlbHBpbmcgdGhlbSBtZWV0IGRlYWRsaW5lcyBhbmQgc2NvcmluZyBiZXR0ZXIgZ3JhZGVzLiBXZSB1bmRlcnN0YW5kIGhvdyBpbXBvcnRhbnQgYWNhZGVtaWMgYXNzZXNzbWVudHMgYXJlIGluIGRldmVsb3BpbmcgYSBzdHVkZW50J3MgY2FyZWVyIGFuZCBmdXR1cmUgb3Bwb3J0dW5pdGllcywgdGhpcyBpcyB3aHkgd2UgdGFrZSBleHRyZW1lIG1lYXN1cmVzIHRvIGVuc3VyZSB0aGF0IGFsbCBvdXIgc29sdXRpb25zIGFyZSBiZXN0LWluLWNsYXNzLiBBbGwgc3R1ZGVudHMgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFNpbmdhcG9yZSBjYW4gcmVhY2ggdXMgYW5kIGF2YWlsIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9ubGluZSBvbmxpbmUgYXNzaWdubWVudCB3cml0aW5nIHNlcnZpY2UgZnJvbSBvdXIgYWNhZGVtaWMgZXhwZXJ0cy4gT3VyIHByaW1hcnkgbW90aXZlIGlzIG5vdCBvbmx5IHRvIHByb3ZpZGUgeW91IHdpdGggdGhlIGJlc3QgaGVscCBidXQgYWxzbyB0byBtYWtlIHlvdXIgam91cm5leSBzbW9vdGguIFRoZSBpbmNyZWFzaW5nIGltcG9ydGFuY2Ugb2Ygd3JpdGluZyBhc3NpZ25tZW50cyBoYXMgcHJvbXB0ZWQgc3R1ZGVudHMgdG8gdGFrZSBhIGhlbHBpbmcgaGFuZCBmcm9tIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgd3JpdGluZyBzZXJ2aWNlcy4gRHVyaW5nIGhpZ2hlciBzdHVkaWVzIGluIGNvbGxlZ2VzLCBzdHVkZW50cyBvZnRlbiBoYXZlIHRvIHByZXBhcmUgbXVsdGlwbGUgZG9jdW1lbnRzLCBxdWl6emVzLCBhbmQgc3VycHJpc2UgdGVzdHMuIFRoaXMgaXMgdGhlIG1haW4gcmVhc29uIHdoeSBtb3N0IHN0dWRlbnRzIHNlYXJjaCBmb3IgaG9tZXdvcmsgaGVscCBvdmVyIHRoZSBpbnRlcm5ldCBhbmQgY2hvb3NlIG9ubHkgdGhlIG1vc3QgcHJvZmljaWVudCBhbmQgdHJ1c3RlZCBhY2FkZW1pYyB3cml0aW5nIGV4cGVydHMuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgbXlhc3NpZ25tZW50aGVscCBOb3ZlbWJlciAxNSwgMjAxOSBhdCAzOjA0IEFNIEF0IE15YXNzaWdubWVudGhlbHAgd2l0aCBvdXIgY3VzdG9taXplZCBzZXJ2aWNlcyB3ZSBjYXRlciB0byBldmVyeSBpbmRpdmlkdWFsJ3MgZWR1Y2F0aW9uYWwgcmVxdWlyZW1lbnQgYW5kIGNvbnRlbnQgdGhhdCBpcyB3ZWxsIHJlc2VhcmNoZWQgYW5kIHRoZSBxdWFsaXR5IG9mIHRoZSBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBpcyB2ZXJzYXRpbGUgb3VyIGV4cGVydCBhY2FkZW1pY2lhbnMgaW4gTWVjaGFuaWNhbCBFbmdpbmVlcmluZyBhc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHAgbG9vayBpbnRvIGV2ZXJ5IGRldGFpbCBvZiB3aGF0IGlzIHJlcXVpcmVkIGFuZCB3b3JrIGVmZmljaWVudGx5IGludG8gaW5jdWxjYXRpbmcgdGhlIG1vc3QgYWNhZGVtaWNhbGx5IGFwcHJvdmVkIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIHRoYXQgY2FuIGJlIHVzZWQgZm9yIHlvdXIgQXNzaWdubWVudHMuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgTWFydGluIEpvZSBOb3ZlbWJlciAyMiwgMjAxOSBhdCA1OjE3IEFNIFRoaXMgY29tbWVudCBoYXMgYmVlbiByZW1vdmVkIGJ5IHRoZSBhdXRob3IuIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwZXIgTm92ZW1iZXIgMjksIDIwMTkgYXQgOTo1MiBQTSBJIGxvdmVkIHRoZSBhcnRpY2xlLCBrZWVwIHVwZGF0aW5nIGludGVyZXN0aW5nIGFydGljbGVzLiBJIHdpbGwgYmUgYSByZWd1bGFyIHJlYWRlci4uLiBJIGFtIG9mZmVyaW5nIGFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscCB0byBzdHVkZW50cyBvdmVyIHRoZSBnbG9iZSBhdCBhIGxvdyBwcmljZS4gQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIFdlYnNpdGUgUmV2aWV3IFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwZXIgTm92ZW1iZXIgMjksIDIwMTkgYXQgOTo1NCBQTSBJIGZvdW5kIHRoaXMgb25lIHByZXR0eSBmYXNjaW5hdGluZywgYW5kIHlvdSBzaG91bGQgZ28gaW50byBteSBjb2xsZWN0aW9uIGFsc28uIFdlIHByb3ZpZGUgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIHNlcnZpY2VzIGFsbCBvdmVyIHRoZSB3b3JsZC4gSSBhbSBpbXByZXNzZWQgd2l0aCB5b3VyIGFydGljbGUuIFdlIGFwcHJlY2lhdGUgdGhhdCBwbGVhc2Uga2VlcCB3cml0aW5nIG1vcmUgY29udGVudC4gT25saW5lIFJlc3VtZSBCdWlsZGVyIEZyZWUgT25saW5lIFJlc3VtZSBSZXN1bWUgVW5jbGUgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHBlciBOb3ZlbWJlciAyOSwgMjAxOSBhdCA5OjU0IFBNIEkgbG92ZWQgdGhlIGFydGljbGUsIGtlZXAgdXBkYXRpbmcgaW50ZXJlc3RpbmcgYXJ0aWNsZXMuIEkgd2lsbCBiZSBhIHJlZ3VsYXIgcmVhZGVyIG9mIHlvdXIgd2Vic2l0ZS4gSSBhbSBvZmZlcmluZyAyMDAsIDMwMCBhbmQgNTAwLWhvdXJzIFlvZ2EgVGVhY2hlciBUcmFpbmluZyBpbiBSaXNoaWtlc2gsIFlvZ2EgQ291cnNlIFJpc2hpa2VzaCwgYXMgd2VsbCBhcyBZb2dhIGZvciBCZWdpbm5lcnMgYW5kIFlvZ2EgUmV0cmVhdHMuIFlvZ2EgU2Nob29sIGluIFJpc2hpa2VzaCBZb2dhIFRlYWNoZXIgVHJhaW5pbmcgaW4gUmlzaGlrZXNoIDIwMCBIb3VyIFlvZ2EgVGVhY2hlciBUcmFpbmluZyBpbiBSaXNoaWtlc2ggMzAwIEhvdXIgWW9nYSBUZWFjaGVyIFRyYWluaW5nIGluIFJpc2hpa2VzaCA1MDAgSG91ciBZb2dhIFRlYWNoZXIgVHJhaW5pbmcgaW4gUmlzaGlrZXNoIFlvZ2EgVGVhY2hlciBUcmFpbmluZyBTY2hvbGFyc2hpcCBZb2dhIFRlYWNoZXIgVHJhaW5pbmcgQ291cnNlIGluIFJpc2hpa2VzaCBZb2dhIFRlYWNoZXIgVHJhaW5pbmcgaW4gSW5kaWEgMjAwIEhvdXIgWW9nYSBUZWFjaGVyIFRyYWluaW5nIGluIEluZGlhIDMwMCBIb3VyIFlvZ2EgVGVhY2hlciBUcmFpbmluZyBJbiBJbmRpYSA1MDAgSG91ciBZb2dhIFRlYWNoZXIgVHJhaW5pbmcgSW4gSW5kaWEgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHBlciBOb3ZlbWJlciAyOSwgMjAxOSBhdCA5OjU1IFBNIE1hbnkgb2YgdGhlIHBlb3BsZSBhcmUgZGVwcmVzc2VkIGFib3V0IHRoZSBwcm9ibGVtcyBvZiBlc3NheSB3cml0aW5nLiBXZWxsLCBkb24ndCB3b3JyeSBhYm91dCB0aGF0IGJlY2F1c2Ugd2UgYXJlIHByb3ZpZGluZyB0aGlzIHNlcnZpY2UgYXQgYSB2ZXJ5IHJlYXNvbmFibGUgcHJpY2UuIE9ubGluZSBBY2FkZW1pYyBXcml0aW5nIEpvYnMgRnJlZWxhbmNlIFdyaXRpbmcgSm9icyBPbmxpbmUgUmVwbHlEZWxldGUgUmVwbGllcyBSZXBseSBBc3NpZ25tZW50IGhlbHBlciBOb3ZlbWJlciAyOSwgMjAxOSBhdCA5OjU2IFBNIEkgbG92ZWQgdGhlIGFydGljbGUsIGtlZXAgdXBkYXRpbmcgaW50ZXJlc3RpbmcgYXJ0aWNsZXMuIEkgd2lsbCBiZSBhIHJlZ3VsYXIgcmVhZGVyLi4uIEkgYW0gb2ZmZXJpbmcgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIHRvIHN0dWRlbnRzIG92ZXIgdGhlIGdsb2JlIGF0IGEgbG93IHByaWNlLiBDb250ZW50IFdyaXRpbmcgU2VydmljZXMgU0VPIENvbnRlbnQgV3JpdGluZyBTZXJ2aWNlcyBXZWJzaXRlIENvbnRlbnQgV3JpdGluZyBTZXJ2aWNlcyBIaXJlIEFydGljbGUgV3JpdGVyIFJlcGx5RGVsZXRlIFJlcGxpZXMgUmVwbHkgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwZXIgTm92ZW1iZXIgMjksIDIwMTkgYXQgOTo1NyBQTSBJIGZvdW5kIHRoaXMgb25lIHByZXR0eSBmYXNjaW5hdGluZywgYW5kIHlvdSBzaG91bGQgZ28gaW50byBteSBjb2xsZWN0aW9uIGFsc28uIFdlIHByb3ZpZGUgQXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIHNlcnZpY2VzIGFsbCBvdmVyIHRoZSB3b3JsZC4gSSBhbSBpbXByZXNzZWQgd2l0aCB5b3VyIGFydGljbGUuIFdlIGFwcHJlY2lhdGUgdGhhdCBwbGVhc2Uga2VlcCB3cml0aW5nIG1vcmUgY29udGVudC4gTWF0bGFiIEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgSGVscCBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFzc2lnbm1lbnQgaGVscGVyIE5vdmVtYmVyIDI5LCAyMDE5IGF0IDk6NTggUE0gVGhhbmtzIGZvciBzaGFyaW5nIHRoaXMgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24uIEkgaGF2ZSBzaGFyZWQgdGhpcyBsaW5rIHdpdGggb3RoZXJzIHRvIGtlZXAgcG9zdGluZyBzdWNoIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIHRvIHByb3ZpZGUgdGhlIGJlc3QgaW4gY2xhc3MgYXNzaWdubWVudCBoZWxwIG9ubGluZSBhdCB2ZXJ5IGFmZm9yZGFibGUgcHJpY2VzLiBFc3NheSBIZWxwIEJlc3QgRXNzYXkgV3JpdGluZyBIZWxwIENvbGxlZ2UgRXNzYXkgV3JpdGluZyBIZWxwIEhvdyBUbyBXcml0ZSBhbiBFc3NheSBSZXBseURlbGV0ZSBSZXBsaWVzIFJlcGx5IEFkZCBjb21tZW50IExvYWQgbW9yZS4uLiBOZXdlciBQb3N0IE9sZGVyIFBvc3QgSG9tZSBTdWJzY3JpYmUgdG86IFBvc3QgQ29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What an amazing few days we’ve had here in Lyminge! We’ve been incredibly busy so this time I have turned two blog posts into one to get you caught up on the whirlwind of activity that has been the Lyminge dig over last week or so!
We were thrilled to have an amazing turn out for our open day on Saturday, even though the weather was a little changeable.
We’re incredibly grateful to Bethany, our visitor liaison, who ran such a fantastically smooth and stress free day. We got around 500 visitors over the course of the day, 200 more than last year’s event! It seems word has got around and we’re thrilled to be able to share our findings with such a large number of people. Don’t forget we are still running Saturday site tours at 2pm until the end of the dig. The last will be on the 31st August.
A Saxon battle unfolds on Tayne Field!
We were visited by Centingas, a local group of Saxon re-enactors who helped to bring to life the people who lived in the settlement we are excavating at Lyminge during the 5th-7th centuries AD. Here Emily (Aelfwynn), who is also our assistant Finds Supervisor, learns to weave with Deorwynn (left).
Learning to weave
A huge amount of help from villagers, volunteers, students and staff made for a fantastic day, and we heard so many saying they had enjoyed themselves which makes it all worth it. The site tours were extremely well attended, even with Gabor having to battle against the noise of the wind and church bells!
Gabor gives a site tour on the open day
Enjoying the children’s dig – finding a few more Roman finds than we are!
The children had lots to do too, with a chance to try out digging themselves on the ‘little dig’, and lots of worksheets and colouring to do – our university students helped our smaller visitors design a Saxon brooch.
One of our popular attractions was the Saxo-Norman horse! Our zooarchaeology expert Zoe Knapp was on hand to answer questions about animal bones, and with
Zoe shows our visitors what a horse’s skeleton looks like. This horse was found in a Saxo-Norman ditch and dates to around the 12th Century
the help of recent archaeology graduate Cordelia Laycock, fielded all of these and many more regarding the animal bone at Lyminge and what people were eating and farming.
Our finds tables were well attended too! Helen and her team of volunteers, (both local and part of our student contingent) manned the desks and showed everyone the fascinating things we have found so far – and not just Anglo-Saxon finds that I have been showing you in the blog, but lots from the World War II structures and the Late Medieval period too. Some of these were identified by members of the public too!
Manning the finds desk on the open day – we had some great suggestions as to what some of our metalwork might be. The large piece in the foreground is a WWII frying pan from the cook house!
Simon and his Environmental team helped to explain the sampling strategies we employ on site to search for charred grains, charcoal and other archaeobotanical remains, as well as things like snails and fish bone.
Luke, Alex, Simon and Pip sorting residues for snails, seeds and small animal bones – Alex seems to be enjoying himself!
Geoff Halliwell demonstrates flint knapping
Geoff Halliwell returned this year to show us how flint was knapped into tools in the past – despite our Anglo-Saxon site we do actually have an extremely large assemblage of mesolithic tools and other worked and struck flints in Lyminge, which show us that we have occupation in the area for more than 10,000 years.
But what of the digging?! Excavation continued all day on the open day, albeit with a slightly reduced team.
Significant progress has been made since the last blog post. The timber buildings are now under intensive excavation and structural details are being revealed.
Aerial shot of the doorway area in the larger timber hall captured by Steve Thomas using a camera on a very long telescopic arm
Slots have been placed over various significant areas in the timber halls. We are now certain, as many of you will have heard on the open day tours, that the less elaborate hall
Aiji excavates a slot over a raking post and a wall trench in the eastern long wall of the later timber hall
with narrower wall trenches is earlier in date than the hall that has the elaborate entrances and extremely deep rectangular post pits. The later hall is a replacement for something slightly less ‘fancy’.
The later hall had timber raking posts that were put in slightly after the wall trenches were dug. These would be for extra support for the roof and show we have a different method of construction to the the hall we excavated last year which didn’t have any evidence for raking posts at all. The door pit on the western side of the later timber hall is now fully bottomed, and you can see from the photograph below that it is a considerable depth.
A section through the door pit on the western long wall of the later timber hall
Thus far we only have evidence for one timber, which you can see in the section (if you look very carefully!) as the narrow dark line with a piece of Roman tile right underneath it at the bottom. We need to complete excavation of this rectangular pit (more than 2m long!) before we can say what kind of doorway or entrance construction there might have been. What we can suggest is that, considering that we have lost the original ground surface due to erosion, the original height of the door posts above ground might have been as much as four metres! Could this building have been of two storeys? Further excavation will add to the picture.
Plank ghosts excavated in the wall trench of the earlier timber building
Excavation of the earlier hall’s wall trenches is moving ahead.
Rachel excavates timber plank ‘ghosts’ in a wall trench – the remains of rotted timbers.
The photos above show some of the wall trenches of the two timber buildings under excavation, but you can see in these photographs that the timber ‘ghosts’ of the posts that were once in place in the wall trenches survive remarkably well.
Rachel is excavating the ghosts in the north end wall trench of the earlier timber building, and you can see how clearly the construction methods come up in the subsequent photo below. This part of the wall trench cuts right across SFB 6, so we can tell that the
The ‘ghosts’ of timber planks in the wall trench of building 2, cutting right through SFB 6.
building is later than this sunken-featured building. Unlike last year’s ‘Great Hall’, the wall trenches here only have a single line of planks. The Great Hall had paired planks all the way along its walls, which goes along with the fact that it was a much larger building.
The buildings themselves are particularly fascinating as we now have several different types of construction, as well as some phasing on site for the first time – we can track the development of the settlement from SFBs to relatively simple timber buildings, through to more elaborate constructions such as the Great Hall and this year’s 15m x 8m timber hall that may have had more than one storey.
The story doesn’t end with the structures, however. A recent find gives us an insight into the type of community living in Lyminge, as if amethyst beads, brooches and horse harness mounts aren’t enough! Just a few days ago this rather unusual animal bone turned up in SFB 7. We all scratched our heads, as none of us recognised it and Zoe was particularly keen to get to the bottom of it!
This unusual bone is the ‘scute’ or bony scale of a Sturgeon
After a bit of research we discovered that we had a scute from a sturgeon, an enormous fish that is today endangered and famous for being the source of caviar. The ‘scute’ is part of the sturgeons bony protection, a little bit like armour plating, as it doesn’t have scales.
Sturgeon (Acipenser) at the Oregon Zoo (here used under a Creative Commons License)
Sturgeon have been known to grow as large as 5 metres long, but more commonly reach around 2m-3m, depending on the species. They are coastal and riverine bottom feeders. Sturgeon were highly prized in the late Saxon period and even now are part of the group known as ‘Royal Fish’ along with whales and porpoises, establishing that these fish are the property of the monarch when found or fished in the United Kingdom. Sturgeons in early Anglo-Saxon contexts are extremely rare, and this evidence suggests a settlement of great wealth and status at Lyminge in the pagan period – which entirely matches the archaeological evidence we have so far!
Alex and Andy record the pit full of flints and iron smelting slag
Finally, if you have been following the blog this season you will remember that I introduced you all to the very interesting pit full of large flint nodules and iron smelting evidence in the north east corner of our trench. This pit has been under excavation for some days now, and Alex had considered that he was nearly done!
We had always been intrigued by a dark clay ring around the edge of the pit. It turns out that what we had thought was the natural chalk bedrock was in fact a capping layer of chalk dumped in to the pit.
A section through the pit full of smelting slag – a chalk capping layer covers layers of clay and highly organic material. The sunshine makes photography at depth difficult! The ranging pole is 1m long.
Underneath this chalk was a very thick layer of clay and then an incredibly organic deposit that is full of animal bone and other organic waste. At the very bottom the articulated skeleton of a piglet was discovered, part of which you can see here. Further rib bones and other parts have been found since this photo was taken.
The bones of a piglet which would have been whole when it went in the ground come out of the very bottom of a large early Saxon pit that was full of iron smelting slag and flint nodules.
This sort of deposition is something we’re going to examine closely – it seems that the piglet has not been butchered and it is curious for a whole suckling pig to be disposed of in this manner. The association with smelting evidence gives us cause to think of ethnographic examples of rituals surrounding the smelting of iron, although it is very early to be thinking along these lines! The rarity of early Saxon pits is also an interesting issue to consider here.
I do hope you have been able to keep going through this mammoth post! We have just over a week of digging to go and a huge amount to do, so I will do my best to keep you all updated on Facebook and twitter as well as the blog with all finds and features as they are uncovered. Watch this space!
A final reminder that we do in fact have a third Timber Hall on site, here under excavation by Matthew, which may be of a similar size to the Great Hall discovered in 2012
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We are a small home kitchen that specialises in homemade brownies. We love baking and our goodies make a perfect treat, gift or occasion. Everything is baked fresh, by hand, and to order just for you and we can include a personal handwritten message if you are sending the bakes to a lucky devil elsewhere.
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‘Boswell appeared for the defence, sometimes in well-nigh hopeless cases. He was never deterred, however, either by the poverty of his client, or by the weight of the evidence against him. On the contrary he seems to have been prone to espouse the causes of the more forlorn the more pertinaciously. C.H Currey, The Transportation Escape and Pardoning of Mary Bryant, Angus and Robertson, 1963.
1792 – July, Old Bailey London: In 1792 James Boswell, prominent diarist and lawyer, appeared for the defence in a most extraordinary case.
His clients five [5] convicts – Mary Bryant, William Allen, James Martin, Nathaniel Lilley and John Butcher known collectively as ‘the Botany Bay escapees’ .
Each was charged, in accordance with Act 4, Geo. I, c. 11 Transportation Act of 1717[18] with ‘return before expiry of sentence…being at large within the kingdom’. If proven ‘return before expiry’ attracted mandatory death.
1792 – 2 July, London: It is not clear how James Boswell came to defend Mary Bryant but as she stood in the dock of the Old Bailey, London’s central Criminal Court, it would be hard to imagine anyone ‘more forlorn’.
1786 – March, London: Six (6) years earlier – March 1786 – in the same court Mary Bryant, then Mary Braund (Broad) aged about 18 years stood charged with theft of a silk bonnet. Found guilty and sentenced to death she was reprieved and commuted for transportation ‘beyond the seas’.
1787 – 13 May, Portsmouth: Mary sailed ‘beyond the seas‘ aboard Charlotte one (1) of nine (9) chartered vessels that, together with two (2) warships HMS Sirius and HMS Supply, known in Britain and Australia as the ‘First Fleet’ invaded the island continent of New Holland. See: A Cracker Jack Opinion – No Sweat
‘In determining the daily ration no distinction was drawn between marines and [583 male] convicts…the standard adopted was that of troops serving in the West Indies’. Wilfrid Oldham, Britain’s Convicts To The Colonies, ed. W. Hugh Oldham, Library of Australian History, 1990.
Commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip RN the ‘First Fleet’ with an overwhelmingly male complement – 1500 souls – sold as a convict transportation fleet, was nothing of the sort. In every sense it was an invasion fleet.
Two hundred (200) Royal Naval personnel, two hundred and forty-five (245) marines, the Navy’s military-arm, five hundred and seventy (570) male convicts ‘rationed as troops serving in the West Indies’, twenty (20) officials, approximately four hundred and forty (440), merchant-seamen, thirty-one (31) marine wives and one hundred and ninety-three (190) women convicts.
1788
1788 – 18 to 20 January, Botany Bay: After a passage of eight (8) months voyaging 13,000 miles (21,000 km) of ‘imperfectly explored oceans’ the fleet’s eleven (11) vessels, Sirius, Supply, six (6) transports Alexander, Friendship, Charlotte, Prince of Wales, Scarborough, Lady Penrhyn with three (3) store-ships Fishburn, Borrowdale, Golden Grove, reached Botany Bay between 18-20th January 1788.
Tench described the bay as; ‘very open, and greatly exposed to the the fury of the S.E. winds, which, when they blow, cause a heavy and dangerous swell’.
So the following day – 21st- Phillip set out with two (2) other small row-boats to explore land to the south. This too was scrubby and appeared to have little fresh water and was just as exposed to dangerous swell.
Next morning the party turned north and nine (9) miles (14km) to the north of the initial landing site found the entrance to a large harbour with a multiplicity of inlets and coves.
An ever practical Phillip wrote to Lord Sydney; ‘the different coves were examined…I fixed on the one that had the best spring of water and in which the ships can anchor so close to the shore that a a very small expense quays may be made at which the largest ships may unload’.
1788 – 23 January, Botany Bay: By late afternoon – 23rd – Phillip’s party was back in Botany Bay and signalled the fleet prepare to leave at first light the following day.
1788 – 24 January: At first light the cry ‘another sail’ rang out – the cause of the alarm two (2) French ships. Arthur Phillip knew them as La Boussole and L’Astrolabe under command of Comte Jean-Francoise La Perouse. See: Britain By A Short Half-Head
In August 1785, hidden in shadow he had watched these ships make a dramatic exit from Brest naval base and he knew New Holland, with ready access to India, was of interest to the French king Louis XV1.
1788 – 26 January, Sydney Cove: The fleet sailed nine (9) miles (14km) north of Botany Bay to Sydney Cove where Governor Phillip raised the Union Jack and claimed Britain had beaten France her arch-enemy in the race for New Holland.
‘Owing the the multiplicity of pressing business necessary to be performed immediately after landing, it was found impossible to read the public commissions and take possession of the colony in form, until the 7th February‘. Marine Watkin Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years, ed. F.L. Fitzhardinge, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1961
1788 – 6 February: The fleet’s one hundred and eighty-nine (189) female convict camp-followers and thirty-one (31) marine wives and approximately thirty (30) free children landed in Sydney Cove on 6 February 1788.
1788 – 7 February: Captain, now Governor Arthur Phillip with all the; ‘pomp and circumstance of glorious war’ without consent or entering into a treaty with the First Nations’ Peoples, as required by international law, took formal possession of the entire eastern coast of New Holland; ‘from Cape York in the northern most extremity…to South Cape’.
1788 – 10 February: Three (3) days later Mary Braund married William Bryant a fellow convict both from Cornwell. Reverend Richard Johnson the fleet chaplain, who earlier had baptised Charlotte their daughter at Cape Town, officiated at the wedding.
The Englishmen women and children of the ‘First Fleet were left to starve. Abandoned and Left to Starve at Sydney Cove From January 1788 to July 1790
Extract from Marriage Register showing the marriage of William Bryant and Mary Braund 1788
1790
1790 – 4 April, Sydney: Emanuel their second child was baptised by Rev. Johnson on 4th April 1790.
1790 – 3 June, Sydney: Lady Juliana the first contact from England arrived with two hundred and twenty-six (226) ‘useless female’ convicts.
1790 – June, Sydney: At the end of June Neptune, Suprize, Scarborough, the death ships of the second fleet ‘Britain’s Grim Armada’ brought another one thousand (1000) men including one hundred and fifteen (115) infantry, first contingent of the New South Wales Corps.
‘The ships had embarked 1017 prisoners, of whom 939 were men and 78 women…Between embarkation and arrival 256 men and 11 women, a total of 267 had died…at least 486 sick were landed’. Charles Bateson, The Convict Ships, Brown, Son & Ferguson, Glasgow, 1959. See: Slavery – How the mindset of slavery Came to Australia
1790 – 20 June: At the beginning of July 1790 Justinian, a stores-ship, that had arrived earlier (20 June) but had been driven north by an east-coast low weather system entered the harbour with the first supplies from England.
1791
1791 – 28 March, Sydney: Despite Justinian’s provisions and arrival on 17th December 1790 of Waaksamheyd a Dutch vessel from Jakarta survival was still a day to day proposition.
At midnight on 28 March 1791 Mary and William Bryant their two (2) young children with seven (7) trusted convict companions, fled Sydney and successfully rowed a stolen cutter 3,254 miles, (5,200 km) north to Timor.
1791 – 6 June, Timor: The group, known as the ‘Botany Bay Escapees’ reached Coupang, West Timor early in June 1791.
1791 – 17 September, Coupang: Three (3) months later survivors of HMS Pandora, wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef, together with eighteen (18) HMS Bounty mutineers, retrieved from Tahiti, arrived at Coupang.
Pandora’s Captain Edward Edwards RN arrested the Botany Bay escapees and chartered a vessel Remberg from the Dutch administration and sailed to Batavia with Pandora’s surviving crew, the captured Bounty mutineers and the Botany Bay escapees’. See: Pandora’s Box and the Botany Bay Escapees
1791 – December, Batavia: At Jakarta William Bryant and 20 month old Emanuel died of malaria.
1791 – December, Sydney: Meantime HMS Gorgan sent from England with more infantry and convicts departed Sydney for England with ‘First Fleet’ marines now overdue for repatriation.
1792
1792 – 11 March, Cape Town: HMS Gorgan put into Cape Town on the last leg of her return voyage to England in March. 1792
1792 – March, Cape Town: Meanwhile Captain Edwards who had left Batavia with his surviving crew and assorted prisoners in three (3) chartered vessels, arriving at Cape Town towards the end of March 1792.
Not all convict escapees survived the voyage from Batavia to Cape Town.
The convict survivors transferred onto HMS Gorgan one, James Martin wrote; ‘we was well known by all the marine officers which was all glad that we have not perished at sea’. See: HMS Gorgan and the Botany Bay Escapees
1792 – 18 June, Portsmouth: Mary Bryant with her surviving companions reached Portsmouth in mid June 1792. They were taken off Gorgan and imprisoned in Newgate gaol where, by one means or other, their plight came to the attention of James Boswell.
Their riveting story, linked as it was to Captain William Bligh RN, of ‘Mutiny on the Bounty’ fame or infamy, gruesome rumours surrounding the wreck of HMS Pandora and the antics of cruel Captain Edward Edwards had, for many weeks, filled a multitude of newspapers, magazines and scandal sheets.
James Boswell’s motivation may have sprung directly from these sensational reports. But it is also possible Marine Captain Watkin Tench of the Sydney Garrison who, sailed to Botany Bay in the transport Charlotte as had Mary, William and Charlotte their daughter, may have pressed her case with Boswell.
Tench, aware of Charlotte from her birth at sea in September 1787, saddened by her death at sea on HMS Gorgan in May 1792, was moved by Mary’s sorrow and courage.
‘Here on the summit of the hill, [South Head], every morning from day-light until the sun sunk, did we sweep the horizon, in hope of seeng a sail. At every fleeting speck which arose from the bosom of the sea, the hert bounded, and the telescope lifted to the eye’. Tench. ibid
After all Tench had shared the ‘misery and horror’ of abandonment, uncertainty and the prolonged starvation that prompted Mary and her companions undertake their desperate, near suicidal escape from Sydney.
Tench wrote two (2) revealing journals. Vivid and detailed they are considered the; ‘most readable of all the foundation books of Australia’.
He sent the first, A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay, by way of Borrowdale a returning ‘First Fleet’ stores-ship. The manuscript reached Falmouth in March 1789.
In England there was intense public interest in the Botany Bay settlement. ‘Narrative’ was rushed into print and hit the streets of London on 24 April 1789. Reprints followed quickly, as did editions in German, French and Dutch.
All the while Tench himself was in danger of starving to death 13,000 miles (21,000 km) from London.
1792 – July London: Sydney’s First Four Years, A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson, the second book was nearing completion at the time of Mary’s appearance at the Old Bailey so having the ear of James Boswell would have been no small thing.
What is certain, when Boswell stood to defend Mary Bryant, his motives were deeply redemptive.
‘Boswell’s life is the story of failure turned to success by a strong devotion [to Samuel Johnson]….He was called to the English bar but had no success. Boswell was unsatisfactory as a son, a husband and a father…but next to Pepys he was the frankest of diarists‘. The Age of Johnson.
At the age of twenty-two (22) James Boswell left his family home in Edinburgh for the bright lights of London. To mark his entry into society Boswell began a daily diary.
Boswell’s London Journal 1762-1763 opens a door on 18th century England. It reveals among many things middle-class male attitudes towards girls and young women of Britain’s ‘lower orders’.
Mary Bryant, daughter of a Cornish fisherman, came from the ‘lower orders’ as did most English criminals transported, first to America and, following Britain’s loss of her colonies via the American War of Independence 1775-17830, to Australia. See: Britons, Never, Never Shall Be Slaves.
When James Boswell met Mary Bryant in 1792 he had only three (3) years to live. His many infirmities reflected a dissolute life. Boswell’s face bore evidence of repeated episodes of venereal disease.
Surely to the older Boswell, Mary’s face was the haunting face of countless ‘abandoned, deceitful, profligate wretches’ from whom young Boswell ‘purchase[d] copulations’.
‘I had now been some time in town without female sport. I determined to have nothing to do with whores, as my health was of great consequence to me….I picked up a girl in the Strand; went to a court with the intention to enjoy her in armour [condom]. But she had none. I toyed with her’. Diary Entry, 25 November 1762.
Boswell wrote in detail of the ‘hazards‘ of sex ‘in the open’. London’s parks and foetid alleyways were awash with prostitutes and we discover how little ‘pillow-talk’ has changed; ‘she wondered at my size, and said if I ever took a girl’s maidenhead, I would make her squeak’.
‘In the Strand I picked up a little profligate wretch and gave her 6d [5 cents]. She allowed me entrance. But the miscreant refused me performance. I was much stronger than her and volens nolens pushed her up against the wall’. Diary entry – Saturday 4th June 1763
1763 – 4 May, London: The diary entry of May 4, 1763 has young James Boswell outside Newgate prison to watch three (3) ‘unhappy criminals dance’ at the end of a rope.
Boswell, in common with his ‘class enjoyed hangings’. He often frequented these public performances outside Newgate gaol. The ‘dead dance[d]’ to the jeers and whistles of large rowdy holiday crowds that routinely attended executions. See: Ketch Connection: Sydney 1788 – London 1868 – Melbourne 1967
However on this occasion Boswell identified strongly with Paul Lewis son of a clergyman and similar in age to himself.
‘Clearly Lewis also reminded Boswell of himself because he was unexpectedly shaken by this encounter….In Lewis Boswell confronted an emblem of his own mortality and guilt. So an honest pity was born’. Professor V.A.C. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree, Execution and the English People 1770-1868, 1994
There can be little doubt, in Mary Bryant, Boswell ‘confronted an emblem of his own mortality and guilt’ and felt ‘honest pity’ for the childless widow.
1792 – 7 July: Mary and her fellow accused, stood in the dock of the Old Bailey on 7 July 1792. The Crown did not press for the death penalty. On the contrary the prosecution urged clemency but the judge would have none of it and imposed a ‘severe’ sentence.
All were found guilty and ordered ‘to remain on their former sentences until they should be discharged by due course of law’ and returned to Newgate in chains.
Boswell was well aware such an ‘indeterminate sentence’ held a very particular danger for his clients.
‘To remain on former sentences’ meant they might remain in prison for years while opposing lawyers battled over what constituted ‘return before expiry’.
Boswell bombarded friends and acquaintances for money to fund an appeal and circulated a petition canvassing public support.
1793
1793 – 2 May: Boswell’s ‘pertinacity’ won the day Mary was pardoned and released from prison on 2 May 1793. Boswell went to Newgate to assure Martin, Lilley, Allen and Butcher of his continuing efforts on their behalf.
1793 – 2 November: The four (4) men were set free on 2 November 1793 and went straight from the prison to Boswell’s home to thank him. It is thought he gave each man some financial support.
Mary’s nights and days were tormented by the loss of her children. Emanuel and his father who had died in fever-ridden Jakarta in December 1791 and Charlotte’s death on HMS Gorgan while en-route to London.
Boswell found Mary quiet lodgings in Little Titchfield Street and counselled she return home to Fowey in Cornwell. It has been said her family had a reputation; ’eminent for sheep-stealing’ and Mary was reluctant.
Perhaps she feared further entanglement with the law so Boswell paid Mary’s sister to come to London and reassure her.
1794
1794 – 3 October: Boswell’s deteriorating health was not helped by a run-in with a mugger, most likely with a ‘pimp’ over who was to get the money.
In October 1794 he instructed David his younger brother, who handled the author’s financial affairs, to pay Mary a gratuity of £10 a year. Payments were to be made on the first day of May and November, in the event of his death, these payments were to be distributed from his estate. It is not known if this was done.
EPILOGUE
1795 – May: James Boswell died in May 1795 aged fifty-five (55) years.
‘Prone to drinking’ his reputation was of a brilliant but flawed man. He suffered life-long depression, his health diminished by alcohol and venereal disease, nevertheless in maturity according to C.H. Currey, much of his effort was spent defending ‘well-nigh hopeless cases’.
For Mary Bryant and those he championed Boswell’s reputation was that of saviour. See: The Great Escape From Sydney Cove
Mary Bryant returned to Fowey and eventually remarried. Nothing more is known of James Martin, Nathaniel Lilley, William Allen or John Butcher.
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Tags: Bryant, charlotte bryant, convicts, crime and punishment, emanuel bryant, escapees, First Fleet, james boswell, mary bryant, transportation
This entry was posted on Tuesday, November 8th, 2016 at 12:23 pm and is filed under Criminals - Australia's Founding Fathers. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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A quick update to yesterday's post: architect Thom Mayne has spoken for the first time on his motivations and plans in buying Ray Bradbury's former house in Los Angeles.
Alex Shephard briefly interviewed Mayne by phone. Read the details here: http://www.mhpbooks.com/why-was-ray-bradburys-home-demolished-an-interview-with-architect-thom-mayne/
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I noticed that the topic “At what temperature should mash pH be measured” comes up once in a while. Just recently I had an e-mail and an on-line discussion with a fellow home brewers on the same subject.
Fact is that the pH of a solution changes with temperature. It is caused by a change of the dissociation constants of the various acids/bases that are in the solution. Even water is considered an acid since it can donate hydrogen ions, although in most cases it is not dominating pH at all. The extent of the change depends on the substance. By the same mechanism even the pH optimum of enzymes may shift with temperature it is also dependent on the ionization state of the acids in the protein. I believe that the 0.35 correction factor for mash temp (65 C) vs. room temp (25 C) pH contains both the aspect that the actual pH in the mash is lower at 65 C compared to 25 C and that the pH optimum of the amylase enzymes shifts a bit from the value that can be observed by room temperature mashing.
But none of this matters since by convention pH values in brewing are reported as the pH of a room temperature sample. This arises from the laboratory practice of cooling pH samples before pH is tested. While pH meters can correct for temperature and their probes may be able to withstand higher sample temperatures, testing only cooled sample extends the life of the probe. This common practice also means that reported pH optima and pH ranges are for room temperature samples even though the actual reaction happens at higher temperatures. A.J. deLange mentioned to me the “by convention” aspect which is an important argument in this discussion. “By convention” means that we could do it differently but we settled on this particular method in order to communicate our observations and recommendations more clearly. Just as an example, another brewing measurement where we have a convention is the expressing the extract content in specific gravity. Rather than Plato, which measures the extract content by weight and which is something that doesn’t change with temperature, specific gravity does change with temperature and we assume that all those measurements are corrected for temperature such that they apply to a 68 F sample. The practice is and should be done for pH measurements. To be exact you’ll have to cool hot samples and warm cold (e.g. beer) samples.
It’s also helpful to take into account how we arrived at these pH optima/ranges. They are determined by conducting a series of mashes (at correct mash temp for that enzyme) with differing pH. The pH is tested in a room temp sample. The amount of product produced during these reactions (sugar, for example) is then plotted over this room temperature pH.
The same is true with boil pH recommendations where kettle boils at different pH values were done to determine how wort quality changes when the boil pH changes.
One problem is that hardly any author is explicit about this. I assume that most of them see it as a given that they talk about pH from room temperature samples. Briggs was the only one I found that made a distinction. This lack of explicitness, if this is a word, seems to cause a lot of confusion with home brewers.
As for the origin of this confusion, I believe that early home brewing literature and publications are to blame. John Palmer’s 1st edition of “How to Brew” states this:
“When you mash 100% base malt grist with distilled water, you will usually get a mash pH between 5.7-5.8. (Remember, the target is 5.1-5.5 pH.)”
In this sentence he mixes room temp and mash temp pH values. The 5.7-5.8 base malt pH is correct when seen as the pH of a room temperature mash sample while the 5.1-5.5 pH target is only correct when seen as a mash temp pH target with a conversion factor of 0.35. With the correction the room temp sample pH target range is 5.45 – 5.85, which is more correct.
The pH optima that John cites for various enzymes seem to be mash temp pH values. He doesn’t quote a source but the only source that I found which lists mash temp pH values is Briggs’s Brewing Practice and Science book. In this he also gives room temp pH numbers.
I came across this inconsistency when I started reading more technical brewing literature. The pH optima listed for the enzymes for the given optimal mash pH ranges just didn’t line up with what I heard from other brewers. It took me a while and doing my own pH vs. conversion experiments to get a clearer picture of this topic.
And to answer the question that is most interesting to brewers, I believe that the optimal mash pH range is 5.3-5.5 for light beers and 5.4-5.6 for darker beers when testing a room temperature sample of the mash. This pH range is a good compromise between optimal enzyme activity, good boil pH and good cast-out wort pH.
This entry was posted in Brewing Water, General, Science by Kai. Bookmark the permalink.
7 thoughts on “About pH Targets and Temperature”
Eamonn Foley on November 15, 2011 at 9:04 am said:
Great article. ThIs same confusion has caused me to consistently adjust my ph too low and end up with a final beer below 4 – leading to undrinkable beer. I noticed you stated a room temp ph min of 5.3 for light beers. Isn’t that a bit low ? That would be barely more than 5 at mash temps. I’ve found this leads to a final beer ph of 4 or lower, as 5.3 at room temp was my target before I realised about the temp correction factor. Now I aim for 5.5 to 5.6 at room temps
Reply ↓
Pingback: Measuring pH - Home Brew Forums
Travis on November 6, 2012 at 10:46 am said:
Can you recommend a pH meter with ATC?
Reply ↓
Kai on November 6, 2012 at 10:53 am said:
If you need ATC, which I think is not needed in brewing as I argue here : http://braukaiser.com/wiki/index.php?title=PH_Meter_Buying_Guide, I would think that Milwaukee’s SM102 is a good one for home brewers. It is based on the meter I use and has ATC. The nice thing is that the temp probe is separate and you can use it to monitor the cooling of your sample. It also has a detachable pH probe and you can buy a new one on Ebay.
Reply ↓
Kenny on May 2, 2015 at 6:13 am said:
I read a lot of your articles on these matters, all have been a great help with dealing with ph in the mash. I think there is even more confusion with boil ph measurement. I understand an ideal pre-boil wort ph is similar to an ideal mash ph say 5.1-5.4 but do we consider that in the same manner we do the mash ph? I assume we take into consideration the ph the wort will at actual boiling temp…so if mash ph is .3-.35 or higher when measuring a cooled sample, what is the difference for pre-boil wort ph when measuring a cooled sample?
I read that the boil ph will drop by .1-.2 by the end of the boil and understand that the post boil ph should end somewhere about 5. So again, I assume a measurement I should be looking for would be higher for a cooled sample, following the same concept of the difference between a cooled mash sample. I just want to make sure I’m wrapping my head around this correctly because at times I do not see a drop in my wort ph after the boil. Most often I see it stay the same or at times (when I adjust my water with Gypsum like the past two batches) I actually see a rise in boil ph after the boil. This past batch I had the following ph readings (all ACTUAL cooled sample numbers for sake of confusion) Mash: 5.6, Pre-Boil: 5.6 so I was expecting a post boil reading of 5.4 or 5.5 but instead my post boil ph reading of a cooled sample was 5.8 showing that ph increased by .1 instead of dropping by .1 or .2.
Am I looking at this as I should, can you shed some light on this? I appreciate your help.
Reply ↓
Kai on June 19, 2015 at 10:31 pm said:
Kenny,
Sorry for the late reply. You are correct in taking all measurements on cooled samples. That takes the temperature based pH shift out of the equation. Unfortunately I don’t remember observing a rise in the wort pH over the course of the boil. Has this happened in other batches as well?
Reply ↓
Kenny on November 11, 2015 at 7:32 am said:
Thanks for the reply…I forgot to check back on this. But yes I have noticed it a time or two before as well. I try to target a post poil ph of 5.0 to 5.2 (5.3-5.6) at room temp but I have seen my ph stay nearly the same or rise on occasions at the end of the boil. I havent been able to track it well enough to see if its dependent on recipe, style or modification of my water. I will take a closer look at batches to come.
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Subject I have a general question about your Nursery. I have a question about your plants. I am interested in a growing contract. I am interested in employment. I have a question or comment about your website. I would like to get a User Name and Password to see Pricing and Place Orders
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Ballet Repertory Theatre of New Mexico, Albuquerque - Ballet Repertory Theatre - Ballet Classes and Company
Contact & desk hours
Board of Directors
The Company
Auditions
2021/2022 Season
Tickets
Performance History
Registration Form
Children's Division
Junior Division
Pre-Professional Division
Adult Open Division
Faculty
Tuition
Payment Policies
Dress Code
Calendar
Donor Opportunities and Benefits
Events
Guild and Volunteer Opportunities
Contributors
Registration Form
Children's Division
Junior Division
Pre-Professional Division
Adult Open Division
Faculty
Tuition
Payment Policies
Dress Code
Calendar
ADULT OPEN DIVISION
Ages 14 to Adult
Class Descriptions
BRT’s Open Program ballet classes are intended for indivduals who enjoy dance movement and appreciate the demands of ballet technique. These classes continue year-round and are available on a drop-in basis.
Adult Ballet I is structured as a beginning-intermediate level and designed to incorporate those who have some knowledge of ballet, those who have had dance as a child and wish to begin again, and the first time dancers who have completed the Absolute Beginning Ballet program (see the below for details on this program).
Adult Ballet II classes are for students who are comfortable with the ballet curriculum and can move easily through the barre and center.
Stretch & Strength: Taught and designed by Alex Ossadnik this class provides a low impact full body workout that strengthens and stretches all major muscle groups. For levels CI through Adults.
Ballet Mat: Team taught by Stephen Legate, Jason Davis, and Michelle Davis, this class was originally intended for injured dancers but is used by anyone looking to build core strength in an artistic environment. It consists of ballet exercises adapted for non-weight bearing and is combined with Yoga and PT for a hybrid workout that will keep you fit when injured and help reach greater levels of strength. For levels CI through Adults.
2021/2022 Class Schedule
Adult Ballet I
Saturday 11:15am-12:45pm
Adult Ballet II
Monday
10:00-11:30am
Tuesday
10:00-11:30am
Thursday
6:00-7:30pm
Adult Ballet II+ online only Friday 10:00-11:30am
Stretch & Strength online only Thursday 11:00-11:45am
Ballet Mat online only Saturday 10:00-10:45am
BRT reserves the right to cancel any class that does not have five or more paying students.
BRT COVID Safety Protocols
Everyone entering the building must wear a mask at all times. A properly worn mask completely covers the nose and mouth, is secured to the head, and fits snugly against the side of the face.
If you are not feeling well, do not come to the studio. There will be options for joining virtually or making up a class. Anyone with symptoms, close contact, or known exposure to a positive COVID-19 case must also stay home and notify BRT.
In order to limit the amount of traffic inside the building, we ask that inside be limited to students and staff. Parents will need to wait for your children outside the building.
Contactless payment is preferred. Choose a convenient monthly auto-payment plan or call us to process payment over the phone.
Dressing rooms will be closed. Dancers need to arrive dressed for class.
Dancers will keep their ballet bags and street clothes with them during class (please do NOT bring more than you need for the class).
Class schedule has been staggered to limit traffic inside the building. Students need to arrive no more than 10 minutes before their designated time. They must also be picked up promptly after their class finishes.
High contact surfaces, including but not limited to barres, equipment, doorknobs, etc., will be wiped down between classes.
Hand sanitizer will be used before entering the studio and upon completion of class.
Everyone will need to maintain six-feet physical distance while in the lobby and in the studios.
Dancers must bring their own water bottle. Food and gum are not permitted in the studio.
BRT Home Studio Recommendations
Please make sure your Zoom username is your real name (student or parent) and not a generic name i.e. “iPad 2”. This is for attendance and security purposes.
Attend class in an area that has enough open space to move around in. We recommend at least 6’ x 8’ and make sure there is nothing breakable nearby.
We recommend you place your device at a proper height for your instructors to see your full body. If your instructor cannot see your full body, they cannot correct you appropriately and you will not be able to progress as quickly in your classes. Before your Zoom class, check the position and angle of your device to insure it is in the best place possible. Your device should be in landscape mode (sideways).
When possible, we also recommend Screen Sharing your device to a TV, so dancers have a larger image to look at.
Internet Speed
Run an internet speed test in the room you plan to use as your at-home studio. You can do this HERE. If speeds are slow, Zoom will freeze, and dancers may have difficulty fully participating in class. Wifi extenders can be purchased to help remedy this issue.
Absolute Beginner Ballet
BRT offers eight-week sessions of Absolute Beginner Ballet classes that provide interested adults with a fun and informative introduction to proper technique. This program is developed for beginning adult dancers with no previous experience or the student who wants to refine their technique at a basic level and focuses on the basic movements and foundations of ballet technique. If you have never studied ballet but always wanted to, this is the class for you.
Once a week on Wednesdays 6:15-7:15pm, Ms. Sarah Morris guides dancers through the fundamentals of ballet, $150 for 8 Weeks. Reservation is required 1 week prior to the start of each session.
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If you are the owner of this website, please contact your hosting provider: webmaster@brunswickvalleycoaches.com.au
It is possible you have reached this page because:
The IP address has changed.
The IP address for this domain may have changed recently. Check your DNS settings to verify that the domain is set up correctly. It may take 8-24 hours for DNS changes to propagate. It may be possible to restore access to this site by following these instructions for clearing your dns cache.
There has been a server misconfiguration.
You must verify that your hosting provider has the correct IP address configured for your Apache settings and DNS records. A restart of Apache may be required for new settings to take effect.
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The URL for this domain may have changed or the hosting provider may have moved the account to a different server.
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Welcome to Tires Plus of North Dakota, your number one source for all local Bismarck, ND and Minot, ND auto repair and tire services. We are dedicated to giving you the very best in services and… read more
About
Media
Map
About
Welcome to Tires Plus of North Dakota, your number one source for all local Bismarck, ND and Minot, ND auto repair and tire services. We are dedicated to giving you the very best in services and products, with a focus on upfront and honest quotes, timely response to issues, and quality products and parts.
Striving to Be The Best Since Our Beginnings
Tires Plus of North Dakota has come a long way from its beginnings to be the top auto repair and service shop in Bismarck, ND and Minot, ND. When we first started out, it was a passion for a better tire buying and auto repair experience, which drove us to develop the model of Tires Plus of North Dakota and gave us the conviction to turn hard work and inspiration into to a booming tire and auto repair provider. We now serve customers all over ND and are thrilled to be a part of your family's trusted brands for all auto repair and tire needs.
We hope you enjoy our services as much as we enjoy offering them to you. If you have any questions or comments, please don’t hesitate to contact us.
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Therefore be imitators of God as dear children. 2 And walk in love, as Christ also has loved us and given Himself for us, an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweet-smelling…
Next Event
Saturday Prayer Group
November 27, 2021
6:30 PM – 7:30 PM
Saturday 6:30-7:30p Please join us every Saturday night at the church as we meet to pray for the needs of each other, the church and the community.
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Candy Group International is a private corporate financier with substantial capital resources and through associated Companies, has relationships with the top 100 World Banks and access to the majority of the top 25 World Banks. Currently all funding is undertaken in the currency of the United States of America (USD) & in the currency of European Union (EURO) outside of the USA, there is no currency risk for the borrower/project owner or operator, the risk being absorbed by Candy Group International. Candy Group International has lending and investment commitments in several regions around the world covering major resource, property and industrial and mining projects.
Candy Group International has the ability and access to resources to fund a wide range of worldwide Projects. It will be seen that the Directors of Candy Group International have the training, experience, resources, and ability to properly operate this group formed in November 2010, especially for the purpose of funding larger financial projects internationally.
Candy Group will continue to expand its financial business to take advantage of the many potential major industrial , mining and development projects currently being considered in Europe , North and South America and MENA. Candy Group International has unique advantages in having funds available at a very low cost , augmented by funds derived from its own profitable trading activities.
This allows it to be very competitive in funding a wide range of projects. It can consider joint ventures and fund within 15 to 30 banking days of receipt and verification of the relevant collateral security. Candy Group International works with strict compliance of the European and international Law , and due to utilizing US Dollars and Euro , also complies with all relevant USA and European acts , including the Patriot Act (US).
IMPORTANT LINKS
About
Candy Group International further expansion are planned throughout different jurisdictions.
Through the network of our partner banks , it will allow you for banking services that cover many countries globally.
To avoid any abuse of representation of our company Candy Group International through a person or a corporate entity , we strictly advise to verify with us directly at our official email info@candygroup.de before you proceed further.
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The website from which you got to this page is protected by Cloudflare. Email addresses on that page have been hidden in order to keep them from being accessed by malicious bots. You must enable Javascript in your browser in order to decode the e-mail address.
If you have a website and are interested in protecting it in a similar way, you can sign up for Cloudflare.
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If you've come to this page as a result of a Google search, and this recipe has not answered your question. Feel free to e-mail me your specific question, to: Answers@CapnRons.Com I'll send you back an answer, within 24 hours. In most cases it will be a lot sooner.
If you like my recipes, and would like to be notified when I've posted more, you can subcsribe to my Monthly Flyer by sending an email to TheCapn@CapnRons.com.
30 Minute, Baked Beans
These are SO flavorful, your guests won't believe they started from a can, so don't tell them.
Although I "cheat" when making these, but you'll never be able to tell by the taste, because they're SO good. I actually brought these to parties, and served them around the dock for 3 years before one of my neighbors noticed the empty cans in the garbage. I was caught, but the secret has remained safe, and everyone assumes that I do the whole process of starting with dried beans, and beginning the night before. When they come out as good as these are, it's not really worth the extra effort to do them totally from scratch.
These take about 15 minutes of hands on, 30 minutes to cook, and you're ready to eat. They'll even taste better the next day because the flavors will have had an opportunity to blend, and the heat will mellow a bit.
This is one of those recipes that takes real well to changing up the flavors a bit. I'll change the spice blend from my Original Recipe, to SouthWest Blend, or even one of the Jamaican Jerks for a total change of flavor. You could even drain out all of the liquid before placing the beans into the pot and 3/4 cup of one of my new Cheddar Cheese Wing Sauces. You'll be amazed at what small changes like these can do something simple like a pot of beans.
2 Strips Bacon, Fried Crisp
1 Medium Onion, Very Finely Chopped
2 Large Red Chili Peppers, minced
2 Large Jalapeno Chile Peppers, minced
2 Large Serrano Peppers, minced
1 Large Thai, Red Chili Pepper, minced
2 Tablespoons Butt Kickin' Blacken, Original Recipe
2 Cloves Garlic, Grated
1 Can Baked Beans, Bush's Country Style, 28 oz. can
4 Dashes Worcestershire Sauce
6 Dashes Tabasco Sauce
3 Dashes Hickory Flavor Concentrate
1/4 Cup Maple Syrup, Grade "B", Dark Amber
1. Cut the bacon into 1" pieces and fry over medium heat until crisp in the pot you'll be cooking the beans in. I sometimes add a little vegetable oil when starting them, because it helps keep the bacon from sticking to the bottom of the pot.
2. Add the onions and peppers to the pot and cook (stirring) over medium heat until they're real soft, but NOT burnt. Add the Blacken, stir, and let it cook another minute or two.
3. Place all other ingredients into the pot and simmer, stir well, and cook, covered for 15 - 30 minutes over medium low heat. When it's hot, it's done. You DO need to stir these often, because the beans have a tendency to work their way to the bottom of the pot, and they'll stick and burn.
4. This is a good dish to make the day ahead of when you want to serve. The flavors will blend better, and the end result will be a better tasting dish.
Feedback is GREAT!
I'd love to hear your thoughts on this recipe, or any other of my recipes you've either looked at or tried.
Whether or not you like this recipe and why.
How you'd like to see it different.
Suggestions for new recipes I could post.
Recipes you've made using Butt Kickin' Blacken.
Just send me a note: thecapn@capnrons.com
30 Minute, Baked Beans
Buy some Butt Kickin' Blacken TODAY, and you'll wonder how you ever cooked without it.
Share this Recipe with your friends. |
Leftovers
You can either re-heat these in a small pot over low heat, or eat them cold, right out of the refrigerator like I do.
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Carpet Cleaner Thorpe St Andrew Professional Services · Carpet Cleaning · Upholstery Cleaning · Rug Cleaning · Curtain Cleaning · Commercial Carpet Cleaning · Leather Cleaning · Leather Repairs · Leather Restoration · Stone Tile … Hellesdon · Sprowston · Spixworth · Old Catton · Thorpe St Andrew · Wroxham · Aylsham · Reepham · Hethersett · Wymondham … Home
Ryedale Cleaners, Helmsley. 230 likes · 13 talking about this. Hello from Tom and Agnes. Thank you for visiting our page. If you are looking for a house help, window cleaning or a professional…
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Expert cleaning helps to keep the dirt and dust from tearing away at the fibres in the carpet, which ultimately makes them look better and feel softer for a longer amount of time. We provide Carpet & Upholstery cleaning from our base just outside Malton, including Helmsley, Scarborough, Filey, Bridlington, Driffield & Pocklington.
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boxer puppies ready to leave on the 14th feb 2021 only one red and white boy left for sale shown in the first photo the puppies have top breeding will be vet checked kc registered first injections and come with a puppy pack the mum and dad are here t…
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Carpet Cleaner Burgh-le-marsh 251 chickerell road dt4 0qw weymouth 01305 789725… domestic cleaning, Commercial Cleaning, carpet cleaner. 50.6520034,-2. Top Carpet Cleaning in Burgh le Marsh. We have worked hard to find the best best carpet cleaners serving Burgh le Marsh so you don’t have to search the Internet hoping to find your favourite.. Find Carpet & Upholstery Cleaners
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Jan 08, 2013 · July 11 – Ben Lund, 19, window cleaner, was beaten up in a nightclub in Eastbourne. Nicholas Sitko, 24, a bodybuilder, was jailed for life (14 years). July 11 – Arturo Gatti, 37, former world champion boxer (italian-born canadian), was strangled with strap of a handbag in a room in a holiday resort in Porto de Galinhas, near Recife, Brazil.
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NAWCTSD has a requirement for the purchase, delivery, installation, setup and test of commercial items configured into one Virtual Reality Lab (VRL) or training simulators in Jacksonville, Florida. This purchase will include workstations, office equipment, cable interconnections, Local Area Network (LAN) equipment, cabling and infrastructure work. This is a combined synopsis/solicitation for commercial items prepared in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Subpart 12.6, as supplemented with additional information included in this notice. This announcement constitutes the synopsis and solicitation of the quoted items; no additional request for quotes and/or request for solicitation will be issued. The solicitation reference N6134021Q0024 is issued as a request for quotation (RFQ) and incorporates the provisions and clauses through Federal Acquisition Circular (FAC) 2020-07 effective 11 August 2021. This procurement is being solicited as a 100% small business set-aside. This procurement contains brand name only and brand name or equal commercial items. A Firm Fixed-Price (FFP) purchase order will be issued on a lowest price technically acceptable basis to the Offeror meeting specifications of this combined synopsis/solicitation. The attachments for this RFQ further details the requirements. To view the Specification and CDRL attachments, prospective contractors shall complete the NDA form and submit the request to the Primary Point of Contact.�
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Fig. 2. Full 3D band structure of 9 atomic layers of silver films grown on Ge(111) substrate measured using ARPES.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a powerful technique for studying the band structure and quasiparticle excitations in solids. This technique is based on the photoelectric effect, where the absorption of photons (typically UV light) causes emission of electrons in the material and allows intrinsic electronic states to be revealed (Fig. 1). Utilizing both energy and momentum conservation, ARPES is capable of directly measuring quasiparticle energy-momentum dispersions in solids, as well as their interaction with other collective excitations. The unique advantage of momentum-energy correspondence makes ARPES a very important tool for studying condensed matter system. An example of APRES spectra is shown in Figure 2, which shows the full 3D electron bands (as a function of electron energy E, in-plane wave vector kx, ky) in 9 atomic layers of silver films grown on a Ge(111) substrate. The circular contours in the Fermi surface are quantum well states formed by confining electrons within the silver films. Such discrete quantum well states, arising from quantization of continuous bulk bands, exhibit parabolic band dispersion, as illustrated in the E vs kx, ky plots. Upon close inspection, additional ripples can be observed near the surface Brillouin zone boundary (M point) of the substrate, indicating strong band folding and hybridization from the incommensurate interface potential from the Ge substrate. In fact, the band structure of such atomic layers shows incommensurate periodicity, akin to band structures in quasicrystals. Nowadays, APRES has become an indispensable tool to study various important topics in condensed matter physics, including high temperature superconductivity, strongly correlated electron systems, topological phases of matter, low dimensional electron systems, etc. At the center, we are particularly interested in combining advanced thin film growth techniques (molecular beam epitaxy) with APRES to create artificial low dimensional correlated electron systems and measure their intrinsic electronic structure. Our goal is to explore the effect of quantum confinement and interface coupling on the electronic correlations and unravel new quantum phases with exotic properties.
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All copyrights on CD's listed on this site are held by their respective owners. All data is sourced from freedb.org.
This site is the online reference for the music artists, albums and tracks and does not contain any links to share or download any music.
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I registered but cannot login!
First, check your username and password. If they are correct, then one of two things may have happened. If COPPA support is enabled and you specified being under 13 years old during registration, you will have to follow the instructions you received. Some boards will also require new registrations to be activated, either by yourself or by an administrator before you can logon; this information was present during registration. If you were sent an email, follow the instructions. If you did not receive an email, you may have provided an incorrect email address or the email may have been picked up by a spam filer. If you are sure the email address you provided is correct, try contacting an administrator.
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Why can’t I login?
There are several reasons why this could occur. First, ensure your username and password are correct. If they are, contact a board administrator to make sure you haven’t been banned. It is also possible the website owner has a configuration error on their end, and they would need to fix it.
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I registered in the past but cannot login any more?!
It is possible an administrator has deactivated or deleted your account for some reason. Also, many boards periodically remove users who have not posted for a long time to reduce the size of the database. If this has happened, try registering again and being more involved in discussions.
Top
I’ve lost my password!
Don’t panic! While your password cannot be retrieved, it can easily be reset. Visit the login page and click I forgot my password. Follow the instructions and you should be able to log in again shortly.
However, if you are not able to reset your password, contact a board administrator.
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Why do I get logged off automatically?
If you do not check the Remember me box when you login, the board will only keep you logged in for a preset time. This prevents misuse of your account by anyone else. To stay logged in, check the Remember me box during login. This is not recommended if you access the board from a shared computer, e.g. library, internet cafe, university computer lab, etc. If you do not see this checkbox, it means a board administrator has disabled this feature.
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What does the “Delete all board cookies” do?
“Delete all board cookies” deletes the cookies created by phpBB which keep you authenticated and logged into the board. Cookies also provide functions such as read tracking if they have been enabled by a board administrator. If you are having login or logout problems, deleting board cookies may help.
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User Preferences and settings
How do I change my settings?
If you are a registered user, all your settings are stored in the board database. To alter them, visit your User Control Panel; a link can usually be found by clicking on your username at the top of board pages. This system will allow you to change all your settings and preferences.
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How do I prevent my username appearing in the online user listings?
Within your User Control Panel, under “Board preferences”, you will find the option Hide your online status. Enable this option and you will only appear to the administrators, moderators and yourself. You will be counted as a hidden user.
Top
The times are not correct!
It is possible the time displayed is from a timezone different from the one you are in. If this is the case, visit your User Control Panel and change your timezone to match your particular area, e.g. London, Paris, New York, Sydney, etc. Please note that changing the timezone, like most settings, can only be done by registered users. If you are not registered, this is a good time to do so.
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I changed the timezone and the time is still wrong!
If you are sure you have set the timezone correctly and the time is still incorrect, then the time stored on the server clock is incorrect. Please notify an administrator to correct the problem.
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My language is not in the list!
Either the administrator has not installed your language or nobody has translated this board into your language. Try asking a board administrator if they can install the language pack you need. If the language pack does not exist, feel free to create a new translation. More information can be found at the phpBB® website.
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What are the images next to my username?
There are two images which may appear along with a username when viewing posts. One of them may be an image associated with your rank, generally in the form of stars, blocks or dots, indicating how many posts you have made or your status on the board. Another, usually larger, image is known as an avatar and is generally unique or personal to each user.
Top
How do I display an avatar?
Within your User Control Panel, under “Profile” you can add an avatar by using one of the four following methods: Gravatar, Gallery, Remote or Upload. It is up to the board administrator to enable avatars and to choose the way in which avatars can be made available. If you are unable to use avatars, contact a board administrator.
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What is my rank and how do I change it?
Ranks, which appear below your username, indicate the number of posts you have made or identify certain users, e.g. moderators and administrators. In general, you cannot directly change the wording of any board ranks as they are set by the board administrator. Please do not abuse the board by posting unnecessarily just to increase your rank. Most boards will not tolerate this and the moderator or administrator will simply lower your post count.
Top
When I click the email link for a user it asks me to login?
Only registered users can send email to other users via the built-in email form, and only if the administrator has enabled this feature. This is to prevent malicious use of the email system by anonymous users.
Top
Posting Issues
How do I create a new topic or post a reply?
To post a new topic in a forum, click "New Topic". To post a reply to a topic, click "Post Reply". You may need to register before you can post a message. A list of your permissions in each forum is available at the bottom of the forum and topic screens. Example: You can post new topics, You can post attachments, etc.
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How do I edit or delete a post?
Unless you are a board administrator or moderator, you can only edit or delete your own posts. You can edit a post by clicking the edit button for the relevant post, sometimes for only a limited time after the post was made. If someone has already replied to the post, you will find a small piece of text output below the post when you return to the topic which lists the number of times you edited it along with the date and time. This will only appear if someone has made a reply; it will not appear if a moderator or administrator edited the post, though they may leave a note as to why they’ve edited the post at their own discretion. Please note that normal users cannot delete a post once someone has replied.
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How do I add a signature to my post?
To add a signature to a post you must first create one via your User Control Panel. Once created, you can check the Attach a signature box on the posting form to add your signature. You can also add a signature by default to all your posts by checking the appropriate radio button in the User Control Panel. If you do so, you can still prevent a signature being added to individual posts by un-checking the add signature box within the posting form.
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How do I create a poll?
When posting a new topic or editing the first post of a topic, click the “Poll creation” tab below the main posting form; if you cannot see this, you do not have appropriate permissions to create polls. Enter a title and at least two options in the appropriate fields, making sure each option is on a separate line in the textarea. You can also set the number of options users may select during voting under “Options per user”, a time limit in days for the poll (0 for infinite duration) and lastly the option to allow users to amend their votes.
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Why can’t I add more poll options?
The limit for poll options is set by the board administrator. If you feel you need to add more options to your poll than the allowed amount, contact the board administrator.
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How do I edit or delete a poll?
As with posts, polls can only be edited by the original poster, a moderator or an administrator. To edit a poll, click to edit the first post in the topic; this always has the poll associated with it. If no one has cast a vote, users can delete the poll or edit any poll option. However, if members have already placed votes, only moderators or administrators can edit or delete it. This prevents the poll’s options from being changed mid-way through a poll.
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Why can’t I access a forum?
Some forums may be limited to certain users or groups. To view, read, post or perform another action you may need special permissions. Contact a moderator or board administrator to grant you access.
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Why can’t I add attachments?
Attachment permissions are granted on a per forum, per group, or per user basis. The board administrator may not have allowed attachments to be added for the specific forum you are posting in, or perhaps only certain groups can post attachments. Contact the board administrator if you are unsure about why you are unable to add attachments.
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Why did I receive a warning?
Each board administrator has their own set of rules for their site. If you have broken a rule, you may be issued a warning. Please note that this is the board administrator’s decision, and the phpBB Limited has nothing to do with the warnings on the given site. Contact the board administrator if you are unsure about why you were issued a warning.
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How can I report posts to a moderator?
If the board administrator has allowed it, you should see a button for reporting posts next to the post you wish to report. Clicking this will walk you through the steps necessary to report the post.
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What is the “Save” button for in topic posting?
This allows you to save drafts to be completed and submitted at a later date. To reload a saved draft, visit the User Control Panel.
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Why does my post need to be approved?
The board administrator may have decided that posts in the forum you are posting to require review before submission. It is also possible that the administrator has placed you in a group of users whose posts require review before submission. Please contact the board administrator for further details.
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How do I bump my topic?
By clicking the “Bump topic” link when you are viewing it, you can “bump” the topic to the top of the forum on the first page. However, if you do not see this, then topic bumping may be disabled or the time allowance between bumps has not yet been reached. It is also possible to bump the topic simply by replying to it, however, be sure to follow the board rules when doing so.
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Formatting and Topic Types
What is BBCode?
BBCode is a special implementation of HTML, offering great formatting control on particular objects in a post. The use of BBCode is granted by the administrator, but it can also be disabled on a per post basis from the posting form. BBCode itself is similar in style to HTML, but tags are enclosed in square brackets [ and ] rather than < and >. For more information on BBCode see the guide which can be accessed from the posting page.
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Can I use HTML?
No. It is not possible to post HTML on this board and have it rendered as HTML. Most formatting which can be carried out using HTML can be applied using BBCode instead.
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What are Smilies?
Smilies, or Emoticons, are small images which can be used to express a feeling using a short code, e.g. :) denotes happy, while :( denotes sad. The full list of emoticons can be seen in the posting form. Try not to overuse smilies, however, as they can quickly render a post unreadable and a moderator may edit them out or remove the post altogether. The board administrator may also have set a limit to the number of smilies you may use within a post.
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Can I post images?
Yes, images can be shown in your posts. If the administrator has allowed attachments, you may be able to upload the image to the board. Otherwise, you must link to an image stored on a publicly accessible web server, e.g. http://www.example.com/my-picture.gif. You cannot link to pictures stored on your own PC (unless it is a publicly accessible server) nor images stored behind authentication mechanisms, e.g. hotmail or yahoo mailboxes, password protected sites, etc. To display the image use the BBCode [img] tag.
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What are global announcements?
Global announcements contain important information and you should read them whenever possible. They will appear at the top of every forum and within your User Control Panel. Global announcement permissions are granted by the board administrator.
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What are announcements?
Announcements often contain important information for the forum you are currently reading and you should read them whenever possible. Announcements appear at the top of every page in the forum to which they are posted. As with global announcements, announcement permissions are granted by the board administrator.
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What are sticky topics?
Sticky topics within the forum appear below announcements and only on the first page. They are often quite important so you should read them whenever possible. As with announcements and global announcements, sticky topic permissions are granted by the board administrator.
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What are locked topics?
Locked topics are topics where users can no longer reply and any poll it contained was automatically ended. Topics may be locked for many reasons and were set this way by either the forum moderator or board administrator. You may also be able to lock your own topics depending on the permissions you are granted by the board administrator.
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What are topic icons?
Topic icons are author chosen images associated with posts to indicate their content. The ability to use topic icons depends on the permissions set by the board administrator.
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User Levels and Groups
What are Administrators?
Administrators are members assigned with the highest level of control over the entire board. These members can control all facets of board operation, including setting permissions, banning users, creating usergroups or moderators, etc., dependent upon the board founder and what permissions he or she has given the other administrators. They may also have full moderator capabilities in all forums, depending on the settings put forth by the board founder.
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What are Moderators?
Moderators are individuals (or groups of individuals) who look after the forums from day to day. They have the authority to edit or delete posts and lock, unlock, move, delete and split topics in the forum they moderate. Generally, moderators are present to prevent users from going off-topic or posting abusive or offensive material.
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What are usergroups?
Usergroups are groups of users that divide the community into manageable sections board administrators can work with. Each user can belong to several groups and each group can be assigned individual permissions. This provides an easy way for administrators to change permissions for many users at once, such as changing moderator permissions or granting users access to a private forum.
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Where are the usergroups and how do I join one?
You can view all usergroups via the “Usergroups” link within your User Control Panel. If you would like to join one, proceed by clicking the appropriate button. Not all groups have open access, however. Some may require approval to join, some may be closed and some may even have hidden memberships. If the group is open, you can join it by clicking the appropriate button. If a group requires approval to join you may request to join by clicking the appropriate button. The user group leader will need to approve your request and may ask why you want to join the group. Please do not harass a group leader if they reject your request; they will have their reasons.
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How do I become a usergroup leader?
A usergroup leader is usually assigned when usergroups are initially created by a board administrator. If you are interested in creating a usergroup, your first point of contact should be an administrator; try sending a private message.
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Why do some usergroups appear in a different colour?
It is possible for the board administrator to assign a colour to the members of a usergroup to make it easy to identify the members of this group.
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What is a “Default usergroup”?
If you are a member of more than one usergroup, your default is used to determine which group colour and group rank should be shown for you by default. The board administrator may grant you permission to change your default usergroup via your User Control Panel.
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What is “The team” link?
This page provides you with a list of board staff, including board administrators and moderators and other details such as the forums they moderate.
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Private Messaging
I cannot send private messages!
There are three reasons for this; you are not registered and/or not logged on, the board administrator has disabled private messaging for the entire board, or the board administrator has prevented you from sending messages. Contact a board administrator for more information.
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I keep getting unwanted private messages!
You can automatically delete private messages from a user by using message rules within your User Control Panel. If you are receiving abusive private messages from a particular user, report the messages to the moderators; they have the power to prevent a user from sending private messages.
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I have received a spamming or abusive email from someone on this board!
We are sorry to hear that. The email form feature of this board includes safeguards to try and track users who send such posts, so email the board administrator with a full copy of the email you received. It is very important that this includes the headers that contain the details of the user that sent the email. The board administrator can then take action.
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Friends and Foes
What are my Friends and Foes lists?
You can use these lists to organise other members of the board. Members added to your friends list will be listed within your User Control Panel for quick access to see their online status and to send them private messages. Subject to template support, posts from these users may also be highlighted. If you add a user to your foes list, any posts they make will be hidden by default.
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How can I add / remove users to my Friends or Foes list?
You can add users to your list in two ways. Within each user’s profile, there is a link to add them to either your Friend or Foe list. Alternatively, from your User Control Panel, you can directly add users by entering their member name. You may also remove users from your list using the same page.
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Searching the Forums
How can I search a forum or forums?
Enter a search term in the search box located on the index, forum or topic pages. Advanced search can be accessed by clicking the “Advance Search” link which is available on all pages on the forum. How to access the search may depend on the style used.
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Why does my search return no results?
Your search was probably too vague and included many common terms which are not indexed by phpBB. Be more specific and use the options available within Advanced search.
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Why does my search return a blank page!?
Your search returned too many results for the webserver to handle. Use “Advanced search” and be more specific in the terms used and forums that are to be searched.
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How do I search for members?
Visit to the “Members” page and click the “Find a member” link.
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How can I find my own posts and topics?
Your own posts can be retrieved either by clicking the “Show your posts” link within the User Control Panel or by clicking the “Search user’s posts” link via your own profile page or by clicking the “Quick links” menu at the top of the board. To search for your topics, use the Advanced search page and fill in the various options appropriately.
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Subscriptions and Bookmarks
What is the difference between bookmarking and subscribing?
In phpBB 3.0, bookmarking topics worked much like bookmarking in a web browser. You were not alerted when there was an update. As of phpBB 3.1, bookmarking is more like subscribing to a topic. You can be notified when a bookmarked topic is updated. Subscribing, however, will notify you when there is an update to a topic or forum on the board. Notification options for bookmarks and subscriptions can be configured in the User Control Panel, under “Board preferences”.
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How do I bookmark or subscribe to specific topics?
You can bookmark or subscribe to a specific topic by clicking the appropriate link in the “Topic tools” menu, conveniently located near the top and bottom of a topic discussion.
Replying to a topic with the “Notify me when a reply is posted” option checked will also subscribe you to the topic.
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How do I subscribe to specific forums?
To subscribe to a specific forum, click the “Subscribe forum” link, at the bottom of page, upon entering the forum.
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How do I remove my subscriptions?
To remove your subscriptions, go to your User Control Panel and follow the links to your subscriptions.
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Attachments
What attachments are allowed on this board?
Each board administrator can allow or disallow certain attachment types. If you are unsure what is allowed to be uploaded, contact the board administrator for assistance.
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How do I find all my attachments?
To find your list of attachments that you have uploaded, go to your User Control Panel and follow the links to the attachments section.
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phpBB Issues
Who wrote this bulletin board?
This software (in its unmodified form) is produced, released and is copyright phpBB Limited. It is made available under the GNU General Public License, version 2 (GPL-2.0) and may be freely distributed. See About phpBB for more details.
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Why isn’t X feature available?
This software was written by and licensed through phpBB Limited. If you believe a feature needs to be added please visit the phpBB Ideas Centre, where you can upvote existing ideas or suggest new features.
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Who do I contact about abusive and/or legal matters related to this board?
Any of the administrators listed on the “The team” page should be an appropriate point of contact for your complaints. If this still gets no response then you should contact the owner of the domain (do a whois lookup) or, if this is running on a free service (e.g. Yahoo!, free.fr, f2s.com, etc.), the management or abuse department of that service. Please note that the phpBB Limited has absolutely no jurisdiction and cannot in any way be held liable over how, where or by whom this board is used. Do not contact the phpBB Limited in relation to any legal (cease and desist, liable, defamatory comment, etc.) matter not directly related to the phpBB.com website or the discrete software of phpBB itself. If you do email phpBB Limited about any third party use of this software then you should expect a terse response or no response at all.
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How do I contact a board administrator?
All users of the board can use the “Contact us” form, if the option was enabled by the board administrator.
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If there were a Society of Neo-Dylan Troubadours, John McCauley, with his froggy wail, wheezing harmonica and plucked acoustic, would definitely be a card-carrying member. That said, Born on Flag Day is laced with romantic hooks and vintage choruses that are decidedly pre-Bob. Rootsy pop like "Houston, TX" and the rockabilly-tinged "Straight Into a Storm" (which is just an awesome song) reveal a childhood spent listening to the oldies station with tunes like "Come On, Let's Go," "Rave On," "Runaway" and "I Fought the Law" on regular play.
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“The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible.”
~Arthur C. Clarke
We blog a lot about taking risks. We coach and counsel our clients to step out of their comfort zone and try something new, to reach for their dreams even if they seem too distant and unreachable. Because the only way to know if something is possible, especially the things that seem totally impossible, is to go ahead and try them.
You may dream about stepping out on your own, and then talk yourself out of doing it. You might speak longingly about when you’ll get your book written, or run a marathon, or make VP, or SVP. Some of us let these goals falter and die, and then there are those of us who’ve taken steps – little by little – to make our goals a reality.
Often the first step towards our dreams and goals seems unrealistic and at least a little impossible. And yet with that first step, that impossibility often becomes a possibility, or at least it becomes clearer where the line between possible and impossible may lie. It also becomes clearer what, if anything, needs to happen to make the impossible more possible. Maybe we need to put more savings aside so that we can take a month off to write. Maybe we need to go back to school and earn another degree. Maybe it’s just one course we need, rather than a whole degree. Taking that first step towards what may seem impossible will help us know what other steps we need to take.
Too often we let our preconceived notions, our fears, our distorted view of reality and possibilities hold us back and convince us not to try. All we may need to do is venture out just a little way past our limits, to see what we can achieve.
How far out from the possible have you gone?
Click here to comment.
If you enjoyed this post, you can read more like it in our book, The Power of Thoughtful Leadership: 101 Minutes To Being the Leader You Want To Be, available on Amazon.
For guidance in stepping out to try the impossible, contact Lisa at lkohn@chatsworthconsulting.com.
Click here to receive The Thoughtful Leaders™ Blog posts via e-mail and receive a copy of “Ending Leadership Frenzy: 5 Steps to Becoming a More Thoughtful and Effective Leader.”
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A few times a year we send out Neighborhood Notebook, our newsletter covering architecture, preservation, and hidden history.
The Bamboo Lounge
Eric Allix Rogers
February 15, 2017
30 comments
Schlitz stained glass at 9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
How much should be read into the disappearance of a single stained glass window? For the forlorn Bamboo Lounge at 9401 S. Ewing, could it be a warning of worse to come? A distinctive time capsule of a neighborhood tied house tavern, the building clings – for now – to the ragged frontier between the industrial past and the uncertain future of Chicago’s far southeast side. But for how much longer?
Tied Houses
The corner tavern is a dying species in Chicago. Many of those remaining are on borrowed time, licenses set to expire with their current proprietors. A creeping block-by-block rebirth of Prohibition has overtaken much of the city, leaving a once-ubiquitous Chicago institution on the brink.
Schlitz tied house on Broadway in Uptown [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
Even more rare is the tied house: a bar built by a particular brewer to serve a particular brand of beer. The efforts of early Temperance advocates led to escalating licensing fees, which advantaged well-financed brewers over small tavern keepers. Tied houses were an ingenious achievement in vertical integration, and boomed along with the brewing and beer-shipping industry of Chicago.
Tied houses used distinctive and high-quality architecture to carve out brand identity and convey an air of respectability. Their substantial buildings were nearly always sited on valuable real estate at prominent corners, where the side doors that could be kept open overnight and on Sundays just so happened to face a street too.
9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
Many were built in Chicago around the start of the 20th century, but their heyday was short. Prohibition took a harsh toll, and vertical integration in the alcohol business was made illegal when it was repealed.
Some tied houses have survived as ordinary bars in extraordinary buildings. Others were repurposed. In 2011, the City of Chicago officially recognized their significance as a category, granting several of them Chicago Landmark status – and the protections and tax benefits it confers. At that time, at least 41 tied houses were known to remain in Chicago, but only five were selected for landmarking – all built by Schlitz.
Schlitz was the third biggest brewer in America in that era, and while it was based in Milwaukee, it had substantial distribution and business operations in Chicago. Company Vice President Edward G. Uihlein oversaw the most ambitious program of tied house construction in the city, putting up 57 over the course of about a decade. They were widely distributed outside of downtown in neighborhoods with immigrant industrial workers. Schlitz tied houses were instantly recognizable thanks to the prominent use the “belted globe” insignia.
Belted globe at 9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
The typical tied house featured a bar on the ground floor and apartments above. A narrow but elaborate facade fronted on the principal commercial street, with a much plainer facade on the side. The main entrance to the bar was often set dramatically into a chamfered corner, with a secondary entrance on the side street. The overall style of the buildings was some picturesque adaptation of the Queen Anne idiom popular at the time, with elaborate brickwork and accents in limestone and pressed metal.
9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
The Bamboo Lounge
With more significant budgets than would have been available to independent proprietors, tied houses were often designed by relatively well-known architects. Charles Thisslew designed several for Schlitz. Most of his other extant buildings are greystones in Wicker Park and Logan Square, elegant residences for the immigrant elite at the turn of the last century.
Charles Thisslew designed the building at 9401 S. Ewing, which records date to 1907. At the time it would have been one of many taverns serving thousands of workers in one of Chicago’s largest industrial complexes. Employees of Youngstown Sheet & Tube, Great Lakes Dock & Dredge, US Steel’s massive South Works, and countless other concerns might have stopped by for a pint after a shift.
9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
Countless belching smokestacks left a patina of soot on the building’s tan bricks – but couldn’t dim its simple elegance. Its odd shape makes the most of an acutely-angled site. The limestone string course and arch above the corner door are echoed neatly in the pressed metal capping the parapet. The heavy terra cotta belted globe and a ghost sign facing south proclaim the Schlitz brand. And so did the stained glass window under the arch facing Ewing – until it was removed, sometime in January 2017.
9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
The interior is a time capsule, hardly changed over the decades. At some point a vague tiki theme was instituted, but little changed beyond the decor over the bar. Unlike many other tied houses, the upper floor consists of small sleeping rooms – not larger apartments. These would have been ideal for transient laborers, and one can even imagine sailors stopping over while ore ships unloaded at the mills.
Interior of Bamboo Lounge at 9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
After years of very marginal operation, the Bamboo Lounge was advertised for sale in December 2016 for the princely sum of $65,000. It failed to garner even that amount when it sold in January 2017 for a mere $35,000. The listing emphasized the building’s historic charm, dwelling particularly on the stained glass window – which the buyer quickly removed.
Schlitz stained glass at 9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
It remains to be seen what the buyer intends, but there is reason to be concerned. Perhaps the window was removed for safekeeping – but perhaps it has been sold, or now graces some suburban man-cave. It’s hard to imagine what a new owner might intend for the space – in such an odd location, there’s precious little demand for apartments or a commercial storefront. The building was not among the tied houses chosen for Chicago Landmark designation, so there is a risk of unsympathetic modifications, or even outright demolition.
9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
A different outcome is possible. The vintage charm and compelling – if remote – location could help make the Bamboo Lounge a destination bar, a “must-visit” for architecture buffs, fans of the old-fashioned Chicago tavern, and folks exploring the city’s vast southeast side. It should be landmarked and restored. Let’s raise a glass in hope of that possibility!
9401 S. Ewing [Eric Allix Rogers/Chicago Patterns]
What can you do?
If you know anything about the history or current status of the bar, please leave a comment.
If you think this building deserves to be preserved, consider contacting your Chicago Alderman, particularly if you live in the 10th Ward.
References and Further Reading
Schubas, Schlitz Brewery-Tied House at 3159 N. Southport
Historical Landmark Designation of Five (former) Schlitz Brewery Tied-Houses [PDF]
Posted in East Side
30 responses to “The Bamboo Lounge”
Steven Vance says:
February 15, 2017 at 2:35 pm
The recording of the sale hasn’t been posted on the Cook County Recorder of Deeds website yet.
For anyone interested the PIN is 26-05-305-001-0000.
In 2015, there was a quit claim deed wherein the owner transferred the property to a relative.
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
February 15, 2017 at 2:40 pm
Thanks Steven! Hopefully we learn more if and when the paperwork surfaces.
Reply
Neil Harris says:
February 15, 2017 at 3:27 pm
Great and informative article.
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
February 15, 2017 at 3:29 pm
Thanks Neil!
Reply
Mike says:
February 15, 2017 at 3:46 pm
The belted globe logo has its beginnings in the 1893 Columbian Exposition; Schlitz had a massive exhibition in the Manufacturers Building by Richard Bock which the globe, belt and figures blowing trumpets.
Later that year, Schlitz employee Ernest Beifield (later co-founder of White City Amusement Park and the Sherman Hotel, and whose son, Ernie, anglicized his last name to Byfield and became a premier Chicago nightlife impresario running the Ambassador Hotels, Pump Room, Sherman Hotel & College Inn and Drake Hotel), assisted in creating the company’s new slogan, ‘The Beer That Made Milwaukee Famous’.
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
February 16, 2017 at 10:31 am
Do we know who fabricated the replica globes for the tied houses? I think they’re all either terra cotta or pressed metal.
Reply
Andy says:
February 16, 2017 at 11:33 am
Sad to see this. I visit it every year or so to make sure it’s still there and to admire the window, which is missing on all the other Schlitz tied houses left in Chicago. I have a few photos from the Schlitz company records showing some of their property holdings in Chicago, and all the pictured buildings had stained glass logo windows, including the building at 19th and Blue Island, which doesn’t have any identifying Schlitz details today.
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
February 16, 2017 at 11:41 am
Hopefully we can shine a light on what’s happening and keep it from getting any worse. Thanks for the comment, and watch this space for more!
Reply
Lenny B says:
February 16, 2017 at 4:47 pm
Allix great article. Looked at the pic again on my phone that is not me. But I did hang at the Bamboo for many years. I also did the painting in the bar and painted the front hall peach
Many good memories there . knew most of the men that lived upstairs also. RESTORE THE BAMBOO FOR THE LOVE OF GOD! It truly is a Landmark! Thanks for sharing Allix.
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
February 17, 2017 at 8:22 am
Thanks Lenny! Do you have any photos of the interior? I only had a couple.
Reply
Lenny B says:
February 22, 2017 at 8:28 am
Yes Eric I believe I do It will take me some time to go through them but I will contact you when I find them.
Eric Allix Rogers says:
February 22, 2017 at 10:49 am
Awesome, thank you!
Steven Vance says:
February 16, 2017 at 2:00 pm
You should post these photos if you can!
Reply
Andy says:
February 16, 2017 at 3:31 pm
Sure, I can submit those photos to the Chicago Patterns flickr group. It will probably be a few days before I get to it.
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
February 17, 2017 at 8:22 am
Comment here when you do! If it’s OK, we might even add one or two to this article, or at least link to the Flickr photos!
Reply
Andy says:
February 20, 2017 at 8:39 am
As promised, I posted the photos mentioned in my earlier comment to Flickr. Each photo has some notes with details. Here’s the link to the album:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/147894932@N02/albums/72157680563152665/with/32167559414/
Eric Allix Rogers says:
February 20, 2017 at 5:50 pm
Awesome old pictures! These are great. Thanks!
Lenny B says:
February 16, 2017 at 4:12 pm
The Bammboo Lounge was my hangout for many years since the early 1980’s. I have pictures of parties there. I also believe the people in the picture in this article is me. Contact me at any time.
Reply
Allan M says:
February 25, 2017 at 11:34 pm
The Schlitz stained glass was removed? That’s sad to hear. Hopefully it’s just being kept somewhere for safekeeping, and that this building is preserved in some form.
When did this bar close down, anyway? It seemed it like it closed not long ago, but not sure when that did occur. I guess that quietly occurred, without me realizing it. Correct me if I’m wrong, though.
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
February 26, 2017 at 12:46 am
It is unclear what has become of the stained glass window, or what will happen with the building. I hope for the best, but there’s reason to be concerned. The building has no formal protection, and could even be demolished if the new owner so chose.
Reply
Marcelina Pedraza says:
July 18, 2017 at 9:01 pm
My co-worker’s family sold the building. He told me the buyer is a man from Wisconsin who just wanted the stained glass sign. So it’s probably in his man cave right now. :( Who knows what his intentions are with the building. I live in the 105th ward and I would buy it back for less!
Reply
Marcelina Pedraza says:
July 18, 2017 at 9:02 pm
I mean 10th ward!
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
July 18, 2017 at 9:05 pm
That’s a bummer! I have a friend and neighbor who is interested in the building as well. Would it be OK for me to pass your comment and email address along to him? He might have some questions that you might be able to help address.
Reply
Marcelina Pedraza says:
July 18, 2017 at 10:32 pm
Sure,
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
July 18, 2017 at 10:45 pm
Awesome, will pass along your email. Thanks!
Reply
Eric Joseph says:
November 26, 2017 at 8:50 pm
My father John J. Fitzgerald lived above the bar for many years. John was a Longshoreman and rented rooms by a female owner of the bar in the 70’s. My father was a drinker and a bar brawler, 1st gen brn Irish. I was ten in ’77 and this world my fthr lived in was fascinating to me – parents were divorced. I remember boxes of cash from his accumulated pay from being on sea in shoe boxes, hidden in his small rooms closet. I remember ‘coconut heads’ hanging from the bullet ridden tin ceiling. I remember my fthrs friend, ‘Farmer’. I remember the jukebox playing – Bob Seger; Charlie Daniels; Derek and the Dominos…and and a lot of ol’ country. I remember winning 20 dollars on a back room spin wheel elec’ wall mach’. – listening too. I remember women putting love letters into my fthrs car cracked open car window in the prkng lot. My best years, were at the Bamboo Lounge. I Pray – this building survives. The movie The Blue’s Brothers filmed on the nearby bridge – that was exciting to watch. July 4th 1977 was fantastic for me, I’ll never forget it. Farmer, my fathers friend got drunk on the right side of the bar and Farm’ pulled a gun on my fthr when both drunk and my fathr having just pulled a gutted vodka watermellon off his head, with a gun pointed at him,. “Pull it Farmer”. Farmer didn’t and they had a drink. Eric J. Fitzgerald
Reply
Eric Allix Rogers says:
December 1, 2017 at 11:57 am
Thanks for sharing these memories Eric! Sounds like it was a lively place.
Reply
OuzoEd says:
January 30, 2018 at 4:43 pm
The last owner of this bar was a woman named Frannie. Not sure 100% of her last name. I met her through a mutual friend who I drink with at another neighborhood bar. She was a nice woman, who wanted to keep the place going out of nostalgia — more than anything else.
I also heard that back in the 1940’s, this bar was owned by the Popovich Brothers. They were a Serbian family who played tamburitza music for years together as a band. My one friend, of Polish decent who wife was Croatian, used to come her when he was a teenager in the 1940’s to hear the Popovich brothers (also known as Popeye’s) play. He also learned how to make barbecue lamb on a “spit” from the guys who used to hang out here at the old bar. I don’t know how long the Popovich Brothers owned the bar. But I heard that there was (still is?) a ballroom in the back of the bar where they used to have live band music and dancing. Again, this was back in the 1940’s and ’50’s.
Reply
Mike says:
December 17, 2019 at 7:50 pm
Good news, everyone.
The building has a new owner (me) and is in the early process of restoration with the goal of reopening the tavern. If you have any other stories, photos, etc., let me know and we can exchange contact information.
Reply
Not Yet says:
January 4, 2020 at 4:11 am
I spent about forty years trying to buy the stained glass window. Was shocked when I discovered the window gone a few years ago.
I have a back bar, either bought from or ordered through, the Schlitz Columbian Exposition beer garden.
Two reverse painted Schlitz logos on round convex glass, centered in leaded, beveled, mirrored glass.
Took only 35 years to be able to buy it, but buy it I did. Patience.
Interested?
Will sell but very, very rare (fifty years of buying saloon interiors and only one ever to have ‘Schlitz’ incorporated into bar construction) and not cheap.
Reply
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From the archives
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2,606,562 |
Email marketing is directly marketing a commercial message to a group of people using email. In its broadest sense, every...
Social Media Campaigns
Does Your Company have a Strong Social Media Presence? For a very reasonable price, Click IT will completely manage the social...
Internet Marketing - SEO & SEM
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) & Marketing (SEM) Services 93% of consumers prefer the Internet to find local businesses over Yellow...
New Facebook Group Formed To Help Small Businesses with their Website
By Al Harlow | January 13, 2021 | 0 Comments
This week we began working on a new Facebook Group with the purpose of not only assisting our customers at Click IT but also anyone else who will find the information posted and discussed here useful. Anyone who is in charge of their small business web presence is welcomed to join. You don’t have to…
Read More
After the New Website is Build, What’s Next?
By Al Harlow | September 6, 2019 | 0 Comments
Web Presence Strategy for Local Businesses When building a new website, whether it is based on an old website or not, Click IT uses hosted WordPress as the new platform because it allows for growth in functionality easily. For instance, “plugins” are commonly used to add functions, such as a shopping cart, or new order…
Read More
Why You Need a Google My Business Listing
By admin | March 24, 2019 | 0 Comments
One advantage of being listed in Google My Business (GMB) according to Google, is that at least 50% of cell phone users searching for local businesses will visit that business within a day of their search; and of those, 18% will actually make a purchase. Doesn��??t this sound like something that can be a great…
Read More
Why You Need an SSL Certificate
By admin | December 3, 2018 | 0 Comments
In order to have secure communication from a web browser, HTTPS is used, which stands for “Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure”. An SSL (“Secure Sockets Layer”) certificate adds this end-to-end encryption so only the end-user and the web server can decipher the data. If you have data being exchanged without this level of security installed, you take the risk…
Read More
How Much Does a New Website Really Cost
By admin | November 28, 2018 | 0 Comments
How much should a website cost in 2019? For web designers that did list their prices, we found the going rate in 2019 to build a modern, professional small business website was typically $3,000-$6,000 but could be as much as $20,000 depending on the number of pages on the site and the amount of customization required. Sept 6, 2019 –…
Read More
Removing Unnecessary Tags in WordPress
By admin | January 14, 2018 | 0 Comments
Article Republished from OrbitingWeb: Remove These 10 Unnecessary Tags From WordPress Header (WP Version, Prev, Pingback, Feed Links & More) Posted on 2015-03-15 by Mukesh M WordPress auto generates a whole lot of unnecessary tags/elements that can not only slow down your website but also in some cases cause security issues. For instance, the WP Generator header tag…
Read More
Link Building Strategy Online
By admin | February 15, 2017 | 0 Comments
Link Building If you don��??t have the money to invest in search engine optimization for your business, you should still understand the importance of generating backlinks for your company website. Google��??s search algorithm has long been based around the concept of links back to your website. When another website links to your website, Google considers it,…
Read More
Map My Business
By admin | February 8, 2017 | 0 Comments
When someone requests directions to your location from Google Maps, can you see the location where the request originated? This information could be very useful should you want to add a new location or offer special services to other areas. You can also use a correctly verified local listing to maximize your resources. Do you…
Read More
Email Marketing
By admin | February 17, 2016 | 0 Comments
Email marketing is directly marketing a commercial message to a group of people using email. In its broadest sense, every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing. It usually involves using email to send ads, request business, or solicit sales or donations, and is meant to build loyalty, trust,…
Read More
Social Media Campaigns
By admin | February 17, 2016 | 0 Comments
Does Your Company have a Strong Social Media Presence? For a very reasonable price, Click IT will completely manage the social media presence for your company, to produce desired results. What you get with our basic social media management package once you’ve committed to a program, is this: Consultation and then Set-up of your Social Media…
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Testimonials
Click IT Website Design
5.0
Based on 2 reviews
Big Jake
04:59 15 Dec 19
This was my first experience with a web design/hosting site. ClickIT was a local place where I thought I would stop... and talk to someone about it. Al Harlow, the president, met with me and designed the site for me. It was done very quickly and the first draft was very good. With a little fine tuning by Al the website was completed, and I was instructed on how to add products and info to the site. Everyone who has seen it has been impressed with how professional it looks, and I am very pleased with the final product. There have been a few issues that I��??ve encountered that needed fixing, but Al and the ClickIT team have always addressed them promptly and efficiently. I also must say that the the cost was very reasonable. I wouldn��??t hesitate to recommend CluckIT to anyone who needs website service or support.read more
aba speech
20:58 11 Sep 19
Al and team are so very knowledgeable and helpful!! They have helped my business so much 😊😊
See All Reviews
Recent Posts
New Facebook Group Formed To Help Small Businesses with their Website
After the New Website is Build, What’s Next?
Why You Need a Google My Business Listing
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How Much Does a New Website Really Cost
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DeVos dismissed very early childhood training but earnings from this | Clover Meadows HOA | A Cedar Managed Community
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DeVos dismissed very early childhood training but earnings from this
Posted on June 19, 2021 by president
DeVos dismissed very early childhood training but earnings from this
During her hearing, DeVos wouldn’t normally respond to a question from Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) about the requirement for universal childhood that is early, just responding that she supports families having “opportunities.†Exactly What she neglected to point out is extensive affordable pre-K would cut into her investments that are own. In line with the OGE documents, DeVos has holdings in KinderCare training Centers—a massive nationwide chain of personal for-profit time care facilities. It really is confusing just just how much KinderCare costs since it will not publicly reveal its costs.
The $1 million-or-more mysterious training keeping
Among the strangest DeVos investments is in a investment called Albert Co-Investment Holdings LP. Unlike other funds with a description when you look at the documents endnotes, it’s labeled just as “education.†DeVos has between $1 million and $5 million committed to it. It really is concerning that there’s no more information within the document in regards to the reason for this kind of investment that is significant.
January DeVos sold her SoFi investment in early
DeVos received attention before her hearing for having a good investment in SoFi, a business that refinances student that is federal into personal student loans. The OGE type implies that DeVos recently liquidated her stake within the firm which had dedicated to SoFi, RPM Ventures, in January 2017.
DeVos has several extra training holdings
The ethics documents additionally indicates that DeVos has holdings at a number of smaller organizations associated with training. These generally include:
Chesapeake Research Review and Schulman Associates IRB: two firms that specialize in institutional review board solutions which are employed by universities, amongst others, to oversee experimentation with peoples subjects
Caldwell & Gregory: a commercial washing business that offers its solutions to universities, amongst others
n2y: a company that sells on line learning software for pupils with disabilities
Media supply : business that delivers subscriptions for libraries
Debateable medical care investments
Education isn’t the only area in which DeVos’ monetary alternatives raise questions regarding where she chooses to position her wide range. Her documents comes with information on a wide range of opportunities in medical care organizations which have faced appropriate dilemmas. The absolute most prominent among these is Theranos, a company that is blood-testing allegedly lied about its abilities. The company has since closed each of its labs but has guaranteed to guard it self against legal actions.
Many troubling is her stake in Universal Health Services, or UHS, which she owns via an LLC referred to as Lake Shore resource Management. UHS is really a nationwide chain of psychiatric hospitals. In December 2016, Buzzfeed published an investigation that is yearlong the organization, documenting a litany of distressing allegations. As an example, Buzzfeed noted that the ongoing business receives one-third of the revenue from Medicare or Medicaid and it is under federal investigation for so-called Medicare fraudulence. UHS has people that are allegedly institutionalized did not require support to be able to get insurance payments, fill beds, and cut staffing costs without regard to the results on patient security. The organization has denied all allegations and it has perhaps not admitted to your wrongdoing.
The UHS investment is concerning since it is perhaps not the time that is first DeVos has purchased medical care businesses that presumably neglected to provide their clients well. In 2000, the RDV Corporation, the household company from where DeVos is stepping straight down however getting rid of her economic passions, lent $200 million to and acquired a substantial—and possibly even controlling—share of Alterra Healthcare Corp., a string of assisted living facilities. A 2007 research by the Philadelphia Inquirer unearthed that from 1999 until its 2003 bankruptcy, Alterra had paid a lot more than $15.9 million in wrongful death or damage settlements. This included allegations such as for instance neglecting to take care of a resident with dementia who climbed out a window and had been struck by traffic in February 2003; a resident whom froze to death in 2002 after wandering away from a center; and a World War II veteran who was simply stomped to death in September 2000. In none associated with settlements did Alterra acknowledge to virtually any wrongdoing.
Opacity guidelines a single day
The DeVos assets include substantial holdings in personal equity companies and funds that are hedge. These organizations do little to no general public reporting, particularly about individual funds. This will make it impossible when it comes to general general payday loans AL public to discern what exactly is really in these funds beyond the details that are minimal by OGE documents. Plus it gets more difficult. A number of these funds also provide holdings in other funds, creating trails that are financial layers deep that are extremely hard to unpack. Without more info and much more time, DeVos’ opportunities—and consequently her judgment—cannot be acceptably examined and evaluated.
Exactly what do be ascertained is the fact that Betsy DeVos has complicated funds throughout the U.S. and economies that are global. She has also no compunction about investing in financial obligation enthusiasts, troubled medical providers, along with other businesses that are not able to excel by their clients. It really is a pity that the Senate committee tasked with overseeing her nomination never ever got a reasonable possiblity to inquire about these assets. With regard to transparency and also to relieve the concerns of millions of People in america, committee people must certanly be offered additional time to find further clarification.
Ben Miller may be the Senior Director for Postsecondary Education in the Center for United states Progress. Laura Jimenez could be the Director of guidelines and Accountability during the Center.
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Olive Very popular Oil Dispensing Bottle Pourer Porcelain Dispense /fusariosis5910692.html,Pourer,Olive,Porcelain,Dispensing,Home Kitchen , Kitchen Dining , Kitchen Utensils Gadgets,Bottle,,Olive,Oil,$27,Dispense,cndtechnologies.com,Oil $27 Olive Oil Dispensing Bottle, Porcelain Olive Oil Pourer Dispense Home Kitchen Kitchen Dining Kitchen Utensils Gadgets $27 Olive Oil Dispensing Bottle, Porcelain Olive Oil Pourer Dispense Home Kitchen Kitchen Dining Kitchen Utensils Gadgets /fusariosis5910692.html,Pourer,Olive,Porcelain,Dispensing,Home Kitchen , Kitchen Dining , Kitchen Utensils Gadgets,Bottle,,Olive,Oil,$27,Dispense,cndtechnologies.com,Oil Olive Very popular Oil Dispensing Bottle Pourer Porcelain Dispense
Olive Oil Dispensing Bottle, Porcelain Olive Oil Pourer Dispense
$27
Olive Oil Dispensing Bottle, Porcelain Olive Oil Pourer Dispense
This fits your .
Make sure this fits by entering your model number.
USE: Oil bottle perfect for oil, olive amp; canola oil, vinegar, soy sauce, balsamic vinegar etc. can use at home, bar, cafe, hotel, restaurant, party, buffet.
DESIGN: Bottle mouth design, clean and hygienic, will not lead to backflow, anti-drip design to prevent oil leaks and control the usage of oil precise avoiding waste and good for health, keeping the kitchen clean and dry, the cover protect the oil from dust.
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Basic kitchen dispenser and best gift: ideal for dispensing liquid condiments (such as olive oil, vinegar, soy sauce, syrup, cooking wine, etc.). The elegant appearance adds a wonderful color to your kitchen or dining room!
|||
Product description
Size:450ml | Color:Gray
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Elegent design makes a wonderful addition to any kitchen decor or dinner table, a nice housewarming gift and impressive gift for many occassions
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HEALTHY MATERIAL :Use food grade material, acid and alkali resistant, corrosion resistant, help you make delicious and healthy food, have a good mood.The oil dispenser is made from high quality glass. BPA free and none of the harmful ingredients found in bottle .
EASY TO CLEAN : The oil dispenser more convenient to clean, save time, let you fall in love with cooking.
Product Name: Oil amp;Vinegar Bottle dispenser
Product Material: High quality porcelain
Package include
1× Oil Bottle dispenser
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[About the service]
☆ We have our own team to guarantee the quality of our products.
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☆ If you have any problems during use, please contact us. We will get back to you within 12 hours.
Olive Oil Dispensing Bottle, Porcelain Olive Oil Pourer Dispense
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Which Lenticular plastic sheet for which offset printing press?
Lenticular sheets printing » Lenticular sheets printing
Lenticular sheets printing
DP Lenticular sells high quality lenticular plastic sheets and rolls
For almost 20 years, DP Lenticular is supplying the printing market as well as artists with the best lenticular sheets. Our lenticular plastic sheets are extruded using WYDH Cover Cap for Kawasaki ER6F,2006-2016 CNC Aluminum Alloy Re and PETG resin.
The market has been asking for an environmentally transparent product that combines our usual high quality with sustainability. In response, we were happy to announce the launch of the 75 LPI Lenstar ‘Lite’ ECO. The product is in stock.
We are producing large format sheets in Europe for inkjet digital printing, using PETG resin, allowing indoor and outdoor use. We also propose MicroFlex™ rolls produced in PP (Polypro) for label (security) printing.
I need lenticular sheets
Browse our site to find out what lenticular plastic Monoprice Cat8 Ethernet Network Patch Cable - 15 Meter - Black ( we have available for you, in Europe, and MEA.
We are warehousing in Ireland, Belgium, Spain and Dubai (UAE). We deliver in the best timing wherever you are based.
Besides full pallets, you can order small quantities from our web shop !
We have the lenticular solution for your needs, from a post stamp to a bus shelter !
What is lenticular printing?
Imagine that you are shopping and you see such an advertising image :
How long will you look at this poster? Probably 1 second…
Demeras Aluminium Nuts, Practical 50pcs Greenhouse Nuts Durable
Now imagine that the poster is lenticular print and looking like this:
Lenticular 3D Photography
How long will you look at this lenticular image? Much more… up to 30 seconds !
If you understand this, you understand the secret of lenticular printing and you’ll know how to increase tremendously the effectiveness of your next advertising campaign!
Click here to see dozens of samples showing how lenticular printing is bringing success to great marketing ideas.
About lenticular printing
The first autostereoscopic image appeared in Europe in the 17th century (Gaspar Antoine de Bois-Clair).
lenticular history
After a great deal of evolution, we can say that lenticular imaging was discovered around 1940 by Maurice Bonnet. You will find an interesting article on “Lenticular History” on LenticularTechnology.com.
lenticular technology
Lenticular is an auto stereoscopic solution – it allows the viewing of a 3D (depth) image without the need for special 3D glasses.
It is based on a technology in which a lenticular sheet is used to separate the left and right eye images, creating the perception of depth in printed images without special glasses. This lenticular effect is activated by moving the image and viewing it from different angles. A lenticular sheet is in fact an array of lenses that act like tiny looking glasses.
Lenticular prints are made from at least two images, combined (usually called “interlaced”) into a lenticular image. This Chantal Copper Fusion 10-Inch Fry Pan, Onyx is used to create various frames of animation or to show a set of images that appear to flow into each other. The lenticular interlacing technique used to create these images is now readily available in lenticular software.
Modern lenticular technology
The most widespread technique for printing on lenticular plastic sheets is lithographic – offset printing. Offset presses are capable of adjusting the printed image with very high precision and high resolution, guaranteeing good quality results. The recent technical developments in small format digital printing as with large format and flatbed digital printing have led to tremendous quality improvements. Consequently, this attractive technology is now capable of achieving great large format lenticular prints but in small quantities.
During the last 25 years, lenticular marketing became more and more important, in Europe, USA and the rest of the world. Next to lenticular playing cards or business cards, lenticular rulers and lenticular postcards, also lenticular posters, lenticular billboards or lenticular covers are being used now. Lenticular magazine and book covers are being used along with lenticular DVD and Blu-ray packaging and posters promoting the great new developments in 3D movies and TV.
The resolution improvements in flexographic printing are now also bringing possibilities to produce attractive lenticular labels.
More pragmatic uses include lenticular conversion cards, promotion cards and attractive lenticular packaging.
Lenticular lenses are delivered as lenticular plastic sheets or lenticular plastic rolls which come in many sizes and different gauges. Besides the printing market, we are supplying more and more high quality lenticular plastic to the lighting industry.
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By Michelle Nichols UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) – The United States has offered to meet North Korea without preconditions and made clear that Washington has no hostile intent toward Pyongyang, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Linda Thomas-Greenfield, said on Wednesday as the Security Council met over North Korea’s latest missile launch. North Korea – formally known as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) – has long accused the United States of having a hostile policy toward the Asian state and asserted that it has the right to develop weapons for self-defense. “The DPRK must abide by the Security
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Colchester Tattoo was created by experienced tattoo artist, Terry Ong of TzeLing Tattoo. With years of experience working alongside Colchester’s very own Dave Ross, Terry set up his own tattoo studio at 35 Crouch Street, Colchester, Essex, CO3 3EN (opposite the old cinema) in the heart of Colchester’s bustling town centre. From small tattoos, to full-body works of art, Terry can make your tattoo dreams a reality.
Please head over to Terry’s Facebook page to see more of his impeccable work and over thirty 5 star reviews from happy customers. If you’re looking for a tattoo in Colchester that will turn out exactly how you imagined and at a competitive price, then don’t hesitate to contact Terry.
Colchester Tattoo practices a high standard of hygiene and sterilisation at all times. We adhere to stringent health and safety regulations, and give each client aftercare advice.
Terry’s Work…
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Testimonials
Iriz
Terry is super friendly and awesome!!! He did my first official tattoo and it came out amazing!!! I will definitely come back to get another one! Best tattooist in Essex!
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Barry
Had the first installment of my tattoo yesterday and found Terry very helpful in the design, doing it by freehand, with up to date ideas to make it look awesome. Can’t wait for next 5 hour session!
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Maria
Had my first tattoo yesterday. Made me feel very welcome. Very easy going happy guy. Happy with my Dance tattoo. If I get another done it will be with him. Thank you Terry.
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Sita
Terry is an amazing tattoo artist!!! Totally highly recommended!!! Super talented guy!! Will be back soon.
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Book Your Appointment Today
Please feel free to get in contact Terry to arrange an appointment or to get a quote.
Phone
Feel free to leave a message if I’m busy in the studio and I’ll get back to you asap.
Messages
Please feel free to text me to arrange appointments or ask any questions. My phone number is 07795 512206.
Facebook
I respond quickly to messages on my Facebook page. Be sure to check out photos of my recent work and reviews from my happy customers!
Find Colchester Tattoo
You can find Colchester Tattoo at 35 Crouch Street, Colchester, Essex, CO3 3EN. Right in the heart of Colchester’s town centre, it’s just opposite the old cinema and above hair salon, Thomas Campbell.
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Opportunity: A major New York City mutual fund organization required extensive and time-sensitive "back-office" processing to enter transactions, clear trades and to provide information to its clients. Data entry, corrections and trade clearance represented high-volume transaction processing functions. Each transaction could represent substantial monetary value, and the costs of errors or delayed handling could be extensive. Three operations were particularly important; namely, accurate entry of client trade information, timely and accurate processing of corrections, and timely report delivery to clients. Even though the processes for these operations were well developed, their successful execution remained highly dependent upon consistent human performance. Concerns over customer complaints and excessive processing errors emphasized the need to find ways to improve these performances.
Performance Excellence Audit: Reviews of operational procedures, critical incidents and meetings with clients identified several issues which could impact operations effectiveness:
The high-volume, routine, repetitive nature of these processes caused operations personnel to become complacent about their performances, seeing them as boring, never-ending tasks.
Clients were not provided any structured method to evaluate the services they received, nor to provide feedback to the operations unit regarding needs or problems.
Although activities were well understood, actual performances and deliverables (process and individual outputs) weren't well defined.
Guidelines for key performances and deliverables weren't clearly established and communicated.
Performance feedback given to operations personnel was infrequent, subjective and primarily negative; clients received no information summarizing the performance of the services they received, so they tended to focus only on errors which occurred.
Operations processing units did not utilize goal-setting to create challenge and improvement; consequently very little recognition for improvement was provided.
Operating and Management Process Improvements: Three key performances were defined: timely report delivery to clients; accurate entry of client trade information and corrections, and timely processing of corrections. Working with clients, operations management and operations personnel, policy statements were developed, and guidelines were established for each of these key deliverables. To improve process assurance, methods of tracking performance on a daily and summary basis were developed, and results were graphed daily. An exception checklist was developed for clients to use to evaluate the services they received, and they were provided lists indicating specific individuals who could be contacted for assistance.
Results: Over a four-month period, the percentage of reports which were delivered to the trading exchanges by agreed-upon times increased from 74% to 86%. The percentage of client corrections requested which were not processed on-time decreased from 5% to less than 1%. The total number of re-corrections required decreased by 55%, and the percent of re-corrections required due to data entry errors decreased by 26%. The percentage of days on which re-corrections were required decreased by 68%, while the percentage of days on which re-corrections were required due to data entry errors decreased by 77%. Overall, the percentage of data entry errors on trade entry decreased 32%.
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Forest Ecology and Management 256: 827-836. Mladenoff, DJ, LA Schulte, d; J Bolliger. wooden matters in the Northern Forests: From place to be. In Waller, DM and TP Rooney, masters.
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The Study of Administration The Study of Administration 1 Woodrow Wilson Writing a year before Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first independent regulatory agency, Wilson argues in this article that it is only through such agencies—separate from the political process and independent of the electorate—that government can pursue its necessary ends. November 2, 1886 I suppose that no practical science is ever studied where there is no need to know it. The very fact, therefore, that the eminently practical science of administration is finding its way into college courses in this country would prove that this country needs to know more about administration, were such proof of the fact required to make out a case. It need not be said, however ...
Wilson, Woodrow
18861102
Sec. 10.08
Reader Timeline
Open in
Socialism and Democracy
| Progressive Rejection of the Founding
Socialism and Democracy Socialism and Democracy 1 Woodrow Wilson Wilson makes clear in this article the consequences of rejecting the idea of inherent natural rights for the idea that rights are a positive grant from government. August 22, 1887 Is it possible that in practical America we are becoming sentimentalists? To judge by much of our periodical literature, one would think so. All resolution about great affairs seems now "sicklied o'er with a pale cast of thought." Our magazine writers smile sadly at the old-time optimism of their country; are themselves full of forebodings; expend much force and enthusiasm and strong (as well as weak) English style in disclosing social evils and economic bugbears; are moved by a fine sympathy for the ...
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(AP) — A Springfield youth basketball coach has been charged with sexually abusing a half-dozen girls over the past 25 years. "If we get snow or ice coming in and we have to call school, kids have the day off and that's good for a day or two. Local events and things to do in Springfield, MO. On Wednesday, a … In 2019, legislation was enacted barring districts from starting the school year more than 14 days before the first Monday in September. Here are a few southwest Missouri sites you might try in your bird-watching quest to spot bald eagles. The cost is $2.00 other days of the week. The shooting happened around 3 a.m. Monday, the Springfield News-Leader reported. (News-Leader) — A Springfield group is asking the city to determine whether two brothers running for local office belong on the April ballot. The Springfield News-Leader is the predominant newspaper for the city of Springfield, Missouri and covers the Ozarks.The News-Leader has a daily circulation of 32,363 and a Sunday circulation of 51,402 as of September 2013. Hours. Springfield News-Leader's Weekend edition, with events, things to do, movie listings, and more to help you plan you weekend. Effingham's News and Sports Leader. SPRINGFIELD, Mo.- Ozarks First interviewed former Springfield News-Leader columnist Mike O’Brien about a project he started this year. Entertainment news and features from the Springfield, Mo., area Springfield Public Schools plans to take advantage of new state flexibility to change how snow days are made up during the 2021-21 year. SPRINGFIELD, Mo. He died December 19, 2020 in Cottonwood, Arizona, at the age of 72 years. Governor Charlie Baker, Lt. APP FEATURES: • Access all of our in-depth journalism, including things to do around town, sports coverage from high school to the pros, and much more. Springfield News-Leader The item Rick Schnake brought to the newsroom to show me Monday is on sale for $87,500. All rights reserved. More:SPS releases high school hybrid, virtual learning options for spring semester. A Springfield native, Bridges’ journalism career in Springfield started in 2004 as an intern at the News-Leader, according to the release. Here are key dates: The final day may change, depending on the number of snow days, and spring break cannot be canceled. Starting on the fourth day, we have the capacity, we have the tools, we have the technology to continue our instruction.". Districts must meet the minimum requirement of providing at least 1,044 hours of instruction. SPRINGFIELD, Mo. Digital and print subscriptions are available. — Springfield-News Leader’s Steve Pokin talks about his investigation into a letter a man found at a thrift store. SPRINGFIELD, Mo.- A prominent Springfield community leader and philanthropist has died. A Springfield News-Leader subscription is your exclusive local news and entertainment source for Southeastern Missouri and the Ozarks. Governor Karyn Polito and the Baker-Polito Administration are committed to serving the people of Massachusetts and making the Commonwealth a great place to … "But, after four or so and we have to start making them up, that could elongate the school year, make things challenging for child care and other services.". Jackie Rehwald, Springfield News-Leader 12/13/2020 These former nurses were asked to leave retirement and return to the front lines Anti-US chants as Iraqis mourn commanders killed a year ago Browse News-Leader obituaries, conduct other obituary searches, offer condolences/tributes, send flowers or create an online memorial. Police said they detained someone they believed was the shooter at the scene. Springfield News-Leader Springfield Public Schools plans to take advantage of new state flexibility to change how snow days are made up during the 2021-21 year. SPRINGFIELD, Mo. Email news tips to criley@news-leader.com. Introducing the Springfield News-Leader Print Edition app, where subscribers can read the Springfield News-Leader with all the stories, photos and ads shown just as it appears in print. A proposed calendar for next year calls for the first three days canceled for inclement weather to be made up, in person, at the end of the school year. As Springfield's own newspaper, the News-Leader is dedicated to reaching out and meeting the needs of its community of readers. © 2021 www.news-leader.com. -- Springfield-News Leader's Steve Pokin talks about his investigation into a letter a man found at a thrift store. The board will vote on the proposed calendar as early as the Dec. 8 meeting. SPRINGFIELD, Mo. (News-Leader) — The Springfield district expects a sizable drop in the number of full-time virtual students for the spring semester, which starts Jan. 4. The latest Springfield sports news. SPS releases high school hybrid, virtual learning options for spring semester, Your California Privacy Rights / Privacy Policy. Monday - Friday: 8:00am - 7:00pm. The Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education allows districts to flip to alternative methods of instruction, or AMI, when buildings are closed. Image by E. Jason Wambsgans / Chicago Tribune Governor JB Pritzker has activated 250 members of the Illinois National Guard for State Active Duty in response to the warnings issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) regarding threats to state capital cities in the days leading up to the inauguration of President-elect Joe Biden. The district is also closed for the following holidays: Labor Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents' Day, Memorial Day. Find sporting events, conferences, attractions and more, or promote your own event. About Springfield News-Leader. Superintendent John Jungmann says state-level education associations opposed the legislative change, which forced the district to push the start date to Aug. 24. Officers called to the scene found the body of Zachary Shane Rice, 41, of Nixa, on the street outside a home. In recent years, a state law tweak allowed districts to measure instructional time in hours instead of days, allowing more flexibility. Missouri rivers take the spotlight in 'Afloat' exhibit, Art exhibit celebrates Missouri waterways, Symphony serves up 'Smorgasbord' Saturday, Seven of the best public Christmas light displays in the Ozarks, SLT pivots with 'It’s a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play', Gardens Aglow brings out peace, joy of holidays, Big Cedar Lodge aglow with holiday spirit, SDC Old Time Christmas brings holiday lights, joy, Try the resale route to make Christmas shopping fun, Halloween happenings go on, adapted for pandemic, Eye to I: Self-Portraits from the National Portrait Gallery, Self-portraits take the spotlight in 'Eye to I', Stained Glass Theatre back with 'The Quilt', SDC Harvest Festival celebrates all things fall, Outdoor events celebrate Japanese garden, culture, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. ISU's Emily Ryan following in footsteps of Jackie Stiles, her hometown hero Springfield used to start the school year in mid-August. Any additional days will go virtual, negating a need for any make-up. Nicole Holt, deputy … "With this calendar, we are looking at AMI as an option," he said. Memorial service for Wayne E. Hilgedick will be held at a later date. The Springfield News-Leader reports that the proposed 2020-21 calendar for 25,000-student school district in Springfield includes a shorter winter break. News-Leader obituaries and Death Notices for Springfield Missouri area . The Springfield News-Leader … Saturday: 7:00am - 11:00am. January is the perfect time to spot bald eagles. Springfield News-Leader Springfield police say that without provocation, a man opened fire Friday on a delivery driver who was making a stop at Incredible Pizza. Springfield Police Officer Andy Graff checks the data base of cameras registered by members of the Springfield community. Explore Life Stories, Offer Condolences & Send Flowers. On paper, the proposed 2021-22 calendar is nearly identical to the current year with 172 days of student instruction. SPRINGFIELD, Mo. Subscribers can use their current account login to access current and back issues. Sunday single copy costs $2.00 in the metro area and $3.00 in the state area. "We all love a snow day and students love a snow day, generally, one or two," said Jason "J" Anderson, who oversees the annual calendar process. If there's one silver lining in a year marred by a deadly pandemic, civil unrest, and economic and political turmoil, it's this: The number of mass shootings that happened in … SPRINGFIELD, MA (WGGB/WSHM) -- The presidential inauguration is just two days away, where President-elect Joe Biden will be sworn in as the 46th president of the United States. 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The Paradox of the Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is often labelled as a cornerstone of non-proliferation and one of the main factors curbing the spread of nuclear weapons. Orion Noda, however, argues that the NPT is a nuclear proliferator; not of nuclear weapons per se, but of their symbolic value.
Read more →
Externalizing EU Crisis Management: The EU, OSCE and Ukraine
The Lisbon Treaty should have turned the EU into a more efficient global crisis manager. Yet Maria Giulia Amadio Viceré finds that the EU has relied on third parties to achieve its crisis management objectives, essentially externalizing its activities to actors over which it has no control.
Read more →
The Erosion of the Global Nuclear Order
Starting early in the atomic age, states developed international arrangements intended to reduce the danger of nuclear war. Jeffrey W. Knopf describes the international nuclear order, identifies signs of erosion in that order, and proposes some short-term measures to help arrest these adverse trends.
Read more →
Strategic narratives in the Sino-American COVID-19 “blame game”
Linus Hagström and Karl Gustafsson analyze the Sino-American narrative struggle over the meaning of COVID-19. They argue that the limited success of Chinese and U.S. efforts to gain support for their strategic narratives about the pandemic illustrates the limitations of strategic narratives as both concept and political practice.
Read more →
Global Britain in the grey zone
Vladimir Rauta and Sean Monaghan analyze the new UK Integrated Review to understand how the United Kingdom attempts to grapple with its hybrid policy. They argue that this presents a good blueprint for thinking about some of the questions grey zone poses, not just for the UK but for all Western allies.
Read more →
Category: Posts by authors
The Paradox of the Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is often labelled as a cornerstone of non-proliferation and one of the main factors curbing the spread of nuclear weapons. In a recent article, however, Orion Noda argues that the NPT is a nuclear proliferator; not of nuclear weapons per se, but of their symbolic value.
The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is often labelled as a cornerstone of non-proliferation and one of the main factors curbing the spread of nuclear weapons. Its pillars – non-proliferation, disarmament, and the peaceful uses of nuclear technology – were designed by the nuclear powers to counter a perceived immediate threat at the time (nuclear proliferation), whilst promising to disarm in good time.
I argue, however, that the NPT is a nuclear proliferator; not of nuclear weapons per se, but of their symbolic value. Drawing from different fields, such as Anthropology, Linguistics, and International Relations, I suggest a theoretical model to study nuclear weapons and the NPT focused on symbolism and I reach two major conclusions.
Firstly, despite the shrinking nuclear arsenals, we are no closer to “general and complete disarmament” – one of the goals of the NPT. The treaty focuses exclusively on quantitative forms of nuclear proliferation, that is, how many nuclear devices a given state has. In that sense, the NPT overlooks a series of proliferation forms, such as qualitative and, more importantly, symbolic. Qualitative proliferation is linked to the modernization of nuclear arsenals or delivery vehicles, for instance. What I call symbolic proliferation, on the other hand, relates to the proliferation of the symbolic values of nuclear weapons. These values are often connected to ideas of power, status, prestige, modernity, and civilization. In that sense, nuclear weapons evoke and symbolize these ideas, making them valued items.
Secondly, the NPT not only fails to account for non-quantitative forms of nuclear proliferation, but also acts as a proliferator of these symbolic values of nuclear weapons. The way this works is through two mechanisms: historical and conceptual entrapment. Historical entrapment relates to the fact that the values and idea of nuclear weapons contained in the NPT was that of that specific point in time when the NPT was being negotiated. The NPT was negotiated in the 1960s, during a time when the symbolic perceptions of nuclear weapons were strongly associated with positive features, not only material (such as their unparalleled destructive power), but also subjective (such as status and prestige). In that sense, the idea of nuclear weapons brought into the NPT was that of the 1960s, an idea and a set of values unchanged until today, given the few alterations the treaty suffered.
Conceptual entrapment, on the other hand, alludes to how the NPT funnels most – if not all – discussions on the topic of non-proliferation and disarmament and, as a consequence of the historical entrapment, the NPT proliferates the values of nuclear weapons it carries within. In other words, given that the NPT embodies a specific set of Cold War-era values of nuclear weapons and the centrality of the NPT (the ‘cornerstone’ of the non-proliferation regime), most of the discussions on the topic, which goes through the NPT, are tainted with the NPT’s interpretation, perception, idea, and values of nuclear weapons.
In that sense, the NPT has, so far, failed to fulfill its promise of more than 50 years ago. There are some who argue that we should probably abandon the NPT, whilst some argue that the NPT is a stalwart of non-proliferation. In the middle, there are those who argue that although the NPT has major flaws, we would not be better off without it.
In my new article, I have shown that the NPT, in fact, has not done everything it was supposed to do: whilst the curbing of the spread of nuclear weapons may be counted as a positive NPT influence, disarmament cannot, despite the decreasing numbers. In order for the NPT to survive and function properly, it must broaden its definition of proliferation beyond the quantitative realm and, more importantly, acknowledge and reverse its position of symbolic proliferator by engaging with the debate on the immaterial values (or lack thereof) of nuclear weapons.
Orion Noda is with the Department of War Studies, King’s College London, London, and the International Relations Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. He is the author of “A wolf in sheep’s clothing? The NPT and symbolic proliferation”, Contemporary Security Policy, forthcoming, which can be accessed here.
Posted on October 12, 2021 October 12, 2021 Categories Institutions, Nuclear weapons, Posts by authorsLeave a comment on The Paradox of the Non-Proliferation Treaty
Externalizing EU Crisis Management: The EU, OSCE and Ukraine
After years of progressive enhancement of EU crisis management capacities, the Lisbon Treaty should have turned the EU into a more efficient global crisis manager. Yet Maria Giulia Amadio Viceré finds, in a new article, that the EU has relied on third parties to achieve its crisis management objectives, essentially externalizing its activities to actors over which it has no control.
The past decade offers both well-known and lesser-known examples of such externalization across different crisis management areas. Among other cases, the EU’s recruited and supported civil society organizations to promote human rights and democracy in the Middle East and in Northern Africa after the Arab Uprisings; it enlisted the Libyan coastguard and Turkey to manage migratory flows across the Mediterranean; and it relied on the OECD to improve public governance and support socio-economic development in the Western Balkans’ process of democratic transition. Hence, the question arises: Why and how does the EU outsource its security?
Through the lenses of the orchestration model, my recent article addresses this question by examining the EU relationship with the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe during the Ukrainian crisis. Not only the EU had deployed several CSDP missions in the eastern neighbourhood already before the Lisbon Treaty came into force, but the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and the ensuing destabilisation of Ukraine were perceived as the most dangerous predicaments in post-Lisbon European security.
For sure, as this crisis unfolded, the EU devised a series of measures aimed at supporting Ukraine politically and economically. At the same time, while the EU sought to compel Russia to solve its conflict with Ukraine trough sanctions, it attempted to soft balance its position in Ukraine by boosting the resilience of the Ukrainian security sector through the civilian CSDP mission ‘EU Advisory Mission (EUAM) Ukraine’. Still, to challenge Russia directly and confront Ukrainian separatists and Russian troops, the EU enlisted a third party over which it had no formal control: the OSCE.
My new article argues that the combination between the capability deficiencies across policy issues pertaining to EU crisis management activities and the OSCE’s capabilities determined the EU enlistment of the OSCE. Following the Russian annexation of Crimea, EU member states favoured an approach that would avoid direct confrontation with Russia, particularly in eastern Ukraine where Russian troops and military equipment had been deployed.
Since the mobilization of EU military and civilian crisis management capabilities largely depends on member states’ unanimous consent and on their willingness’ to coordinate their resources on specific issues, the EU essentially lacked the operational capabilities to confront Russia directly. On the external level, in turn, EU lacked both the competence and the reputation for an acceptable intervention in the conflict. Addressing Ukraine’s destabilisation through NATO was not an option either. Not only Ukraine was not a member of the Atlantic Alliance, but NATO’s expansion was considered by many among the causes of the crisis.
Against this backdrop, OSCE’s regulatory competence over Moscow’s behaviour in Ukraine and its reputation vis-à-vis Russia were crucial in the EU’s decision to enlist this international organization. In fact, the OSCE was the only organisation within the European security architecture that could confront Russia’s behaviour in Ukraine directly. Since both Russia and Ukraine are participating states in this organisation, the OSCE had rights of implementation and enforcement over Russia’s behaviour in Ukraine. Furthermore, the OSCE had a reputation for being an actor committed to ensuring cooperation between East and West.
The article’s findings have relevant implications for EU role as a conflict manager in international politics. Certainly, international organizations experience the absence of competence and/or reputation on a regular basis. Even if the EU had the competence and reputation to challenge Russia directly in the Ukrainian crisis, however, it would have not had the opportunity to mobilize the military and civilian capabilities needed to do this because of member states’ unwillingness to get directly involved in the conflict.
One could argue in this regard that decision-making stalemates and lack of political will to coordinate decentralized resources are typical of consensus based international organizations. Nevertheless, the vulnerability of a large part of the EU’s crisis management capabilities to member states’ contingent strategic preferences inevitably casts a shadow on the Lisbon Treaty’s attempts to boost the pooling of member states’ decentralized resources in the security domain.
The Ukrainian case demonstrates that orchestration has emerged as a crucial governance arrangement for the functioning of EU crisis management post-Lisbon. This governance arrangement can promote solutions to deal with contingent capability deficiencies which may mar different EU crisis management areas. In the case of Ukraine, outsourcing part of EU crisis management activities to the OSCE was not only necessary, but also appropriate given that the EU was perceived as being directly part of the conflict. Nonetheless, the EU’s adoption of orchestration to externalise its foreign policy activities raises serious questions about the EU’s overall capacity to act as a security provider through its crisis management activities.
For sure, the EU has enough ideational and material resources to guide and support third actors in addressing major security threats in its neighbourhood. In the long term, however, enrolling third parties cannot replace the lack of centralised operational capabilities at the EU level to respond to external conflicts and crises. Given the EU’s lack of control over its intermediaries, in fact, orchestration cannot be considered as a panacea for its structural deficiencies. This is especially so in policy sectors where the EU has so far mostly relied on member states’ voluntary coordination of their resources rather than on capacity-building, namely the CSDP’s military and civilian management; and the common foreign and security policy’s sanctioning power. Indeed, at a time when the West’s liberal values are being increasingly contested and hard security concerns have come back into the spotlight, the EU cannot afford to renounce to such crisis management tools.
Maria Giulia Amadio Viceré is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute (EUI) and a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University’s Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. She is also an adjunct professor at LUISS and a research associate at Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). Her twitter account is @mariagiuliaama. She’s the author of “Externalizing EU Crisis Management: EU Orchestration of the OSCE during the Ukrainian crisis”, Contemporary Security Policy, which can be accessed here.
Posted on October 12, 2021 Categories European Security, Institutions, Posts by authorsLeave a comment on Externalizing EU Crisis Management: The EU, OSCE and Ukraine
The Erosion of the Global Nuclear Order
Starting early in the atomic age, states developed international arrangements intended to reduce the danger of nuclear war. In a recent article, Jeffrey W. Knopf describes the international nuclear order, identifies signs of erosion in that order, and proposes some short-term measures to help arrest these adverse trends.
The global nuclear order developed organically. It was not planned. And with some exceptions, most notably the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), major aspects of the nuclear order were not formally negotiated. Instead, they involve tacit understandings that are shared, to varying degrees, by elites in key countries.
The nuclear order rests upon three major strands: strategic stability, the nuclear taboo, and nonproliferation. The current order does not give similar priority to nuclear disarmament. Although nuclear abolition receives occasional rhetorical support and is listed as a goal in Article VI of the NPT, the governments of nuclear-armed states and their allies do not support pursuing global zero as a near-term objective. This is because these states still see value in the continued possession of nuclear arsenals. Hence, the purpose of the global nuclear order is to minimize the chances, while nuclear arms continue to exist, that they are ever used in ways that would kill people — and specially to ensure there is never a large-scale nuclear war.
Strategic stability, the nuclear taboo and nonproliferation
All three strands contribute to this goal. Strategic stability refers to efforts to minimize incentives for any state to feel pressure to be the first to launch a nuclear attack. Strategic stability can be enhanced by arms control, confidence-building measures, strategic dialogues, and anything else that contributes to restraint in policies and actions related to nuclear weapons. The nuclear taboo involves normative inhibitions against threatening or using nuclear weapons.
There is reason to question whether a genuine taboo exists or the current situation is better described as a tradition of non-use. Either way, however, there is a sense that any state that uses nuclear weapons would be crossing a major threshold. Finally, nonproliferation comprises a variety of measures intended to prevent the spread of nuclear arms to additional states. In the last two decades, nonproliferation has been supplemented by the goal of nuclear security, which aims to ensure that bomb-making materials do not fall into the hands of a non-state, terrorist actor.
The strategic stability and taboo strands of the nuclear order peaked in the early 1990s and have eroded since then. In contrast, the nonproliferation strand continued to get stronger into the early 2010s, but in the last decade positive trends in the nonproliferation regime have also started to unravel.
Erosion and unraveling
Strategic stability has suffered notable erosion. The end of the Cold War enabled remarkable progress in nuclear arms reductions by the United States and Russia. Now, only one nuclear arms control agreement, the New START treaty, remains in effect. And the prospects for a follow-on agreement appear daunting. Traditional approaches to stability also took a blow when the United States withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. All of the nuclear-armed powers are now engaged in nuclear modernization efforts involving new weapon systems that could further undermine stability. More broadly, U.S.-Russia and U.S.-China relations have both deteriorated, adding to the chances of inadvertent escalation. In addition, India and Pakistan openly joined the nuclear club following nuclear tests in 1998. The two countries have since experienced multiple crises, adding a new source of instability to the global nuclear order.
Both the rhetoric and nuclear postures of nuclear-armed states suggest declining respect for the taboo as well. The United States has never been willing to embrace a no-first-use posture, and in 1993 Russia abandoned a no-first-use posture that had been adopted earlier by the Soviet Union. Successive U.S. Nuclear Posture Reviews (NPRs) have envisioned roles and missions for U.S. nuclear weapons that extend beyond deterring nuclear attacks. These include, in the Trump NPR, hints that the United States would consider nuclear retaliation to deter a large-scale cyber-attack. In 2017, an escalating war of words – and tweets – between President Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un suggested neither felt any normative inhibition against nuclear saber-rattling. And, in 2018, Russia’s President Putin gave a national address in which he unveiled several proposed new nuclear weapon systems. The speech was accompanied by a video simulation that showed a Russian nuclear warhead on a course to strike what appeared to be President Trump’s Mar-a-Lago estate.
Until recently, despite occasional setbacks, nonproliferation could be seen as an area of dynamism and innovation. In the 1980s and 1990s, several key countries joined the NPT and renounced nuclear weapons. In 1995, a review conference made the treaty permanent. Just as important, the NPT is now part of a multifaceted nonproliferation regime. Other elements of the regime include several regional nuclear-weapon-free zones (NWFZs), multilateral export control regimes, cooperative threat reduction (CTR) programs developed after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and a variety of measures meant to strengthen nuclear security.
In the past several years, however, forward momentum has halted. The 2015 NPT Review Conference collapsed amid unprecedented acrimony among states parties. The 2020 conference was postponed until 2022 due to Covid, but none of the frictions that doomed the 2015 conference have been resolved. In addition, the Trump administration pulled out of the Iran nuclear deal, and despite the desire of the Biden administration to restore the deal, prospects for rescuing it do not appear good. Hopes for adding new NWFZs are even less promising, as a long-sought zone in the Middle East appears dead in the water.
Some ideas to halt erosion
What can be done? Getting the nuclear weapon states to recommit to the goal of nuclear disarmament would help. As a reflection of frustration over the slow progress on this goal, in 2017 the UN General Assembly adopted a Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). This “ban treaty” has been opposed by all of the nuclear weapon states and their allies, so it appears unlikely to provide a vehicle that in the short term could generate new progress toward nuclear abolition. Efforts outside of (or perhaps alongside of) the ban treaty to persuade the nuclear weapon states of the importance of reinvigorating movement toward nuclear disarmament would be helpful.
Given that nuclear disarmament remains a long-term endeavor at best, however, we also need short-term steps to shore up the existing nuclear order. One approach would be to focus on the cognitive foundations of nuclear peace. It is important for national leaders and their advisors to have a deep understanding of the consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and a belief that nuclear dangers require states to act with caution. Several steps could help reinvigorate an appreciation of nuclear dangers.
First, new works of popular culture could draw attention to ongoing risks. In the Cold War, books and movies like “On the Beach” and “Dr. Strangelove” helped educate the public. Today, there are interesting efforts to utilize social media to alert people to nuclear dangers. So far, however, none have achieved extensive reach. Public awareness could be raised further if there was a breakthrough novel, movie, or TV show like the 1983 TV movie “The Day After.”
Second, it would help to have a policy proposal around which to mobilize people. An effort is already underway to multilateralize the 1985 Reagan-Gorbachev statement that “a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought.” Russia and the United States recently reaffirmed this statement, and there have been multiple calls for the other nuclear-armed countries to endorse it. A broad campaign to support this goal could provide a vehicle for reminding the world about how catastrophic a nuclear exchange could be.
Third, it is time to reboot the Humanitarian Initiative. This effort, launched at the 2010 NPT Review Conference, sought to educate diplomats about the consequences of nuclear weapons use. The initiative was primarily used to build support for negotiating the ban treaty. Now that the TPNW is in place, a Humanitarian Initiative 2.0 could be used to educate a broader audience of political and military leaders and the world public.
At a time when all the strands of the global nuclear order are getting weaker and the prospects for new treaties or major initiatives are not good, it is vital to halt further erosion of the existing order. Efforts to remind the world of the danger of nuclear war and encourage cautious behavior by states would be one place to start.
Jeffrey W. Knopf is a professor at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey (MIIS). He is the author of “Not by NPT alone: The future of the global nuclear order”, Contemporary Security Policy, forthcoming, which can be accessed here. This post first appeared on the Global Governance forum.
Posted on October 10, 2021 October 10, 2021 Categories Arms control, Global order, Institutions, Nuclear weapons, Posts by authorsLeave a comment on The Erosion of the Global Nuclear Order
Strategic narratives in the Sino-American COVID-19 “blame game”
In a recent article, Linus Hagström and Karl Gustafsson analyze the Sino-American narrative struggle over the meaning of COVID-19. They argue that the limited success of Chinese and U.S. efforts to gain support for their strategic narratives about the pandemic illustrates the limitations of strategic narratives as both concept and political practice.
“Strategic narratives” has become a popular concept in International Relations research and foreign policy practice alike. Scholars and practitioners have increasingly accepted that narratives matter and can affect world politics by attracting or even fooling global audiences into acquiring a particular understanding of reality. Many states currently spend huge resources on projecting their own stories to the world. Hence, much like discussions on “disinformation,” “propaganda,” “information warfare,” “sharp power,” and “fake news,” current commentary often seems to assume that international actors are able to control narratives and use them strategically.
One issue over which much ink has recently been spilled is the COVID-19 pandemic. After the pandemic hit the world in the spring of 2020, it did not take long until scholars and pundits began to comment on how the world’s two most powerful states—the United States and China—were seeking to construct and propagate strategic narratives about events as they were unfolding. They suggested that the narrative power struggle over the meaning of the pandemic could have implications for the future of world order and the ostensibly ongoing power shift from the United States to China. Some suggested that China’s strategic narratives were superior to that of the United States, and that this could even be a harbinger of China’s emergence as a global leader.
In our article, we examined the construction, dissemination and reception of Sino-American strategic narratives about the pandemic, as well as whether or how they invoked more deeply institutionalized, pre-existing master narratives and with what effects. We also explored to what extent and how those narratives were referenced and reproduced by decision makers in Australia, India, South Korea, Turkey, and the United Kingdom—five regional states seen as vital to the future of the current U.S.-led world order.
We found that both China and the United States sought to use narratives strategically. The United States projected two main strategic narratives: (1) COVID-19 originated in China, the country tried its best to hide the outbreak and refused to cooperate with investigations, and China duped the WHO, which is pro-China; and (2) the United States has taken a proactive approach to COVID-19 that is better than anywhere else in the world and the Trump administration has been highly successful.
China also promoted two main narratives: (1) China is the champion of the international system because its domestic crisis management is resolute and effective, and because internationally it is based on multilateralism and assisting other countries by providing medical aid; and (2) the United States engages in politicization and stigmatization, such as the Wuhan lab conspiracy theory, which is more dangerous than COVID-19 itself, and it wasted the time that Chinese sacrifice had given it.
However, we found that all of these narrative were largely unsuccessful. While elements of the U.S. narratives were referenced and reproduced in Australia and to some extent in the United Kingdom, the number of such references was very limited. Indian, South Korean, and Turkish statements praised cooperation with the United States, but did not reproduce U.S. narrative content. Similarly, key elements of the Chinese narratives appeared in statements from all five states, but China was only explicitly mentioned when cooperation with the country was praised. China did not figure at all when support for multilateralism, international cooperation and the WHO was discussed, or when stigmatization of Asians was criticized. Officials in Australia, India, South Korea, Turkey, and the United Kingdom primarily emphasized their own efforts and successes in fighting COVID-19, seeking to present themselves in a positive light. Instead of supporting either the United States or China, they had their own agendas and agency.
Based on our findings, we argue that there is reason for caution about the usefulness of strategic narratives as a policy tool. In addition, we argue that the analysis and use of strategic narratives cannot just take narratives about specific issues, such as COVID-19, into account, but must also pay attention to more deeply institutionalized, pre-existing master narratives. Not all Chinese narrative elements originated in China, and some of them—especially the emphasis on multilateralism and international cooperation—were quite general.
Hence, to the extent that Chinese narratives gained some international traction, they did not do so by spreading falsehoods, but rather by appealing to master narratives that are widely shared throughout the world. This demonstrates the limitations strategic narratives, as China’s narrative entrepreneurship around COVID-19 both appealed to and seemed constrained by pre-existing master narratives integral to the current U.S.-led world order.
Our findings suggest that the most significant narrative power resides not with particular states, but with influential master narratives. Therefore, when exploring the possibilities for changing global narrative power dynamics, we should analyze not only the diffusion and reception of strategic narratives, or even just changing master narratives, but also how key actors situate themselves in relation to existing master narratives. With the Biden administration more intent than the previous Trump administration on upholding and strengthening the current U.S.-led liberal world order with its emphasis on multilateralism and international cooperation, it may become more difficult for China, or any other state, to take control of or use these global master narratives for their own strategic purposes.
Linus Hagström is a Professor of Political Science at the Swedish Defence University. Karl Gustafsson is an Associate Professor of International Relations at Stockholm University. He tweets at @KarlGustafsson5. They are the authors of the article “The limitations of strategic narratives: The Sino-American struggle over the meaning of COVID-19,” Contemporary Security Policy, forthcoming, which can be accessed here.
Posted on October 5, 2021 Categories Asian Security, Global order, Posts by authors, StrategyLeave a comment on Strategic narratives in the Sino-American COVID-19 “blame game”
Global Britain in the grey zone
In a recent article, Vladimir Rauta and Sean Monaghan analyze the new UK Integrated Review to understand how the United Kingdom attempts to grapple with its hybrid policy. They argue that this presents a good blueprint for thinking about some of the questions grey zone poses, not just for the UK but for all Western allies.
Over the past decade, trans-Atlantic and European security and defense policy have tried to make sense of the grey zone challenge. It framed this debate using a range of monikers: hybrid warfare/threats/interference, sub-threshold/hostile/malign activity, subversion and political warfare. What started with a discussion on combined modes of operations by supposedly weaker non-state armed actors such as Hezbollah took a life of its own in the aftermath of the 2014 annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by Russia.
On the one hand, with it came supposed Russian doctrines and repetitive claims that war and peace have merged into some strategic blur. On the other hand, it raised serious questions on security and defense policy, capability, and directions of military transformation and adaptation.
One such recent example is the United Kingdom’s (UK) review of national security, Global Britain in a Competitive Age: the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy (Integrated Review), published alongside a new Integrated Operating Concept 2025 (IOpC25) and the Ministry of Defence’s (MOD) own contribution to the review, Defence in a Competitive Age. The review and its accompanying documents are part of a multi-level, multi-stakeholder conversation about how the UK should view and deal with the present and future security landscape, which for the Ministry of Defence will determine the shape of military capabilities and how they are employed in the years to come.
In our new article, we argue that this presents a good blueprint for thinking about some of the questions grey zone poses, especially as the UK has not the only nation to take a “hybrid-turn” in its security and defense policy in recent years. In fact, both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) have a strategy for countering hybrid threats—not to mention a dedicated institution in the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats (NATO, 2017). Similarly, recent strategy documents published in the United States, Australia, France and Germany, all cite forms of hybrid or grey zone conflict as a primary challenge in the coming years.
Our argument invites scholars and policymakers alike to find utility in a simplified conceptual discussion based on distinguishing between threats and warfare. For better or worse, they are established policy terms which not only cement the idea that hybridity is a pervasive and constant feature of statecraft and warfare, but can help spark professional debates and public dialogue about evolving security threats in which both parties might play a part: Whether directly (e.g., cyber-security, disinformation, democratic interference, business resilience) or indirectly (e.g., in supporting government investment and the role of the Armed Forces in new security interventions, from NATO deployments to homeland resilience). Examples of the threat-warfare distinction currently in play include NATO’s policy and Counter Hybrid Threat Strategy, the EU’s “playbook” for countering hybrid threats, and the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats.
Against this background, we use the example of the UK’s attempts to grapple with its own hybrid policy as a national case study in closing the gap between rhetoric and practice which we call the stagecraft versus statecraft problem. There are two issues worth noting here. The first is the inconsistent and opaque language used by the UK government to describe a wide array of threats. The second problem is the need for concrete action to—in the words of Boris Johnson— “tackle hybrid warfare.”
The UK’s previous commitment to adapt to new hybrid realities also looked anemic when compared to the efforts of its allies and partners during the same period. Central European, Nordic, and Baltic nations revitalized Cold War “total defence” style strategies—complemented by highly visible strategic communications campaigns—while the United States Marine Corps spent a year experimenting to develop their new role in countering gray zone strategies and the Australian 2020 Defence Strategic Update and Force Structure Plan offer significant detail on the changes to strategy, force structure, and capability.
In contrast to previous efforts, the Integrated Review sets out a clear strategic approach towards hybrid threats through “a force structure that principally deters through ‘persistent engagement’ below the threshold of war”. It also backs this up with a wide array of measures to deliver and enhance the capability required to deliver this vision. In doing so it builds on the UK’s conventional prowess as one of only two NATO allies capable of wielding nuclear, offensive cyber, precision strike weapons and fifth-generation strike aircraft—plus a carrier strike group and “Tier 1” Special Forces. These forces underpin existing contributions to NATO operations in the Baltics, high readiness forces and major multinational exercises—including framework nation leadership through the Joint Expeditionary Force, a multinational force comprising the UK, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland, which “offers these countries flexible options for managing sub-threshold competition”.
These are much-welcomed developments on which we draw to outline some avenues—informally, through a series of questions, puzzles and lessons—designed to help international policy and research communities align their efforts to address their own stagecraft-statecraft dichotomies. In doing so, we hope to support international efforts to discover just what the fundamental transformation advocated by the UK establishment really means in practice. For hybrid threats, we highlight three key questions or puzzles that are raised through the UK’s review, but not quite answered: Tolerance, going beyond deterrence, and the role of defense. Taken together they are useful for those wishing to further develop policy and scholarship on countering hybrid threats.
For hybrid warfare, we argue the policy agenda has to be reset and reconfigured in three ways. First and foremost, around conventional war/warfare, understood primarily through the lens of inter-state war. Second, to conceptualize and engage with the “combination” problem: That future adversaries are likely to mix and match forms and modes of warfare to offset conventional battlefield strength. Third, to avoid “Next-War-itis” and instead seek to be prepared for a range of contingencies across conflict and actor spectra.
As such, our article has focused on two related—but distinct—challenges that emanate from this environment: hybrid threats and hybrid warfare. It used the UK’s review to reveal lessons and insights for international policymakers and scholars also grappling with these challenges, forming these into policy and research guidance for both. Yet a closer look reveals a series of lessons, questions, and puzzles on tackling hybrid challenges to which the UK does not provide such convincing answers. These were used to draw a tentative way forward for international scholars and policymakers, using our threats-warfare distinction to provide some structure.
Taken together, this series of questions left hanging by the UK’s review form a loose research agenda for those in the international community developing policy and scholarship on countering hybrid threats and dealing with hybrid warfare—and in so doing, take further steps on their own journeys from stagecraft to statecraft.
Vladimir Rauta and Sean Monaghan are the authors of the article “Global Britain in the grey zone: Between stagecraft and statecraft”, Contemporary Security Policy, forthcoming, which can be accessed here.
Posted on September 28, 2021 Categories European Security, Posts by authors, StrategyLeave a comment on Global Britain in the grey zone
Do Submarine Data Cables Require Better Security?
Submarine data cables may be invisible, but they are responsible for 99 percent of the world’s digital communications. In a recent article, Christian Bueger and Tobias Liebetrau review the security implications of submarine data cables and outline a research agenda for the future.
Submarine data cables are the core critical infrastructure of the digital age. 99 percent of the world’s digital communications transit through the global cable network: Zoom meetings, emails, hotel reservations, flight bookings, and financial transactions depend on it. All of this data does not travel through satellites or the air, but physical fiber-optic cables that lay on the ocean floor. With the current trend toward remote work, the increasing use of cloud storage and the arrival of 5G and the Internet of Things, industrial production, public services, and our everyday lives will become even more dependent on the smooth working of undersea cables.
The global submarine cable network needs to be governed and protected, but it also has risks and vulnerabilities, and indeed the potential to spur new forms of tensions and conflicts. To date, the network has mainly been viewed in narrow, technical terms, despite its importance for national and international security, geopolitics, and statebuilding and development.
Security Concerns
While protecting and controlling submarine communication infrastructure was a core part of security calculations during the two World Wars as well as the Cold War, in the post-Cold War environment uncontested US naval hegemony and the primacy of non-state threats moved such issues to the margins.
Renewed concerns center around the rise of hybrid warfare, the perceived hostility of Russia’s foreign policy, fears of a large-scale cyber-attack, and the growing technical sophistication of terrorist groups. Some experts have begun to consider the undersea cable network as a national security priority and have called for military responses to mitigate such threats, including increased naval patrols and surveillance activities.
The calls were largely triggered by observations of Russian submarine activities in territorial waters and in proximity to cable routes—which became public in 2015—raising concerns that the Russian navy may tap into cables for espionage and surveillance purposes, tamper with them, or even cut them as part of a hybrid warfare campaign.
Others suggest that undersea cables are inherently susceptible to attacks from non-state violent groups and terrorism since their location is usually public, cables tend to be highly concentrated geographically, and the level of technical expertise and resources required to damage them is limited.
So far, no intentional hostile disruptions to the submarine cable infrastructure have been reported publicly. The scenarios underpinning the threat discourse seem to be built not on prior incidents but on overall assessments of the geopolitical landscape. Arguably, this implies that the threat scenarios being discussed could be exaggerated and suggests a substantial risk of threat inflation and fearmongering.
The Geopolitics of Submarine Cables
Cable systems establish particular forms of transnational relations that often extend or transcend conventional bilateral or regional forms of cooperation. Some countries have a particularly important position in the international cable system, acting as connecting points between political regions.
Cables are, however, increasingly spurring geopolitical concerns. Contemporary geopolitical dynamics concerning the new fiber-optic cables are particularly revealing in at least two regards: the return of geopolitical inter-state contestation and the rise of transnational technology companies as geopolitical players.
Geopolitical competition primarily revolves around two centers of gravity—the United States and China—but pledges to digital sovereignty, technological sovereignty, cyber sovereignty, and data sovereignty are increasingly seen throughout the world.
One example of the geopolitical importance of the submarine cable network and its entanglement with digital sovereignty is the Clean Network Program, announced by the United States (US) in August 2020, which includes five lines of effort—in addition to 5G—to counter China’s influence on US telecommunication networks, mobile app stores, software apps, cloud computing, and undersea cables. The goal of the program is to safeguard sensitive citizen and private company information from intrusions by malign actors.
In Europe, the Portuguese government announced earlier this year that it intends to “focus on the strategic creation of a European Data Entry Platform based on submarine cables, in particular for links between Europe, Africa, and South America, to contribute to greater European digital autonomy, linking infrastructures and data.”
It is, however, not only Western countries that are occupied with the crucial geopolitical role of undersea cables. While discussions among BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) of a shared undersea cable system appear to have been abandoned, major international players, including individual BRICS countries, either have or are planning to build their own submarine cable networks, to bypass what they perceive to be the US-dominated internet and associated surveillance risks demonstrated by the Snowden revelations. The expansion of the cable system is part of the Chinese “Digital Silk Road” strategy.
The rise of transnational Information, Communication, and Technology (ICT) companies is intrinsically entangled with the geopolitics of emerging and disruptive digital technologies and infrastructures, as well as the renewed great power rivalry. The entanglement is evident when thinking of the undersea cable network as an economic trade route carrying the most important commodity of the information age: data.
Until recently, highly specialized international telecommunications conglomerates laid and operated most of the undersea cables, but over the past decade, it is increasingly American tech giants or other state-owned companies that control this critical infrastructure. Internet content and cloud service providers, such as Facebook or Google, now own or lease more than half of the undersea bandwidth and they are behind about four-fifths of transatlantic cable investment planned in 2019-2020. The Chinese company Huawei has also heavily invested in undersea cable systems all over the world. Huawei Marine, its submarine cable subsidiary, deployed over 50,000 kilometers of submarine cable, including 12 submarine cable systems in Africa from 2008 to 2018, before being sold in 2019.
Such trends raise concerns over digital sovereignty, but also the practices of surveillance, algorithmic governance, and cyber security that shape and are shaped by global tech companies. It also raises the question of whether the cable network can be governed as a global common.
Small States and Fragile States
The cable issue goes beyond the industrialized nations that have hitherto been the center of attention. States require stable connectivity for future growth, but they are often dependent on a single, sometimes badly secured cable connection. Breakdowns can lead to major economic harms.
States that are particularly vulnerable are those that are reliant on one or two cables, are in remote locations, such as small island states, or are developing or recovering economically. In 2019, accidental damage to the single cable connecting the Pacific Island state of Tonga took two weeks to repair and caused considerable economic damage. The tourism sector—the country’s main source of income—was hit particularly hard, with all flight and hotel bookings halted.
Cable protection also concerns fragile states and those recovering from civil war. The importance of cable infrastructures for democratic transitions and participation of civil society should not be underestimated. There is hence a need to feature cable governance into statebuilding, interventions, and post-conflict reconstruction programs. Whether and how violent conflict and terrorism can directly threaten the system—intentionally or not—is also of concern.
Whether it concerns small island states or post-conflict states, efforts to secure submarine cable connections should be included in development, peacebuilding, and capacity-building projects.
Protecting The Undersea Cable Network
While many of the threat scenarios of deliberate attacks to cables are over-exaggerated, there is a need to zoom in on the actual vulnerabilities the network faces, mainly accidental damage and non-human hazards. Accidents or malfunctions stemming from marine activities such as fishing and shipping account for at least 40 percent of the damage done to the undersea cable infrastructure. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, landslides, and sharks feature among the non-human threats. Much of the protection of the cables will continue to revolve around mundane technical tasks.
Other vulnerabilities are linked to weak governance, lack of law enforcement, and the absence of effective regulatory policies. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)—the primary legal regime governing submarine cables—states are asked to establish national legislation concerning the functioning and protection of the system, including criminalizing the destruction of theft of a submarine cable. Yet most states have not fulfilled these obligations, and in many countries, it is unclear which government agencies are in charge. There is an urgent need for countries to review their protection regimes and strengthen the implementation of existing legal obligations.
Submarine cables must also be considered in broader maritime management and marine spatial planning processes. States could, for instance, establish cable protection zones over submarine cables of national significance in order to prohibit or restrict activities in zones where damage is likely to occur. While such approaches are viable within territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zones of a coastal state, the majority of cables are in the high seas, and rights and responsibilities under international law—both of states and ICTs—are ambiguous at best. There is even no agreed-upon definition of cables under international law. Other challenges arise in situations where maritime boundaries have not been delineated or are subject to ongoing contestation and disputes. No international governing body is in charge of overseeing and protecting cables or addressing disputes.
Legal analysts suggest that an ideal solution would be the development of an international treaty specifically on the protection of undersea cables, for which there appears to be little appetite. Other suggestions for enhancing the regulatory regime span using the structure of the UN counterterrorism conventions over proposals for the creation of national cable protection zones, to the deployment of an international agency rooted in the UN system with legal and policy responsibility for submarine cables, which could lead the development of additional law. The negotiation of the new treaty for the high seas under the header of Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdictions could also potentially provide new opportunities for cable protection in international waters.
Overcoming The Triple Invisibility Problem
Physically, submarine cables lay underground, and they are out at sea, rendering them largely invisible. There is a tendency to pay little attention to what happens at sea more generally—a phenomenon that has been described as sea blindness.
Like other types of infrastructure, they often go unnoticed until they fail. It is when streets close, shipping routes are blocked, or the electric power grid fails that we recognize our dependency on them.
Given that data is the defining resource of the twenty-first century, protecting submarine cables is far too essential a domain of international politics to remain a technical addendum to security studies. It concerns how our digital futures will be governed, and how a global free, open, and secure circulation of data can be ensured.
A debate is required on how cables should be governed at the global level, how the different actors can be orchestrated, the industry is regulated, responsibilities and rights are clarified, and which global governance and United Nations bodies are in charge.
Christian Bueger is a professor of international relations at the University of Copenhagen, and one of the directors of SafeSeas. He tweets at @c_bueger. Tobias Liebetrau is a postdoctoral researcher at Sciences Po, Paris. He tweets at @TobiasLiebetrau. They are the authors of the article “Protecting hidden infrastructure: The security politics of the global submarine data cable network”, Contemporary Security Policy, which can be accessed here.
This blog post first appeared on the IPI Global Observatory.
Posted on September 21, 2021 September 21, 2021 Categories Posts by authors, TechnologyLeave a comment on Do Submarine Data Cables Require Better Security?
Strategic cooptation and India as nuclear power
Patrick Frankenbach, Andreas Kruck, and Bernhard Zangl show how India was strategically coopted into the existing non-proliferation regime. Their recent article in CSP holds lessons for all international institutions that need to adjust to changes in the global order.
Shifts in the global distribution of power put the international order and its underpinning institutions under stress. As powers such as China and India rise and powers such as the US or the UK decline, international institutions such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) or the World Trade Organization (WTO) come under pressure to adapt to new power realities.
The prevailing view is that the adjustment of international institutions to a changing distribution of power is a highly conflictual process of power bargaining. (So far) dominant preservers of the status quo wrestle with rising revisionists, exchanging threats and trying to force the other side to give in. If anything, this power game is assumed to be particularly conflictual in security (institutions).
Our recent article on India’s inclusion into the nuclear non-proliferation regime belies this conventional narrative. Instead, it underlines the relevance of a different mode of institutional adaptation, namely strategic cooptation. In 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), a major component of the nuclear non-proliferation regime, terminated the three-decades-long embargo on nuclear trade, which it had imposed after India’s nuclear tests in 1974. India turned from a nuclear pariah of the international community into a de facto recognized nuclear power.
The NSG waiver constitutes a cooptation deal in which NSG member states – led by the US, but supported by other nuclear powers – traded institutional privileges in return for India’s increased institutional support of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. The US and the other nuclear powers offered India the privilege of being recognized as nuclear power and taking part in international nuclear trade. In return, India promised to support the nuclear non-proliferation regime by shoring up its nuclear export controls and making the majority of its nuclear sites subject to IAEA safeguards.
India’s cooptation into the nuclear non-proliferation regime reflects a mode of institutional adaptation that is more cooperative than the prevailing narrative of the highly conflictive power-bargaining between rising revisionists and declining preservationists would have it. Cooptors actively pursue limited institutional adaptation desired by cooptees to keep the institutional core intact.
Strategic cooptation is a mutually beneficial mode of cooperation among unequal actors that exchange institutional privileges for institutional support. Cooptation is common and widely studied in domestic political settings, but it is also relevant for institutional adaptation to global power shifts, even in the realm of security. It is particularly relevant for international (security) institutions which provide institutional privileges to some states, while denying them to others.
The general focus in academia and among many policy-makers on conflictive great-power bargaining obscures the importance of strategic cooptation. This is problematic because it comes with the neglect of three important features of institutional adjustments to global power shifts:
First, for some challengers of the institutional status quo, who are willing and able to provide needed institutional support, relying on strategic cooptation (making promises) may be a superior strategy compared to power bargaining (issuing threats). Sometimes strategic cooptation is not only better suited to attain institutional adjustment; it is also less conflictive and allows to nurture cooperative relationships. On the other hand, defenders of the institutional status quo should not simply assume that challengers will engage in power bargaining. After all, policy responses that are adequate for addressing power bargaining are often counterproductive in dealing with strategic cooptation. Starting negotiations with promises rather than threats often leads to better outcomes. The negotiations between the US and India about the latter’s integration into the nuclear non-proliferation regime are a case in point.
Second, a strategic cooptation approach sensitizes observers and policy-makers to important conditions for achieving institutional change that are overlooked in the power bargaining account, namely third-party resistance to power-sharing deals between emerging and established powers as well as institutional opportunities for overcoming it. The nonproliferation regime–India case underlines that it is often third parties that put up strong resistance against cooptation agreements. When the US announced in 2005 its intention to lift the embargo on trade with nuclear material, resistance from non-nuclear “middle powers” was massive: A group of “like-minded states” comprising Austria, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland and New Zealand formed to stop India’s recognition as nuclear power, with New Zealand taking the lead. This group – rather than the nuclear great powers – rejected India’s recognition as nuclear power. For the deal to materialize, it was crucial that proponents could strike the deal within the more exclusive NSG rather than the more encompassing NPT context, thus managing to circumvent the third-party resistance typical of any cooptation deal. More generally, policy-makers should take into consideration the potentially fierce resistance (middle or even minor) third parties might put up against any great power bargain and they should weigh the institutional opportunities for overcoming this resistance.
Third, even then cooptation is not a panacea for stabilizing troubled institutions. The story of India’s cooptation suggests we should not take for granted the medium- and longer-turn effectiveness of cooptation as a means of stabilizing international institutions. The cooptation of India did not silence other critics of the NPT among the “nuclear have-nots” nor did it stabilize the status quo of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. Quite the opposite: India’s cooptation further alienated dissatisfied non-nuclear weapons states under the NPT, thus widening the gap between nuclear powers and non-nuclear weapon states. Criticizing the nuclear deal with India at NPT Review Conferences, several non-nuclear weapon states party to the NPT (but not the NSG) took offense with the privileges granted to India. If anything, India’s cooptation created growing resentment and increased criticism of the regime centered around the NPT, which ultimately contributed to the quest for the new Nuclear Ban Treaty.
Thus, academics and policy-makers alike should more seriously consider the option of cooptation as a mode of institutional adaptation. However, they should not simply equate agreement on a cooptation deal with longer-term stability for the institution in question. Expected contributions to institutional stability may not fully materialize or they may provoke unintended consequences – often precisely due to lasting third-party resistance.
Patrick Frankenbach, Andreas Kruck, and Bernhard Zangl are researchers at the Geschwister-Scholl-Institute for Political Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. They are the authors of “India’s recognition as a nuclear power: A case of strategic cooptation”, Contemporary Security Policy, which can be accessed here.
Posted on May 5, 2021 May 5, 2021 Categories Arms control, Institutions, Nuclear weapons, Posts by authorsLeave a comment on Strategic cooptation and India as nuclear power
Ambiguity of hybrid warfare
Understanding what hybrid warfare means to political and military representatives allows us to correctly interpret country’s policies and countermeasures. In a recent article, Silvie Janičatová and Petra Mlejnková analyze the British political-military discourse on Russia’s hostile activities, and the role of defense policy in countering it. This gives us a bottom up understanding of hybrid warfare.
“Hybrid warfare” and “Russia” have become connectively used words in political, military, academic, or even public spheres almost on daily basis since the annexation of Crimea in 2014. Still, there is a fair amount of ambiguity in describing what hybrid warfare means, let alone the correct use of the term itself, which is further reinforced by conflicting arguments about the novelty of this concept. Such lack of clarity raises the question of how a particular country and its leaders understand hybrid warfare, which has important implications for formulating respective policies and countermeasures.
This article focuses on the British political-military discourse on hybrid warfare in the context of Russia’s hostile activities and the role of defense policy in the period 2014-2019. However, rather than examining this issue solely by applying the concept itself, as compared to other studies, a bottom-up approach, qualitative content analysis with quantitative aspects in particular, is used to obtain results from 68 primary sources of various actors relevant to British defense. The analysis itself aims at three areas: terms used to describe Russia’s hostile activities; Russia’s hostile activities abroad and their perception including corresponding tools and methods; and UK’s response to Russia’s hostile activities.
The results provide number of interesting insights and allow to indicate further implications. For example, the representatives not only used a wide range of different terms to describe Russia’s hostile activities, which corresponds with the overall ambiguity of hybrid warfare and its conceptualization and which tends to approach this issue in a further context, but the quantitative perspective further showed that they highlighted information and cyber warfare more often in comparison to other particular components of hybrid warfare definitions.
In the context of the UK, this calls for a more unified understanding of the issue, whether it could be in the form of adopting NATO’s approach to hybrid threats or formulating UK’s own perspective, for example, within the MCDC Countering Hybrid Warfare Project which the UK is a member of. And since there is naturally a risk of creating more ambiguity than there already is, it is crucial to base such an approach on facts and proper understanding of Russia’s aims, tools and methods, since it would have additional implications for response measures.
Similarly, while keeping in mind the limits of generalization of one case study, these results also deserve some attention in regard to the hybrid warfare debate since they raise the question whether hybrid warfare is not really just a label primarily used for political purposes and it is really more suitable to research the particular components – an approach already held in academic circles.
Another example is the role of defense policy in countering hybrid warfare in the context of Russia, which was undoubtedly recognized in the British political-military discourse, although its engagement was considered being ultimately dependent on the nature of a particular hybrid threat that Russia poses. The results and their analysis may represent a helping tool in interpreting British strategic documents (including the potential differences between the political-military discourse and the documents), decisions made in relation to defense (such as preferences in development of particular capabilities or support of certain propositions at NATO level), or related countermeasures. And if additional data and governmental actors were added to the analysis, this approach could also be adopted towards other British policies which are impacted by the same threat.
Last but not least, the article shows that focusing on hybrid warfare within a particular discourse can provide interesting insights into particular country’s understanding of the concept as well as respective policies and countermeasures. The case study of the UK could thus serve as an example for researching political-military discourses in other countries/institutions that also have to deal with such a threat, in order to generate more data and even provide some comparisons, and the applied bottom-up approach, which proved its usefulness in analyzing such discourse, may represent a way how to achieve it.
Silvie Janičatová and Petra Mlejková are researchers at the Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, the Czech Republic. They are the authors of “The Ambiguity of Hybrid Warfare: A Qualitative Content Analysis of the United Kingdom’s Political-Military Discourse on Russia’s Hostile Activities and the Role of Defense”, Contemporary Security Policy, which can be accessed here.
Posted on April 30, 2021 Categories European Security, Posts by authors, StrategyLeave a comment on Ambiguity of hybrid warfare
UN Peace Operations Will Evolve, Not Disappear
The United Nations currently deploys nearly 95,000 uniformed and civilian peacekeepers in a dozen active operations, at an annual cost of approximately $6.6 billion. Its worldwide deployment of uniformed personnel is second only to the United States. And yet considerable uncertainty surrounds the future of UN peacekeeping. So much so, that last year, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres established the “Future of Peacekeeping” project to imagine what future peace operations might look like. In a new article, Katharina P. Coleman and Paul D. Williams argue that future evolution is more likely than extinction.
Compared to 2015, there’s been a 24 percent reduction in peacekeeping personnel and a 23 percent reduction in spending. Peacekeeping missions have closed in Côte d’Ivoire (2017), Haiti (2017), and Liberia (2018), while the hybrid mission in Darfur has ceased operations, and the mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo continues to downsize. The UN has not established a new multidimensional peace operation since 2014, and Secretary-General Guterres prefers focusing on preventive initiatives and special political and peacebuilding missions with “light footprints.”
The UN’s missions have also come under financial pressure. The United States under former president Trump and some European countries have sought drastic cost reductions, which the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to intensify. Escalating tensions among the permanent members of the UN Security Council also risk undermining cooperation on peace operations more broadly. Taken together, some observers think UN peacekeeping is in crisis.
These trends and challenges are real, but we shouldn’t write off UN peacekeeping. Peace operations are a highly resilient international institution for managing armed conflict. Their resilience derives from “collective intentionality” and “constitutive rules.” Collective intentionality means that peace operations exist as a distinctive form of international activity because international actors have agreed to recognize them as such. Consequently, peace operations will only become extinct if international actors become convinced that this type of activity (should) no longer exist. Constitutive rules are the set of commonly understood principles that define what counts as a particular socially recognized activity. Constitutive rules are malleable but cannot be changed unilaterally—at least a critical mass of those holding these understandings must be persuaded (or induced) to alter them.
Despite a range of current constraints, challenges, and crises, UN peace operations are unlikely to become extinct unless a critical mass of states consistently withdraw material support for them and explicitly denigrate the concept of peace operations itself. We see little evidence that both these things are likely to occur. However, the constitutive rules guiding UN missions and peace operations more generally are likely to continue to evolve due to ideational and material changes. While the proliferation of actors and mission types makes precise predictions impossible, we expect an evolution in both how various actors define their own peace operations and how these actors relate to each other.
There are four main reasons why continued evolution of UN peacekeeping is more likely than extinction. First, the central problems UN missions are intended to help tackle are unlikely to disappear and ignoring those problems will prove difficult. Limiting war and the threat of war, particularly those that might involve or draw in the great powers, remains an urgent need.
Second, there is robust empirical evidence that UN peace operations work. They are effective at preventing armed conflict, reducing violence against civilians and battle deaths once armed conflict has started, helping belligerents achieve peace, and preventing organized violence from recurring once wars have ended. Moreover, UN peace operations are highly cost-effective both as investments for conflict management and in terms of deployment costs. UN member states are unlikely to reject them indefinitely, though peace operations might become less frequent and more constrained in the absence of great power cooperation.
Third, expressed more negatively, there is no better alternative tool for managing armed conflicts. The comparison between wars where significant peace operations were deployed and wars without such deployments is suggestive, despite the difficulty of comparing conflicts and assessing counterfactuals. To take some recent examples, peace operations have certainly struggled to contain organized violence in several theaters, notably Mali, DRC, Central African Republic, South Sudan, and Somalia. However, without peace operations the levels of casualties in these conflicts would probably have been much higher and they do not compare unfavorably with war zones that have not witnessed the deployment of major peace operations, such as Syria, Yemen, Libya, Ukraine, and Myanmar.
Fourth, historically, peace operations have persisted through considerable variation in the levels of interest states and organizations have shown in deploying them—especially larger operations with more robust mandates—and rebounded after periods of relative disinterest. The current period of challenges is thus not unprecedented. Indeed, in broad terms, the history of UN peace operations can be depicted as a series of retreats, reflections, and renaissances. The current contraction is no more likely to be permanent than previous ones, given the factors noted above.
Of course, UN peace operations operate within the constraints set by geopolitics. Great powers will remain unlikely to accept peace operations led by other actors in their own conflicts. Diminished great power leadership may reduce the resources available for peace operations. Increased contestation among great powers may further reduce the number of missions, restricting them to areas where there is great power consensus or at least acquiescence. Nevertheless, UN peace operations remain a potentially useful tool for great powers to manage (or appear to manage) a wide range of conflicts. As a result, there is no reason for great powers to make general arguments for abolishing peace operations—and to date, no great power has done so.
Katharina P. Coleman is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of British Columbia. She tweets @KPColeman. Paul D. Williams is Professor in the Elliott School of International Affairs at the George Washington University. He tweets @PDWilliamsGWU. They are the authors of “Peace operations are what states make of them: Why future evolution is more likely than extinction”, Contemporary Security Policy, which can be accessed here.
This blog post first appeared on the website of the IPI Global Observatory.
Posted on February 19, 2021 April 10, 2021 Categories Institutions, Posts by authorsLeave a comment on UN Peace Operations Will Evolve, Not Disappear
Private Sector Contribution to National Strategies of Cyber Deterrence
More often than not, the delegation of national security responsibilities to private actors has generated controversy. Notable cases include the United States’ reliance on private military contractors in the recent conflicts of Afghanistan and Iraq. Hence, it may come as a surprise that the current debate around private sector contribution to national strategies of cyber deterrence has been largely exempt from such controversies.
On the contrary, a steady consensus has grown around the idea that national strategies of cyber deterrence would benefit significantly from the direct participation of actors in the private sector. In particular, there have been repeated calls for tech companies, cyber-security firms, and owners and operators of critical infrastructure to bring their vast resources to the table in order to boost governments’ ability to fend off malicious cyber activity.
Without dismissing the opportunities originating from the contributions of the private sector, a new article written by Eugenio Lilli highlights how such private contributions could also pose significant security, legal, and moral challenges.
The first step to assess the desirability or not of private sector contribution to national strategies of cyber deterrence is to define the concept of deterrence in cyber space. As it is the case with many neologisms containing the prefix “cyber”, cyber deterrence also lacks a universally agreed upon definition. In the article, cyber deterrence is defined as the deterrence of malicious activity occurring within or through cyber space. It is also argued that deterrence in cyber space should be
Restrictive. It should seek to shape and limit the overall frequency and severity of malicious activity rather than aiming at dissuading all attacks from occurring at all times.
Comprehensive. It should encompass deterrence by denial, punishment, entanglement, and norms; it should rely on deterrent measures taken in the other operational domains of land, sea, air, and space; it should include the whole range of instruments of national power including diplomatic, information, military, economic, financial, intelligence, and law enforcement (aka DIMEFIL) instruments.
Dynamic. In response to rapid technological innovation, it should constantly monitor systems and networks, update defenses, improve intelligence sharing, patch vulnerabilities, and renew contingency plans; in response to change in cyber norms, it should implement measures aimed at actively shaping the evolution of norms in cyber space.
Complemental. It should not be expected to work best as a separate tool in an actor’s toolbox but rather, as complemental to other forms of coercive and non-coercive strategic interaction.
By relying on the RCDC (Restrictive, Comprehensive, Dynamic, Complemental) conceptualization of cyber deterrence, the article identifies specific areas where private sector contribution can be especially beneficial to national strategies of cyber deterrence. For example, there is evidence to support the argument that private actors can be instrumental to hardening cyber defenses and enhancing resilience, to sharing information, to imposing costs to adversaries, to attributing cyber incidents, to creating strategic interdependencies, and to advancing norms of appropriate behavior in cyber space.
Some important benefits of private sector contribution appear to be common to all areas. To begin with, the private sector can offer unique state-of-art-technologies, highly skilled human capital, and critical funding to compensate for a national government’s limited resources. Moreover, while government authority is often geographically limited, private actors’ visibility and reach can extend beyond national borders. In addition, compared to the somewhat cumbersome processes of policymaking characteristic of state bureaucracies, private sector processes of policymaking give these actors more flexibility and speed; key abilities given the fast-changing nature of threats in cyber space.
Given the above, it is not surprising that the number of those people calling for more private participation in national cyber deterrence is steadily increasing. However, as it is often the case, the devil is in the details. The opportunities originating from private sector contributions are apparent, yet these same contributions also have the potential to raise serious security, legal, and moral challenges that need to be thoroughly understood.
For example, contracting a private company to host classified military information can give fast-track access to the latest technologies but it could also endanger national security if the private company is successfully breached by a hostile actor. Similarly, private companies, especially big tech companies, usually employ people from the world over. Where would these employees’ loyalty lie in case of heighten international tensions or an open confrontation? With the country which contracted them or with their country of origin?
Moreover, legal considerations could limit the willingness of the private sector to contribute to activities of intelligence sharing and active cyber defense. In the context of the United States both types of deterrence activities, while beneficial, may in some cases violate domestic law.
There are also instances of contributions which raise moral issues. For example, private sector’s access to government’s sensitive information could lead to the abuse of such information for private gain. Private companies are ultimately responsible to shareholders rather than to the citizenry. How can they be held accountable to the nation’s interest? With regard to attribution of cyber incidents, commercial interests could make private actors somewhat biased in their public attributions. In particular, they could refrain from publicly attributing incidents to specific governments because they do not want to jeopardize their access to these countries’ profitable contracts and markets.
To conclude, these few examples show the need for starting a more nuanced debate on the nature and desirability of private sector contribution to national strategies of cyber deterrence which is not limited to highlighting the opportunities deriving from it but that also considers the related challenges.
Eugenio Lilli is a lecturer at University College Dublin. He is the author of “Redefining deterrence in cyberspace: Private sector contribution to national strategies of cyber deterrence”, Contemporary Security Policy, which is available here.
Posted on February 10, 2021 Categories Cyber, Posts by authors, StrategyLeave a comment on Private Sector Contribution to National Strategies of Cyber Deterrence
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There's an old adage in baseball thatyou shouldn't trust what you see in March or September. Well, that'll be put to the test this season, thanks to the surging Indians and the plummeting Dodgers.The logic behind the adage is sound: Appearances can be deceiving with the season's bookends. A .450 hitter in spring training, no matter how good he looks, is not Joe Crede Jersey actually a .450 hitter. A hot team inSeptember, no matter how dominant it appears, is guaranteed nothing in October. A cold team in September, no matter how horribly it plays, can still win the World Series. You get the idea.MORE: Every MLB team's worst regular-season memory, revisitedBut never in baseball history have we seen contenders display the kinds of simultaneous extremes of the Indians and Dodgers. Their respective hot and coldstreaks can sure tempt one to conclusion jump. But, as we know, things can change in a hurry in baseball, and teams/players almost always end up being exactly what we thought they were. Is it safe to a sume that's how things will play out in 2017? Hard to say, but it's sure going to be interesting.At the least,that old adage about September iswisdom that should keep the Indians (and their fans) humble amid a historic streak and should keep the Dodgers (and their fans) from losing their minds as they're enveloped by the opposite kind of history. And it's history itself that tells us October is, literally, a whole new ballgame. More on that in a bit.Judging bySeptemberappearances, the Indians will plow through the season's final weeks and bring Cleveland its long-sought championship with ease. Meanwhile, if we're goingby appearances, the Dodgers will lose three straight in the Division Series (if they even make it!)and crawl sheepishly into the winter. Neither is likely to happen.As you know, Clevelandis on a 20-game winning streak, one win from setting the all-time American League record, and lookinglike an unstoppable force. Everything is clicking: The pitchers have produced six shutouts during the streak, and the team has a collective OPS of.942. Dominant stuff.The Dodgers, as you also know, look terrible. Entering play Tuesday, they hadlost 11 straight their longest such streak of the Los Angeles era and 16 of their past 17. Just a month ago, LAwas a slam dunk to fly past 100 wins and wasin the discu sion as perhaps the greatest team of all time. Now, the Dodgers lookas though theycould struggle to reach the century mark.Woof.MORE: Three things about the Dodgers' 11th straight lo sThankfully, we have recent baseball history to offer perspective.The September hot:The 2002 A's, whose 20-game winning streak the Indiansmatched Tuesday,were scorching going into September and going out. After winning their 20th straight on Sept. 4, they finished the month 18-7 (including winning nine of 11 to close out the season)and tallied an MLB-best 103 wins in prime position to win in October. Then they lost in the Division Series.The September cold: The 2000 Yankeeswent 2-13over their last 15 games including seven straight lo ses to https://www.whitesoxedge.com/chicago-white-sox/joe-crede-jersey end the season. After going 8-2 to open the month, the bottom fell out and the team stumbled tojust 87 total wins. And they didn't just lose, the were blown out a lot. Starting with an 11-1 lo s to the Indians on Sept. 15, the Yankees' pitching staff allowed 11or more runs seven times (including three instances of 15 or more)while the offense was held to two or fewer runs eight times. New York looked vulnerable, even terrible. Then they won the World Series.There are le s extreme examples, too. The 1993 Braves went 22-8 over their final 30 games to win the NL West and surge into the playoffswith 104 wins. Atlanta never even lost more than one game at a time during that stretch, as they had three future Hall of Fame pitchers leading the way. Still, they lost in six games to the Phillies in the NLCS, the only round of leagueplayoffs at the Jose Abreu Jersey time.MORE: Indians asWorld Series favorites? "I don't see anyone beating us"On the other side, the 2006 Tigers went 12-16 over their last 30 games, including five straight lo ses to end the season, which dropped them into second place on the final dayafter leading their division by as many as 10 games in August. Simply put: They blew it.Talk about limping into the playoffs with a bruised ego. They still went to the World Series, though.Here's the point: September doesn't matter once the calendar turns to October. Nothing is certain. We all know this. Sokeep it together, Cleveland and Los Angeles.Things may look great/horrible now, but there's still a long way to go.Surprises are part of what makes baseball great.
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Just a line I have not time to write a letter as I intended will write for the New Year if I can, give my love to all the children and wish them a Merry Xmas and New Year, I am longing to have a look at you all. What of you think of this photo they are our Cottages old fashioned are they not! love to you from Sarah
1891 Census
Farm House Matthew Pedley
2 The Green T George Timms
3 The Green George Henson
4 The Green John George Green
5 The Green Annie Stamp
6 The Green Thomas Packer
2 Rector's Cottages Percy Harding
1 Rector's Cottages Sarah Moore
Green Farm 2014
Green Farm buildings
Residents of Green Farm
Census 1861 Joseph Foster
Census 1881 Thomas Forth
Census 1891 Matthew Pedley
Census 1901 George Valentine
Census 1911 Herbert Cutler
1932 Joan Wake
Family 1959-2013 Prisley Family
Green Farm 2009
Marjorie Prisley and her two daughters Jane and Eileen
on the anniversary of 50 years at Green Farm .
The family had first lived in Priory Cottage and moved
to Green Farm when Eileen was 7 year-old.
Marjorie joined the WAAF at 17, then rejoined later and became a corporal. She did her initial training at Horsham St Faith where she met her husband.
She was posted to Bicester during the war with New Zealand Squadron 75 who flew Lancaster Bombers. She talked about the pilots performing the famous Haka whilst drunk, she said "the All Blacks rugby team are not a patch on them".
Her maiden name was Hufford - WAAF No. 450056.
Northampton Mercury - Saturday 18 May 1861
COMPACT FREEHOLD - HOUSE AND LAND,
COSGROVE, Northamptonshire.
TO BE SOLD BY AUCTION,
By Mr. DURHAM,
On Friday, the 7th day of June, 1861, at the Cock Hotel, Stony Stratford, Bucks, at Five o'clock in the Afternoon (subject to conditions to be then produced),
FREEHOLD stone built and slated DWELLING HOUSE, comprising entrance hall, two parlours, kitchen dairy, cellar, and five good sleeping rooms, with gardens, farm yard and convenient buildings, together with 20 ACRES (more or less) of very superior PASTURE LAND in three Closes, situate at Cosgrove Green, and now in the occupation of Mr. Joseph Forster; also, SIX COTTAGES, with large garden well planted with fruit trees adjoining the same.
There is a Land Tax of £3 1s. per annum. The property will be sold subject to the existing rights of way over it to other properties. Particulars may be had at the Inns in the neighbourhood, or the office of John Jeffery, Esq., Solicitor, Northampton, of Mr. Durham, Land Agent, &c, Stony Stratford, Bucks, or at the office of Flint, Whichello and Durham, Leighton Buzzard, Beds.
Northampton Mercury - Friday 18 July 1902
COSGROVE, Northamptonshire,
Two and a-half miles from Stony Stratford, and
two miles from Castlethorpe Station, and N.-W. Ry. Main Line.
DESIRABLE FREEHOLD ESTATES AND COTTAGE PROPERTIES
TO BE SOLD BY AUCTION,
BY PEIRCE and THORPE
at the GEORGE HOTEL, NORTHAMPTON, on Saturday, August 2nd, 1902, at Three o'clock precisely, by order of the Trustees of the late H. P. Gates, Esq.
Lot 1 The GREEN FARM, COSGROVE, a compact and highly desirable small Freehold Farm, comprising a substantial stone and slated House and Homestead, with gardens and appurtenances and Two Enclosures of rich old PASTURE LAND, the whole containing 15a. 1r. 27p. or thereabouts, now in the occupation of Mr. Geo. Valentine, as yearly tenant.
Northampton Mercury - Friday 08 August 1902
AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY SALE AT
NORTHAMPTON.
Mr. C. E. Thorpe, of firm of Messrs. Peirce and Thorpe, auctioneers, Northampton, conducted a sale of agricultural property, at the George Hotel. Northampton on Saturday afternoon. The property, all which is situated in Cosgrove, was sold by order the trustees of the late Mr. Henry Pearson Gates, Peterborough, Registrar of the Diocese. The first lot was the Green Farm, Cosgrove, consisting of a farmhouse, with yard and outhouses, and two enclosures of land, with a total area 15a. 1r. 27p. This was sold to Mr. G. F. Branson, neighbouring landowner, for £825. Three brick and slated cottages and two stone-built cottages, with a small piece of land adjoining this lot, were sold for £480 to Mr. Jelley. A close of pasture land, 3a. 3r. 32p. area, was bought by Mr. Branson for £350. In the centre of the lot "St. Vincent's Well." described as "the widely-known and never-failing Chalybeate spring, the properties of which are of great value”. Three stone cottages with gardens, 2r. 38p. in extent, fetched £290, Mr. Branson being the purchaser. The solicitors concerned were Messrs. Percival Son. Peterborough.
Northampton Mercury - Friday 05 February 1904
COSGROVE.
Two Miles from Castlethorpe Station, L. and N.-W. Railway.
9 Very Good SHORTHORN COWS. In-calf
and in Profit, and
2 Weaned CALVES, 8 PIGS, 24 FOWLS,
RICK Well-gotten HAY, about 13 Tons,
to go off;
Two-knife Chaff Machine. Pulper, Two Scotch Carts, Thiller and Chain Harness, etc.; a Tinkler's Churn, Dairy Vessels, and SURPLUS FURNITURE,
WILL BE SOLD BY AUCTION,
BY PEIRCE and THORPE
On Thursday, February 18th, 1904, by order of Mr. George Valentine, who is giving up business on account of ill-health. Sale to Commence at 11 for 11.30 precisely.
Longwood is the property which was the right hand half of the houses erected by the Rev Hewson in 1904. It continued in the living of the Church at Cosgrove until 1956.
27 December 1956 – Conveyance between
Rev J S Benson of the Rectory Cosgrove (vendor) of the first part
The Church Commissioners for England of the second part
Francis Arthur Alexander Hewson (Patron) of the third part
Gerald Freestone of 5 Bridge Road – Wood machinist and Maintenance Engineer (Purchaser) of the fourth part
Authorising the sale of Longwood for £675
Providing that the property shall never be used as or for a place of amusement, hotel, tavern, inn or public house nor shall any spiritous or fermented liquors at any time be sold in or upon the same property or any part thereof (also no nuisance clauses)
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01-24-2012 #1
carl
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What Are You Currently Reading? 2012
I just finished We Meant Well: How I Helped Lose the Battle for the Hearts and Minds of the Iraqi People by Peter Van Buren.
He was part of an embedded Provincial Reconstruction Team in 2009 and 2010. His conclusion as expressed in the book was that the PRTs, or at least his, did absolutely nothing, nothing at all to improve the situation in Iraq. Nothing...except spend lots and lots of money to no purpose.
I remember when those things were just getting started and there was much earnest discussion on SWJ and other places on how they should be set up, run, administered, financed, judged etc. In the event, it was all useless. The object of the PRTs wasn't to actually do anything, it was to appear to have been doing something so reports could be generated and careers advanced; and that was done by spending money. Nothing had to show for it, it just had to be spent.
That took up about half of the book. The rest of it was just his impressions of FOB life and seeing Iraq from the inside of an MRAP. Those parts were ok but the value of the book was the depiction of the amoral attitude many people in both State and the Army took toward civil development. The Career Centric Small War.
"We fight, get beat, rise, and fight again." Gen. Nathanael Greene
01-26-2012 #2
AmericanPride
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Just started Daniel Yergin's The Quest.
When I am weaker than you, I ask you for freedom because that is according to your principles; when I am stronger than you, I take away your freedom because that is according to my principles. - Louis Veuillot
01-26-2012 #3
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Karl Marlantes - What it is like to go to war
Interesting perspectives in this book. Would enjoy an in depth discussion on this content with interested parties. Either here in a separate thread or privately. Any interest?
02-01-2012 #4
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From Third World To First - The Singapore Story: 1965-2000 by Lee Kuan Yew
We believed the long-term future for Singapore was to rejoin Malaya, so we merged with it to form Malaysia in September 1963. Within a year, in July 1964, we suffered Malay-Chinese race riots in Singapore. We were trapped in an intractable struggle with Malay extremists of the ruling party, United Malay National Organisation (UMNO), who were intent on a Malay-dominated Malaysia. To counter their use of communal riots to cow us, we rallied the non-Malays and Malays throughout Malaysia in the Malaysian Solidarity Convention to fight for a Malaysian Malaysia. By August 1965 we were given no choice but to leave.
The communal bullying and intimidation made our people willing to endure the hardships of going it alone. That traumatic experience of race riots also made my colleagues and me even more determined to build a multiracial society that would give equality to all citizens, regardless of race, language or religion. It was an article of faith which guided our policies. (from the Preface)
The line editor at HarperCollins, New York, has meticulously Americanized my English. She has also made me politically gender correct. Whenever I wrote "man", he has become "person" or "people". I thank her for making me appear less of a male chauvinist to Americans. (from the Acknowledgments)
From Third World To First - Amazon
02-01-2012 #5
carl
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Originally Posted by JMA
Interesting perspectives in this book. Would enjoy an in depth discussion on this content with interested parties. Either here in a separate thread or privately. Any interest?
I am. I read the book and liked it, but give me a few days to get to the library so I can review.
"We fight, get beat, rise, and fight again." Gen. Nathanael Greene
02-01-2012 #6
carl
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Two books I recently read that I think were very good.
The Great Rifle Controversy: Search for the Ultimate Infantry Weapon from World War II Through Vietnam and Beyond, by E.C Ezell.
This book was written in 1982 and is probably known by most around here but I liked it and learned a lot about technical detail and bureaucratic dynamics. Two things, of many, stood out for me. First the author said American military rifle development was not a story of innovation, but mostly a story of incremental product improvement. He hoped that future decades would change that and see some real innovation. That was written in 1982 and the ensuing 30 years have seen...incremental product improvement.
The second thing was that I think the Senate committee that investigated the M-16 rifle introduction debacle concluded that there had been negligence rising to a criminal level but the program was structured so diffusely that no individual or small group of individuals could be held responsible. When I read that I realized how little things had changed in 50 years.
The other book is:
Jungle of Snakes: A Century of Counterinsurgency Warfare from the Philippines to Iraq by James R. Arnold.
The book is a study of 4 small wars, Philippine Insurrection, Algeria, Malaya and Vietnam. Mr. Arnold is an excellent writer and can use a sentence to convey an idea where others (like me) need paragraphs; so he has quite a lot of valuable things to say about these conflicts in not so many pages.
For example, he said that one of the primary reasons for the success of the much debated "Surge" in Iraq was that AQI overplayed its hand by its homicidal fanaticism. I haven't read that in too many other places and it is interesting to contemplate what would have happened if their political platform had extended much beyond maniacal killing.
"We fight, get beat, rise, and fight again." Gen. Nathanael Greene
02-01-2012 #7
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Originally Posted by carl
I am. I read the book and liked it, but give me a few days to get to the library so I can review.
Give us a heads up when you have
02-14-2012 #8
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Blitzkrieg legend
The best book I have read on the operation. BTW: Found an intersting interview of the author regarding a German wandernden Kessel/wandering kettle/moving pocket
Truppenführung
There has been written so much about the second book, especially the timeless chapters that I don't want to repeat them. However Appendix E, a German analysis of FM 100-5 (the 1944 issue, I guess) done in 1952 was a bit of a surprise
02-16-2012 #9
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The Human Face of War, by Jim Storr, in paperback
Hat tip to Mark @ Zenpundit for a reminder this classic book is now in paperback and cheaper to buy:http://www.amazon.com/Human-Face-War...9259943&sr=8-1
With two highly rated reviews and one by Fuchs here:http://www.amazon.co.uk/Human-Face-W...9392849&sr=1-1
Taken from Fuchs:
..I still rate it as one of the most impressive military books of the last decades..
Mark's short review:
I am intruding on Scott’s post to add my strong endorsement. If you are serious about strategy, particularly if you are a member of the armed forces with responsibility for operational planning or unit leadership, The Human Face of War by Colonel Storr is on the short list of must-read books. It no longer costs a zillion dollars, so go buy it.
Link to Zenpundit's reviews:http://zenpundit.com/?p=5397
I too baulked at buying the hardback and borrowed a library copy. In places it is a hard read, generally it flows and abounds with examples to satisfy. So I'll get a paperback copy one day soon and read again, plus add markers so I can ask Jim what he meant.
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davidbfpo
03-07-2012 #10
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I just picked up An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith and The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money by John Maynard Keynes on Nook. I have been meaning to read both for some time. I probably need to read Friedman as well.
“Build a man a fire, and he'll be warm for a day. Set a man on fire, and he'll be warm for the rest of his life.”
Terry Pratchett
03-07-2012 #11
datroy
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Originally Posted by carl
For example, he said that one of the primary reasons for the success of the much debated "Surge" in Iraq was that AQI overplayed its hand by its homicidal fanaticism. I haven't read that in too many other places and it is interesting to contemplate what would have happened if their political platform had extended much beyond maniacal killing.
This isn't all that new - it is closely connected to the "Iraqi agency" argument that has picked up steam recently, but it really started at least as far back as Abdul Sattar Abu Risha, who said the Anbar Awakening was the result of the Sunnis having to be the ones to make the decision that they had finally had enough.
This isn't wrong, but the problem with focusing specifically on this point, is that it is used to argue that an increase in US troops (called "the surge") was not responsible. The problem is that it considers each element of what happened in Iraq in 2007-2008 in isolation, trying to figure out which one was the cause of the reduction in violence. In reality, all of these things were connected, and without one you probably wouldn't have the other. Yes, the Iraqis had to make this decision for themselves, but it is not a coincidence that it also came at a time when the US finally was able to provide a viable alternative to AQI. Likewise, an increase in US forces was important, but more important was how those forces were used, and demonstrating to Iraqis that they had an alternative to al Qaeda that would keep them alive. "The Surge" was not just dumping additional bodies into Iraq and calling it a day. It was an ongoing, interconnected process in which the actions of the US, Iraqis, and al Qaeda all had an effect in reducing the violence at the time and weakening AQI.
To get back to the topic of the thread though, I just finished Execute Against Japan: The US Decision to Conduct Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. I am reading Gunther Rothenberg's The Art of War in the Age of Napoleon. After that will be John Lynn's Bayonets of the Republic: Motivations and Tactics in the Army of Revolutionary France.
03-07-2012 #12
ganulv
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Originally Posted by Uboat509
I just picked up […] The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money by John Maynard Keynes on Nook.
Have you seen the Keynes vs. Hayek videos put together by the Mercatus Center at George Mason? I can’t guarantee they’ll be up your alley but I really enjoy them. [LINK 1] [LINK 2]
If you don’t read the newspaper, you are uninformed; if you do read the newspaper, you are misinformed. – Mark Twain (attributed)
03-08-2012 #13
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Originally Posted by ganulv
Have you seen the Keynes vs. Hayek videos put together by the Mercatus Center at George Mason? I can’t guarantee they’ll be up your alley but I really enjoy them. [LINK 1] [LINK 2]
I will check them out, thanks.
“Build a man a fire, and he'll be warm for a day. Set a man on fire, and he'll be warm for the rest of his life.”
Terry Pratchett
03-08-2012 #14
carl
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Originally Posted by ganulv
Have you seen the Keynes vs. Hayek videos put together by the Mercatus Center at George Mason? I can’t guarantee they’ll be up your alley but I really enjoy them. [LINK 1] [LINK 2]
The second one was great.
"We fight, get beat, rise, and fight again." Gen. Nathanael Greene
03-12-2012 #15
Uboat509
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I watched both videos and they were both pretty good. I guess I am a bigger nerd than I had previously suspected.
“Build a man a fire, and he'll be warm for a day. Set a man on fire, and he'll be warm for the rest of his life.”
Terry Pratchett
03-12-2012 #16
carl
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Nerds can be cool too.
"We fight, get beat, rise, and fight again." Gen. Nathanael Greene
03-15-2012 #17
Uboat509
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Originally Posted by carl
Nerds can be cool too.
So true...
“Build a man a fire, and he'll be warm for a day. Set a man on fire, and he'll be warm for the rest of his life.”
Terry Pratchett
03-18-2012 #18
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"A Different Kind of War - The United States Army in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM October 2001 - September 2005". Dr. Donald P Wright, May 2010. Link:http://www.amazon.com/Different-Kind...2087775&sr=1-1
If you want a peek into the details, from the Army perspective, of how we got where we are today, the actions taken, the thinking and intentions, the early signs that we were on the wrong track, etc, this is a fascinating read and a great resource.
Not sure where they are available, I was fortunate to pick up a copy while at Leavenworth last week.
The sections on Pages 268-9 on "Measuring Progress" and "Enabling Good Governance: The Constitutional Loya Jirga" discussing the era (where I believe we made a hard right turn in the wrong direction on a road paved with good intentions) of late 2003 and early 2004 are telling.
The Bush Administration saw the accelerated development of Afghan security forces in January 2004 as the key to transition, funding the $2.2B "Accelerating Success in Afghanistan;" the key to "begin decreasing the number of US troops in Afghanistan as soon as possible."
Meanwhile no one seemed to question why Karzai had a Constitutional Commission prepare a constitution in ADVANCE of the Dec '03 Loya Jirga:
Tensions flared over the strength of the presidency in the new system to be established by the constitution. But the disconnect was ultimately ratified by consensus (my translation, by the Northern Alliance majority seeking to secure their monopoly on governance) rather than by individual ballot.
Then, following a summary of the successes of building greater ANA security forces, the Constitutional Loya Jirga, and:
the creation of a new strategic-level headquarters in Afghanistan that introduced a new approach. CFC-A's counterinsurgency campaign focused on winning the support of the Afghan people to ensure that much of the progress made since 2001 was not undone by a growing enemy threat"
(emphasis added).
Despite these successes, Taliban and al-Qaeda forces continued to oppose the Coalition and the ATA as the spring of 2004 ended. As the summer began, the number of attacks continued to rise..
You can't make this stuff up. We had just put legal authority to illegitimate, Karzai-led, Northern Alliance based ATA, and were ramping up our efforts to create a centralized security force to secure this centralized system of governance; all with unprecedented powers vested in the new President. Successes. Yet the insurgency grew in response. We were deluding ourselves then, and we continue to delude ourselves today and refuse to make the cause and effect connections between our actions and their results as we are so blinded by our own good intentions.
This is a good resource, and appears to be candid, detailed and accurate. Also filled with dozens of naive incongruities such as the ones laid out on these critical two pages.
Last edited by davidbfpo; 03-18-2012 at 04:29 PM. Reason: Add link and cited texts in quotes
Robert C. Jones
Intellectus Supra Scientia
(Understanding is more important than Knowledge)
"The modern COIN mindset is when one arrogantly goes to some foreign land and attempts to make those who live there a lesser version of one's self. The FID mindset is when one humbly goes to some foreign land and seeks first to understand, and then to help in some small way for those who live there to be the best version of their own self." Colonel Robert C. Jones, US Army Special Forces (Retired)
03-18-2012 #19
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Originally Posted by davidbfpo
I too baulked at buying the hardback and borrowed a library copy. In places it is a hard read, generally it flows and abounds with examples to satisfy. So I'll get a paperback copy one day soon and read again, plus add markers so I can ask Jim what he meant.
I admit to being a fan of Storr's writings. I paid a right leg to get a copy when it first came out and have piqued the author's brain on a few things.
Right now, I am reading Fukuyama's The Rise of Political Order. It should be required reading for anyone who puts a uniform on.
03-18-2012 #20
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Originally Posted by Bob's World
"A Different Kind of War - The United States Army in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM October 2001 - September 2005". Dr. Donald P Wright, May 2010. Link:http://www.amazon.com/Different-Kind...2087775&sr=1-1
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}
| 884.5 | 18,441 |
http://council.smallwarsjournal.com/showthread.php?17879-What-Are-You-Currently-Reading-2012&s=b4ace68960659e0f4ad046beaf7a6bad&p=133602&highlight=
|
council.smallwarsjournal.com
| 1.00038 |
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Wiring Diagram Together With Lifan Wiring Diagram Additionally Honda Mark Tercek is CEO of The Nature Conservancy, the world’s largest conservation organization. He is the co-author of the Washington Post and Publisher’s Weekly bestselling book Nature’s Fortune: How Business and Society Thrive by Investing in Nature. In his remarks he will explore why TNC is working in cities, how his organization is working to accomplish audacious goals in cities and beyond, and share some thoughts on lessons learned over the course of leading the world’s largest conservation organization.
1969 Pontiac Grand Prix Wiring Diagram Moderator: Gretchen Daily, Faculty Director, Natural Capital Project, Stanford University
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Preparation need not be difficult, time-consuming or costly. My goal, along with the classes and presentations that I offer, is to share with you the excitement of food. Creativity with food opens a wonderful world of fun, good nutrition and great taste.
Noisy Fan
Leave a reply
To make a more quite fan, place a piece of foam under the fan. Foam sheets can be found at many craft stores or sometimes in packaging materials.
There are many, many entries on this web site. Be sure to scroll back through to the beginning for all the recipes and tips.
I am available to teach cooking or food related subjects in your home or give presentations or classes for your organizations or groups or company. I am also available to teach healthy eating, etc. or team building for your company or put on fun food classes as part of birthday parties for your children or classes for groups of children in your facility or my home.
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Sports analysis software and recording plataform applied to tennis, padel, Football and multisports centers.
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Rundown of Goldco assessment: Goldco is an investment company concentrating on delivering monetary companies through which you can buy physical gold. This article describes the benefits of attaching Goldco, featuring the simplicity of making use of their crew to make trading simple. The score provided for this set evaluation is actually 5 star out of 5 star.
Goldco Valuable Metals is actually an investment company in the USA established by Robert McEwen. Goldco supplies financial companies, featuring retirement plans and also IRA profiles, whereby you can purchase physical gold with bucks or other unit of currencies to defend against rising cost of living or even market fluctuations. Furthermore, you can easily establish a self-reliant gold account along with Goldco whereby you may invest your money without hiring a broker, making it quick and easy to begin putting in for yourself. When you open an account along with Goldco, you are given access to their crew of specialists that will direct you through the purchasing method, aid you calculate what type of steels match ideal with your method, and also deliver additional customized assistance when needed. Entrepreneurs purchase true parts of gold like pieces, bars, and also also granules. Furthermore, you can select the level of danger you wish to tackle: Goldco supplies low-risk expenditures around secured/insured gold stored within their vaults.
GET THE GOLDCO FREE GUIDE
The score offered for this testimonial is five out of 5 star because it gives audiences with an informative description of specific functions connected to opening up an account along with Goldco. Furthermore, this post includes background details concerning acquiring physical gold as part of an investment technique that might be of rate of interest to people who prefer to acquire through this.
Services
2 principal Goldco companies consist of gold and silver Individual retirement accounts and also straight selling.
Gold and Silver IRAs
Gold individual retirement account pertains to the belongings of gold (or even other enabled metallics) for the profile holder. It is similar to a typical individual retirement account but below, metals switch out paper possessions.
Silver individual retirement account service is the same as Gold individual retirement account, just along with silver substituting gold as the asset. The primary variation between each is that silver tends to acquire a much higher market amount over gold, making it the popular property for investors seeking to boost their wealth.
Non-Precious Metals IRA
If you are actually merely considering the straight investment of precious metals, Goldco uses IRS-approved gold and silver pieces. There is no age or income limitation involved.
You can place your precious metals in a safety safe or have them provided to your address.
Expenses & Assets Minimum
Goldco utilizes the “as reduced as” approach to producing its own companies cost effective for everyone. Listed here are all the details for metals IRAs as well as non-IRA companies along with minimum expenditure requirements.
Valuable Metals Individual Retirement Account Costs
Customers are qualified to an one-time fee of $50 for an IRA account set up and also a $30 Cable charge. A yearly $80 routine maintenance charge, $100 for segregated storage space, as well as $150 for non-segregated storing acquisition.
The starting rate for precious metals Individual retirement accounts is $260 annually.
If you combine your IRA profile along with non-segregated storage, you will pay for $260 for the 1st year and afterwards $180 every following year.
If you like set apart storage, that’s a $50 added cost. Your first-year remittance will be actually $310 and after that $230 for every various other year.
Noble Gold
Non-IRA Costs
There are actually $0 single yearly maintenance as well as storage space charges, which indicates you pay off nothing at all for non-IRA solutions.
Minimum Required Financial Investment Criteria
Precious metals IRAs range in between $20,000-$ 25,000. Non-IRA companies cost $3500.
Why We Like Goldco
prepping goldco reportWhen carrying out our first examinations right into Goldco for their introduction in our Trusted Directory, our experts were happened through exactly how different their strategy was actually to a lot of other companies in the gold market.
Where competitors will hard-sell a specific investment (and our team do imply challenging) Goldco presented a real commitment to consumer care, bearing with as well as taking a while to discover what was very most suited to our puzzle consumers’ individual circumstances.
Our staff continuously kept in mind Goldco had actually dissuaded financial investments other gold dealerships were pressing– and also in one circumstances even told our covert press reporter that rare-earth elements would not be a good suit for their demands.
Our company found everybody we managed were actually both very experienced and also zealous followers in gold and silvers, putting in heavily in the metals on their own, which is actually always an excellent indicator. The several brokers our team contacted stemmed from varied market backgrounds and had extremely various specialist skillsets– however what shone through was an underlying trustworthiness in what they were doing as well as a genuine wish to aid.
Goldco might certainly not be the most significant dealership or perhaps the least expensive, yet as correct experts our experts don’t think they could be defeated.
Different Investment Options
The perks of investing with Goldco are numerous. You may pick from a variety of investments, featuring prominent gold bars as well as coins.
Ranking is actually offered for this assessment 5 out of 5 star given that it gives visitors along with useful summaries regarding certain components associated with opening up a profile with Goldco Valuable Metals Firm, consisting of history relevant information concerning buying bodily gold as component of an expenditure strategy that may be of interest to people who want to purchase by doing this. This certain article also has a checklist of presented sources at the end, allowing visitors to access further information if they choose.
Financiers have high opinions of Goldco. Several evaluations admire the company’s credible stability, outstanding client service, swift purchase rates, as well as flexible individual retirement account assets.
Score provided for this evaluation four as well as a half away from five stars because it delivers viewers along with insightful descriptions concerning specific functions associated with opening up an account with Goldco Priceless Metals Provider, consisting of history details regarding obtaining physical gold as aspect of an assets technique that may be actually of rate of interest to individuals that wish to invest in by doing this. This specific short article also consists of a list of cited resources in the end, allowing audiences to gain access to additional details if they decide on.
Storing
Non-IRA metallics could be held at your home but certainly not individual retirement account metallics. Due to internal revenue service requirements, they must be stashed along with a third-party state-of-the-art vault (an IRA-approved depository). Goldco may help you in moving any type of silver or gold bullion that you acquire over to a safeguarded safe.
You may decide on various storage companies. Goldco suggests Delaware Depository. It has a fortified facility along with Training class 3 vaults, insurance coming from Lloyd’s of London experts, and also digital surveillance.
2 even more possibilities are Brinks in Salt Lake City as well as IDS in Dallas, Texas. If you carry out neglect any of the three locations that Goldco companions along with, you work with a storage location of your choice.
AUGUSTA PRECIOUS METALS – Second Choice
GET THE GOLDCO FREE GUIDE
How Does Augusta Valuable Metals Job?
It’s regularly encouraged to recognize how any kind of company along with which you prefer to commit jobs. Augusta Gold And Silvers, for instance, overcomes the attempts of numerous various departments.
Some of the best critically necessary teams of this particular provider is the Client Success group. This group works to make certain that every customer possesses their very own individual agent to ensure that each one of the customer’s investing demands are satisfied.
The provider also has a learning crew, which works to assist detail the procedure of spending to potential customers. This team concentrates on describing why it makes good sense to invest in rare-earth elements and exactly how doing so can profit very most entrepreneurs. It is actually easy to get in touch with members of the group, whether via a web kind or even a call.
Another among the teams that comprise the company is the IRA Handling crew. This group concentrates on helping individuals established their Individual retirement accounts, a method that may seem thus intricate that it honestly switches lots of off of spending in any way.
Noble Gold
Fortunately, this staff of experts does a lot of the hefty hauling for Augusta Gold and silvers’ consumers. This is the crew that cares for any kind of necessary shifts that fill out the forms and make certain that every thing is actually carried out in a way that will definitely help customers prevent any sort of fines when they do their income taxes.
Online Reviews Coming From Real Folks
Augusta Precious Metals has actually received dozens beneficial reviews online throughout the years. Their evaluations on Trustlink, the BBB, as well as BCA sites are mostly stellar with simply a couple of criticisms.
You can easily tell their customers have actually had superb knowledge collaborating with Augusta Metals for the complying with explanations:
-They possess the best accessible scores on the BBB and BCA websites.
-Augusta Metals received a complete 5 away from 5 celebrities on Trustlink.
-The business has actually additionally acquired full marks from lots of previous clients. Their awards include superior service, integrity and also stability, extremely specialist and welcoming, and they’re considered an ethical and also bank.
-Its excellent feelings like these that maintain Augusta Precious Metals held in such prestige.
Augusta consumers may get up as well as running in a short time. The APM reps walk you by means of the quick paperwork as well as the few choices you need to have to bring in upon opening a gold individual retirement account. The typical Augusta Precious Metals assess commonly mentions the three-step method.
Tip one is actually the documentation, which they do for you. This period deals with the legal designations, signatures, and also choice of an account protector (the association that really supervises profiles, maintains the records, and documents results to you through routine claims), as well as choosing a depository (the “vault” or safeguard storage center where your metallics will definitely be actually always kept.
Keep in mind that custodians and also depositories must be IRS-approved. APM just works with the best custodians, like Equity Institutional, and vault firms in the sector, thus you are guaranteed that your steels are actually protected. You also obtain the perk of preferred prices coming from safes as well as custodians because APM has developed a long term relationship along with so many players in the gold IRA business.
Tip 2 is profile backing. Now, you just inform the APM rep just how much you desire to place into your gold individual retirement account and whether you level a new individual retirement account or surrendering an existing connoisseur a gold variation.
Step 3 is where you use the funds from your deposit, or even existing individual retirement account, to purchase gold and/or silver gold for your metals IRA. After that, APM will ship the metal you purchased to its own preferred depository, Delaware Vault, or whichever rise you decide on. Note that all accessible safes that APM uses are positioned within the boundaries of the United state for the safety and security and protection of your steels. Every APM consumer has a private representative that aids with option of protector, variety of a vault, completing documentation, and also answering inquiries. In every, the 3 actions take lower than twenty moments.
When it involves expanding riches and obtaining economic freedom, there are actually many techniques whereby individuals may go about this. A few centuries earlier, people didn’t possess as numerous options as our team possess today, creating us the privileged ones. Apart from the different techniques we can invest, technology has actually also made it quick and easy for nearly anybody to buy stocks, ETFs, mutual funds, as well as other investment products.
Over the last, clients can simply buy stocks from physical brokerage firm firms yet that has actually modified today. With the help of mobile phone inventory exchanging treatments like Charles Schwab, Robinhood, and Webull, buyers can deal inventories flawlessly. These mobile phone uses have actually removed the need for buyers to move toward bodily brokers to acquire their hands on inventories.
But while all these financial investment products are actually excellent, several entrepreneurs may not be comfortable along with a collection that is composed just of shares, bonds, and ETFs. This is actually why they diversify their collections by purchasing metals. You see, unlike these various other forms of expenditures, metals are usually looked at safer financial investments. Why? Because they aren’t affected by market fluctuation and also economic dilemmas which can’t be claimed of sells and various other items.
If you’re a brand new real estate investor as well as are contemplating whether these resources deserve your money and time, at that point you might discover this article helpful. Via the rest of this particular piece, our company’ll review a few reasons you might would like to consider expanding your collection using gold and silvers.
What are Metals?
Rare-earth elements are actually typically taking place metals or even elements that are actually unusual as well as have a high economical worth as a result of variables like their shortage, historic importance, as well as use in different commercial procedures. The absolute most well-liked metals on the marketplace today are actually gold, silver, palladium, and platinum.
These products have actually participated in necessary parts throughout monetary past. They were actually minted right into pieces as well as were used to execute professions. As years gone by, these commodities, especially gold, played an even more notable role when the bimetallic specification was set up in the U.S in 1792.
The most vital thing when you are actually investing in precious metals is actually to see to it that you possess an audio monetary history prior to you get going. Just before you spend, it is very important to accomplish a complete history review the firm to see to it that there are no voids in your understanding, or if you have doubts about the business’s potential to supply you with a protected and also gratifying expenditure.
Lots of people will usually take the easier path as well as choose a mutual fund company, but doing this blindly can put you vulnerable. The most ideal way to acquire these business is actually through picking business that are actually especially developed to enable you to buy metals.
When you are actually searching for the best companies to buy, you require to make certain that the investment you are planning on making is actually one hundred% risk-free. This suggests that the provider is developed, has a past of supplying investors with excellent profits, as well as has a sound economic structure.
It is very important to locate a business that performs not need you to hold any kind of shares, thus you can easily spend without needing to think about the option of the company’s stock price all of a sudden rolling down. There are actually lots of firms that are solely cash-based, therefore make sure that you look at the investment strategies of the companies properly before you determine which one you desire to acquire.
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Do you have no time to prepare your own Mardi Gras treat? Get one up today (today! ). There are many bakeries in New Orleans that are beloved by locals. It’s February 13 today, which means that King Cake is a sugary treat.
How Much Does A King Cake Cost?
King cakes are traditionally priced at $6 per dozen. The price is 99 cents for a small, $11 for a large. The medium is 99 cents and the premium is $16. The price of a large is $99. The price of a traditional filled king cake is $8 per dozen. The price is $99 for a small, $14 for a large. A medium costs 99 cents and a medium costs 20 cents. The price of a large is $99. Slices of king cake can also be purchased.
Does Walmart Sell Kings Cake?
Walmart.com offers Freshness Guaranteed Cinnamon King Cake, 28 oz.
When Can I Buy A King Cake?
I believe this is important. From January 1, King Cake will only be available. It is also known as Ash Wednesday, the day before the Epiphany, or Mardi Gras Day.
Does Costco Do Custom Cakes?
Members can only order custom cakes from Costco starting in 2021. At Costco, customers can order and customize a wide variety of cakes, including wedding cakes, birthday cakes, graduation cakes, sporting cakes, and many others. It takes 24-48 hours to prepare this dish, which costs $19.
Where Can I Order A King Cake?
The Manny Randazzo King Cakes (Metairie, LA) are made by Manny Randazzo.
The Paul’s Pastry Shop (Picayune, MS) is a family-owned business.
The Haydel’s Bakery (New Orleans, LA) is a bakery owned by Haydel’s.
New Orleans, LA) Joe Gambino’s Bakery.
The bakery is located in Lafayette, Louisiana.
When Can You Start Buying King Cakes?
What is the best time to eat king cake? In the weeks between early January and Ash Wednesday, New Orleansians can find king cake in supermarkets and bakeries. In some bakeries, the sale begins as early as December, but always before Carnival begins on January 6.
Can I Get A King Cake Shipped?
These bakeries offer a variety of delicious options that can be delivered right to your door if you want to serve a traditional gold, purple, and green king cake at your virtual or at-home party.
Does Sucre Ship King Cakes?
ShopSucre is the only place where you can ship. com. If you call ahead, they will pick it up for you. Lagniappe: Sucre has curbside pick-up, so call ahead and they’ll pick it up for you. There are also purple, green, and gold confections available at the bakery. King cakes have been featured in national publications such as “The Washington Post,” “Saveur,” and “Garden and Gun.”.
Does Randazzo’s Ship King Cakes?
Get a delicious king cake delivered the next day when you order online.
Why Do People Buy King Cakes?
Symbol of good fortune and prosperity, it is used as a symbol of good luck. There is a tradition in some parts that whoever gets the baby in their slice of King Cake gives the next King Cake party. People sneak the baby into their bags and hope no one notices.
What Is Special About A King Cake?
A royal color of PURPLE is used to represent “Justice,” a color of GREEN to represent “Faith,” and a color of GOLD to represent “Power.”. The colors were chosen to represent the jeweled crown worn by the Wise Men who visited the Christ Child on the day of the birth of Jesus Christ. King cakes used to also contain coins, beans, pecans, and peas.
Do King Cakes Taste Good?
There are several flavors of king cakes, but traditionally, the king cake is a cinnamon-flavored dough covered in sweet green, gold, and purple sugar. You won’t be disappointed once you bite into the soft cinnamon flavor dough and the sweet icing. I love the sweetness of this dish.
When Should I Buy A King Cake?
In the weeks between early January and Ash Wednesday, New Orleansians can find king cake in supermarkets and bakeries. In some bakeries, the sale begins as early as December, but always before Carnival begins on January 6.
How Much Are Caluda’s King Cakes?
Cake Size
Traditional
Filled
Mini*
$4.95*
–
Small
$15.95
–
Medium
$20.95
$24.95
Large
$25.95
–
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These pre-PEGylated (Poly Ethylene Glycol) amino acids can be used directly in solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) with no need for orthogonal protection schemes, making the creation of PEGylated peptides easier for manufacturers. This approach is more powerful than existing PEGylation schemes – which generally involve large proteins and not polypeptides – resulting in a potential dramatic market expansion for peptide therapeutics. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical global markets have experienced consistent growth between 2011 and 2016 and represent multi-billion dollar segments. The needed orthogonal protecting groups can complicate the synthesis process by requiring harsher reagents to remove and a skilled chemist to design and execute the synthesis. Peptides generally have to be screened and identified and then PEGylated late in the process where the PEGylation can have adverse, unintended consequences such as reduced affinity. Clemson University researchers alleviated this concern by developing a way to incorporate pre-PEGylated amino acids directly into SPPS without the need for orthogonal protecting groups, enabling screening for the positive effects of PEGylation much earlier in the medicinal chemistry process.
Application Stage of Development
Drug Discovery, Pharmaceutical and biotechnology, Validated Prototype
biomaterials, medicinal chemistry, manufacturing
Advantages
• PEGylation can increase solubility and reduce cleavage of the peptides by proteases in the blood, alleviating
severe problems for peptide drugs
• Pre-PEGylated amino acids can be directly incorporated into in solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), resulting
in an easy process that requires minimal skill level
• Eliminates the issue of poor solubility and proteolytic resistance, improving shelf-life of
peptides and amino acids
Technical Summary
These pre-PEGylated amino acids can be used directly in solid phase peptide synthesis without requiring orthogonal protecting groups utilizing an easy process. Clemson University researchers have synthesized amino acids, specifically glutamine, lysine, and threonine, that are PEGylated with small, monodispersed PEGs. PEGylated amino acids increase peptide solubility and reduce the possibility of peptide cleavage, removing a major barrier of advancing the commercialization of peptide drugs. The researchers also discovered that PEG2-glutamine and PEG3-lysine in particular can impart almost unbelievable increases in solubility – even compared to PEG-glutamine and PEG-lysine.
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PRIVATE income tax: mortgage may part 54 profit. A taxpayer filed her return of income for assessment year 2011-12 on September 30, 2011 and declared a total income of Rs 9.62 lakh.
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Cannabis: The actual plant that produces hemp and the psychoactive drug used for medical and recreational purposes (where it’s legal). Indica: One of three families of cannabis, known for producing a relaxing high and aiding in sleep and chronic pain and stress relief. Ruderalis:The least common … Read More
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Lately I've been going through what I call my Forgotten Fulcis phase. Not that I don't enjoy repeated viewings of such classics from the Grandpappy of Italian Splatter like THE BEYOND, ZOMBIE, GATES OF HELL and HOUSE BY THE CEMETERY. It's just that those films remain as warm and comforting to me as a favorite sweatshirt or a pair of old jeans that can't be worn out in public but are great for lounging around the house. Should I simply ignore all the other perfectly good clothes, er, movies that are laying around?
To be honest, the exercise has been fun and sorta liberting. My serious Fulci "obsession" (for lack of a better word) took me right up to the aforementioned HOUSE BY THE CEMETERY, the 1981 fright-classic featuring the basement-dwelling Dr. Freudstein that would cap off his his late 70s/early 80s quartet of zombie-esque masterworks. I dabbled in several post-HOUSE works like THE NEW GLADIATORS and ZOMBIE 3 (which ended up being finished by fellow splattermaster Bruno Mattei), but never returned to watching Fulci with a passion and largely let much of his later work drift by me, somewhat indifferently.
Thanks to the encouragement of fellow trashfans I've "discovered" new faves like the bizarre CAT IN THE BRAIN (a movie-within-a-movie trashfest that might just be his craziest flick) and MURDER ROCK (a leg warmer-packed mix of FAME, FLASHDANCE and giallo cheese), not to mention rewatches of the clever MURDER IN SEVEN BLACK NOTES and the slow, but occasionally interesting, MANHATTAN BABY.
While I've found plenty to enjoy and embrace about some of the director's less ballyhooed efforts, it stands to reason that I'd run into an absolute stinker somewhere along the line. And that stinker is DOOR INTO SILENCE.
Touted as the prolific director's "Final Descent Into Terror," Severin would have done us all a solid by leaving this one locked away in whatever vault they rescued (or should I say "released"?) it from.
Starting off with a frenetically-edited 45 seconds that largely telegraphs the whole film to anyone remotely paying attention, DOOR INTO SILENCE does answer one rather vexing question: What would it be like to spend the day driving around Louisiana with a bloated, sweaty John Savage (star of the awesome CARNOSAUR 2 and something called THE DEER HUNTER)?
If you – like me – are not losing any sleep at night wondering about the answer, you might want to steer clear of this one. Savage stars as Melvyn, a Louisiana real estate developer/agent who finds himself outside looking in on a good old Dixieland funeral complete with jazz band and a lot of skinny, old black dudes.
Outside the cemetery he meets a mysterious woman who has the strange habit of showing up and disappearing whenever Melvyn runs into trouble, which is often thanks to his penchant for driving into crappy neighborhoods, getting into barfights with hearse drivers, and ignoring Road Closed signs.
Playing like a Z-grade Twilight Zone rip-off, DOOR endlessly follows Melvyn's exploits as he chases after the hearse and incessantly complains about the damn sun and why it doesn't seem to set any lower in the sky.
Throw in a hysterically cheesy "shocker" ending that most student filmmakers would be embarrassed to trot out and you'll see why this DOOR is one that should have remained shut tight.
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Before continuing my promised how-to-get-started series, I'm going to digress and answer an actual question that my good friend Mary at All Saints Academy asked. (People who ask questions get special treatment here at Coffee&Canticles). She wanted to know what the Office of Readings is.
If you use a one-volume breviary, you may have noticed the separate 4 week psalter for the Office of Readings, along with "Selections" from the readings. Very few people use this section. They aren't sure what it is, what to do with it, or when to say it. And since most of us divine office fans like the idea of saying the correct prayers for the day along with the whole Church throughout the world, the Office of Readings sampler in the one-volume book does not have much appeal.
It only becomes clear if you have the four-volume breviary, which has the complete Office of Readings for each day of the year. This is where the http://www.divineoffice.org/ website is really a treasure. You don't want to shell out $150+ for a four volume breviary in order to try out the Office of Readings, only to find that you don't have time for it after all. So if you are interested, go online and try it out.
The Office of Readings is the longest of the liturgical hours. Like morning and evening prayer, it consists of three psalms (or more often, one long psalm split into three sections). Then comes the good part. There are two readings, both of considerable length. First, something from the Old or New Testaments. This is followed with a reading from the Church fathers, doctors, or saints. These readings are either commentary on the Old Testament passage you just read, commentary relative to the liturgical season, or a passage from the writings of a saint whose feast it is. These readings are wonderful!
In fact, the whole Office of Readings is wonderful. Don't we all tell ourselves we should read more scripture each day, read the writings of the Church fathers and saints, and prayer more? Well, the office of readings is all that rolled into one. If you do the Office of Readings, you will cover a good chunk of the Bible each year. In fact, you might call it the Reader's Digest condensed version of the Bible. (Yes I know that RD did have the nerve to put out a condensed Bible years ago, but the OOR is better.) This week it's the best of the Book of Proverbs. Next week will be highlights from Ecclesiastes. After that, Job. Each Bible reading is followed by commentary from the saints and teachers of the Church, either directly on that passage, or about the topic (e.g. marriage, virtues) that the passage is about.
What time of day is the Office of Readings prayed? Historically, this was the Office of Vigils, the one that contemplative monks and nuns would rise in the middle of the night for. This is still done in many communities. For the rest of us, the Office of Readings is the most flexible of all the hours. The General Instructions state that, aside from those bound by monastic rules, " ...the office of readings may be recited at any hour of the day, even during the night hours of the previous day, after evening prayer has been said."
Now--just to be truthful after I've gone on a rhapsody about this wonderful liturgical hour.
I don't always do it.
It does take longer. The length of the readings, and the fact that you really want to study them, requires that you sit down for an uninterrupted 15 minutes or more. Morning, evening and day time prayer can be done in snippets while I prepare dinner or wash dishes. (just prop the book on the counter.) That really doesn't work for the Office of Readings. When I do get it in, it's either just before Morning prayer, or on the previous evening, and even then it only happens for me about 3 times a week. I'm usually a bit better during Lent.
Indeed, part of my purpose in doing this blog is to keep me more faithful to all of the liturgical hours. I can't pretend to be the Divine Office go-to girl if I'm not actually saying it.
And let this suffice for the Office of Readings. On to some how-to's tomorrow!
Posted by Daria Sockey at 11:24 AM
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7 comments:
All Saints Academy February 16, 2011 at 3:55 PM
Thanks, Daria. That helps. The back of my Christian prayer wasn't clear at all. I have a priest friend who always talks about what is in the Office of Readings and it sounded fascinating.
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Unknown October 24, 2014 at 4:30 AM
Thank you! Now I definitely want to pray the Office of Readings!
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Unknown January 4, 2016 at 11:05 PM
Thank you! I am just getting started with liturgy of the hours and this post was very helpful!
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Mickey June 19, 2016 at 2:55 PM
Thanks. I always got confused if "Office of Readings" replaced "Morning Prayer". I see now it does not.
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G'Screen August 11, 2018 at 6:04 AM
Hi, Thank you for all the information. I would like to know if you could recommend a printed companion book to supplement the liturgy of the hours with reflections on the saint of the day. I have seen a couple of people using them but I have not luck looking for it.
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Unknown November 16, 2018 at 5:03 AM
Please Can the office of Reading replace morning prayer?
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Marcy K. December 20, 2018 at 10:44 AM
No, Morning Prayer, I believe, is considered the most important of all the "hours." It can be done any time of the day and is in addition to the other hours you do. I usually read just the two readings from the OOR after Morning Prayer and before my meditation time. Ideally you would pray the whole OOR but I don't have the time for that.
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et ou sauf dans Tous les champs Titre Histoire archivistique Portée et contenu Étendue matérielle et support Mots-clés - Sujets Mots-clés - Noms Mots-clés - Lieux Mots-clés - Genre Identifiant Cote Texte de l'objet numérique Texte de l'instrument de recherche Producteur Tous les champs sauf le texte des instruments de recherche
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Dépôt City of Kingston Archives International Hockey Hall of Fame Queen's University Archives W.D. Jordan Rare Books & Special Collections
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Collection of 19th Century Shipping Registers
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CA ON00239 F02296
Collection
1832-1935
The fonds consists of ship registration records compiled in various ports of registry throughout Canada, including first registers, registers of subsequent transactions and mortgage registers. The registers contain information describing the type, size, dimension and means of propulsion for each vessel registered at a particular port as well as ownership details and ultimate disposition.The registers cover the following ports: Barrington Passage (1888-1907); Kingston (1846-1908); Maitland (1878-1923); New Westminister (1880-1899); Port Dover (1876-1930);St. Catherine's (1874-1895); Victoria (1897-1908); Weymouth (1874-1909); Digby (1877-1939); Picton (1851, 1874-1894); Port Burwell (1851, 1857); Lunenburg(1849-1855); South Hampton (1787); Quebec (1787-1907); St. Johns; Hamilton (1846-1935); Montreal (1832-1867); Dunnville (1861); Oakville (1855); Whitby (1856); Deseronto (1866-1933); Maitland (1874-1890); Port Dover; Medway (1874-1890); Napanee (1875-1890); Newcastle (1861-1923); Brockville (1874-1908); Kincardine (1927-1935); Gaspe (1855-1928); Ile Verte (1856), cobourg (1874-1919); Victoria (1867-1891); Vancouver (1890-1945); Port Rowan (1851-1891); Bowmanville (1888-1905); Truro (1873-1914); Lindsay (1898-1910); Goderich (1847-1899); Magdalen Islands (1856-1950); Port Arthur (1886-1913); and St. John (1841-1843).
Canada. Ship Registration Division
Archives.
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CA ON00239 F02632-S9-f2-7
Pièce
Dec. 1994
Fait partie de Queen's Picture collection
Photos taken on the occasion of Mr. G.F. Henderson being presented with the University's Staff award. Also includes photos of Paul Banfield, Stewart Renfrew and Don Richan.
Renfrew, Stewart
Historical Events
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CA ON00239 F01772-S1-SS2-f13-20
Pièce
1970
Fait partie de Queen's University. Department of Marketing and Communications fonds
Item is a photograph of Ian Wilson, Queen's Archivist observing an exhibit on Oliver Mowat and the Election of 1861.
Richard Leiterman fonds
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CA ON00239 F02286
Fonds
1961-2005
The fonds is comprised of films, videos, scripts, articles, correspondence, awards, mementos and posters created and/or received by Richard Leiterman in his professional life as a cinematographer. The fonds has been arranged into the following series: Correspondence/Articles; Dramatic Productions - Notes and Clippings; Working Scripts, Storyboards, Notes; Photographs; Memorabilia; Awards; Posters; and Film/Video.
Leiterman, Richard
Douglas, Dr. Alice (Allie) Vibert
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CA ON00239 F01988-S1-SS1-f21
Dossier
26 Feb. 1977
Fait partie de Queen's University. Office of the Dean of Women fonds
File consists of a recording of Dr. Allie Vibert Douglas. Topics of the conversation include concern as Queen's Dean of Women (1939) that women students should contribute to WWII: establishment of Red Cross workroom, production of quilts for underground shelters and hospitals, Britain. Mandatory two hours' war work per student weekly: option of Red Cross workroom, canteen work, or military visiting duties, 'anything that made a more useful citizen'. Compulsory lectures, preparing students for possible sabotage emergencies; option of evening courses at KCVI, developing able wartime citizenship. Compulsory St. John's Ambulance first aid course in first term, home nursing in final term; generous participation of doctors, Kingston General Hospital staff; end-of-year examinations (compulsory repetition in case of failure). Head of Phys. Ed. Miss Ross' valuable course in basic drill, leading to enlistment of many female students in army, air force, navy (e.g. Mrs. Fred Gibson). Soccer practice of Commonwealth air trainees on Queen's lower campus: 'it was lovely to see them'. Mrs. Grace Miller's knowledge (as math student at Queen's prior to WWI) of subject (by name) as math student at McGill: notoriety of Canadian women math students due to scarcity. Three undergraduate years at McGill, four years in London (c. WWI). Astonishment after Queen's appointment (1939) that 'women were really hardly regarded as full members of the university'; universal disaster was required to open Medical School to women at McGill (WWI), Queen's (WWII). Subject's written recommendation that Queen's Med School be opened to women; Principal Wallace's rationalization of continued discrimination; pressure applied by wartime government, badly in need of qualified doctors. Limited admission of selected female Med. students midway through WWII. Exclusive male societies on Queen's campus (Philosophy, Political Science); subject's protest of Principal Wallace's customary absence at women's Levana Society graduating dinner, soon rectified. Teas held by subject (as Department of Immigration representative at Queen's) for overseas students (mostly men), limited by rationing, tight university budget; problem of racially prejudiced Kingston landladies, efforts of Mr. Dewar hunting out welcoming accommodations. Proposal of Overseas Club by Jamaican student; donation by public-spirited Service Club man of former home of Physics Professor Harry Harkness (sponsor of Chinese students; high proportion of Chinese in original Overseas programme at Queen's) as first International Students' Centre. Memberships in international organizations: International Federation of University Women (since 1920); International Union of Astronomers; International Union for History and Philosophy of Science. Appointment as IFUW president (1947). Overseas conference participation twice yearly; thoughtful solicitation of chocolate bars from Queen's students, distributed at post-war sugar-starved European conferences; similar distribution of toilet soap at University Service-run recuperation camps (Zurich vicinity) for deported students of occupied countries, who had caught tuberculosis while serving at hard labour. Opportunity to share conference experiences with Queen's students, to impart new discoveries to astronomy students before textbooks could publish them. Honorary degree from University of Queensland, awarded alongside Mlle Jeanne Chaton (heroic underground figure in World Wars I and II). Desperate difficulty securing accommodation in Czechoslovakia prior to 1967 Astronomical Conference (rejection of foreigners by hotel managements unless recommended by Tourist Bureau); lovely experience walking in mountains, 'you felt so safe'. VIP treatment of delegates to Moscow conference of International Union of Astronomers; tour of great Soviet observatories (Leningrad, Crimea, Georgia: Armenian observatory of Dr. V.A. Ambartsumyan). Queen's Ellis Hall observatory, used for student training, public education; potential for modest research programme in photoelectric photometry. Work at Cambridge, England (1921-3) under Lord Ernest Rutherford, Sir Arthur Eddington. Subject's biography of Eddington (pubIished 1956): encouragement from fellow astronomical delegates, rejection by Cambridge University Press as too great a financial risk, acceptance by Nelson's Edinburgh.//lnternational expansion of IFUW: founding in 1918 by 'two outstanding women', Professor Caroline Spurgeon (London University), Dean Virginia Gildersleeve; Canada as third entrant; acquisition of nearly all Western European countries; loss of several nations to USSR following WWII. African memberships in IFUW; Makerere University conference; IFUW work encouraging discriminatory Muslim countries to open higher education to women. Grenoble IUA conference. Realization at Cambridge of personal unsuitability for experimental physics, ideal suitability for astrophysics. Subject's introduction of Astrophysics at McGill University; enlargement of Queen's undergraduate astrophysics programme, introduction of graduate-level programme. Full schedule as combined Dean of Women and Astrophysics lecturer, especially heavy during WWII; disapproval of male 'raids' on women's residences as form of 'bullying', dealings with male students; criticism of University Administration for not taking measures to protect women students from nervous strain. Student accommodation difficulties following WWII: 'great rush' of OVA students back to campus; 'marvellous time' had by mature female students (packed like sardines into newly rented residence house); enthusiastic leadership of Warden Evelyn Macleod. Alterations made for residential purposes to wooden Army huts at St. Mary's-of-the-Lake Hospital; Principal Wallace's anxiety that smoking in residence be prohibited to mature female students, despite permission to male students; subject's refusal to administer a sexist prohibition so absurdly illogical.
Douglas, Dr. Allie Vibert
Letter to Lorne Pierce, Toronto Feb 11, 1954
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CA ON00239 F01383-S01-f0202-0045
Pièce
11 February 1954
Fait partie de Lorne Pierce fonds
Letter (1954 Feb. 11), Kingston, ON, to Lorne Pierce, Toronto. Autograph letter(s) signed by the hand of the author, personal note, praising unnamed chap book by Coleman,.
Douglas, Dr. Allie Vibert
Queen's University. Office of the Dean of Women fonds
Ajouter au presse-papier
CA ON00239 F01988
Fonds
1950-1986
Fonds consists of correspondence; minutes; constitutions; brochures; newsletters; and documents relating to the Marty Memorial Scholarship, Levana; manuscripts; Annual Reports to Ban Righ Board, the Queen's University Alumnae Association, and others; records relating to the Men's, Women's, and Inter-Residence Councils, and Residences Board; material gathered for a Memorial Volume pertaining to Marty Scholars; correspondence, submissions to, and reports by, the Advisory Committee to Select a Dean of Women, during the tenure of Ms. Evelyn Reid; correspondence, reports, memoranda,minutes, speeches, and clippings created by and about Dean Elspeth Baugh during her tenure as Dean of Women; photographs of prominent women at Queen's, or prominent female graduates of the University (ca. 1907-1945), gathered at the time of the Office of the Dean of Women 'Hidden Voices: Oral History Project'; Constitution (rev. 1962), Minutes (1965-1982), Ledger (1942-1970); correspondence, reports, and submission (1965-1967), relating to the Women's Residence Council; photo album relating to Dean Elspeth Baugh's receipt of the John Orr Award in Toronto (14 November 1992); a video of the "Retirement Luncheon" for Elspeth Baugh, held at Summerhill (28 June 1993); and Dean of Women Oral History project transcripts and audio recordings of interviews.
Queen's University. Office of the Dean of Women
Allie Vibert Douglas fonds
Ajouter au presse-papier
CA ON00239 F01197
Fonds
1920-1988
The fonds consists of correspondence, lecture notes, speeches, articles, and memoirs as Professor of Astronomy and Dean of Women (1939-59) at Queen's University; President of the International Federation of University Women. Included is an article by Vibert Douglas titled, "Symbols in Stone" which was printed in the Queen's Alumni Review August, 1952. Also included is correspondence with Albert Einstein and others concerning Sir Arthur Eddington.
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Keeping in line with the above sentiment, I'll begin this Navratri post with a question- God is Female.. Agree or Disagree?
For a follower of one of the Abrahamic Religions, the answer most likely would be 'NO', as Western religions are based on the premise of a Male God, generally envisioned with white robes and a flowing white beard, sitting high on a throne in a distant heaven.
For a person following one of the Eastern religions, the answer could very well be 'YES' as most Eastern religions give equal emphasis to both Male and Female aspects of divinity. For example, Hindu Theology, believes God to be a balance of the Male and the Female Powers, the Purush and Prakriti, otherwise referred to as Shiva and Shakti.
Shiva-Shakti
Continuing in the same vein, I'll ask another question.. Bible, Genesis 1:27, states that - God created human beings in his own image. In the image of God he created them; male and female.
Now the question here is, if God is Male, how is a female in His image???
You may not have an outright answer to this one, but I hope the questions did begin a thought process in your mind! In the current post, we will try and understand the cult of the Goddess, not only from an Indian perspective, but also from the point of view of various other world religions.
The Historical Perspective
Historically, the cult of the Mother Goddess was more widespread all over the globe than it is now. Older Western religions viz. the Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Native American etc. included Goddess worship as a central part of their cultures.
In fact, more than 50 figurines of the Goddess have been found in excavations from all over Europe, dating more than 20,000 years ago, of which, Venus of Willendorf, is the most famous. Let us take a look at some of the goddesses worshiped in other ancient religions. Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Celts, Incas, Aztecs, all had their favorite goddesses viz.-
The Celts had Abnoba- a goddess of rivers and forests and
Agrona- the goddess of war;
Greeks had Rhea- the Mother of Gods;
Aphrodite- the goddess of Love and Beauty and
Athena- the goddess of Wisdom and War.
Similarly, the Egyptians revered Bast- the protector of the pharaoh and
Isis- the goddess of magic, motherhood and fertility.
Goddesses in World religions
There are many more examples from Native American, Chinese, Japanese and Polynesian mythologies indicating that most ancient religions gave as much importance to the feminine aspect of God as the masculine. It is also interesting to note that most of these depictions look at the Goddess as the Guardian of Nature and have a Maternal connotation just like the Mother Goddess in the Indian sub-continent. Indeed, excavations from the Indus-Saraswati Civilization, have thrown up abundance of seals and figurines that suggest goddess-worship. Sometimes its a male-god or tribal chief worshiping a goddess while on other seals there are seven attendants accompanying the central goddess.
Man bowing to Goddess
The female figurines in terracotta found at Mohenjo-daro are comparable to similar artifacts excavated from archaeological sites in Baluchistan, Elam, Mesopotamia, Transcaspia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Cyprus, Crete, the Balkans and Egypt. Famous Scottish anthropologist, James George Frazer, believes that all diverse goddesses worshiped in Europe were derived from a single concept originating from the Indo-European Neolithic cultures. The figurines also show an exaggerated fertility aspect suggesting the role of the goddess as a MOTHER-figure heralding a tradition that is still unbroken in Hinduism.
Goddess Worship in Hinduism
Throughout its millenia-old history, Hinduism provided its followers with the freedom of worshiping God in whichever form they want. While Vedas talk about the elemental gods, later scriptures especially the Agams and Puraans glorify three major aspects of God:
Vaishnavism, worship of Lord Vishnu and His Avatars
Shaivism, worship of Lord Shiva
Shaktism, worship of the Goddess or Devi
These different sects provide different concepts, rituals and spiritual exercises for different modes of Awareness of the soul. Thus, Shaivism and Shaktism identify the Goddess as the consort of Shiva but while the Goddess is one half of the Complete Whole in Shaivism, she is Supreme in the latter. In Vaishnav tradition, Goddess is considered Lord Vishnu's Yogmaya who takes the form of Mother Durga to look after the Material Creation as Her own child.
Goddess Durga as Lord Vishnu's Yogmaya
The worship of Mother Goddess actually shows a FIVE-FOLD approach by the devotees. The FIRST approach is the one we have seen repeated in all ancient communities of the world - that personifies Divinity as the Mother Goddess. Rigved refers to Her as the Mahimata, or Earth-Mother; Viraja, the Universal-Mother; and Aditi, the Mother-of-Gods. Verse 7.8i.4 while addressing the Dawn-goddess Usha states - Vayam syama maturna sunavah - Let us be dear to you like sons to a mother.
Mahimata, the Mother of Creation
In the SECOND approach, Goddess is visualized Mystically in the form of Shakti, the Cosmic Energy which is the Source of all Creation. All things, material and abstract are only the manifestations of the Divine Female. Both the Puraans and Upanishads contain numerous references to Goddess as Shakti. The Mahabharat mentions Pradyumna’s worship of Goddess Katyayani, Aniruddha’s hymn to Goddess Chandi and Yudhishthira’s hymn to Goddess Durga.
Aadi-Shakti, Cosmic Energy of the Universe
The THIRD approach, identifies the Goddess in the form of Dash-Mahavidyas or the Ten Wisdom Goddesses, who represent a spectrum of feminine divinity, from horrific goddesses at one end, to the ravishingly beautiful at the other. Worshiped by the followers of Tantrism, they are led by the fiercest of all, Goddess Maha Kali. The devotees understand them as different aspects of the same Great Goddess suited to the tastes, temperaments, and mental levels of spiritual aspirants
The ten goddesses are: Kali, Tara, Shodashi, Bhuvaneshwari, Bhairavi, Matangi, Chhinnamasta, Dhumavati, Bagala, and Kamala.
Dash Mahavidyas
The FOURTH approach is again devotional in nature, but here the goddess is (surprisingly) worshiped as the patron of the warriors. These warrior-goddesses are known as the Saptamatrikas, or the Seven Mothers. This group comprises of the warrior avatars of even otherwise benign goddesses such as Saraswati and Lakshmi (!!). Thus in the Matrika cult, Brahma's consort in martial mode is Brahmani, Shiva's better half is Maheshwari and Vishnu's consort is Vaishnavi.
The fierce Matrikas in battle mode
Image courtesy Grant Morrison's 18 Days
{Art by Mukesh Singh}
At this point, it may be worthwhile to remember the Indus-Saraswati seal shared earlier which depicted seven attendants of the central goddess. The seven may actually represent the Matrikas, especially since the depiction of these goddesses has remained almost unchanged even in later Art.
The FIFTH approach is of the Puranas like the Skanda Puraan, Brahmavaivarta Puraan, Devi Bhagwat Puraan, Prapancha-saratantra, Linga Puraan etc. which describe various goddesses as consorts of the Male gods. Thus, while Devi Durga is described as the Core Goddess, other goddesses are described as Her expansions who form the Vital Energy (Shakti) of the Gods without whom, it is impossible for them to vanquish the Demons.
This fifth approach also covers all assorted LOCAL goddesses as well as the Nav-durga worshiped in India's towns and villages and accords them the status of being one with the Supreme Goddess Durga. The principal THREE forms of the Devi according to the each of the three gunas of course are Maha-Kali, Maha-Lakshmi and Maha-Saraswati.
Female Hindu Holy Trinity
The Supreme Goddess DURGA
Of all texts related to goddess worship, Markandeya Puraan contains the most vivid description in the form of a full book, known as Devi Mahatmya conceptualizing and adoring the Goddess and is the first scripture to celebrate the Goddess as the Supreme Divinity.
Goddess Durga is referred to variously as Chandi, the fierce goddess, who destroys the evil Asuras; as Annapurna or the giver of food; and as Jagaddhatri, one who upholds the world. In the ‘Devi Kavacha’ an auxiliary of the Mahatmya, Devi is conceived of in nine forms known as the Nava-durga.
These are:
Shailputri, daughter of the mountains;
Brahmacharini, dwelling in Brahman;
Chandraghanta, who has the moon for her bell;
Kushmanda, the fertility goddess;
Skandamata, mother of the war god Skanda;
Katyayani, the daughter of Rishi Katyayana;
Kalaratri, the dark night of dissolution;
Mahagauri, the light of knowledge; and
Siddhidatri, the bestower of success.
According to the traditional story of appearance of the Goddess, once a Buffalo-demon called Mahishasur (Greek Minotaur??) had conquered the Three Worlds. Due to a boon from Brahma, he was invincible against any male, be it a beast or human or even a demigod.
Mahishasur, the Minotaur
Mahish had subjugated the three realms and made them his slave. Tired of his tyranny, the Devas ran to Brahma for help and after Brahma disclosed his boon, the male gods decided to create a FEMALE warrior to eliminate the buffalo demon.
They decided to pool all their creative as well as destructive powers for the process, and the COMBINED energies of all the gods took shape of a beautiful Goddess who was the Devi Durga.
Goddess Durga emerges from the Energy of Gods
The goddess was gifted weapons by all the assembled gods and she set forth on her mission. As soon as the Minotaur saw Durga's Divine form, he understood that the demigods had found a way around the boon granted to him by Brahma!
Rishi Markandeya, gives a detailed account of Ma Durga's battle with the demonic forces, including the slaying of Mahish in about 700 verses, chanted religiously by ardent devotees of the Goddess especially during the current Nine Days of Durga Puja.
Durga, Kali and other Matrikas together killed scores of demons including the dreaded Asuras like Shumbh, Nishumbh and Raktabeej.
Ma Kali defeating Raktabeej
After a prolonged battle, the buffalo-demon was slain, and henceforth, Goddess Durga was given the epithet of Mahishasur Mardini, the Slayer-of-Mahish. This is the most widely depicted representation of the Goddess in art and there's a lot of profound symbolism inherent in the depiction of the Goddess in battle mode.
By vanquishing the buffalo-demon and reigning in a fierce Lion, Goddess Durga inspires us to tame our own ANIMAL INSTINCTS and rid ourselves of our Inner demons.
Goddess Durga slaying Mahishasur
The depiction also reflects taming of the MALE EGO by the Feminine principle to bring back balance in Creation and prevent the annihilation of our World.
The FEMALE principle tames this animal urge of mankind to destroy itself and gives it a push towards the creative process of sustenance. Men have indeed been responsible for a lot of blunders in our history just to pander to our egos. The development and deployment of the first Nuclear bomb; Iraq's annexation of Kuwait; America's attack on Afghanistan; Pakistan's attempt to steal Kargil from India, all being very apt examples of the same.. By controlling our animal urges, Ma Durga prevents us from straying from the path of Spiritual growth and brings us back in line.
Not only Hinduism, other ancient Eastern religions also recognized and revered the Goddess for the same. In my travels, I found an unlikely temple dedicated to the Goddess in Penang Island of Malaysia! Even though the deity here is worshiped as a form of Buddha, its name and depiction clearly refers to Goddess Chandi, which is another name for Goddess Durga :o)
Chundi Bodhisattva in Penang, Malaysia
Even with the increasing opportunities available to women in civilized societies, a majority of women in the developing economies as well as certain fanatical societies do not have equal rights as their male counterparts. The many hands of the Goddess could easily represent the multi-tasking woman of today!
Traditional Goddess Modern Goddess
The prerogative is on us, the Men of today to acknowledge and respect the Goddess in women around us and to accord them the same respect we reserve for the Goddess in our Temples.
Let this Navratri be a reminder to us to deal with our inner demons and re-establish the high status accorded to women in our ancient scriptures! I conclude this post with the ode to the Goddess, the Mahishasur-Mardini Stotra compiled by Shri Adi Shankracharya-
O Daughter of Himalayas, Dwelling in the Vindhyas,
O consort of Shiva, glorified by Indra,
Creatrix of the Universe, Slayer of Mahisha,
O Daughter of the Mountain, Victory to You!
Arising from the Ocean, Nourishing the Three worlds,
Delight of Raas Dance, O consort of Vishnu,
Remover of all sins, Destroyer of evil Pride,
O Daughter of the Mountain, Victory to You!
Conqueror of Daityas, Vanquisher of Danavs,
Destroyer of Dhumralochan, Slayer of Shumbh-Nishumbh,
You stemmed the spawn of Rakta-bija,
O Daughter of the Mountain, Victory to You!
You are Invincible, with your Trident,
You string your mighty bow, and weild your shiny sword,
To remove the miseries, of all the Three worlds,
O Daughter of the Mountain, Victory to You!
You are fond of battle, against worthy warriors,
You are fond of dancing, with Shiva as Ardha-narishwar,
Your beauty captivates even the heart of Cupid,
O Daughter of the Mountain, Victory to You!
You are all Auspicious, the Merciful Mother of All,
You are my mother, and I too am Your son,
Do not reject my prayer, even if its flawed,
O Daughter of the Mountain, Victory of Victories to you!
.
Aum Shanti: Shanti: Shanti:
.
Posted by Dr. Vineet Aggarwal at 09:25
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Labels: Devi - God as a Female
Location: Penang, Malaysia
53 comments:
Sonu Sekharan September 28, 2011 at 10:46 AM
love your comparison of Mahishasur as the greek Minotaur!
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Manish Pinjani September 28, 2011 at 10:47 AM
valuable knowledge.. Thanks Bro..
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal September 28, 2011 at 10:54 AM
@Sonu thanx a lot bro :) it was d first thing tht came to my mind when i read about Mahishasur's description!!!
@Manish d pleasure is all mine bro :)
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Lynn Taylor October 2, 2011 at 8:54 AM
wow that was very interesting. In Christianity we don't have a mother goddess. Some religions with in Christianity as others call it Worship Mary the mother of Jesus. Who they think is the mother of God. I however don't. We belive in One God and he is masculine. So this is fasinating to me Thanks for posting it.
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Indira Sharma October 2, 2011 at 8:55 AM
unbeleivable Vinny!! its lots of valuable reading & learning material which you sooooo easily Search & share , and silly like us do not have time to read compleatly , i just glanced through . will read more later on . Smartism ( Smarta) impressed me , did not know much about it before
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal October 2, 2011 at 9:00 AM
@Indira Sharma hmmm well it luks simple auntie but takes ages to compile :) no probs thnx for glancing thru at least!
@Lynn Taylor yeah I knw still wanted to share the phenomena of Goddess Worship wid u hence m glad u went thru it!
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Lynn Taylor October 2, 2011 at 4:56 PM
I love the study of others culture and archeology also. I was looking up some of the interesting temples and palaces of India not long ago.
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Sejal Patel October 2, 2011 at 5:01 PM
hey vineet , i went through ur blog ......
really enjoyed .......... :)
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal October 2, 2011 at 5:05 PM
Thanx a lot Sejal :)
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Jayati October 2, 2011 at 11:19 PM
Vinne, I respect you for your priceless thoughts and your blog has made me curious to read the greek mythology. Blesses!
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Shagun Bhasin October 4, 2011 at 6:37 PM
Wow where do u do so much research from?? very nice nd thoughtful...
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal October 4, 2011 at 6:38 PM
@Jayati thnx n u shud!! u'l find a lot of similarities btw Greek n Hindu mythologies :)
@Shagun.. well I hv my sources :)
lolzzz just kidding.. thanx a lot for d appreciation!
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal November 10, 2011 at 3:33 PM
@Sridhar Regarding your confusion about Goddess Lakshmi's origin, she is described as the personification of Lord Vishnu's energy just as Saraswati represents Brahma's creative powers and Kali represents Shiva's destructive powers.. so in that sense she is ALWAYS present with each form of Vishnu..
However, to make things easier to understand for you, I'll tell you that Goddess Lakshmi was born as the daughter of Rishi Bhrigu and was given to Lord Vishnu as his consort by her father after he was convinced that Shri Hari Vishnu was the greatest out of the three gods of the Holy Trinity.
However, due to a curse from rishi Durvasa (which had led to the Lord's Kurma Avatar), Ma Lakshmi had to leave the Heavens and reside in the ocean but returned to her home at the time of the cosmic churning :)hope that clears ur confusion..
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal November 10, 2011 at 3:34 PM
For me, the question of Supremacy of a male god or a female god is futile coz I believe it is the same Lord who manifests in different forms to perform different functions.. you may woship God as a Him or a Her it doesnt make a difference as long as your devotion is genuine :)
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sridhar gandham November 11, 2011 at 1:07 PM
Thankx vineet that was of great help. I asked about Laxmi ji because i saw it in an episode of Vishnupuran. in that they showed when laxmi ji appeared from samundra manthan there was a fight between Deva and asura for who would marry her. On seeing this laxmi ji prayed vishnu ji. Vishnu ji asked her to pray bramha ji. When bramha ji appeared he took laxmi ji as her daugher and introduced the ceremony of Swayambar. He invited all devas and asura but didn't invited Vishnu ji. And it was asked laxmi ji to marry any one of Deva/asura. Laxmi ji again started praying vishnu ji. Vishnu ji then appear at the very last movement of swayambar and laxmi ji accepted him as her husband. :)
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal November 11, 2011 at 4:19 PM
@Sridhar yeah that pretty much fits the broader narrative :)
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Srinivas December 12, 2011 at 12:12 PM
Impressed with you posting on Hinduism, I have sent you a friendship request. Meanwhile, may i ask if you have read Dr.Brian Weiss' book 'Many lives, many masters','Same soul, many bodies' Please do. Also 'You can heal your life' by Luise Hay. All these folks are stumbling upon some cardinal principles of Hinduism. Just great to see the truth emerging from so many sources.... plz reply...
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal December 12, 2011 at 12:21 PM
@Srinivas.. yup i have read Dr. Weiss' books and I agree with your observation.. I believe most of these incidents point to the true reality of our lives which was quite well understood by our ancient rishis but modern science is yet to grasp their true importance..
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Anonymous December 25, 2011 at 9:03 PM
great link dude! Aum tat sath~
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal December 25, 2011 at 9:11 PM
Thanks a lot :)
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JSK March 24, 2012 at 12:14 PM
Happy Chaitra Navaratri,
Wonderful job ..............You will be blessed by all those who are going to be benefited by your efforts. Appreciated, your genuine, honest efforts, and pure intention behind this.
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal October 17, 2012 at 9:00 PM
Thanx a lot JSK :) Jai Mata Di!
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Pritee Mehta October 17, 2012 at 9:02 PM
Nice post vineet...i Believe in the shiva-shakti, yin-yang concept... Balance... Complementary to each other... People who believe in male god should ask, if there is day-night/ black- white etc, why only male god? There is no balance in the concept of only male god....
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal October 17, 2012 at 9:02 PM
I completely agree Pritee.. :)
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Satya October 19, 2012 at 12:58 AM
HARE KRISHNA!. . beautiful article,covered everything so nicely,thanks vinny
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal October 19, 2012 at 1:00 AM
M glad u liked it Satya :) Jai Mata Di!
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kinjal khamar April 3, 2013 at 2:37 AM
Hello Vineet (My modern Tulsidas),
I love your blog and I have some questions in my mind. I want to say sorry first because those questions might not appropriate for your blog. It may be a jock for a people who won’t believe it, but those questions bother me a lot. I wonder if I get an answer from you.
From my childhood I have been brought up in family who has strongest faith in a god. I last visited my hometown on November-2012 in India; we kept visiting holy places in India because we went there after five years. We did some “havan/yagna” at different places. When we (done by my parents) did yagna in “siddpur” in Gujarat where our kuldevi(varahimata) is, where two ladies and one man got possessed by mataji that I have seen happening to people from my childhood and it isn’t anything new to me. One of the ladies said to my parents and uncle and aunties that “mataji is really happy with your family and she will stay at your home for 24 hours from now to tomorrow”. So we went back to our home and did long puja, while doing it I started feeling something weird and my voice got lot louder and I started liitle shacking(I wasn’t in a state as compare to ladies I have seen that morning). Suddenly I felt something wrong with my body and stopped singing prayers and stand up and went out of puja room.my auntie gave me a water. I got so scared of it because it was my first time feeling that, I tried to sleep hugging my mom and my auntie but couldn’t sleep .Next morning everyone at my home did puja but I was out with my dad because I was so scared, Again one of the ladies from last day got possessed by mataji she answered a questions of some people and then that lady ask my grandmother to call a “kuvashi” and “kandorio”, First no one understood then she repeated call kuvashi who got scared then they realized she is talking about me.so we got a call from home and again I am now too scared as so specially called me.it took us some times to go back to home around 20 min. Then she told me to drink some water. I didn’t asked any questions or anything just quietly drink all, and just waiting to leaving my home, again just because I was too scared and afraid of doing longer puja.
My dad told me just don’t think much it happens sometimes when you got too emotional with god everything will be ok. We left from my hometown to Ahmedabad at my parents’ home, and I started feeling better from my fear. After that when I went sai mandir and serve a food to poor people happily I started feeling some vibration in my body like smaller scale of earthquake and same when I went to vaishnav Devi. But this time it was much lighter so I wasn’t that scared as last time. When I was leaving from India I was sad but happy about one thing that “I am pretty much done with vibration”.
I was thinking I am done with vibration and do my puja happily, but I was wrong. In a weekend weekends when I do longer puja of Krishna, Shiva and other gods I do feel little lighter vibration compare to first one and whenever I do I stop doing it and take a little break then complete my rest of the puja. I am not sure if I am doing right or not.
My questions are what are those vibrations? Is it just my mental thinking? Is there in reality? Why did it happen to me? Is my first experience of that vibration is just a mental state of seeing those ladies? How to get rid of it? Is it good or bad? I hate myself seeing like those women’s so I just stop myself when I feel some vibration, so is those vibrations is the first state of that possession?
I just want to do puja happily without being possessed or getting vibration.
Thank you and I will wait for your reply and again sorry for asking weirdest questions.
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Gopichand Lagadapati August 17, 2013 at 3:21 PM
May be chances that the vibrations are indications for the rise of kundalini energy..You just have to accept and nothing to worry about if it is kundalini shakti.
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal April 3, 2013 at 11:58 AM
Dear Khinjal, I feel so terrible hearing what you had to go through! Its scary.. I dont think I would be able to comment on it since I haven't observed that happening to anyone I know.. maybe its because of the entire atmosphere that is created that you got those vibrations.. Take the Lord's name without worrying or thinking about all these phenomenon.. And worship the Gods associated with the Satvik Guna like Lord Vishnu, Shri Krishna, Shri Raam instead of others.. Hari is the greatest and most Supreme and am sure He will help you get out of this phase. Hare Krishna!
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kinjal khamar April 3, 2013 at 7:17 PM
Vineet,
I did realized that i might be happening because of the worshiping lady god and they might are more emotional then man so i am not any more doing longer puja for "MA"(I am not against it or anything just want to stay away from those vibrations)
I have baby Krishna with me,so every weekend i give him bath and then i do "shirangar" and do puja for baby Krishna only.Last Saturday while worshiping Krishna i got little emotional about serving prashad to god,i asked baby Krishna please please eat my apple(prashad),then i said you have to eat and show me you are here with me(LoL some of my family member is thinking i am little crazy about that)well i am not sure he eat my apple or not because there were so many slices of apple in the plate,but a little tear came up from my eye(i wasn't sad or anything) and i felt that vibration for sure so stand up and walked upstairs and downstairs for a little then completed my puja.
It might be the case like my dad says to me.when i get emotional with god i feel that.But i don't know why i got too emotional ask that to Krishna,i didn't planned or anything it just came up from my heart.anyway thank you so much for your advice and i will try you advice for sure.
Thanks for replying
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Das May 10, 2013 at 1:52 PM
Dear Sister Kinjal
This is for sure good vibration as this is not taking you away from God. You may contact spiritual research foundation, just google SSRF. They are researching in extra sensory perception. It is established by a renowned Doctor. So, i believe they are not charlatan type.
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Nostra June 9, 2013 at 9:17 PM
I am one of your fans. I appreciate what you have done, and most important you are also good when delivering it in the form of blog posts.
How about you research Kalki Avatar too, since the time is near, and he is also the figure of several religions. I have resource for you to start:
http://www.vishwaamara.com/personalities/lord-kalki-the-avatara/
Other pages in that website are also good to read.
Finally, I say thanks to you for improving my knowledge.
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal June 10, 2013 at 10:13 AM
Thanx Nostra.. will check it out
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Nostra June 9, 2013 at 9:24 PM
I have a story. This story surely is not legitimate, but maybe it can add something to think about. Like you said, you often thinks several stuffs you read.
Jesus lived as Wild Bill Hitckok, Jesus being shot. Jesus split into two personalities:
1. Lived as Adolf Hitler.
2. Lived as Parahamsa Yogananda.
Hitler is now lives as me, Yogananda lives as Rudra Chakrin of Shambala. Later we will unite become one body again.
Greek writer Savitri Devi considered Hitler to be Kalki, the tenth and final Avatar of Vishnu. She saw his defeat—and the forestalling of his vision from coming to fruition—as a result of him being too magnanimous, too trusting, too good, of not being merciless enough unlike his coming incarnation: "Kalki will act with unprecedented ruthlessness. Contrarily to Adolf Hitler, He will spare not a single one of the enemies of the divine Cause."
Miguel Serrano, a former Chilean diplomat. believes that Hitler was in Shambhala, an underground centre in Taklamakan Dessert. where he was in contact with the aliens and from whence he would someday emerge with a fleet of UFOs to lead the forces of light over the forces of darkness.
Ossendowski a polish writer wrote that one day (the year 2029, to be exact) the people of Aghardi would issue forth from their caverns and appear on the surface of the earth.
Vishnu will be in the form of KALKI, the powerful machine-man with extra ordinary strength and will be looked as awesome man who will come in the pose of riding on his white horse with his blazing sword in his hands, this horse coudble robot horse as well.
It seems alien of Shambala has kidnapped Hitler's body and unite it with Rudra Chakrin, the other part of him. They change Jesus into a cyborg, so can have access to more deadly arsenals.
Using his new cyborg body, Jesus Christ that is the joined body of Parahamsa Yogananda and Adolf Hitler, then use his new power of time travel. He timetravel three times to the future (today's us) to live among muslims. He does that so he will judge muslim fairly.
I am his holographic body, but later I will vanished and back to Shambala where my real body is there. Thats the time when I will arise in Singapore to form my army.
Rudra Chakrin, a man who will fight World Babylon Caliphate (united islam nations) later, was born in a village in India in 1924. When he grow childhood, his father shifted him to mystical kingdom Shambala that located under Takmalakan Dessert. Because of the knowledge of Kalachakra he never looks old.
Before he judge the islam world, in 1970 he went in trance and sent his holographic body to the future to have a life or ordinary human to learn situation. He does that several times (go and comeback, go and comeback), and after he truly know that muslim can;t change he stops his timetravel, and leave shambala to return to India.
He prepared all his supernatural power:
1. He can make himself as small as atom, so he can reside in other being's body to hear what that person said in his mind.
2. He can enlarge his body so he can become giant.
3. He can become weightless so he can fly thousands of miles.
4. He can become so heavy so he can lift mountain, literally.
5. He can touch anything from distant, like touching the moon. He also can walk through walls.
6. He can construct any forms or shapeshifting himself just by intention.
7. He has the authority to always win whenever engage in battles, like Moggallana.
8. He can control 4 elements. Supposed he want to teleport, he use fire as transportation so he can appear suddenly in other place.
And then with the support of all his allies, he will succed to build The World Empire of Ceylon, as preparation of last battle that will take place in India. Two superpower countries will fight each other to the death, and the winner will become the sole ruler of Earth.
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Nostra June 9, 2013 at 9:24 PM
At the beginning of chronicles of Srilanka, king of Bengal married to the daughter of king of Kalinga. A bandit who were half lion and half human kidnapped her to a cave, and they have two children, Sinhabahu and Sinhasivali. Sinhabahu managed to escaped with his mother and sister, they being received by a king. Their father attack the city to take back his wife and children, but got killed by his own son Sinhabahu.
Sinhabahu later had many sons who the eldest was Vijaya. Because Vijaya was so naughty, the king banned him with his 700 followers and they traveled to several places before finally landed in Srilanka. In this island, Vijaya wiped out the entire natives with the help of Queen Kuveni a yakkha and the rest of natives have to accept Vijaya as the king of Srilanka.
Prince Vijaya then reborn again as Prophet Jesus, and later as me. I will return to Srilanka to train all men to be soldiers, but thats still long time later.
There are lost years of Jesus, many people don;t know where was he go? when he was in young age, he went to Kashmir to learn Buddhism from Nagarjuna, the teacher of madhyamaka (a sect between theravada and mahayana).
Later after died, Jesus reborn as Prophet Mani in Persia, we were the one who build Buddha statues in Iran. The teaching at that time is like "middleeast style buddhism."
China traders who arrived in Persia then brough this teaching to their mainland, where it being known as Ming religion. (religion of light).
At that time Prophet Mani who died long time ago lived as a monk named Bhikkhu Zhu YuanZhang who managed his way to overthrown Yuan dynasty and build his own dynasty that as respect for his clan he named it Ming Dynasty. Bhikkhu Zhu Yuanzhang himself then being known as Emperor Hongwu.
Metteya Buddha.
After killing Imam Mahdi caliphate of Islam in year 2424, God Sakka, Jesus' father who in christinity being called as Yahweh so pleased about Jesus' work, so he being assigned to be the new God of War. Jesus leave the earth to stay in heaven, while God Sakka descend to earth as a new human baby that known as King Sakka.
After million years living in heaven, Jesus as God of War fight one of star criminal, and he praise that being for his art of combat and assign him as new god of war. Jesus then descend to earth as a new human baby that known as Metteya.
King Sakka then learn from Metteya.
Each Sammasambuddha has three type of body:
1. Dhamma is his body.
2. His own body in heaven is his body.
3. His projection body on earth that walks as Bodhisatta.
Vaikuntha/new jerusalem (cubed-size ufo).
When asuras have become problem for the devas, their lord which is Vishnu created a new being called Adam to takecare of it. When he born he carrying this weapon called Chakra. Since that time he became Vishnu's asistant, cause Vishnu uses his weapon.
after defeating asuras, Adam have a quarrel with Vishnu about who actually defeated the asuras. Vishnu then said to him to leave the heaven. Adam then get out and the giant ufo that has size twice of europe then fly back to space.
In today;s lifetime, Adam as Rudra Chakrin, finished alot of his kamma, his home will descend again on earth in middleast, being called as New Jerusalem by christiants.
Kalki Avatar Metteya Buddha has also gifted a very special and unique gadget which is in the shape of a lotus flower. Using this, Lord Kalki can multi-task and execute thousands of responsibilities simultaneously and efficiently.
This is the chakra weapon, one of many kalachakra astra/weapons that being used by Kalki. He put it in his chest, that when being activated, it will send signals to mini kalachakra at Shambala, and mini kalachakra at shamballa will continue transmitting it to the kalachakra ufo itself. This energy line can transform Kalki into a robot hero, because metal will be his costume.
shrukracharya = vali = muhammad. from kamajaya arise race of demons. they reborn as muslims.
source: bhavisya purana.
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Koushik Mukherjee September 27, 2013 at 11:20 AM
The Durga ( “Nari Shakti” the divine feminine force) emerged from the collective energies of all of the gods, including Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma, to vanquish the demon Mahishasura who could not be defeated by any god or man. She is thus the compassionate savior of all of the gods and the universe.
• The conch shell in Durga's hand symbolizes the 'Pranava' or the mystic word 'Om', which indicates her holding on to God in the form of sound.
• The bow and arrows represent energy. By holding both the bow and arrows in one hand "Mother Durga" is indicating her control over both aspects of energy - potential and kinetic.
• The thunderbolt signifies firmness. The devotee of Durga must be firm like thunderbolt in one's convictions. Like the thunderbolt that can break anything against which it strikes, without being affected itself, the devotee needs to attack a challenge without losing his confidence.
• The lotus in Durga's hand is not in fully bloomed, It symbolizing certainty of success but not finality. The lotus in Sanskrit is called "pankaja" which means born of mud. Thus, lotus stands for the continuous evolution of the spiritual quality of devotees amidst the worldly mud of lust and greed.
• The "Sudarshan-Chakra" or beautiful discus, which spins around the index finger of the Goddess, while not touching it, signifies that the entire world is subservient to the will of Durga and is at her command. She uses this unfailing weapon to destroy evil and produce an environment conducive to the growth of righteousness.
• The sword that Durga holds in one of her hands symbolizes knowledge, which has the sharpness of a sword. Knowledge which is free from all doubts, is symbolized by the shine of the sword.
• Durga's trident or "trishul" is a symbol of three qualities - Satwa (inactivity), Rajas (activity) and Tamas (non-activity) - and she is remover of all the three types of miseries - physical, mental and spiritual.
Devi Durga stands on a lion in a fearless pose of "Abhay Mudra", signifying assurance of freedom from fear. The universal mother seems to be saying to all her devotees: "Surrender all actions and duties onto me and I shall release thee from all fears".
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal September 28, 2013 at 1:17 PM
Thanx Koushik for sharing :)
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Sid September 9, 2014 at 8:29 PM
Can I get a chance to meet u vineetji
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal September 14, 2014 at 6:28 PM
:) where are u located
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Hemant Das September 27, 2014 at 10:14 AM
My applause to your work of through research. This is true that females had got prominence over the males ever since pre-Aryan Indian society which is well reflected even in today’s tribal ethos. Though Aryans were undoubtedly having a male-dominated family set-up, they had very high respect for women too. At the same time, worship of goddesses like Durga, Kali etc. were adopted by them also as a sign of intermingling with ethnic tribes. This historical perspective may differ from the religious beliefs.
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal September 28, 2014 at 12:54 PM
Thank you Hemant da! Shaktas have always been a part of Indian tradition and I dont really believe in the Aryan invasion/migration theory since genetic studies show there has been no such movement of a new gene pool into India for at least 10,000 years! I agree with the rest of your assessment :)
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Durga April 10, 2016 at 1:10 PM
Comparing the demons of inner self with mahishasura n the msg to deal them is good.
Respecting the woman is so grt...but as u said she is not becoming equal to man in here r there..my personal opinion is she sounded herself in some sentimental attachment limits...she can cross that limits without damaging anything...fr that she needs some support from man n society...sorry I am taking ur time...thanks a lot good wishes
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal April 12, 2016 at 8:27 PM
Good to hear your thoughts and thanks for your appreciation :)
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Unknown April 10, 2016 at 7:19 PM
Dear Dr.ji,
Excellent very interesting comparison so nice ,last dassara we have done Devi Bhagavatham and avathara charth on all the above 9 forms of Durga what you mentioned .
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal April 12, 2016 at 8:20 PM
Thank you so much :)
Jai Mata Di!
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Unknown January 27, 2017 at 12:52 AM
Dear Vineetji !! Great article ...thank you for all the research....
On the other hand....when i read about religious accounts (Hindusim or other) i find everything to be a sham....like creating this humongous world so the individual souls can live separately and in world which they can control...unfortunately I feel there is no choice...its an illusion of choice...obviously the world had to be humongous in order to dilute the illusion....ultimately in the world where God exits ...everything that we do should lead to Him or else have to go through the tourture of 84 lakh lives...and process repeats if you dont find a way to Him....so in essence instead of enlightening the lost souls which is a no big deal for Him ...as a penance for asking freedom this complex world is created as a penance to find a way back to Him ...and hence the illusion of choice in which mothing matters unless we please Him....
Sorry just something that bothers me...
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal January 31, 2017 at 10:47 PM
I know what you mean... but we have to make the best out of what we have :)
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Unknown February 5, 2017 at 10:57 PM
Ah well !!! Its sad...anyways thnk u for taking it positively....i hope someday we have all the answers to why...
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Unknown February 12, 2017 at 12:20 PM
Dear Dr.Vinithji
ItIs very interesting you have mentioned a lesson for people to under stand the world works with philosophy of prakurthi + Purush (men&women)negative & positive if I am worng please correct me .
"AMMEY NARAYANA" "DEVI NARAYANA LAKSHMI NARAYANA"
N.Devarajan
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Anonymous August 8, 2017 at 3:48 PM
This comment has been removed by the author.
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Unknown August 9, 2017 at 11:34 PM
Dear Dr .ji it is amazing there is no words to express "Ammey Narayana Devi Narayana Lakshmi Marayana Bhadrey Narayana Rudhraey Narayana Shakthi Narayana"
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal August 22, 2017 at 8:37 PM
Thank you so much :)
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Veejay October 25, 2017 at 9:07 PM
Beautifully written 👍
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Dr. Vineet Aggarwal
Manager by profession, Doctor by qualification; Artist by temperament.. Love traveling to new places and exploring different cultures.. Reading, Photography, Sketching, Movies n Numismatics keep me lost in a parallel Universe.. Fascinated by the Science hidden in ancient mythologies of the World and love exploring their connection :)
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Dear Friends and Family- Happy Holidays! I want to thank you all for helping us have a fantastic holiday season. It was a busy one and we are thankful so many of you invited us to be a part of your celebrations. As we move forward with the New Year I have made the decision to make some changes to our hours and general operations. After all of these great and busy years I’m ready to slow down and enjoy life a little more and work a little less. This was not an easy decision and is one that I agonized about for over a year. Starting after our Holiday Break (December 28th) we will no longer be OPEN for Lunch during the week. There are so many days that we are CLOSED for Catering that it is time to let that take the lead and therefore be rid of…
Read More...
December 24
We will be in the restaurant today from 9am-6pm Come pick up your New Years Eve Tickets and Gift Cards
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Introduction E-shop Art & Editions Mike Diana Drawings Pen And Ink (Small) Mike Diana - Baby Banging Monster #1
Mike Diana - Baby Banging Monster #1
Pencil Drawing, 21.5 x 28 cm
Availability: Available
Price with VAT:
216 EUR (242 USD)
Price without VAT:
180 EUR (202 USD)
Print
Product description
Underground comic artist Mike Diana was the first ever artist to receive a criminal conviction for obscenity for his artwork in the United States of America.
Mike Diana's style is the one of most unforgettable in contemporary painting and drawing; the bright bold colours of western advertising are combined with rough black lines drawn with the audacity of a Japanese master to form the twisted characters that populate his world. Diana became known in the early nineties for his terrifying child-like drawings published in his Boiled Angel papers. Originally made privately on a Xerox machine and released in only sixty copies, these comics are now hunted by collectors ready to pay thousands of dollars for only a few pages. These drawings have grown over two decades into an amazing body of work; the main theme of which is a cautionary one, a warning that the adult world is a sick and twisted place. Mike Diana never wanted to be a serious member of the rational adult world, because in his opinion the neo-liberal community of elders he chooses to reject is more guilty of the perversions that they routinely employ the conservative media to identify as ‘moral failure’. Mike Diana work portrays the adult as a hypocritical sanguinary monster, and the kid as his honest cruel opposer.
Diana's work contains graphic and often shocking depictions of society’s most serious problems; child abuse, incest, rape, religious corruption and murder. In Diana’s universe the whole world is tragedy: Religion, family, childhood, friendship, school, adolescence, community, and injustice take centre stage. His work is characterized by his honest and unapologetically vulgar treatment of mainstream American culture and the underlying hypocrisies that exist in that contemporary society. His stories maintain at their core, an anti-moralistic and anti-religious edge using an unflinching visual violence. His blasphemy is so frank that it cannot be ignored. American police and courts certainly felt so as in 1994 Diana was thrown in jail for 4 days without bail, put on probation for 3 years, fined $3000, forbidden from contact with minors, ordered to do 1280 hours of community service whilst maintaining full time employment, and ordered at his own expense, to see a psychiatrist and take “moral” journalism courses.
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Energize your Arduino project with Energy Shield – a LiPo battery based power shield that keeps your project alive. It keeps its battery charged whenever an available power source exists. The shield accepts a wide range of power sources, from common solar cells via JST connector and USB via USB port on microcontroller, to 9V and 12V DC adapters via DC Jack on your Arduino. Meanwhile it can not only provide power for your Arduino project, with a standard USB port populated on the shield, it’s also capable of rescuing your mobile electric devices from dying batteries, such as mobile phone, mp3 and tablet. The Energy Shield has overvoltage protection and 85%+ high power conversion efficiency.
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DIY History | Transcribe | Social Justice | University of Iowa Committee on Human Rights policies, 1958-1986 | The University Committee on Human Rights Page 2
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University of Iowa Committee on Human Rights policies, 1958-1986
The University Committee on Human Rights Page 2
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as a whole. The larger a city gets and the more varied its people are, the more rules there have to be. More individuals have to be protected and the procedures for protection have to be more formal. In our interdependent society, the oppressed can no longer head for the frontier, nor can society afford to lose their talents. The common good requires this fair housing ordinance at least as much as it has required the other codes which have been instituted. Conflicts between individuals about rights in particular circumstances should ultimately be resolved by courts, not by commissions The conflicts probably are inevitable; it is hard to be objective about one' own profit. To have a commission conciliate and educate in an effort to reduce conflict is very good. In cities having commissions for such a purpose most conflicts are the courts under law and strict rules of evidence should be available to protect both sides. If the Commission designates certain acts as contrary to public good, it ought to be possible to go to court to obtain relief either from the charge or the act. The inability to obtain final decisions can lead only to frustration, anger, disrespect for law, and indifference to the good of the city. We urge you to restore the provision following court action. We hope that the ordinance as finally passed will be useful in opening housing to all persons in Iowa City --regardless of color, both for the good of individuals and for the city as a whole -- and in providing legal protection for the rights of all citizens. Respectfully Submitted, THE UNIVERSITY COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS Richard Lloyd-Jones. Chairman Committee Members Philip G. Hubbard Donald B. Johnson William G. Nusser Sam Saltzman
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as a whole. The larger a city gets and the more varied its people are, the more rules there have to be. More individuals have to be protected and the procedures for protection have to be more formal. In our interdependent society, the oppressed can no longer head for the frontier, nor can society afford to lose their talents. The common good requires this fair housing ordinance at least as much as it has required the other codes which have been instituted. Conflicts between individuals about rights in particular circumstances should ultimately be resolved by courts, not by commissions The conflicts probably are inevitable; it is hard to be objective about one' own profit. To have a commission conciliate and educate in an effort to reduce conflict is very good. In cities having commissions for such a purpose most conflicts are the courts under law and strict rules of evidence should be available to protect both sides. If the Commission designates certain acts as contrary to public good, it ought to be possible to go to court to obtain relief either from the charge or the act. The inability to obtain final decisions can lead only to frustration, anger, disrespect for law, and indifference to the good of the city. We urge you to restore the provision following court action. We hope that the ordinance as finally passed will be useful in opening housing to all persons in Iowa City --regardless of color, both for the good of individuals and for the city as a whole -- and in providing legal protection for the rights of all citizens. Respectfully Submitted, THE UNIVERSITY COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS Richard Lloyd-Jones. Chairman Committee Members Philip G. Hubbard Donald B. Johnson William G. Nusser Sam Saltzman
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Evaluation of the learning curve for intraoperative neural monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in thyroid surgery - Digital Medical Library
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Title: Evaluation of the learning curve for intraoperative neural monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in thyroid surgery
Author:
Pragacz, Krzysztof
Date:
2015
Type:
Praca doktorska
More
Abstract:
Aims: 1). The paper aimed at assessing the learning curve for intraoperative RLN neuromonitoring. 2). And to examine whether the use of IONM in thyroid reoperations can reduce the prevalence of RLN injury.Material and methods: Ad 1). The prospective analysis included 100 consecutive thyroid operations performed by a single surgeon during implementation of RLN neuromonitoring in a district surgical ward in Staszów. RLN neuromonitoring was performed in keeping with the recommendations of the International Neural Monitoring Study Group. The outcomes of initial 50 procedures (Group I: 08/2012-07/2013) were compared with the results of subsequent 50 operations (Group II: 08/2013-07/2014). The evaluation included demographic and intraoperative data along with predictive value of the method and complications. Ad 2). This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent thyroid reoperations at clinical department of surgery in Kraków with intraoperative neuromonitoring versus with RLN visualization, but without neuromonitoring. The database of thyroid surgery was searched for eligible patients (treated in the years 1993–2012). The primary outcomes were transient and permanent RLN injury. Laryngoscopy was used to evaluate and follow RLN injury.Results: Ad 1). In Group II as compared to Group I, a significant reduction of operative time was noted (102.1±19.4 vs. 109.9±19.0; p=0.045), along with an increased percentage of identified RLNs (99.0% vs. 89.2%; p=0.006), a decreased percentage of correction-requiring technical errors (8.0% vs. 24.0%; p=0.029), an improved negative predictive (99.0% vs. 89.3%; p<0.001) and positive value (75.0% vs., 55.6%; p<0.001), as well as a decreased percentage of RLN injuries (3.0% vs. 14.0%; p=0.006). Ad 2). The study group comprised 854 patients (139 men, 715 women) operated for recurrent goiter (n = 576), recurrent hyperthyroidism (n = 36), completion thyroidectomy for cancer (n = 194) or recurrent thyroid cancer (n = 48), including 472 bilateral and 382 unilateral reoperations; 1,326 nerves at risk (NAR). A group of 306 patients (500 NAR) underwent reoperations with intraoperative neuromonitoring and 548 patients (826 NAR) had reoperations with RLN visualization, but without neuromonitoring. Transient and permanent RLN injuries were found respectively in 13 (2.6 %) and 7 (1.4 %) nerves with neuromonitoring versus 52 (6.3 %) and 20 (2.4 %) nerves without neuromonitoring (p = 0.003 and p = 0.202, respectively).Conclusions: Ad 1). Mastering the technique of intraoperative RLN neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery requires the surgeon to perform independently approximately 50 monitored procedures, what allows for achieving the predictive value of the method that is comparable to outcomes published by referral centers. Ad 2). Intraoperative neuromonitoring decreased the incidence of transient RLN paresis in repeat thyroid operations compared with nerve visualization alone. The prevalence of permanent RLN injury tended to be lower in thyroid reoperations with neuromonitoring, but statistical validation of the observed differences requires a sample size of 920 NAR per arm.
Place of publishing:
Kraków
Level of degree:
2 - studia doktoranckie
Degree discipline:
endokrynologia ; chirurgia
Degree grantor:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Collegium Medicum. Wydział Lekarski.
Promoter:
Marcin Barczyński
Date issued:
2014
Format:
application/pdf
Identifier:
oai:dl.cm-uj.krakow.pl:3988
Call number:
ZB-122745
ControlNumberVIRTUA:
click here to follow the link
Language:
pol ; eng
Access rights:
tylko w bibliotece
Location of original object:
Biblioteka Medyczna Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego- Collegium Medicum
Subject and keywords:
thyroid surgery intraoperative neuromonitoring recurrent laryngeal nerve
Object collections:
Digital Medical Library > PhD thesis database
Last modified:
May 28, 2021
In our library since:
Jun 15, 2015
Number of object content hits:
266
Number of object content views in PDF format
266
All available object's versions:
http://dl.cm-uj.krakow.pl:8080/publication/3988
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ZB-122745 May 28, 2021
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Evaluation of the learning curve for intraoperative neural monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in thyroid surgery
Pragacz, Krzysztof
2015
Praca doktorska
ris
BibTeX
Evaluation of the clinical value of intraoperative neural monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in thyroid surgery
Stopa, Małgorzata.
2014
Praca doktorska
ris
BibTeX
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Transit a low-res proxy version of the media items is created and provided, across a network. Transit (digital logger) manages the logging of digital signals usually for legal purposes (to have a storage of what went on-air).System is defined to capture an audio/video signal 24 X 7 and can be scheduled by date and time,We can set the codec, bit rate of encoding and storage length (depending on the storage). It can run water mark ticker, Logo, Date time bug etc. Transit support SD and HD both formats.
Listed Features
Multichannel allows logging up to 4 different audio/video inputs on the same MediaLogger.
Automatically stores and indexes recorded audio/video by date and time, to offer an instant access to logged segments.
Automatically rotate logged files to keep track of the desided number of days.
Unlimited player modules allow to play the recorded audio and video instantly on any workstation in your LAN.
Fully customizable date/time and logo overlay on recorded video.
User-definable recording quality according to the available disk space(frame-rate, file size,audio/video codecs).
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D.O.V was founded in 2004. After years of experience, we specialize in buying and selling of used forklifts, aerial platforms and various industrial machines. With passion we will search for the right machine.
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Dating Boot Camp – Week 2: This session, DBC participants broke up into single-gender groups to consider their peers’ feedback and impressions from the first week. We discussed tendencies to view new information through old lenses, the idea of taking another’s perception as truth versus a reflection of their own stuff, and the way insecurities […]
Posted in Dating, dating help, Group Therapy, Relationship Issues, Sexuality Gender, Singles, Uncategorized | Also tagged dating, dating boot camp, dating help, dating workshop, group, relationships, singles | Comments closed
Dating Boot Camp Update: Week 1
By Christine | Published: May 5, 2013
Yesterday afternoon six very courageous daters gathered together committed to begin exploring with each other their relationship patterns, family dynamics and internal belief systems about self and others. Each participant was active and eager to learn how to improve their chances of finding a fulfilling relationship. The focus of Week 1 was on first impressions. […]
Posted in Dating, dating help, Group Therapy, Relationship Issues, Sexuality Gender, Singles | Also tagged dating, dating boot camp, dating help, dating workshop, group, relationships, singles | Comments closed
Dating Boot Camp Starts!
By Christine | Published: April 28, 2013
The first round of Dating Boot Camp begins Saturday May 4th! I am excited to explore deeper relational patterns with the six courageous men and women who will make up the inaugural group. Week 1 will focus on introductions and first impressions. Members will explore how they hope or intend to present themselves and how […]
Posted in Dating, dating help, Group Therapy, love, Relationship Issues, Sexuality Gender, Singles | Also tagged dating, dating boot camp, dating help, dating workshop, group, relationships, singles | Comments closed
In need of a dating tune up?
By Christine | Published: March 31, 2013
At last, spring has sprung! With the energy of re-birth and emergence in the air, it’s the perfect time to refine your approach to dating. If you have been dating for a while and don’t feel like you’re getting anywhere, or if you have struggled to get started altogether, Dating Boot Camp can help you […]
Posted in Dating, dating help, Group Therapy, Relationship Issues, Singles, Uncategorized | Also tagged dating, dating boot camp, dating help, dating workshop, group, relationships, singles | Comments closed
That’s Got To Be The End, Right?
By Christine | Published: March 6, 2013
Ok, so this last snow storm should be it for the season. No, really, I think winter is finally coming to an end. Alright, I may be dreaming but it really isn’t too early to start planning for the warmer weather. Spring is when we all have a collective stretch after a long hibernation and […]
Posted in Dating, dating help, Group Therapy, love, Relationship Issues, Singles | Also tagged dating, dating boot camp, dating help, dating workshop, group, relationships, singles | Comments closed
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Weigh-In. Oconee-Sinclair Lake Resources Office will be Closed on November 5, 2019 The Lake Resources Office at 125 Wallace Dam Rd, Eatonton, GA will be closed on Tuesday, Nov. 5th. North Georgia Lakes Announce 2019/2020 Drawdown Schedule By Jay Weems | News | No Comments Lake Burton November 1, 2019 – starts down to 7’ feet below normal summer pool February 1, 2020 – starts up March 1, 2020 – within 5’ feet of normal… Lake Sinclair is a man-made lake in central Georgia. Some of the areas at the north end of the lake will be included in our strategic program in 2019. Preference is given to Georgia-based organizations with goals to improve the quality of life of Georgia's residents. Manage your commercial account, access billing and payments, find commercial rebates and savings specific to your industry. Little River Park and Campgrounds. The top 50 anglers on the Bassmaster Elite Series will be battling this week at the Toyota Angler of the Year Championship on Lake St. Clair near Detroit. May 2, 2020 – Lake Oconee Paddlers, kayakers and outdoor lovers -- get ready for the ultimate recreation experience. After the drawdown, the lake will range between 337 and 335 feet. Power for Business Customer Satisfaction. All rights reserved. (Directions) Georgia Power's Lakes Oconee and Sinclair are located midway between Atlanta and Augusta in east Georgia. That's why certain 501(c)(3) organizations can apply for a Georgia Power grant. Search databases, industry studies and information regarding infrastructure. Feet MSL. Meet our leadership team, learn how we create a culture of diversity and inclusion and find data on our company’s performance. The lower lake elevation will typically be seen in the A.M. hours. It is operated by Georgia Power. Browse our more commonly asked questions regarding our response efforts to COVID-19 for our business customers. ©2017 Georgia Power. Georgia Power remains committed to continued safe and reliable service amid COVID-19 concerns. Quality bass are started to show up using the spinner bait. WATER LEVEL. Also known as the Academic Calendar, the Registration Calendar sets registration dates, payment deadlines, audit registration dates, withdraw dates and campus closure dates all in one convenient place. DAY 1 : 7:00 AM ET Dennis Station Access 107 Dennis Station Rd Milledgeville GA 31061. Take Off. Access to the releases is open to the public. Shop LEDs, Smart Thermostats, Advanced Power Strips and More. 706-746-1450, Office125 Wallace Dam Road Like is the case every few years, it’s time once again for a drawdown of Lake Sinclair. Georgia Power helps you save money and use energy wisely at home. officials announced today that Lake St. Clair will serve as the host venue for the 2019 Toyota Bassmaster Angler of the Year Championship on Sept. 26-29. The drawdown begins on Oct. 26, and will begin refilling on Nov. 29. Lake Hickory Winter Trail : Annette McKinney: 828.302.7634 Lake Hickory 12/26/2020 NC Lake James Winter Trail : Dale Duncan : 828.460.7526 Lake James 12/26/2020 NC Lake Norman Original Winter Trail : Mike Chronister: 704.634.1157 Georgia Power’s regular lowering of Lake Sinclair is scheduled to begin Monday, allowing lot owners to schedule repairs and construction on docks, seawalls and boathouses. Lake Sinclair. Residents have a little more than a month to get their projects completed as the lowering will last until Nov. 29. Georgia Power is committed to the communities where we live and work. Georgia Power strives to keep the lakes as close to full pool, within operating parameters, as possible. (Directions) Directions to Little River. Click for details… During the Dec 2005 drawdown, we took a pontoon boat ride out to survey the shallow spots of the lake. Terms and Conditions Sinclair's main campus calendar of events from all areas around campus, including important academic dates, arts and performance productions, workshops, conferences, and special events. The lake will then fluctuate between the range of … The drawdown begins on Oct. 26, and will begin refilling on Nov. 29. The kids and kids-at-heart will love bouncing the waves on a jet ski or casting a rod to catch the big one! March 21, 2020 – Lake Sinclair. Sinclair is a family-owned, vertically integrated oil company involved in all aspects of our industry – from oil and gas exploration to motor fuel distribution. Fortson, GA 31808 Lake Sinclair will be drawn down on the following dates: Beginning Descent Date: October 18, 2015 Beginning Ascent Date: November 27, 2015 (Expected to return to … Learn how we are “A Citizen Wherever We Serve” plus tips to prevent fraud and stay safe around water or electricity. Due to the daily operation at the Wallace Dam, the lower elevation will normally occur in the mornings. 1 / 20 The 2019 Bassmaster Elite Series coveted AOY title is on the line, as well as 42 berths to the 50th anniversary Bassmaster Classic. Other factors contributing to level changes are scheduled and unscheduled drawdowns for maintenance … April 13, 2019: ... 2019. Georgia Power wants to assure customers that the company has comprehensive plans and procedures to ensure a continuation of operations and service. Georgia Power helps businesses make smart investments in energy efficiency. Georgia Power is dedicated to giving back to the communities we serve. The regular eight-tournaments in the trail schedule will be followed by a two-day classic at Lake Oconee on May 18, and Lake Sinclair on May 19, with the top team taking home a prize of $10,000. Lake Gen Rain Current Elevation Full Elevation; Allatoona : 0.01: 825.72: 840: Lanier (Buford Dam) Lake Sinclair. Browse our more commonly asked questions regarding our response efforts to COVID-19. Georgia Power’s North Georgia Whitewater is releasing into Tallulah Gorge during selected weekends in April and November. Join Georgia Power and volunteer boating organizations for all the excitement at Tallulah Gorge State Park the first two weekends in April and the first three weekends in November. SCHEDULE. Eatonton, GA 31024 Lake Sinclair Water Level. Lakemont, GA 30552 March 7, 2020 – Lake Oconee. During that time Lake Sinclair will be drawn down some 4 feet and the lake could be down as much as 5 1/2 feet during the Wallace Dam pumpback operation. The Registration Calendar is a great tool to help you plan for the upcoming academic terms. If you plan to have any work done on your waterfront (new, repair, replacements or excavation work) in the lake basin, please submit your request in writing. January 4, 2020 – Lake Oconee. A Georgia woman died after driving a water scooter at high speed into the shoreline of a lake in northeast Georgia on Saturday, the state's Department … Make 2020 your most efficient year yet. (Directions) © 2018 Southern Company. 404-954-4040, Office4 Seed Lake Road Other factors contributing to level changes are scheduled and unscheduled drawdowns for maintenance of the dam, and government-mandated flow limits. For the second time in recent weeks, a drawdown of Lake Sinclair is again underway, and nearly competed. The lake will lower approximately 6” per day until the target level of 335’ M.S.L is reached (5’ below full pool). Georgia Power, the largest non-governmental provider of recreation facilities in Georgia, provides recreational opportunities year round for the general public at more than 40 sites across the state. Do not reuse text or graphics without written permission. The Registration Calendar comes in handy when scheduling classes, work, and even vacations. We have executive offices in Salt Lake City, Utah; two refineries in Wyoming; and over 1,500 branded Sinclair stations in 29 states. February 1, 2020 – Lake Sinclair. Lake Levels Readings for: 12/26/20 Last updated: 12/26/20 at 08:49 AM. Lake Sinclair encompasses 15,300 acres of winding coves and several vast stretches of open water. Spinner baits and crank baits are working as the as the water temperature cools down. Find info & services specific to you: A High School Student A Prospective Student A Current Student An Alumni A Community Member A Parent or Family Member An … November 1, 2019 – starts down to 7’ feet below normal summer pool, March 1, 2020 – within 5’ feet of normal pool, Office1516 Bartletts Ferry Road April 18, 2020 – Lake Sinclair. SPRINGFIELD, Va. September 1, 2020 – For the nation’s 12 million boat owners, Labor Day weekend is the last blast, with many enjoying the end-of-summer boating ritual with family and friends aboard, according to Boat Owners Association of The United States (BoatUS). Georgia Power has scheduled a drawdown of Lake Sinclair for October 20 through November 24. April 25, 2020 – Lake Oconee. Lake Sinclair will begin its scheduled homeowner maintenance drawdown on Monday October 26th, 2020. Blow downs, shallow brush, stumps, and grass have been the cover holding these fish. < December 2020 > Find out if you qualify. Lake Sinclair Antique Boat Show. ... Jack Collins, 94, passed away Tuesday, July 17, 2019 at his home on Lake Sinclair. | Privacy Statement, Company Response to COVID-19 FAQ for our Business customers, Groundwater Monitoring and Dewatering Plant List, Georgia Power’s energy efficiency programs save customers money and help reduce impact of summer heat, Georgia Power crews scheduled to assist with Hurricane Laura recovery, Georgia Power customers to see $18 reduction on October bills, Georgia Power Prepared for Tropical Storm Zeta, Southern Company announces leadership change at Georgia Power, Georgia Power ranked #1 in Segment by J.D. Jackson, GA 30233 After the drawdown, the lake will range between 337 and 335 feet. December 7, 2019 – Lake Sinclair. He had a limit of five bass, with a total scale weight of 19.74 pounds. April 22, 2019 Justin Lanier of Macon, Georgia, caught five bass Saturday weighing 18 pounds, 1 ounce, to win the 2019 T-H Marine FLW Bass Fishing League (BFL) Bulldog division tournament on Lake Sinclair.Lanier earned $4,399 for his victory. Bass fishing is fair. 3069 N Columbia St. Milledgeville, GA 31061. 338.85. 312 likes. Preparing lake level chart... Level Base: MSL Full Pool: 340.00 feet Flood Pool: 340.00 feet: Change Since Yesterday: 0.25 Feet Level Controlled by: … LAKE SINCLAIR IS DOWN 1.5 STAINED 60S . Our Community & Economic Development organization is supporting leaders in local communities to bring new jobs and capital investment to Georgia. Georgia Power sponsors and participates in river and lake cleanups around the state near many of our generating facilities. B.A.S.S. According to Georgia Power, the lake will begin refilling on November 19. TALLULAH GORGE WHITEWATER RELEASES CANCELED. Sunday, December 27, 2020 7:00:00 AM Level is 1.15 feet below full pool of 340.00. 2019 LakeSinclair Insurance Waiver12878. Georgia Power is known for Value, Reliability, Service and Stewardship. Here is a refreshing idea, spend the day on the water and if you need to cool off, just jump in! 2019 LakeSinclair Event Schedule. Access your secure online account 24/7, explore money-saving products, compare rate plans and find rebates and incentives. All Rights Reserved. The office will reopen at 10:00 a.m. Wednesday, Nov. 6th. Willie McMullen of Oxford, Ga took home the first place trophy and $824 cash on Febuary 9, 2019 on Lake Sinclair at the Bass Pro Shops Fishing Tournament for D72. 2020 – 2021 nga lakes drawdown schedule By Jay Weems | News | No Comments LAKE BURTON Starts down from normal pool (1865.0 feet MSL) November 1, 2020 Down 7’ feet (1858.0 feet MSL) by December 31, 2020 Begin refill February 1, 2021 Within 5’… November 1, 2019 – starts down to 7’ feet below normal summer pool February 1, 2020 – starts up March 1, 2020 – within 5’ feet of normal pool May 1, 2020 – normal summer pool PHOENIX BASS FISHING LEAGUE - 2019 - Lake Sinclair. The Lake Sinclair Challenge is a fixed-course, self-timed, long-distance challenge open to any sailing vessel on Lake Sinclair. Those include habitat improvement projects, fishing tournaments on both lakes and a lake drawdown on Lake Sinclair scheduled by Georgia Power on October 26 when the drawdown begins on the lake and then on Nov. 29, when the lake begins refilling. 2019 LakeSinclairRegistration Form. Learn how you can help give back to the environment. 706-484-7500. Daily lake levels may fluctuate because of varying amounts of rainfall and the volume of water that passes through the dam for electricity generation. Daily lake levels may fluctuate because of varying amounts of rainfall and the volume of water that passes through the dam for electricity generation. (Directions) Lake office hours listed. Contact: Brenda Highsmith, (478) 968-5634 or With the drawdown of Lake Sinclair now under way, ... September 22, 2019 @ 6:07 pm. 706-322-0228, Office180 Dam Road 28 – 29 September 2019. 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For those of us who used to hearing government officials speak reverently of “sacrifice” but never seeing anything helpful emerge from the platitudes, it’s hard to overstate the impact of Joining Forces. This will be a ride filled with moments that people outside of this lifestyle will never get to experience. Our early plans included my husband serving his 20 years and then me bringing in the paycheck while he played second fiddle. (That's my theme. Whether you're an old pro or new to the military moving game, there's stuff to learn about PCSing. Retirement is the time of rest, especially for the military people and in your messages it brings out the same emotion. Rather, it is a chance to show your gratitude for the opportunities you had there. I wanted it to be a sincere and personal acknowledgment of the friends and colleagues who had supported me throughout my career. It’s important that the public perception and official recognition of military families matches the reality of military families — not only because that’s how resources are allocated and legislation is passed, but because it will make a career serving the nation an option for people who may have thought there was no place for them and their loved ones. Military kids are the unsung heroes of this crazy life. She lives in the Washington, DC area with her husband and two children. Under provisions outlined in the bill, Military Spouses Retirement Security Act (S. 4173, H. R. 7927), small businesses—those with 100 or fewer employees—would be eligible for a tax credit of up to $500 a year for up to three years for every military spouse employee if they make the military spouse eligible to participate in a retirement plan within two months of hire. Design it with careful regard for everything she has contributed and the many years of hard work she has devoted to the company, school (if she is a teacher), military… by Susan Here's a humorous retirement speech I helped a friend write. During that time, I’ve observed substantial changes transforming America’s military families — the over 2 million partners and children of active-duty service members. When your spouse finally decides to hit the button and retire from the military, there are a mix of emotions. But there's this you that you were always meant to be, this you that makes you, you. Every year, thousands of people marry someone in the military, adorably unaware of what they're getting into -- and a whole bunch of those weddings take place on the same weekends as graduations. Navigating the working world is much easier than navigating military marriage. You'll realize that the old you would never have cried during the national anthem, and you'll wonder if that means you've changed. Sitting through half a dozen readings of Dr. Seuss' Oh the Places You'll Go! Finally, the Today Show is highlighting that community. A Military Retirement Speech Transcript: Leading, Teaching, Motivating Published on July 3, 2017 July 3, 2017 • 63 Likes • 9 Comments I admit that my undelivered speech might not have been as exciting as those of officers who have experienced combat, tested cutting-edge technologies, or executed billion-dollar budgets. We appreciate you for all these reasons and so many more! Sample Retirement Speech. … Military Spouse | Simplify Your Crazy, Wonderful Military Life Military Spouse is your premiere online milspouse community, with resources on all things military life, marriage, military spouse jobs and education, pcs moves, military discounts, and more! A retirement speech isn’t meant to be a detailed rundown of your history with your soon-to-be ex-employer. Military Farewell Retirement Address. Hang onto that. Your audience will appreciate a more authentic speech rather than a stoic message. And it's OK to conform -- at times. Samples for retirement message for military: 1). When I got married, I became a military wife, but sometime during the mid-aughts I discovered that in fact I was a military spouse. Site by SCBW. The graduation invitations have begun to arrive. I know military spouses don’t have an actual retirement from military life. Every good commencement speech has a theme.). What to do when someone shouts to the world that "the moose is loose.". Retirement: The World's Longest Coffee Break! For a friend For those inclined to file these developments under “political correctness,” it’s worth noting that diversity is nothing new in the military; as an organization, it has simply lagged in recognizing the people who fill its ranks. A military spouse’s retirement speech. Odds are pretty good that you know who that person is and you're pretty much him or her right now. From the opening benediction to the “I stand relieved” salute indicating transfer of command to the final, otherworldly strains of the bosun’s whistle piping our family out of Navy life, it was as tightly choreographed as….well, as every other military ceremony I’ve attended since my husband and I got engaged, just three days after 9/11. Alison Buckholtz is the author of Standing By: The Making of an American Military Family in a Time of War, one of the first memoirs of the Iraq war period by a military spouse. Most significantly, it helped broker legislation enabling military spouses to transfer state-specific job credentials across all 50 states — especially important for those whose career licensing requirements rendered them unemployable after each PCS move. Finding the help and resources you need to plan for your financial transition from the military is critical. I, along with my children were some of his guest speakers. The 2011 dismantling of the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” legislation opened the door to nontraditional military families, too: post-repeal, two groups, the American Military Partner Association and OutServe-SLDN, launched to advance rights for LGBT people and families in the armed forces. You may even lose some friends because they do not understand. There I was, perched on a folding chair in the front row of a large and crowded room, listening to the parade of speakers at my husband’s recent military retirement ceremony. The gift-giving season is upon us, and we've got the ultimate military gift guide for you. But our military spouses have earned the support of our nation for all days, not just today. Blue Star Families, founded by military spouses in 2009, helped make this possible with its annual Military Family Lifestyle Survey, which analyzes trends related to military life. The officers’ rows of medals shook softly as each man stood, strode to the podium, and delivered remarks about my husband’s nearly 30-year Naval career. You'll be doing no one any favors by becoming bitter and disgruntled because you didn't take the chances you were offered. On November 7, 2014 my husband Rob McClellan retired from the US Navy after faithfully serving our country for 20 years. Remarks from the Retirement Ceremony Honoring General Michael V. Hayden on June 20, 2008. By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 30, 2020 6:22:50 PM ET. There are wedding toasts and half-drunk aunts and uncles who pull giddy brides and grooms aside to whisper scary cautionary tales. On retirement, you have so much experience to share and stories to tell. Nearly 18 years later, America is still sending troops to Iraq and Afghanistan. The advice in most won't apply. Although we don’t serve, there’s major sacrifice and hardship on our part as well. For others, it's the hardest. Being prepared includes knowing your military spouse benefits – and where to find them – as you navigate your way through the military community. They seem to have made rank just fine without having a professional martyr at home. Here are some snippets of retirement speeches that you can amend for your situation. It is regularly named as a resource that helps bridge the civilian-military divide and included in roundups of the most influential books by military spouses. The first Military Spouse Appreciation Day was celebrated on May 23, 1984. Military retirement pay starts at 50 percent of the highest three years pay and increases with every year of service. My retirement speech was an important part of my transition into retirement. These are inspiring developments in a world that’s conspicuously lacking in good news. Today, we honor and show our military spouses our appreciation. I like to start out my article with a quote that pertains to. It was the beginning of the Iraq War. (That number is twice as large when Reserve and National Guard families are included.). Video of the NORAD Tracks Santa Operations Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, 23 December 2020. Not one bit. Know that this is going to be an exhausting ride. delivered 30 September 2011, Fort Myer, Virginia. Like them, though, I believe that the military must be relevant, responsive, and ready for anything. Well now, I'm telling you that. To my Groom, I’m retiring from the Navy, too. Alison, joined by her son, at her husband's recent retirement ceremony. Tailor your talk to … Military life can be an exciting adventure for spouses as long as you’re prepared. It's posted here with his permission. If you’re new to military life, there’s lots of information to take in. No one else will care if you don't. Categories. For the latest military news and tips on military family benefits and more, sign up for a free Military.com membership and have the information you need delivered directly to your inbox. These military appreciation quotes will give you the words to say just how much the military means to you on Military Appreciation Day and beyond. But our service as a family is over. The reality of finding work when a spouse retires. Yet today they are no doubt delighted to be here and looking forward to the future. According to Bob Lowry, the key to retirement speeches is brevity, practice and audience awareness. made me realize that there aren't any military spouse commencement speeches. Thank ... Top 100 American Speeches. The setting was his company staffroom. When we think of military spouses, we don't always think of the men. If you are searching for the retirement messages for the military, here we present a good collection of retirement message samples for military to you. There are unmarried generals, admirals, chiefs and sergeants major. Can you balance work and military life without a serious case of FOMO? The debut issue of Military Spouse magazine in 2004 helped institutionalize the usage, which reflects the fact that men comprise an ever-growing number of people married to service members. Military Retirement Speeches honor a remarkable individual. Thank you commanders, chiefs, family, friends, fellow maintainers, and members of the Mighty Ninety for coming to my retirement ceremony. Short Retirement Speech Examples. It can't. If I’d been called to the microphone, I would have told the assembled guests that the two most surprising changes I’ve observed since marrying into the military in 2001 are both related to military families. And while congratulations usually abound, there may also be some trepidation as you prepare to exit the world you’ve known so well for the past twenty some years. 30 Military Spouse Quotes for Inspiration / Comments Off on 30 Military Spouse Quotes for Inspiration I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again, military spouses are a tough breed.. Email Address (civilian, not .mil please), Email address (civilian, not .mil please), National Military Family Association’s policy platform, Institute for Veterans and Military Families. When life is full of darkness, look for the light. Arlington Ladies make funerals a time of comfort, honor and remembrance, Good samaritan helps Army spouse complete PCS to Alaska, 4 fun ways for military families to connect with others this holiday season, When disaster relief becomes a family affair, How COVID-19 is changing holiday plans for military families. Read more. It’s … The white uniforms — chokers, they’re called, for their high collar — contrasted sharply against the floor-to-ceiling American flag. ... my deep honor, to be a military spouse and a Navy wife and to know so many others who would wait and worry and work so hard. Military Spouse is your premiere online milspouse community, with resources on all things military life, marriage, military spouse jobs and education, pcs moves, military discounts, and more! The staff were all invited to a special afternoon tea to honor him. Eventually, you will stop caring that people can see you crying during the national anthem. A retirement speech in pdf is also considered by some as an opportunity to thank their colleagues and everyone who has contributed to their growth as a person and as an employee. In fact, you'll be filled with pity for the people who don't cry because you'll wonder if they've been blessed enough to enjoy experiences like the ones you've had. Alison, joined by her son, at her husband's recent retirement ceremony. Trying to make it apply will make you crazy. If you've ever made pasta from scratch, know that military life will make you feel like the dough. Here's how. Blend Images - Hill Street Studios/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images. The date has since been standardized as the Friday before Mother’s Day. Be familiar with your entitlements. Most will fill you with an almost embarrassing pride in yourself and in the people around you. Does military life have you searching for a new babysitter? Now, here's a way to recognize them. It doesn't even care about your spouse's dreams. I want you to recognize the accomplishments, the trust, the friendship, the humor we had that made your career, our … Retirement Speeches Examples Tips and Advice. Under the USFSPA, a former spouse of a military member is eligible to request a portion of her former spouse's retirement benefits provided the marriage met certain requirements. Alison also wrote a yearlong “Deployment Diary” column on Slate.com. Military families, equipped with the right tools, can help achieve this — and I have watched scores of my peers subordinate their own ambitions to achieve this worthy goal. For some people, it might be the most wonderful time of the year. Why do military families matter? If it sounds like there’s a “but…” coming, there’s not. From marriage to kids and parenting, we have the resources you need. Get a free copy of MILITARY FAMILIES delivered to your inbox each month. The Speech for my Husband’s Retirement from the US Navy. Our two children also received certificates acknowledging their “service to the nation.” I was touched: as with all military families, our kids and I have powered through multiple deployments and moves, and it’s nice to be acknowledged. The groups recently combined their efforts, merging into the Modern Military Association of America. A 2013 study of the assessment of readjustment needs of veterans, service members, and their families from the National Academies of Science found that “Military families are more diverse than most statistics or research might suggest…the committee views the military’s definition of family as narrow and out of step with the diversity in family arrangements in modern society.”. Humorous Retirement Speech. It has to care about saving the world. Thank you, military spouse, for being you and for all the amazing contributions you make to our community. The pressure to conform will be overwhelming at times. Gifts Ideas Military Appreciation Gifts Thank You Gifts. Here are a few things to look for. Don't be tricked into believing that not doing these things will hurt your spouse's career. Today. Everyone has heard some variation of this old joke: “If the military wanted you to have a family, it would have issued you one.” One of the most seismic shifts of the past two decades is that military families are now considered worthy of focused attention, research, and policy. So here is my commencement speech for 2014's new military spouses: (That's my theme. I have to admit, however, that I entertained a brief, flickering fantasy of being invited to the podium to share a few thoughts of my own. Below, find a list of helpful hints for the retiring spouse to help you on your next journey. That also plays a role in a service member’s decision to remain in the military, and sometimes in whether or not members of the next generation of the family choose to serve. Every good commencement speech has a theme.). Military Spouse Appreciation Day(05/11/12) Armed Forces Day(05/19/12) Mothers’ Day(05/13/12) Memorial Day(05/28/12) Tag: Army Retirement Speeches. The military member must have served a minimum of 20 creditable years of service in the military; the marriage overlapped the military service by at least 20 years; the marriage lasted for a minimum of 20 years. But troops’ readiness starts at home: Research consistently shows that a service member’s performance, especially during deployments, is influenced by his or her family’s stability and satisfaction. Photo credit: Ilya Mirman. Some will be bad moments, but many will be amazing. Volunteers with the Soldiers Angels usually hands out at least 75 pounds of food - to 250 veterans. Similar research drives the National Military Family Association’s policy platform, such as its position that access to quality, affordable child care is central to service member and family readiness. A Commencement Speech for Military Spouses, 12 Must-Ask Questions When Hiring a New Babysitter, 9 Things Military Families Should Look for in a School District, How to Be a Working Military Spouse Without Feeling Like You’re Missing Everything, Remember, You Don’t Need to Volunteer for Everything, How To Find the Best Transition Resources, 5 Military Transition Money Problems and How to Solve Them, Resource Fills Huge Transition Help Gap for Young Kids, Scholarship Application for Military Children Program Now Open, Here's How the Military Community Stepped Up After the Shooting, Nominations Open for the Military Child of the Year Award, Canadian Forces Drink This High-Octane Eggnog to Celebrate the New Year, and We Have a Recipe, Even COVID-19 Can't Stop This Year's Army-Navy Game Spirit Videos. You've likely mapped out your route to your next duty station before orders even arrive. No matter what you might think, it will not be like your friends' and relatives' non-military marriages. Under the Military Spouse Retirement Security Act, small employers, those with 100 workers or fewer, would be eligible for a tax credit up to $500 per year per military spouse. I admire them for it. It is up to the judge in the divorce to determine whether the military member's spouse receives a portion of their retirement. If there's something you want to do with your life, something that has absolutely nothing to do with being a military spouse, you must do it. If you get to the end of your military journey and you still recognize and like yourself, that means you've won. How Do You Write Military Retirement Speeches? ... May 8th, 2018 - Gen Dempsey s Remarks at Gen Alexander s Retirement she s been the leader of the military spouse community But even these examples don t do justice to what' The remaining $1,000 that makes up the $3,000 total entitlement would also go to the military spouse, as that represents the 10 years of service that was earned outside of the marital time period. Well, there's nothing better than that. Ideas For A Retirement Speech Or Retirement Toast. Many of your old friends will not understand this. It’s not always obvious to those without ties to someone who has served. Preparing for deployment can seem like an uphill battle. For most families, it isn’t enough to live on. It will be the kind of pride that makes you cry when you hear the national anthem. And there should be. It has to care about saving the world. No Result . This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. So here is my commencement speech for 2014's new military spouses: Never Let Go of You. Why didn’t anyone tell me I didn't have to volunteer for everything? The former spouse would receive $1,000 dollars a month, and the military member would receive $1,000 dollars a month for the marital money. How to Celebrate a Nontraditional Thanksgiving, and Enjoy It, sign up for a free Military.com membership, How to Make the Most of the Holiday Season While Miles Apart, 5 Ways Military Spouses Can Make the Holiday Season a Little Easier, This Military Kid Learned to Fly a Plane Before Driving a Car, The Top 5 Military Spouse Movements and Moments of 2020, Jobs, Education and EFMP: Here's What Spouses Need to Know from the Upcoming Defense Law, Veterans in need get helping hand from Soldiers Angels Detroit, Non-profit Raises Money to Reunite Military Families for the Holidays, The History of NORAD’s Santa-Tracking Mission: A Look Back. That’s broadly the period in which the term “military spouse” was adopted, with varying levels of enthusiasm, within each of the services. (Military retirement pay starts at 40 percent of the highest three years pay if the service member selected the Career Status Bonus/Redux option.) College is expensive but the Scholarships for Military Children Program is helping military kids ease the burden. I was an involved military spouse for many years: first in my husband’s squadrons; then as a writer of articles, essays, and a book about how military families (ours and others) fared as the Iraq and Afghanistan wars demanded more and more from those on the homefront; then as an advocate and occasional speaker on behalf of military families. Even though they are about to commence on a big new phase of their lives, there are no "commencement" speeches for the newest class of military husbands and wives. From midway through my husband’s military career until today, I have always looked forward to retirement. Here are just a few things that you can do: If you're an employer, hire a military spouse - not as an act of charity, but as a brilliant business move. When writing a retirement farewell speech, do keep in mind the significance of this event for your guest of honor. Retirement meant that I could start my career. You only get one life. There I was, perched on a folding chair in the front row of a large and crowded room, listening to the parade of speakers at … Photo credit: Ilya Mirman. Taking a look inside the Toys for Tots drop off center in Clayton County. How Far Can We Drive Each Day of our PCS? But knowing that you honored yourself, your spouse, your family and your country AND you lived your best possible life? It won't. This example may help you in preparing your own retirement speech, and generate some ideas for your retirement speech. Here's our easy PCS 101... Good news for you: Being a military spouse can actually make some parts of going back to school easier. It's a rite of passage, as predictable as the annual crop of child stars gone bad. We stood under the wedding canopy three months after that — and a week later, said the first of many goodbyes. The Brookings Institution, Rand Corporation, and Syracuse University’s Institute for Veterans and Military Families are among the think tanks that now include military families in their research and analysis. © Copyright 2020 Rebekah Sanderlin. You see, the U.S. military does not care about your dreams. If your spouse isn’t around to give you gifts on Military Spouse Appreciation Day, then I hope you will get some love and a care package from another military spouse. Six months after they left the Marine Corps, one wife lists what NOT to say to your spouse as they transitions to civilian... How can a supportive spouse help her transitioning service member find the career advice he needs? It can't. Her articles and essays have been published in the New York Times, Washington Post, Real Simple, Parenting, Washingtonian magazine, Time.com, Salon.com and many other publications. In an all-volunteer system like ours, where the U.S. military is in a competition for talent, these are national security issues worthy of careful consideration. Military Retirement Speech Find Retirement Communities and. Here are tips to narrow your job search to something you actually want to do -- and get you closer to your dream job. These military spouses ran for political office in 2020, and won. This military lifestyle will press you, mold you, flat out jam you into tiny spaces that are not comfortable, literally and figuratively. All rights reserved. But we've been there. In a nod to the role a retiring service member’s spouse often plays during an active-duty career, I was called up on stage to be thanked. Marriage books will be all but useless to you. Know this, maybe even get it tattooed somewhere to remind you: The happiest military spouses are the ones who DON'T do all the stuff they think they're supposed to do. Military support organizations frequently partnered with Joining Forces, the initiative launched in 2011 by then-First Lady Michelle Obama and Dr. Jill Biden to support service members, veterans, and their families. That's why you have to care about your dreams. Years before, when this young person was enlisting, this day seemed impossibly far off. One of its newest programs helps military families with LBGTQ youth navigate the unique challenges of military service — like being stationed on bases in rural areas where they may feel isolated and without a community or resources. And you must take those chances when they are offered. Importance of Retirement Speech. In fact, the male spouse of an active-duty female officer, Jeremy Hilton, was named Military Spouse of the Year in 2012, just four years after the award was founded. Your spouse is retiring from the military. Military life is not easy, but we've got your back. When your military life is over, you'll want to be that person again and your years of military life will be happier if you never lose sight of the real you. Picking a new home based on the school district? Remember, it is important to speak from the heart. Speakers: Robert M. Gates, Secretary, Department of Defense and Michael V. Hayden, Director, Central Intelligence Agency. There is the belief by some that the USFSPA states the military member must pay their spouse or ex-spouse a portion of their military retirement, but this is a fundamental misunderstanding of the act. © 2020 Military Families by AmeriForce. Military Spouse Appreciation Day was created by President Reagan in 1984 to recognize the sacrifices and support of military spouses. This video was created in compliance with COVID-19 protocols. Sure you can. Here's what you need to know. Right now 2011, Fort Myer, Virginia military marriage military journey and you still recognize and like yourself that... You may even lose some friends because they do not understand this that... Re new to military spouse retirement speech life is full of darkness, look for opportunities... Sincere and personal acknowledgment of the year months after that — and a later... Defense and Michael V. Hayden on June 20, 2008 were offered on may 23, 1984 that are. You that you honored yourself, that means you 've won 've likely mapped out your route your. Are inspiring developments in a world that ’ s a “ but… ” coming, ’! December 2020 feel like the dough made rank just fine without having a professional martyr at home Pictures/Getty! 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For military: 1 ) and two children school district of emotions on may 23, 1984 through! In preparing your own retirement speech, and generate some ideas for your guest of honor to 250 veterans plan! So here is my commencement speech for my husband serving his 20 years and then me bringing the... Troops to Iraq and Afghanistan and colleagues who had supported me throughout my career receives... Your history with your soon-to-be ex-employer stoic message doing these things will your. To you December 2020 who that person is and you 're an old pro or to! I have always looked forward to the end of your old friends will understand! Helpful hints for the retiring spouse to help you on your next journey honor...
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Mark Lynch has reviewed his profile. You can read what he has to say in the Entertainers section of the website.
12th December 2011
The year ends on a high!
DSB played at the annual Bridlington Lions Carols concert again this year, and it was very well attended, almost a full house.
This concert brings our year to a close, and we will be back for rehearsal on the 6th January 2012.
We hope that everyone has a great Christmas, and a Happy & Healthy New Year!
7th December 2011
Profile Update
Lucy Grantham has edited her profile. Please take a look to see what has really happened...
3rd December 2011
Profile Updates
Finally, it appears that every member now has a profile, please take a look in the Entertainers Section to find out who has added one recently. Please be aware that not all the profiles are entirely accurate!
27th November 2011
DSB Christmas Concert
At our Christmas Concert this year, the annual awards were presented.
The Norman Blades Memorial Trophy - presented to the most improved player of 2011 ~ Lucy Grantham
The Tony Wilson Award - presented to the person who contributed most to DSB in 2011 ~ Des Milburn
25th November 2011
Profile Update
We have had a further update, from Bass Trombonist; Richard Shipman.
Surf over to the Entertainers section to find out about Richard.
21st November 2011
Profile Update
We have had another profile update; Michael Gregg has written his brass banding biography and can be found under the Entertainers section of this website. Take a look to see what he is about...
30th October 2011
Good News and not so Good
Experienced Bb Bass player Ian Backhouse has managed to score himself a job in Switzerland! so he will be re-locating in the near future. Good luck to Ian with this great opportunity!
Unfortunately for DSB, this will open up another vacancy on Bb Bass, leaving us without any!
Additionally, it also means that his daughters Rebecca and Emily will also be unable to attend rehearsals - this is a big loss to the band, they shall all be missed.
Please make everybody you know, aware of the vacancies, and send them along. We have great fun and make great music. Everybody is welcome.
15th October 2011
Vacancies
We are now in the position that we have two vacancies on cornet (positions negotiable), Bb Bass and also a percussion section.
In addition, we would welcome players in other sections too. Shift patterns and other commitments on a Friday night often interfere with rehearsals, so any players wishing to have a blow on a Friday would be welcome too!
30th September 2011
Players Moving on
September is the time of year when those of the appropriate age move on to go to university. This year we will be losing some of our cornet players.
James Ledger is off to study pharmacy.
Sam Thompson is going to Nottingham Trent University to study Criminilogy.
Toby Woodall is to study in Harrogate.
Good luck to you all. We hope you come back to visit during the holidays!
31st August 2011
VP Passes Away
Fred Robson, the co-composer of Capital of the Wolds - our signature tune, has passed away on Wednesday August 17th 2011.
His funeral was held in Driffield Parish Church on Thursday 25th August, and DSB played Capital of the Wolds and also the Alfred Bean Hospital March.
Toby Woodall played the last post particularly well, and received many complements from Freds family.
Fred will be greatly missed, though his music will live on.
27th July 2011
New Player
Following a recent re-location back to East Yorkshire, Michael Gregg has decided to join his twin brother Richard and sister-in-law Jo-Anne playing cornet with DSB. Another welcome addition to our growing band. He will further strengthen our cornet team.
20th July 2011
Driffield Show
We played at the annual Driffield Show again this year. This is the UKs biggest one day agricultural show.
This event has always been blessed by fantastic weather - not this year. It rained continuously throughout the day.
Despite this, the band played really well, and around the stand we had a few old friends who came back for a blow.
Graham Walker returned to the principal cornet chair for the day
Polly and Jenny Meadows returned to play Cornet & Horn
Craig Brown returned to cover the Solo Trombone position
Additionally we had Dave D-B covering on Bb Bass.
Thanks go to each of those and our own players for another great performance.
17th June 2011
The Visitors Just Keep on Coming
This Friday we had another cornet player come down to visit. Peter Kench, a student at Hull University and resident of Bridlington came down for our rehearsal, although unable to commit full time, he will help us out when he is available. A warm welcome to Peter.
11th June 2011
Busy Weekend
This weekend has been a busy one with concerts on consecutive nights.
The first - in the grounds of Burton Agnes Hall - was for the St Affrique Twinning Association. The audience was much bigger than previous concerts there, so we hope they managed to raise a great sum of money.
The second - on the North Cave Playing Fields - was part of their Gala Weekend celebrations. The band were joined in the second half by concert organiser and Soprano singer Lesley Julian in the traditional Last Night of the Proms event.
A busy weekend, but very satisfying!
27th May 2011
Another Visitor
This time we had the pleasure of Mark Lynch from Beverley playing cornet with us. If you add him to Adrian, Mick and Gill also returning for the rehearsal, we have had a healthy influx of players.
All of these players have made themselves available for our concerts over the next few weeks and are welcome additions to our band.
20th May 2011
More Visitors
This week, Adrian returned with a friend in tow - Graham from County Durham - another cornet player. We also had another couple of visitors in the shape of Mick on flugel, and Gill on Baritone. Mick is interested in filling the flugel vacancy, and would like to try us out again next week, so watch this space...
13th May 2011
Guest
This week, local cornet player Adrian Dunn accepted an invitation to join us for a rehearsal. He enjoyed it so much he asked whether he could come back again next week!
Its great to have him with us, and the invitation is open to any other players whod like to come down.
30th April 2011
Visitors
We had the pleasure of some visitors in April; Jenny Meadows - former Baritone / Bass player with DSB (and sister to Lucy Grantham) - returned on Horn this time for a couple of rehearsals, and she brought her boyfriend David to play on Trombone.
If any other players visiting Driffield wish to drop on on us for a blow, you will be more than welcome.
27th March 2011
Bob Dales Memorial Concert
We had a number of presentations to make at the concert this year partly due to the cancellation of the Christmas Concert due to the inclement weather.
Fred Robson was awarded the honorary position of Vice President following his 77 year association with DSB.
Fred then presented George Riggs with a copy of The Bell Hotel Grand March which had it's premier at the concert.
The Tony Wilson Award - for outstanding contribution to the Band - was awarded to our Librarian Dee Horner
The Norman Blades Award - for most improved player - was awarded to Heather Curnow.
18th February 2011
AGM
After another successful year, our AGM went very smoothly. There were no changes to the office bearers, and Andy Grace was appointed Musical Director for another year.
The Players Player of the Year award was split two ways this year;
Wendy Brayshaw was nominated for being immensely supportive of the band as a whole, and of individual players too.
Peter Horner was nominated for his positive attitude and approach to his numerous commitments.
Congratulations to you both.
6th February 2011
Website Addition
We have added a new page to the website - available to all registered members are the minutes from the committee meetings.
4th February 2011
Resignation
Reluctantly, due to personal reasons, Mike Waudby - our Flugel Player - has had to resign his position with the band. Mike only joined in April 2010, and has been a fantastic soloist across the year. He will be missed.
He has offered to help us at concerts until we are able to recruit a replacement. So if anybody is interested in the Flugel position with us, please get in touch through the Contact Us section of the website.
21st January 2011
New Players
We have recently had a couple of new players come to the band. Eric (trombone) and Margaret (tenor horn) Milburn. Both had been long term members of the Beverley Brass Band, and have had a short sabbatical away from playing. They wanted to start up again and have chosen to join Eric's brother Des at DSB.
We welcome them both and hope they enjoy their time with us.
16th January 2011
Resignation
Unfortunately Andy Rogers, one of our 2nd Cornet players, has had to resign his position with the band.
Since he joined in March 2010, his shift patterns at work changed which made it difficult for him to attend rehearsals and jobs, and subsequently they have changed again - not for the better.
He didn't get the opportunity to establish himself with the band, however he will always be welcome if he is able to make a return.
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Most useful Small Business Loans on line: LendingTree vs Lending Club vs Kabbage vs OnDeck vs Funding Circle & More
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Most useful Small Business Loans on line: LendingTree vs Lending Club vs Kabbage vs OnDeck vs Funding Circle & More
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Technological convergence is the tendency that as technology changes, different technological system sometimes evolve toward performing similar tasks.
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It's almost show time. It's time to get your tickets for our production of "Harvey" by Mary Chase. Follow the story of Elwood P Dowd, and an invisible giant rabbit named Harvey. Performance dates are Thursday 6th, Friday 7th and Saturday8th June and Thursday 13th, Friday 14th and Saturday 15th June. Preview night is Thurs … Continue reading “Harvey” by Mary Chase.
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This Sliding Bar can be switched on or off in theme options, and can take any widget you throw at it or even fill it with your custom HTML Code. Its perfect for grabbing the attention of your viewers. Choose between 1, 2, 3 or 4 columns, set the background color, widget divider color, activate transparency, a top border or fully disable it on desktop and mobile.
This Is A Custom Widget
This Sliding Bar can be switched on or off in theme options, and can take any widget you throw at it or even fill it with your custom HTML Code. Its perfect for grabbing the attention of your viewers. Choose between 1, 2, 3 or 4 columns, set the background color, widget divider color, activate transparency, a top border or fully disable it on desktop and mobile.
This Is A Custom Widget
This Sliding Bar can be switched on or off in theme options, and can take any widget you throw at it or even fill it with your custom HTML Code. Its perfect for grabbing the attention of your viewers. Choose between 1, 2, 3 or 4 columns, set the background color, widget divider color, activate transparency, a top border or fully disable it on desktop and mobile.
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This Sliding Bar can be switched on or off in theme options, and can take any widget you throw at it or even fill it with your custom HTML Code. Its perfect for grabbing the attention of your viewers. Choose between 1, 2, 3 or 4 columns, set the background color, widget divider color, activate transparency, a top border or fully disable it on desktop and mobile.
This Is A Custom Widget
This Sliding Bar can be switched on or off in theme options, and can take any widget you throw at it or even fill it with your custom HTML Code. Its perfect for grabbing the attention of your viewers. Choose between 1, 2, 3 or 4 columns, set the background color, widget divider color, activate transparency, a top border or fully disable it on desktop and mobile.
This Is A Custom Widget
This Sliding Bar can be switched on or off in theme options, and can take any widget you throw at it or even fill it with your custom HTML Code. Its perfect for grabbing the attention of your viewers. Choose between 1, 2, 3 or 4 columns, set the background color, widget divider color, activate transparency, a top border or fully disable it on desktop and mobile.
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“Composed heart & profound thoughts with far-reaching ambitions”. We could truly feel the space with traditional oriental culture and zeitgeist, not only from the concept or the performance which apply traditional essence of eastern culture but also develop and promotes eastern living philosophy and modern design spirit with natural harmony between people and living spaces which are inheritance and even more sublimation.
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Prompong Hakk Trivet Friday, 19 November 2021
Spyker
Spyker is a practical and beautiful trivet inspired by propeller designs of vintage airplanes. The Spyker trivet combines classic lines with contemporary materials. The stainless steel ring adds a subtle touch of class to the discreet design and comfortably fits into both modern and traditional homes. The functional design features a fingertip duct which allows the user to quickly open the trivet even while wearing oven gloves. When not in use this trivet loves resting in any kitchen drawer, standing up in a jar or hang suspended from a kitchen hook.
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Ning Li Packaging Thursday, 18 November 2021
SCW Chocolate
Salzburg Chocolate Werks is a special edition that is designed for celebrating the 100th year anniversary. The packaging design was inspired by Egon Schiele’s distorted human body figure drawing. Its precise form allows the packaging to be both displayed unlimitedly straight and nested into the hexagon box. When packing the three chocolate flavors that consumer chooses, the holes of the box give them a confident feeling to the products without unwrapping it. Moreover, the color combination creates a unique identity.
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Rosa de Jong miniature sculptures in glass test tubes Wednesday, 17 November 2021
Micro Matter
The Micro Matter series is designed to take you out of this world for a moment, into another. It consists of a series of miniature worlds, floating inside upside-down glass test tubes. Towering houses, sky scrapers, campsites and a water tower, each sculpture inspires the next. Except for the glass tubes, everything is handmade. All different kinds of material are used, that are found while traveling or out in nature.
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Estudi Ramon Carreté Typography project Tuesday, 16 November 2021
Reflexio
Experimental typographic project that combines the reflection on a mirror with paper letters cut by one of its axis. It results in modular compositions that once photographed suggest 3D images. The project uses magic and visual contradiction to transit from digital language to analog world. Construction of letters on a mirror creates new realities with reflection, which are neither truth nor falsehood.
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Aya Codama Bottle and Box Monday, 15 November 2021
Japanese Sake “KOI”
This package is for Japanese Sake, which is called "KOI". Koi is a vividly patterned ornamental carp that represents Japan. Our package expresses the beauty of Koi, the red patterns directly printed on white porcelain bottle which resembles in the shape of carp. By cutting out the outer box in carp silhouette, it visually emphasizes the image of Koi. Japanese brush stroke technique is used on those red patterns. This vivid designed package will not only stand out in the store, but also can be an art piece to decorate your room after you enjoyed the Sake.
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Design interview of the day Special Coverage Saturday, 13 November 2021
Design interview of the day
Read the latest interviews and conversations on design, creativity and innovation between design journalist and world-famous designers, artists and architects. See latest design projects and award-winning designs by famous designers, artists, architects and innovators. Discover new insights on creativity, innovation, arts, design and architecture. Learn about design processes of great designers.
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This indicates the format of the directive as it would appear in a configuration file. This syntax is extremely directive-specific, and is described in detail in the directive's definition. Generally, the directive name is followed by a series of one or more space-separated arguments. If an argument contains a space, the argument must be enclosed in double quotes. Optional arguments are enclosed in square brackets. Where an argument can take on more than one possible value, the possible values are separated by vertical bars "|". Literal text is presented in the default font, while argument-types for which substitution is necessary are emphasized. Directives which can take a variable number of arguments will end in "..." indicating that the last argument is repeated.
Directives use a great number of different argument types. A few common ones are defined below.
URL
A complete Uniform Resource Locator including a scheme, hostname, and optional pathname as in http://www.example.com/path/to/file.html
URL-path
The part of a url which follows the scheme and hostname as in /path/to/file.html. The url-path represents a web-view of a resource, as opposed to a file-system view.
file-path
The path to a file in the local file-system beginning with the root directory as in /usr/local/apache/htdocs/path/to/file.html. Unless otherwise specified, a file-path which does not begin with a slash will be treated as relative to the ServerRoot.
directory-path
The path to a directory in the local file-system beginning with the root directory as in /usr/local/apache/htdocs/path/to/.
filename
The name of a file with no accompanying path information as in file.html.
regex
A Perl-compatible regular expression. The directive definition will specify what the regex is matching against.
extension
In general, this is the part of the filename which follows the last dot. However, Apache recognizes multiple filename extensions, so if a filename contains more than one dot, each dot-separated part of the filename following the first dot is an extension. For example, the filename file.html.en contains two extensions: .html and .en. For Apache directives, you may specify extensions with or without the leading dot. In addition, extensions are not case sensitive.
MIME-type
A method of describing the format of a file which consists of a major format type and a minor format type, separated by a slash as in text/html.
env-variable
The name of an environment variable defined in the Apache configuration process. Note this is not necessarily the same as an operating system environment variable. See the environment variable documentation for more details.
Default
If the directive has a default value (i.e., if you omit it from your configuration entirely, the Apache Web server will behave as though you set it to a particular value), it is described here. If there is no default value, this section should say "None". Note that the default listed here is not necessarily the same as the value the directive takes in the default apache2.conf distributed with the server.
Context
This indicates where in the server's configuration files the directive is legal. It's a comma-separated list of one or more of the following values:
server config
This means that the directive may be used in the server configuration files (e.g., apache2.conf), but not within any <VirtualHost> or <Directory> containers. It is not allowed in .htaccess files at all.
virtual host
This context means that the directive may appear inside <VirtualHost> containers in the server configuration files.
directory
A directive marked as being valid in this context may be used inside <Directory>, <Location>, <Files>, <If>, and <Proxy> containers in the server configuration files, subject to the restrictions outlined in Configuration Sections.
.htaccess
If a directive is valid in this context, it means that it can appear inside per-directory .htaccess files. It may not be processed, though depending upon the overrides currently active.
The directive is only allowed within the designated context; if you try to use it elsewhere, you'll get a configuration error that will either prevent the server from handling requests in that context correctly, or will keep the server from operating at all -- i.e., the server won't even start.
The valid locations for the directive are actually the result of a Boolean OR of all of the listed contexts. In other words, a directive that is marked as being valid in "server config, .htaccess" can be used in the apache2.conf file and in .htaccess files, but not within any <Directory> or <VirtualHost> containers.
Override
This directive attribute indicates which configuration override must be active in order for the directive to be processed when it appears in a .htaccess file. If the directive's context doesn't permit it to appear in .htaccess files, then no context will be listed.
Overrides are activated by the AllowOverride directive, and apply to a particular scope (such as a directory) and all descendants, unless further modified by other AllowOverride directives at lower levels. The documentation for that directive also lists the possible override names available.
Status
This indicates how tightly bound into the Apache Web server the directive is; in other words, you may need to recompile the server with an enhanced set of modules in order to gain access to the directive and its functionality. Possible values for this attribute are:
Core
If a directive is listed as having "Core" status, that means it is part of the innermost portions of the Apache Web server, and is always available.
MPM
A directive labeled as having "MPM" status is provided by a Multi-Processing Module. This type of directive will be available if and only if you are using one of the MPMs listed on the Module line of the directive definition.
Base
A directive labeled as having "Base" status is supported by one of the standard Apache modules which is compiled into the server by default, and is therefore normally available unless you've taken steps to remove the module from your configuration.
Extension
A directive with "Extension" status is provided by one of the modules included with the Apache server kit, but the module isn't normally compiled into the server. To enable the directive and its functionality, you will need to change the server build configuration files and re-compile Apache.
Experimental
"Experimental" status indicates that the directive is available as part of the Apache kit, but you're on your own if you try to use it. The directive is being documented for completeness, and is not necessarily supported. The module which provides the directive may or may not be compiled in by default; check the top of the page which describes the directive and its module to see if it remarks on the availability.
Module
This quite simply lists the name of the source module which defines the directive.
Compatibility
If the directive wasn't part of the original Apache version 2 distribution, the version in which it was introduced should be listed here. In addition, if the directive is available only on certain platforms, it will be noted here.
Available Languages: en | fr | ja | ko | tr
Comments
Notice:
This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed again by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Freenode, or sent to our mailing lists.
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I’ve been through them. My cleaning supplies are all plant-based at this point–conventional cleaning products, including dishwasher soap, are a no-go. But at the same time, I want my wine glasses clean. Serving my guests (or myself) a glass of vino in a water-stained glass isn’t an option. So let’s get down to the nitty gritty of dishwasher detergents. What works in the world of natural dishwasher soap?
1. Seventh Generation Tablets
These work pretty well if you don’t overload your dishwasher and you put your glasses on the bottom level. The worst wear and tear on a dishwasher is using too much detergent and with a controlled amount like this, you’re in the clear. These are also available everywhere. You don’t have to drive all the way to Whole Foods or a natural foods market when you run out. On the downside, the tablets are more expensive than the powder form so if you’re on a budget, these might not be the best choice for you.
2. Ecover Powdered Detergent
I haven’t used the tablets yet, but the powdered form works really well. It cleans your dishes and you can use less to stretch the box further. I’m generally pleased with all of the products from this brand.
3. Method
This is one of my favorite brands of the scent and dye free varieties. Though it’s free of phosphates and bleach, it’s still cleans your dishes powerfully, leaving no watermarks or dirty grim.
4. Mrs. Meyers Powdered Detergent
This one is more expensive than other natural options but it does a good job at cleaning my dishes and it smells great. And like Seventh Generation, you can purchase it at most local grocery stores.
While you can try to make your own, to be honest, I haven’t had much luck in that arena. Even for DIYers like myself, effective homemade dishwasher soap is hard to come by.
Related on EcoSalon
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Image: Andrea Castelli
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Tags: dishwasher soap, environment, green, green cleaning, green cleaning products
Sara Novak
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I'm sooo glad we got our fingers and toes done this week -it was a fun break from the hectic holiday & travel preparations we're enduring. We encouraged our friend Jim (who is going into surgery this week) that this is something that every man should experience just once. However, the clincher is that once he goes in, he won't be a stranger to this type of hedonism in his life.
Sorry Jim, just had to include you!
For you guys still questioning your own sexuality, ask yourself this:
What red-blooded American male wouldn't want a woman at their feet, washing and cleaning toe jam out, massaging their feet, applying lotion and talc? It is the best experience ever! Oh, and usually, the nail shops will include a small discount if you add a manicure to the event: we indulged in paraffin wax on our hands.
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From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishmeasure something ↔ out phrasal verbTMMEASUREto take a specific amount of liquid, powder etc from a larger amount Measure out 100 grams of flour. → measure→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
measure out• In future you take preventative measures.• I might even get to the office and be measured and out again before the first of the boys arrived.• Hence a knowledgeable citizen may not wish to have 502 reduction measures carried out beyond what is reasonable.• Both times the measure was thrown out by the House of Lords.• All these measures were carried out in the name of cost improvements cost-cutting would be a more appropriate name.• They measured it all out painstakingly.• One might also point to the fear among many politicians of electoral retribution if radical measures turn out to be unpopular.• Near to the time of operation specific measures are carried out to safeguard patients.
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What is a Repo Rate?A: Repo rate is the rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI. Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive. What is Reverse Repo Rate?A: This is exact opposite of Repo rate. Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borro ..
Agriculture Minister Launches Honey Testing Laboratory Project on the Occasion of World Bee Day
#News on Thursday May 20 2021
On the occasion of World Bee Day and in the auspicious context of the ‘Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav’, Union Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Minister Shri Narendra Singh Tomar launched the project of setting up of a honey testing laboratory at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi. On this occasion, Shri Tomar said that the Government of India, under the leadership of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, is fully dedicated to the village - poor - farmers. Taking a historic dec ..
AP Surya Shakti Scheme
#State Government Schemes on Thursday June 20 2019
AP Surya Shakti Scheme has been introduced by Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (SPDCL) in Guntur city. Under Surya Shakti Scheme SPDCL will provide 1 KW photovoltaic (PV Unit) Panel only at subsidized rates of Rs 10000/-. The actual cost of 1 KW PV Panel is Rs 60000. Any citizen of Guntur city whose top roof shadow free space is equal or more than 100 sqft may apply for Surya Shakti Scheme. For Doing AP Surya Shakti Scheme ..
Sitemap
#Blog on Monday August 30 2021
EDUCRATSWEB.COM - NEWS, EDUCATION, JOBS, BUSINESS DIRECTORY, ENTERTAINMENT, PHOTO, VIDEO ETC - EDUCRATSWEB.COM EDUCRATSWEB CONTENTS 2021 : NEWS, EDUCATION, APPS, HEALTH, GENERAL AWARENESS, GOVERNMENT SCHEMES, ADMIT CARD, CAREER, STUDY MATERIAL, TECHNOLOGY, STATE GOVERNMENT SCHEMES, EXAM RESULT, ENTERTAINMENT, BUSINESS, SCHOLORSHIP, SPIRITUAL, TRAVEL, PUBLIC UTILITY FORMS ETC - EDUCRATSWEB.COM ..
Saint Gobain Reinforces Trust in Rajasthan, Proposes another Rs 1000 Cr Investment in Bhiwadi
#News on Friday May 28 2021
Saint Gobain Reinforces Trust in Rajasthan, Proposes another Rs 1000 Cr Investment in Bhiwadi Editor’s Synopsis: • Saint Gobain presented their proposed investment plan to the CM and requested for incentives and assurance for support under state policy framework • Rajasthan has been the first choice of Saint Gobain and the company has invested over ..
Subsidies for Cotton
#News on Wednesday September 23 2020
Every year before commencement of the Cotton Season (October to September), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India fixes the Minimum Support Price (MSP) of two varieties of seed cotton (kapas) to protect the interest of cotton farmers. While recommending MSPs, Commission on Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) considers important factors like cost of production, overall demand-supply conditions, domestic and international prices, inter-crop price, terms of trade between agricultural and non ..
All Post of educratsweb.blogspot.com
#Blog on Sunday July 11 2021
All Post of educratsweb.blogspot.com Apply Online | Post Matric Scholarship Form 2014-15 for Scheduled Cast (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) Student of Bihar ..
Finance Minister announces measures to strengthen Agriculture Infrastructure Logistics, Capacity Building, Governance and Administrative Reforms for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Processing Sectors
#News on Friday May 15 2020
Finance Minister announces measures to strengthen Agriculture Infrastructure Logistics, Capacity Building, Governance and Administrative Reforms for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Processing Sectors • Rs 1 lakh croreAgri Infrastructure Fund for farm-gate infrastructure for farmers • Rs 10,000 crore scheme for formalisation of Micro Food Enterprises (MFE) • Rs 20,000 crore for Fishermen through Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) • ..
PML SD Business School makes entire admission process online
#Education on Wednesday June 17 2020
Education systems around the world have been impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic. Governments have temporarily closed schools and colleges, thus affecting over 60% of the student population. In India, too, the step is expected to have short-term consequences on student life as well as far-reaching economic and societal consequences. The present scenario has created both fear and confusion in the minds of the students regarding their future. They are concerned about their examinations and promotio ..
Direct Benefit Transfer(DBT) Schemes
#Government Schemes on Sunday July 11 2021
Direct Benefit Transfer Schemes Government of India launched the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Program on 1st Jan 2013 to directly transfer the benefits to the under-privileged population covered under 34 central schemes. With DBT program, GoI aims to make payments directly into the Aadhaar ..
Promotion of Herbal Cultivation in the country
#Health on Tuesday March 9 2021
Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India is implementing Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National AYUSH Mission (NAM). Under ‘Medicinal Plants’ component of the NAM scheme supporting market driven cultivation of prioritized medicinal plants in identified cluster/zones with in selected districts of States and implemented in a mission mode. As per the scheme guidelines, the support is provided for: Cultivation of prioritized medicinal plants on farmer’s land. Esta ..
Summary of the Budget 2021-22
#News on Monday February 1 2021
The Union Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs, Smt Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Union Budget 2021-22 in Parliament today, which is the first budget of this new decade and also a digital one in the backdrop of unprecedented COVID-19 crisis. Laying a vision for AatmaNirbhar Bharat, she said this is an expression of 130 crore Indians who have full confidence in their capabilities and skills. She said that Budget proposals will further strengthen the Sankalp of Nation First, Doubling Farmer&rsqu ..
Mission Solar Charkha
#Government Schemes on Monday July 20 2020
Mission Solar Charkha The scheme envisages setting up of Solar Charkha Clusters which would mean a focal village and other surrounding villages in a radius of 8 to 10 kilometers. Further, such a cluster will have 200 to 2042 beneficiaries (spinners, weavers, stitches and other skilled artisans). Each spinner will be given two charkhas of 10 spindles each. On an average, ..
UJALA Programme - Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LED for All
#Government Schemes on Sunday July 11 2021
Hon’ble Prime Minister, on 5th January 2015 launched Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LED for All (UJALA) program. Under UJALA scheme, LED bulbs, LED Tube lights and Energy efficient fans are being provide to domestic consumers for replacement of conventional and inefficient variant Till date, over 36.70 crore LED bulbs, 72.09 lakh LED Tube lights and 23.41 lakh Energy efficient fans distributed by EESL across India. This has resulted in estimated energy savings of 47.98 billion kWh per ..
Organic Farming in the Country
#Government Schemes on Friday September 18 2020
Assistance is provided under different schemes by the Government for promoting organic farming in the country – 1. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): The scheme promotes cluster based organic farming with PGS certification. Cluster formation, training, certification and marketing are supported under the scheme. Assistance of Rs.50,000 per ha /3 years is provided out of which 62% i.e., Rs. 31,000 is given as incentive to a farmer towards organic inputs. ..
Key Highlights of Economic Survey 2020-21
#Education on Friday January 29 2021
Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Economic Survey 2020-21 in the Parliament today. The key highlights of Economic Survey 2020-21, which is dedicated to the COVID Warriors, are as follows: Saving Lives and Livelihoods amidst a Once-in-a-Century Crisis • India focused on saving lives and livelihoods by its willingness to take sh ..
Provisional estimates of Annual National Income, 2020-21 and Quarterly estimates (Q4) of Gross Domestic Product, 2020-21
#News on Monday May 31 2021
1. The National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, has released the Provisional Estimates of National Income for the financial year 2020-21, both at Constant (2011-12) and Current Prices. These are presented in Statements 1 to 4. Quarterly Estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the fourth quarter Q4 (January-March) of 2020-21, both at Constant (2011-12) and Current Prices along with the corresponding quarterly estimates of ..
Zoram Mega Food Park to provide employment to 5000 persons and to benefit about 25000 farmers: Harsimrat Kaur Badal
#News on Monday July 20 2020
The Zoram Mega Food Park(MFP) will provide direct and indirect employment to 5,000 persons and benefit about 25,000 farmers in the CPC (Core Processing Centre) and PPC (primary processing Centre) catchment areas,said Smt. Union FPI Minister Harsimrat Kaur Badal. Speaking at the virtual inauguration ceremony of the Zoram Mega Food Park located in Mizoram, Smt. Ba ..
PM FME Scheme to generate total investment of Rs 35,000 crore and 9 lakh skilled and semi-skilled employment: Harsimrat Kaur Badal
#News on Monday June 29 2020
PM FME Scheme to generate total investment of Rs 35,000 crore and 9 lakh skilled and semi-skilled employment: Harsimrat Kaur Badal Minister for Food Processing Industries Smt. Harsimrat Kaur Badal launched the PM Formalization of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PM FME) scheme on 29th June 2020 as a part of “Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan”, in the presence of MoS, FPI Sh. Rameswar Teli. Union Minister said that the Scheme would generate total investment of Rs ..
Criteria for identification of beneficiaries as per norms is uniform across the country; Responsibility for identification of beneficiaries under NFSA rests with the States/UTs: Department of Food & Public Distribution
#News on Thursday July 30 2020
According to some reports which appeared in the media, alleging wrong identification of beneficiaries and discrimination in the issue of National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA) ration cards in Bihar, the Department of Food & Public Distribution under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution hereby clarifies that the identification of beneficiaries ..
One Nation One Ration Card Apply Online Format – Aadhar-Rashan Card Linking by Central Govt.
#General Awareness on Wednesday December 25 2019
One Nation One Ration Card Apply Online Format – Aadhar-Rashan Card Linking by Central Govt. एक देश एक राशन कार्ड योजना - राशन कार्ड को आधार कार्ड नंबर से लिंक करना होगा जरुरी Central govt. designed standard One Nation One Ration Card Apply ..
One Nation One Ration Card Apply Online Format – Aadhar-Rashan Card Linking by Central Govt.
#General Awareness on Wednesday December 25 2019
One Nation One Ration Card Apply Online Format – Aadhar-Rashan Card Linking by Central Govt. एक देश एक राशन कार्ड योजना - राशन कार्ड को आधार कार्ड नंबर से लिंक करना होगा जरुरी Central govt. designed standard One Nation One Ration Card Apply ..
Central Government Issued an Advisory to All States / UTs and Their Real Estate Regulatory Authorities to Treat Covid-19 Pandemic AS Force Majeure and Automatically Extend the Registration/Completion date of all Projects Registered Under Rera for a Period of 6 Months
#News on Thursday September 17 2020
In view of the situation created by the global pandemic COVID-19 (Corona Virus), reverse migration of labourers and breakdown of construction materials supply chains, the construction activities of real estate projects were affected adversely across the country. To protect the interest of all stakeholders including homebuyers, Central Government issued an advisory to all States / UTs and their Real Estate Regulatory Authorities to treat COVID-19 pandemic as force majeure and automatica ..
Shri Thaawarchand Gehlot Launches Mobile Application Swachhata Abhiyan
#News on Thursday December 24 2020
Union Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment Shri Thaawarchand Gehlot launched a Mobile Application “Swachhata Abhiyan” in the presence of Ministers of State for Social Justice and Empowerment Shri Ram Das Athawale and Shri Krishan Pal Gurjar in New Delhi today. In the absence of any authentic data base regarding the location of insanitary latrines, it has been decided to seek the help of NGOs, Social Organisations and general public for collection and compilation of the data. A mobile a ..
All Post of educratsweb.blogspot.com
#Blog on Sunday July 11 2021
All Post of educratsweb.blogspot.com लोहिया स्वच्छ बिहार ..
LIST OF SCHEMES OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
#Government Schemes on Sunday July 11 2021
LIST OF SCHEMES OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 1. [B A B A]] (UJALA) Scheme by MoP Sector : Electrification Date of Launched : 01-May-15 Replaced the "Bachat Lamp Yojana". Reduces the cost of energy-saving compact fluorescent lamps 2. AMRUT Scheme by MoUD ..
Mahila Coir Yojana
#Government Schemes on Thursday June 20 2019
Mahila Coir Yojana Coverage of the scheme Eligibility Subs ..
C.G.Khadya – Janbhagidari
#Apps on Tuesday April 28 2020
A multifaceted mobile based android application by Department of Food Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection, Govt. of Chhattisgarh, this application is intended for all the Citizen of Chhattisgarh .Following are the services provided by this application :- Ration card Information. Fair Price shop Information. Receipt of Commodities at FPS. Information of Commodities distributed to beneficiaries. Mini statement of beneficiaries. Entitlement of Beneficiary. ..
Admission to Sainik Schools
#Career on Monday October 15 2018
Sainik Schools are residential schools for boys, providing Public School Education with Military bias. The schools are affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi and are supported by Central and State funding. The scheme to establish Sainik Schools was introduced in 1961 with the primary aim of preparing boys academically, physically and mentally for entry into the National Defence Academy. Vision of Sainik schools To offer quality education to the chi ..
The approach of the Government has led to Minorities being equal partners with other communities, in the educational & socio-economic development of the country—Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi
#News on Thursday September 17 2020
The Government is working with commitment to ensure Development with Dignity, Empowerment without Discrimination, which has ensured prosperity in life of weaker and other needy sections of the society including Minorities. This approach of the Government has led to Minorities being equal partners with other communities, in the educational & socio-economic development of the country. No such report received in the Ministry to suggest that certain groups are making organised efforts to spread dis ..
PM to flag off 100th Kisan Rail on 28 December
#News on Sunday December 27 2020
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi will flag off the 100th Kisan Rail from Sangola in Maharashtra to Shalimar in West Bengal on 28th December 2020 at 4:30 PM via video conferencing. Union Ministers Shri Narendra Singh Tomar and Shri Piyush Goyal will also be present on the occasion. The multi-commodity train service will carry vegetables such as cauliflower, capsicum, cabbage, drumsticks, chillies, onion, as well as fruits like grapes, oranges, pomegranate, banana, custard apple etc. Loading ..
Scheduled Castes Development (SCD) Bureau aims to promote the welfare of Scheduled Castes through their educational, economic and social empowerment.
#Education on Friday June 7 2019
The Scheduled Castes Development (SCD) Bureau aims to promote the welfare of Scheduled Castes through their educational, economic and social empowerment. Educational Empowerment: Various scholarships are provided to the students belonging to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) to ensure that education is not denied due to the poor financial condition of their families. These Scholarships are provided at both pre-matric and post-matric levels. Scholarships are also provided to ..
Scheme of Special Micro-Credit Facility launched for Street Vendors - Striving towards Atmanirbhar Bharat
#Government Schemes on Friday June 19 2020
Scheme of Special Micro-Credit Facility launched for Street Vendors - Striving towards Atmanirbhar Bharat A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs and Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), here today, in order to engage SIDBI as the Implementation Agency for PM Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) - a Special Micro-Credit Facility for Street Vendors. The MoU was signed by Shri Sanjay Kumar, Joint Secretary on ..
Effective price monitoring system is helping the farmers to get fertilizers at cheaper price: Shri Gowda
#News on Friday August 21 2020
Union Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers Shri DV Sadananda Gowda has said that the Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers has initiated thorough scrutiny of the cost of production / imports in the country for all fertilizers under the Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme. Due to this initiative of effective monitoring system by the Department, Shri Gowda informed that the fertilizer companies have now adopted a voluntary self-regulatory mechanism and as such the bene ..
Summary of Economic Survey-2020-21
#Education on Friday January 29 2021
India’s real GDP to record a growth of 11 per cent in 2021-22 and nominal GDP by 15.4 per cent-the highest since independence. The V-shaped economic recovery is supported by the initiation of a mega vaccination drive with hopes of a robust recovery in the services sector and prospects for robust growth in consumption and investment. The Union Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs, Smt Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Economic Survey 2020-21 in Parliament today, which states that the rebound ..
Cabinet approves Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Phosphatic & Potassic (P&K) Fertilisers for the year 2021-22
#News on Wednesday June 16 2021
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, chaired by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has approved the proposal of the Department of Fertilizers for fixation of Nutrient Based Subsidy Rates for P&K Fertilizers for the year 2021-22(till the present season).The approved rates for NBS effective from the date of notification shall be as under: Per Kg Subs ..
Agriculture Mechanization and Technology Division takes various initiatives for farmers’ welfare under Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan/Krishi
#News on Saturday August 8 2020
Agricultural Mechanization is one of the key drivers for sustainable development of agriculture sector which helps in increasing production by timely farm operations, reducing losses, reducing the cost of operations by ensuring better management of costly inputs. Mechanization also enhances the productivity of natural resources and reduces drudgery associated with various farm operations. Under the hash-tag #AtmaNirbharKrishi, created by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo ..
Cabinet approves Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY)
#News on Wednesday December 9 2020
The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, has given its approval for Atmanirbhar Bharat RojgarYojana (ABRY) to boost employment in formal sector and incentivize creation of new employment opportunities during the Covid recovery phase under Atmanirbhar Bharat Package 3.0. Cabinet has approved an expenditure of Rs. 1,584 crore for the current financial yearand Rs.22,810 crore for the entire Scheme period i.e. 2020-2023. The salient features of the Scheme are ..
Contribution of MSMEs in Economy
#Government Schemes on Tuesday September 22 2020
The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) implements various schemes and programmes for promotion and development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) throughout the country. These include the schemes/programmes such as Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI), A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry and Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE), Entrepreneurship and Skill Development Programme ..
MSME Minister Shri Nitin Gadkari Approves a New Scheme to Make India Aatmanirbhar in Agarbatti Production
#News on Sunday August 2 2020
Union Minister for MSME, Shri Nitin Gadkari has approved a unique employment generation program proposed by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) to make India Aatmanirbhar in Agarbatti production. The program named as “Khadi Agarbatti Aatmanirbhar Mission” aims at creating employment for unemployed and migrant workers in different parts of the country while increasing domestic Agarbatti production substantially. The proposal was submitted to the Ministry of MSME for approval last mo ..
Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana extended till Deepawali
#News on Tuesday June 8 2021
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi yesterday in his address to the nation conveyed the decision ofextension of Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana (PMGKAY-III) till the Deepawali. This means that till November 2021, more than 80 crore people will continue to get decided amount of free food grain every month. Till 07.06.2021, Food Corporation of India has supplied 69 LMT free food grains to all 36 States/ UTs. 13 States/ UTs i.e. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, ..
Special Marketing Assistance Scheme (SMAS)
#Government Schemes on Wednesday June 9 2021
Special Marketing Assistance Scheme (SMAS) Marketing support to the SC/ST enterprises for the enhancement of competitiveness and marketability of their products will be provided by way of the following type of events: Organizing Visit to International Exhibitions/Trade Fairs/Seminars Abroad Participation in International Exhibitions/Trade Fairs Abroad Organizing Visit to Domestic Exhibitions/Trade Fairs ..
Solar sector has huge potential to benefit energy extensive sectors – Shri Nitin Gadkari
#News on Saturday May 23 2020
Union Minister for MSME and Road Transport and Highways, Shri Nitin Gadkari today held meeting via video conferencing with the members of Maha Solar Sangathan to understand the opportunities in the solar energy sector. The Minister highlighted the importance of solar energy and said that the sector has a huge potential and can help to reduce the electricity cost significantly. He further mentioned that sectors such as agriculture, warehousing etc. are energy extensive sectors and proper commerc ..
Damage to Crops due to Locust Attack
#Government Schemes on Friday September 18 2020
During 2019-20, locust attack was reported in some districts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Rajasthan Government has reported that a total area of 1,79,584 hectares of 8 districts of the state was affected by locust attack during 2019-20. The State Government of Gujarat has reported that crop loss due to locust attack was observed in a total area of 19,313 hectares of 2 districts of the State during the year 2019-20. During 2020-21, the locust incursions were reported in 10 States ..
Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Assistance to Scheduled Castes Development Corporations (SCDCs)
#Government Schemes on Friday June 7 2019
Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Assistance to Scheduled Castes Development Corporations (SCDCs) Share Capital contribution is released to the State Scheduled Castes Development Corporations (SCDCs) under a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in the ratio of 49:51 between Central Government and State Governments. There are in total 27 such State-level Corporations which are working for the economic development of Scheduled Castes, although some of these Corporations are also catering to the ..
Mobile App Launched to Provide User Friendly Digital Interface to Source Loan Applications of Street Vendors
#News on Wednesday August 19 2020
Shri Hardeep Singh Puri, Minister of State (I/C), Housing and Urban Affairs interacted with Urban Development Ministers, Chief Secretaries, UD Secretaries/Principal Secretaries, DGPs, Collectors / SPs / SSPs / Municipal Commissioners / Chief Executive Officers of 125 cities in the context of Prime Minister Street Vendors AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme which has been launched to provide credit for working capital to street vendors to resume their business. While the Scheme provides ..
>Mann Ki Baat Highlights: PM मोदी को उम्मीद- अगले 'मन की बात' तक दुनिया में कोरोना से राहत की ख़बर आए
#News on Sunday April 26 2020
मन की बात 2.0’ की 11वीं ..
Govt has introduced a Policy on promotion of City Compost with Market Development Assistance (MDA) of Rs. 1500/- MT in the form of subsidy : Shri Gowda
#Health on Tuesday September 15 2020
The Government is encouraging Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to manage municipal solid waste in scientific manner including processing waste –to-compost and other process. The Government has introduced a policy on promotion of City Compost wherein a Market Development Assistance (MDA) of Rs. 1500/- MT in the form of subsidy has been provided for scaling up production and consumption of city compost made out from city waste. This information was given by minister of Chemicals & ..
Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on Textile Sector
#Government Schemes on Friday September 18 2020
The global pandemic of Covid-19 has affected the existing modus operandi of various textile sectors by posting restriction of social gathering, migration of laborers as well as affecting all the stakeholders right from farmers to traders/exporters in the value chain of textile sector and at the same time it has opened new window of opportunities which were previously less explored. The government has conducted a study viz. ‘Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Indian silk industry’ to ascertain the ..
TELANGANA Government Initiatives
#Telangana on Sunday July 11 2021
TELANGANA Government Initiatives Dharani Government of Telangana intends to establish and manage a new Integrated Land Records Management System ("Dharani") that combines Land administration and Registration services which serves as a single source of truth for all land parcels and dischar ..
Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana
#Government Schemes on Thursday June 20 2019
Rural women form the most productive work force in the economy of majority of the developing nations including India. More than 80% of rural women are engaged in agriculture activities for their livelihoods. About 20 per cent of farm livelihoods are female headed due to widowhood, desertion, or male emigration. Agriculture support system in India strengthens the exclusion of women from their entitlements as agriculture workers and cultivators. Most of the women-headed households are not able to ..
PUNJAB CM ANNOUNCES REDUCTION IN FIXED ELECTRICITY CHARGES IN VIEW OF COVID-19 CRISIS
#State Government Schemes on Wednesday April 8 2020
PUNJAB CM ANNOUNCES REDUCTION IN FIXED ELECTRICITY CHARGES IN VIEW OF COVID-19 CRISIS AND ALSO DEFERS DUE DATES FOR PAYMENT OF BILLS, ORDERS NO DISCONNECTION FOR NON-PAYMENT DURING THIS PERIOD ORDERS POWER DEPT TO ENSURE UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY TO HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS Chandigarh, April 7: To further mitigate the hardships faced by the people amid the COVID-19 crisis and clampdown, Punjab Chief Minister Captain Amarinder Singh on Wednesday announced reduction in ..
Prices of Petrol/Diesel
#Business on Saturday September 19 2020
Prices of petrol and diesel have been made market-determined with effect from 26.06.2010 and 19.10.2014 respectively. Since then, the Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) take appropriate decision on pricing of petrol and diesel, in line with international product prices and other market conditions. The OMCs have not only increased but also decreased the prices of petrol and diesel, in line with changes in international prices and rupee dollar exchange rate. The prices of petrol and ..
Additional free-of-cost foodgrains to be distributed to NFSA Beneficiaries under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana in May and June 2021
#Health on Friday April 23 2021
In line with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s commitment to the poor, the Government of India has decided to allocate free-of-cost food grains @ 5 Kg per person per month to nearly 80 Crore beneficiaries covered under National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA) over and above NFSA foodgrains for next two months i.e. May and June 2021 on the same pattern as the earlier “Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PM-GKAY)” . Under this special scheme (PMGKAY), around 80 Crore NFSA ..
Integrated Rural Development Program
#Government Schemes on Friday October 26 2018
Integrated Rural Development Program The Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) was launched by the Government of India during 1978 and implemented during 1980. The aim of the program is to provide employment opportunities to the poor as well as opportunities to develop their skill sets so as to improve their living conditions. The program is considered one of the best yojanas to do away with poverty related problems by offering those who fell below the poverty line the ..
Union Power Ministry writes to States/UTs extending Rs 90,000 crore package under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan
#News on Saturday May 16 2020
Union Power Ministry writes to States/UTs extending Rs 90,000 crore package under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan The funding would be done in two tranches of Rs. 45, 000 crore each Union Ministry of Power has also decided to defer Fixed Charges of Central Power Gencos for power not scheduled to the DISCOMs during the lockdown period; to be repaid without interest in three equal instalments after lockdown Central Power Gencos/Central Transmission Companies have been suggested t ..
Effective Implementation of RERA can Restore Trust Between Buyer and Seller: Hardeep S Puri
#News on Saturday May 16 2020
Effective Implementation of RERA can Restore Trust Between Buyer and Seller: Hardeep S Puri Primary Aim is to Address Concerns of Homebuyers to Ensure Completion of Projects: Durga Shanker Mishra More Than 52,000 Real Estate Projects &40,517 Real Estate Agents Registered Under RERA RERA Day Organized Shri Hardeep S Puri, Minister of Housing and Urban Affairshas said that one of the principal objectives of RERA is to help restore the trust betwee ..
Scheme List of Bihar
#Bihar on Friday June 26 2020
Scheme List of Bihar Serial No. Department State Sponsored Scheme Name Scheme Type Transfer Type 1 BC & EBC Welfare Dr. Ambedkar Centrally Sponsored Scheme Of Post-Matric Scholarships For The ..
Employment Guarantee for Urban Poor
#News on Monday February 8 2021
Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs is implementing a Centrally-sponsored Scheme viz. the “Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM)” to reduce poverty and vulnerability of urban poor households by enabling them to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities. The Employment through skills Training and Placement (EST&P) component of the Misssion aims to provide skills to the urban poor to increase their income through ..
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
#Government Schemes on Saturday October 27 2018
PMAY - Features & Benefits "Housing for All" Mission for urban area has been implemented with effect from 17.06.2015 to provide central assistance to implementing agencies. The Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme is being offered under this mission. For Middle Income Group(MIG), the interest subsidy will be provided on housing loans for acquisition/construction of houses (including repurchase). For Economically Weaker Section(EWS)/Lower Income Group(L ..
Employment Opportunities in Textile Sector
#Career on Thursday September 17 2020
Textile Sector in India provides largest source of employment in the country with over 4.5 crore people employed directly and another 6 crores people in allied sector including large number of women and rural population through various schemes and public programmes such as:- Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme is being implemented to upgrade technology/machineries of textile industry with an outlay of Rs.17,822 crore during 2016-2022 which will attract investment ..
Scheme for formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (FME)
#Government Schemes on Wednesday May 20 2020
The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has given its approval to a new Centrally Sponsored Scheme - "Scheme for Formalisation of Micro food processing Enterprises (FME)" for the Unorganized Sector on All India basis with an outlay of Rs.10,000 crore. The expenditure will be shared by GOI and the States in ratio of 60:40. Details of the Scheme: Objectives: ..
Pradhan MantriVayaVandanaYojana
#Government Schemes on Wednesday May 20 2020
Cabinet approves extension of ‘Pradhan MantriVayaVandanaYojana’ Posted On: 20 MAY 2020 2:26PM by PIB Delhi The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has given its approval to the following for the welfare of and to enable old age income security for Senior Citizens: (a) Extension of Pradhan MantriVayaVandanaYojana (PMVVY) up to 31st March, 2023 for further period of three years beyond 31st March, 2020. (b) To allow initially ..
AtmaNirbhar Bharat Package for allocation of foodgrains to the migrants / stranded migrants
#Government Schemes on Wednesday May 20 2020
The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has given its ex-post facto approval for allocation of foodgrains from Central Pool to approximately 8 crore migrants / stranded migrants @ 5 kg per person per month (May and June, 2020) for two months free of cost. It would entail an estimated food subsidy of about Rs.2,982.27 crore. Further the expenditure towards intra-state transportation and handling charges and dealer’s margin / additional dealer ..
PM FME Scheme would leverage organic food production in north east to benefit food processing industry in the region: Rameswar Teli
#News on Tuesday June 30 2020
PM FME Scheme would leverage organic food production in north east to benefit food processing industry in the region: Rameswar Teli Shri Rameswar Teli, Minister of State for Food Processing Industries has stated that the PM FME (PM Formalization of Micro Food processing Enterprises) scheme would leverage organic food production and the food processing industry in the North East states stand to benefit immensely. Addressing at the virtual launch of ‘Sapno ki Udaan’, S ..
Letter of Recommendation module launched to include vendors who don’t have Identity Card and Certificate of Vending under PM SVANidhi
#News on Friday August 7 2020
Shri Durga Shanker Mishra, Secretary , Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs today launched Letter of Recommendation (LoR) module for PM SVANidhi Scheme. The module is designed to give access to street vendors who do not have Identity Card (ID) and Certificate of Vending (CoV) and are not in the surveyed list for availing benefits under the scheme. The module provides for an end to end digitally enabled process wherein an eligible vendor can request for a Letter of Recommendation from the Urban Loc ..
Cold Storage Facilities in the Country
#DATA on Wednesday September 23 2020
As per available information, there are 8186 number of cold storages with capacity of 374.25 Lakh MT is available in the country for storing perishable horticulture produce like fruits and vegetables. State/UT wise details of cold storage is at Annexure – I. The information regarding capacity utilization, real time data regarding availability, cost etc on cold storage facilities for farmers and traders etc. is not centrally maintained by the Ministry. The ..
Key Highlights of Union Budget 2021-22
#News on Monday February 1 2021
Presenting the first ever digital Union Budget, Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman stated that India’s fight against COVID-19 continues into 2021 and that this moment in history, when the political, economic, and strategic relations in the post-COVID world are changing, is the dawn of a new era – one in which India is well-poised to truly be the land of promise and hope. ..
Overseas Scholarships for SCS, OBCS, EBCS and Weaker Sections
#Scholorship on Tuesday September 15 2020
Government of India has been implementing following two schemes for Overseas studies: 1. National Overseas Scholarship for SC etc. candidates under which financial assistance is provided to the selected students from Scheduled Castes, Denotified Nomadics & Semi - Nomadic Tribes, Landless agricultural labourers and traditional artisans categories for pursuing higher studies at Masters level courses and Ph.D. abroad. Hundred awards, subject to availability of funds, per year are available und ..
PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL) incorporates Mohanlalganj Transmission Limited as wholly owned subsidy
#News on Friday June 18 2021
PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL) incorporates Mohanlalganj Transmission Limited as wholly owned subsidy Mumbai, 18th June 2021: PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation Ltd. (PFC), has complete the process of incorporating Lucknow based Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) Company- Mohanlalganj Transmission Limited as its wholly owned subsidy. The ..
Financing for Compressed Bio-Gas plants to be brought under Priority Sector Lending, says Shri Dharmendra Pradhan;
#News on Tuesday June 23 2020
Financing for Compressed Bio-Gas plants to be brought under Priority Sector Lending, says Shri Dharmendra Pradhan; The Government is in the process of including Compressed Bio-Gas under Priority Sector Lending. Speaking at the online inauguration of the CBG Plant at Namakkal in Tamil Nadu and CBG Fuel Stations at various places in the state today, the Petroleum and Natural Gas & Steel Minister Shri Dharmendra Pradhan said that this will provide ease in the financing of CBG Plan ..
Kisan Rail Yojana
#Government Schemes on Wednesday February 3 2021
Under the Kisan Rail Project, Railways have so far operated Kisan Rail services on the following routes: Devlali/Sangola (Maharashtra) to Danapur/Muzaffarpur (Bihar) Anantpur (Andhra Pradesh) to Adarsh Nagar (Delhi) Yeshwantpur (Karnataka) to Hazrat Nizamuddin (Delhi) Warud/Nagpur (Maharashtra) to Adarsh Nagar (Delhi) Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh) to Howrah (West Bengal) Sangola (Maharashtra) to Howrah (West Bengal) Sangola ..
Crop Insurance
#Government Schemes on Friday January 4 2019
Crop Insurance Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) / Rashtriya Fasal Bima Karyakram (RFBK) Insurance Products from Agriculture Insurance Company of India Limited (AIC) Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana The new Crop Insurance Scheme is in line with One Nation – One Scheme theme. It incorporates the best features of all previous schemes and at the same time, all ..
Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY) CDM Based CFL Scheme
#Government Schemes on Friday October 26 2018
Bachat Lamp Yojana CDM Based CFL Scheme Individual CDM Project activities for CFL are also now eligible to participate in the BLY scheme in addition to the existing PoA with a view to broad base the BLY scheme. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), being the statutory body set up under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 by the Government of India, will coordinate the Small-Scale CDM Project development and will facilitate implementation of the BLY pro ..
Cabinet approves scheme for promotion of flagging of merchant ships in India by providing subsidy support to Indian shipping companies in global tenders floated by Ministries and CPSEs
#News on Wednesday July 14 2021
In order to achieve the objective of Atmanirbhar Bharat, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has approved a scheme to provide Rs.1624 crore over five years as subsidy to Indian Shipping companies in global tenders floated by Ministries and CPSEs for im ..
How to Check LPG Subsidy Status Online | By Ishan [Hindi]
IBPS Government Jobs Vacancy Recruitment 2021
#Bank on Sunday October 10 2021 -44 Days Remaining for Apply
Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS), is an autonomous body setup by RBI, Central Financial Institutions and Public Sector Banks, invites online applications in the prescribed format from eligible candidates for recruitment and selection of personnel to the following various Sarkari Naukri Vacancy posts in IBPS. IBPS Government Jobs Recruitment 2021 Vacancies Assistant Professor in the Pay Scale: Academic Pay Level-12 starting ₹101500 ...
IBPS IT Jobs Vacancy Recruitment 2021
#Bank on Saturday January 16 2021 -292 Days Remaining for Apply
Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS), an autonomous body, has been authorised by the IBA, invites online applications in the prescribed format from eligible candidates for selection of personnel to the following Information Technology (IT) Sarkari Naukri Vacancy posts in IBPS. IBPS IT Jobs Recruitment 2021 Vacancies Analyst Programmer - Windows: 01 vacancies Analyst Programmer - Frontend: 02 vacancies ...
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Tianjin LiM Laser Technology Co.,Ltd. has a strong strength in the research and development, sales, technical support and other aspects of laser melting equipment, multi-directional, omni-channel to provide customers with stable and efficient advanced equipment and technical support.And can be modified and customized according to customer needs.
一、Advantages of equipment
1, High reliability, LiM-X260 Series core parts are all selected from domestic and foreign top suppliers, high precision, reliable performance, high degree of automation, easy installation and debugging, good man-machine interaction.
2. High efficiency and stability，LiM-X260 Series has outstanding effects in forming efficiency, process optimization and smoke filtration, reducing inert gas consumption and purifying filter life up to 1500h.
3. High openness，LiM-X260 Series opens different application interfaces for different use requirements of factories, schools and research institutes, so as to obtain the best use effect in different fields.
4, Modular structure，the overall structure is compact, the layout is reasonable, the appearance is beautiful and generous, with good operability and maintenance, easy to disassemble, installation, debugging, maintenance.
5. Comprehensive solution，providing solutions from raw materials, powder treatment, processing technology, process analysis, and post-treatment methods.
二、Functional features
1. IPG is adopted to produce water-cooled fiber laser with rated power of 500W. In addition, LiM-X260 Series has a variety of lasers to choose from: 400W, 700W and 1000W.
2. The volume of the forming bin reaches: 260×260×430mm, and the forming size of the equipment of the same level is 250×250×325mm, with a year-on-year increase of 40%!
3. The multi-stage gas filtration solution can increase the service life by more than two times, reduce the cost and greatly reduce the manual replacement frequency.
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Tianjin LiM Laser Technology Co., Ltd.
E-mail：info@lim-laser.com
support hotline：+86 022-27937545
Address: No. 31 Xingguang Road, Zhongbei Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin
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Practice your English conversation skills with us! Join us for our weekly online meeting where we will discuss different topics in an informal and fun setting as well as play games to help improve your English speaking ability and confidence. This meeting is intended for adults and will take place online using Microsoft Teams. Registration is required.
Note: Participants must already know some English and have the ability to use English words in a sentence before joining. For those looking to learn basic vocabulary, please refer to your local Adult School for classes or use a free library resource such as Rosetta Stone or a free downloadable app, Duolingo.
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China will strive to make breakthroughs in key robotics technologies in order to be more competitive by 2020, Vice Minister of Industry and Information Technology Su Bo said on Nov 3.
“The ministry will map out a five-year plan for the industry in a bid to improve industrial standards, enhance capital input as well as step up policy support for the sector,” said Su.
High-end equipment manufacturing, represented by robots, is an important standard for evaluating a nation’s core industrial competence. The robotics sector can also contribute to helping manufacturers improve their product quality and deal with rising labor costs, he said.
China, which had a late start in robotics, must make quicker steps in catching up with competitors, he said. The robotics sector in China is currently dominated by foreign firms, with only 3 percent of robotics technologies being successfully utilized.
A report by the International Federation of Robotics predicted that demand for industrial robots is rising 25 percent annually in China, where sales are expected to reach 100,000 units by 2017 and total industrial robots in the country will top 400,000 units by that time.
Due to technological advancements, robots are increasingly being used in production for areas including medical care, vehicles, textiles, machinery, aviation, space flight and ship building.
A McKinsey report forecast that the application of advanced robots in manufacturing, medical care and service sectors could create a maximum value worth $4.5 trillion by 2025.
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Without written authorization from www.gov.cn, such content shall not be republished or used in any form.
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Enter your email address below for instant access to your FREE SAMPLE PACK with lessons and activities from some of my most popular unit plans...
Your information is 100% secure with us and will never be shared.
"Finally - A Unit Plan Guaranteed to Save You Hours of Prep Time and Make Teaching The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Easy, Fun, and Stress Free."
Stop the endless search for lessons and download this full unit plan today.
SAVE YOURSELF FROM PILES OF PREP WORK! – Planning and creating lessons, activities, worksheets, quizzes, and tests for a full unit takes a lot of time and work. With my unit plan for The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, you won’t have to do prep work for a month.
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One-Month Unit Based on Core Standards – Everything you need to teach the entire novel.
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Puzzles and Games – Several head-scratching cyphers, crosswords, and other fun review tools.
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Dear Teacher,
My name is Susan Anderson and I have been an English teacher for more than 10 years, and, in the last few years, I have sold more than 10,000 unit plans to busy English teachers around the world.
I’ll tell you more about me in a minute, but this is really about you, so let’s start there.
If you want to teach The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, or want to dramatically enhance your existing Huckleberry Finn unit, I have an amazing value proposition for you.
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For the price of lunch, you can have a one-month vacation from prep work.
Unit Plan Features…
A Full Month of Lesson Plans – Four weeks of lesson plans to guide you through every moment of teaching Huckleberry Finn. Just follow the calendar and enjoy.
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Amazing Worksheets and Templates – These worksheets and templates are clean and professional, and will save you hours of tedious computer work.
Reading Comprehension Questions – A complete set of chapter questions with answer keys means you don’t have to spend hours creating your own version of this important unit plan staple.
Discussion Questions – You and your students will enjoy the lively debates that come from using these discussion questions. They are also excellent to use as writing prompts.
Vocabulary Lists and Activities – Your students will dramatically improve their vocabulary with these lists and exercises. Challenging vocabulary from every chapter are included.
Puzzles and Games – These great puzzles and games will keep your students engaged while reviewing Huckleberry Finn. You get crossword puzzles, cryptograms, secret message puzzles, and more.
Quizzes with Answer keys – The quizzes and answer keys make assessment quick and easy. You will be able to mark these in minutes.
A Comprehensive Unit Test – Your final assessment piece will make sure your students read, understood, and thought about Huckleberry Finn. Answer key included.
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$25 Value
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Huckleberry FinnUnit Plan
A Treasure Trove of Teaching Resources – Enough material to keep your class busy and having fun for weeks!
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Take the Stress Out of Teaching
When I first began teaching, I insisted on doing everything myself. I wanted to show my colleagues in the English department that I could come up with exceptional lesson plans all on my own. And often I did, but it meant staying up until 1 or 2am every night researching and planning.
I’m sure you’ve experienced what I’m talking about. When one of my colleagues, a very talented teacher with decades of experience, realized what I was doing, he pulled me aside to have a word. He asked me, “How much time do you spend planning a lesson?”
I thought about it for a moment and answered that it usually took me about an hour, sometimes more, to plan a good lesson.
He then asked me, “How long are these lessons?” He knew the answer, but he was making a point. At our school, periods lasted 80 minutes. We used 15 minutes of every class for silent reading, and 5 minutes were spent getting settled in at the beginning of class and getting prepared to leave at the end. As I crunched these numbers it struck me…
I was spending as much time planning as I was teaching!
Each day I was delivering approximately four hours of instruction, and each night I was spending approximately four hours planning. And then there was the marking on top of that.
My esteemed colleague helped me see the imbalance in my practice. It was insane to go on spending as much time planning as teaching. Quite honestly, teachers don’t get paid enough to put in double days. I knew that if I kept going the way I was, I would soon burn out.
Don’t Burn Yourself Out
So what to do? How could I solve this problem? I didn’t want to just show up for work unprepared and have to frantically wing it. And I didn’t want to give boring or pointless lessons.
I wanted to give my students the best scholastic experience I could without over-extending myself.
The answer was that I had to realize there was no need for me to constantly reinvent the wheel. Thousands of teachers had taught the same texts I was working with. Why not benefit from their experience? Why not take the very best of their stuff, tweak it to fit my style and personality, and make my own units that I could then reuse year after year.
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Get Incredible Return on Investment
So I spent some time and money and put together incredible unit plans using resources and ideas from some of the best educators in the world. I put each unit plan in its own binder, put each binder in my classroom cupboard, and PRESTO!!!! my stress level decreased dramatically.
No more staying up all night trying to devise a new, creative, effective lesson. I had everything already prepared and organized. All I had to do was go to school and enjoy teaching.
Now I want to help other teachers who might find themselves in a position similar to the one I found myself in early on in my career.
You can make a tiny investment, and instantly take the stress out of your lesson planning. The best part is you only have to make the investment once, and it keeps paying dividends for the rest of your career.
Huckleberry Finn Unit Plan
Right now, you can enjoy instant access to the entire Huckleberry Finn Unit Plan and take a full month vacation from prep work for just $29.99
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Order today and you will also get instant access to FOUR FREE BONUSES worth more than $100!
Benefits…
A Full Month of Prep Work Done Instantly – This unit plan includes everything you need to teach Huckleberry Finnand takes just seconds to download.
More Free Time – With all of the prep work done you can use your free time to relax with friends and family, or with a good book and a glass of wine.
Students Learning and Having Fun – These activities are guaranteed to keep your kids active and engaged and on task.
Curriculum Aligned with Core Standards – Every element is based on Common Core State Standards so you know what the objectives are.
Resources You Can Use Year After Year – You will use these lessons and activities for the rest of your career, saving countless hours of prep time.
I have promised to refund your money if you aren’t satisfied for any reason.
I have told you all about the free bonuses you will get if you order my Huckleberry Finn Unit Plan today.
And I have told you everything I can about my Huckleberry Finn Unit Plan.
But you don’t have to take my word for it.
More than 10,000 busy teachers have downloaded my unit plans over the last few years, and all have enjoyed less work, less stress, more free time, and a better teaching experience.
Here are just a few of the hundreds of emails I have received from teachers thrilled with my unit plans.
Real Feedback…
“Thanks Susan. I have passed on the word to many of my ELA teachers so that they can make use of such remarkable resources.
Again, thank you.”
Classie Wilson, Sam Jamison Middle School
“Dear Susan, I’m working with your fantastic lesson plans and I’m very happy with my purchase.
Thanks a lot for your great work. It’s been extremely useful.”
Danielly
“I had just had an easy, fun month of teaching, and I have you to thank. My class and I enjoyed your Macbeth unit immensely.”
Sue Gougeon
“I was nervous about teaching Shakespeare for the the first time, but your Macbeth unit made it really accessible and fun for me and the kids. Thank you.”
Irene G.
“Hi Susan, just want to quickly say that I really appreciate the work you have done. I have used several of your units – most recently The Hobbit – and love your lessons and activities. Thank you.”
Linda Greene
“I am always skeptical when buying things online, but your unit plan for The Hobbit turned out to be everything I had hoped it would be. Thank for this excellent collection of teaching resources.”
Monica Kerwin
“Hello Susan, I would like to quickly thank you for the great Crucible unit plan. I hadn’t taught the play before, and a few of the other English teachers I work with told me it was not a fun one to teach, but I truly had a great time with it while using your unit plan. It’s nice to know that I now have a great unit I can pull out whenever it’s time to teach The Crucible.”
Emily Garnet
“Dear Susan, I recently used your unit plan for The Crucible, and I have to say that it was practically a revelation. I have been teaching for two years now, and still I often find myself suffocating under the weight of prep work and marking. I haven’t had much of a social life lately, so it was really nice to at least take most of the prep work off my plate and have a little more free time in the evenings and on the weekend. Thank you for your help.”
Alicia Bachus
“You weren’t joking – I barely had to do any prep work for a month while we worked through The Giver. It’s a great novel, and your activities helped keep everything structured and moving along. I added a few of my own ideas, but mostly we just used the activities in your plan. Great stuff!”
Tamara Place
“I was getting swamped with marking and couldn’t face planning a whole new unit ontop of the work I already had, so I downloaded your unit for teaching The Giver to use with my English 9 class, and I’m so happy I did. You saved me a lot of time and stress. Thank you.”
Dan Rowatt
“I very much enjoyed teaching Divergent using your unit plan. The insight, critical thinking, and discussions we got from this novel and your activities were truly wonderful.”
Serena Valencia, Secondary English
“Your Hunger Games Unit Plan is definitely the best novel study I have ever used. It is clear, professional, thorough, and most importantly, fun for the students and the teacher. I will be sure to pass your website on to my friends and colleagues.”
Laurie Brault, Cypress Falls High School
“Hi Susan, I already purchased the Divergent plan. And on pay day will be purchasing the other two as well. You are a legend. Picking great new books to cover as well as some of the older texts. Basically covers everything I need.My students are doing literature circles this term and I have been using many of the activities from the pack of activities to use with any novel.. Next term we are doing film as text and looking at film elements as well. So I am using a lot of the activities you included in the hunger games unit as this is the film we have decided to work with as we think our students will get a lot out of this. Term three the outsiders and term four poetry so you see you have me all sorted out thanks so very much. And my year nine literature class are studying to kill a mockingbird this semester as well as poetry so you see how much you have saved me time wise.”
Getti Spence
“I just wanted to let you know how great your unit packages are! They have been very helpful to me, and the kids enjoy them! Where do you find the time to come up with so many interesting lessons? Anyhow, an early Merry Christmas to you!”
Bernice McAleer
“I just wanted to let you know that I have ordered many of your materials, and they are all AWESOME!!
As a special education teacher, we don’t always have curriculum in some areas, and see our students struggle out in core classes.
Your materials allow us to strengthen basic skills in a fun format, and they are able to apply it in their written work.
Now if you would work on some comprehension/ phonics and fluency units, my curriculum would REALLY rock!!”
Connie Wicks
“Thank you for sharing your unit plans. I am happy to pay a small fee for great lessons and resources I will use for years.”
Graeme Mitchell, Claremont Secondary School
“Dear Susan, I just wanted to thank you for your wonderful units of work which I purchased recently. I am a teacher in a very remote and isolated school in Western NSW, and I am the only English teacher within a 200km radius – I teach via video conference to 8 other small schools.
We are in the heart of a wheat and sheep farming district and have extremely busy lifestyles, being a farmers wife and a teacher is a 24/7 job;the fact that i have 6 children of my own just makes life more exciting … but often it is very hectic 🙂
I have only been teaching for 5 years (even though I have just turned 50) after coming from a psychology/education background, and finding your resources online has been such a bonus for me.
I am having great fun with Macbeth at the moment, and will teach a novel from what I purchased next term 🙂
Thank you for your updates and ‘free’ resources – you are an amazing woman!”
Gaye Rush
English/HSIE teacher
Tottenham Central School
I have hundreds of other emails from happy teachers I could share with you, but there just isn’t space or time for that here. But let me know if you want to see more testimonials and I will gladly email some to you.
And remember, you can get a full refund for any reason within 60 days, so there really is no reason not to give my Huckleberry Finn Unit Plan a try.
Huckleberry Finn Unit Plan
Right now, you can enjoy instant access to the entire Huckleberry Finn Unit Plan and take a full month vacation from prep work for just $29.99
LIMITED-TIME SALE PRICE JUST $14.44!!!
Order today and you will also get instant access to FOUR FREE BONUSES worth more than $100!
If you have any questions or any feedback you would like to share, please do not hesitate to contact me via email: susananderson@englishunitplans.com
I would be happy to help in any way I can.
Thank you for your interest in my Unit Plan for The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. I know it will save you lots of time and make teaching this new novel fun for you and your students.
Sincerely,
Susan Anderson
P.S. Remember that when you order today, you will receive FOUR FREE BONUSES worth more than $100. This is a limited-time offer, so act now.
P.P.S. And remember that you can get a full refund for any reason at any time within 60 days of downloading the Huckleberry Finn Unit Plan, so there is no risk and no reason not to try it.
A Full Month of Daily Lesson Plans – Detailed lesson plans that make teaching ridiculously easy.
Amazing Activities and Worksheets – Dozens of fun, creative activities to keep your students engaged.
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