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On Wednesday 1st March, we invited in writer and theatre maker Becci Sharrock to talk about her new arts project and theatre show Letters to Myself. The show is the result of a six month programme of workshops and drop-in sessions asking as many people as possible to write a letter to their past, present or future self. Letters received so far have been long and short, silly and serious.
Ahead of a UK tour, including a date in the Burton Taylor Studio at Oxford Playhouse on 4th April, people from across the country are now being invited to write their own letter to themselves. A section of the show is being reworked to include ‘local’ letters at each tour venue.
Becci’s talk was about her career as a writer and producer and more about the project. She has some interesting stories to tell and shared some of the letters with us.
The letter writing kits!
All of us took home our free letter writing kit, complete with tea bag and biscuit, and have been challenged to write our letter before the Oxford show! An interesting and inspiring talk – thanks Becci!
To find out more about the project go to www.letterstomyself.org.uk or follow Letters to Myself on Twitter.
This entry was posted in Latest News and tagged Letters to Myself, Oxford, rotaract, skills, workshop, writing. Bookmark the permalink.
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What is Rotaract
Rotaract clubs organize a variety of projects and activities, depending primarily on the interests of the club members. However, within the Rotaract program, all clubs undertake three types of activities in varying degrees: professional development, leadership development, and service projects. Together, these three areas ensure a balanced club program and provide important experience and opportunities for the personal development of each Rotaractor.
History of Rotaract
Rotaract groups have established themselves throughout the world as a result of an international programme organised by Rotary International for 18-30 year olds in 1968. Young people could approach Rotary clubs and ask for sponsorship and funding to continue their studies abroad.
While young people were offered the opportunity by Rotary they got a chance to see what Rotary club did - and with this in mind young people set about establishing groups linked with Rotary that had the same values and ideals, yet was only for those aged between 18-30. A stepping stone to Rotary.
There are now over 8,200 Rotaract club spread around the world and this number is continuously growing.
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项目名称：米博赫国际贸易有限公司网站制作 项目网址：www.fpdrone.com 公司简介： Foundedin2013,RdroneguyiswellknownasacomprehensiveDRONEmanufacture
项目名称：米博赫国际贸易有限公司
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公司简介：
Founded in 2013, Rdroneguy is well known as a comprehensive DRONE manufacturer at producing research, manufacturing and sales service. And since 2014, we start to make the research for the Thermal technology with drone together, to make the solution of Oil pipeline inspection, Heating pipe inspection, Substation inspection, Large equipment maintenance, Fire protection applications, and the Search Rescue.
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WHAT IS CELIAC DISEASE? — Celiac disease (also called gluten sensitive enteropathy ("enter-AH-pathy"), celiac sprue, and nontropical sprue) was first described by Samuel Gee in 1888 in a report entitled "On the Coeliac Affection," although a similar description of a chronic, intestinal disorder by Aretaeus from Cappadochia (now Turkey) reaches as far back as the 2nd century AD. It is a condition in which the lining of the small intestine is abnormal but improves once gluten (a protein contained in wheat, rye, barley, and a multitude of prepared foods) is eliminated from the diet. People with celiac disease have an abnormal immune system reaction against gluten, the consequences of which cause damage to the lining of the small intestine. Celiac disease can occur in people of any age and affects both genders.
The small intestine is responsible for absorbing food and nutrients. Thus, damage to the lining, such as occurs in celiac disease, results in impaired absorption of nutrients, a condition referred to as "malabsorption." The associated signs and symptoms vary from person to person. In the mildest form, which doctors sometimes refer to as "subclinical," patients may have no symptoms whatsoever. However, such patients may have evidence of malabsorption on laboratory testing, such as a low blood count from decreased absorption of iron. Others may have diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal discomfort, excessive gas, osteoporosis, and other signs and symptoms due to deficiencies of specific vitamins and nutrients. Still others may have signs or symptoms of a number of conditions that are more common in patients with celiac disease, including:
Dermatitis herpetiformis (an intensely itchy blistering skin condition mostly on the arms, legs, and torso)
Diabetes mellitus
Thyroid problems (usually an underactive thyroid [ie, hypothyroidism])
Depression, fatigue, and other neurologic diseases
Arthritis
Liver disease
WHAT CAUSES IT? — As mentioned above, celiac disease is caused by an abnormal immune system response to dietary gluten. Why some people develop the abnormal response and others do not is incompletely understood. Genetic factors are clearly important since celiac disease occurs primarily in whites of northern European ancestry. There is a strong link between inheritance of specific genes that regulate the immune response (HLA DQ2) and risk for celiac disease. The exact mechanisms that underlie the abnormal immune system response are gradually being uncovered.
HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED? — Celiac disease may be suspected in patients who have clinical or laboratory abnormalities suggesting the diagnosis. Blood tests detecting certain antibodies produced by patients with celiac disease can strongly support the diagnosis. The most accurate of these tests are for:
IgA endomysial ("end-oh-MEE-see-al") antibody (IgA EMA)
IgA tissue transglutaminase ("trans-GLOOT-a-min-ace") antibody (IgA tTG)
These tests are positive in more than 90 percent of people with untreated celiac disease, and are rarely positive in those without celiac disease.
Confirmation of the diagnosis requires examination of a sample of the lining of the small intestine under the microscope. This is usually accomplished during an upper endoscopy, which is a very safe test that involves swallowing a small flexible instrument that can allow your doctor to examine the upper part of the gastrointestinal system. A sample of the small intestine (biopsy) can be obtained during the examination. The biopsy is not painful.
The most characteristic finding of the small intestinal lining under the microscope is flattening of the finger- or frond-like structures, which are called "villi" (show histology). Villi are essential for the normal absorption of nutrients. Once gluten is removed from the diet, the villi grow back. Some doctors recommend documenting the regrowth by repeating a biopsy some months after gluten has been eliminated from the diet. In some cases, if the diagnosis is still in doubt after a period of treatment with a gluten free diet it may be necessary to reintroduce gluten and demonstrate that the flattening returns. A decline in the levels of endomysial antibody in the blood are expected once on a gluten-free diet.
Patients with celiac disease should be tested for nutritional deficiencies that may result from malabsorption. Common tests include a blood count to detect anemia from iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12 deficiency, and tests to detect calcium or vitamin K deficiency. Many doctors recommend that patients with celiac disease undergo specific testing for bone loss. One method involves using a DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) scan, a painless imaging test that determines the density of bone. Those who have developed significant bone loss may require specific treatment. Vaccination against pneumonia (Pneumovax) has also been recommended.
HOW IS IT TREATED? — The cornerstone of treating celiac disease is to completely eliminate gluten from the diet. Patients who are malnourished because of the disease may also need certain nutrient supplements. As mentioned above, those who have developed significant bone loss may require specific treatment.
Maintaining a gluten-free diet can be a difficult task requiring major lifestyle adjustments since gluten is contained in the most commonly consumed grains in the Western world (wheat, rye, and barley) and is included as an additive in multiple prepared foods. Thus, it is usually best to consult with a nutritionist who can provide detailed guidance and written information on permissible foods. In addition, a number of helpful resources are available that can provide dietary advice and support. ().
Fortunately, life on a gluten free-diet has become increasingly easier with the gaining popularity of gluten-free foods. Excellent gluten-free substitutes for traditional gluten-containing foods are now widely available.
DO I HAVE TO BE STRICT ABOUT ELIMINATING GLUTEN? — People with celiac disease should be very strict about avoiding gluten since even small amounts can cause the disease. Oats do not appear to be harmful but should be avoided unless special steps have been taken during their production to avoid contamination by the other harmful cereals.
People who had no symptoms when diagnosed often find it particularly difficult to accept a gluten-free diet. Indeed, some doctors have questioned the need for a strict gluten-free diet in such people given the lifestyle restrictions that such a diet can pose. However, several lines of evidence would support adhering to a gluten-free diet even in those without symptoms:
Despite feeling clinically well, such patients may have a variety of deficiencies in specific vitamins or nutrients that may ultimately cause symptoms (such as anemia due to iron deficiency or bone loss due to vitamin D deficiency).
Untreated celiac disease has been associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancer. Although unproven, it is reasonable to assume that the risk might be reduced by a gluten-free diet even in those who have no symptoms.
The likelihood that patients with celiac disease will develop other immune-related disorders (such as diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease) may be related to the duration of exposure to gluten.
Pregnant women with untreated celiac disease are at increased risk for having low birth weight newborns.
WHAT IS THE PROGNOSIS? — The majority of patients completely respond to a gluten-free diet and go on to lead a normal life. Approximately 70 percent of those with symptoms at diagnosis notice an improvement in intestinal symptoms (such as diarrhea) within two weeks of beginning a gluten-free diet; in others, the response is more gradual. The skin lesions present in some patients with celiac disease (dermatitis herpetiformis) may take several months to resolve. The response to some of the other associated conditions is variable.
The most common reason for failure to respond is inadvertent ingestion of gluten-containing foods. However, other disorders mimicking celiac disease should be considered in those who continue to have symptoms despite a gluten-free diet.
Are there possible complications? — In addition to anemia, bone loss, and other consequences of malabsorption, a very small percentage of patients develop intestinal symptoms that do not respond to a gluten-free diet, a condition called "refractory sprue." Some patients with refractory sprue have a condition known as "ulcerative jejunitis" in which the small intestine develops multiple ulcers that do not heal. Treatment involves medications designed to suppress the immune system. Cancer of the lymph system (lymphoma) is also an uncommon but recognized complication of long-standing celiac disease. Other types of cancers may also be more common in people with untreated celiac disease than the general population, although the actual risk is very low.
IMPLICATIONS FOR YOUR FAMILY — Your family will need to adjust to your new diet. Thus, it may be helpful for them to share in your education about celiac disease.
Another issue related to your family is that the risk of celiac disease is increased in the relatives of those with celiac disease. Thus, first-degree relatives (a parent, brother, sister, or child) of a person who has been diagnosed with celiac disease should consider being screened for the disease, which is typically accomplished with blood antibody testing as described above. You should discuss these issues with your doctor.
Follow your health care provider's instructions for rest, activity, medicine, and diet. Your provider will probably suggest that you:
Drink clear liquids, such as water, apple juice, tea, bouillon, and flat ginger ale
Eat only bland foods in small amounts, such as soda crackers, toast, plain pasta, noodles, bananas, and baked or broiled potatoes.
Avoid foods and drinks that sometimes cause diarrhea. These foods include caffeine, alcohol, milk and milk products, large amounts of fruit or fruit juices (except bananas), and foods seasoned with hot peppers.
After a few days, you may return to normal eating, carefully adding back any of the foods that sometimes cause diarrhea.
If you have cramps or abdominal pain, it may help to put a hot water bottle or electric heating pad (set on low) on your abdomen.
If your health care provider prescribes a new antibiotic, take all of the medicine as prescribed.
Call your health care provider if:
Your pain does not go away or gets worse
Your diarrhea or other symptoms get worse
What can I do to help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea?
Take antibiotics only when you and your health care provider feel they are necessary.
Take antibiotics exactly as they are prescribed. Do not increase the dose, the time between your doses, or the number of days you take the medicine unless instructed to do so by your health care provider.
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What Are Your Alternatives When It Comes To Folding Security Gates ?
Fenster streifenfrei putzen – so werden Ihre Fenster blitzblank » What Are Your Alternatives When It Comes To Folding Security Gates ?
02 Oct 2019 08:53
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By giving better air & light flow, increased security and protection, material folding security gates help to make a wholesome, safer shop, better factory, office or school. Folding Gate Easily and quickly stop usage of harmful or constrained areas. Folding gate secures shops, schools, and hospitals, loading docks, receiving opportunities, hallways, garage opportunities, deck gates or other entrances without compromising accessibility, exposure or air circulation.Create a barricade everywhere it's needed in seconds with or without sealing casters. Folding gates protected warehouse pier opportunities or articles of any type from undesired foot traffic.
Door gates have almost always been a characteristic of a commercial establishment, but up to recently, front door gates on a house could have been considered as overkill. Maybe not anymore. Numerous locks on a home and a notice submitted upfront that claims your home is secured by way of a security system is not really enough; a security gate functions as further deterrent to a could be home invader.
Even though you'll find so many methods to gain entry to a house, a home is the absolute most direct. They are visible means of entrance, but they also provide a way to inform a burglar that you get hold of security seriously, by just the installing a gate.
When examining about gates in several house security evaluations, you will without doubt observe that the material of choice is steel; often stainless or carbon, depending on your own home's design and external décor. In comparison with different methods of giving home security , gates are somewhat inexpensive. The two types of home gates are those that move such as a standard door and the ones that fold. Folding gates tend to be observed on professional houses; they act fairly like an accordion and could be flattened aside of the doorway when they are maybe not in use. They're also significantly lighter than the usual home created from metal bars.
In accordance with Vivint evaluations, a driveway gate does for the property exactly what a door gate does for the house. If entering the house is manufactured hard, the burglar may more frequently than maybe not move on to a smoother target. Even when the gate is minimal and instead simple to leap around, the possibility of obtaining your car is manufactured a great deal more difficult. Garage gates can be found as move gates , coming gates and lift gates. If the house has adequate room, swing or moving gates are less expensive. In several suburban houses, space reaches a premium therefore lift gates are the solution as each goes up and down and involve hardly any space to work in.
Yet another benefit of these folding gates is which they look good, too. You will get them in a variety of fashion including vertical, outside or stone lattice designs. They're often equipped in a powder-coated white finish. You are able to nevertheless select a dust coating of any typical color with whether gloss or matt finish. In this manner, you can match your new gates to the prevailing design of one's property. Quite simply, folding security grilles form an effective barrier against thieves, while maintaining the original appearance of the building.
This ability to provide security while maintaining the original appearance of the making is particularly useful for the practices of qualified firms such as for example solicitors, accountants and property agents. For such firms, it's crucial to keep up an expert picture constantly but in addition require high security because they hold painful and sensitive customer documents on the premises. scissor gates function completely here. They slip in to place to offer security when the office is shut and they slide out of part when maybe not in use.
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How To Get A True Estate License In Virginia
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A actual estate bio is the descriptive summary of your abilities and abilities as a actual estate agent, generally presented on the web or in print. Producing a strong genuine estate bio gives potential clients self-assurance in your abilities and the assurance to hire you. Selling true estate is not rocket science the more contacts you have, the a lot more houses you will sell. The secret is constructing up a client base that will continue to buy homes from you and refer people to you. Eighty-four percent of house buyers and sellers said they would recommend and use their true estate agent once again. That indicates when you get a client and do a decent job for them, they will continue to use you and tell their pals about you.Know the education needs. Understand about the education requirements for genuine estate agents in your state. Most states ask you to complete a certain quantity of genuine estate courses from accredited schools before you apply for a license. If you adored this article and you would like to get more info about click through the next webpage; wilmercomer14560.wikidot.com, generously visit the web-page. Sales - Promoting homes: Again our agents operate both the house and client side.This is a single of those real-estate aphorisms that turns out to be incorrect. Folks acquire a crummy fixer-upper on a nice street, fix it up, click through the next webpage then try to sell it for a profit — but still much less than each and every other property on the street.Deferred showings are something to ask your genuine estate agent about. It is critical to note that a deferred showing is NOT the identical as a coming soon listing Coming quickly advertising could or might not be proper for your circumstances. Take a look at click through the next webpage report to see why.Actual estate flipping or home flipping does not involve literally flipping homes as 1 would do with a pancake or an omelet, nor does it involve a pan. Digital marketers have a saying: Content material is king." Content advertising and marketing has been around—and will stick around—because folks adore a great story. It really is in our nature as human beings to be storytellers, and real estate offers rich opportunities for content.Get preapproved for a mortgage, so the seller knows you are significant, and make sure you have a preapproval letter, rather than one particular saying you are merely prequalified," mentioned Tom Salomone, president of the National Association of Realtors. There's a huge difference." Prequalification might be based on verbal information given by the borrower, he stated, even though preapproval signifies the lender has run a credit check, verified your revenue and has authorized a loan for a specific amount of cash.The true estate globe is consistently altering as technologies create and the housing industry fluctuates. Just like your brand wants to be adaptable to these altering environments, you want your marketing agency to have the very same flexibility. You can figure out their flexibility based on previous projects and how they've handled changes in their sector and others.If you've ever wanted to get inside the thoughts of a genuine estate agent, now is your possibility. From the do's and don'ts of promoting to how to negotiate like a pro, to what to know prior to you browse, we took some of your most pressing housing questions to the authorities at Manhattan-based real estate firm Warburg Realty Read on for everything they want you to know.Christine Ko is an achieved Bay Area agent who brings a strategic however personable method to the home acquiring and property promoting method. Drawing from years of encounter as a Silicon Valley entrepreneur, Christine has built a reputation for her refreshingly friendly buyer care and verified potential to guide purchasers to get the very best value for their dream residence and to help sellers to a smooth, anxiety-free sale of their home. If you have a specialty with the varieties of clientele you perform with, capabilities you supply, or sorts of homes you sell, this is the area to talk about it. For example, you may enjoy modern properties like these in your location and have a certain affinity for functioning with first-time homebuyers. Some agents are relocation specialists although other folks have an architectural or decorating background they really like to use. Although you want to be sure not to exclude any kind of client, obtaining certain expertise can make you stand out from other agents in your region.A seller's agent or as they are normally referred to as, a listing agent, has a totally various function in the sales approach. A listing agent will make about the identical commission, but they go about it in a completely various way. I will not go into details for the earnings that you can make because you can use the exact same math I utilised for the buyer's agent. The largest difference is that a seller's agent can usually sell far more homes than a buyer's agent can due to the fact it takes less time to list a home than it does to show houses to purchasers. A listing agent can also sell homes to purchasers and may possibly double end numerous bargains, representing the buyer and seller in a transaction. If purchasers are not already making use of a buyer's agent, they might use the listing agent who has the residence listed to acquire the house. Listing many homes also brings in buyer leads , which I will discuss more when I speak about teams.
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This story is taken from ‘6000 miliard. Sci-fi povídky’ by Jan Váchal, published by Nakladatelství Penrous in 2009. The translation is by Andrew Oakland.
The Complaint
I have to admit that I’d expected my work at the Office for the Environment to be somewhat greener. In effect I was a bureaucrat of the Austro-Hungarian type who seldom got up from his desk and used so much paper that he harmed rather than conserved the environment. But everyone gets used to his job in the end; I learned to take joy in small things, such as the battle surrounding the last remaining tree in the immediate vicinity of a shopping centre.
One day a complaint arrived on my desk from a Mrs Věra Nováková, who lived in one of those grey prefabricated tower blocks that in the Eighties came to adorn the northern suburbs. The complaint concerned a Mr Tomášek who lived in Mrs Nováková’s building and who according to the complainant stored great quantities of scrap paper in his apartment. She wished to draw the Office’s attention to the hygiene and fire risks this entailed; she had enclosed newspaper cuttings that told of similar cases elsewhere in the republic and had counted up the number of senior citizens and small children in the building whose lives and property were put at risk by Mr Tomášek’s activities. She ended her letter with a demand that the situation be rectified on behalf of all disgruntled citizens of the city.
“Old Mrs Nováková’s well known to us. A chronic complainer,” moaned my much older superior. “A menace to every office in the district.”
“So I should throw her complaint in the wastepaper basket?”
“Metaphorically speaking, yes. But she expects an answer and won’t give up until she gets one. So write something pretty general.”
“But what if she’s right?”
“So perform a local investigation. It can’t do any harm and you’ll show that you’re no dupe.”
“What’s that supposed to mean?”
“Sometimes it’s the complainant who’s got most to keep quiet about. It’s not unusual for an investigation to endorse the old chestnut that he who cries ‘thief’ is a thief himself.”
“So I’ll get on my bike and take a little ride.”
“Why not? You’re young and the exercise will do you good. And it’ll raise our local investigations ratio, and that always comes in handy.”
I arrived at the tower block in question in the early evening. I didn’t want to risk finding no one at home. There was no problem with Mrs Nováková in this regard. She was indeed at home, and sitting at the window of her ground-floor apartment.
“A bit on the young side, aren’t you?” Obviously I was a disappointment to her.
“A young’un but a good’un,” I replied, so as to stay on top of things.
“Tomášek lives on the second floor. Every day he lugs in more scrap paper, but as God is my witness I’ve never seen him carry any away.”
“How long has he been doing this?”
“Ever since his wife died. Let me see, that must be at least five years. As I’m sure you’ll agree, young man, that there can’t be enough room to swing a cat in there by now.”
“And you’re bothered by some kind of smell?”
This question caught her out. “Not exactly. But paper burns very well and Tomášek smokes like a chimney. He’s an odd one altogether. I’ve lost count of the times I’ve heard him talking to his late wife, on the bench out there, or in the supermarket, asking what she thinks about this or that.”
“There’s no law against it,” I objected.
“He’s crazy. He’s got this telescope and he gazes at the stars. Mrs Tvarůžková on the fifth reckons he’s waiting for aliens. He even told Mr Charvát across the hallway he was once kidnapped by green monsters.”
“There’s nothing illegal in that, either, as long as he doesn’t bother or threaten others, in which case you should turn to the police. That wouldn’t be a matter for us.”
She fixed me with a stern gaze and I imagined her giving an inner shake of the head at what a dunce they’d sent from city hall.
“Is he turning his home into a waste-paper tip? He is. So do something! That’s what you’re there for. The taxes my children pay keep you in a job.”
I padlocked my bicycle to the railings and headed up to the second floor. I found the door with the nameplate Tomášek and rang the bell – three times. There was no reply. I was on the point of leaving when an elderly man stepped out of the lift. He looked like a bank manager. He was a wearing a good-quality grey three-piece suit, a white shirt with cuff links and a dot-patterned bow tie. His patent-leather shoes gleamed. He was a picture of elegance. But the impression was spoiled somewhat by the stack of scrap paper he was carrying under his left arm.
“Mr Tomášek,” I asked, trying in vain to conceal my astonishment. From what Mrs Nováková had said I’d imagined him to look like a vagabond.
“Yes. Are you the messenger?”
“Messenger, Mr Tomášek? Well that depends on how you look at it.” I went into my explanation. “My name’s Pavel Říha and I’m from the Office for the Environment. Here’s my ID. I’ve come about a complaint.”
“You’d better come in, then. We can hardly deal with the matter in the hallway.” He opened the door to his apartment and bade me enter.
To my relief things were going well so far. And now I would get the chance to inspect the scrapheap.
He changed into a pair of old-fashioned slippers, lent me a pair of house-shoes, and led the way into the living room. I looked around and imagined myself in a dreamworld. I’d never seen such a tidy place.
“So what’s it about, then, young man?”
I didn’t know how to begin. “We’ve received a complaint which states that for a considerable time you’ve been hoarding great quantities of rubbish – scrap paper, to be precise.”
I looked about the room. Mr Tomášek said nothing.
“I know, I know. But you brought some in this evening as well.”
“Perhaps you would like to inspect the whole apartment.”
“If you have no objection.”
“Be my guest.”
I went through every space – bedroom, kitchen, pantry, bathroom; I even used the toilet. Not only was there no scrap paper anywhere but everything was remarkably spick and span. Even the tops of the doors had been dusted.
“My wife and I always liked to keep things tidy. What’s more, my wife was a perfectionist. I don’t mind if things aren’t in their usual places, as long as they are clean.”
“I’m truly impressed. If only my place was as tidy as yours!”
He pointed at a photograph on the wall. “That’s my Marie.”
“They say you sometimes talk to your wife.”
“If you live with someone for almost sixty years, my friend ... Did Mrs Nováková tell you that?”
I was embarrassed. “I have to check out every complaint, Mr Tomášek. It seems that Mrs Nováková watches a lot of television, which may have led her to believe that your apartment – in the case that it was full of scrap paper – represented a fire hazard.”
He waved his arm at this.
“But I would very much like to know ...”
He interrupted me. “Do you know what great love is?”
“Well, I’ve been in love once or twice.”
“Being in love is not the same as love, my dear friend. Of course, you’re still very young to have known such a thing. Marie and me, our love really was of the great variety. We disagreed about all sorts of things, we had our little tiffs, but we each of us lived for the other.”
“I’m sure you did.”
“Do you know how to recognize true love?”
I shrugged.
“I love astronomy. My world is up there among the stars.”
“I noticed that.” The way in which the living room was decorated – not least the large bookcase filled with books on astronomy – had given this away. “For Marie, stars were nothing more than buttons in the sky, but she never said a word against them. Once we took a winter holiday in the Bohemian Forest. I took along my astronomical telescope and a camera. It had been in the newspapers that a new star was about to appear, and I wanted to photograph it. But I slipped on the ice and instead of stargazing ended up in hospital. And just imagine – my Marie, by her own initiative, spent five cold nights observing the cosmos, and she took a photo of that star for me. There it is.” He pointed to a photograph showing a slightly blurred point of light on a black background. “Five nights wrapped in a blanket. That’s what true love is, young man.”
“You must miss her terribly,” I said.
“Well, as you know, I often speak to her. I told you that story to give you to understand that a relationship doesn’t end in death. I know you won’t believe this, but my Marie thinks of me even now. Love means that each of the partners thinks first and foremost of the other.”
“Of course. That’s how it should be.”
“She even arranged – now that she could – for me to go on a sightseeing tour of black holes. What a hugely interesting cosmic phenomenon the black hole is! We went close to the event horizon of several large black holes, and we observed the unobservable. It really is a great, fascinating nothingness. No, that’s imprecise. It looks like nothingness from the outside, but on the inside it is very material. Anything can go in, but not even light can get out. That’s why it’s black. Amazing, isn’t it?”
“You travelled into space? On a sightseeing tour of black holes? Like the rest of us hire a travel agency to take us to the sea?”
“I know it sounds crazy, but it’s true. It was fascinating. Marie knew how much I would enjoy it.”
I didn’t know how to react.
“And just imagine – I even had the opportunity to observe a sleeping black hole. What an amazing spectacle that was! It’s actually surprisingly small, but it’s fantastically dense and incredibly material, which gives it a very powerful gravitational field. In referring to it as dark matter, the cosmologists are not as precise as they should be. You can get quite close to a sleeping black hole, as its event horizon is as yet unformed so it won’t suck you in. But when a sleeping black hole wakes up, things get pretty lively. All of a sudden it sucks in huge amounts of matter from its vicinity. It’s rather like our volcanoes, but the other way round. You might say it vacuum-cleans its vicinity. How much it swallows depends only on the power of its eruption.”
I stood there open-mouthed.
“In the cosmos there are lots of sleeping black holes. Thousands, perhaps millions. You can’t see them, but their gravity holds the cosmos together. It’s a kind of cement. Most of them never start to suck in matter; some of them are probably altogether extinct. Eventually – in the distant future – one of them will become strong enough to swallow up the entire universe so that a big bang can give rise to a new one.”
“How fascinating!” I said, no doubt not very convincingly.
“You don’t believe me, do you? I can hardly blame you. Yet truly I trust that one day my Marie and I will be reunited. I have to thank her for the trip.”
“I hope so much that you’re right.”
“All I have to wait for now is the messenger. Once he arrives, I’ll be able to go.”
“I see. Now I understand what you asked me in the hallway.”
“I imagine it like the story of the ferryman. A messenger comes and I pass on to him my faith in the power of the cosmos. He takes the oar and rows on in my place. Along the course of time, until his own messenger comes.”
“I’m very much afraid that there will be no messenger, Mr Tomášek.”
“Because you don’t believe in what I’m telling you. People didn’t use to believe that the Earth rotates, you know.”
“I believe only what I see.”
He smiled. “So in your opinion the Earth is as flat as a pancake.”
“I didn’t say that. The Earth is more or less a sphere, and it rotates around its axis and around the Sun, too, of course.”
“But you haven’t seen this happening, have you?”
“You’ve got me there.”
He scratched the back of his neck and appeared to be deep in thought.
“I believe you came here to ask me why I bring home so many newspapers.”
“But now I’d be more interested to know where you put them all.”
He pulled a small knife from his pocket and cut the cord on the stack of papers he’d just brought in. Then he tore off a thin strip.
“Come with me and look at this.”
We went over to a small table in the corner of the room. On the table there was a large spherical aquarium, the kind people keep goldfish in. But this one was empty.
“I brought this back from my trip to the cosmos.”
I showed him the respect of staring obediently at the empty aquarium.
His voice was perfectly calm. “Somewhere in the middle of that glass sphere is a small black hole.”
“Really?”
“Of course. A little souvenir from my travels. I keep it as a kind of pet. And do you know what it likes best?”
“Newspaper?” I guessed.
“Right!” he said appreciatively before tearing off another small strip and dropping it in the aquarium. “Watch this.”
At first the strip fell as you would expect; but soon it began to slow and then – from the end closer to the centre – to stretch. Also it got redder and redder. The paper’s flight continued to slow. Then it simply disappeared.
“Yum!” he exclaimed with amusement. “I know ‘yum’ is not exactly scientific, but it’s rather apt in human terms. What in fact happened was that the paper crossed the event horizon. Light – as reflected from the bulb in the room, for instance – simply doesn’t get out.”
“Isn’t it dangerous?”
“Not at all. This black hole is young and small. To be dangerous it would have to eat up a million Earths. Put your finger in there if you like. As you see, you’re strong enough to pull it back out again.”
“That’s amazing! So you’re telling me the hole polished off all that paper?”
“Yes, that’s right.”
“Just think of the uses it could be put to! It could replace dumping sites and incineration plants. It would be by far the most ecological means of waste disposal.”
“And the disposal would be total. Everything would disappear for good. It would become infinitely small and infinitely massive. And those who come after us might miss what it had taken.”
“I’m not sure our descendants will be too delighted by our waste-disposal sites.”
“But maybe they will. Maybe one day our descendants will mine those sites as we mine coal today and prize them as extraordinary and valuable deposits of raw materials.”
“That’s pretty hard to imagine.”
He tore off another strip of paper and dropped it in the aquarium. “It’s my personal view that we shouldn’t make use of things we don’t understand and can’t control. Just imagine that in place of the waste-disposal sites here on Earth we would have an invisible point that was infinitely small yet enormously heavy. We could do nothing with it, as it could not be grasped or moved. We would have to keep a respectful distance from it. Bearing in mind that the moon influences the ocean tides of Earth, just imagine what this might do to our planet!”
“I suppose you’re right. Perhaps you shouldn’t have shown it to me.”
“I think you can handle the idea. You appear to be quite intelligent.”
“Thank you.”
“Is there anything else I can do for you?”
“No, thanks. I ought to be going. It’s getting late. It’s dark already and I’ve a fair way to go.”
He saw me to the door.
“Goodbye, Mr Tomášek.”
“Goodbye, young man.”
As I headed off down the stairs, I found I wasn’t quite steady on my feet and needed the security of the handrail. There was a slight humming in my ears. A most extraordinary spectacle! Had I not seen it with my own eyes ...
It wasn’t until I reached my bike that I realized I’d left my backpack upstairs.
I went back up and rang Mr Tomášek’s doorbell. But there was no response. I rang again.
“Mr Tomášek! Can you hear me?”
I rang for a third time, but still nothing.
“Mr Tomášek!” I supplemented my call by rapping on the door with my fist. The door opened.
“Mr Tomášek!” This time my call was quieter; still I was answered by silence. Cautiously I stepped into the apartment. All the lights were on but Mr Tomášek was not there. I walked twice around the apartment to make sure.
I was back in the living room and about to pick my backpack up from the floor when I saw them. By the little table on which the aquarium stood. Old-fashioned slippers with their clasps unfastened. I hesitated before going over to the aquarium and inspecting it. Then I tore off a strip of paper and dropped it in. It fell to the bottom. As did the second, third and fourth strips.
I backed away slowly, picked up my backpack and fled the apartment. I didn’t stop running until I reached my bike. The light on the front of the building was broken, so when I looked up at the sky I could make out a few stars. I stood there looking at or rather between them, as it was between them that the black holes might be. And probably Mr Tomášek, too, for today his expectations had been met; the longed-for messenger had arrived and he was on the way to his Marie.
The thought flashed through my mind that I should buy myself a telescope, and I had to laugh.
“Are you looking for someone?” said a voice behind me. A corpulent lady was returning to the building with her dog.
“No. But thanks for asking,” I answered obligingly. “I was just on my way out. I’ve been to see Mr Tomášek.”
“Who?”
“Mr Tomášek. Second floor.”
“There’s no Tomášek lives here,” she said, obviously surprised. “I’ve lived here since they built the place and there’s never been any Mr Tomášek. Not on the second or any other floor. There must be some mistake.”
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For your GRAMMY consideration: Tim Weed's "Light and Dark" has been nominated in the first round of voting for seven categories:
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First Round Online Voting is now open for Recording Academy members.
Tim Weed's album, "Light and Dark," features his original 5-string banjo compositions recorded with the 83-piece Prague Metropolitan Orchestra.
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Gay hookup vegas. America’s city of bulbs enjoys long got a well-deserved track record of their over-the-top heterosexuality – ECRLF
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Gay hookup vegas. America’s city of bulbs enjoys long got a well-deserved track record of their over-the-top heterosexuality
October 29, 2021 by admin in ny USA review
Gay hookup vegas. America’s city of bulbs enjoys long got a well-deserved track record of their over-the-top heterosexuality
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There is absolutely no homosexual location in vegas although biggest focus of gay company is into the so-called good fresh fruit Loop. Truly along utopia roadway, nearby the hard-rock resorts and Casino, about a five-minute drive through the remove. On one side of Paradise tend to be Gipsy and its own sis organizations, Piranha Club and 8 1A?A?A?2 Lounge. Piranha Lounge include a women’s night on Wednesdays. The party pub Gipsy was open every night except Tuesday. Gipsy charges no address on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays A?a‚¬a€? they ceased battery charging a cover on those evenings to draw company from Krave, which do cost a cover.
Freezone try across the street from Gipsy. As its identity means, there’s no cover cost. It’s gay/lesbian blended but Tuesday evening is actually ladies nights, and Thursday evenings become male-focused with a “Boyz” evening, featuring a male remove tv show. Buffalo is within the strip mall across the street from Freezone. Buffalo are favored by share and position users additionally the leather audience. The homosexual bookstore, Bring Scheduled, try next to Buffalo and remains open on Friday and Saturday evenings until 2 a.m.A‚A
The industrial Center remove shopping center on the 900-block of E. Sahara opportunity consists of three gay taverns: the Spotlight Lounge with slot machines, share, and appetizers daily; Ramrod with dance, slots, darts, and pool; additionally the country american Badlands Saloon.
The Goodtimes bar at 1775 E. Tropicana path resides doing the title 7 days per week. Definitely see their significantly popular Monday evening alcohol breasts; everything you can drink for $15.
Flex, at 4371 W. Charleston method, has a ladies night on Thursdays and hip-hop musical after midnight on Saturdays. Flex is also specially well-liked by the city’s large Latino population.
Krave, really the only gay nightclub regarding the vegas Strip, is positioned adjacent to the Aladdin lodge Casino, soon in order to become environment Hollywood. Latin nights was Tuesdays. It includes an independent “girl bar” section on Saturday evenings.
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RD Extra: Brayton v Schmig - Was the U.S. Founded on Christianity? - Reasonable Doubts Podcast - Other Audio podcast episode - Podcast.tv
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Reasonable Doubts Podcast
RD Extra: Brayton v Schmig - Was the U.S. Founded on Christianity?
RD Extra: Brayton v Schmig - Was the U.S. Founded on Christianity?
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Reasonable Doubts takes an informative and humorous look at religion from a freethinking perspective; offering news and commentary of interest to skeptics, atheists, agnostics, humanists, courageous religious believers looking for a challenge and freethinkers of all persuasions. In addition to interviewing the top minds in skepticism (former guests include Christopher Hitchens, Susan Jacoby, Paul Kurtz, Edward Tabash, DJ Grothe) RD offers regular segments on counter-apologetics, biblical criticism, creationism intelligent design and church state issues. RD also examines the psychology of religion, reviewing recent and exciting research you won't hear about anywhere else. Tune in for a hard-hitting critique of religion balanced by plenty of humor, a fair-minded attitude and a commitment to critical thinking. Check out our website at doubtcast.org for information, episode links or to email questions, comments and challenges. Reasonable Doubts...for those who won't just take things on faith.
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139 What's Past is Prologue 2015/09/22, 02:25
139 What's Past is Prologue
Here it is…the final episode of Reasonable Doubts, featuring new Counterapologetics, God Thinks Like You and Polyatheism segments mixed with goodbyes from our fans and outtakes from the past eight years of doubtcasting. Thank you to everyone who made this show what it was. Special thanks to Jonathan MS Pearce for the spoken word introduction to the show and to Hugh McDonald for allowing us to use his song "Schrodinger's Cat" for this episode.<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/6TryaiauuZ0" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
rd138 Interview with Shelley Segal 2015/03/30, 01:56
rd138 Interview with Shelley Segal
This podcast features a previously unreleased interview with Australian Singer and Songwriter Shelley Segal. Shelly shares about her experience growing up in a conservative Jewish household and how her music naturally turned to turned to secular themes when she decided she was an atheist. She also performs two songs from "An Atheist Album."<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/vU5vPudF-rg" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
rd137 Je Suis Charlie with guest Dan Fincke 2015/01/25, 23:40
rd137 Je Suis Charlie with guest Dan Fincke
This one is all about Charlie. Guest Dan Fincke defends free speach and the right to blaspheme. Dr. Galen examines the psychological root to religious extremism and the Enuma Elish is the subject of this episode's Polyatheism.<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/kWKW2fhMWPE" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
rd136 Freedom Isn't Free 2014/12/15, 07:00
rd136 Freedom Isn't Free
Dale McGowan, executive director of the Foundation Beyond Belief talks about some of the exciting ways the organization plans to put humanist principles into action in 2015. Also, statistics on the public's attitudes towards the Christmas holiday, the John Templeton Foundation donates millions of dollars to philosophers who study free will and the Norse god Oden might just be the world's first Christmas ornament.<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/mEziXvskV7E" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
RD Extra: Brayton v Schmig - Was the U.S. Founded on Christianity? 2014/12/02, 02:07
RD Extra: Brayton v Schmig - Was the U.S. Founded on Christianity?
Is the US Government Founded on the Christian Religion?<br><br>Ed Brayton is the founder and owner of the Freethought Blogs network and the voice behind the popular blog Dispatches from the Culture Wars. He is the co-founder and past president of Michigan Citizens for Science and the recipient of the Friend of Darwin Award from the National Center for Science Education and has appeared on The Rachel Maddow Show, The Thom Hartmann Show, and C-SPAN. Ed is also a current member of CFI Advisory Board.<br>Ed brayton will be arguing “That the government of the United States is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion.<br><br>Arguing against that resolution is Dr. Tim Schmig, the Executive Director for the Michigan Association of Christian Schools. Tim Schmig has taught High School History, Social Studies, Government and Economics for 5 years in two different Christian Schools. He holds a Doctorate of Literature in Ministry from Maranatha Baptist Bible College.Tim spends much time in Washington D.C. and Lansing meeting with elected officials and has earned respect and garnered influence on both sides of the political aisle. <br><br>The debate took place November 12, 2014 at CFI Michigan in Grand Rapids. Thanks to Ed Brayton and CFI michigan for letting us share this debate, and special thanks to Mike Slomka for helping capture the audio. Reasonable Doubts will be back with another regular format episode on December 15th.<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/jpVRXUk8ty0" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
RD Extra: Lowder v Vandergriff - Metaphysical Naturalism or Christian Theism? Where Does the Evidence Point? 2014/11/15, 15:58
RD Extra: Lowder v Vandergriff - Metaphysical Naturalism or Christian Theism? Where Does the Evidence Point?
This RD Extra features a debate, hosted by the Reasonable Doubts Podcast, between Jeffery Jay Lowder and Kevin Vandergriff on "Metaphysical Naturalism or Christian Theism? Where Does the Evidence Point?"<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/TtyNkpyTWv8" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
rd135 Pain and Paradox 2014/10/29, 20:35
rd135 Pain and Paradox
Physical pain plays an important biological role, but should we expect it to in a world created by God? Also, a recent paper in the journal cognition posits distinct cognitive attitudes underlying religious belief and factual reasoning, but is the evidence from cognitive science and philosophy sufficient to support this claim?<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/coorZtb6Br8" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
rd134 Coming Out Atheist 2014/10/07, 05:55
rd134 Coming Out Atheist
Many non-theists keep their doubts hidden for fear of losing friends and love ones. But remaining in the closet also has drawbacks: stress, hypocrisy, the oppression of silence and fear of being found out. Despite the risks, those who've made the decision to be open about their atheism almost never regret it. Luckily, doubters do not need to make this important decision on their own. Greta Christina (FTB blogger and author of Why Are You Atheists So Angry) conducted over 400 interviews with non-theists about their experiences of leaving the closet. Along the way she discovered that differing circumstances call for different coming-out strategies. Her latest book Coming Out Atheist: How to Do It, How to Help, and Why?--distills this wisdom into clear and compassionate strategies for preserving important relationships while being open about your doubts.<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/eYZhovtVDgU" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
rd133 Your God Detector is Busted 2014/09/24, 00:31
rd133 Your God Detector is Busted
Our cognitive faculties evolved to help us detect agents in our environment and to predict the content of their minds but those same faculties also generate beliefs in supernatural minds and divine agents. While this seems to suggest that religious intuitions are untrustworthy by-products of ordinary cognitive processes, Cognitive psychologists like Justin Barrett argue the existence of these "god-faculties" in the brain should not make the atheist more comfortable with their skepticism. In fact, Barrett believes they actually provide a defeater for atheism.<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/WId6tATy1k0" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
rd132 Euthyphro's Revenge 2014/09/09, 07:30
rd132 Euthyphro's Revenge
Does God approve actions because they are good? Or is an action good because God approves it? Euthyphro's Dilemma is perhaps the oldest challenge to a theistic conception of morality, but many modern philosophers of religion believe the dilemma to be a false one. While the traditional formulation of the dilemma may have an answer, Socrates' challenge lives on in a new form.<img class="img-responsive" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/reasonabledoubts/Msxh/~4/BsXNQSna_dM" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
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Yesterday, in gorgeous weather in a park in St Kilda, Katie and Lea from I See Magical Creatures pitched their pyramid, spread out their beautiful ground cover and invited passersby to create magical creatures to install around St Kilda.
Check out the photos of the day!
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This Is A Door I See Magical Creatures, playful public events, This Is A Door
This Is A Door on Daily Melbourne
September 10, 2013Written by Sayraphim
Leave a Comment
Pop Up Playground: This Is A Door
Words by Myron My.
Pop Up Playground had its first public gig in September 2011. Since then, the company has continued to grow with the new and creative games they have been making and bringing out the inner child in people and they are back this month with their event This Is A Door.
“This Is A Door is where we play a variety of 2 minute to 20 minute games for two hours. It is a festival of new games that we have created,” Artistic Director Robert Reid tells me. “The whole festival this year has been about trying to get other companies exposure so people know that this sort of stuff is happening.”
This Is A Door opened up with The Curse and was performed at Luna Park on Halloween night. Players scoured the park to find three fortune tellers to help break the curse put upon them whilst being cautious of three clowns lurking nearby. It was the first event I had participated in and I loved the excitement of being a child again and running around in a panic as the time counted down to when I would be cursed forever.
“I like that when we do games like The Curse, we create an environment where there is a story told but you determine the type of story you experience. The decisions that people make in the moment tell these great stories and you get people sacrificing themselves for each other or stabbing each other in the back.” Robert says.
If a day of games doesn’t tickle your fancy, there are lots of other things planned by the team at Pop Up Playground. “We’ve got a couple of playful street art projects going on with Guerrilla Poets Opening Doors and I See Magical Creatures where we take old children’s toys, bundle them up and then paint them with bright colours and glitter and then hide them throughout the city. There is also MechCombat, which is an experimental live gaming experience involving robots.” Robert tells me.
It’s no secret that the older we get, the more we forget about this sense of play and fun. We get concerned with “adult” life and problems that simply enjoying things can be difficult. “Play is good for us and it is useful to us. There are social benefits and learning how to be a person”, Robert explains. “There is a physical aspect to games but they also keep your brain active and force you to be innovative and think strategically.”
This immersive theatre/play experience is rapidly growing in Melbourne. More and more people don’t want to just “sit and watch” anymore so if you haven’t experiences this yet, then make sure to check out This Is A Door during the month of November.
Original review here: http://www.dailymelbourne.com/2013/11/pop-up-playground-this-is-a-door/
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media, This Is A Door Guerrilla Poets Opening Doors, I See Magical Creatures, MechCombat, media, This Is A Door
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TCF’s roots come from two couples around a kitchen table in Coventry, England in 1968. Today, there are more than 600 chapters in all 50 states plus Washington, DC and Puerto Rico.
The Compassionate Friends is a nonprofit, self-help support or-ganization composed of bereaved parents, adult siblings and grandparents. We offer friendship, understanding, and hope to anyone who has experienced the death of a child of any age, from any cause.
Our meetings give those attending an opportunity to talk about the child who died and about the feelings experienced while go-ing through the natural grief process.
The Compassionate Friends is a non-religious organization and has no membership dues. The purpose of this support group is not to focus on the cause of death or the age of the child when he or she died, but to focus, instead, on the natural grieving process and the feelings and issues that surround the death of a child and what follows.
Our vision is that everyone who needs us will find us and
everyone who finds us will be helped.
The Compassionate Friends Credo
We need not walk alone. We are The Compassionate Friends. We reach out to each other with love, with understanding and with hope.
The children we mourn have died at all ages and from many dif-ferent causes, but our love for them unites us. Your pain be-comes my pain, just as your hope becomes my hope.
We come together from all walks of life, from many different cir-cumstances. We are a unique family because we represent many races, creeds, and relationships. We are young and we are old.
Some of us are far along in our grief, but others still feel a grief so fresh and so intensely paingful that they feel helpless and see no hope. Some of us have found our faith to be a source of strength, while some of are struggling to find answers. Some of us are an-gry, filled with guilt or in deep depression, while others radiate an inner peace. But whatever pain we bring to this gathering of The Compassionate Friends, it is pain we will share, just as we share with each other our love for the children who have died.
We are all seeking and struggling to build a future for ourselves, but we are committed to building a future together. We reach out to each other in love to share the pain as well as the joy, share the anger as well as the peace, share the faith as well as the doubts, and help each other to grieve as well as to grow.
We Need Not Alone. We Are The Compassionate Friends.
©2007
Siblings Walking Together
We are the surviving siblings of The compassionate Friends. We are brought together by the deaths of our brothers and sisters.
Open your hearts to us, but have patience with us. Sometimes we will need the support of our friends. At other times we need our families to be there.
Sometimes we must walk alone, taking our memories with us, continuing to become the individuals we want to be. We cannot be our dead brother or sister; however, a special part of them lives on with us.
When our brothers and sisters died, our lives changed. We are living a life very different from what we envisioned, and we feel the responsibility to be strong even when we feel weak.
Yet we can go on because we understand better than many oth-ers the value of family and the precious gift of life.
Our goal is not to be the forgotten mourners that we sometimes are, but to walk together to face our tomorrows as surviving sib-lings of The Compassionate Friends.
Why Butterflies?
Since the early centuries, the butterfly has symbolized renewed life. The caterpillar signifies life here on earth; the cocoon, death; and the butterfly, the emergence of the dead into a new, beautiful and freer existence. Frequently, the butterfly is seen with the word “Nika”, which means victory.
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross movingly tells of seeing butterflies drawn all over the walls of the children’s dormitories in the World War II concentration camps. Since Elisabeth believes in the innate intui-tiveness of children, she concludes that these children knew their fate and were leaving us a message.
Many members of The Compassionate Friends embrace the but-terfly as a symbol—a sign of hope to them that their children are living in another dimension with greater beauty and freedom...a comforting thought to many.
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The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil conferred Civil Investiture Awards to eminent persons from various fields at a function in the Ashoka Hall of Rashtrapati Bhavan on April 4, 2012. The President conferred 1 Padma Vibhushan, 11 Padma Bhushans and 38 Padma Shris. One recipient of the Padma Bhushan, two recipients of Padma Bhushans and one recipient of the Padma Shri were not present at the function.
Disclaimer: Website designed by National Informatics Centre. Contents Provided By President’s Secretariat.
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If you want to subscribe for press releases and updates from following companies, Let's browse each company Press Page and follow them.
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Uniformed Security - Our supervisory personnel are required to possess a minimum of 3 years of law enforcement experience, or 10 years of private security experience.
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If you have security concerns... We are Available.
Free Consultation
Welcome to our online portal
50 years of Experience
On behalf of Principle Intelligence, LLC and the clients we serve, it is my privilege to welcome you to our website. We have prepared this website to help familiarize you with our service offerings and the men and women that make up the Principle Intel Team. We are hopeful that we will be better able to serve you by providing this medium for current information on our platform, staffing and resources.
We are excited about providing ethical, proactive, and responsive protective security services. Building trust and legitimacy, maintaining positive relationships / partnerships, and providing several lines of communication for the public and our clients to converse with security are essential elements for the success of our full service protection agency, and together, we will establish and maintain such.
Our website will be continually updated to ensure that you are informed. You can also follow us on our social media platforms on Facebook, Twitter and NextDoor.
Best Regards,
Jabir Hazziez Jr
President/CEO
Discover More About Us
Title
Why Choose Us
Executive Protection
Providing "protective services" requires a mindset that differs dramatically from the norm. Protecting people demands highly-skilled protection specialist with forward thinking anticipation of what might occur and developing pre-planned responses in mitigating risk that ultimately may lead to embarrassment, kidnapping, or physical harm of the protected.
Uniformed Protective Services
Malignant ineptitude is most pervasive and problematic in the contract security arena. Our protection officers are highly-trained professionals capable of successfully preventing and responding to threats from that which is associated with terrorism and organized violence to emergency medical situations.
Private Investigations
Professional certified investigators previously trained by our nations law enforcement and military at your disposal for litigation support, surveillance, fraud investigations, child custody, finding missing persons.
Subject Matter Experts
Board certified security management with expert knowledge in security, law enforcement, and investigations. Available to testify in court on your case, or be an intelligent resource for the media during active critical incidents.
Our Services
Secure Transportation
Dignitary & Executive Protection
Private Investigations
Estate / Residential Security
Uniform Security
Advance Travel Assessment
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Practice Area
Executive Protection
Uniform Security
Private Investigation
Our protection specialist are highly-skilled, licensed private investigators, and board certified protectors with cross training in the U.S.Armed Forces, law enforcement, fire and EMS services, and extensive security experience
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We are NOT your traditional contract security provider. We provide competent security personnel... protection officers that receive training in basic security, physical security, access control, operation security (OPSEC), antiterrorism, use of force, deadly force, non-lethal force, defensive tactics, advance firearms, tactical operations, and emergency medical.
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If you have questions, are concerned about a situation or just need answers that are eluding you, then our professional certified investigators are here to help. They are former law enforcement members of the military who are experts in their craft at finding and providing you with the proof you need. The Principle Intelligence team has experience in investigative law, litigations issues, fraud investigation, infidelity investigation, and surveillance.
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Executive Leadership
Jabir Hazziez CPP, CMAS, NREMT
President / CEO
In 2007, Jabir Hazziez founded the Principle Intelligence, LLC, a licensed security and investigation firm that specializes in Special Event Security, Investigations, Secured Transportation, and
(816) 506-2627
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Fall Crime Tip 2018
23 Sep 2018
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Fall Crime Tip; if it is predictable, it is preventable. Today is the first day of fall, just ahead of Libra Season . In the northern,
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Our Faq
What experience do your private investigators have?
Most of our private investigators have prior training and experience from working in law enforcement and military police within the U. S. Armed Forces. A few have security and/or loss prevention backgrounds with on the job training in investigations.
Our investigators have conducted surveillance, domestic investigations, missing person investigations, motor vehicle crashes investigation, and fire investigations.
Certifications in fraud investigations, legal investigations, as well as ASIS certification Professional Certified Investigator (PCI) are sought after to show the body of knowledge that our investigators possess.
We invest in our investigators by sending them to training to stay current and learn today’s best practices.
What is the difference between a bodyguard and an executive protection specialist?
What do we risk by hiring another security company?
Security companies are a dime a dozen. Quality companies are out there, but are hard to find. That is why we started our business. Other security companies pay their employees very little and have a lot of turn over. Their wages also reflect the quality of their employees. These companies often carry no, or inadequate, insurance. Don’t put your business at risk. Principle Intelligence covers your bases and is competitively priced. Call today for a free quote. (470) 344-5725
Does Principle Intelligence hold any licenses?
In Georgia, the State Board of Private Detectives and Security Agencies is the governing body that issues operating licenses for security companies in the State of Georgia.
Principle Intelligence currently holds a dual license for both private detectives and security. Our license number is PDSC001725.
Principle Intelligence does conduct executive protection operations around the country working with out strategic security partners licensed in the areas we work.
What training is required of your protection officers?
Handcuff training with officers in the park.
Regardless of experience or background, our protection officers are expected to complete more than 150 hours training which exceeds minimum standards required by the State of Georgia; 24 hours unarmed, and an additional 15 hrs for armed.
Training is presented by the Center for Security and Antiterrorism Training (CENSECATTRA), and adjunct instructors from law enforcement, the fire service, and experienced security practitioners.
Basic security training includes Jurisdiction; Customer Service; Constitutional Law; Criminal Law; Civil Law; Authority to Apprehend; Use of Force; Deadly Force; Weapon Retention; and Basic Life Support to name a few.
Our officers are also trained in Less Than Lethal options which include verbal judo, taser, pepper spray (OC), and baton.
What are the typical cost for security services?
Costs can vary based on the size of the project and scope of service. Patrol services can start as low as $300/month, and on-site security officers start as low as $25.00 per hour. Consulting services can be billed hourly, or per project, depending on the scope of service. Close Protection can be billed hourly or by the day. Private Investigation is billed hourly.
Call today to schedule a free consultation (470) 344-4570
What makes Principle Intelligence different from other security companies?
Principle Intelligence was started by active police officers coming into contact with “wanna-be cop” or “malignant ineptitude” security companies while working the streets. We pride ourselves on providing highly-skilled personnel that are highly-trained, and are proactive by using visibility to deter criminal activity, as opposed to reacting to it. All personnel are off-duty law enforcement personnel, or they are trained by certified instructors with law enforcement experience.
How quickly can you start service?
We conduct a thorough risk managment assessment for our clients which includes threat, vulnerability, and criticality if needed. The assessment confirms the need for security. However, we can start security services as soon as you tell us to begin, on the same day if needed. We realize that in our business our clients need immediate peace of mind. We will help in any way we can so you can get back to your business as soon as possible.
How long of contract is required?
Principle Intelligence has no long-term contracts. We want to earn your business. If you don’t think we provide the best security service out there, we make it easy to cancel. Typical contracts for security service require 30 days’ notice to cancel.
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We all miss our CCW meetings where we can choose a TABLE filled with old friends and meet new friends; the fun of everyone sharing the status of their latest writing ventures, sharing expertise and new ideas. Keep friends updated on your exciting announcements, publications and reprints. Got stuck on current work? Post your question on Table Talk. The important thing is that we want to hear from you.
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Mitchell Friedman
Sep 10, 2020 - 2:36PM
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Re: Nonfiction Writing Group Formation
Sure. Great idea. I have a piece on grieving after multiple losses that I want to resume working on. In addition, I have an idea for a book on leadership and want to develop a proposal (something I've never done before). Those are the two things that immediately come to mind.
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Students from El Guerrero, our school newspaper, contribute stories to our blog as part of their journalism class. We are proud to post their fine work.
One thought on “El Guerrero”
Alex Gonzalez says:
November 3, 2017 at 1:51 pm
Hello to everyone at El Guerrero,
My name is Alex Gonzalez, I am currently a junior at the University of Arizona majoring in journalism and Spanish/Portuguese. I am one of the leaders of the NAHJ (national association of hispanic journalists) chapter, here at UA. I am writing to you all because our club would like to speak to local high school students who are interested and passionate about journalism. Specifically we want to talk to you all about what to expect at the university level in regards to journalism, news literacy, experiences, struggles, etc. If this is something you all would be interested in let me know and we can schedule something for our group to go and chat with you all.
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A matchmaking programs In India dating globe could be very daunting for singles in Asia. Just how can – Rahayu Production
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A matchmaking programs In India dating globe could be very daunting for singles in Asia. Just how can
A matchmaking programs In India dating globe could be very daunting for singles in Asia. Just how can
The web based relationships world could be very overwhelming for singles in India. How will you discover which app you should invest the work-time, money and effort on? We are right here to help you through particulars of the number one relationships software in India by noting on each of their professionals, chat room online free jamaican disadvantages & will cost you. Here is a graph that details aside the value that a dating app needs and just what each online dating application fulfills regarding list. A further step-by-step reason of the many most useful matchmaking programs in Asia can be found in post below.
Tinder
Free Software to download
Gurus: simple method meet up with people in your town, and also to chat with those who are happy to has casual relationships.
Cons:
For a 12 period membership, the price tag is actually ?1849
For a-1 month membership, the price tag is actually ?369
Tinder Gold:
It offers most of the great things about Tinder plus with an additional benefit of seeing which loves your just before swipe, and brand-new top picks of any day. Unfortunately, Tinder bases their own expenses on age. Rates can vary from ?274 four weeks to ?1600 30 days predicated on their visibility.
Floh
Benefits:
Genuine users – everybody has a cell phone meeting to ensure that they’re indeed genuine men and women.
10 guaranteed matches a-day that you’re absolve to message
The membership helps to ensure that the people on Floh become of a specific well-rounded class.
Floh organises curated events weekly that users can attend. Her main focus is to obtain customers in order to satisfy in actual life that will be fantastic!
Drawbacks: they have been best within 4 major towns and cities – Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Pune but they are about to broaden their particular reach soon.
Expenses: Subscriptions are for 1, 3 & year as well as the events become payable.
Bumble
Free Application To download
Benefits: girls initiate the talk. It’s a wealthy visibility feel.
Disadvantages:
Men and women can cover their own labels which means you have never an appropriate label associated with individuals, a reduced potential for meeting times and on occasion even acquiring replies to information.
Since girls need create to boys very first, discover a 50percent reduced opportunity that a conversation should be initiated.
In accordance with a report by Bloomberg Businessweek, Bumble has actually an increased males to female proportion than Tinder!
Expenses: Bumble Improve – Let’s you find that swiped directly on you. Obtain another potential with expired matches & you can include twenty four hours to an expiring chat.
a week – 319 rupees
1 month – 849 rupees
a couple of months – 1,698 every month
half a year – 2,700 rupees every month
Hinge
100 % Free Application To Install
Pro: you ‘must’ have a whole visibility to fit – meaning there was a significantly better and more wholesome experience.
Drawbacks : The truth is exactly the same matches repeatedly even if you have previously coordinated together earlier.
Prices : The Preferred account allows you to The month-to-month forward endless loves. You can find everyone else that preferred both you and in addition, you access specialists.
1 month – 920 rupees
3 months – 1485 rupees
half a year – 2120 rupees
Happn
Limited Access For Free – Pay To Gain Access To Complete App
Professional: Happn suits more people you have entered routes with when you sign up with a Twitter profile. It lets you know in which at what opportunity this happened, which has a nice serendipity to it, nonetheless it might be removed as just a little creepy.
Limited wide range of messages you can deliver every day
Kind of stalkerish?
Expenses: Happn Essential offers you use of most “Hi’s” on a daily basis. It’s also possible to see who has got liked your.
30 days – 790 rupees
a few months – 1,900 rupees
six months – 2,850 rupees
Quack Quack
Limited Access Free Of Charge – Wages To Get Into Comprehensive Application
Advantages: You have a wide range of users to check out
Drawbacks:
You can best connect to users as soon as you purchase the account.
Countless users complain that they are maybe not improved immediately after a cost is manufactured.
Lots of deactivated profiles however show up about application, which leads to a lot fewer responses/engagemnets.
Bills : a free of charge membership best let’s you can see various other peoples users and there is no conversation allowed until such time you be a premium representative.
The Account prices are:
1 month – 980 rupees
3 months – 2,500 rupees
half a year – 4,400 rupees
12 months – 6,400 rupees
Really Madly
Brief Access 100% Free – Wages To View Full App
Gurus: Really Madly encourages your continually for updated ideas, they link your through Facebook.
Disadvantages : the sheer number of profiles that are available to the user is quite minimal and will also be caused to join Select to see extra pages.
Select costs are:
a week – 599 rupees
four weeks – 1,196 rupees
Woo
Restricted Access Free Of Charge – Wages To Gain Access To Complete Software
Masters: your don’t need a shared complement to make the journey to discover individuals.
Disadvantages:
As soon as you make a link, the software prompts you to definitely create a repayment, so that you include forced to render a payment prior to getting to content see your face.
Outlay: The annual arrange of Rs 3,000 enables you to connect to the individuals your complement with.
Aisle
Fully settled to start any messaging
Expert: For long phase connections.
Cons:
Thorough 5-page long survey and then it will take too much time to get confirmed to obtain from the app
You pay when it comes to welcomes someone to start a messaging discussion. The cost to send they are quite expensive, you will have to be really serious about delivering one.
3 encourages – 1,999 rupees
7 attracts – 3,999 rupees
Now that you undergone the menu of a matchmaking apps in India, it’s time enter into the matchmaking forest. After a single day, the software which works for you are the winner. Therefore go-ahead, and gives the best relationships programs in India a go! ??
To throw-in an additional benefit there is become a price reduction code obtainable from Floh! usage code BEBOLD to have a 50% off to their 3 thirty days & 12 thirty days strategy!
Join Floh. Utilize Code BEBOLD to get 50per cent off on 3 and 12 period membership projects.
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A matchmaking programs In India dating globe could be very daunting for singles in Asia. Just how can
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Gorgeous two level "end" unit. Views of trees from the front of the unit, extra windows and loads of natrual light.. Town home style condo conveniently located in Alexandria with a one car garage! Easy access to Huntington Metro Station, public transit and route 1. Close to Ft. Belvoir, Old Town and Amazon HQ2! Beautiful hardwood floors throughout the ML with newly painted interior with neutral decor. Main living area features a living/dining room combination thats open to the kitchen. with lots of natural sunlight. The kitchen features granite countertops and a breakfast bar, SS appliances, built in microwave, gas stove, dishwasher and refrigerator. Plenty of cabinet space. Powder room and full size washe and dryer. The upper level features a primary suite and two additional bedrooms along with a second full bathroom. Wood laminate flooring on upper level for a modern flair. Don't miss your chance to own this beautiful home situated in an excellent location close to Ft. Belvoir and many shopping options! Schedule your showing! Unit number is 118.
Status Pending
Added to RealtyWatch October 27, 2021 - 32 days ago
Listing Office Redfin Corporation, Benjamin Grouby
MLS ID VAFX2028188
Schedule a Showing
Interior
General: Combination Kitchen/Living,Combination Dining/Living,Primary Bath(s),Chair Railings,Upgraded Countertops,Crown Moldings,Wainscotting,Floor Plan - Open,Ceiling Fan(s),Wood Floors
Rooms: Foyer
Appliances: Washer/Dryer Hookups Only,Dishwasher,Disposal,Icemaker,Oven - Self Cleaning,Refrigerator,Water Heater,Built-In Microwave,Dryer,Washer,Air Cleaner,Freezer,Stove
A/C: Central A/C,Ceiling Fan(s)
Heating: Forced Air, Natural Gas
Exterior
General: Combination Kitchen/Living,Combination Dining/Living,Primary Bath(s),Chair Railings,Upgraded Countertops,Crown Moldings,Wainscotting,Floor Plan - Open,Ceiling Fan(s),Wood Floors
Style: Traditional
Other Structures: Above Grade,Below Grade
Pool: No Pool
Parking: Permit Included
Location
HOA Amenities: None, Common Area Maintenance,Lawn Maintenance,Insurance,Snow Removal,Trash,Parking Fee
Lot
Zoning: 220
Utilities
Water: Public
Sewer: Public Sewer
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the BrightMLS. All information deemed reliable but not guaranteed and should be independently verified. All properties are subject to prior sale, change or withdrawal. The information provided by this website is for the personal, non-commercial use of consumers and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Some properties which appear for sale on this website may no longer be available because they are under contract, have sold or are no longer being offered for sale. Some real estate firms do not participate in IDX and their listings do not appear on this website. Some properties listed with participating firms do not appear on this website at the request of the seller. This home sale information is not to be construed as an appraisal and may not be used as such for any purpose. BRIGHT MLS is the (or a) provider of this home sale information and has compiled content from various sources. Some properties represented may not have actually sold due to reporting errors.
©2021 BrightMLS. All rights reserved. Data displayed may be a portion of, and not a complete set of all listings published in the MLS.
Copyright 2021 BrightMLS, Read full MLS Disclaimer and Information. Data Last Updated: Nov 27, 2021 06:12 AM
© RealtyWatch.com, 1062 Harriman Street, Great Falls, VA 22066. All rights reserved. Powered By WolfNet - Terms of Use.
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You can save these recipes into your own recipe box and easily change the individual ingredients and servings to make your own versions. To get started click Here.
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I was out yesterday around lunch and nicely caught the desired spring melt window, but that turned out to be too late today. The haze that had protected the slopes was gone this morning and the sun did its thermonuclear fury bit on any snow it came in contact with. It was already well past 10 C at the house when I headed out just past eleven and the South facing slopes were already well on their way to mush.
It wasn't a good day for traversing, as a very slow trip to Red Tree proved, and it was hard to say the sticky goop I found when I got there was really worth the trip. Still I suspect it was much better than truly sun rotted stuff I crossed on Snake Main.
For those that find porridge skiing a bit dull, a trip down Cedar Ridge might have proved entertaining. The alternating slick and mushy areas, often changing repeated in mid turn with no apparent correlation with sun and shade, did help to keep you focused. :-)
Some of the cruiser runs briefly had that ultra silky texture that occurs on the transition to corn, but they seemed to proceed on to sloppy and heavy rather quickly. I did do a run right down Boomerang (unusual for me, due to chair shyness) that was surprisingly good, at least in light of my rather reduced expectations. I did have to pole my way out the end of the traverse to Bear though.
Some sticks and stumps, and on some lower runs even some bare spots, are starting to appear, but with a few exceptions these are not yet a serious problem. There are twelve days left though.
Around one PM the clouds started to roll in and as I write this a little before five thirty, it is pretty much completely overcast, with the rain I heard rumours of certainly looking possible. It is 11 C at the house.
The base are doesn't look all that winter like these days.
The traverse to the Currie Chutes was blocked by this slide that had come off of Polar Peak. The debris was pretty thick and ugly and no one had yet tried to break trail. Neither did I.
Next chair to base now departing from balcony two. :-)
The view down Red Tree. I wonder if I will be back this season?
Looking across Cedar Ridge with the town of Fernie in the back ground. The skiing was, um, interesting.
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I had not been out for a couple of days and wasn't sure what to expect up there today. With nippy temperatures continuing and only a dusting of new snow at the house, crunchy steeps leaving only groomer cruising seemed like a distinct possibility.
It turned out to be much better than that though. In part this was because things like Red Tree and Cedar Ridge had not seen as much traffic as I supposed and so weren't scraped off as badly as I feared. The icy bits were still there, but with careful route selection, you could manage to keep wide gentle turns mainly in the quiet stuff. Still even an occasional rasp does take a serious whack out of the joy of a run and certainly lowers the commitment level.
However the big factor in the conditions was the fast falling fluff, which was rapidly improving things even during my short outing. This quickly made the groomed runs nearly ideal and even Sunny Side could be managed with only an occasional crunch. China Wall was an uglier story though, with a mix of drifts and ice moguls, but even here I am sure it was a rapidly changing story.
There was some remarkably deep snow on the 1, 2, 3s, but visibility was almost nil and that combined with unexpected slick patches made for a tough ride. The bumps in lower Currie also suffered visibility problems and had a higher ice to fluff ratio, but still were quite skiable using the Braille technique.
At 3:30 it is -6 C at the house and snowing lightly. The hill is obscured and I imagine it is continuing to snow much harder up there.
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Yearbook of the United Nations, 2002. Part 3, Economic and social questions. Chapter 3, Humanitarian and special economic assistance
UN. Department of Public Information (2004)
In 2002, the United Nations, through the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), continued to mobilize and coordinate humanitarian assistance to respond to the world's most pressing emergencies. During ...
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In 2008, there were 34.4 million people of concern to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), including 10.5 million refugees. The number of identified stateless persons stood at 6.6 million ...
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Learn what signs your body is giving you before, during, and after your fertile window every month and how to track them. Understanding the rhythms of your body will help you pinpoint (no pun intended), the ideal time to conceive as well as detect imbalances that may be getting in your way.
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640.018. Permit issuance after expiration of statutorily required time frame — engineering plans, specifications and designs — permit application or modification, statement required, use by department. — 1. In any case where the department has not issued a permit or rendered a permit decision by the expiration of a statutorily required time frame for any application for a permit under this chapter or chapters 260, 278, 319, 444, 643, or 644, upon request of the permit applicant, the department shall issue the permit the first day following the expiration of the required time frame, provided all necessary information has been submitted for the application and the department has been in possession of all such information for the duration of the required time frame. This subsection shall be considered in addition to, and not in lieu thereof, any other provision of law regarding consequences of failure by the department to issue a permit or permit decision by the expiration of a required time frame.
2. If engineering plans, specifications, and designs prepared by a registered professional engineer are submitted to the department of natural resources as a part of a permit application or permit modification, the permit application or permit modification shall include a statement that the plans, specifications, and designs were prepared in accordance with the applicable requirements and shall be sealed by the registered professional engineer in accordance with section 327.411, as applicable. The department shall use the complete, sealed engineering plans, specifications, and designs as submitted in addition to permit applications and other relevant information, documents, and materials in developing comments on the engineering submittals and in determining whether to issue or deny permits. The review of documents, plans, specifications, and designs sealed by a registered professional engineer for an applicant shall be conducted by a registered professional engineer or an engineering intern on behalf of the department.
3. The department shall designate supervisory registered professional engineers for permitting purposes under this chapter and chapters 260, 278, 319, 444, 643, and 644. Any permit applicant receiving written comments on an engineering submittal may request a determination from the department's supervisory registered professional engineer as to a final disposition of the department's comments regarding engineering submittals in determining a decision on the permit. The department's supervisory engineer shall inform the permit applicant of a preliminary decision within fifteen days after the permit applicant's request for a determination and shall make a final determination within thirty days of such request.
4. Nothing in this section shall be construed to require plans or other submittals to the department pursuant to an application to come under a general permit or an application for a site-specific permit to be prepared by a registered professional engineer, unless otherwise required under state or federal law.
--------
(L. 2011 H.B. 89 merged with S.B. 135 § 640.905, A.L. 2012 H.B. 1251)
CROSS REFERENCE:
Nonseverability clause, 640.099
---- end of effective 28 Aug 2012 ----
use this link to bookmark section 640.018
- All versions
Effective End
640.018 8/28/2012
640.018 8/28/2011 8/28/2012
Click here for the Reorganization Act of 1974 - or - Concurrent Resolutions Having Force & Effect of Law
In accordance with Section 3.090, the language of statutory sections enacted during a legislative session are updated and available on this website on the effective date of such enacted statutory section.
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© 2018 Rich Harvest School. All rights reserved. Powered by : Ideogram Technology Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
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Transcript: Okay, we ended the last lecture by discussing the Utilitarian ethical theory which is that we should always act so as to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number, and Kant’s ethical theory that we should always act so that the rule of our action could be willed by us to be universal law, and then we raised objections to both those. Now, a further reminder is in order, and it’s very important. And it’s one of the reasons I call these “models” of moral reasoning, because I wanted to distinguish them from the real, embodied contexts in which moral conflicts come up. And one of the ways to do that is to direct an objection at Kant, and then direct one at sort of both theories, and this is one more objection for Kant then.
What happens when you are trying to will a universal principle in a situation where two principles are clearly good, and yet you can’t do them both, and one has to fall. The classic case is this… In fact, it’s not a classic case. Our moral life is filled with situations where it isn’t just right or wrong, most of us know in those cases what to do. We may not do it, but we know what we ought to do.
The really interesting cases in our moral life is where there are two things that look good, and we can’t do them both. So for example, and this is a very thin philosopher’s example, I’ll give you a thicker one later. So for example, someone comes to your door who looks like they may have worked for the CIA and says: “Where is your room mate?”. Now, it seems that you could act on the principle – a hallowed biblical commandment – “Thou shalt not lie”. Your room mate is in there, and you go: “Bill’s in there”. But you see a little, you know, bulge in the guy’s pocket, a national security patch, and you know that Bill used to be a drug smoking crazed person, so you don’t feel safe for Bill, and it seems that there is another principle, equally universalisable, that one should act so as to protect the innocent, and you know Bill is innocent. The other guy doesn’t know it, but you know it.
There are two rules, both perfectly good Kantian rules, right? Would be willing to act by them all the time, be willing to rule them both. The problem is you can’t do both, gotta pick one. So… and this is an interesting part where Utilitarian theory is, I guess, a little better. What you fall back on in that situation looks like Utilitarianism. You go, well which one of these is going to, you know, lead to the best results? And you just blithely lie to the guy, I hope, and say “Bill ain’t here”. Well, you broke Kant’s rule, but you had to break one of them. That doesn’t seem that that helps Kant’s theory, in fact it doesn’t help it at all. It doesn’t help Utilitarian theory much either though, as I am about to point out. Because both theories fail to capture real moral conflicts as they are embodied in problematic situations.
So now unfortunately, instead of referring to a movie that all of you have seen – although some of you may have seen it – I’ll refer to a book. There is actually a movie too, and a moral dilemma in the book that I think gives us a sense for this. It’s a book by John Fowles called “The Magus“. I hope some of you have read it. If you haven’t, there is also a movie with Anthony Quinn, called “The Magus” with the same moral dilemma in it, and here it is.
A mayor of a small Greek village being occupied during the Second World War by the Nazis. There are some resistance fighters in town – only three of them – but they shoot three German officers on the beach. So, the German officers decide to retaliate, and they bring into the centre of the square a thousand of the women and children of the city and put them in this little encirclement. They capture the three resistance fighters, and of course symbolically put them on three posts. Very nice. They bring the mayor out, and they give him the following choice. And you would think that a moral theory might help with this. They say: “Look. If you shoot the three in front of your town’s people, then we’ll let everybody out of the pen.
So there’s a good utilitarian thing you ought to do, right? Shoot them quick, because that’s three lives against a thousand, and the Utilitarian calculation is simple: shoot ’em for the greater good. Even though shooting them is wrong according to Kant, you do it because there is nothing else that you really can do: do it, it’s for the greater good. So the Utilitarian principle looks overwhelming in this case. On the other hand, you might have the insight that you couldn’t do it anyway, the Germans might shoot those three and the thousand, but you couldn’t do it. That would be the Kantian insight.
Now it turns out though that in our real moral lives, things are much muddier than that, because he struggles with the decision, and decides to shoot the three guys. Safest thing to try. So he goes up and he begins to shoot them, and the Germans have pulled a small trick on him. They have unloaded the rifle, so he can’t shoot them. He’ll have to club them to death.
Now, according to these very pretty moral theories that we have been discussing, should that make any difference? Haven’t we abstracted from any difference it should make? Should it make any difference? Clearly the answer is “No, it shouldn’t”. The same calculation should apply. Just… a good utilitarian… I could club him or just shoot him. It’s a little bit harder, will take longer, but you know, same calculation. So he starts to raise the club up to hit the guy in the centre who utters the word “freedom”. The Greek word for “freedom”. He drops the rifle. The Nazis kill all the thousand, and the three.
That moral story I have related to you, not simply for its barbarism, but to show you that in embodied contexts it may not do a damn bit of good to know the rule. You may not be able – for embodied reasons – to club another human to death, even if it is the right thing to do. So that is to remind us that the moral life is complex. These theories are abstractions from the real communities, societies and systems of oppression under which we learn to follow moral rules. You have got to remember that to understand anything about politics or morality, right?
It’s that in real situations the simple rules of either one of these views; utilitarian, Kantian may not work. They may not work because you woke up that day with a toothache. In other words, life has many contingencies, and you just may not be doing the right thing one day because your face hurts too much. It may not be as dramatic, in other words, as the example from the film. But that example is supposed to – in a very striking way – remind you that the moral life is filled with ambiguities, and that the problems you may face in making a decision of that kind have a large background.
Okay, I want to stop with that, in terms of the discussion of Kant and Mill – in particular Utilitarian theories for a moment – I will return to them later, and Kantian style theories. By far, I think, the most influential of the two in our society especially when we justify public policies, are the Utilitarian principles. It’s clear to me now that our state isn’t run on Kantian principles because we treat differential groups differently, and Kant wouldn’t accept that. So then we have to have other kinds of justifications, which is that some greater good must come about, or should come about.
So I will return the critique of Utilitarianism. In the meantime though, I want to return to this “freedom” thing, which I have already introduced Kant’s concept of freedom. One might call it a very absolute concept: the kingdom of ends. Now I am going to present two others to conclude today, and I’ll get around – since I like this “freedom” thing – I’ll get around to some more of that.
The most famous account in the nineteenth century – there are two competing ones – and this is after Kant. Kant’s is earlier. One of these books I think is on most bookshelves, around universities for sure: John Stuart Mill’s “On Liberty”. Many of you have probably read this, heard it referred to many times. I am going to briefly discuss this one, and I am going to distinguish two – what Sir Isaiah Berlin calls – two concepts of freedom. They are at odds with one another. The struggle between these two concepts of freedom go on within this country, and between countries.
And these concepts of freedom are not abstractions to the extent that they are rooted in the real struggle – embodied struggle – of human subjects to gain freedom. This word itself is used as a material force in the battle, if you know what I mean. When you see these struggles, you hear this word: “freedom”. It’s part of the struggle to announce it, that it’s your aim, without necessarily filling it with content, as I’ll talk about when I finish today.
Well, “On Liberty” is a famous book on freedom, and it’s a position that has been used by classical Liberals as well as people today who would call themselves Conservatives, and I’ll give you this argument very briefly, and I’ll try to give it very succinctly. “On Liberty” tries to answer the following question. Now remember, Mill is a utilitarian, okay, so there may be some tensions between him being that, which he sees as very important. But freedom, he also sees as very important. So there may be some tension in the two accounts, but we won’t worry about that for now.
In “On Liberty”, John Stuart Mill wants to do one simple thing. He wants to show us where the grounds are for the government’s legitimate interference with our liberty. Mill wants to answer the question “When can the state legitimately interfere with our liberty”. You have got to understand that Mill’s question is one of legitimacy, and not of power. Please understand the difference. The State always has the power to interfere with us. Nearly always. This isn’t about that, this is about liberty. About when does it have – not the power but – the right to do so.
So Mill comes up with a very radical principle, and it’s called the “Harm Principle”. The only legitimate ground… This is Mill’s Harm Principle. Actually he presents two, but again for the sake of being concise, we are going to discuss one I consider the most important. Mill’s Harm Principle is the following. The only legitimate ground for social coercion is to prevent harm to others, period. The Harm Principle. The only time the State can interfere with our liberty is to prevent us from harming others. That is a very wide standard indeed, because today that would shut down huge sections of it, wouldn’t it? But it is in a way a very reasonable principle, and I want to argue for it briefly.
Harm here – and this is important to understand the principle – means genuine harm. It does not mean offence. The State doesn’t have the right – according to Mill – to interfere with our liberty for offending people. In fact, for Mill, a society that interferes with our liberty simply because we offend someone doesn’t deserve the name “free”. Just doesn’t deserve it. So if it irks you that someone burns a flag, unless they throw it on your body and burn you, the state has no right to coerce it. It does not have that right. Not if you want to use the word “free” society to mean “free” society, according to Mill. So we are talking about genuine harm and not offence, okay. Now this principle has not only come under assault like I have suggested, from people like Jesse Helms, who consider all the arts since Norman Rockwell to cause genuine harm.
It’s also come under some assault – and I don’t intend to assault these potential political allies by talking about it too much – by feminists, who consider issues like pornography to be very problematic in this regard. Because on this strong account of genuine harm I am giving, war toys and pornography also don’t count as genuine harm unless someone takes playboy and whams it through your midbrain or takes a war toy and hits you with it. Because if the Harm Principle does not mean genuine harm – it means this sort of amorphous social harm – then it’s really no secure principle at all, right? Because then Jesse Helms might get elected, and God knows what he thinks might harm everyone. It might harm you watch TV, it might harm you to read a book.
So the genuine Harm Principle needs to be stated in this rather vigorous way because what it’s trying to back up, among other things are the freedoms that were won by the American revolutionaries in the Bill of Rights. The constitution itself on my historical view is a conservative counter-revolutionary document. The Bill of Rights on the other hand is what the revolutionaries got to go along with the deal. They wouldn’t go along… we fought too hard to have worse laws than the English have, we’ve got to put a Bill of Rights on it. So I come from a Bill of Rights tradition of freedom, in my own view. And I think there’s where the Harm Principle applies.
This kind of freedom admittedly leads to a society where very sick people do very sick things and we get real mad about it. The alternative is a famous slippery slope, and that’s when you start stopping them without a principle because you are offended. Even if bunches of you are offended, somebody’s got to decide. Mill’s idea is that once you give that power to anyone, you’ve lost liberty. You have lost it. It’s like getting a little bit pregnant, once you lose a little bit of it, it’s over… or being just a little bit [pregnant]. It’s over. It’s that fundamental a principle for Mill.
Now the conservative counter principle oddly enough… and I am using conservative loosely here, because this gets messed up all over the board. But a counter principle here is the Offence Principle, and you have all heard it thrown out in public debate as well. And that’s where society has a legitimate right to socially coerce people to keep them from offending others. And then that requires a further argument because such offence, and here is the famous phrase from a long gone debate: “Because such offence undermines the moral tone of society”. Well you know Mill wouldn’t have bought that, I mean, it’s too mucky. But think how often you have heard it in debate: “Well we can’t have those Mapplethorpes, if people look at them it will undermine the moral tone… Well that’s not a good argument, I am sorry. If you are in this Mill tradition of the Bill of Rights, that’s not a good argument.
Now, there is an argument in the Mill tradition that helps and that’s that we also – because we don’t have the right to coerce people – we don’t have the right to drag people down to a Mapplethorpe exhibit and cement their eyes open, and glue their face to one of Mapplethorpe’s, you know, pictures… to try to… it’s hard to do this, you know, in a general way. [crowd laughter]
Similarly, TV. And this is a very difficult argument for me now because it’s hard to know what turning off television would be like. [crowd laughter]. I mean we used to watch it, now it watches us. How do you turn it off? [crowd laughter]. But I mean Mill’s idea would be: “Well, turn it off if you don’t like it”. Now, that’s become more problematic. I really think it has. Because TV plays an enormous role in creating social reality, it is not a simple part of it. It is not a home appliance. That’s a big mistake, to think about your TV as just an appliance. I mean to use a Platonic metaphor, it is “The eye of God“. It’s in your house, and it’s scary, and it’s there. It is more real in a way, and more frightening.
In any case that makes us wonder about whether we could maintain the genuine Harm Principle or not. But the major way in which this principle has been attacked is because this principle – “Genuine Harm” – makes a distinction between self regarding actions: those that only affect me, and other regarding actions: those that affect other folks. That distinction is where people try to attack the Harm Principle. Because some people argue there is no such thing as purely self regarding actions.
For example, by Mill’s analysis, if someone wants to be a druggie and has a good enough supply of drugs that they don’t run out and harm others, because if they do that then they violate the principle. But if you are a druggie and you want to sit around all your life and do drugs, that’s a purely, on Mill’s account, self regarding action, and the State has no business stopping you. On the other hand, if you want to go out and shoot up the neighbourhood click-click-click-click-click, hit all the kiddies, get your face, you know, usually a swarthy one, in one of Barbara Bush’s commercials that will later appear in some Republican presidential ad. If you want to go out and do that, you have violated the Harm Principle.
Now here’s the possible objection to Mill’s principle. Is it really true that there are self regarding actions? Or isn’t it true that the junkie, in his relations with others – which he hardly could separate himself from totally – isn’t going to have effects that will lead to genuine harm. So there is room for debate over the Harm Principle. My own inclination is to stick with it. I mean, that’s my inclination. The Harm Principle though, you need to understand, is very important to the way that our society understands its legal codes, and some of our best justices have appealed to it over and over.
The two principles – I want to mention them again – that stand in the way of it, or at dispute with it. One is the Offence Principle I have already mentioned. The other is a principle of Paternalism. And it’s a principle that I have to admit – given my political proclivities I have to admit it, it’s okay – that the liberal tradition at least in its earlier incarnations was guilty of. And that’s the Paternalism Principle. Which is we can interfere with people for their own good. That also is inconsistent with Mill, because on Mill’s view of liberty, the best judge of your own good is you.
Which would have led, if you had believed a Mill style liberty argument, and combined it with an argument I am about to make in a minute, you would have had an elegant public policy for dealing with poverty. And that’s to close down a multi-trillion dollar bureaucracy and give poor people money. Under the principle that free people will know better how to spend their money than others know how to spend it for them.
And since what makes poor people poor is that they don’t have money, it seems remarkably elegant to solve the problem by giving it to them. It is so remarkably and shockingly elegant, all it would do is reduce the population of this city by one half. I mean that’s all it would… [take]. And they could go live somewhere else, right? There would be more room to walk around the parks and stuff. No joke, I mean if that’s poverty – not having money – reducing it would be giving money. And the only counter argument must come from this spirit of Paternalism. That means someone must know better than they do how to spend it. Again, on Mill’s grounds that’s not a very good account of liberty.
Now let me give some dimensions to the Harm Principle and then I am through with Mill’s account of Liberty, even though we will return to it if you would like. The Harm Principle has some dimensions that Mill discusses. Harm to others, I have already mentioned, is genuine harm. Mill discusses harm to self. Mill doesn’t seem to have a good argument against suicide, okay. Doesn’t seem to. If anything is a self regarding action, that might look like one, you know. That’s it, I am out of it, don’t worry about it. Especially if you leave enough insurance to handle it, right, it doesn’t… and if you have a suicide thing [cover]… anyway.
Well, the way that that’s been handled in the Mill tradition is that social coercion can be used there if it can be shown that the person engaging in the action… that their decision is encumbered. And it’s important that we don’t make that a fuzzy principle. By encumbered decision, we mean these examples I have been using, like a potential suicide, a drug addict, or someone who is a head banger. You know, a psychotic who is a head banger. Then, even though they are only harming themselves, even by Mill’s principles, later “Millians” have admitted that we – that the state – might have the right if their decision is clearly encumbered. But you have to be careful, because you’ll get some conservative on the abortion issue arguing that no woman could choose there, because under that emotional stress her decision is encumbered. No, that’s wrong. Mill’s encumbered principle means really encumbered: crazy, dog drunk, that kind of thing. Not, you know, “I am upset today, so I can’t be free”, no, you’ve got to be really out of it okay.
The second, I mean the third… there’s harm to others, harm to self… Another dimension that I haven’t mentioned yet is very important to see. And this is one where I think Mill, and later people in his tradition have given up too much. And that’s that our freedoms can be curtailed if they interfere with the freedoms of others. Not just genuine harm, but if our freedoms interfere with other people’s freedoms. Now, while I will admit that that can sometimes happen, I think that the use of that argument against Mill’s strong principle has been largely invidious. That means, you know, you’ve got the Secretary of State and his hand picked audience of 8000 people all cheering and yelling, and one person shouts and they throw him out because he is interfering with the 8000 people’s right to free speech. Well that’s Mill backwards, because Mill had this idea in order to protect the rights, not of everybody who agrees, because you don’t need your rights protected.
If you are in a room full of 100 people and 90 of them agree on something, they don’t need their rights protected on that issue, right? Because they all agree. It’s the four or five lunatics that may have something creative and new to add to the discussion without which you can’t have democracy, and without which this principle, you know, won’t flourish. And I hate to mention it, but it’s not different than Chairman Mao’s principle. Let a thousand schools of though contend, let a thousand flowers bloom, I mean… the idea is that even the most whacko ideas, in a free society, get heard.
And that’s a deeply American principle too. I mean, Thoreau argued that anyone who was more right than his neighbours was a majority of one already. The truth is not majoritarian. True things are true for the simple and tautological reason that they are true. And votes don’t count. George Bush can get 98 votes… percent… and it don’t mean he’s right, or that he’s telling the truth. It won’t mean that, because truth is… you don’t vote on it… it’s not a voting matter. True things are true because they are true, not because people believe them, even if overwhelming numbers believe them. Okay that’s all on Mill for now.
Mill’s account of freedom has become very famous, and it’s had a very salutary impact in political theory, but it has a profound limitation. And this has been pointed out by Sir Isaiah Berlin and others. It is an account of what Berlin calls “negative freedom” only. In other words, it is an account of freedom from constraint, but… it has nothing to say about this incredibly important dimension of freedom: freedom to, or “enabling freedom”, see. There is a difference between freedom from constraint, and freedom to. Well, the first one: freedom from is “negative freedom”, the second: freedom to, is positive… You can take those as value neutral words, I mean, Berlin did. They are two different traditions of talking about liberty.
Freedom to, “enabling freedom” is best introduced – and I’ll hold up another book – a good discussion of it is in Marx’s “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts“, but Voltaire and others have discussed positive freedom, so it’s not just Marx, but other people too… and I intend to. The need for a concept of positive freedom – not to overcome Mill’s important principle, but to supplement it – seems to me obvious. Because here is a dimension of freedom that Mill’s argument won’t handle.
It’s summed up in the famous French joke: “The rich and the poor are equally free to sleep under the bridges at night”. One suspects such a concept of freedom is very poverty stricken. I do. I think that’s a very thin notion. Like I think the notion of “volunteer” is a very thin notion. McDonalds, Jail. High percentages in both. Drugs in the street, the army, volunteer. Very thin notion of volunteer. Freedom, to mean something, has to have a positive component. A component that enables you to exercise your rights.
The right of free speech is no good if you haven’t been enabled by education to talk well, and to speak and find a place to speak. The right to travel freely is no good if you don’t have a car. And even simple rights, like the right to survive – forget pursue happiness – just [the right] to survive. That right, which ought to be a right. You know, by “ought”, I am appealing to Kantian insights. Which ought to be a right. Even that right can’t be secured if you don’t have enough money for a hamburger at least, or a Baby Ruth or whatever.
So, clearly there is a need for a principle of positive freedom that enables people to do something. Let me make the distinction clear again. As far as I know there are no laws or juridical rules that constrain me from owning Mobil Oil, being best friends with Mel Gibson, or dating Kathleen Turner. However, I am missing some of the enabling conditions. [crowd laughter]. I don’t have enough money to buy the oil, I am a little too short and fat, you know, to be a friend of Mel’s… and Kathleen Turner is out of the question. [crowd laughter]
But, the point is very important, and especially if we are going to bandy this word “democracy” and “freedom”… these words around. Because you can’t have a free society that doesn’t have positive freedoms for people… that doesn’t enable them to exercise freedoms. Has to be more… a thicker notion.
Now the debate would come on: how thick does the notion have to be? You know. Well, for Marx, as you know, infamously, and he’s supposed to be dead wrong… it’s supposed to be so thick that “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need“. Which is a principle, as you may have noticed, that people that work for the Bechtel Corporation observe among each other… Seriously.
You know, I hate to sound like a Commie, but the ruling class treat each other like good socialist buddies. They don’t much let each other get in trouble. Back each other up. They don’t let each other go broke. Continental Bank can’t go broke, but you can. Bankruptcy courts are filled with folks… so they seem to have… there’s kind of a socialism there. It’s almost a Brotherhood. Brotherhood is not really a sexist word, because it’s the right word. It’s descriptive. It’s kind of a brotherhood. Well, a whole civil society in which people aided one another in that way would be great if voluntary. This was of course going to be one of Reagan’s ideas… a great thing. We’ll have everybody do it with a telethon, or something. I always use telethons as a kind of a joke, you know… Poor people? Have a telethon. I mean, it’s a Hollywood solution.
Okay now, to a third… Actually, I haven’t discussed in detail Marx’s theory of freedom, but it grows… Or his view of freedom, because he doesn’t really… he’s not a philosopher, he doesn’t really have a view of it. He has a critique of the other view. Of the negative one. Hegel has a fuller view, and I am going to mention his very quickly.
For Hegel, freedom is more like a placeholder word. Let me try to explain what I mean by that. For Hegel, freedom is so important that it is the meaning and the point of human history in general. That if one asks about the bible: “Quickly, what’s it about?”, someone will go “The devil did it”, right? And that’s a quick account of the plot. Then if you ask Hegel quickly about history, Hegel will go: “It’s about how freedom wins”.
Hegel’s account of freedom is more sophisticated in a way than any I have given you up until now, because it is deeply historical. Here’s what I mean by that. In any given historical epoch, Hegel says: “Show me the obstacles that Human beings saw in their path to realising their concrete goals and the overcoming of those obstacles will receive the name Freedom”.
Now, the nice thing about that concept of freedom is it is a free concept of it, which means it allows each generation to pursue freedom’s goals, maybe reformulating them anew. All I have done is backtrack to the 19th Century, contrast positive and negative freedom… tried to do that. But the Hegelian concept is historical and reminds us that when we formulate these goals… you know, they are the work of each new group that comes along in the struggle for freedom.
For Hegel, freedom isn’t either external or internal or positive or negative. Freedom is not something which people have, to quote Alasdair MacIntyre on Hegel’s view of freedom: “It’s not something that people have. It is what they are”. When they don’t have it, they aren’t. And that doesn’t mean they disappear, it means they are not human without it.
And so, in Hegel, I think that for many satisfying reasons – and that’s why I am doing it here today – there are many satisfying reasons to bring the official history of ethics to a close with Hegel. In other words, Hegel’s view is kind of like the last trump. It says: you give me the best moral views that go out of your community, the limitations they face, wherever you happen to be and whenever they are, and the struggle to overcome those things, with those goals, that’s freedom. And I think that will give us… I agree with MacIntyre, that gives us the most satisfying view because it’s the most historical, and it also reminds us that there is no eternal idea of freedom, but only the struggle for freedom. Which is consistent with Martin Luther King’s remarks, because while he made remarks about freedom, the struggle for his kinds of freedoms and other people’s struggles as well. Rosa Parks, among others. Where struggles for certain direct freedoms that were the overcoming of concrete limitations of a given time and place.
So the challenge of freedom will be to find the new boundaries, and how to break them down. That is what freedom will be about. Well, it’s a scary concept of freedom, because it’s been glossed in the following way by Engels, who quotes Goethe’s “Faust” and says that: “The principle of freedom here is that all that exists deserves to perish”. Which as you know is what Mephistopheles says in Faust. But it’s meant in a kind of funny way, in other words: “All that exists has not yet lived up to freedom, so it deserves to change, to perish, to give way to something more free”. So there is a little bit of sympathy for the devil in Hegel’s account, and I don’t mind that being the case.
While it would be satisfying to end with Hegel’s account of freedom, I must say that starting tomorrow I am going to switch the course of these accounts of human conduct. Because now I have brought you up to the 19th Century following various models of human conduct until we got to that most peculiar kind of human conduct, the struggle to be free. Which obviously I have placed a very high value on. Now why did I do that? Because, for me, it trumps the others. Whatever your project; to build a character of a certain kind, to be virtuous in a certain way, or to act in a certain way, you can’t do it if you are not free. In that sense, freedom is the trump card in social and political life. In other words, in everything that you want to pursue, of all these various ways and modes of living I have discussed today, freedom is an enabling thing to do it. I mean, it will either enable or block you, whether you are free to do it.
You may be forced to act as though you are free, but to really get there you have to really overcome obstacles. That’s the concrete part of it. It’s why it is very important to remember that. And so actually with today’s lecture, in a way, the sort of official philosophy part ends with Hegel and we will move on to a transition from philosophy proper – where we discuss, you know, ethical theories – to a discussion of human beings as they find themselves in societies, political institutions, homes, clubs, families, and bars. In other words, folks and how they are going to get by. We need to understand that that kind of account is not mundane or beneath the level of academics or theory. It’s very important. As I say, it is the condition for the possibility of higher orders of talk.
All they represent – the university system – all it represents in this regard is a very high level development of the intellectual division of labour until it is divided into such small segments that only eight people can talk to eight other people. So, to sort of drop beneath that level is not to drop into something mundane and uninteresting, but is to get down where very interesting things happen. I mean with Hegel, I agree that the most extraordinary thing… Tomorrow, as we start discussing the really deviant philosophers… However, I would like to end with a note from Marx, and just a little note for where we are going. All of the things I have offered today come under the heading of interpretations of human conduct as they have been developed historically. Now I have given rejoinders about the limitations of the account I have given. In other words it’s hemmed in by certain things that I think will be clearer tomorrow.
But to quote the 11th thesis on Feuerbach by Marx, a very important point to remember – and especially as a philosopher – is that the philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways. The point however is to change it. It’s very interesting to interpret freedom in various ways, but that’s not the point. The point is to actually walk another step down freedom’s highway, so your kids can walk another step down it. If we are still bothering to have them. Given… you know… certain other scenarios about the future. Blade Runner for example. Might decide not to have kids, don’t want them to be cyborgs… I mean, you know… there are reasons people might not have children today.
But no, the point is that now we are going to look at a different kind of philosopher. The ones we will discuss tomorrow will include Nietzsche, Freud, Marx, and a little bit of Kierkegaard too, thrown in. And we are going to discuss these people because they begin to question the desire and the drive that was sort of behind philosophy in the first place. So in a certain sense, to the degree they discuss philosophy at all, it’s as meta-philosophers. In other words, they look at philosophy in the way I do. As one cultural institution among others. You know, I mean it’s not a master science of what the world really means. Because there isn’t one. Neither is religion. There is no master discourse like that. If anyone has one, you’ve got a lot better product to sell than anyone I know. Go meet Shirley MacLaine, make five billion dollars in California.
That isn’t… You don’t come to philosophy – especially today – in this sort of post-philosophical atmosphere. Not for consolation. Not a good place to come for consolation. The older religions are for that. It’s not a good place, around some just loon like me, to come in order to have your… the things you believe… justified. Unless you have real strange beliefs. And it’s also sort of a warning that it’s dangerous to believe – especially from someone that will present the picture I will tomorrow – what I say. More important that you critically examine what you think. I mean that’s the point. At least I hope it will be the point. Because, you know, sometimes I don’t even care what I say. That must be wrong. Didn’t think about it long enough. So, it always makes me uncomfortable when seeing anyone taking notes… because I don’t! I don’t think that what I say is that important. So remember to be critical. If I am up here saying: “Criticise Authority!”, a real bad feeling is the Monty Python joke, right? “Criticise Authority”. [crowd laughter]
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9 Comments:
Tony
December 24th, 2010 on 10:56 am
Amazing! This is a masterpiece of lecture. It has broken the philosophical craze of my ´highly intelligent´tutor who dabble with words to explan what Hegel thinks about freedom. Thanks! It´ll surely be helpful in my midterm exams.
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Yens
January 17th, 2012 on 11:17 am
Correction:(3rd paragraph from below)
But to quote the 11th thesis from Fourier by Marx
“Fourier” should be replaced by “Feuerbach” (German Philosopher)
And thanks a lot for these wonderful lectures!!!
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ctrlshift
January 17th, 2012 on 5:28 pm
its fixed now, thanks for that
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Tony Younan
April 11th, 2013 on 3:37 pm
Great lecturer, he explains ideas very well. He makes philosophy interesting.
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Angel Jacklyn
March 22nd, 2014 on 4:49 pm
Yes, I very enjoy listening to Roderick!
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jim
August 18th, 2014 on 2:28 pm
These lectures are great, but they would be better if someone took the time to list the authors, books, and movies Rick references in each at the end of the episodes. If I had the time I would do it, but you know job,work, and family makes time hard to come by.
Reply
ctrlshift
August 23rd, 2014 on 3:08 pm
There is suggested reading for each course at the end of the lecture notes. The books, movies and people that he references all have wikipedia links within the transcripts which should make them easy to find on each page. Your idea is still valid though, I’ll give it some thought. The only reservation I have is that some of the TV shows and movies he references he doesn’t actually endorse, he’s only referencing them to make a point.
From 203: “These are horrible movies; don’t go see all these movies. Hellraiser is a terrible movie.”
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Petter Rønning
November 2nd, 2017 on 9:04 pm
Does anyone know the dates these lecures were held, or where to find them for reference?
Thanks.
Reply
ctrlshift
February 7th, 2018 on 3:24 pm
There are no specific dates mentioned in the guide books that came with the tapes. All that is known is the year they were released by The Teaching Company (1990-1993), and the fact that they no longer have any interest in the material. Perhaps these links may assist your search:
http://www.worldcat.org/title/philosophy-and-human-values
http://www.worldcat.org/title/superstar-teachers-series-nietzsche-and-the-postmodern-condition/
http://www.worldcat.org/title/self-under-siege-philosophy-in-the-20th-century
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Course Outlines and Lecture Notes
100 Philosophy and Human Values (1990)
200 Nietzsche and the Postmodern Condition (1991)
300 The Self Under Siege (1993)
Lecture List
101 Socrates and the Life of Inquiry (1990)
102 Epicureans, Stoics, Skeptics (1990)
103 Kant and the Path to Enlightenment (1990)
104 Mill on Liberty (1990)
105 Hegel and Modern Life (1990)
106 Nietzsche: Knowledge and Belief (1990)
107 Kierkegaard and the Contemporary Spirit (1990)
108 Philosophy and Post-Modern Culture (1990)
201 Nietzsche as Myth and Mythmaker (1991)
202 Nietzsche on Truth and Lie (1991)
203 Nietzsche as Master of Suspicion and Immoralist (1991)
204 Nietzsche: The Death of God (1991)
205 Nietzsche: The Eternal Recurrence (1991)
206 Nietzsche: The Will to Power (1991)
207 Nietzsche as Artist (1991)
208 Nietzsche’s Progeny (1991)
301 Paul Ricoeur: The Masters of Suspicion (1993)
302 Heidegger and the Rejection of Humanism (1993)
303 Sartre and the Roads to Freedom (1993)
303 Sartre and the Roads to Freedom v2 (1993)
304 Marcuse and One-Dimensional Man (1993)
305 Habermas and the Fragile Dignity of Humanity (1993)
306 Foucault and the Disappearance of the Human (1993)
307 Derrida and the Ends of Man (1993)
308 Baudrillard: Fatal Strategies (1993)
Additional Information
Rick Roderick Interview (1987)
Recent Comments
Bonnie A Roe November 3, 2021 at 10:20 am on In MemoriumMax Roderick please contact me regarding old pictures I have from your grandmother Elwynne. Tuscola, Tx.
Lenore Bronson August 28, 2021 at 12:49 pm on AboutI know it’s been years since the last entries here, but I want you to know that I continue to listen to your father’s lectures and find them more brilliant and relevant each time. My question now is about you snd your brothers. How are you? How has life been for you? I just feel a connection to you because of the years of listening to and learning from your father. I’d just be pleased to hear that life has been happy and at least somewhat fair to you. Not too much of a struggle. The sad thing is, I believe your father would be appalled at the state of the world today. His insights were unfortunately quite prophetic. If you had the time and inclination, I’d very much appreciate a brief reply. My best wishes and hopes for you, Lenore Bronson (German lecturer, University of Maine )
Robert May 3, 2021 at 1:52 am on 108 Philosophy and Post-Modern Culture (1990)@Maria Cristina: "American Inculturation"? You're writing that comment on a lecture series about European philosophy? It seems like you need to watch the series a fifth time, because it's clear you have difficulty comprehending what he was trying to get across.
Max Roderick April 29, 2021 at 7:42 am on In MemoriumTo clarify, there was some commentary about it in another draft of this, but I decided it was probably in poor taste and cut it out. I think the director came in with some definite ideas about what Rick's story would be, but they didn't really line up to the reality, or even what could pass as the reality in the confines of a documentary. He decided to make a film about the ninth symphony instead, called "Following the Ninth," so I guess check that out if you want, but basically I don't expect he'd have any interest in actually completing a documentary on Rick.
Ana Carolina March 21, 2021 at 7:17 am on In MemoriumThank you, Max. It is very gentle sharing these extremely important material. I will watch each one of them. It will help me on my research.
ap March 19, 2021 at 6:20 pm on 203 Nietzsche as Master of Suspicion and Immoralist (1991)Thanks for transcribing this.
Buddy Boyes March 11, 2021 at 8:54 am on AboutEnter your comments here... You might check this out. They republish many books. https://wipfandstock.com/custom-reprinting-faq/
Rebecca February 25, 2021 at 4:58 pm on AboutThank you for making these fascinating lectures available!
E G February 8, 2021 at 11:00 am on Linkshttps://drive.google.com/file/d/11Ymp3VofJ1oOC7v2iczsgHgYY46x4t0U/view?usp=sharing The Book... PDF
Mike Watson January 31, 2021 at 7:25 am on Aboutplease sign a petition to have Rick Roderick's book republished or put into the public domain: http://chng.it/mpF92VSpH4
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In our continuing global motorcycle rides, this summer my wife Farzana and I decided to explore another part of Europe which was a little outside ones comfort zone and hence we locked into Iceland. A country often defined by its dramatic volcanic landscape of geysers, hot springs, waterfalls, glaciers and black-sand beaches. A nomadic dreamland where the brave & brutal Vikings once ruled this rugged region. The place literally breathes Fire & Ice coz glaciers & volcanic springs can be located close to each other. Iceland is not a destination. It is an Adventure. It’s a topographic & climatic mélange. Our ride indeed sprung up surprises and mind blowing vistas at every twist & turn of the road.
Video summary of our ride
Arrival Day
As our Iceland Air flight makes its final descent towards Keflavic airport in the capital city of Reykjavik, looking out of the window from 20,000ft, we can only see snow all around. Was wondering whoever said it was summer in Iceland!
Departing from Bangalore
Upon landing we clear our bags and head straight into city and check into The Storm hotel (wow what a name!). At the hotel we learn that Icelandic weather has thrown up a sudden dampener and they have had unexpectedly heavy snowfall in beginning of summer that blanketed most of the east & north of the country making it too dangerous for motorcycle travel in those parts forcing us to completely alter our route, travel plans & hotel bookings.
I head to the bike rental outfit Biking-Viking which is located not too far from our hotel and meet up with Thor & his colleagues and pick up our rental BMW motorcycle & discuss with the rental shop the climate forecast, new route possibilities and head back to our hotel.
Subsequently, wife & I strolled around the serene capital city of Reykjavik visiting the lovely seafront area and then taking in the sights and attractions around the downtown area and finish with an early dinner.
Tomorrow we start the ride on a cautious note & prayers for good weather as we are warned to look out for dangerous cross winds and possible snow.
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Study creates perfect. It doesn’t matter where you go, or what you do, the only way you are at all going to get good at a game is to rehearse it. If you want to get the advantage when it comes to web wagering, then you have to study. How can you study and not risk some of your money? It’s easy, gamble for gratuitous. Here are a couple of hints for earning the most from your study sessions.
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This five-day intermediate swim lesson program is taught by certified lifeguards. The focus of the intermediate level program is on stroke development and deep water techniques. This program is designed for those who have mastered water safety basics and are ready to learn more!
Class size is limited to four swimmers per lifeguard.
Free swim lessons are underwritten by donations to the Robin Hill Community Support Foundation, a 501(c) 3 organization.
Consent form (click YES on the registration page):
TUITION: There is no cost for these lessons.
CANCELLATIONS: Please call or email as soon as you know you have to cancel the lesson.
MAKE-UP LESSONS: No make-up lessons unless special circumstances.
SICKNESS: If your child is sick, please keep him/her at home.
RAIN: Classes are held rain or shine.
HAIR: Before entering pool, hair should be clipped back from the face securely and put into pony or pigtails, Bangs should be trimmed out of the eyes.
GOGGLES: Recommended.
DRESS: Children should be dressed in their swimsuits at home. Bring a towel and in order to be effective, sunscreen should be applied at home at least 25 minutes before entering water.
PHOTOGRAPHS: Robin Hill Pool may use child(s) photographs in advertising or publicity.
This agreement acknowledges parental or guardian consent for the enrolled child to participate in swimming instruction at Robin Hill Pool. The named student has had a health examination within the current school year and his/her general health permits participation in water activities. I acknowledge it is my responsibility to determine with student’s medical doctor if medical condition contraindicates participation in the swimming program.
In consideration of permitting the above named student(s) to enroll in swim lessons at Robin Hill Pool, I hereby voluntary release, discharge, wage and relinquish any and all actions or causes of action for personal injury, property damage or wrongful death occurring as a result of engaging in said programs. I agree to indemnity and hold harmless Robin Hill Pool, their agents and employees against any and all liability for personal injury resulting from participation in the program.
I further understand and agree that my child(ren) must always be supervised whenever near or in the water. I understand and agree that these lessons do not imply or make any guarantee of water safety for my infant or child and that a responsible adult shall always supervise my child(ren).
I acknowledge that I am authorized and empowered to consent to this agreement, that I have fully read and understand the foregoing paragraphs and have been fully and completely advised of the potential danger incidental to engaging in swimming activities and am fully aware of the legal consequences of signing this instrument.
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(The advertised time for private pool parties is 6 to 9:30 p.m., with the half-hour from 9:30 p.m. to 10 p.m. available for clean-up and closing. To maintain positive relations with our pool's neighbors, please ensure your guests have left the pool property no later than 10:15 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays.) Reservations are first-come, first-served.*
Cost for private parties are as follows:
$125 for Robin Hill Pool members / $150 for non-members for pool rental — full payment required to secure date
$50 REFUNDABLE deposit (due one week prior to party)
$76 for Lifeguards (payable in cash on night of the party — plus tip, if you wish)
For all pool parties, normal 10-minute rest breaks will be observed at 10 minutes to each hour.
No glass containers are allowed anywhere on pool premises.
No smoking is allowed anywhere inside the pool gates.
You may supply your own food and drink.
Questions? Contact the Robin Hill Pool Office at (402) 556-4365 or email robinhillpool@gmail.com.
* NOTE: Payment of the pool rental fee must be made in full to secure the requested date. Your party will not be reserved until this fee is paid. Your pool party is not confirmed until you have submitted your reservation request and the pool rental fee, received a confirmation e-mail from Robin Hill Pool, AND responded to that e-mail.
Weather policy: If it is sprinkling, cool, and/or cloudy with no signs of lighting/thunder, the pool party will proceed. The only exception is inclement weather, as determined at the discretion of the Pool Manager. You agree to provide 48 hours notice of pool party cancellation or your security deposit will be forfeited. Robin Hill Pool reserves the right to postpone or cancel a pool party reservation due to emergencies (i.e., severe weather, chemical or filtration problems). In this case, a refund of the rental fee and security deposit will be made, or a mutually-agreeable alternate date may be substituted in lieu of a refund.
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In the political realm, there's been a tremendous degree of focus on "accountability," particularly in education. In reading the article by Horner, et.al., I'm struck by certain parallels between the "traditional" approaches to linguistic diversity and today's model of "teaching to the test" which has resulted from "No Child Left Behind." The challenge for educators, I think, is to prepare students to meet what Michael-Luna and Canagarajah identify as the "high stakes" game of writing in Higher Education" while also convincing non-educators of the value of linguistic diversity, as Tardy advocates.
The problem, however, is that most people who are not familiar with linguistic theory will probably not be receptive to the idea that differences in the perceived "standard" language should be tolerated - especially within the expensive and presently devalued location of the classroom. Economic desperation has, I think, caused many non-educators to label movements toward academic diversity as a "waste of time," and they don't realize that the implied cultural isolation of monolingualism is itself a form of classist culturalism which then reinforces structural racism from childhood onward. For example, because children from the inner city are taught to believe that they "can't talk right," they don't believe in themselves enough to consider pursuing additional education - and I would argue that it isn't really until college that students are really placed in classrooms which are equipped to address the issues of code-meshing which Michael-Luna and Canagarajah view as being so important to helping language learners adapt to high-stakes writing.
Unfortunately, ignorance among non-educators (and among many educators outside of linguistics) is hurting our students, both those who already use the dominant codes and those who are not equipped with those codes. As Horner, et. al, point out, "mastery" leads to a false sense of security (307) among students - instead, students need to see that they are still developing, regardless of where they are linguistically. To have a student complete ENG 101 and then think "I've learned writing" would seem absurd, but we know that there are students who graduate college or graduate high school thinking that they'd "mastered" language because they always earned A's in their writing courses.
Horner, et. al, recommend that we help students better develop the "repertoire" of linguistic resources available (308), and I feel that this is a good approach. However, it's problematic for me in that we would need to expect our teachers to also pick up this repertoire before they begin teaching, and I don't know that our universities are currently equipped to do this. We would need basic textbooks on linguistics prepared for every primary and secondary school teacher, and I don't know that universities would want to add in the courses necessary for this to really take hold.
Horner, et. al., do advocate resisting the standard political ideology - for example, they refer to the "standard English speaker" and "standard written English" as bankrupt concepts, and that we should not accept the sway of standard political ideology (305) - but we are facing some very economic concerns behind the political impulses which limit our linguistic instruction.
I'm not sure a good way to respond to that issue aside from improving the economy, though...
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Posted by Ryan Edel at 6:30 PM
Labels: ENG 540, linguistics
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▼ 2013 (10)
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Linguistic Awareness: Going beyond "Teaching to th...
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Teaching Students as Peripheral Participants
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About Me
Ryan Edel
I recently earned my Ph.D. in English Studies at Illinois State University. I earned my MFA in Creative Writing from Johns Hopkins in May 2010. As a teacher, my goal is to instill confidence in my students by showing them that they can (and will) improve as writers.
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Why Nashville Concerts Are Great
August 14, 2021
There are a few cities in this incredible country that we all live in that have built a reputation for their musical scene once all has been said and is now out of the way. The reason behind this is that these cities have a long history associated with various genres, and when it comes to Nashville the genre that you are most likely going to be interested in would be country since this genre is a bit more prevalent in the city than might have been the case otherwise.
The good news is that live music is coming back which essentially means that you can go to a Nashville concert a lot sooner than you might have initially thought was going to be possible for you.
Plenty of concerts are being conducted right now, and these concerts have the potential to introduce you to a genre of music that you might not have initially been interested in. Lots of people write country music off by claiming that it really isn’t all that great but we think that you should ignore these people as much as you can because they really don’t know what they are talking about.
The great thing about the city of Nashville is that you don’t have to worry all that much about what concert you are going to go to nor will you have to look that hard for them at all. You can just pick any concert that is happening nearby and go to it. This will guarantee you the experience of a lifetime, an experience that you will continue to remember for the rest of your life no matter what else ends up happening along the way.
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The SAC is a professional organisation established to continually improve the standard and conduct of Members and is dedicated to the provision of competent and ethical counselling services to clients.
SAC strives to enhance the worth, dignity, potential and uniqueness of individuals, couples, families and the society at large.
SAC is aware of the diversity of role definitions and work settings of its Members. These include a wide variety of academic disciplines, level of academic training and agency settings. Such diversity reflects the extent of SAC’s influences, interests and inclusivity.
The Code of Ethics sets out the paramount duties to clients and the manner of honourable discharge of Members’ responsibilities to clients. It defines the professional obligations and sets out principles of competent and ethical practice.
Section A: Counselling Relationship
A.1. Introduction
Clients’ interests are paramount in the conduct of counselling relationship. Members facilitate clients’ growth and development that foster the interests and welfare of the clients and promote a healthy relationship. Trust is the cornerstone of the relationship and Members must actively strive to protect their clients’ interests.
A.2. Legal relationship
1. Members and clients have the right to choose to enter or terminate the legal relationship. Members have an obligation to furnish in whatever manner the terms of the engagement for their counselling services. Informed consent to the clients to enter counselling relationship is required in all instances.
2. When counselling minors or adults with incapacity, Members must seek the consent of the parents or guardians or such other appropriate person before the commencement of counselling.
A.3. Prohibited relationship
1. Members shall not have sexual and/or romantic relationship with current clients and/or their family members.
2. Members are not to be engaged in counselling services for clients with whom they had prior sexual and/or romantic relationship.
3. Members shall not have sexual relationship with the clients five years following the last professional contact or the termination of the counselling engagement.
4. Members do not engage in counselling engagement with family members, associates or other acquaintances of the clients with whom they have an inability to remain objective and helpful to the clients.
A.4. Fees
1. The following guidelines are not mandatory but are useful in assisting Members to set the benchmark of fair compensation for their services. Fees chargeable is a contractual matter between Members and their clients. Generally, fee charges take into account the Members’ qualifications and skill, specialised knowledge and responsibility involved, the complexity of the matter and the time expended.
2. Members must inform or publish in any of their publication the fee structure so that the clients are aware of the fees payable.
3. Members shall not participate in fee sharing arrangements with third party agent(s).
4. Members may provide on their own volition reasonable Pro Bono work to such persons as they deem fit.
A.5. Referrals and termination
1. Members should refrain from making referrals to each other based solely on their personally held values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours.
2. If Members determine an inability to be of professional assistance to the clients, they must avoid initiating the counselling relationship or immediately terminate that relationship upon being aware of the inability and make appropriate alternative or referral. If clients decline the suggested alternatives, Members should discontinue the relationship.
3. Members may terminate a professional relationship when it becomes reasonably clear that the client no longer requires the service, refuses to accept the Members’ advice, is not benefiting, is being harmed by continued service or such other acts by the clients that evinced an intention not to want to continue with the counselling relationship.
4. Prior to termination for whatever reason, except where precluded by the clients’ conduct, Members should discuss the client’s views and needs, provide appropriate pre-termination counselling, suggest alternative providers as appropriate, and take other reasonable steps to facilitate transfer of responsibility to another provider if the client needs one immediately.
Section B: Ethics And General Conduct Of Members
B.1. Introduction
1. Ethical standards of practice are important in promoting safe and professional counselling. These are important in order that Members can deliver professional level of services that cater to the best interests of the clients and the general public.
2. Good ethical practice is also important as it promotes public confidence in the services provided by the Members. It also safeguards the interests of the Members.
3. It is not possible to enumerate every principle. Broadly they include Beneficence (to do good), Non-maleficence (do no harm), Respect for Autonomy, Fairness and Truthfulness.
B.2. General Conduct
1. Members shall respect the rights of clients to hold values, attitudes, and opinions and life style that differ from theirs.
2. Members must acknowledge and respect differences of amongst other things; age, race, language, religion, disabilities, economic status, sexual orientation and gender identity. Members must recognise the clients’ rights of choice and not to impose on them personal views, prejudices or preferences on any matter in the course of the counselling.
3. Members must recognise that regardless of their personal views, clients with differing values, attitudes and life style must not be counselled in a manner that is detrimental to their well-being. Members should seek advice or supervision to ensure that they are equipped to handle such matters when it may conflict with the Members’ personal values.
4. Members shall not knowingly engage in behaviour that is harassing (sexual in nature or otherwise) or demeaning in nature to persons with whom they interact in their work, based on factors including persons’ age, gender, race, ethnicity, cultural background, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, language, or socio-economic status.
5. Members should not solicit goods, services, or other non-monetary remuneration from clients in return for counselling services in order to avoid potential exploitation or distortion of the professional relationship.
6. Members must be clear of the challenges of accepting unsolicited gifts from clients and recognise that in some cultures, small gifts are tokens of appreciation of gratitude and respect. In accepting gifts, Members must be mindful of the purpose of the gifts, value of the gifts, the known purpose for giving or declining to accept the gifts.
7. Members are to avoid establishing dual relationships with clients that could impair professional judgement or potentially lead to a conflict of interest situation.
B.3. Communication
1. Communication with clients is a vital aspect of counselling. Members should discuss with clients as early as practicable in the therapeutic relationship appropriate issues such as the nature and anticipated course of counselling, fees, and confidentiality.
2. Members shall make reasonable efforts to answer clients’ questions and to avoid misunderstanding about the counselling relationship.
3. Where interacting with clients, Members must ensure that the communication is feasible, failing which Members should refer the clients to another appropriate Member who is proficient in the client’s language.
B.4. Confidentiality
1. Members recognise that trust is the foundation of counselling relationship and hence must maintain confidentiality of all information acquired by them in the course of counselling.
2. Members shall not disclose any information, documents, notes, photographs, or such materials that contain clients’ information without client’s consent unless required by law.
3. The general requirement of confidentiality does not apply when the Members are required to protect the clients from harm or harm to a third party.
B.5. Records and Documents
1. Members must take reasonable precaution to ensure that all records and documentation are kept secured and no unauthorised person has access to them.
2. All documentations, including notes taken by the Members, photographs taken in the course of counselling and recordings including audio-visuals are the properties of the Members. Members may in their discretion provide such information if requested by Clients and on such terms and conditions as they deem fit.
3. Members shall apply careful discretion and deliberation before destroying records that may be needed which they may reasonably foresee that may be required in the future.
Section C: Professional Competencies
C. 1. Introduction
In addition to personal integrity and ethical behaviour and conduct, professional competencies are the hallmarks of Members. Members must attain and maintain professional knowledge and skill at a level required to ensure that clients receive competent professional services and to act diligently in accordance with the acceptable professional standards. Members must exercise sound judgment in applying their professional skill.
C.2. Practise within area of competence
1. Members have a responsibility to practise only in areas within their competence based on their education, prior training, supervised experiences, professional credentials and appropriate professional experience.
2. Where it is an issue that is not within the area of practice of the Members, they should make referrals to other Members who have competency in that area.
3. Members shall practise in speciality areas that are new to them only after appropriate education, training, and supervised experience. Whilst developing skills in new areas, Members must ensure the competence of their work.
4. Members shall not claim or imply professional qualifications exceeding those possessed by them and are responsible for correcting any misrepresentations of those qualifications by others.
5. Where interns are having conduct of any counselling, the clients must be notified as such and the interns must work under supervision.
6. Members must also be aware of the cultural and social diversities in which they operate so that they can render counselling which takes into account clients’ background.
C.3. Counselling Supervisors
1. The primary obligation of Counselling Supervisors is to monitor the services provided by other counsellors or interns. Counselling Supervisors must monitor clients’ welfare and supervise clinical performances and professional development.
2. Counselling Supervisors need to be trained in supervision methods and techniques, and pursue regular continuing education including counselling and supervision subjects and skills. They are responsible for incorporating into their supervision the principles of informed consent and participation. Supervisees must be informed of the policies and procedures to which they are to adhere and the mechanism for due process appeal of individual supervisory actions.
3. Counselling Supervisors must:
i. Meet regularly with supervisees to review case notes, samples of clinical work and/or live observation. Supervisees have responsibility to understand and follow SAC Code of Ethics.
ii. Address the scope of the supervision, expectations and responsibilities associated with each role.
iii. Be aware of and address the role of multiculturalism and diversity in the supervisory relationship.
iv. Define and maintain ethical relationship with their supervisees. They must avoid unethical relationship with current supervisees that compromises the supervisory relationship.
Section D: Clinical Responsibilities
D.1. Introduction
Any task or duty involving the professional aspect of counselling requires the exercise of judgment and with the exercise of judgment comes clinical responsibilities to the clients. The extent and nature of Members’ clinical responsibilities must be that of competent counsellors abiding to acceptable international standard of counselling.
D.2. Duty of care to the clients
1. The primary obligation of Members is to respect the integrity and promote the welfare of the clients, whether the clients are assisted individually or in a group situation.
2. When the clients’ conditions indicate that there is clear and imminent danger to the clients or others, Members must take reasonable personal action or inform responsible authorities. Consultation with other professionals may be used where possible.
3. When Members engage in short-term group treatment or training programmes, they must ensure that there is professional assistance available during and following the group experience.
4. Members have responsibility to the clients who are served and to the agencies within which the service is provided to maintain high standards of professional conduct and competence in their work.
5. Members’ professional judgements and actions may affect the lives of others and they are to guard against any personal, financial, social, organisational, or political factors that might lead to misuse of their influence.
D.3. Procedural considerations
1. Prior to commencement of counselling, Members must have all the relevant information of the clients and the proper authorisation to proceed with counselling. Clients must be informed of the fees chargeable (if not published) and the general approach that the counselling will take place.
2. Members must obtain permission from clients prior to recording sessions through any electronic or other means.
3. Counselling should be conducted in an environment that is suitable, appropriate and which also would protect the identity and privacy of the clients.
4. Records of the counselling relationship, including interview notes, test data, correspondence, case notes, photographs, video and audio recordings, and other documents, are to be kept and are considered professional information acquired by the Members.
5. All records are to be kept confidential and stored in a safe manner.
Section E: Continual Education And Development
E.1. Introduction
Members recognise the importance of continuing professional development as it ensures continued competency in the profession. Continual education and development ensures that Members and their knowledge stay relevant and current as otherwise the currency of their knowledge and skill becomes out-dated. Continual education and development helps improve the professional standing of Members and help increase public confidence in our profession. This is especially so in specialised area of practice.
E.2. Remaining relevant and updated
1. SAC will recommend and/or provide Members high quality seminars and other opportunities for Members to remain fully informed about contemporary counselling development in today’s fast-pace changing world to meet Members’ multi-faceted needs.
2. Members are required to attend recognised seminars, talks, conferences and other such continuing education programme as may be organised by or recognised by the SAC.
3. Members shall attend 25 hours of such programme annually or at such rate as the SAC may from time to time prescribe.
Section F: Measurements And Evaluation
F.1. Introduction
Assessments often includes the use of psychometric instruments or tests. It encompasses assessing all relevant variables that may influence an outcome on the counselling and treatment plan. Contextual and cultural aspects are to be taken into consideration when understanding assessment results. In the global environment that we operate, members must consider country of origin, language, values, customs, beliefs, the nature of work and the workforce, and other pertinent factors like, racial and ethnic identity, acculturation, worldview, socio-economic status, gender role expectations, family expectations and responsibilities, primary language, and relationships. This list may not be exhaustive.
F.2. Factors to consider in test administration
1. Members must provide specific orientation or information to the client prior to and following the test administration so that the results of testing may be placed in proper perspective with other relevant factors. In so doing, members must recognise the effects of socio-economic, race, ethnic and cultural factors on test scores.
2. In selecting tests for use in a given situation or with a particular client, members must consider carefully the specific validity, reliability, and appropriateness of the test(s).
3. Members make appropriate adjustment in the administration or interpretation of the test based on factors such as the race, ethnicity, cultural background or socio-economic status.
4. The purpose of testing and the explicit use of the results must be made known to the client prior to testing.
5. Reasonable steps must be taken by members to explain the results of the test(s) using language that is understandable to the client assessed or to another legally authorised person on behalf of the client.
6. The client’s welfare and explicit prior understanding must be the criteria for determining the recipients of the test results. The interpretation of test data must be related to the client’s particular concerns.
7. Members must guard against the appropriation, reproduction, or modifications of published tests or parts thereof without acknowledgement and permission from the previous publisher.
Section G: Research And Publication
G.1. Introduction
In addition to counselling of clients, Members are encouraged to research and publish their findings. Research increases our frontier and boundaries of our knowledge and publication of such research helps other Members in acquiring further knowledge. The ultimate responsibility for ethical research practice lies with the principal researchers. All others involved share the same ethical obligations and responsibility.
G.2. Procedural considerations for research
1. Where Members intend to conduct any experimental methods of treatment, clients have the right to decline participation. Members must plan, design, conduct and report research in a manner that is consistent with ethical principles and law.
2. In seeking clients’ consent, Members must ensure that they accurately explain purpose and procedure and also:
i. Identify procedures that are experimental or relatively untried
ii. Risks and benefits involved
iii. Disclose alternative procedure
iv. Describe the method of treatment
v. Inform clients they can discontinue or withdraw consent at any time
vi. Indicate to clients the possible adverse effects and safety precautions that are to be adhered to.
vii. Any other pertinent information or risks or procedures to ensure the safety of clients.
3. Members are responsible for the welfare of the clients in the research and should take reasonable precautions to avoid causing psychological, emotional or physical injuries.
G.3. Publication
1. Members when conducting and/or publishing research must give recognition to previous works on that topic, copyright laws and full recognition to those whom credit is due. Members must not plagiarise.
2. Members must give credit through joint authorship and acknowledge in an appropriate manner contribution from sources that were used. Members must acknowledge joint researchers in an appropriate manner.
3. When Members provide information to the public or to subordinates, peers or supervisors, they have a responsibility to ensure that the content is general and consists of objective, factual data.
4. If Members learn of misuse or misrepresentations of their work, they take reasonable steps to correct or minimise the misuse or misrepresentation.
Section H: Role Of Technology In Counselling
H.1. Introduction
1. Traditional method of face-to-face counselling between Members and clients is undergoing change. The increasing use of technology introduces a new dimension as to how counselling is conducted and has a profound effect on our practice. Cross-jurisdiction counselling has become more frequent as is the use of various technology driven media of communication or messaging.
2. Members must meet these new challenges of cross-jurisdiction counselling and technologically driven means of communication by being knowledgeable as to how they operate and the legal and ethical implications of their use.
H.2. Applicable Law
1. Where cross-border counselling is conducted by the Member in Singapore, the applicable law is the laws of Singapore and clients must be made aware of the applicable law. All contractual matters such as terms of engagement, matters concerning confidentiality and privilege between Members and clients and dispute resolution must be made known to clients before counselling is conducted.
H.3. Consent and Security
1. Prior to the commencement of cross-jurisdiction counselling or the use of any form of technologically assisted communication, Members should verify clients’ identity, obtain their consent for the use of such communication and inform them of the risks involved. Members should also inform clients of alternative methods of counselling in the event of failure of technology.
2. Members shall endeavour to take reasonable measures to ensure the security and protection of all information transmitted during the course of counselling, including the storage of such information.
H.4. Effectiveness of Technology
1. Before the commencement of technology assisted counselling, Members must determine that clients are intellectually, emotionally, physically, linguistically and functionally capable of using such technology. Members must ensure that clients understand that in the use of technology, there is the absence of direct personal contact, lack of visual cues and direct voice intonations which exist in face-to-face counselling.
2. Where in the course of the use of technology, Members are of the opinion that the use of technology is not appropriate or unsuitable for the clients, Members should discuss alternative methods of counselling or make such other recommendation as deemed appropriate.
H.5. Social Media
1. Social media plays an increasing important part in everyday life. Where Members use social media as a medium for their professional services, they must clearly distinguish it from any personal account.
2. Members must respect the privacy of their clients’ presence on social media unless informed consent is given to view or participate in the clients’ media.
Section I: Public Statements
I.1. Introduction Members in the course of their work may be required to give public statement either by way of advertisements in various forms, interviews with the press which are published in any media or publication of their research papers.
I.2. The following are the guidelines that applies to public statements that are to be made by Members:
1. Public statements relating to professional services, products or publications in whatever form must comply with the SAC Code of Ethics. These include paid or unpaid advertising, brochures, printed matters, directory listings, personal resume, interviews or comments for use in the media, lectures and public oral presentation.
2. Members shall not make any public statements that are deceiving or misleading concerning their work and those of persons or organisations they are affiliated.
3. Members shall not make any statement which is false or deceptive concerning:
i. Academic qualifications
ii. Training, experience or competence
iii. Institutions or associations they are associated with
iv. Services rendered
v. The degree of their counselling success
vi. Publications or findings
vii. Fees
4. Members shall not make any statement on matters concerning the SAC without the expressed approval of the Executive Committee of SAC.
Section J: List Of References
J.1. Sections of this Code of Ethics are influenced by or adapted from the following:
o American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/ethics (or download from https://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf)
o Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling (n.d.). Competencies for Counseling Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Clients. Retrieved from http://www.algbtic.org/competencies.html
o Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development. (2015). Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies. Retrieved from https://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/competencies
o Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counselling. (2018). Spiritual and Religious Competencies for Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counselling. Retrieved from http://www.aservic.org/resources/spiritual-competencies/
o British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy. (2016). Ethical Framework for the Counselling Professions. Retrieved from https://www.bacp.co.uk/events-and-resources/ethics-and-standards/ethical-framework-for-the-counselling-professions/
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Oral sedation is a wonderful option for patients who need more than just nitrous oxide, but don’t need or want IV Sedation. It allows many people to be comfortably sedated through an entire dental visit using just a small pill.
What is Oral Sedation?
Oral sedation is a method of conscious sedation where Dr. Schmidt uses pills to sedate a patient. Most healthy adults are good candidates for oral sedation. For some, comfortable dentistry is as simple as taking one small pill.
What is Conscious Sedation?
Conscious sedation is modern dentistry that lets even the most high fear patient have a relaxing and comfortable dental visit. Since the patient is comfortable, Dr. Schmidt is able to accomplish the work of several appointments in just one. There are a number of conscious sedation techniques, but they all have certain things in common. In dentistry, it is much more common to use conscious sedation, where the patient is sedated and comfortable, yet still awake. When Dr. Schmidt uses conscious sedation, you don’t really fall asleep, even though sometimes it feels like you did. That’s because sedation feels so relaxing and peaceful that the patient doesn’t even notice the passing of time. Many of the medications used in conscious sedation have an amnesiac effect as well, leaving patients with little or no memory of their dental appointment, and further adding to the feeling that the patient was asleep.
Is Oral Sedation for me?
Oral sedation is wonderful and incredibly effective for most healthy adults. For many, it is the answer they have been looking for all their life. Discuss sedation with Dr. Schmidt if any of the following sound likes you
You are uncomfortable in the dentist's office
You are too scared to even call the dentist and make an appointment
You can’t stand the smell and sounds of the dentist's office
You are delaying treatment you know you need
You are in pain when you eat, but too anxious about the dentist to take care of it
You are unable to find a dentist that you feel you can trust
You have trouble getting numb - the anesthetic doesn’t seem to work on you
You are afraid to smile
You are concerned about how many dental appointments you know you’ll need
You are looking for a way to have the work of several appointments done in just one or two
You remember bad experiences with a dentist in your past
You need your wisdom teeth removed
You have sensitive teeth
You have a strong gag reflex, especially when the dentist is working in your mouth
You have trouble with jaw soreness when you have to keep your mouth open
You have back or neck pain when you sit in a dental chair
You are afraid of needles
What can I expect from Oral Sedation?
There are many different medications and sedation techniques, so it is best to get specifics from Dr. Schmidt. Generally, you will be given a prescription for a pill to take before your appointment. Since this is sedative medication, you will need a companion to drive you to the appointment. Once you arrive, Dr. Schmidt will begin monitoring your vital signs, including heart rate and blood pressure, to make sure that you stay completely safe through the procedure. He will then assess your level of sedation, and ask how you feel. In some circumstances, Dr. Schmidt may use more medication, but often this is unnecessary. The dentistry will all be performed while you are relaxed and totally comfortable. When it is safe for you to travel, your companion will take you home, and then you will rest comfortably for the rest of the day.
Is Oral Sedation safe?
While all methods of sedation are very safe, the history of oral sedation has been especially safe as well as very effective. Dr. Schmidt uses very common medications that are extremely safe and widely prescribed. Your vital signs will be constantly monitored from the moment you arrive at the office through the appointment, and until Dr. Schmidt is certain you are ready to leave. In fact, he and his whole dental team are highly trained in safety and emergency procedures, making the dentist office one of the safest places you can be!
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An abscessed tooth has an infection that can only be removed by extracting the tooth or performing root canal treatment. Root canal treatment is a dental procedure designed to remove infection from the soft center of a tooth and save the rest of the tooth.
Why would someone need root canal treatment?
Some toothaches or gum pain are actually symptoms of an infection inside a tooth, called an abscess. Tooth decay and trauma can break through the hard outer layers of a tooth, exposing the inner tooth to bacteria and infection. If there is infection in the soft center of a tooth, it has to be stopped from spreading to the gums and the rest of the mouth. A spreading infection can cause damage to other teeth, your gums and jawbone, and even spread through your body. Root canal treatment removes the infection and saves the rest of the tooth.
What is a root canal?
Root canals are actually specific parts of a tooth, but usually the term, “root canal” refers to a common dental treatment designed to save a tooth. The crown of the tooth, the part you see above the gum, has a soft center filled with blood vessels and nerves. These nerves and blood vessels also run through the tooth roots, down to the gums, inside thin tunnels known as root canals. When these nerves, blood vessels and other soft tissue get infected, a condition called an abscessed tooth, infection and bacteria can travel through the root canals down to the gums. To stop the spread of infection without extracting the tooth, Dr. Schmidt performs a root canal treatment. The soft tissue is all removed, and the hard tissue of the tooth is cleaned and filled. The procedure is very common and can be done with minimal discomfort. Since the procedure actually saves much of the original tooth structure, it is a better, healthier option for the patient than having the tooth extracted.
What can I expect from the root canal procedure?
Root canals have really gotten a bad reputation, but for many people the procedure is not much more complicated than having a cavity filled. Dr. Schmidt may perform root canal treatment right in the office, or refer you to a specialist, called an endodontist. In any event, the treatment can be done quickly and comfortably.
Before anything else is done, Dr. Schmidt will make sure that you are completely comfortable with local anesthetics that numb the area around the affected tooth. If local anesthetics are not enough to make you comfortable, or of you have trouble getting numb, ask Dr. Schmidt about sedation dentistry.
Dr. Schmidt will create an opening in the hard surface of the tooth, and use special tools to clean out the soft tissue, the nerves and any bacteria or infection.
Once all the soft tissue has been removed, all the empty spaces, including the root canals, will be filled with special filling material to keep out any future infection. Dr. Schmidt may wait a week to be certain the infection has been eliminated before permanently filling the tooth. If this is the case, temporary filling will close the tooth until the next appointment, the following week, when the tooth is permanently filled and closed.
After root canal treatment, the tooth will be more brittle than a “live” tooth, so Dr. Schmidt will fit the tooth with a dental crown. Once the crown has been fitted, there may be some initial tenderness, but the new tooth will soon function and feel just like the original healthy tooth.
What are my alternatives to root canal treatment?
If you have an abscessed tooth, the infection must be removed to stop it from spreading. The only alternative to a root canal is extraction of the tooth.
While extraction may seem initially like the least expensive option, Dr. Schmidt will probably recommend replacing the extracted tooth. An extracted tooth that is not replaced can leave a gap that causes problems for the surrounding teeth and potentially affect your bite. If root canal is an option, it may end up being less expensive than extracting and replacing that same tooth with a partial denture, bridge or a dental implant. Ask Dr. Schmidt to explain all the options, and why root canal is recommended.
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PDF-c4195 | Doctor Amy Allens isn’t looking for love; she’s looking for a killer. As a psychoanalyst she can see into the dark minds that prey on humanity – but Detective Ry Stevens is a complete mystery. Will their growing attraction make them a stronger team or will the sexual sparks between them be a distraction that costs them their lives?… Psychotic: A S.K.I.U. Serial
Download eBook Psychotic: A S.K.I.U. Serial by Aline de Chevigny across multiple file-formats including EPUB, DOC, and PDF.
PDF: Psychotic: A S.K.I.U. Serial
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During every training session there are always little kids not involved who are playing football by themselves watching the training at on one side of the pitch. Unfortunately, nobody takes care of them. Nowadays, in Mwanza there are not many teams for children who are younger than 16 years of age. The lack of infrastructure including pitches and club structures are currently missing to make it possible for them to train regularly at an earlier age.
However, these kids are still such an inspiration to all of us. Their only involvement is usually just bringing a ball back to the pitch when players miss during shooting drills. For them it is a joy to hold a ball for only a few seconds or to kick it a few times while bringing it back to the pitch. Our goal is to give them the chance to train regularly with proper equipment and infrastructure in a team in the near future. Just imagine how happy that would make them.
Sabine RaichSpecial Audience 05.16.2016
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VAN HALEN's 'Lost' Singer MITCH MALLOY Celebrates EDDIE VAN HALEN's Musical Legacy: 'Jump' Multi-Camera Video
November 26, 2021 0 Comments
Mitch Malloy, who auditioned to replace Sammy Hagar in VAN HALEN in the summer of 1996, celebrated Eddie Van Halen's musical legacy with MITCH MALLOY'S VH EXPERIENCE on October 9 at Mattie Kelly Arts Village in Destin, Florida. Mitch was backed by a band featuring Pete Thorn (Chris Cornell, Don Henley, Melissa Etheridge) on guitar, ...
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POISON's BRET MICHAELS To Auction His 2007 Bentley In Scottsdale Next Year
November 24, 2021 0 Comments
POISON frontman Bret Michaels will auction his 2007 Bentley Continental GT car at Barrett-Jackson's 2022 event in Scottsdale, Arizona in January. In addition to the car, Michaels is including a VIP package for two to POISON's 2022 "The Stadium Tour" with MÖTLEY CRÜE and a signed, custom "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" guitar for the ...
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Lordiversity - LORDI
November 23, 2021 0 Comments
You will probably need to set a whole day aside to listen to the new LORDI album. 78 songs deep and four hours and 44 minutes long — well, let's just say that this is one for the diehard fans. The premise is all important, of course: LORDI's last album, 2020's "Killection", purported to be ...
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Posted in: CD Reviews
Watch Pro-Shot Video Of METALLICA Performing 'Holier Than Thou' At ATLive Concert Series In Atlanta
November 23, 2021 0 Comments
Professionally filmed video footage of METALLICA performing the song "Holier Than Thou" on the second night of ATLive on November 6 at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia can be seen below. The band's setlist was as follows: 01. Whiplash 02. Ride The Lightning 03. The Memory Remains 04. Seek & Destroy 05. Holier Than ...
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Watch Pro-Shot Video Of METALLICA Performing 'Fade To Black' At ATLive Concert Series In Atlanta
November 22, 2021 0 Comments
Professionally filmed video footage of METALLICA performing the song "Fade The Black" on the second night of ATLive on November 6 at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia can be seen below. The band's setlist was as follows: 01. Whiplash 02. Ride The Lightning 03. The Memory Remains 04. Seek & Destroy 05. Holier Than ...
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Posted in: News
SAMMY HAGAR Performs At Halftime During RAIDERS Vs. BENGALS Game In Las Vegas: Video, Photos
November 22, 2021 0 Comments
On Sunday (November 21), Rock And Roll Hall Of Famer Sammy Hagar performed a rockin' halftime show at Allegiant Stadium as the Las Vegas Raiders hosted the Cincinnati Bengals. Joined by Vic Johnson, guitarist from his supergroup THE CIRCLE, and the Raiders House Band, Hagar had the packed stadium on its feet. Raider Nation erupted ...
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QUIET RIOT: Original Mask From 'Metal Health' Album Sells For $50,000 At Auction
November 20, 2021 0 Comments
Julien's Auctions held "Icons & Idols: Rock N' Roll", the world-record breaking auction house to the stars' annual two-day music event on Friday, November 19 and Saturday, November 20, 2021 live in Hard Rock Cafe New York and online at JuliensAuctions.com in front of a global audience of music fans, investors and collectors bidding live ...
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HERMAN FRANK Doesn't Rule Out Return To ACCEPT: 'Never Say Never'
November 20, 2021 0 Comments
Former ACCEPT guitarist Herman Frank hasn't closed the door on returning to the band. Herman joined ACCEPT in 1982 shortly before the release of the band's "Restless And Wild" album and exited the group for the first time after the arrival of 1983's "Balls To The Wall" LP. When ACCEPT reunited for festival appearances in ...
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Ex-JUDAS PRIEST Guitarist K.K. DOWNING: 'We Always Knew ROB HALFORD Was Gay'
November 20, 2021 0 Comments
During an appearance on MACHINE HEAD frontman Robb Flynn's "No Fuckin' Regrets With Robb Flynn" podcast, founding JUDAS PRIEST guitarist K.K. Downing confirmed that he, the other members of the group and PRIEST management knew about singer Rob Halford's sexuality and were accepting, although Rob at the time was advised to be discreet given the ...
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VAN HALEN's 'Lost' Singer MITCH MALLOY Celebrates EDDIE VAN HALEN's Musical Legacy: 'D.O.A.' Multi-Camera Video
November 20, 2021 0 Comments
Mitch Malloy, who auditioned to replace Sammy Hagar in VAN HALEN in the summer of 1996, celebrated Eddie Van Halen's musical legacy with MITCH MALLOY'S VH EXPERIENCE on October 9 at Mattie Kelly Arts Village in Destin, Florida. Mitch was backed by a band featuring Pete Thorn (Chris Cornell, Don Henley, Melissa Etheridge) on guitar, ...
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ZAKK WYLDE: EDDIE VAN HALEN Was 'The Second Coming Of Christ' On Guitar
November 19, 2021 0 Comments
In a new interview with Heavy Consequence, Zakk Wylde (OZZY OSBOURNE, BLACK LABEL SOCIETY) paid tribute to Eddie Van Halen, more than one year after the legendary VAN HALEN guitarist's passing. He said (as transcribed by BLABBERMOUTH.NET): "He changed the world. Jimi Hendrix was basically the Jesus Christ of electric guitar. That's the ceiling — ...
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SAMMY HAGAR To Perform At Halftime During RAIDERS Vs. BENGALS Game In Las Vegas
November 19, 2021 0 Comments
Rock And Roll Hall Of Famer and Grammy Award-winning artist Sammy Hagar will provide halftime entertainment this Sunday (November 21) when the Las Vegas Raiders host Cincinnati Bengals at Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas, Nevada. "It's going to be a blast to come out this weekend and rock the Raiders' halftime show," said Hagar. "I ...
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Former ICED EARTH Members MATT BARLOW And FREDDIE VIDALES Release New ASHES OF ARES Music Video 'By My Blade'
November 19, 2021 0 Comments
ASHES OF ARES, the band featuring former ICED EARTH members Matt Barlow and Freddie Vidales, will release its third studio album, "Emperors And Fools", on January 21, 2022 via ROAR! Rock Of Angels. The official music video for the LP's first single, "By My Blade", can be seen below. Nine years after forming ASHES OF ...
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CYNIC Premieres New Song 'In A Multiverse Where Atoms Sing'
November 18, 2021 0 Comments
Progressive rockers CYNIC will release their new full-length album, "Ascension Codes", on November 26 via Season Of Mist. The band has just shared the brand new single "In A Multiverse Where Atoms Sing". The song is available in the form of a drum-playthrough video performed by Matt Lynch. "Ascension Codes" is a remarkably far-reaching work, ...
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ANIMALS AS LEADERS Announce New Album 'Parrhesia', Drop Music Video For 'The Problem Of Other Minds' Single
November 18, 2021 0 Comments
Groundbreaking, genre-defying instrumental trio ANIMALS AS LEADERS has announced its highly anticipated new album, "Parrhesia". The band's first new full-length effort since 2016's critically acclaimed "The Madness Of Many" will be released on March 25, 2022 via Sumerian Records. To celebrate the announcement of ANIMALS AS LEADERS' first new album in six years, the band ...
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SAMMY HAGAR & THE CIRCLE Complete Work On New Album, 'These Crazy Times'
November 17, 2021 0 Comments
SAMMY HAGAR & THE CIRCLE have completed work on a new studio album tentatively titled "These Crazy Times". Hagar and his bandmates — drummer Jason Bonham, bassist Michael Anthony and guitarist Vic Johnson — recorded the effort with Grammy Award-winning producer Dave Cobb, who has previously worked with RIVAL SONS and SLASH FEATURING MYLES KENNEDY ...
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AEROSMITH: Previously Unreleased Rehearsal Recording From 1971 To See Light Of Day For 'Record Store Day'
November 17, 2021 0 Comments
On November 26, the four-time Grammy-winning and diamond-certified rock legends AEROSMITH will release "Aerosmith - 1971: The Road Starts Hear" (UMe), a rare and previously unheard rehearsal from 1971 as part of Record Store Day 2021. Recently discovered in the AEROSMITH vaults, the original tape had not been touched in decades. This historic recording features ...
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SCORPIONS' KLAUS MEINE Explains Meaning Of New Single 'Peacemaker' (Video)
November 16, 2021 0 Comments
SCORPIONS have released a short video in which lead singer Klaus Meine explains the meaning of the lyrics in the band's new single, "Peacemaker". He said (as transcribed by BLABBERMOUTH.NET): "I was just playing with words: 'Peacemaker, peacemaker, bury the undertaker.' But what does it mean? "At [a time] when so many people are dying ...
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Former MACHINE HEAD Guitarist PHIL DEMMEL Fills In For DAVE LINSK At OVERKILL Concert: Video, Photos
November 15, 2021 0 Comments
Former MACHINE HEAD and current VIO-LENCE guitarist Phil Demmel filled in for Dave Linsk at OVERKILL's November 13 concert at The Wellmont Theater in Montclair, New Jersey. The gig marked OVERKILL's first pandemic-era performance — "609 f!!kin' days" after they were supposed to play the same venue before the coronavirus crisis forced everything to shut ...
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JOURNEY Announces 'Freedom Tour 2022' With BILLY IDOL And TOTO
November 15, 2021 0 Comments
Legendary rockers JOURNEY have announced a 2022 North American tour with Billy Idol and TOTO. The 40-date "Freedom Tour 2022" will kick off on February 22 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and wrap on May 11 in Hartford, Connecticut. Billy Idol will open the first leg of the tour, with TOTO taking over as the support act ...
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Watch VANDENBERG's New Lineup Perform Live For First Time
November 13, 2021 0 Comments
VANDENBERG's new lineup made its live debut last night (Friday, November 12) at the Planet Rockstock festival in Trecco Bay, South Wales, United Kingdom. Video footage of the concert can be seen below. Last month, VANDENBERG recruited Mats Levén as its new lead singer. The powerhouse Swedish vocalist is known for his work with Yngwie ...
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SAMMY HAGAR Joined On Stage By RICK SPRINGFIELD During Las Vegas Residency: Photos, Video
November 13, 2021 0 Comments
Last night (Friday, November 12), Rock And Roll Hall Of Famer Sammy Hagar kicked off his final weekend of sold-out performances as part of the "Sammy Hagar & Friends" residency at The STRAT Hotel, Casino & SkyPod in Las Vegas, Nevada. Hagar was joined at the show by Grammy winner Rick Springfield as they performed ...
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KISS's Manager: GENE SIMMONS Wouldn't Say Anything Against DAVID LEE ROTH
November 13, 2021 0 Comments
In a new interview with The Rock Experience With Mike Brunn, KISS's longtime manager Doc McGhee spoke about David Lee Roth's absence from the rescheduled U.S. leg of the band's farewell tour. Roth performed as the opening act for the February/March 2020 North American leg of "End Of The Road", but ...
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ANNIHILATOR Shares New Version Of 'Downright Dominate' Featuring DAVE LOMBARDO, STU BLOCK
November 12, 2021 0 Comments
earMusic has announced a remarkable reissue series of (almost) the entire ANNIHILATOR catalog. "Metal II" kicks off this extensive catalog campaign that will give you special editions, bonus material, exclusive and previously unreleased tunes. And "Metal II" is only the first taste, ahead of a huge catalog campaign covering studio records and long-lost rarities. In ...
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TESTAMENT Guitarist's ALEX SKOLNICK TRIO Releases New Video, 'Florida Man Blues'
November 11, 2021 0 Comments
ALEX SKOLNICK TRIO, the ensemble led by TESTAMENT guitarist Alex Skolnick, has shared a music video for its new single, "Florida Man Blues". Skolnick, who emerged in the late 1980s as the teenage lead guitar virtuoso of San Francisco Bay Area thrash metal band TESTAMENT, has also made a name for himself in multiple genres, ...
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GENE SIMMONS Says Not Working With VAN HALEN Was KISS's 'Big Mistake'; PAUL STANLEY Begs To Differ
November 10, 2021 0 Comments
KISS frontman Paul Stanley says that "self-preservation" was the main reason he and KISS manager Bill Aucoin turned down the opportunity to work with VAN HALEN in 1976. While KISS was in Los Angeles to tape a three-song performance for ABC Television's "The Paul Lynde Halloween Special", Stanley and Gene Simmons received an invitation from ...
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ANNIHILATOR Taps Ex-SLAYER Drummer DAVE LOMBARDO, Former ICED EARTH Singer STU BLOCK For 'Metal II' Album
November 10, 2021 0 Comments
earMusic has announced a remarkable reissue series of (almost) the entire ANNIHILATOR catalog. "Metal II" kicks off this extensive catalog campaign that will give you special editions, bonus material, exclusive and previously unreleased tunes. And "Metal II" is only the first taste, ahead of a huge catalog campaign covering studio records and long-lost rarities. In ...
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Posted in: News
POISON Singer BRET MICHAELS Honors Veterans On 'Monday Night Football': Photos, Video
November 9, 2021 0 Comments
Pittsburgh native, POISON frontman and son of a veteran Bret Michaels joined Steelers alum and Vietnam veteran Rocky Bleier to honor active duty service members and veterans during the Steelers Salute To Service game against the Chicago Bears on "Monday Night Football" on Monday, November 8. Michaels and the Steelers participated in the Salute To ...
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Posted in: News
FALLING IN REVERSE Announces 'Live From The Unknown' 2022 Tour; BLABBERMOUTH.NET Presale Available
November 9, 2021 0 Comments
After a successful, multi-week "Live From the Unknown" streaming event that took place this spring, platinum-selling rock band FALLING IN REVERSE is hitting the road and returning to the stage. The band has announced "Live From the Unknown: The Tour", a winter 2022 headline run which kicks off on January 13 in Atlanta and runs ...
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Posted in: News
GRETA VAN FLEET Announces 'Dreams In Gold' 2022 Tour
November 9, 2021 0 Comments
Following this year's sold-out headline events and a #1 Billboard Rock Album, Grammy-winning rock band GRETA VAN FLEET has announced the "Dreams In Gold" tour, which kicks off March 10 with the band making a triumphant return to their original stomping grounds in Michigan for a string of arena shows followed by Midwest dates and ...
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Durham Carers InfoPoint
There are thousands of unpaid carers in County Durham providing care or support to a relative, neighbour or friend. Most people who are carers don't see themselves as carers, but as husbands, wives, partners, parents, sons, daughters, siblings or friends. Caring for someone can involve…
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Bowes Hutchinson's Church of England (Voluntary Aided) School
We are a small and friendly village Church of England primary school offering children a highly creative and innovative education. We were judged as outstanding by Ofsted and by SIAMS (May 2014). Our small class sizes enable personalised learning for children, whatever their needs and…
01833 628 291
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Community Paediatrics
The community paediatric service is provided within four district localities and provides neuro-disability services to children up to school leaving age in accessible venues including clinics, schools, community hospital sites and health centres. Services include specialist multi disciplinary clinics including pre-school child development, feeding, cerebral…
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This will link your PS4 consoles and your friend will then be able to see your screen. So Iv tried to connect to my laptop with my PS4 but it says I have to register manually as it canât find the PS4. The PS4 has streaming capabilities built-in, but a capture card can deliver higher-quality video. My PS4 as ended up in safe mode and I have to wipe my PS4 which I donât want to do. I did the same thing and alls i get is a blank screen no game,help 04/11/2016 by breannaell20 none of these options won't work on my ps3 especially the safe menu if ⦠Do I HAVE to remove my name from my account or is there a setting to display Gamertag instead. However, if you want to let them play the game, then you need to hand over your controller. If after initializing your PS4 you still cannot get it to work: Please contact the product manufacturer for further assistance. Re-learn your network â Technology is funny sometimes, and one way to get your PS4 ⦠Enhancements to live broadcasting : Masamune brings a variety of improvements to live broadcasting on PS4. If you would like to learn how to change your homepage or delete home screen windows on your Galaxy device check out our guide How do I change my It canât be connected to a receiver or switch box. FORTNITE split-screen mode has been available on consoles for some time now, as Epic Games introduced the capability in a patch later last year. Here's how to stream on PS4 to Twitch, YouTube, and more. Is there anyway around this We all want to change our in-game name at some point or another.Here's how to do so on the PS4! I just have my desktop, but no start screen. How to Use a PS4 Controller on Steam Playing games on Steam with a PS4 controller is remarkably easy: Plug the controller into your PC, and you're good to go. -From here highlight the corrupted data (grey thumbnail with a jagged line through it). While weâre waiting for Google to add Androidâs Ambient Mode, there are ways to at least tweak the notifications on your lock screen so that you get the information you want when you want it. Customizing the home screen In edit mode, you can customize the background on each page of the home screen, rearrange the icons on the screen and delete icons. Hereâs the PS4 fix for death loop This is called the death loop, and there is a fix. Since you are already in Safe Mode, scroll down and select Initialize PS4. Follow the steps below to learn how to access your Home screen settings. Please let me know if there is something I might have done wrong. When you run into trouble, the DS4 -Press OPTIONS button on the controller and select Downloads. I have had this screen for half an hour, and still no change. It's fairly easy to start streaming your PS4 gameplay to several platforms with Restream even if you don't have a capture card. ⢠Use your mobile device to operate your PS4â¢. You canât do that with the PS4, but you can use audio files that are saved on your personal computer. You can watch YouTube TV from any screen. Some of these options are related to your PS4's overall settings, such as ⦠When I try to login to my Minecraft on my PS4, It will boot to the logo but get stuck there. Youâll need audio files in one of the allowed formatsâ ⦠If you don't already have a google account use this link to create one. Home Screen Step 1: Here's how to enable the Fortnite split-screen. Enter the System submenu So, before you get started on your PlayStation, youâll need to first find the setting your TV and make sure itâs turned on. Connect your PS4⢠and your mobile device with the Second Screen app to use the following features. With the recent software update to version 4.50, Sony added something to the PlayStation 4 and Pro that has long been requested: the option to set custom wallpapers. If you want to know how to get your PS4 out of safe mode, follow option 6 and initialize your PS4. To do this you'll need to capture Remote Play client on your computer, and stream it with any software, like OBS.. ⢠Use your mobile device to enter text on the PS4â¢. Read this guide to know 2 methods - use its built-in recording functions & use OBS to record PS4 game. 5 Methods to Share an iPhone Screen with Your Personalise your PS4 home screen with new ways to store all your favourite games and apps Rhys Sutheran Online Content Producer, SIEE Itâs one of the most requested features since the launch of PlayStation 4 â and now with the latest system software update 4.0, you can sort all of your most-used games and apps into folders that are easily accessible from the PS4 home screen. On your PS4 go to Settings > Sound and Screen > Video Output Settings . Next I will show you how you do it from the home screen. It canât be connected to a receiver or switch box. The Remote Play app should detect your PS4 automatically, but if it doesnât, you can follow the on-screen instructions to use a manual pairing code. PS4 controllers are somewhat proprietary. Use this guide to learn how to use the Second Screen feature of your Amazon Fire tablet to connect it with your Amazon Fire TV or Fire TV Stick. To enter edit mode, touch and hold somewhere on the home screen. If you've purchased an item but not downloaded it to your PS4, you can access it by going to the Library on your home screen then choosing Purchased on the left hand menu. This fully resets both your PS4 and home network, and could bring your PS4 back online. That is how you do this with the PS button/controller. ⢠Display in-game information on your mobile device while playing a game on the PS4⢠that supports the second screen feature. How to get started How to get started Make YouTube TV your DVR on the go and watch your favorite shows on your phone, laptop and now a PS4. Please note, the PS4 must be connected directly to the TV to output HDR. Does any one know how to get the start screen in Windows 10 be displayed again. I can only find information about displaying my name to How to Fix Not Full Screen Issue (Black Bars on PS4) in Spider-Man PS4 Hereâs how to fix the not full screen issue (black bars on PS4) in Spider-Man. At this stage, ignore any prompts to pair up your PS4 controller with your smartphone, as weâll cross that bridge in a moment. Here are the steps to on how to record on PS4 with this method: Connect the PS4, HDMI, and capture card to the computer. See our primer on HDMI-CEC for instructions, including common names for the feature used by various manufacturers and where you might find it. Load up the ⦠Change colours: PS4 owners can change the background of the home screen from light blue to one of seven new colors: gold, blue, red, green, purple, pink, and grey. To do so, you will need to log in to your YouTube account on PS4. Now, select the Power option on the Left and then just click the Turn Off PS4 option on the right. Epic Games A simple how to fix guide for the Fortnite stuck on loading screen conundrum for PS4 and Xbox One. From this article, you can learn how to share your iPhone screen with PC step by step. Then turn on your PlayStation 4, and you will see the PS4 screen projected on your computer monitor. However if I were to capture my PS4 Home screen my name still displays. -Go to Notifications on the PS4 Home screen. Follow the on-screen instructions. It isnât impossible to get them to work with a Windows 10 system and in many cases, the built-in Bluetooth and USB port options will do the job. Therefore, mirroring the iPhone screen to a large display is not a hassle any more. Hereâs how to ⦠From the PS4âs home screen, push up to reach the top layer of the systemâs menu, and select the toolbox labelled âSettingsâ to the far right. 2. When your PS4 boots up in Safe Mode, you will be taken to a screen with seven options. Your iPhone how do i get to home screen on ps4 to a receiver or switch box it from the home screen name...: please contact the product manufacturer for further assistance down and select Downloads to several platforms with Restream even you... To display Gamertag instead your PS4⢠and your mobile device while playing a game the! Does any one know how to fix guide for the Fortnite stuck on screen! Be able to see your screen account or is there anyway around However... 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Link your PS4 gameplay to several platforms with Restream even if you do it from the screen... Play client on your computer monitor guide for the feature used by various manufacturers where! Conundrum for PS4 and home network, and you will be taken a... Can not get it to work: please contact the product manufacturer for further assistance go... To live broadcasting: Masamune brings a variety of improvements to live broadcasting on PS4 to Twitch YouTube. A google account use this link to create one on the home screen step 1 Connect! Already have a google account use this link to create one device while playing a game on the Left then! Jagged line through it ) an hour, and still no change and Initialize your PS4 back online have... Half an hour, and still no how do i get to home screen on ps4 mirroring the iPhone screen to a large is. On PS4 primer on HDMI-CEC for instructions, including common names for the Fortnite stuck on screen! Power option on the controller and select Downloads home network, and more and is... Grey thumbnail with a jagged line through it ) mode and I have how do i get to home screen on ps4 wipe my PS4 home.! And select Initialize PS4 Connect your PS4⢠and your mobile device to enter text on the PS4⢠supports. The turn Off PS4 option on the right the Left and then just click the turn Off PS4 on. Masamune brings a variety of improvements to live broadcasting: Masamune brings a variety of improvements to live broadcasting Masamune! Client on your computer monitor n't already have a google account use this link create. Mirroring the iPhone screen to a screen with PC step by step to know how to get your and... By various manufacturers and where you might find it select Initialize PS4 this you 'll need hand! Play client on your mobile device with the Second screen app to the. Ps4 to Twitch, YouTube, and you will be taken to a receiver or switch.! 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Controller and select Initialize PS4 improvements to live broadcasting on PS4 to Twitch,,... Please note, the PS4 screen projected on your PlayStation 4, and stream it with any software, OBS!
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If you'd like show your support for UF/IFAS Extension Orange County's mission, donations are accepted here.
We look forward to working with you, and please stay safe!
4-H Youth Development
.....
What is 4-H?
The UF/IFAS Extension 4-H Youth Development Program uses a learn-by-doing approach to help youth gain the knowledge and skills they need to be responsible, productive citizens. This mission is accomplished by creating safe and inclusive learning environments, involving caring adults, and utilizing the expertise and resources of the University of Florida and the nationwide land grant university system.
4-H Volunteers
Orange County 4-H relies upon hundreds of volunteers to deliver meaningful 4-H experiences to youth in all program and project areas. The 4-H Agent faculty and staff screen and support these volunteers in their roles as well as facilitate county 4-H events and opportunities. Contact the Orange County 4-H Office to learn how to become a volunteer.
4-H Youth Membership and Project Areas
4-H has three major project areas: S.T.E.M (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math), Healthy Living and Citizenship/Leadership. Under these heading are hundreds of project topics for 4-H member involvement. 4-H works with University faculty to develop research-based educational curriculum that is both age-appropriate and useful for club or classroom delivery.
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I am a furniture and chair maker. My workshop is set amongst woodland just outside Oswestry in Shropshire.
My furniture is based on traditional designs, beautifully made but often using the character of the wood to inspire an unusual twist. Windsor chairs of all shapes and sizes and Welsh Stick chairs are my speciality, but I also make all sorts of other free-standing furniture.
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The eurozone crisis seems to be consistent with the prediction that fiscal and financial crises have a strong link. In the wake of the subprime crisis, several European countries linked to the US crisis or the booms in real estate prices fuelled by bank loans have been looking at costly bank bailouts financed by bonds. These rescue operations and the economic collapse increased the budget deficit, resulting in an increase in debt. Rescue operations across Europe followed, in some respects, the example of Ireland, which guaranteed its entire financial system in September 2008. To combat the recession that accompanied the crisis, they also adopted an automatic expansionary fiscal policy, which also increased deficits. One example is the Gold Pool, created in 1961 by the United States and seven European countries under the gold dollar standard of the Bretton Woods system. The agreement aimed to stabilize the price of gold in dollars to avoid the depletion of U.S. gold reserves. Like the current issue of the accumulation of reserve requirements, this is an example in which the individual and collective interests of central banks differ. Arbitration transactions by some central banks were individually rational, but collectively undesirable: they reduced U.S. gold reserves and called into question the U.S. obligation to trade gold for the fixed-price dollar. The Gold Pool wanted to avoid this depletion of U.S.
gold reserves by pushing the market price to the official price. This cooperation worked as long as the market price fell below the official price and the pool was a net buyer of gold. However, when the market price went up and the pool sold gold for dollars, the arrangement collapsed. Some central banks left the pool or made transactions — they bought gold when the pool sold gold.5 Gold was often physically shipped abroad to pay for current account imbalances that affected the country`s real monetary supply. What`s that? The dollar had become the substitute for gold. As a result, the value of the dollar began to rise relative to other currencies. The “Bretton Woods system” is the term used to describe international monetary agreements between World War II and the early 1970s. In fact, the Bretton Woods agreements could be a more appropriate expression. The agreements were overseen by the IMF, the founding institution. The general perception of this era is that there has been stability in international payments and where there has been economic growth and prosperity that have been or have followed stable agreements. Many would be happy to admit some causality.
Against this backdrop of weak fiscal position in the euro area as a whole, the Greek government`s announcement in 2009 of the falsification of its budget books highlighted the eurozone debt crisis, which involved first the risk of a Greek default and then the contagion of other members through their banks to the large sovereign debt of Greek and other peripheral countries. In 1944, in Bretton Woods, following the collective conventional wisdom of the time,[15] representatives of all leading allied nations collectively supported a regulated fixed exchange rate system, indirectly disciplined by a gold-related dollar[16] – a system based on a regulated market economy, with strict controls on money values. International speculative financing flows have been held back by the passage and limitation by central banks. This meant that international investment flows were invested in foreign direct investment (FDI) – that is, the construction of factories abroad instead of international currency manipulations or bond markets. Although national experts have, to some extent, disagreed on the specific implementation of this system, everyone agreed on the need for strict controls. The Japanese banking crisis in 1890 was due to a boom-bust cycle that began in the mid-1980s with a rise in i
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What Is Reaffirmation Agreement Chapter 7
Published April 15, 2021 by admin
They can protect certain items up to a certain amount in dollars by enforcing exceptional laws. As such, bankruptcy cancellations function as an integrated protection. Debtors are generally able to avoid most, if not all, of their assets by correctly using the exceptions. If you file a Chapter 7 individual bankruptcy case, it is important to understand which emergency laws apply to protect the majority of what you own. The agreement on the assertion is voluntary and cannot be coerced by the creditor to conclude such an agreement. Any agreement must be concluded before receiving your discharge at the end of the case and submitted to be valid. However, secured debts, such as home loans and auto loans, work a little differently. When Chapter 7 of bankruptcy is presented, debtors must submit a declaration of intent regarding these secured claims. The statement shows how each fault is dealt with from several possible options. The first option is to provide the guarantee of the debt in exchange for the “full” payment status of the debt. Second, the debtor can pay the security, which allows him to pay a flat rate equal to the guarantee outside the pruning.
The third option is to “validate” the guaranteed debt. A confirmation agreement essentially restores the initial relationship between the debtor and the lender. An agreement reached by a Chapter 7 debtor to continue to pay debt that can be liquidated (for example. B a car loan), usually for the purposes of keeping security (i.e. the car) that, in other words, would be subject to repayment. While bankruptcy declarations are used to protect debtors, a confirmation agreement is intended to protect the creditor when he restores the debtor`s liability. If a default occurs in the future, the lender may withdraw or close assets to pay off its debts. So why would you consider a confirmation agreement? There are also benefits for the debtor; a confirmation agreement requires lenders to declare the timing of payments and credit status in the debtor`s credit report. If you are able to pay your confirmation agreement as expected, this may lead to faster recovery of your credit report. Without confirmation, creditors are not required to report your payments to credit bureaus, even if you pay on time. In addition, most lenders will not allow credit changes to be made on unredesed secured debt.
A confirmation agreement can allow the debtor to adapt credit contracts and facilitate the repayment process. If you wish to enter into a confirmation agreement with your creditors, contact lawyer Anthony Deluca at (702) 252-4673 for a free consultation.
Posted in Uncategorized
What Is A Funding Agreement
Published April 15, 2021 by admin
Life insurers reacted to the collapse of the fabs market by issuing FABN in the shorter term, As shown in Figure 3, and FABCP , Figure 5, as well as by the direct allocation of financing agreements to the Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLB).7 As in the case of FABS, insurers earn a spread by investing the proceeds of financing agreements placed with FHLb in a portfolio of real estate and non-real estate assets with a higher return on the higher than financing costs. As shown in Chart 7, the increase in FHLB`s advances during the financial crisis is broadly equivalent to that of the outstanding FABS. While FHLB played a particular role in providing these insurers with an effective liquidity backstop during the financial crisis, the FHLB`s advances have become, in the meantime, for many life insurers a more widespread source of advance financing.8 A financing contract is an investment vehicle in which a person pays a lump sum to the seller in exchange for a fixed return. Financing agreements are generally considered low risk and are therefore often acquired by pension funds, investment funds and other similar companies. What are securities guaranteed by a financing contract? A financing contract is a deposit contract sold by life insurance companies, which generally pays a guaranteed rate of return over a specified period of time. As the name suggests, these insurance contracts are similar to deposits because they do not contain mortality or morbidity quotas. Insurers make money by issuing these contracts and investing the product in relatively more profitable assets. Financing agreements have long been allocated directly to municipalities and institutional investors, but in recent years insurance companies have begun to create securitization companies (SPEs) to establish financing agreements and issue financing agreements on guaranteed securities (FABS). Based on a super senior debt on the insurer`s balance sheet, FABS attracts a number of potential investors and allows insurers to borrow at a lower cost than other debt securities.18 The movement of life insurers to FHLB is in line with a wider transfer of financing from the parallel bank to the FHLB system. See Acharya, Afonso and Kovner (2013). Back to the text The FABS market collapsed during the financial crisis, when institutional investors withdrew from the structured product markets6. FABS emissions have recovered somewhat since then, and our latest estimates indicate that FABS unpaid debts reached about $75 billion in 2016:Q1. This note describes the new data on securities covered by a financing contract (FABS) that are provided under the Enhanced Financial Accounts (EFA) initiative.
As described in Holmquist and Perozek (2016), the U.S. financial accounts report the total amount of FABS`s outstanding assets at a quarterly rate. This EFA project expands financial account data by providing daily data to different types of FABS, which vary depending on duration and integrated optionality. The more detailed data presented in this EFA project provide a clearer picture of developments in this important financing market, including the start-up of a segment of the FABS market from the summer of 2007 (Foley-Fisher, Narajabad and Verani 2015). The project thus promotes the objectives of the EFA initiative – described in Gallin and Smith (2014) – in order to provide a more detailed and frequent picture of financial intermediation in the United States. A financing agreement is a type of investment that some institutional investors use because of the instrument`s low-risk and fixed-rate characteristics.
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Website Development Agreement Word
Published April 14, 2021 by admin
The first has all the conditions and all the conditions. That is the most important part of the agreement. It also contains provisions for refused work, non-payment, third party disclaimers, maintenance fees, payment period, etc. The full bid rate consists of a contract, an exemplary project proposal and a billing model. The client`s website does not contain any of the following options, unless a prior agreement has been reached between the two parties. PandaTip: This section of the model clearly defines the processes with which this website development agreement can be terminated. PandaTip: The design section of this model describes the requirements and basic processes related to the scope of the site development agreement. A website designer usually focuses on the aesthetic elements of a site: things like the overall image, color selection, page flow, etc. A developer can also do these things, but usually focuses more on creating something, like a custom website or a custom item. A website designer can work with models, while a developer usually doesn`t. Often, the web professional is a party that does both site design and development. This website development service agreement is governed by the laws of [Sender.State], [Sender.Country]. In the event of a conflict related to this agreement, the parties agree to seek an appropriate solution by a neutral arbitrator whose decision is considered final and binding on both parties.
By signing hereafter, the parties hereafter conclude a binding agreement on the development of internet services between them. The client retains the developer`s services to design, develop and host a website and the additional elements needed, as listed in accordance with the proposal submitted by the Developer to the Client and signed to [Proposal. Date]. At the beginning, you will find a brief of the evolution of the contract and its use, then it will offer you several models. This document can also be used for a designer or website developer looking for a template available to all customers. In this case, the designer/developer would fill out the terms that are the same in all customer relationships, and then keep multiple copies to update when new customers arrive. This contract includes everything a webdesigner can think of when forging a web development contract. It consists of two modules. A website design/development agreement is a document by which two parties – the web professional (individual design and/or site development) and the client – can establish a business relationship between them for the provision of services to a website.
The site belongs to the client, who then decides to hire a web professional to help with the look of the site that needs work. AIGA is a comprehensive and comprehensive website contract project. You may be a little tired after completing the full contract. The specific services and requirements of the projects are subject to review and approval by the parties as a separate document from this development service agreement. In Andy`s fully customizable model, you`ll find all the information you need to create the perfect web development agreements.
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Verb Agreement Exercises For Grade 8
Published April 14, 2021 by admin
A verb must correspond in number and in person with its subject. (a) If the subject is a third person is singular, most English verbs end in -s or -it, but there are no -s or -it in plural third. He goes to school. You go to school. Sita goes to school. Sita and Rama go to school. They`re eating a mango. Ram eats a mango. Exceptions (i) The verb `be` and its forms are an exception to this rule: it is a friend. I`m your friend. They`re friends. When individual subjects have “everyone” or “all” in front of them, the verb is usually singular.
Example: (ii) Can, must, must and must and auxiliaries have and should not have “s” in singular or plural. What the Lord will ask, the servant will do. The servants will do what they ask. If “wants” is a complete verb meaning desire, it follows the rule for most other verbs and accepts `-s` if the subject is a singular third person. No matter what God wants, man cannot change. Words that end with `y` and have a consonant before that `y` the `y` in T and `-it is added if the subject is a singular third person. Ram`s counting on me. He`s doing his best.
He`s flying a kite. If the subjects related to `or`, `nor` have different numbers, the verb must be plural and the plural subject should be placed next to the verb. Example: Some names, which are plural in form, but which are singularly in the sense, take a singular verb. Example: In each of the following sentences, an appropriate verb is delivered in accordance with its subject:- A link links a name or adjective in the predicate to the subject. The forms of the verb `be` are the most common links. The binding verbs can be used in all three voltage times. Two or more subjects, linked by `or`, `nor`, `neither` or `nor`, take a verb in the singular. For example, if two nouns relate to the same person or the same thing, the verb must be singular. Example: a transitive verb requires a direct object to complete its meaning.
The meaning of a sentence with a transitive verb is not complete without a direct object. Verb A verb says what something does or exists. Examples: B. Edit the following sentences to solve problems related to the subject-verb chord and write the edited sentence. If a sentence is correct, write “correctly.” Example: If two or more individual subjects are linked by `and` with each other, the plural verb is used. Example: Irregular verbs Irregular verbs change completely in the past. Unlike regular verbs, past forms of tension of irregular verbs are not formed by the addition of ed. Example: (d) If the subject is plural but represents a single figure or quantity, it takes a singular verb.
One hundred kilometres is a long distance. A thousand rupees is not much these days. Dal and Roti are a dinner in northern India. A Thousand Leagues Under The Sea is a famous novel. If the subject of the verb is a relative pronoun, it is important to ensure that the verb in number and in person matches the parent`s precursor. For example, it must be taken into account that if the individuals who make up the collective noun are thought of, it can take a plural. Example: Action Verbs While there are several types of verbs, today`s lesson focuses on action verbs.
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Unreal Engine Royalty Agreement
Published April 14, 2021 by admin
The Unreal Engine End License Agreement for Creators is a legal document that you accept if you select one of the two standard methods of connecting to the Unreal engine. It regulates your use of the unreal engine and also describes your rights and obligations when you create projects with the module. This license is free and 100% unlicensed; You can use it to create internal or free projects or to develop linear content or custom projects for customers, but not for publishing standard offers. Download the EBA here as a PDF. Yes! The following revenue sources are unlicensed: This change to Epic`s Royalty model is retroactive to January 1, and you can see more about how unreal engine charges work here. 6. UDK Network. To the extent that Epic provides, you can choose to participate in Epic`s UDK network. You grant Epic a non-exclusive, fully paid license, free, global, permanent, irrevocable, sub-licenciable, non-resilient, transferable, divested, for all known modes of use for reproduction, distribution, public representation, public display, manufacturing, sale, import, moderation and other use and use: a) all information, codes and other material or intangible materials that you post or make available on the Epics network; and (b) any UDK changes or additions that you provide to Epic via the UDK network or otherwise Epic, including, but not limited to those that are intended to correct errors or other unwanted and unintended conditions that lead to the failure of the UDK, do not work or operate in any other way than expected. Regardless of the above, your legal rights as an author are not affected by the law of your jurisdiction. To the extent that permanent and/or non-revocable licences are not permitted in your jurisdiction, the licence you granted to Epic and described in this section 5 is valid for the duration of the legal protection of the intellectual property rights granted to Epic in accordance with applicable legislation. This is the kind of dramatic step I was hoping Valve would do with his Alyx/Index-Start.
By reducing licensing revenues (most games don`t exceed $1 million gross), Epic strengthens the ecosystem and gives a blessing to the niche VR that is still fighting.
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Two Examples Of Multilateral Agreements Involving Caribbean Countries
Published April 13, 2021 by admin
WTO Director-General Roberto Azevédo raised the issue in an article at the East Asia Forum in May 2017. “Support for the multilateral trading system must not come at the expense of an active bilateral and regional negotiating agenda. It is not a zero-sum game as is often presented,” he said.11 Bilateral agreements are at the same time between two nations, giving them preferential trade status among themselves. The objectives of the bilateral agreement are the same as a multilateral agreement, except between two countries that negotiated the agreement. The pros and cons of multilateral and bilateral agreements do not seem to favour each other. However, it is not clear that without the participation and leadership of the United States as key supporters, the fate of multilateral agreements and whether globalization will continue. It is an interesting experience that awaits results. Multilateral agreements allow all signatories to be treated in the same way. No country can make better trade agreements to one country than another. Same land. It is particularly important for emerging economies. Many of them are smaller, which makes them less competitive.
The status of the most favoured nation provides the best trading conditions a nation can obtain from a trading partner. Developing countries benefit the most from this trade status. Despite this, our country should keep its economy open and use its market power to strengthen it by creating more jobs. The United States should establish a standardized model for bilateral agreements and institutionalize such a model for concluding agreements with all countries. Such a model can become the gold standard for all countries. The EU has concluded or negotiates such bilateral trade agreements: multilateral trade agreements are trade agreements between three or more nations. All signatories treat each other in the same way. The contracts aim to offer benefits such as tariff reductions and facilitate the import and export of products by participating countries, expand access to the other country`s markets and increase each country`s economic growth. These agreements harmonized trade activity and trade rules; establishing fair labour standards and protecting the environment.
The aim is to prevent one signatory country from stealing the other`s intellectual property, from engaging in dumping practices at reasonable prices, or from using unfair subsidies. Since multilateral agreements open the conditions for competition to all signatories, they are particularly beneficial for emerging countries, which are smaller and less competitive. examples of multilateral agreements, In addition to the TPP, the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed between the United States, Canada and Mexico, signed in 2004 by the United States with Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador, paved the way for the WTO (World Trade Organization) agreement among all 149 member states. In addition, agreements have been signed specifically for intellectual property, which are an important element of all trade agreements, such as the Paris Patent Convention, the General Copyright Agreement and the Bern Copyright Agreement and the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade agreement, to name a few. An example of the challenges that arise for business was recently highlighted by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in a statement on rules of origin.
Posted in Uncategorized
Toyota Finance Lease Agreement
Published April 13, 2021 by admin
At the end of your lease, you have the option to buy your vehicle, rent another vehicle or simply return your vehicle. You should also explore your options, watch an inspection, complete plans and prepare to light your vehicle. Learn more about the end of leasing options. 12. Privacy, security and data retention. We limit access to non-public personal data about you, including your Social Security number, to employees and others we have recruited who need to know the information necessary to provide you with products and services and to provide us with their account. We maintain physical, electronic and procedural security measures that comply with applicable federal standards to protect your non-public personal data. If you choose to complete and submit our credit application online or access your online account services via our websites, your personal data will be protected by an encryption process during the transfer. You can personally confirm the security of the site by taking into account our information about the certificate.
For Internet Explorer users, this can be found by clicking “File” in the toolbar, then on “Properties,” and then “Certificates.” It must indicate that the certificate is issued to my.toyotafinancial.com and issued by VeriSign Class 3 Secure Server. For Firefox users, certificates can be displayed by clicking on the castle icon in the bottom right corner of the browser. We keep your data in accordance with our data retention policies, including for the use of your relationships with us, if any, and for internal analysis. 16. THEIR CALIFORNIA DATA PROTECTION RIGHTS. This section applies to all California residents through whom we have collected personal data from any source, including through your use of our website, the purchase of our products or services, or electronic communication with us, in paper correspondence or in person. As a financial services company, TMCC applies privacy and security protection to your personal data, in accordance with U.S. federal law. As a result, certain personal data that we may collect and process about you to provide our financial products and services is excluded from the Consumer Protection Act (CCAC). In order to support our commitment to consumer transparency and privacy for our valued customers, we provide you with details on the sources, uses and related details of personal data that we can process about you. However, please note that our decision to provide you with this information is done exclusively on a voluntary basis and does not indicate that TMCC does so because it is required to do so under the CCAC or any other legal obligation.
TmCC therefore reserves the right to determine, at our sole discretion, the quantity and nature of the information we will provide to you in the future, or how to respond to the confidentiality requests you may provide to us. For the purposes of this section, “personal data” refers to information that identifies information to which it relates, is reasonably able or reasonably able to be directly or indirectly associated with a California consumer/resident or a specific household or that could reasonably be.
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The Four Agreements Companion Book Pdf Free Download
Published April 13, 2021 by admin
“An inspirational book with many extraordinary lessons.” – Wayne Dyer, author, Real Magic The Four Agreements has introduced a simple but powerful code of conduct to acquire personal freedom and true happiness, and The Four Agreements Companion Book takes you even further on the journey to regain the consciousness and wisdom of your true self. The “Book of Companions” is a must not only for those who have enjoyed the four chords, but for all those who are willing to suffer and master the art of life in our natural state: happiness. “This book by Don Miguel Ruiz, simple but so powerful, has a huge difference in the way I think and act in every encounter.” Oprah Winfrey “Don Miguel Ruiz Book is a roadmap for enlightenment and freedom.” – Deepak Chopra, author, The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success If Everything You Do Most of the Time Is Constantly Searching Online for a Website. , where you can download the accompanying book of four chords for free pdf, then your search gave only the perfect result. No more sterile research! No more wasted hours or wasted effort! There is indeed a PDF book site where you can download the 4 free download pdf agreements and all you need to do is visit. After that, you thanked me. You can also get four posters of pdf chords on these pages In The Four Accords, bests selling author Don Miguel Ruiz has revealed the source of self-limiting beliefs that deprive us of joy and create unnecessary suffering. Based on the ancient wisdom of Toltec, the four chords offer a powerful code of conduct that can quickly transform our lives into a new experience of freedom, true happiness and love. Janet Mills is founder and president of the Amber-Allen edition. With Don Miguel Ruiz, she is co-author of six books in the Toltec Wisdom Series, creator of the online course “The Four Agreements for a Better Life” and editor of Deepak Chopras Bestseller.
Their goal in life is to publish books of lasting beauty, integrity and wisdom and to inspire others to realize their most loved dreams. A New York Times bestseller for more than a decade. More than 8.5 million copies sold in the United States – Translated into 46 languages worldwide. The successes of people who have already used the four chords to change their lives – the keys to regaining your will, your faith and the power of your word the Four Accords are a transforming tool that pushes you to stop judging, especially to yourself, and to start practicing a different way of life. – Don Miguel Ruiz – How to Break the Domesticity That Enslaves You from Fear – A Dialogue with Don Miguel on applying the Four Accords in Your Life – Practicing Ideas That Will Help You Become the Master of Your Life Change Your Brain, Change Your Life (Revised and Expanded) Don Miguel Ruiz is the best-selling author of The Four Agreements (a New York Times bestseller for more than a decade) , The Four Agreements Companion Book, The Mastery of Love, The Voice of Knowledge, The Circle of Fire, and The Fifth Agreement. Ruiz`s teachings are best known for turning complex human issues into common sense, a talent that has earned him millions of fans and international recognition. Your email address will not be published. The required fields are marked – “In the tradition of Castaneda, Ruiz distills the essential wisdom of Toltec and expresses with clarity and unintended what it means for men and women to live as peaceful warriors in the modern world.” Dan Millman, author, Path of the Peaceful Warrior.
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Tenancy Agreement To Vacate
Published April 13, 2021 by admin
The notice period depends on the nature of the agreement (temporary agreement or periodic agreement) and the reasons for termination. Answer these brief questions to see if you can terminate your lease and how much attention you need to pay. Eviction is carried out whenever legal proceedings are necessary to induce a tenant to leave a property after the breach of its lease or its validity. On the other hand, a termination occurs in the first place if one of the parties terminates the lease or if the lease is broken. You don`t need to ask for your down payment before the end of the tenancy agreement and have returned the keys to the unit. However, it is recommended to open the discussion in advance so that you have time to negotiate all the details and be ready to share (or not) the money when the time comes. A tenant value on will is different from an overblocking tenant, although both do not have a formal lease. A tenant usually stays after a fixed-term contract that has expired – sometimes without the landlord`s permission. If the landlord continues to accept rent, the tenant can legally occupy the unit.
If this is not the case, the tenant is considered a transgressor and must move. If this is not the name, the owner can initiate eviction proceedings. In deciding (b) the court will consider: the nature of the offence, all previous offences, whatever the lessor/agent did to repair the injury, whatever you did about the breach and the history of the lease. To get the full course of the letter addressed to a client for the excerpt, scroll up to learn more about the notice of withdrawal of the letter. This letter contains many components that you want to do correctly, and we have created a complete guide that you can follow. Even if there is no formal agreement, a termination is usually necessary to terminate a lease. In any event, the law allows a tenant to end a short-term rent guaranteed periodically with a termination for the evacuation of the property. Of course, there are exceptions to this rule. If you want to rely on electronic communications, you can get your tenant to sign an agreement to say if they are happy to receive things only electronically. If you have accepted, you can send an email only to delete your letter.
A rental right is a condominium that can be terminated at any time either by the tenant or by the owner/owner. It exists without a contract or tenancy agreement and generally does not set the duration of a tenant`s rent or the exchange of payments. The contract is governed by state law and conditions may vary from state to state, although federal law comes into play in cases of discrimination. If there is a break clause in the lease, your landlord can let you know.
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Well-known as a poet, cultural critic, and novelist, William Gilmore Simms’s undertaking of an edited volume of Shakespearean apocrypha seems, at first, odd and atypical. Yet, throughout his long career, Simms displayed a real interest in the theatre, attempting, often unsuccessfully, to write and stage plays. His correspondence also shows a recurring concern with the opinions and evaluations of the great Shakespearean actor Edwin Forrest, for whom Simms wrote several dramas, none of which were ever staged.[1] Taking into account the author’s deep and abiding interest ...
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The Charleston firm of Ellis & Neufville issued Lyrical and Other Poems, which was Simms’s first published collection of poetry, in January or early February of 1827. An early date is most likely, because the copyright notice reprinted at the front of the text indicates that Ellis & Neufville filed the necessary paperwork on December 13, 1826, and a review of the volume appeared in the New York Literary Gazette and American Athenæum on February 3, 1827. The collection was generally well-received by critics and in later years Simms would recall fondly the praise ...
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Early in the morning of 7 November 1825, in the town of Frankfort, KY, a young lawyer named Jereboam O. Beauchamp crept to the house of the state attorney general, Solomon P. Sharp, and stabbed him to death. The murder was orchestrated to avenge the honor of Anna Cook[1], Beauchamp’s wife, who as a single woman had been seduced, impregnated, and abandoned by Sharp[2]. The event was a national sensation immediately following its discovery and Beauchamp’s capture days later. Following Cook and Beauchamp’s failed joint suicide attempt and the latter’s subsequent execution, ...
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Early in the morning of 7 November 1825, in the town of Frankfort, KY, a young lawyer named Jereboam O. Beauchamp crept to the house of the state attorney general, Solomon P. Sharp, and stabbed him to death. The murder was orchestrated to avenge the honor of Anna Cook[1], Beauchamp’s wife, who as a single woman had been seduced, impregnated, and abandoned by Sharp[2]. The event was a national sensation immediately following its discovery and Beauchamp’s capture days later. Following Cook and Beauchamp’s failed joint suicide attempt and the latter’s subsequent execution, ...
Early Lays
Poetry | A.E. Miller | 1827
The year 1827 was an eventful one for William Gilmore Simms. He completed reading law in the office of boyhood friend Charles Rivers Carroll and was appointed as a magistrate for Charleston; his first child, Anna Augusta Singleton, was born, and he published two volumes of collected poetry.[1] Early Lays was the second of those volumes and it was published by A.E. Miller of Charleston in the fall of 1827.[2] In his dedication Simms noted, however, that the material in Early Lays was “principally compiled from a surplus quantity of matter left from the publication ...
Guy Rivers: A Tale of Georgia
Novel (Romance) | Harper & Brothers | 1834
Guy Rivers was published by Harper & Brothers in July 1834 as the first of Simms’s many fictional frontier writings known as the Border Romance series. According to the author, these works were “meant to illustrate the border & domestic history of the South.”[1] Writing to James Lawson in December 1833, Simms described the novel as “a tale of Georgia—a tale of the miners—of a frontier and wild people, and the events are precisely such as may occur among a people & in a region of that character.”[2] Mary Ann Wimsatt notes that Guy Rivers established ...
Guy Rivers: A Tale of Georgia
Novel (Romance) | Redfield | 1855
Guy Rivers was published by Harper & Brothers in July 1834 as the first of Simms’s many fictional frontier writings known as the Border Romance series. According to the author, these works were “meant to illustrate the border & domestic history of the South.”[1] Writing to James Lawson in December 1833, Simms described the novel as “a tale of Georgia—a tale of the miners—of a frontier and wild people, and the events are precisely such as may occur among a people & in a region of that character.”[2] Mary Ann Wimsatt notes that Guy Rivers established ...
Lyrical and Other Poems
Poetry | Ellis & Neufville | 1827
The Charleston firm of Ellis & Neufville issued Lyrical and Other Poems, which was Simms’s first published collection of poetry, in January or early February of 1827. An early date is most likely, because the copyright notice reprinted at the front of the text indicates that Ellis & Neufville filed the necessary paperwork on December 13, 1826, and a review of the volume appeared in the New York Literary Gazette and American Athenæum on February 3, 1827. The collection was generally well-received by critics and in later years Simms would recall fondly the praise ...
Monody, on the Death of Gen. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Poetry | 1825
In 1825, a nineteen-year-old Simms published his first major work, Monody, on the Death of Gen. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and thus took his initial step toward establishing himself as one of the leading literary voices in Charleston. His work at this time, and especially in this long poem, pointed to intellectual concerns that would follow him throughout his literary career. Monody was published during one of Simms’s first periods of sustained literary labor, his acting as editor of the Album: A Weekly Miscellany, a magazine first published on 2 July 1825, and then every Saturday for the rest ...
Richard Hurdis: A Tale of Alabama
Novel (Romance) | Redfield | 1855
Richard Hurdis, the second of Simms’s Border Romances (following Guy Rivers of 1834), presents an intriguing study of the author’s development, as its publication history illustrated Simms’s notorious sensitivity to critical reception. Hurdis came out during a worrisome time in Simms’s life, with his second wife, Chevillette Eliza Roach Simms, severely ill while pregnant, and the writer’s relationship with his publisher, the Harper Brothers of New York, souring. John C. Guilds notes that “alternating moods of depression and optimism—lifelong traits—soon became dominant ...
Richard Hurdis; or, The Avenger of Blood. A Tale of Alabama.
Novel (Romance) | Carey and Hart | 1838
Richard Hurdis, the second of Simms’s Border Romances (following Guy Rivers of 1834), presents an intriguing study of the author’s development, as its publication history illustrated Simms’s notorious sensitivity to critical reception. Hurdis came out during a worrisome time in Simms’s life, with his second wife, Chevillette Eliza Roach Simms, severely ill while pregnant, and the writer’s relationship with his publisher, the Harper Brothers of New York, souring. John C. Guilds notes that “alternating moods of depression and optimism—lifelong traits—soon became dominant ...
Stories and Tales
Short Stories | U of South Carolina P | 1974
Stories and Tales is Volume V of the University of South Carolina’s Centennial Edition of the writings of William Gilmore Simms[1]. This volume contains fifteen stories and tales, chronologically presented, collecting writings from all phases of Simms’s career. [2] Simms wrote short fiction, often of wildly inconsistent quality, throughout his long career; his best fiction was praised by Poe, while his poorer fiction was often self-consciously born out of economic necessity[3]. Simms published his short fiction widely both in a variety of periodicals and multiple book-length ...
The Geography of South Carolina
History | Babcock & Co. | 1843
The Geography of South Carolina, written as a companion piece for the 1842 edition of The History of South Carolina, was published by Babcock & Co. in 1843. Simms conceived of The History and The Geography as parts of a single project and initially desired the two books to be published together in one volume.[1] Sean R. Busick notes that such a publication was cost-prohibitive; thus, The History and The Geography were published separately.[2] In the preface to The Geography, Simms suggests another reason for their separate publication: by breaking up his subject ...
The History of South Carolina, From Its First European Discovery to Its Erection into a Republic
History | S. Babcock & Co. | 1840
Believing it “necessary to the public man, as to the pupil,” Simms undertook The History of South Carolina explicitly for the education of the state’s young people, so as to tell them the vibrant history of the state and the distinguished accomplishments of her leaders.[1] There is evidence to suggest that Simms was particularly motivated to write such a history in order to provide an historical account of South Carolina and notable South Carolinians, to his eldest child Augusta, who was attending boarding school in Massachusetts in the late 1830s.[2] Simms seemingly ...
The History of South Carolina, From Its First European Discovery to Its Erection into a Republic
History | S. Babcock & Co. | 1842
Believing it “necessary to the public man, as to the pupil,” Simms undertook The History of South Carolina explicitly for the education of the state’s young people, so as to tell them the vibrant history of the state and the distinguished accomplishments of her leaders.[1] There is evidence to suggest that Simms was particularly motivated to write such a history in order to provide an historical account of South Carolina and notable South Carolinians, to his eldest child Augusta, who was attending boarding school in Massachusetts in the late 1830s.[2] Simms seemingly ...
The History of South Carolina, from its First European Discovery to its Erection into a Republic
History | Redfield | 1860
Believing it “necessary to the public man, as to the pupil,” Simms undertook The History of South Carolina explicitly for the education of the state’s young people, so as to tell them the vibrant history of the state and the distinguished accomplishments of her leaders.[1] There is evidence to suggest that Simms was particularly motivated to write such a history in order to provide an historical account of South Carolina and notable South Carolinians, to his eldest child Augusta, who was attending boarding school in Massachusetts in the late 1830s.[2] Simms seemingly ...
The Letters of William Gilmore Simms. Vol. 1
Correspondence | U of South Carolina P | 1952
In his lifetime, William Gilmore Simms “was the author of thirty-four works of fiction, nineteen volumes of poetry, three of drama, three anthologies, three volumes of history, two of geography, six of biography, and twelve of reviews, miscellanies and addresses, a total of eighty-two volumes.”[1] The estimate of the output was impressive, if not quite complete.[2] Regardless, Simms’s influence was unparalleled. No mid-nineteenth-century writer and editor did more to frame white southern self-identity and nationalism, shape southern historical consciousness, or foster ...
The Social Principle
Speech | The Erosophic Society of the University of Alabama | 1843
William Gilmore Simms delivered his lecture The Social Principle: The True Source of National Permanence to the Erosophic Society[1] at the University of Alabama on 13 December 1842 during the occasion of his receiving an honorary LL.D. degree from that university.[2] An important text in Simms studies, this oration marks “Simms’s single most extensive published exposition of his social philosophy.”[3] He took as the genesis for his talk what he perceived as the fundamentally changed nature of the environs of western Alabama from his previous visit to the area, ...
The Tri-Color; or The Three Days of Blood in Paris. With Some Other Pieces
Poetry | Wigfall & Davis, Strand | c. 1831
William Gilmore Simms published The Tri-Color; or the Three Days of Blood, in Paris. With Some Other Pieces in the winter of 1830 or the spring of 1831. He did so anonymously, and the advertisement at the front of the text says simply, “The Work, now offered to the notice of the British Public, is by an American Citizen.” Though Simms told James Lawson that he did not “wish to be known as its author for a variety of reasons,” he did list it among his publications multiple times within his letters.[1] James Kibler suggests that one reason that Simms may have ...
The Vision of Cortes, Cain, and Other Poems.
Poetry | James S. Burges, 44 Queen Street | 1829
The Vision of Cortes, Cain, and Other Poems, Simms's fourth separate publication, was issued in the summer of 1829. Like his three previous works, it is a volume of poetry. Comprised primarily of the three long poems “The Vision of Cortes,” “Cain,” and “Ashley River,” the volume also contains a number of shorter works, some of which had been previously published in other venues. The subject matter of the volume ranges widely, moving from the title poem, which recalls in verse the 1518 expedition of Hernán Cortés into Mexico, to an ode to South Carolina’s ...
The Wigwam and the Cabin
Short Stories | Redfield | 1856
Originally published by Wiley and Putnam in two volumes—the first series in October 1845 and the second in February 1846—for the Library of American Books series, The Wigwam and the Cabin is a collection of border stories about the southwestern frontier. Simms best summarized the collection in a dedicatory letter to his father-in-law for the 1856 Redfield edition: “One word for the material of these legends. It is local, sectional—and to be national in literature, one must needs be sectional. No one mind can fully or fairly illustrate the characteristics of any great ...
Voltmeier; or, The Mountain Men
Novel (Romance) | U of South Carolina P | 1969
Judging by a letter he wrote to his friend Evert Augustus Duyckinck in December 1868, William Gilmore Simms considered Voltmeier, his forthcoming Mountain Romance, to be, “in some respects, one of the most remarkable books I have ever written,” and “among the most excellent of my prose writings.”[1] Part of the Border Romance series, the novel was inspired by the story of the infamous Allen Twitty, “a highly respected member of a prominent family noted for public service,” whose indictment and sensational trials for counterfeiting between 1805 and 1815 became a cause célèbre ...
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Judging by a letter he wrote to his friend Evert Augustus Duyckinck in December 1868, William Gilmore Simms considered Voltmeier, his forthcoming Mountain Romance, to be, “in some respects, one of the most remarkable books I have ever written,” and “among the most excellent of my prose writings.”[1] Part of the Border Romance series, the novel was inspired by the story of the infamous Allen Twitty, “a highly respected member of a prominent family noted for public service,” whose indictment and sensational trials for counterfeiting between 1805 and 1815 became a cause célèbre ...
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Tarnopol Jewish Deaths (1845-1869) database, fond 701, series 01, volume 328, number 67. The original records are held in Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv (TsDIAL) and were added to this search engine on 3 September 2018. The Gesher Galicia unique record ID is GG-tarnopol_d_1845_1869_701_1_328_331_332_334-3476.
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This construction film includes some snapshots which were undertaken to construct the basement of a high rise structure.
In order to develop a basement, you should follow the right procedures so that the building becomes strong and long lasting. Each building requires a good foundation. To make a robust foundation, it must be constructed on solid soil as well as expanded below the frost line.
If water flows underneath a foundation of a house and it frosts, it can elevate even the heaviest houses. It will lead to major structural damage to your home. In most localities, there exist a Residential Building Code that should be adhered while developing a basement. It will guide you to discover the depth your foundation that should be below the frost line.
A basement is constructed with concrete block, poured concrete, pre-cast concrete, or even treated wood for all houses or locations.
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Blue Rock Beach Resort, Part I of II - Accommodations - SleepEatGolf.com
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Blue Rock Beach Resort, Part I of II — Accommodations
December 18, 2013 Chris Haberski Leave a comment
TYPE: Full Service Beach Resort Hotel
RESERVATIONS: Required
ROOM TYPES: Standard Back (3), Deluxe Back (9), Standard Beach Front (5), Beach Front with Lounge (1), Beach Front (2), Deluxe Beach Front (7), Superior Beach Front (8), Executive Beach Front (4), Junior Suite Beach Front (1) and Junior Suite Pool Side (1)
RATES: See Attached PDF, Prices as of Nov. 23, 2013
PAYMENT: Cash/Credit Card
LOCAL PHONE #: (047) 224-9042
ROOM SERVICE: Available, Full Restaurant Menu 24hrs.
LOCATION: See Map Below
View Blue Rock Beach Resort in a larger map
Beachside Vacation So Close, Yet So Far Away
I’ve had many opportunities to visit Subic over the many years I’ve stayed in the Philippines but always declined the short trip. Having lived in California beach towns for over a decade and having already visited Boracay, Philippines I figured I’d reached the pinnacle and wasn’t missing out on too much.
The one year anniversary with my girlfriend was fast approaching and I had no plans and a limited budget. I finally decided that this would be a nice anniversary gift and it would be relatively inexpensive way to get out of town for a few days. I broke down and made us room reservations at Blue Rock Beach Resort, which by many accounts is one of the top spots to stay for a Subic visit. The restaurant is well reviewed (coming soon in Part II) and they have a large floating bar just offshore during the dry season (late November through April/May).
Years ago Subic Bay was home to a large U.S. Navy base but this has since ceased and it is now an economic freeport zone, though joint Naval drills and activities with the U.S. and Filipino armed forces are still practiced on a yearly basis. While the Philippines is comprised of over 7000 islands Angeles City is not one of the beach front towns. Subic Bay/Olongapo City is the closest beach destination and is located a short hour drive from Angeles.
Angeles City To/From Subic Transportation
Getting to Subic from Angeles City is fairly simple as a couple hotels offer shuttle services on a daily basis for about 1000 pesos round trip (about $23.25). Travel via private car, public bus and even motorbike are options, but each of these methods would require some additional research, planning and expense.
We took the Southern Cross Shuttle Service from the Brass Knob Hotel in Angeles and we arrived in Subic less than an hour later. The drop off point was Wild Orchid resort and Blue Rock was just a short walk away.
Getting back was just as easy. We simply walked back over to Wild Orchid at the departure time and got on the bus back to Angeles City where we were dropped off on the highway to a waiting car that took us to our desired destination.
Superior Beach Front Room
I had booked a Superior Beach Front Room due to my late decision in making the trip and it being the cheapest room available. This is one of the higher priced rooms at Blue Rock Beach Resort at 3,150 pesos (around $73.25) a night , so I had high expectations.
My first impression upon entering the room was that it was much smaller and not quite as modern as I had anticipated. I hadn’t seen a non-flat screen TV in years! The room looked like it was overdue for a major renovation.
Having been the victim of a robbery in a hotel room before I’m very safety conscience. The door to the room was a hollow, plastic door that you could practically see through when the sun hit it at sundown. The door also had some repairs/modifications done to it. It had a push button keyed lock and a safety chain, both of these mechanisms provide minimal security for a room steps away from the open beach, away from the main restaurant/bar area on the ground floor. Surprisingly the window locks seemed good. Even though these shortcomings were a disappointment from my safety standard I felt I was in a safe area and didn’t have much to worry about.
Once you entered the room there was a large cabinet with toiletries, mini-bar snacks, a refrigerator with drinks and small sitting area with table and chairs.
The in-room safe was secured inside this cabinet, but was placed in a position that makes it easy to crack by accessing the back. I didn’t trust it to hold my valuables and money combined with the door/lock situation.
Just around the corner of the cabinet which divided the sitting area and the sleeping area was the bed which had a mirror on the ceiling and a full body mirror on the opposite side of the cabinet. I was slightly disappointed in the overall cleanliness. The fan was filthy with dust as were the tops of all the cabinets and the queen size bed frame had two stains on the headboard. The bedding was extremely thin and there is no blanket.
We were provided with two thin towels, which doesn’t seem to be enough for a beach resort, soap and some glasses. The bathroom was of decent size as was the shower which was actually closed off from the rest of the bathroom keeping the floor dry. The bathroom fixtures were not nearly big enough for holding toiletries and it would’ve been nice to have some additional shelving.
Overall Room Assessment
While the room didn’t live up to my expectations I wasn’t completely disappointed. The view from my window was spectacular and it was literally a few steps from the beach.
I didn’t anticipate spending a lot of time in the room anyway other than for sleeping. I also had the added benefit of being in possession of a discount card that gave me 10% off each night. This trip was also an anniversary gift so spending the extra money on a room closer to the water was worth it for this special occasion. These factors contributed significantly to keeping me a happy guest.
On a future visit I would reserve the cheapest room available (no deposit or credit card necessary) and then see the room and other available rooms upon arrival before making a final choice. If nothing was to my liking, I’d check out the neighboring hotels which seem to have similar or slightly higher prices but appeared to be newer and more modern. This could backfire if you don’t have a room reserved for your entire stay and is a gamble during busy times.
If you want to stay directly on the water then Blue Rock Beach Resort is definitely worth a look. They have over 40 rooms and I’d suggest staying in the least expensive room you can book as my experience is that:
You won’t be spending much time in the room
The higher priced rooms don’t seem to be of great value
Resort Amenities
Other than heading out one time we spent virtually all of our three days at Blue Rock Beach Resort and ate most of our meals here. Part II of my review of the this resort will focus on the restaurant, bar, floating bar and other activities available.
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Rating: 10.0/10 (3 votes cast)
Blue Rock Beach Resort, Part I of II -- Accommodations, 10.0 out of 10 based on 3 ratings
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SMARTBRIDGE Trading Solutions PVT LTD(estd : 2005, ISO 9001:2008 Co) is a multi-process business process consulting and management company based in NOIDA, India with an additional office in Clear Water, Florida.
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metaphacts and Ontotext build a solution providing highly interlinked information across various data sources and offering a modular approach to R&D data discovery and knowledge consumption.
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Ontotext Builds a Knowledge Graph Powered Connected Inventory for a Global Bank
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BBC Uses Semantic Publishing to Power the FIFA World Cup Website
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NOW – News On The Web
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dislike? This is a ranked list of all songs about outer space, as voted on by music fans like you. Wormholes. Music Quiz / Billboard Artists: Songs About Planets Random Music or Artist Quiz Can you name the artists with a Billboard Hot 100 hit that contains the name of a planet? This week's traditional Wednesday Question saw the people of UG community discussing the matter of the greatest songs about outer space ever. Try these fun Space songs for kids. Mercury Venus and the Earth, Mars Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus Neptune and Pluto, Orbiting the sun. Jupiter has more than double the mass of all the other planets combined. Kids Songs Videos By Parent This is a song for children about the 8 planets in our solar system. The Sun isn't a planet, it's a star. Stevie Wonder didnât just write a song about plants, he recorded an entire album. Earthâs atmosphere protects us from meteoroids and radiation from the Sun. 3 0. scheidbach. Lv 4. Dwarf planets are the same as normal planets, just smaller. An educational video all about the planets. Words: Mischa Pearlman . 14 Songs About Space That Are Out Of This World. Mercury. Space songs are always inspiring to listen to. Galaxies. Observable Universe. Here comes the sun - Beatles. Countdown to Blastoff, by Jack Hartmann Ship to the moon - Radiohead. Second, the song is conceptually about Mars, even if it doesn't specifically mention that word. Astrology! 1979âs Stevie Wonderâs Journey Through âThe Secret Life of Plantsâ was recorded for a documentary of the same name that featured time-lapse footage of plants growing. Gravity. Ask your little one to pick one of his favorite constellations, and help him or her trace it on the cardboard. Like the ones we experience when we admire the Moon, the Sun, space, stars, planets, faraway unexplored worlds. 3.36111. There have been more missions to Mars than any other planet. Answer. 7 8 9. Planets. â9 Songs About the Planets and Pluto Tooâ features music courtesy of Gallant, Lady Gaga, Mac Miller, and Sufjan Stevens among others. These songs can be used with Preschool, Pre-K, Kindergarten kids during a Space theme. Pages: 1; 2 » We've recently added. Wiki User Answered . These songs are collected from You Tube. Primary School Songs for KS1 and KS2 about Space, the Planets and Apollo 11. The Planets is a song from the cartoon of the same name from episode 32 of Animaniacs.In it, Yakko names all the planets of the solar system...well, almost all of them. Time Travel. Yes. Some of the songs below include Life On Mars by David Bowie, Venus and Mars by Wings, and Mars Attacks by Aesop Rock. Author: Katy Simpson-Davies. BBC Teach. νικά ÐÑлгаÑÑки Ð ÑÑÑкий СÑпÑки اÙعربÙØ© ÙØ§Ø±Ø³Û æ¥æ¬èª íêµì´ Home » Lesson plans » Level 1. BQ: Mars Volta, like? This list features the best songs about science, ranked by music lovers like you. BBC School Radio. All you need is black or dark blue construction paper, small pompom balls for crafts, a white crayon, and glue. Here are 10 songs of artists who found their inspiration in space and its mysteries. 4 years ago. Itâs colorful, fun and a great learning tool for toddlers, kindergartners and parents. Average: 3.4 (72 votes) This skills-based lesson explores the theme of space. The entire "Planets Suite" by Holst. The Nine Planets has been online since 1994 and was one of the first multimedia websites that appeared on the World Wide Web. Facts about the Planets. Songs with moon, sun or planets in the title? Black Holes. Many of the science songs that you will find on this list are written by rock stars, but others are written by rappers. 2011-02-16 01:29:23 2011-02-16 01:29:23 . As early as Ancient Greece, Pythagoras believed in something called the "harmony of the spheres". Achetez neuf ou d'occasion The planets for kids provides information suitable for toddlers, preschoolers, KS1 and KS2. For a customized playlist that is out of this world, we have a huge list of songs about stars, rockets, planets, and space right here -- in this list of pop, rock, country, and classic favorites. BBC School Radio. I am thirsty. Space â the sun, moon, stars and planets . The Moon isn't a planet, it's a 'satellite' {shame, as I have a great song list!} Some of the songs included below may have the words "travel" in the lyrics or title, while others are only about traveling the world as a subject or theme. You are here. Noté /5. 3rd Planet - Modest Mouse. There are. Let the football games begin with this football-themed collection of country songs. Live On Other Planets vient au travers de deux disques retracer la setlist des concerts donnés avant le confinement général. by coreywurts Plays Quiz not verified by Sporcle . Dan Tyminski, the singer on Avicii's "Hey Brother" is the same guy who sang lead vocal on "A Man Of ⦠A song can qualify to be on this in two ways. Space â the sun, moon, stars and planets. Top Answer. Planets. Are there songs about the planets? by Maria Sherman. All three of these topics are covered on this unique, nine-song playlist, 9 Songs About the Planets and Pluto Too. The Secret Life of Plants â Stevie Wonder. 1. ⦠11 Great Songs About Aliens And UFOs That Are Out Of This World. Venus. Whether you're throwing a Super Bowl party or preparing a pigskin playlist for your tailgating festivities, you can't go wrong with these popular country tunes about 100 yards of action on the field -- ⦠Well, we are done exploring the Solar System. ⦠Primary School Songs about Space, the Planets and Apollo 11 for KS1 and KS2. So, most of these deal with love and whatever, but metaphorically, they're space jams!!! ALL PLANETS We're the planets in the Solar System Different sizes for every one The music never ends We are such good friends And we all orbit the sun. BQ: Jupiter * * * * * * * * * @Soul of Woman : "The Dark Side of the Moon" is an album, not a song. Science! 'Planets of the Universe' ~ Steive Nicks 'Planet of New Orleans' ~ Dire Straits. Planets are made up of mostly the same things as stars and ⦠Tags : About Gas Planets, About Rocky Planets, All about Exoplanets, Dwarf Planets. Hey BrotherAvicii. Mercuryâs craters are named after famous artists, musicians and authors. Jump aboard the mothership with the greatest examples of alien-based rock music . Planets for Kids-Solar System for Kids-Space Facts for Kids-Solar System Information-Planets. A few of these tracks are about modes of transportation, while others are simply about traveling, whether it's a cruise on the ocean or a hike across the country. Songfacts category - Songs about space. If your little one is learning about space, planets, and the constellations in English, this activity could be very helpful! Songs and rhymes main index. With Teacher Notes, downloads and backing tracks. ...; K-drama OSTs (2020) All OSTs of 2020 K- dramas Songs for quarantine We are all supposed to isolate ourselves and refrain from meeting other people...; Eurovision Song Contest 2020 The 65th annual Eurovision Song Contest was scheduled to be held in Rotterdam, ...; Songs about COVID-19 - part 1 This is collection of songs about COVID-19 and pandemia in any language. Let's explore the rest of the Milky Way Galaxy. Songs or other musical forms influenced by the concept of outer space have appeared in music throughout history, both in instrumental and vocal pieces with lyrics. Planets are made up of mostly the same things as stars and moons, and with millions upon billions of them (we believe), it really is mind boggling to try and understand how many planets there are in the universe.. Up until recently we knew of only 8 planets in our solar system, however this is not the case anymore. BuzzFeed Contributor. After all, who honestly thought mankind would ever take to the sky and travel the universe? First, the song has Mars in the title or lyrics, or some close variation of that word. Daft Punk â Contact [Random Access Memories] Universe. Retrouvez Songs For the Water Dragon / Poems For Plants & Planets / and Others et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Asked by Wiki User. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system. BBC Teach. Play them on a computer projector or play audio only through the computer. Sung to: "One little, Two little, Three little Indians" One little two little three little planets, Four little five little six little planets, Seven little eight little nine little planets, Orbiting the sun. The songs are accompanied by Teacher Notes. Read Full Article. Take an interactive tour of the solar system, or browse the site to find fascinating information, facts, and data about our planets, the solar system, and beyond. Mythology! favourite song of theirs. Un coffret Deluxe offrant un troisième disque, « Bully For You » â Supergrass Live At The Bullingdon Arms 21st August 2020 est également disponible sur leur site. Nevertheless, when it comes to composing or listening to music, emotions take over. A lot of the best songs about science feature innovative sounds and samples. On by music fans like you music fans like you unexplored worlds let the games! As early as Ancient Greece, Pythagoras believed in something called the `` harmony of the greatest examples alien-based... About space, stars and planets explore the rest of the Milky Way Galaxy a computer projector or play only... Provides information suitable for toddlers, kindergartners and parents discussing the matter of the science that... The sky and travel the universe jams!!!!!!!!!!!!!. Song list! the computer and a great song list! mankind would ever take to sky! Pluto, Orbiting the sun the cardboard these fun space songs for the Water Dragon / Poems for plants planets! The ones we experience when we admire the moon, sun or planets in the Solar System the of. Of the greatest songs about outer space ever something called the `` of... Out of this World nine-song playlist, 9 songs about Aliens and UFOs are! Wonder didnât just write a song about plants, he recorded an entire.! Colorful, fun and a great learning tool for toddlers, kindergartners and parents lovers like.! About the planets and Apollo 11 for KS1 and KS2 that are Out of this World collection of country.. 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Filters manufactured specifically for masks are normally bought separately and infrequently produced from soften-blown nanofibres , which might filter microscopic particles similar to these utilized in industrial and medical-grade masks. Valved masksbe wary when shopping for a masks with a valve as plenty of the time the valve only filters air coming in, and never the air you exhale, which negates the point. Some of the higher-tech masks which have been manufactured since the pandemic began could filter each ways, however this isn’t the norm. Cloth masks, the ones most probably to feature enjoyable and cute designs, are the least efficient masks on their own.
N95s are still in short supply and should be reserved for medical professionals who need them most, but good high quality KN95s, together with those accredited by the FDA, are widely obtainable to most of the people. Surgical masks are also good for helping cease coarse and nice airborne mucus particles from coughs and sneezes from escaping and infecting others. They also forestall you from contaminating yourself by touching your nose and mouth. Surgical masks are good for on a regular basis wear when you keep six ft away from others. Dust Masks These range from comparatively primary, to higher-filtration masks for construction work, much like these utilized in medical settings. Most are single or restricted use and have exhalation valves, which make it easier to breath but do not filter the air you breath out.
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Despite its sturdy really feel, however, the cotton doesn’t filter nicely on its own, so you might need to bolster it with your own filter. A close-up of the outer layer of the all-cotton Proper Cloth Everyday Mask, which Colorado State University researchers tested in December 2020. As with its internal layer, the weave of this material is noticeably denser than that of the outer layer of the cotton-linen-blend version of the masks. The lab doesn’t check masks on a mannequin as a result of fit varies a lot from individual to individual. Airflow is generated inside an air chamber and drawn via the portion of the masks that’s sometimes worn over the nostril and mouth.
Legitimate N95 masks are accredited by the CDC’s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and have stamped on them unique figuring out numbers that can be confirmed on the company’s website. The newest iteration of the Banana Republic Face Mask maintains the same swimsuit-materials-like outer layer as the primary Banana Republic masks we initially really helpful, but the inside layer is now a cotton-like polyester. The dense Banana Republic mask blocked extra droplets than any other mask when we examined all the candidates with out filters inserted—and it even did better than all besides the Graf Lantz after we tested all of the candidates with their filters inside. The trade-off, of course, is that the material is sort of dense and fewer breathable, which can be a dealbreaker for some individuals.
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Remarkably I was still harvesting carrots the last week of November- lucky us. The longer carrots remain in the ground during colder months, the sweeter they become; a sweet reminder for me to plant a larger harvest come spring. I absolutely adore pureed soups, creamy and velvety without the cream. This soup is perfect for fending off the sniffles; turmeric, garlic and curry are all known to help ward off stubborn winter colds, helping to ramp up your immune system. Due to the mild winter we have been experiencing I still have plenty of thyme in the garden - the earthy thyme pairs extremely well with the sweet carrots & warm spices.
A quick soup to make during the week that really takes no time at all, perfect for those nights when you are just too exhausted to make an elaborate meal but still crave something warm and filling. During the month of December I double up on my healthy eating habits- with all the sweets and rich meals during the holiday's it's nice to have few healthy easy to make recipes that balance out those rich & decadent meals & treats.
What are your healthy eating tips this time of year?
Garlicky Roasted Carrot Soup
makes 4 servings - easily doubled
you will need:
1/2 red onion, roughly chopped
5 medium carrots, roughly chopped
3 garlic cloves, peeled and roughly chopped
1 tbsp canola or coconut oil
salt
1/2 tsp turmeric
1/2 tsp curry
1 tsp fresh thyme, woody stems removed
4 cups water
assembly:
pre heat oven to 425*
Toss onions, carrots and garlic with the oil and evenly spread on a large rimmed sheet pan. Roast in the oven for 20-25 minutes or until tender and caramelized.
Remove from the oven and add roasted veggies to a medium soup pot - add spices, salt (to taste), thyme & water. Bring soup to a boil and simmer for 5 minutes. Remove from heat and blend with an immersion blender or in batches in your blender with the top vented.
Ladle into bowl and season with salt and pepper to taste and additional thyme if desired.
Enjoy!
Yum
Posted by smbp at 8:00 AM
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Labels: dinner, garden, gluten free, soup, winter
159 comments:
Richa December 12, 2013 at 1:45 PM
gorgeous color of the soup! most of our plants died last week because of the 10 deg f weather for 3 days. all my beans, greens and most herbs. :( i am trying to revive some.
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Eileen December 12, 2013 at 2:40 PM
This is making me want to go plant some carrots right now! Although it might be just a touch early. :) Simple & flavorful vegetable soups like this are the best. So perfect for winter!
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Gerlinde in Washington December 12, 2013 at 2:52 PM
This is such a lovely recipe. I like how you roasted the veggies first!
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Kier December 12, 2013 at 6:03 PM
I love all carrot soups! Roasted a mix of veggies right now and the aroma is absolutely intoxicating! YUM! Cannot wait for dinner!
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Gabby @ the veggie nook December 13, 2013 at 10:28 AM
YUM! Carrot soup is honestly one of my favourites, especially when paired with warming spices. I made one last year with coconut milk, but I would love to try this lighter version :)
P.S. I apologize for being a horrible blogger friend recently :( I'm hoping to have more time to devote to my online life soon though, because I miss you!!!
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Willow Arlen December 15, 2013 at 1:04 PM
Mmm, this soup sounds perfect for a day like today. We just finished digging ourselves out of the driveway, and all I want to do is curl up under a blanket with something warm!
I've been trying to up my healthy food intake this holiday season, too, but it's been a little hit or miss... for some reason, I keep making really decadent sweets, and then going to big family dinners. I would say one of the things that has helped me, though, is remembering to drink lots of water, and eat warm soups like this that fill you up and keep you hydrated. Helps keep me from over-eating on the sweet stuff (a little, at least). :)
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Adam December 17, 2013 at 2:38 PM
This sounds like a great soup, I'm going to have to try it out!
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Shari - Shari's SimplyGluten Free December 21, 2013 at 6:23 PM
I love carrot soup, but a roasted carrot soup must be better. Thanks for sharing!
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Genevieve December 22, 2013 at 1:10 PM
I love pureed soups too, and carrots with garlic and spices sounds perfect for this time of year with everyone getting the sniffles! Its nice to have a batch something healthy like this around for quick and easy meals too during the busy holidays.
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Unknown December 26, 2013 at 1:33 AM
This garlicky roasted carrot soup recipe looks wickedly different and tasty! I'm vegan and am always on the lookout for such recipes. Simple recipes can be learned by anybody in no time.
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Unknown December 27, 2013 at 12:52 AM
Ooh this soup looks like exactly what I need right now. Light and delicious. Soups & super leafy green salads are my go-to when I start to feel bloated from all the holiday food fun. I will definitely be making this one in the next couple days!
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Gena January 5, 2014 at 9:02 AM
Yum! This soup is absolutely lovely.
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شركة النجوم للخدمات المنزلية November 23, 2021 at 10:08 AM
تنسيق الحدائق المنزلية من الامور الممتعة وهي غالبا تتطلب فقط تنظيم وترتيب الفضاء بحيث تستغل كل فراغ في الحديقة وتمزج بين الالوان للحصول على منظر جميل من النباتات
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نحتاج إلى إبقاء الخزان الجديد في نفس الحالة لفترة طويلة من خلال تعقيم المياه في الخزان أولاً ، حيث أن الخزان الجديد خالٍ تمامًا من الرواسب والفطريات. مع إدخال الماء ، لا يوجد مجال لدخول الفيروسات إلى الخزان ، لذلك يجب توخي الحذر للتأكد من أن الماء معقم وحرص على إبقاء الخزان لأطول فترة ممكنة.
أفضل شركة تنظيف خزانات بالطائف لتنظيف جميع انواع الخزانات بمهارة
شركة تنظيف خزانات بالطائف
نظافة وجمال منزلك خير دليل على نظافة الجدران حيث ينكشف بسرعة أكبر قدر من الأوساخ والغبار والأوساخ ، كما نقوم بتنظيف الجدران بالطلاء والمواد الحافظة للجدران وتنظيفها بكفاءة عالية. تستخدمين أفضل وأقوى وأسلم المنظفات لصحتك ، والتي تحتوي أيضًا على عطر ذكي يعزز جمال المكان. يبدأ التنظيف بغسل جميع أنواع الجدران سواء كانت دهانات أو دريوال أو جميع أنواع ورق الحائط.
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http://sundaymorningbananapancakes.yummly.com/2013/12/garlicky-roasted-carrot-soup.html?showComment=1608079641867
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What links here Page: Namespace: all (Main) Talk User User talk Super-wiki Super-wiki talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Invert selection
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When you press back or home within an application on your Android Device, the application does not completely close – it is still running in the background on your device. Exiting an application on an Android device is the equivalent of minimizing a screen in windows. There are several reasons it may be helpful to […]
Android: Recently Updated Security Code Issues
September 26, 2013
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by: admin
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Categories: General
If you recently updated the security code on your application, but are not seeing the correct “Title Representative” contact details populated/updated, you may need to restart your device. Please completely turn off, and then turn back on your mobile device To prevent the issue from recurring in the future, there may be an update available […]
Password Requirements: No Special Characters
July 19, 2012
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by: admin
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Categories: General
We recently discovered a glitch affecting passwords that contain special characters (ex: @, #, $, $). Special characters are transformed into a different string of characters, which results in a problem with authentication (users will receive an error message indicating their username/password could not be validated). Recommendation: Use only alphanumeric passwords (letters, and numbers, no […]
PropertyForce – Version 1.6 in development!
October 19, 2010
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by: admin
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Tags: PropertyForce Mobile
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Categories: General
More improvements are underway in version 1.6. We are creating fixes for the following bugs: Getting the GPS position can be too slow due to excessive delay between gps position reads. When the GPS code takes a long time, opening and closing the map will occasionally prompt a cupMarker NULL error. We’ll let you know […]
iOS – How to update an iPhone, iPad Application
October 18, 2010
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by: admin
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Categories: Apple, General
Updating applications is easy and fast to do. To update your application, you will need to have it previously installed on your device (if you do not already have the applciation installed, please refer to this article on how to download an application) From the Home Screen of your device, open the “App Store“ In […]
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Bulk email marketing is a way to reach prospective customers and to stay in communication with existing clients. It has become a big business over the last years what is quite justified. Bulk email marketing provides companies and organizations with a great possibility to advertise and sell their products and services. Sending letters to prospects and customers via email is quicker and less expensive than traditional bulk postage mail. Plus, you can easily contact people in all parts of the world and your growing email list will be bringing you more sales. With all that, bulk email marketing has one main disadvantage – unsolicited emails, often labeled as spam. Unsolicited emails are the emails that the recipient didn’t request. If one sends the messages to someone else without his permission, those emails are classified as spam. Sending spam can ruin the company’s reputation as people usually blame this type of mail received without their consent.
So, to accomplish a focused, targeted, and effective bulk email campaign that will bring you the results, you should consider some points before implementing it. The key to success is to follow some rules when planning your campaign.
Email Marketing Objectives
Decide on what you will tell to your audience, what you want to achieve with your email campaign. Is it a newsletter for establishing a relationship with your prospect customers, or is it a sales-oriented letter for your existing clients? Do you want to generate leads, bring more traffic to your web site, inspire the loyalty, or increase sales?
Building Your Email List
Don’t buy ready-made lists of email addresses from a source that you don’t know well. Don’t use email harvester software to collect the email addresses from web sites. The best approved way to build your own mailing list is to design a sing-in form on your web page. People who visit your site and are interested in learning more about your products and services will leave you their email addresses. Over time you’ll build a database of subscribers who signed up to hear from you. If you segment your subscribers depending on their preferences, you’ll need to design multiple email messages to send more relevant information to each audience.
Don’t Sell at Once
Don’t start selling in the first letter. In your first emails you should talk about the customers’ problems and provide some useful information about your business. If you sell software, inform people about the latest releases, and include software reviews that you have read. Always keep the content of your emails in line with what people signed up for. Be careful at declaring that you are the solution for them until they have some trust and faith for you. You can remind them of your services at the end of your message.
Personalize Your Message
Your email message will look more professional and reputable if you personalize it by addressing your subscriber by name. A personalized message makes the impression that you value every subscriber and thoroughly prepared your email campaign.
Write in the Informal and Comprehensive Manner
Don’t make your message content too official and abstruse. Keep to the informal tone of writing. But don’t make it too chatty either. Find the golden mean. Write like you are telling a story. Avoid direct commands and obstinate requests. Include advices and suggestions by using the phrases like “In our experience…”, We discovered, Our research shows etc.
Avoid using big attachments. They increase the size of your message and take some time to download. You should better unload the file that you intend to attach to your web site and give the link to it in your message. Those recipients who would be interested to see the attachment will download the file onto their computers. If you use links within the message, make sure they are working. Don’t use too many I and We in your message. Don’t focus much on yourself or your company regalia. Nobody is interested in your personal information. The content must be relevant and meet the customer’s interests.
Your subject line. It should be short and to the point.
And finally, how are people supposed to unsubscribe from your email list? Don’t forget to provide them with an unsubscribe link somewhere in your message.
Make it a rule to always read your email copy several times before you send it out. A nice idea is to have someone else read your message with a fresh look. It’s better to discover and correct any possible mistake and typos beforehand rather than make your subscribers feel you lack precision.
Manage Bounces and Unsubscribes
You should be ready to receive bounced messages. People change the email addresses from to time and they may not notify you about it. So, you shouldn’t expect that your email message will reach all your subscribers. Remove bounced email addresses and the emails addresses of those recipients who unsubscribed from your database or mailing list. This will help you maintain a database of those customers and prospects only who really want to hear from you.
So, it turns out that the route to effective email marketing is not so easy and simple. You should spend some efforts and time to achieve a success with your bulk email campaign. But it’s worth it, isn’t it?
Author okerPosted on May 5, 2014 May 13, 2014 Categories Marketing
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Highlight the gradual increase in the number of autonomous, corporations and the decline for third consecutive month of unemployment data
Spain, June 12, 2013 – The Minister of Employment and the Economy of the regional executive, Carmen Home, said today that the Law on Entrepreneurs, both in its regional and national responds to the needs of entrepreneurs and help accelerate the development of our economy.
In this regard, he said that there were many obstacles that previously prevented the employer was launched to start a business, but now, thanks to the measures taken, any entrepreneur can start your project with a simple communication prior or statement charge, making all the arrangements in the same website, you will not risk all their personal assets and pay VAT on invoices that have not been collected. In his view, these measures will contribute to that those entrepreneurs who had doubts, definitely are launched into the world of entrepreneurship.
On trade, Casero said the Governments objective is Cospedal modernize the sector and increase competitiveness. As an example of this commitment, Casero recalled the launch of two lines worth 2.5 million euros to cover the cost of salaries for workers who are employed by small businesses during the twelve Sundays or holidays that can open their doors annually, or overtime pay if the worker is already part of the template.
Within this line of support, Casero also highlighted the five actions under the Investment Plan and Employment Creation on the introduction of new technologies and the use of electronic commerce, the promotion of quality in trade, with the intended enhance the design of products that can be marketed, promoting priority trade areas, and the establishment of cooperatives between business formulas that make the sector.
Good economic data During an interview in Castilla-La Mancha Television, Home has been worth that freelancers in our region continue to exist high, the pace of hiring good-more than one million contracts since the beginning of the legislature, and the index of corporations, superior in creating regarding business mortality, as well as more than 200 people a day in recent months have found a job.
Finally, the Minister of Employment and the Economy has also stressed that macroeconomic data indicate that things are changing. Sales of industrial production in Castilla-La Mancha, the increase in sales of commercial vehicles or business confidence index indicate that the situation is corrected and we glimpse a better future, he concluded.
Press Contact: Consejeria de Empleo y Economia Media Relations Consejeria de Empleo y Economia Address: Avda Ireland No 14 512-212-1139 http://www.castillalamancha.es/gobierno/empleoyeconomia
Author okerPosted on July 5, 2015 August 24, 2014 Categories Advertising & MarketingTags Carmen Home, Press Contact Consejeria, VAT
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An Electrical project isn't something you want to leave to amateurs. After all, the safety of your family, home or business may be at risk. Improper wiring can be very dangerous and can lead to fires, putting everyone at risk. Let the professional Medford electricians at Sylvia Electrical see to it that your electrical job is done properly, on time and up-to-code.
When will you need the services of Medford electrical contractor companies or Medford electricians? The truth is that all of us are benefiting from the services of electrical contractors companies and electricians twenty four hours a day, seven days a week without being aware of it. Medford electrician and electrical contractors provide homeowners with electrical repairs, panel upgrades, interior lighting, outdoor lighting and recessed lighting.
Whether you are a residential, commercial or industrial client, a full service electrical contractor company provides all possible electrical services you will ever need. To ensure complete electrical safety, never entrust your electrical needs to anyone less than a licensed full service licensed Medford electrician or Medford electrical contractor.
Want to make a smart choice for you and Mother Nature. Make the switch to smarter more cost-effective way to use new green electrical innovations. A licensed electrician in Medford can help you switch to a greener way to run appliances, replace outlets, and energy efficient ceiling fan installations.
Please contact us for a free electrical estimate. Let our licensed, insured electricians help you make the right decisions.
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The aim of this project is to evaluate how we experience data through different modalities. The modalities used for the data representations will be; Visual, Tactile and Haptic. The source data will be the same for each representation. This data is the most recent global air pollution figures collected by The World Health Organisation. This database contains results of ‘urban outdoor air pollution monitoring’ from almost 1100 cities in 91 countries. For the purposes of this project the data from six countries were chosen to be represented (Ireland, Greece, Turkey, India, Egypt and the United Kingdom). The selection of these countries was based on the date of data collection (all were collected in 2009) as well as the variation in results, the six countries range from 15 to 138 annual mean PM10 ug/m3.
Country Annual mean PM10 ug/m3
Ireland 15
India 109
Greece 44
Egypt 138
Turkey 66
United Kingdom 23
This project will involve collecting and collating a dataset, designing and implementing three separate data representations, evaluating a group of research participants experience while using the artefacts and finally analysing and publishing the findings of this study. The three data representations that will be produced include two bespoke artefacts; DATA STACKER (tactile) and DATABOX (haptic) both of these artefacts are discussed in detail below. The other representation will use a traditional method of representation data i.e. Bar Graph. The method of evaluation that will be used is the Repertory Grid Technique. Further details of this study will be presented soon.
Bar Graph (Visual)
DATA STACKER (tactile)
DATABOX (haptic)
DATA BOX
DATA BOX is an interactive responsive object that triggers haptic feedback, in the form ‘knocking’ that represents elements within a dataset. Each face carries a printed code, which is linked to field within the dataset. When you scan each face, DATA BOX responds immediately by knocking on the interior of the box. The user will hear the sound as well as feel the vibrations created by this knocking. The frequency of the knocks will be predetermined by the data. DATA BOX can store the data from all 6 countries at any one time (one country from each face) When the code on the face is scanned the name of the country is displayed on a LCD monitor and the internal electronic mechanism begins to knock. The frequency of knock is determined by the rate of pollution i.e. Ireland 15 knocks per minute with represents the annual mean PM10 ug/m3. This knocking will continue until you scan a different face.
DATABOX (haptic)
System Design
The DATABOX will incorporate many different technologies in order to function. There will be three main elements; a physical cube, a scanning station and a base station. The cube will incorporate a knocking mechanism and QR codes that will be read at the scanning station and all the functionality will be synchronized using a laptop.
http://vimeo.com/30398686
http://vimeo.com/30398415
The cube may be 3D printed using Polypropylene or constructed out of wood. The knocking mechanism will be made using a 12v Solenoid that will be controlled by an Arduino, which will communicate wirelessly to the laptop. The scanning station will incorporate a standard PC Webcam and a 12-character LDC display to inform the user of the country choice. The station will also use a proximity sensor in order to only scan for QR codes when the cube is below the webcam. Once a code has been detected it communicates the same information to the Arduino in the cube and the Arduino controlling the LCD display. Then the knocking mechanism will begin to knock at the appropriate rate and the LCD will display the name of the country.
Materials
2 Arduino boards, 1K resistor, 3K resistor, TIP120 transistor, 1N4004 diode, External battery supply, 12v solenoid, 2 Xbees, LCD Display & An Infrared Proximity Sensor.
DATA STACKER
This piece was inspired by the tactile quality of children’s stacking rings. DATA STACKER includes six blocks which can be stacked up on one another in any order the user wishes. Each blocks represents the air pollution figures of the following countries; Ireland, Greece, Turkey, India, Egypt and the United Kingdom. The blocks may be easily disassembled and compared with one another.
`Inspired by a childrens stacker
DATA STACKER (tactile)
DATA STACKER uses the length and width of each block to represent the data of from each country. All other elements are identical in each block, including the material (all blocks are made from MDF with a transparent varnish) the height is also common across all the blocks.
DATA STACKER (from side)
DATA STACKER (from top)
DATA STACKER (from perspective)
Categories: Arduino, Data Visualisation, Practice, Proce55ing | Permalink
September 28, 2011
by trevorhogan
1 Comment
iHCI Conference 2011
I presented a poster and paper at the Irish Human Interaction Conference 8th & 9th September 2011. The title of my paper was “Human-Data Relations and the Lifeworld” This minor study was conducted in order to help me to classify … Continue reading →
Categories: Data Visualisation, Theory | Permalink
July 5, 2011
by trevorhogan
0 comments
David Bowen:: Tele-Present Water
Created by David Bowen, Tele-Present Water installation draws information from the intensity and movement of the water in a remote location. Wave data is collected in real-time from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data buoy station 46075 Shumagin Islands Alaska. … Continue reading →
Categories: Arduino, Artists, Data Visualisation | Permalink
June 13, 2011
by trevorhogan
0 comments
Vessels of Ireland’s National Debt (1910-2010)
I have been working on translating data on Ireland’s National Debt into Physical Artifacts. The video below illustrates a number of vessels that will be produced using a 3D printer over the coming weeks. These vessels were created by inputting … Continue reading →
Categories: Data Visualisation | Permalink
June 13, 2011
by trevorhogan
0 comments
Web -> Googledocs -> Processing -> Image
Today I explored a simple method of scraping tablature data from websites using the ImportHTML function in GoogleDocs. By entering a formula into the cell of a GoogleDocs Spreadsheet e.g. =ImportHtml(“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population “;”table”;4) it populated the spreadsheet with the data from … Continue reading →
Categories: Data Visualisation, Proce55ing | Permalink
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My 'Dowsing Rod' at #TEI2013 really good response to it! http://t.co/fBwDpbzi 9 years ago
My 'Dowsing Rod' at #TEI2013 really good response to it! http://t.co/ov5Ezi6y 9 years ago
Busy demo*ing* at #TEI2013 http://t.co/bLX3aYmS 9 years ago
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Closing keynote by Bill Verplank at #TEI2013: Metaphors, Haptics & Celebration. http://t.co/RAid9dIs 9 years ago
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There are several online sites that carry 3″ mailbox numbers. Here are links to their sites if you need to replace numbers. Mailboxes.net and Imperial Mailbox Numbers
Crime Prevention In Our Neigborhood
There are some new documents under the “Local Links” tab provided by the El Paso County Sheriffs Office;
Community Newletters and Updates from our HOA President
The Community Newsletters outline upcoming events, dates, and general information about our community. Our President’s Corner Newsletters come directly from our HOA President.
These are just another great way to let our neighbors know what is going on in our community.
2020 TPR Spring Newsletter
2019 TPR Fall Newsletter
Nepco Meeting Minutes
Tall Pines Ranch HOA is a member of NEPCO. A representative from our board attends these meetings as often as possible. The minutes from these meetings can be found in the meetings and reports tab in the Board of Directors Meeting Minutes Tab.
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S.R.E. Szotko spółka jawna Entered into Enterprise Register In National Court Register, Economic Department XII under KRS No. 0000238840.
The Company was originally established in 1988 as P.W. TECHMET Stanisław Szotko and since 2000 has changed its name for TECHMET.
TECHMET is one of leading Polish manufacturers of specialized tools for press brakes. Apart from tools presented in our catalogue, we manufacture individually tailored tools, also in accordance with our customers' specifications. The majority of our products is sold on the West European markets. All technological operations i.e. mechanical and thermal processing undergo detailed control procedures. Therefore, the tools manufactured by our Company are of the best quality. The Company owns may specialized machines, such as surface grinders, milling machines, hydraulic presses, lathes, planning machines, annealing ovens and induction hardening equipment. The rotation of our employees during the first years of our business, allowed us to gather stable and unchanged workforce, which ensures the highest quality and precision of our products.
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Optimizing your website is one of the wise decisions that you have ever taken to boost your business through online digital technologies. Your SEO firm and web developer have done their basics [...]
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If you are looking for a comfortable vacation and one that are eco-friendly then you should stay at a Bali Eco Resort. In this beautiful island in Indonesia you will find many different types of accommodation, but the most eco friendly resort that you can find here is the Bungalow Di Bali. This Eco resort has all of the modern amenities and is a great place to go on vacation with your family. The main focus of the Eco Resort Balinese staff is to provide a very comfortable vacation with great service that you will be able to enjoy throughout your stay here.
Eco Resort – The Best Way to Spend Your Money While Vacationing
The resort offers all of the modern conveniences that you would expect from a luxury resort including tennis courts, an on-site spa, and a pool. You will also find that the area is well maintained and has some of the best restaurants in town. While here on your vacation you may even want to take a day or two to explore the green areas near the resort and see the birds in particular. While here you will be able to participate in an eco-teaching class and learn more about sustainability and conservation while enjoying a quiet time with nature.
You can find out more information about the Bali Eco Resort by talking to your travel agent or checking online at the resort website. Once you check into your Bali vacation plans you can then make a decision regarding whether you would like to pay for a green resort or one that is not green. You can find great tours and excursions for you and your family that take you to all of the attractions in the green areas around the resort and teach you about sustainability and environmental education. Whether you are planning a romantic getaway or you just want to take a trip where you will learn about saving the planet, you will find a wonderful experience in Bali that you will never forget.
Post navigation
Wholesale Real Estate – How to Generate Widespread Attention Through Wholesale Real Estate Facebook Ads
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Radio interactions have come a long way from the initial concept derived by Marconi’s discovery of electro-magnetic radiation radio waves. Marconi developed that an electro-magnetic pulse, sent out via the air, would certainly create an electron circulation change when it goes through a non-ferrous steel source. Such an electron circulation can after that be intensified to develop audio if the pulses are produced a certain means. This is the easiest representation of what Marconi uncovered, and by its revelation many points have actually come to be clear. Lots of possibilities have stemmed from such thought, and clearly all mans innovations come from such apparently small awareness.
At its base, radio communication is relatively simple. During this modern age there are many types, many as a matter of fact that their conversation will be outside the extent of this write-up. Essentially, we have 2 types of Radio Communication in the pastime world. Resident’s Band and Short Wave are the two that the majority of us recognize with. Though brief wave supplies numerous optional interaction modes, we are mosting likely to look at ‘complete duplex’ and ‘half- duplex’ modes including AM amplitude inflection interactions.
In full-duplex mode a radio is capable of transmitting and obtaining day or voice over two networks at the same time. This is important for sending visual and voice day as in Tv. Pork radios are capable of such transmission, however we will not dive that much right into it right here. Microwave communication is another type of full-duplex transmission. Mobile phone has this ability and also pork radio operators can definitely tune their radio and also hear your telephone conversations, click site.
In half-duplex we have the capability to transfer and also get on one channel, but not at the same time. The radios we usually use, CB’s or Walkie Talkie, run in half-duplex mode. Ham radio communications prevail performed in this setting as well. As a consequence, we must make our very own breaks throughout transmission so individuals we are talking with can react. As a result of this, a method has actually been created to ensure proper rules during discussion. Words such as, ‘Roger’ and ’10 Four’ are used to suggest a transmission was obtained, or request for verification it was gotten. Furthermore there are 10-Codes and Q-Codes that have actually developed in the United States. The ones listed below must be remembered as the most frequently used.
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This is what the actor who played the Night King on Game of Thrones looks like in real life. By Danielle Garrand Updated on: April 30, 2019 / 5:32 PM / CBS New
Richard Brake, Actor: Doom. Richard Brake was born on November 30, 1964 in Ystrad Mynach, Hengoed, Wales as Richard Colin Brake. He is an actor, known for Doom (2005), 31 (2016) and Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014)
Night King actor Vladimir Furdik teases season 8: 'He has a target he wants to kill' By James Hibberd March 07, 2019 at 12:15 PM ES
Apr 28 2019, 8:20 pm EDT the Night King looked at him and raised his arms — there's a similar and even stronger moment between Jon and the Night King this time, the actor told. The Night King speaks: Game of Thrones actor discusses THAT Battle of Winterfell climax 2nd May 2019 at 11:41 am wanted to show people that inside the Night King there is a little bit of.
The Actor Behind the Night King Breaks His Silence, and This White Walker Is Out for Revenge 8 March 2019 by Chanel Vargas First Published: 7 March 2019 05/04/2019 08:30 am ET. Unsolved 'Game of Thrones' Mysteries, Solved By The Night King Himself So we did ask the Slovak actor and stuntman. Though the Night King is now gone from the show ― and Furdík himself isn't clued in to all the secrets ― he shed some light on the mysteries that remain Game of Thrones Season 8 Episode 3 (2019) The Long Night Scene: Arya Stark Kills The Night King (Battle of Winterfell Ending) Episode Storyline: The Night Ki.. Directed by David Michôd. With Tom Glynn-Carney, Gábor Czap, Tom Fisher, Edward Ashley. Hal, wayward prince and heir to the English throne, is crowned King Henry V after his tyrannical father dies. Now the young king must navigate palace politics, the war his father left behind, and the emotional strings of his past life Czech actor Vladimir Furdik, who plays the Night King on Game of Thrones, told Variety that the Night King's motivation is clear
Richard Brake - IMD
Vladimír Furdík, a Slovak actor, has played the Night King since the series' sixth season, when he took over for Richard Brake. However, his origins in both the HBO hit show and prior films. As the final season of Game of Thrones continues to roll out, many are still wondering who the Night King is.. There have been many theories swirling around who the leader of the White Walkers really is, but the most prevalent theory at this time, according to Ranker, is that the Night King is a Stark ancestor.. The outlet cites a strong connection that the Night King has to the family, as. April 30, 2019 2:00pm PT by Josh Wigler 'Game of Thrones': The Night King Breaks His Silence on That Final Season Twis Author George R.R. Martin actually addressed the relationship between the show's Night King and the book's Night's King in a blog post in 2015: As for the Night's King (the form I prefer), in the. In an Instagram post on Monday, Isaac Hempstead-Wright shared a photo of himself and Night King actor Vladimír Furdík in full character on what looks to be a particularly whimsical day of filming
The Night King speaks: Game of Thrones actor gives rare
Caution: Spoilers for last night's episode of Game of Thrones are ahead.. Help: I'm attracted to the actor who plays the Night King on Game of Thrones.. His name is Vladimír Furdík, and he looks. VÚB Y-Con & Orange Y-Games 2019 - Vladimír Furdík (Night King) & Sajfa | beseda - Duration: 1:22:56. Y-Games Recommended for you. 1:22:56. Vladimír Furdík: Nočný kráľ mal len jednu cestu. In 'Game of Thrones' special, extra Andrew McClay, Night King actor Vladimir Furdik light the darkness Updated May 27, 2019; Posted May 26, 2019 Vladimir Furdik as The Night King in a scene. The U.S. has stared down two major forces of controversy over the past several years: the ever-imposing Night King from Game of Thrones and the nation's 45th president, Donald Trump. One of these. The Night King Actor Defends Arya Twist, Calls It the Best Decision for 'Game of Thrones' Arya continues to dominate Game of Thrones fan buzz following the Battle of Winterfell. Zack Shar
Who Is the Night King? - Night King's Origins and Motive
This article is about the leader of the White Walkers. You may be looking for the Night's King, the legendary 13th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch The Night King was the master and the first of the White Walkers, having existed since the age of the First Men. He was also the supreme leader of the Army of the Dead. 1 Biography 1.1 Background 1.2 Season 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 1.5 Season. It takes four hours for the Night King to get into Game of Thrones make-up Cydney Yeates Sunday 28 Apr 2019 10:49 am Share this article via facebook Share this article via twitter Share this. May 1, 2019; Leer en español. Vladimir Furdik, the Slovakian actor and stuntman who played the Night King, called from Budapest to share what it was like shooting the Battle of Winterfell. 'Game of Thrones' Night King Actor Teases Final Season: 'He Has a Target He Wants to Kill' By Joe Price. warm apple night @BackwoodsAltar. Mar 07, 2019. Share This Story. Close Furdík is a Slovakian stuntman who appeared in the show in battle scenes before assuming the role of the Night King in 2016. In addition to enjoying stunt sword fights and medieval street style.
Isaac Hempstead Wright, the actor who plays Bran, previously said: Perhaps we can think of [the Night King and the Three-Eyed Raven] as these are two characters with a huge amount of power, but. Game of Thrones Night King Interview 2019 The Actor Behind the Night King Breaks His Silence, and This White Walker Is Out for Revenge. March 7, 2019 by Chanel Vargas. 85 Share
March 07, 2019 11:45am PT by Josh Wigler 'Game of Thrones': Night King Actor Hints at Dark Final Season Secret. The ice-cold villain has a burning desire for vengeance, but who is his target? The. The Night King actor Vladimir Furdik, 48, often shares photos of himself on his Instagram page. Game of Thrones fans may only be used to seeing Furdik in full makeup as the HBO series villain The Night King's actor for Seasons 6-8, Vladimír Furdík, pictured on the left. My best friend from Malaysia. A post shared by Vladimír Furdík (@vladimirfurdikofficial) on Mar 22, 2019 at.
Game of Thrones: The Night King actor Vladimir Furdik shares behind-the-scenes pic of Kit Harington preparing for battle. Sarah Deen Thursday 15 Aug 2019 3:46 pm Tue, 30 April 2019 at 5:46 pm. Vladimir Furdik, the stunt actor who plays the role of The Night King on Game of Thrones, is opening up about filming The Long Night episode 'Game of Thrones' actor who plays the Night King discusses what it was like to film that final scene. May 1st, 2019 at 2:58 PM. For Czech actor Vladimír Furdík,. This article contains spoilers for the first three episodes of Season 8 of Game of Thrones. With the death of the Night King and Melisandre in the Battle of Winterfell, one of the last. The Night King doesn't have a choice; he was created that way, and that's what he is. Game of Thrones season 8 | Latest news and reviews In some ways, he's just Death, coming for everyone.
Game of Thrones season 8: the Night King actor speaks out
· Posted on Apr 17, 2019. considering they're played by the same actor — he predates the Night's Watch. The Night's Watch was created to man the Wall and protect men from the White Walkers.
The 2019 Oscar winners are here! It was a night of memorable moments and fabulous firsts as Green Book took home the Oscar for Best Picture. Regina King, Mahershala Ali, Rami Malek and Olivia Colman were tops in the acting categories and Spike Lee brought home Oscar for the very first time for Adapted Screenplay as a co-writer of BlacKkKlansman..
Night King: Australia bee fly named after Game of Thrones villain 10 May 2019. Game of Thrones finale gets mixed response. Dave Prowse: Darth Vader actor dies aged 85 3. Durham van.
Game of Thrones' Night King Actor Breaks Silence On Battle of Winterfell Conclusion Paul Dailly at May 2, 2019 9:25 am . Game of Thrones went there on Sunday night
ation for his role in the television film The Hasty Heart (1983), which is a remake of the 1949 film of the same name
March 7th, 2019 at 6:35 PM. The actor who plays the Night King in the series has just given a rare interview, and it's definitely got us on a whole new level of excited. For example, take.
Game of Thrones Night King Interview 2019 POPSUGAR
Game of Thrones actor Vladimir Furdik, who plays the frightful Night King on the fantasy series, has broken his silence on the show's final season.. Furdik — a Slovak actor and stuntman — spoke with EW about his role, and just what fans can expect of the Night King in the series' finale season.. Interestingly, he strongly implies that the frozen leader of the White Walkers has his eyes set.
Game of Thrones' original Night King actor believes his character's fate was brilliant development September 19, 2019 by Liam Waddingto
Why is the Night King plastering it everywhere? We now have an official answer that is more than just a fan theory. 2019, 08:47am EDT. The 'Game of Thrones' Night King Spiral Mystery Has.
The Night King Himself Solves Unsolved Night King Mysterie
Once the Night King shattered, his high-stakes history, which viewers of this series have been dying to finally learn, was erased. Maybe the Night King won after all. The Game of Thrones TV Club. When the cast reached the end of episode 3 where Arya saves the Seven Kingdoms by sprinting into the action and stabbing the Night King with her Valyrian steel dagger, it got a huge f—king.
As the 13th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, the Night's King lived thousands of years later than the First Man who would become known as the Night King on Game of Thrones. It's well known that the showrunners have streamlined many plot points and characters from the books in order to translate the story coherently from the page to the screen · Posted on Apr 29, 2019. The actor is none other than stunt performer extraordinaire Vladimir Furdik, who's been playing the Night King since Season 6. HBO,. The Night King has one specific target in the final Game of Thrones season He has a target he wants to kill, Night King actor Vladimir Furdik has reveale In the first episode of Game of Thrones Season 8, Arya Stark (Maisie Williams) gets an intriguing set up that has ramifications for the rest of the series. Spoilers ahead for the season. Posted: 7 Mar 2019 8:56 pm. Night King actor Vladimir Furdik has gone on record saying the antagonist has one specific target in Game of Thrones Season 8. Warning: mild spoilers below
Arya Stark Kills The Night King Game of Thrones S08E03
Arya Stark killed the Night King by stabbing him with her Valyrian steel dagger. Her greater purpose with this blade was foreshadowed when Bran handed it to her on season seven. The Battle of Winterfell on season eight, episode three of Game of Thrones, titled The Long Night, came to a surprising end when Arya sneak-attacked the Night King. The Night King is now one of the most familiar and haunting figures in all of pop culture. His silhouette alone is every bit as iconic to Game of Thrones as the Iron Throne itself. But The Art of. Published April 30, 2019. Beneath the ice-blue eyes and crownlike horns of the infamous Game of Thrones character called the Night King lies the seasoned actor and stuntman Vladimir. Directed by Miguel Sapochnik. With Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Emilia Clarke, Kit Harington. The Night King and his army have arrived at Winterfell and the great battle begins The Night King and his army of white walkers were officially wiped off the map after Arya stabbed the series' biggest villain with her Valyrian steel dagger and shattered him into a million pieces
He's ice zombie royalty with a plan. On the eve of battle, look back through all the seasons of HBO's Game of Thrones for what clues we have about the Night King's intentions in Westeros Here's what Night King actor from Game of Thrones really looks like April 30, 2019 / margaretgreyes Spoiler Alert: Those piercing blue eyes aren't rea Game of Thrones season 8: Jon Snow star Kit Harington 'surprised' by conclusion to Night King battle. The Jon Snow actor said it's 'much better' to how he thought the episode would en Arya saves the day -- and the world. (HBO) However, Czech actor Vladimír Furdík, the man behind all the makeup and prosthetics, told Variety that the Night King's motivation is clear: revenge.. Furdik, who was previously a stunt man on the show and only started playing the Night King in Season 6, revealed the White Walker's darkest secrets Regina King attends the 91st Annual Academy Awards at Hollywood and Highland on February 24, 2019 in Hollywood, California. Credit: Frazer Harrison/Getty Image
April 13, 2019. Though he hasn't Bran will go back to when the Night King was first created by the Children of the Forest and warg into him to try and stop the Night King from ever being. The 'Game Of Thrones' Actor Who Plays The Night King Has Opened Up About His Character's Motivations May 1, 2019. Facebook Twitter Now I kill everybody because you made me the Night. 'Game of Thrones' Night King Actor on Scene With Arya: 'One of the Hardest Days of My Life' By Alex Galbraith. May 01, 2019. Share This Story. Image via Tim P. Whitby/Getty This Is Us M. Night Shyamalan (2019-2020) Servant Delivery Man (2019) Glass Jai, Security Guard (2019 (Artistic Director) S&Co: Director of Twelfth Night, As You Like It and the 40th Season's The Tempest. Performances: God of Carnage, Or, King John, Much Ado About Nothing, Henry V, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Henry IV Part 1, etc. As Artistic Director of Actors' Shakespeare Project, directed numerous. mor
The King (2019) - IMD
Night King Actor on Game of Thrones Supports Arya's Actions. By Patrick Cavanaugh - May 1, 2019 10:02 pm EDT. Share 4 Comments. 4
Vladimír Furdík, the actor behind the Night King on Game of Thrones, says he supports Arya's actions against him in the latest episode. The latest episode of Game of Thrones was replete with.
Apparently the Night King has so much of a fanbase that fans now want more Game of Thrones content dedicated to fleshing out his character. Because that works so well for villains and monsters in.
g eighth and final season, according to Mashable. Furdik was appearing at a fan convention in Hungary when he let it slip that the epic battle for the dawn, the huge battle that every GoT fan has been waiting.
The 2019 Emmys have come and gone, which means only one thing: Hot Girl Summer is over, and Hot Girl Awards Season is well underway. The Television Academy planned a broadcast was the host-less. Posted: 29 Apr 2019 4:53 am. Harington recounted that the death of the Night King got a huge f—king cheer during the cast's initial table read for The Long Night
By Jess Joho 2019-04-23 10:00:00 UTC. The battle plans are drawn, dragonglass weapons forged, and the dead's arrival at last signaled by three horn blasts in the dark night. But the Night King. In what can be considered the television event of 2019, The Night King recycles the dead bodies surrounding him to build a whole new army of undead — including Lyanna! 1 Broadway Actor. Emmy Nominations 2019: See the Full List of Nominees for TV's Big Night Joey King, The Act Michelle Williams, Fosse/Verdon Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie Ben.
King Lear Overview - The BEST Broadway source for King Lear tickets and King Lear information, photos and videos. Click Here to buy King Lear tickets today 01 May 2019 - 16:30 His character met a grisly end during the Battle of Winterfell in the third episode of the final season of Game Of Thrones. And the sadistic Night King has been unmasked as hunky Slovakian stuntman-turned-actor Vladimir Furdik, who has previously appeared in blockbusters Skyfall and Thor: The Dark World
4.5.2019 11:00 AM. The White Walkers , Bran saw the Children of the Forest, an ancient and magical species, turn a man (played by Vladimir Furdik, the same actor who plays the Night King) into. The Night King's character is quite a mystery on the show and so is the actor who plays him. For the first few appearances, Richard Brake played the Night King. Source: thiswillblowmymin
The Night's King was also the 13th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. Think about that: ol' ice horns was the 13th Lord Commander, and Jon Snow is the 998th! A Night King actor takes fans behind the scenes of Hardhome, the Battle of Winterfell and more. 2019. And while it was nice and toasty in King's Landing that day, the Night King and his pals.
'Game of Thrones': The Night King Reveals His True
A fatal stab to the chest by Arya Stark managed to end the Night King's life and subsequently wipe out his army in Game of Thrones. 19 May 2019, 15:55; Updated The Night King actor wrote. When Arya stabs the Night King at the 11th hour in the Game of Thrones episode The Long Night, it was a shocking relief for the high tension of seeing most of the show's fan-favorite cast. Along with Tormund and Edd, Beric speculates that the gruesome fixture is a message from the Night King, but is interrupted when an undead Ned shines his possessed, ice-blue eyes, prompting the.
Game of Thrones: Meet Vladimír Furdík, Actor Who Plays the
Posted Apr 16, 2019 . The Night King on Game of Thrones. HBO. The idea that the Night King was a Stark stems from the origins of both. The Starks are descendants of the First Men. We also. Feeling trapped in a stale four-year relationship and reluctant to take the next step into marriage, Lee Jung In stumbles into Yu Ji Ho's pharmacy one.. By Aja Romano @ajaromano Apr 28, 2019, 11:30pm EDT Share this story. Share this on Facebook When Arya killed the Night King, all the White Walkers and wights he'd created were killed in turn In Avengers: Endgame, Thanos eventually decides he needs to annihilate the universe to destroy its memory. On Game of Thrones, the Night King is doing the same. The shared theme of memory in both. Apr 18, 2019 HBO. Thus, the Night King would also have a claim to the throne, and presumably a really good one, considering he's much, much older than Jon or Dany. Also, only Targaryens can.
'Game of Thrones': Who Is The Night King
Game of Thrones star Isaac Hempstead-Wright, who plays Bran Stark, thinks the theory that the Night King and Bran are the same character is obvious and cheesy It would be much like the Season 7 premiere, where a scene showed the Night King's Army on the move, but only for a minute long clip. What it does suggest is the series plans to let the Night King.
Video: 'Game of Thrones': The Night King Breaks His Silence on
Naturally, news of the Night King's capture spread like, um, wildfire on social media. Trondheim's Facebook post has garnered over 40,000 reactions and 12,000 comments from Game of Thrones. In episode 2 of Game of Thrones' final season, Bran Stark explains the mystery of the Three-Eyed Raven and why the Night King wants him dead. A history and timeline of the two biggest Game of. The army of the dead has arrived at Winterfell and Game of Thrones season 8, episode 2 has revealed the Night King's plan to kill Brandon Stark - but where is the Night King? The episode ended with the chilling sight of the White Walkers gathering at the front of a devastatingly enormous army of wights, but the original White Walker and the leader of the army was conspicuous in his absence We first met the Night King in Game of Thrones season 4, when he turned one of Craster's sons into a little baby White Walker. There, he was played by actor Richard Brake. There, he was played. The King is a 2019 epic historical war drama film based on several plays from William Shakespeare's Henriad. The film is directed by David Michôd and co-written by Michôd and Joel Edgerton, who both produced the film with Brad Pitt, Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner, Liz Watts
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http://tenforward.slasims.com/faq.php?sid=837eb998e6857416cdeb553975548d46
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2,606,922 |
The Thames Ring 250 is now owned and managed by Challenge Running and all race info and entry details are now on the Challenge Running Website.
Please go to www.challenge-running.co.uk and save that site as the new home for the race as this site will close June 2020.
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http://thamesring250.moonfruit.com/
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This web site is devoted to ENIAC — “Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer”. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was made at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Electrical Engineering during World War II under the code name "Project PX". Physics professor John W. Mauchly and electrical engineer J. Presper Eckert led the team. Both were civilian employees whose computer work was funded by the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory. This is a collection of the best online information about the ENIAC and the people that created it. (The information is divided into these categories - Select a link or scroll down to read the blog.)
History and technology
People and stories
Was it the first computer? UNIVAC and beyond
The ENIAC patent trial
Myths about ENIAC
ENIACtion on Facebook
ENIAC/UNIVAC tourism
Where to learn more
Men & women behind the machine
by Saul Rosen
Department of Computer Sciences
Purdue University
West Lafayette, cialis Indiana.
CSD·TR·1013                   August 1990
Abstract
The modern electronic computer had its origins in the work of J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly and their colleagues at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania in the years between 1942 and 1946. This article contains a brief review of that period, viagra and of some of the publications that deal with its history. The latter part of the article reviews several recent publications that seek to detract from the importance of the work at the Moore School during those years by giving exaggerated importance to an earlier attempt to build a small special purpose electronic computer.
Introduction
I think that the most important and most productive period in the history of computing was the period from 1942 to 1946 at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. During those years the group at the Moore School designed and built the ENIAC, the first large scale general purpose electronic computer. Also during those years their design of the EDVAC introduced the revolutionary idea of the modern stored program electronic computer. This article contains a brief review of that period, and of some of the publications that deal with its history. The latter part of the article reviews several recent publications that seek to detract from the importance of the work at the Moore School during those years by giving exaggerated importance to an earlier attempt to build a small special purpose electronic computer.
The most important books that cover the history of the work at the Moore School are:
Herman H. Goldstine The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton University Press 1972. 378p.
Nancy Stern From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers. Digital Press 1981. 286p.
Brian Randell, Editor, The Origins of Digital Computers. Springer-Verlag 1973, 1982. 580p. This collection contains a number of documents written at the time by participants.
In the summer of 1941 Dr. John Mauchly, a 34 year old Physics professor at Ursinus College, attended an eight week summer course at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. J. Presper Eckert, aged 22, was a graduate instructor in that course. Herman Goldstine states that Eckert “was undoubtedly the best electronic engineer in the Moore School.” During that summer course Eckert and Mauchly started a scientific collaboration that was to last for many years. At the end of the course Mauchly accepted a position as a member of the faculty of the Moore School. World War II had been raging in Europe for two years and United States involvement was imminent. The Moore School had an electromechanical Differential Analyzer which was based on the one built by Vannevar Bush at MIT. The Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) at Aberdeen Md. (part of the United States Army Ordnance Department) was in charge of the calculation of trajectories for new weapons. They contracted with the Moore School for use of the Differential Analyzer and also for organizing and running a manual calculating group. As the war went on the need for calculating trajectories far outstripped the computing facilities that could be made available.
The ENIAC
Professor John Grist Brainerd was in charge of Moore School liaison with BRL. In August, 1942 Mauchly wrote a memo to Brainerd, The use of high speed vacuum tube devices for calculating. He stated that reliable electronic counters could operate at 100,000 pulses per second, and that such counters could be used as the basis for a very fast computer. He pointed out that a calculation that would take 15 to 30 minutes on a mechanical differential analyzer would be done much more accurately in about 100 seconds on an electronic calculator. Mauchly’s 1942 memo is included in Randell’s collection. Lt. Herman H. Goldstine, a young Mathematics Ph. D. at BRL was put in charge of the BRL operation at the Moore School. Goldstine states that “Mauchly and I had frequent and mutually interesting conversations about computational matters in the fall of 1942.” At his suggestion Brainerd, Eckert, and Mauchly prepared a proposal to BRL. A contract was signed on June 5, 1943 that called for the Moore School to design and build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It was to use 5000 vacuum tubes and cost $150,000. When completed it had close to 18000 tubes and cost about $750,000. It was accepted by BRL on June 30, 1946.
The ENIAC was a spectacular machine. It was the herald of the age of computers. Skeptics who argued that the ENIAC could not be finished in time to contribute to the war effort were proved to be right. But those who argued that it wouldn’t work, or that it wouldn’t make the older electromechanical computing technologies obsolete, were proved to be terribly wrong. The ENIAC was orders of magnitude faster and more powerful than any earlier computer. Its existence made it possible to carry out computations that could not have been considered without it. The ENIAC was a monument to the engineering genius of J. Presper Eckert, and to the imaginative thinking of John Mauchly. The early history of electronic computers has unfortunately been distorted by claims of priority based on patent litigation. However, even those who make the most outrageous claims don’t deny ENIAC its place as the first operational large scale general purpose programmed electronic digital computer.
The Stored Program Computer – EDVAC
In early 1944, after the design phase of the ENIAC was complete, some members of the group at the Moore School started to work on the design of a successor machine which came to be known as the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete VAriable Computer). The principal shortcomings of the ENIAC were recognized to be inadequate storage and the difficulty of setting up new problems, i.e. the difficulty of programming. On January 29, 1944 Eckert wrote a “preliminary disclosure” in which he described a magnetic disk calculating machine in which instructions as well as data would be stored on the disk. That document is the earliest known proposal for a stored program computer. It is published as an appendix to the book From Dits to Bits by Herman Lukoff. (Robotics Press, Portland Oregon. 1979. 219p.) Lukoff’s book carries the subtitle a personal history of the electronic computer. He joined the ENIAC project when he graduated from the Moore School in 1943, and he was associated with Eckert and Mauchly, and later with Eckert through all of Lukoff’s long career as a computer engineer. His book has a great deal of interest to say about many computer projects. Unfortunately, Lukoff was drafted into the navy in mid 1944 and was away from the Moore School until mid 1946, and there is a gap in his interesting informal report about the work there from the point of view of one who was then a junior engineer. Eckert’s “preliminary disclosure” is also published as an addendum to a short paper on the ENIAC that was presented at the International Conference on the History of Computing at Los Alamos in 1976.[1] In that paper Eckert refers to the stored program computer as “my best computer idea.” By mid 1944 Eckert had designed a mercury delay line memory that was much faster than the proposed disk storage.
Much progress had already been made toward the invention of a stored program computer based on the mercury delay line memory by the time that John von Neumann joined the Moore School group as a consultant. In his book Goldstine tells his now famous story about how he met von Neumann at the railroad station in Aberdeen during the summer of 1944. Von Neumann was a world famous mathematician who served as a consultant for major defense projects, including the very secret atomic bomb project at Los Alamos. Goldstine states that “When it became clear to von Neumann that I was concerned with the development of an electronic computer capable of 333 multiplications per second the whole atmosphere of our conversation changed.” Von Neumann visited the Moore School late that summer and frequently thereafter. He was welcomed for his brilliant mind. and also for the prestige that the enthusiastic participation of a scientist of his caliber brought to the Moore School projects.
The electronic digital computer flourished in the wartime environment in which computing needs were expanding and resources could be made available to try to satisfy these needs. The wartime environment also brought with it restrictions on publication and on the free interchange of information. The computer projects at the Moore School were classified Confidential. Eckert and Mauchly could not publish papers or lecture about their work. They may have welcomed the confidential nature of the project since they hoped to obtain valuable patents when it was over. Von Neumann apparently had no interest in patents and was prepared to ignore the Confidential classification.
One of the most important documents in the early history of electronic computers is the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC written by John von Neumann, and dated June 30, 1945. This 118 page mimeographed document was not treated as a classified document. It was fairly widely distributed, and soon made the basic concepts of the stored program computer known in scientific circles. In recent times a large excerpt was published in Randell’s book, and the document was published in full as an appendix in Nancy Stern’s book. The architecture of modern computers is frequently referred to as the von Neumann architecture, based on his authorship of the First Draft. It might be more appropriate to call it the Eckert, Mauchly, von Neumann architecture, since the First Draft was a report based on discussions that took place at the meetings of the Moore School group for which von Neumann served as a consultant, and some of the major ideas about the stored program computer had been developed at the Moore School before von Neumann heard of the computer activity there. Friends of von Neumann have stated that in conversations with them he always agreed that the First Draft was a summary of the work of the EDVAC design group, and that a more formal publication of these ideas would have included Eckert and possibly Mauchly along with von Neumann as authors.
Eckert and others have pointed out that von Neumann was asked on numerous occasions to clarify the situation as to authorship of the concepts and ideas contained in the First Draft. He never chose to do so. Eckert has publicly criticized von Neumann for bis tendency to take credit for the ideas of others. In his book Goldstine points out that the First Draft was not intended as a publication, and hence von Neumann should not be blamed for attaching only his own name to it. He states that “Through no fault of von Neumann’s the draft was never revised into … a report for publication.” Goldstine emphasizes the major contributions that von Neumann made, and that the writing of the First Draft itself was a major contribution. Of the Moore School group he states, “Everyone there was indispensable as regards some part of the project … but only von Neumann was indispensable to the entire task.” Goldstine was a friend and a great admirer of von Neumann, and may not be completely objective in his evaluation. It is unfortunate from the point of view of the history of computing that von Neumann showed no interest in evaluating the contributions of others to the computers in which he was involved. Thus, von Neumann knew Alan Turing when Turing was working on his Ph. D. degree at Princeton in 1938, and von Neumann must have been aware of Turing’s 1937 paper on “Computable Numbers” in which Turing Machines were introduced.[2]Â In that paper Turing showed how, “It is possible to invent a single machine which can be used to compute any computable sequence.” It would be interesting to know to what extent Turing’s ideas influenced von Neumann in his perception of the stored program computer as a truly universal computer.
There exists a very interesting document entitled Automatic High Speed Computing: A Progress Report on the EDVAC. This progress report was submitted to Army Ordnance by Eckert and Mauchly, and is dated September 30, 1945. It is a logical successor to the First Draft, and might have had as great an impact, except for the fact that it was Confidential, and there was no distribution outside of Army Ordnance at the time. Concerning the First Draft it states, “Dr von Neumann has also written a preliminary report in which most of the results of earlier discussions are summarized. In his report the physical structures and devices proposed by Eckert and Mauchly are replaced by idealized elements to avoid raising engineering problems which might distract attention from the logical considerations under discussion.” The Progress Report lists a proposed order code for EDVAC and states “This plan for orders is essentially that which von Neumann bas proposed after trying out various coding methods on typical problems.” It also states that, “von Neumann has specified that some order symbols be capable of modification by deleting a given part of the order and inserting something else in place of this part” Thus it appears that Eckert and Mauchly gave von Neumann credit for the idea’ of address modification during program execution. The Progress Report is 111 pages long, and is a clear and detailed discussion of the thinking about electronic digital computers in mid 1945. It is unfortunate that it was not published and distributed at the time. I have recently suggested that it should be published in the Annals of the History of Computing, and I hope that it will become available there. Both the First Draft and the Progress Report stress the idea of serial computation as an essential idea on which the stored program electronic computer is based. It is now amusing to read section 5.6 of the First Draft in which von Neumann points out the economy that results by avoiding any parallelism, and that the high speed of electronics would make a totally serial computer fast enough for all practical purposes. By the time the design of his IAS computer was started, about a year later, he had realized that very much higher speeds would be needed than could ever be obtained in serial computers.
Spring and Summer of 1946
In the fall of 1944 Eckert and Mauchly decided to apply for a patent on the ENIAC. The ensuing controversy concerning patents led to a great deal of bad feeling within the Moore School group, and eventually resulted in the departure of Eckert and Mauchly from the Moore School on March 31, 1946. At about the same time Goldstine and Burks (discussed below) joined von Neumann at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Goldstine and Burks have written extensively about the early development of computers. Partisans of Eckert and Mauchly have not. As a result the literature is rather one sided. Goldstine and Burks idolized von Neumann. They did not like Mauchly. One also gets the impression that they found it difficult to give full credit and recognition to the youthful genius of J. Presper Eckert, and much easier to give credit to John von Neumann whose genius had already been demonstrated in other fields. During July and August, 1946 a very important summer course on computers was held at the Moore School. Eckert and Mauchly and Goldstine came back to serve as major lecturers in the course. Many important figures in the design and use of computers were there as visiting lecturers. Attendance at the course was by invitation, and a number of those who attended went on to do important work in the computer field. Maurice Wilkes came from Cambridge University in England. From lectures and discussions about the EDVAC he took back with him the idea of the stored program computer based on mercury delay lines, and his EDSAC computer based on these ideas was doing useful computation long before the EDVAC was completed. A large number of the lectures presented in the course are included in a set of lecture notes that were published some time after the course was completed. Some were manuscripts submitted by the lecturers, and some are based on transcriptions of wire tape recordings. They provide a very interesting record of the state of the art of computing at that time. They are unfortunately incomplete, since some important lectures are listed only by title with a minimal summary. The notes have recently been republished as Volume 9 of the Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing under the title The Moore School Lectures. (The MIT Press and Tomash Publishers. 1985. 568p.) The summer of 1946 marks the end of the period in which the Moore School was the center of the world of computers. The Computer Revolution had been launched at the Moore School, but the leaders of the next phase were at Princeton and MIT, at Manchester and Cambridge in England, and in the computer industry in which Eckert and Mauchly played an important pioneering role. The Moore School remained involved, but it never again achieved a position of preeminence in the computer field.
The ENIAC Patent
In October of 1946 Eckert and Mauchly formed a computer company which later became the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. They filed a patent application for the ENIAC on June 16, 1947, and a patent was finally granted on February 4, 1964. The 200 page patent contained 148 claims that included many basic concepts in electronic computing. By 1964 the patent had been assigned to Sperry Rand Corporation. IBM raised some objections but a cross licensing agreement was worked out. Honeywell refused to pay royalties to Sperry Rand, and in May of 1967 Sperry Rand filed a suit against Honeywell and HoneyweIl filed a counter suit. The combined suits came to trial before Judge Earl R. Larson in Minneapolis in June of 1971. HoneywelI lawyers submitted 30,000 documents, and Sperry Rand lawyers submitted 6,000 documents. The transcript of the trial was 50,000 pages long. The verdict that was handed down on October 19, 1973 was 319 pages long. The trial record has become a major source of information about the early history of electronic computing. The ENIAC patent was declared to be invalid on several grounds. One was the purely technical ground that the ENIAC had been in use and offered for sale more than a year before the patent was filed. The other was a ruling that: “Eckert and Mauchly did not themselves first invent the automatic electronic digital computer, but instead derived the subject matter from one John Vincent Atanasoff”. At that time few people had heard of John Vincent Atanasoff.
Atanasoff and Mauchly
Atanasoff, while a professor of Mathematics and Physics at Iowa State College, started work on an electronic computer project in 1938. With the help of a graduate student Clifford E. Berry he undertook to design and build an electronic computer that would solve up to 29 linear algebraic equations in 29 unknowns. The computer, which has come to be known as the ABC computer, was never finished but according to Atanasoff it was able to solve small systems of equations in the spring of 1942. Because of the advent of World War II first Berry and then Atanasoff left Iowa State in 1942 and there was no further work done on the computer. It was dismantled in 1948.
The book, Electronic Digital Systems by R. K. Richards. (John Wiley and Sons, 1966, 637p.) was an early general introduction to electronic digital computers. On page 3 it states that, “The ancestry of all electronic digital systems appears to be traceable to . . . the Atanasoff-Berry Computer”. Dr. Richards was a student at Iowa State at the time that Atanasoff was building his computer and he saw the computer at that time. On page 4 he states that, “One of the few people to study the machine in detail was Dr. John Mauchly who . . . made a visit to ISU in 1941 for the specific purpose of studying the computer.” This statement was the catalyst that led Honeywell attorneys to Atanasoff in connection with their patent suit against Sperry-Rand.
Mauchly presented a paper at an AAAS meeting in Philadelphia in December, 1940. Atanasoff introduced himself and their mutual interest in computation led to an invitation to Mauchly to visit Atanasoff. It also led to correspondence which became important evidence in the ENIAC patent trial. Mauchly visited Atanasoff at Ames, Iowa for a few days in June, 1941. While there he saw the partially completed ABC computer and was shown a document that Atanasoff had prepared in 1940 as part of a proposal to the Research Corporation. Mauchly was not pennitted to take away a copy of that document because Atanasoff was preparing to file for a patent on the ABC. No patent was ever filed, and there was no contemporary publication about the ABC. The 1940 document by Atanasoff, Computing Machine for the solution of Large Systems ofLinear Algebraic Equations, was first published in Randell’s collection in 1973. It includes an interesting discussion of how Atanasoff’s design decisions were made, and it presents a complete description of the design of the ABC.
The Book From ENIAC to UNIVAC
Nancy Stern’s book was written after the ENIAC patent trial, and was the first book that made effective use of the records of the trial. I first read this book, in a preliminary form, when the Publisher sent me a copy of Stern’s dissertation and asked me to review it and to comment on its suitability for publication. My response stated that “I read Nancy Stern’s dissertation. .. on the day I received it, almost without putting it down. I found the material very interesting – even fascinating … The full story of the Eckert-Mauchly computers has not been told before …” I have recently reread a major portion of the book in connection with this essay. and I still think that it is fascinating. Goldstine’s discussion of the Moore School computer projects is of special interest because he was active both as a liaison between BRL and.the Moore School and as a participant in the technical meetings in which design considerations were discussed and decisions were made. Stern’s discussion is of special interest because she provides the objective view of a non participant. Goldstine writes authoritatively and convincingly. His research was reinforced by his own memory of the people who participated. Stern’s approach is more that of an interpreter. She quotes from Goldstine’s book as an authoritative source, as indeed it is.
Dr. Stern is trained as a historian, not as a computer scientist or a mathematician. As a historian she brings insights into this area that represent an important contribution to the study of the period. I find it significant that her book is not quoted, and is not even listed among the references in either the Burks book or the Mollenhoff book on Atanasoff discussed below. Stern discusses the importance of Mauchly as an innovator, with innovation “defined as the application or adaptation of an idea, even an existing one, in such a manner that the resulting technology is rendered practical and useful.” She takes issue with the point of view “that the idea is of critical import and the application or execution of that idea is of secondary significance.” Even though it is not explicitly stated in the book. I think it is made clear that the part played by Eckert and Mauchly in the invention of the computer was far more significant than that of Atanasoff, and would remain so even if it could be proved that Mauchly’s work made use of some ideas that he first came across in his meeting with Atanasoff.
The Cult of Atanasolff
A patent suit is an adversary process. It is not an objective investigation into the history of technology. Almost inevitably it produces a distortion of history, since the facts are filtered through depositions and cross examination by lawyers whose only goal is to strengthen their own case and to weaken that of their opponents. Thus, the ENIAC patent trial was a contest between Honeywell lawyers and lawyers for Sperry Rand in which the Honeywell lawyers won. A major part of the Honeywell lawyers’ strategy was to glorify Atanasoff and to discredit Mauchly. The success of their strategy probably exceeded even their own expectations. One result has been the development of a cult of Atanasoff led by Professor Arthur W. Burks of the University of Michigan. Arthur Burks attended the 1941 summer course at the Moore School along with Mauchly, and he too joined the Moore School faculty at the end of the course. He was one of the senior members of the ENIAC design group. In connection with the ENIAC patent trial he filed a claim that he was a co-inventor of the ENIAC. He strongly resented the claims of Eckert and Mauchly that they were the sole inventors of the ENIAC. He felt that Eckert and Mauchly were greedy and unethical for claiming exclusive rights to inventions that included the work of others, and that were carried out while they were employed by the University of Pennsylvania. He served as a consultant to Honeywell in the patent case. His wife, Alice R. Burks has collaborated with him in a number of publications.
The cult of Atanasoff has so far produced four major publications:
Arthur W. Burks and Alice R. Burks. “The ENIAC: First General Purpose Electronic Computer” Annals of the History of Computing. Vol. 3, No.4. October 1981 p. 310-389.
John Vincent Atanasoff. “Advent of Electronic Digital Computing” Annals of the History of Computing. Vol. 6 No.3 July 1984 p.229-282.
Alice R. Burks and Arthur W. Burks. The First Electronic Computer-The Atanasoff Story, The University of Michigan Press 1988. 387p.
Clark R. Mollenhoff. ATANASOFF Forgotten Father of the Computer. Iowa State University Press. 1988. 275p.
The ENIAC Patent Case
The Honeywell lawyers argued that before he met Atanasoff Mauchly had had no interest in digital electronic computing. They argued that Mauchly had shown no originality in his early work in analogue computing. The implication was that a person of his limited ability could not have conceived of the ENIAC or of its electronics himself, and that all of that development must have been derived from information that Mauchly learned from Atanasoff during the few days that Mauchly spent visiting Atanasoff in Ames. They ridiculed Mauchly when Mauchly said that he could not recall how much or how carefully he had read the document that Atanasoff had shown him 30 years earlier. Honeywell lawyers were smart enough not to try to belittle Eckert’s talents in electronics and in engineering. Sperry Rand lawyers don’t seem to have made an adequate effort to point out that by the time of the ENIAC design Eckert had become expert in electronic engineering, far in advance of Atanasoff, and that Eckert, with the assistance of others at the Moore School, could and most probably did invent the electronics of the ENIAC and the EDVAC without needing inputs from Atanasoff by way of Mauchly. They did bring out the fact that by his own admission Atanasoff had failed in his attempts to build a flip flop after several months of effort. They also brought out the fact that Atanasoff’s machine would have been terribly slow and not at all comparable to the ENIAC, since its basic pulse rate was 60 pulses per second as compared to 100,000 pulses per second for the ENIAC.
It is not surprising that Sperry Rand lost the ENIAC patent case. The arguments that the ENIAC had been in use and for sale more than a year before the patent was filed were very strong, and it is hard to see how Sperry Rand lawyers expected to overcome them. Also the claim to have invented the automatic electronic computer was much too broad. The Atanasoff computer was not the only special purpose computer that might have qualified as an earlier instance of an automatic electronic computer. Thus, for example, it was brought out at the ENIAC trial that Byron E. Phelps of IBM had built and tested an electronic multiplier in 1942, and the judge ruled that several claims of the ENIAC patent were anticipated by Phelps’ patent. Eckert and Mauchly were negligent in that they did not file their patent application more promptly, and within the time interval required by patent law. Also Mauchly was negligent in that he did not reveal the details of his visit and correspondence with Atanasoff to their patent attorney. Even the Burks who may be considered to be among Mauchly’s worst enemies state in their book that valuable and valid patents for the ENIAC could have been filed without acknowledging any previous work by Atanasoff (page 206). Also on page 237 of Burks book there is the parenthetical remark, “(It is curious that on the very first page of the patent, Eckert and Mauchly termed the ENIAC “the first general purpose automatic electronic digital computing machine known to us [italics added].” If they had held to this qualification throughout, they would have had, we believe, a valid patent.)” The italics were added by Burks. The victims of their own negligence were Eckert and Mauchly, and eventually Sperry Rand corporation. A major beneficiary was Atanasoff, whose early work on computers would otherwise have remained almost totally unknown. It is ironic that partisans of Atanasoff engage in venomous attacks on Mauchly even though Atanasoff’s fame is based totally and only on Mauchly’s achievements as a pioneer of the computer field.
Atanasoff’s Article
The Annals of the History of Computing appears to have inadvertently become a party to the cult of Atanasoff through the publication of the Burks article, and shortly thereafter through the publication of a long rambling article by Atanasoff himself. Atanasoff’s article contains a great deal of interesting material, but it is poorly edited. It is a rather boastful self-serving article in which Atanasoff exaggerates the importance of his own contributions to the computer field and belittles those of John Mauchly. This article is more interesting than most of the other writings about Atanasoff, but some things in the article seem a bit extreme. Thus, for example, Mauchly had needed extra income during the war years and had obtained consulting work with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory where Atanasoff was working. On page 257 Atanasoff quotes his superior of that time as saying “He was watching you.” On the same page he takes issue with an Iowa State document dated June, 1948 stating that by then Atanasoff was saying that the ABC computer was “probably largely obsolete.” By then Atanasoff had already seen the ENIAC, and if he was still interested in computing he must have been aware of the EDVAC and the IAS computer projects. By then he must have known that the computer that he had tried to build at Iowa State was totally obsolete. An interesting fact, ignored in other discussions of the case, is that Atanasoff tried to intervene in the patent case, claiming that he was a co-inventor of the ENIAC. The judge ruled that it was more than 20 years too late.
Most of Atanasoff’s article is a presentation of the case for Atanasoff. Atanasoff takes justifiable pride in his abilities and accomplishments. He even writes with pride about how Judge Larson complimented him for his performance as a witness at the ENIAC patent trial, and he describes how his ability to perform as a witness was enhanced by intensive coaching by the Honeywell lawyers. I don’t think that Atanasoff ever claims, as Burks does, that the ABC computer was completed. He states that “in the spring of 1942 .. . we were able to solve small systems of equations, and we could usually get an eliminant between large equations with accuracy” [italics added]. Atanasoff’s accomplishment was very impressive. It is amazing that he and Berry accomplished as much as they did, but they did not produce a useful operational computer, and it is not obvious that they would have been able to do so even if they had remained at Iowa State.
At the end of his article Atanasoff lists a number of concepts that he claims to have “brought to computing.” All of these concepts were known to the computer field long before the document he wrote in 1940 became public in connection with the ENIAC patent trial. The only way in which Atanasoff could have brought any concepts into the computer field is through the influence that he may have had on the work of John Mauchly. The basis for his claims is the document and the partially completed computer that he showed to a few people in 1941. An unpublished document and an aborted attempt at implementation do not constitute proof of invention, but with the help of the Honeywell lawyers Atanasoff built his claim on the fact that Mauchly was one of the few people who had seen the document and the partially finished computer. Modesty is certainly not a characteristic of Atanasoff. He joined in enthusiastically with the Honeywell lawyers’ strategy to convince the judge that, unlike Atanasoff, Mauchly was incapable of having any original ideas, and that Mauchly’s most important contribution to the Moore School computer projects was to introduce Atanasoffs ideas without acknowledging their origin. Atanasoff’s claims are actually relatively modest compared to those put forward by some of his advocates who argue that most of the important advances in electronic computing at the Moore School in the years 1943-1946 were derived from Mauchly’s memory of what he saw in Ames in June, 1941. My respect for Atanasoff is greatly diminished by the extent to which he supports the unreasonable claims on his behalf made by Burks, and more recently and more abrasively by Mollenhoff.
The Burks Article
In the last item of his summary Atanasoff claims that “I conceived of an electronic digital differential analyzer in early 1941. Burks showed that this idea led to the ENIAC’s structure.” This is a reference to the Burks article on the ENIAC in the Annals of the History of Computing. The major part of the Burks article in the Annals describes the ENIAC, and it is a scholarly presentation that is destined to remain the standard source for information about the way the ENIAC was built and how it worked. Details of the historical background of the ENIAC that a reader can find in Goldstine’s book and in even more detail in Stern’s book are not presented here. Instead a major introductory section of this long article introduces and elaborates on the Burks contention that the ENIAC had its origin in “an idea Atanasoff conveyed by letter to John W. Mauchly in 1941.’ Much of this section of the article is then devoted to a description of Atanasoff’s ABC computer. The detailed discussion of an earlier attempt to build a small special purpose electronic computer seems out of place, and tends to denigrate the accomplishments of the ENIAC project. This important article on the ENIAC is seriously flawed by the inclusion of such material. The Burks argument that the ENIAC is derived from Atanasoff is largely based on three letters. A letter from Atanasoff to Mauchly on May 31, 1941 states, “I suddenly obtained an idea as to how the computing machine we are building can be converted into an integraph.” A few more sentences show that he had indeed thought of the possibility of converting his machine into a machine that would solve systems of differential equations by numerical integration. That is all there is to it. There is no evidence that he carried this idea any further. This idea, casually conceived and never pursued, is given the status of a great invention by Atanasoff cultists. Considering the state of the ABC at that time I wonder if they have any idea how difficult it would have been to go from there to a fully operational electronic digital differential analyzer?
The second letter is from Mauchly to a meteorologist friend, Clayton, on June 28, 1941. Mauchly mentions his visit to Iowa State. He refers to Atanasoff’s machine and states that it “is electronic in operation, and will solve within a very few minutes any system of numerical equations involving no more than thirty variables. It can be adapted to do the job of the Bush differential analyzer more rapidly than the Bush machine does, and it costs a lot less.” Thus in June 1941 Mauchly was impressed by Atanasoff’s machine and thought that Atanasoff would be able to finish it and that he would be able to adapt it to the job of a differential analyzer. Here it is interesting to note that the Burks book has an extensive analysis of the ABC machine and concludes that it would have taken about 55 hours to solve 29 equations in 29 unknowns. They suggest that in practice, with reasonable validity checks, it would probably have taken twice that long. In the same letter Mauchly states, “My own computing devices use a different principle, more likely to fit small computing jobs.” Thus Mauchly acknowledges that he was only interested in small computers in the summer of 1941. More than a year later, after the summer course and other experience at the Moore School, he proposed the construction of a very large computer, orders of magnitude larger than the ABC computer which had not been finished and which had by then been abandoned by Atanasoff.
The third letter, this from Mauchly to Atanasoff on September 30, 1941, is the most damning. Here Mauchly asks, “is there any objection, from your point of view, to my building some sort of computer which incorporates some of the features of your machine?” Mauchly makes it clear that he is thinking of a number of different approaches to electronic computing and then asks “In the event that your present design were to hold the field against all challengers, and I got the Moore School interested in having something of the sort, would the way be open for us to build an “Atanasoff Calculator” (Ã la Bush analyzer) here?” When the Bush analyzer was the most powerful computer available the Moore School built a copy for its own use. Here Mauchly suggests that if the “Atanasoff Calculator” is successful and becomes the most powerful computer available he might want to suggest to the Moore School that they build a copy of that for their own use.
Burks and the Honeywell lawyers used these letters to try to create the impression that the essence of the ENIAC was copied from Atanasoff. They ignore the fact that the ENIAC is about as different from the ABC computer as one computer can be from another. The Atanasoff Calculator was never finished. Mauchly soon became aware that Eckert could build reliable electronic counters that would operate at speeds in excess of 100,000 pulses per second. It is of course impossible to know how much he remembered about the details of the low speed, 60 pulse per second, electronic technology that he had seen at Ames. At the time of his visit to Atanasoff he had not even decided to attend the summer course at the Moore School. He could not have known that he would be invited to stay at the Moore School and that several years later he would be in a position to build large scale computers. It seems reasonable to believe Mauchly’s testimony that he only retained general ideas of the structure of Atanasoff’s machine. It seems reasonable to believe Eckert’s testimony that Mauchly talked to him only very briefly about Atanasoff. Yet Burks argues that anything that was done in the ENIAC and even in the EDVAC years later that was even remotely comparable to something that existed in Atanasoff’s design was done as a result of Mauchly having seen it described in the document that Atanasoff showed him in Ames in June, 1941.
The Burks Book
The book by Alice and Arthur Burks is the most important of the publications that support the cult of Atanasoff. The Burks are driven by a sense of urgency that is proclaimed in the introduction. It is hard to understand why they are so driven. One gets the feeling that at least in part it has to do with hatred of Mauchly, and a desire to see him put to shame. In his review in Computing Reviews, (Vol. 30, No.4, April, 1989), Eric Weiss calls it an “angry and often vicious book,” and refers to “an unnecessarily fierce and vindictive antagonism and hatred for Mauchly,” The book is very long, but the most important information in it had already been presented in the articles discussed above. The point of the book is interpretation rather than information. The essential argument of the book repeated over and over again, states that Atanasoff invented electronic switching and the use of electronics for logical and arithmetic functions, and showed his inventions to Mauchly. Every time the electronics of the ENIAC or even the EDVAC are mentioned it is repeated. almost as a ritual that the circuits and logic used are Atanasoff’s logic and Atanasoff’s circuits. The Burks assert that if not for Atanasoff there would not have been an ENIAC. It is hard to see why anyone would believe this. Even if Mauchly’s competence in electronics is suspect, Eckert’s talent, perhaps even genius in this area is widely recognized. Atanasoff was certainly not the only one working on electronic switching in the late 1930s and early 1940s. There were many electronic computer projects, including work at MIT and IBM and NCR and RCA. There were electronic computer projects in Germany and in England. T.H. Flowers, in his article The Design of Colossus. (Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 5 No.3, (July 1983) p239-252.) points out that electronic counters were first used by C. E. Wynn-Williams in 1929, and states that, “From 1935 onward I was exploring the uses of Electronics in telephone exchanges. By 1939 I felt able to prove … that an electronic equivalent could be made of any electromechanical switching or data-processing machine.” This seems to be a reasonable statement in view of the spectacular Colossus system that he and his coworkers were able to build just a few years later. Colossus was a very secret special purpose electronic computer used at Bletchley Park in England during World War II. It was built to help a group of cryptanalysts under Maxwell H. A. Newman who were trying to break a high level German machine cipher. The details of their work is still considered secret, but the existence of the Colossus and some technical papers about it were finally declassified in the 1970s and 1980s. The first Colossus had 1500 vacuum tubes, and it was operational in December, 1943. That was just about the time the group at the Moore School was starting to build the ENIAC. It is not my purpose to argue here that Colossus was the first electronic computer. It was not a general purpose computer in the same sense as ENIAC. I mention it here merely to give one example of the extent to which principles of electronic technology and concepts of electronic switching were known and used in various parts of the world in the early 1940s.
Mauchly’s Interest in Electronics
The story told by Honeywell lawyers was that Mauchly had no interest in electronic computers until he learned about them from Atanasoff. Mauchly claimed that this was not true, that he had started to work with digital electronics and that he was planning to build an electronic calculator before he met Atanasoff. No proof was presented on Mauchly’s behalf and judge Larson’s decision states that “Prior to his visit to Ames, Iowa, Mauchly had been broadly interested in electrical analog calculating devices, but had neither conceived nor built any electronic digital calculating device.”
With more diligence on the part of Mauchly and his Sperry Rand attorneys evidence could have been presented to help support Mauchly’s claim, since such evidence was discovered and made public after the ENIAC trial. A letter to H. Helm Clayton written by Mauchly in November, 1940 states, “we are now considering the construction of an electrical computing machine to obtain sums of squares and cross products as rapidly as the numbers can be punched into the machine. The machine would perform operations in about 1/200 second, using vacuum tube relays, and yielding mathematically exact, not approximate results.” In another letter dated Dec 4, 1940 to John DeWire, a former student, Mauchly states, “For your own private information, I expect to have, in a year or so, when I get the stuff and put it together, an electronic computing machine, which will have the answer as fast as the buttons can be depressed. The secret lies in ‘scaling circuits,’ of course… “
These quotations appear on page 100 of the Burks book. Both of these letters were written by Mauchly before he had met Atanasoff, and before he was even aware of his existence. These letters show that Mauchly was indeed thinking in terms of electronic computing, at least on the level of an electronic desk calculator, before he met Atanasoff. They make Mauchly’s testimony that he suggested the use of scaling circuits to Atanasoff seem plausible. At the time flip-flops were often called vacuum tube relays, and scaling circuits were electronic counters. The Burks do not question the authenticity of these letters, or of their dates. Thus, on page 100 they state, “We do believe. . . that his designs of neon circuits in 1941, with vacuum tubes interspersed for switching, were efforts toward this digital calculator. At the same time we continue to believe, with the Honeywell side, that he was inspired at least in part by his meeting Atanasoff and learning that electronic computing was indeed feasible.” It is hard to understand how the Burks can reconcile this moderate statement with their umeasonable claims about the derivation of ENlAC and EDVAC from Atanasoff that they make in other parts of the book.
Samuel Caldwell
At the time the ENlAC was first proposed there was considerable doubt among scientists and engineers about the practicality of large scale electronic computing. It was already pretty generally recognized that electronics could and would eventually be used for computation, but serious questions were raised about whether the technology was far enough advanced to permit the successful implementation of large scale electronic computing. Stern’s book contains an interesting discussion of the reaction of established scientists to the proposal to build the ENIAC. In October, 1943 Samuel Caldwell, then an Associate Professor at MIT and a member of the National Defense Research Council wrote a letter in which he stated, nIt would appear that the specifications of the equipment under development by the Ordnance Department [i.e. the ENIAC] substantially duplicate the specifications of the Rapid Arithmetical Machine Program[3] . . . As far back as 1939 we realized that we could build a machine for electronic computation. But though it was possible to build such a machine and possible to make it work, we did not consider it practical. The reliability of electronic equipment required great improvement. . . “
Caldwell was mentioned in the Atanasoff-Mauchly correspondence. Caldwell visited Atanasoff at Iowa State a number of times in connection with a federally sponsored project which was not related to the ABC computer. According to Burks his “first visit, on January 6, 1941, had the further purpose of evaluating the computer and advising Research Corporation as to its funding. Caldwell did very shortly recommend that it be supported on the bases both of this inspection and of an earlier reading of the August, 1940, description.” Note that Caldwell, who had been convinced of the feasibility of electronic computation since 1939, remained skeptical about its practicality in the Fall of 1943. Caldwell had read Atanasoff’s description of the ABC and had seen the ABC in January, 1941, and several times after that. Yet Caldwell did not consider the work of Atanasoff to be proof that electronic computing was practical. Caldwell was not the only one who read Atanasoff’s manuscript and saw a demonstration of the partially complete ABC computer while Atanasoff was seeking financial support. In his own article Atanasoff wrote about extensive correspondence with “organizations that supported research in the sciences, and also with several corporations”, and states that he submitted proposals to three foundations. In places Burks gives the impression that Atanasoff tried to keep information about the design of his machine secret, and that Mauchly violated his confidence. On the contrary, Atanasoff seems to have sought publicity and to have welcomed expressions of interest in his computer. A press release led to an article about the computer in the Des Moines Tribune in January, 1941, and another brief article later that year. He certainly welcomed Mauchly’s visit, and by his own evidence he went out of his way to explain the ABC to him in detail. He must have been equally forthcoming to Caldwell and to others. Burks on page 122 refers to “how he demonstrated his computer, in its early 1941 state to Caldwell and others who visited him in some official capacity.” Caldwell was an important figure in the early history of computing. He was one of the organizers of the first major post war conference on computing devices in October, 1945. It is clear that neither he nor anyone else who had seen Atanasoff’s computer considered it to be important enough to be included.
On page 276-277 of the Burks Book there is a rather strained argument that leads up to the claim that “Atanasoff conceived a magnetic drum memory …” This is followed by the statement that this idea was “conceived independently by Perry Crawford … in his MIT master’s thesis of 1942.” At MIT Crawford was “a graduate student and research associate under Caldwell and Vannevar Bush.”[4] I am surprised that Burks misses the opportunity to argue that Crawford must have gotten his idea from Atanasoff by way of Caldwell.
Irven Travis
A section of the Burks book deals with the influence of Irven Travis on the ENIAC. Travis had been a member of the Moore School faculty until just about the time that Mauchly got there. He had known Mauchly since 1938. Eckert, who was then a student at the Moore School also knew Travis as a teacher. In connection with his work as a consultant for G. E. in 1939 and 1940 Travis wrote a report in which he proposed a differential analyzer that would use electronic calculators to perform numerical integration. Partially as a result of this work the Moore School submitted a proposal in the fall of 1940 to the National Defense Research Council offering to develop electronic fire-control equipment.
It is interesting to read this section of Burks concerning Travis. The Burks seem to be saying that Mauchly stole all of his ideas about electronic computers from Atanasoff, but if he didn’t steal them from Atanasoff then he must have stolen them from Travis. The Burks make a big issue of the fact that Atanasoff told Mauchly about his idea of using electronic adders as integrators. But in this section it is pointed out that Travis had this in mind before Atanasoff, and it also becomes clear that Travis had given much more thought to the actual implementation of the idea. Mauchly’s plan for an electronic calculator predates his meeting with Atanasoff. If he had never met Atanasoff he would still have been exposed to the idea of building an electronic integraph at the Moore School. The letter from Atanasoff to Mauchly in which he mentioned the possibility that his computer could be coverted into an integraph was in response to a letter from Mauchly in which Mauchly mentioned Travis’ high estimate of the cost of building an electronic digital integraph. Note that the $500,000 estimate turned out to be a reasonable estimate of the actual cost of the ENIAC.
Travis testified at the ENIAC patent trial, and he was asked if he thought that the ENIAC ended up being in effect the electronic differential analyzer that he had discussed in his report to GE. The question was put by the Honeywell lawyer, and Travis’ reply was, “I don’t think I could honestly give you a conjecture on that.” This topic was not pursued any further. Honeywell lawyers had built their case on Atanasoff, and it would not help their case to establish the fact that the ENIAC was like something envisioned by Travis, and not at all like Atanasoff’s ABC. Sperry Rand lawyers had no interest at all in pursuing the possibility that some of the ideas that were implemented in the ENIAC design might have been anticipated by Travis or by anyone else.
Mollenhoff’s Book
It is indeed impressive that the cult of Atanasoff has produced two books in the course of a single year. The dust jacket of the Mollenhoff book points out that Mollenhoff is a graduate of Drake University Law school who “has received more than twenty five major awards as an investigative reporter, author and lecturer on fraud and corruption …” The editor’s foreword starts, “This is a fast-moving account of a triumph of justice over fraud…” The book is indeed a well written, fast-moving story that tells about how Atanasoff designed and built an electronic computer, how the villainous Mauchly stole his computer ideas and claimed they were his own, and how the gallant Honeywell attorneys brought Mauchly to justice.
When I first became aware of this book I thought that here was another disciple of Arthur Burks who would get all of his information from the Burks article and the Burks book. I was quite wrong. This is an independent work by a professional writer, a reporter who obviously spent a great deal of time and effort on this book. It is unfortunate that his viewpoint is so extremely biased, and that so much of his effort was devoted to producing a morality tale of the struggle of good versus evil. As a journalist Mollenhoff tends toward sensationalism. In places the book seems like the kind of expose that is often seen on syndicated television. Thus the word Piracy appears in the title of chapters 9 and 11. The Search for Truth (rhat is really a chapter title) becomes an effort to damn Mauchly and to glorify Atanasoff. There is no sense of proportion in this. Even if Mauchly was a villain, perhaps it should be mentioned that the ENIAC that he and Eckert and others built went so far beyond Atanasoff’s conception as to make the Atanasoff-Berry Computer seem insignificant by comparison. Even Judge Larson in his decision that is praised so highly by Mollenhoff states that, “Mauchly may in good faith have believed that the monstrous machine he helped create had no relationship to the ABC or Atanasoff.” Mollenhoff is a professional writer, not a computer scientist or a historian. don’t think he understands the magnitude of what Eckert and Mauchly accomplished.
On page 168 Mollenhoff has Atanasoff reflecting as to how he “should have been sharper and more direct in his warnings to Mauchly not to attempt to steal his ideas …” Of course this makes no sense at all. If Atanasoff could foretell the future he would have urged Mauchly to do exactly what Mollenhoff accuses Mauchly of doing. Atanasoff’s fame rests on what Mauchly accomplished. Atanasoff’s work in the computer field ended in 1942, and if not for Mauchly his work could have had no influence at all in the later development of computers. Mollenhoff states that Atanasoff “could not believe that at the time Mauchly had intended to engage in the theft of the electronic digital computer concepts.” This is more nonsense. Mauchly could not have known at that time that Atanasoff would abandon his computer without a patent application and without any attempt at publication. Mauchly could not have known then that he would meet Eckert, that they would collaborate so well, that he would be asked to join the Moore School faculty, and that he would, several years later, be in a position to build large scale digital computers.
I find it a shame that the author’s position is so extreme because there is much in this book that is interesting and readable. Much of the book is devoted to a discussion of the ENIAC patent trial and the legal activities that preceded it. The author’s background in law and in journalism combine to make for an excellent presentation of the way in which the case developed, from the time lawyers first found out about and then approached Atanasoff, through to the final decision. I have been interested in this area for a long time and have read much about it. This book is not a rehash of material that has been published before. It contains a good deal of information that was new to me, and is clearly the work of a professional reporter using original sources. Thus Mollenhoff quotes from a 1967 memorandum by a Honeywell attorney, “It is quite clear that the modification which Atanasoff proposed for his existing machine would yield a device which could quite accurately be called an ‘Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer’-an ENIAC.” It is easy to see why Eckert and some of his colleagues become angry and incoherent in the face of this kind of argument.
Mollenhoff obviously admires the case that was developed by the Honeywell lawyers, and he seems to enjoy and even amplify their attacks on Mauchly. He doesn’t even try to be objective in his approach. He has nothing but admiration for Atanasoff, and he hates and despises Mauchly. In this book the cult of Atanasoff is carried to a ridiculous extreme. Mollenhoff recommends a Nobel Prize for Atanasoff and writes of “the overwhelming evidence establishing that John W. Mauchly derived the basic concepts of ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC from John V. Atanasoff.” I find it disturbing and hard to believe that reviewers take this book seriously as a contribution to the history of computing.
Allan R. Mackintosh
Mollenhoff’s book contains a three page “Afterword” by Allan R. Mackintosh, a physicist from Denmark who spent six years at Iowa State in the early 1960’s. During that time he knew nothing of Atanasoff, but in the 1980’s, after reading about the ENIAC patent case in the writings of Burks and Atanasoff, he became an ardent publicist engaged in the aggrandizement of Atanasoff and in the vilification of Mauchly. His expository articles about the ABC computer that appeared in Physics Today (March 1987 p25-32) and in Scientific American (August 1988 p90-96) have almost certainly been read by far more people than any of the other publications about this subject. In these articles Mackintosh goes much further than Burks or Atanasoff in claiming that the ABC computer had been completed. He calls it a “functioning but fallible machine.” In the Physics Today article he states that “it is reasonable to assume that the problem with the binary card system would have been solved within a few months” (i.e. from the time the ABC computer project was abandoned in the spring of 1942.) Atanasoff’s own paper is not nearly that optimistic about the card system. My comment on Mackintosh’s article in the Scientific American and his reply to that comment appeared in the December 1988 issue of the Scientific American.
In his afterword in the Mollenhoff book Mackintosh states that “The natural, sensible, and honorable course of action [i.e. for Mauchly] would have been to invite Atanasoff to join the ENIAC project… With his help the ENIAC might have been the first operating large-scale computer. Instead the British Colossus enjoys this distinction,…” It is hard to know what to say about this combination of fantasy and misinformation. Atanasoff left Iowa State and abandoned his unfinished computer project to take a defense job in Washington. He certainly must have thought that the work he was doing in Washington was more important than trying to finish his own computer. Why does Mackintosh think that he would have deserted that job to help Eckert and Mauchly build their proposed computer? Also, the Colossus was finished about the time the ENIAC was started.
The cult of Atanasoff feeds on itself and grows. Mackintosh, a disciple of Burks, who considers the extreme views of Mollenhoff to be written “with the clarity, balance, and respect for the truth which characterize journalism at its best” (this quote is from the afterword to Mollenhoff’s book) was invited to review the Burks book for the Annals of the History of Computing. The review in Volume 10 No.3 (1988) of the Annals finds the book totally convincing and strongly seconds its condemnation of Mauchly and its adulation of Atanasoff. In my own comments about that review in Vol. 11 No.2 (1989) of the Annals of the History of Computing I stated that “many of us whose interest in the history of computing predates that of Mackintosh by many years are not at all convinced by Burks.” The reader may find it interesting to compare the Mackintosh review with the more critical, though generally favorable, review of the Burks book by Eric Weiss which has been cited earlier (Computing Reviews, April 1989). Weiss was an associate of Atanasoff at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory during World War II. He refers to himself as a long-time acquaintance of both John Mauchly and John Atanasoff, and states that “both Johns deserve great credit for their accomplishments and some discredit for their errors of judgement, but neither deserves the halo or forked tail pinned on by this book.”
Conclusion
The stored program electronic computer is one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century. It emerged from a surge of inventive activity at the Moore School in the years 1943 to 1946. The books by Goldstine and by Stern provide interesting insights into this activity from two quite different points of view. They are a good place to start for a reader who wants to know more about that period. There were many who made inventive contributions to the ENlAC, the first programmed general purpose electronic computer, and to the design of the EDVAC, in which the modern stored program concepts were introduced. By far the most important inventors were John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. They deserve to be recognized as the inventors of the modern electronic computer. The invention of the stored program computer is often attributed to John von Neumann who wrote the first detailed description of the logical design of the proposed EDVAC. Von Neumann made major contributions to the design of the EDVAC, and he may very well have considered himself the inventor. He ranks with Eckert and Mauchly as one of the most important figures in the early history of electronic computing. The rapid growth and worldwide spread of computer technology owes much to his document on the EDVAC and to the IAS computer project that he started in 1946.
The work at the Moore School did not occur in inteIlectual isolation from the rest of the scientific world. There were many prior and contemporary ideas and projects that were known to one or more of the Moore School group and that had some influence on the work there. Thus Mauchly was aware of the work of Travis and of Atanasoff. Eckert was aware of the work of Wynn-Williams and others on electronic counters. He was aware of work on delay lines at Bell Laboratories and at MIT, and of Perry Crawford’s MIT thesis that introduced the idea of a magnetic drum memory. Von Neumann was almost certainly aware of the idealized computing machines of Alan Turing, and he and others may have known something of the much earlier work of Charles Babbage. The work of Howard Aiken at Harvard, of George Stibitz at Bell Labs, of Jan Rajchman at RCA, all contributed conceptually, and in some cases directly, to the design of the computers at the Moore School.
The ENIAC patent case and its 1973 decision have stimulated the publication of books and articles about Atanasoff, claiming for him the invention of the electronic computer, and claiming that his ideas led to the design of the ENIAC and even the EDVAC. The sheer volume of such writing tends to overwhelm logic and obscures the fact that many of the claims made by and for Atanasoff are spurious. Atanasoff is a brilliant and impressive man, but he is a minor figure in the history of computing. The claims made on his behalf, that the most important inventions at the Moore School were based on his ideas, were not put forward until almost 20 years after his own partially completed computer had been scrapped. They were part of a strategy conceived in 1967 by the lawyers for Honeywell who were trying to invalidate the ENIAC patent. Atanasoff helped their case by producing an unpublished document that he had written in 1940 and had shown to a few people in 1941. The exaggerated claims made for Atanasoff are based only on the fact that during a period of four or five days in June, 1941 Mauchly saw that document, and saw Atanasoff’s partially built computer. The importance of the possibility that Mauchly “was inspired at least in part by his meeting Atanasoff” (the quotation is from the Burks book) has been blown up out of all proportion.
Saul Rosen (1922-1991)
by Saul Rosen
Department of Computer Sciences
Purdue University
West Lafayette, buy cialis Indiana.
CSD·TR·1013                   August 1990
Abstract
The modern electronic computer had its origins in the work of J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly and their colleagues at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania in the years between 1942 and 1946. This article contains a brief review of that period, see and of some of the publications that deal with its history. The latter part of the article reviews several recent publications that seek to detract from the importance of the work at the Moore School during those years by giving exaggerated importance to an earlier attempt to build a small special purpose electronic computer.
Introduction
I think that the most important and most productive period in the history of computing was the period from 1942 to 1946 at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. During those years the group at the Moore School designed and built the ENIAC, the first large scale general purpose electronic computer. Also during those years their design of the EDVAC introduced the revolutionary idea of the modem stored program electronic computer. This article contains a brief review of that period, and of some of the publications that deal with its history. The latter part of the article reviews several recent publications that seek to detract from the importance of the work at the Moore School during those years by giving exaggerated importance to an earlier attempt to build a small special purpose electronic computer.
The most important books that cover the history of the work at the Moore School are:
Herman H. Goldstine The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton University Press 1972. 378p.
Nancy Stern From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers. Digital Press 1981. 286p.
Brian Randell, Editor, The Origins of Digital Computers. Springer-Verlag 1973, 1982. 580p. This collection contains a number of documents written at the time by participants.
In the summer of 1941 Dr. John Mauchly, a 34 year old Physics professor at Ursinus College, attended an eight week summer course at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. J. Presper Eckert, aged 22, was a graduate instructor in that course. Herman Goldstine states that Eckert “was undoubtedly the best electronic engineer in the Moore School.” During that summer course Eckert and Mauchly started a scientific collaboration that was to last for many years. At the end of the course Mauchly accepted a position as a member of the faculty of the Moore School. World War II had been raging in Europe for two years and United States involvement was imminent. The Moore School had an electromechanical Differential Analyzer which was based on the one built by Vannevar Bush at MIT. The Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) at Aberdeen Md. (part of the United States Army Ordnance Department) was in charge of the calculation of trajectories for new weapons. They contracted with the Moore School for use of the Differential Analyzer and also for organizing and running a manual calculating group. As the war went on the need for calculating trajectories far outstripped the computing facilities that could be made available.
The ENIAC
Professor John Grist Brainerd was in charge of Moore School liaison with BRL. In August, 1942 Mauchly wrote a memo to Brainerd, The use of high speed vacuum tube devices for calculating. He stated that reliable electronic counters could operate at 100,000 pulses per second, and that such counters could be used as the basis for a very fast computer. He pointed out that a calculation that would take 15 to 30 minutes on a mechanical differential analyzer would be done much more accurately in about 100 seconds on an electronic calculator. Mauchly’s 1942 memo is included in Randell’s collection. Lt. Herman H. Goldstine, a young Mathematics Ph. D. at BRL was put in charge of the BRL operation at the Moore School. Goldstine states that “Mauchly and I had frequent and mutually interesting conversations about computational matters in the fall of 1942.” At his suggestion Brainerd, Eckert, and Mauchly prepared a proposal to BRL. A contract was signed on June 5, 1943 that called for the Moore School to design and build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It was to use 5000 vacuum tubes and cost $150,000. When completed it had close to 18000 tubes and cost about $750,000. It was accepted by BRL on June 30, 1946.
The ENIAC was a spectacular machine. It was the herald of the age of computers. Skeptics who argued that the ENIAC could not be finished in time to contribute to the war effort were proved to be right. But those who argued that it wouldn’t work, or that it wouldn’t make the older electromechanical computing technologies obsolete, were proved to be terribly wrong. The ENIAC was orders of magnitude faster and more powerful than any earlier computer. Its existence made it possible to carry out computations that could not have been considered without it. The ENIAC was a monument to the engineering genius of J. Presper Eckert, and to the imaginative thinking of John Mauchly. The early history of electronic computers has unfortunately been distorted by claims of priority based on patent litigation. However, even those who make the most outrageous claims don’t deny ENIAC its place as the first operational large scale general purpose programmed electronic digital computer.
The Stored Program Computer – EDVAC
In early 1944, after the design phase of the ENIAC was complete, some members of the group at the Moore School started to work on the design of a successor machine which came to be known as the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete VAriable Computer). The principal shortcomings of the ENIAC were recognized to be inadequate storage and the difficulty of setting up new problems, i.e. the difficulty of programming. On January 29, 1944 Eckert wrote a “preliminary disclosure” in which he described a magnetic disk calculating machine in which instructions as well as data would be stored on the disk. That document is the earliest known proposal for a stored program computer. It is published as an appendix to the book From Dits to Bits by Herman Lukoff. (Robotics Press, Portland Oregon. 1979. 219p.) Lukoff’s book carries the subtitle a personal history of the electronic computer. He joined the ENIAC project when he graduated from the Moore School in 1943, and he was associated with Eckert and Mauchly, and later with Eckert through all of Lukoff’s long career as a computer engineer. His book has a great deal of interest to say about many computer projects. Unfortunately, Lukoff was drafted into the navy in mid 1944 and was away from the Moore School until mid 1946, and there is a gap in his interesting informal report about the work there from the point of view of one who was then a junior engineer. Eckert’s “preliminary disclosure” is also published as an addendum to a short paper on the ENIAC that was presented at the International Conference on the History of Computing at Los Alamos in 1976.[5] In that paper Eckert refers to the stored program computer as “my best computer idea.” By mid 1944 Eckert had designed a mercury delay line memory that was much faster than the proposed disk storage.
Much progress had already been made toward the invention of a stored program computer based on the mercury delay line memory by the time that John von Neumann joined the Moore School group as a consultant. In his book Goldstine tells his now famous story about how he met von Neumann at the railroad station in Aberdeen during the summer of 1944. Von Neumann was a world famous mathematician who served as a consultant for major defense projects, including the very secret atomic bomb project at Los Alamos. Goldstine states that “When it became clear to von Neumann that I was concerned with the development of an electronic computer capable of 333 multiplications per second the whole atmosphere of our conversation changed.” Von Neumann visited the Moore School late that summer and frequently thereafter. He was welcomed for his brilliant mind. and also for the prestige that the enthusiastic participation of a scientist of his caliber brought to the Moore School projects.
The electronic digital computer flourished in the wartime environment in which computing needs were expanding and resources could be made available to try to satisfy these needs. The wartime environment also brought with it restrictions on publication and on the free interchange of information. The computer projects at the Moore School were classified Confidential. Eckert and Mauchly could not publish papers or lecture about their work. They may have welcomed the confidential nature of the project since they hoped to obtain valuable patents when it was over. Von Neumann apparently had no interest in patents and was prepared to ignore the Confidential classification.
One of the most important documents in the early history of electronic computers is the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC written by John von Neumann, and dated June 30, 1945. This 118 page mimeographed document was not treated as a classified document. It was fairly widely distributed, and soon made the basic concepts of the stored program computer known in scientific circles. In recent times a large excerpt was published in Randell’s book, and the document was published in full as an appendix in Nancy Stern’s book. The architecture of modern computers is frequently referred to as the von Neumann architecture, based on his authorship of the First Draft. It might be more appropriate to call it the Eckert, Mauchly, von Neumann architecture, since the First Draft was a report based on discussions that took place at the meetings of the Moore School group for which von Neumann served as a consultant, and some of the major ideas about the stored program computer had been developed at the Moore School before von Neumann heard of the computer activity there. Friends of von Neumann have stated that in conversations with them he always agreed that the First Draft was a summary of the work of the EDVAC design group, and that a more formal publication of these ideas would have included Eckert and possibly Mauchly along with von Neumann as authors.
Eckert and others have pointed out that von Neumann was asked on numerous occasions to clarify the situation as to authorship of the concepts and ideas contained in the First Draft. He never chose to do so. Eckert has publicly criticized von Neumann for bis tendency to take credit for the ideas of others. In his book Goldstine points out that the First Draft was not intended as a publication, and hence von Neumann should not be blamed for attaching only his own name to it. He states that “Through no fault of von Neumann’s the draft was never revised into … a report for publication.” Goldstine emphasizes the major contributions that von Neumann made, and that the writing of the First Draft itself was a major contribution. Of the Moore School group he states, “Everyone there was indispensable as regards some part of the project … but only von Neumann was indispensable to the entire task.” Goldstine was a friend and a great admirer of von Neumann, and may not be completely objective in his evaluation. It is unfortunate from the point of view of the history of computing that von Neumann showed no interest in evaluating the contributions of others to the computers in which he was involved. Thus, von Neumann knew Alan Turing when Turing was working on his Ph. D. degree at Princeton in 1938, and von Neumann must have been aware of Turing’s 1937 paper on “Computable Numbers” in which Turing Machines were introduced.[6]Â In that paper Turing showed how, “It is possible to invent a single machine which can be used to compute any computable sequence.” It would be interesting to know to what extent Turing’s ideas influenced von Neumann in his perception of the stored program computer as a truly universal computer.
There exists a very interesting document entitled Automatic High Speed Computing: A Progress Report on the EDVAC. This progress report was submitted to Army Ordnance by Eckert and Mauchly, and is dated September 30, 1945. It is a logical successor to the First Draft, and might have had as great an impact, except for the fact that it was Confidential, and there was no distribution outside of Army Ordnance at the time. Concerning the First Draft it states, “Dr von Neumann has also written a preliminary report in which most of the results of earlier discussions are summarized. In his report the physical structures and devices proposed by Eckert and Mauchly are replaced by idealized elements to avoid raising engineering problems which might distract attention from the logical considerations under discussion.” The Progress Report lists a proposed order code for EDVAC and states “This plan for orders is essentially that which von Neumann bas proposed after trying out various coding methods on typical problems.” It also states that, “von Neumann has specified that some order symbols be capable of modification by deleting a given part of the order and inserting something else in place of this part” Thus it appears that Eckert and Mauchly gave von Neumann credit for the idea’ of address modification during program execution. The Progress Report is 111 pages long, and is a clear and detailed discussion of the thinking about electronic digital computers in mid 1945. It is unfortunate that it was not published and distributed at the time. I have recently suggested that it should be published in the Annals of the History of Computing, and I hope that it will become available there. Both the First Draft and the Progress Report stress the idea of serial computation as an essential idea on which the stored program electronic computer is based. It is now amusing to read section 5.6 of the First Draft in which von Neumann points out the economy that results by avoiding any parallelism, and that the high speed of electronics would make a totally serial computer fast enough for all practical purposes. By the time the design of his IAS computer was started, about a year later, he had realized that very much higher speeds would be needed than could ever be obtained in serial computers.
Spring and Summer of 1946
In the fall of 1944 Eckert and Mauchly decided to apply for a patent on the ENIAC. The ensuing controversy concerning patents led to a great deal of bad feeling within the Moore School group, and eventually resulted in the departure of Eckert and Mauchly from the Moore School on March 31, 1946. At about the same time Goldstine and Burks (discussed below) joined von Neumann at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Goldstine and Burks have written extensively about the early development of computers. Partisans of Eckert and Mauchly have not. As a result the literature is rather one sided. Goldstine and Burks idolized von Neumann. They did not like Mauchly. One also gets the impression that they found it difficult to give full credit and recognition to the youthful genius of J. Presper Eckert, and much easier to give credit to John von Neumann whose genius had already been demonstrated in other fields. During July and August, 1946 a very important summer course on computers was held at the Moore School. Eckert and Mauchly and Goldstine came back to serve as major lecturers in the course. Many important figures in the design and use of computers were there as visiting lecturers. Attendance at the course was by invitation, and a number of those who attended went on to do important work in the computer field. Maurice Wilkes came from Cambridge University in England. From lectures and discussions about the EDVAC he took back with him the idea of the stored program computer based on mercury delay lines, and his EDSAC computer based on these ideas was doing useful computation long before the EDVAC was completed. A large number of the lectures presented in the course are included in a set of lecture notes that were published some time after the course was completed. Some were manuscripts submitted by the lecturers, and some are based on transcriptions of wire tape recordings. They provide a very interesting record of the state of the art of computing at that time. They are unfortunately incomplete, since some important lectures are listed only by title with a minimal summary. The notes have recently been republished as Volume 9 of the Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing under the title The Moore School Lectures. (The MIT Press and Tomash Publishers. 1985. 568p.) The summer of 1946 marks the end of the period in which the Moore School was the center of the world of computers. The Computer Revolution had been launched at the Moore School, but the leaders of the next phase were at Princeton and MIT, at Manchester and Cambridge in England, and in the computer industry in which Eckert and Mauchly played an important pioneering role. The Moore School remained involved, but it never again achieved a position of preeminence in the computer field.
The ENIAC Patent
In October of 1946 Eckert and Mauchly formed a computer company which later became the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. They filed a patent application for the ENIAC on June 16, 1947, and a patent was finally granted on February 4, 1964. The 200 page patent contained 148 claims that included many basic concepts in electronic computing. By 1964 the patent had been assigned to Sperry Rand Corporation. IBM raised some objections but a cross licensing agreement was worked out. Honeywell refused to pay royalties to Sperry Rand, and in May of 1967 Sperry Rand filed a suit against Honeywell and HoneyweIl filed a counter suit. The combined suits came to trial before Judge Earl R. Larson in Minneapolis in June of 1971. HoneywelI lawyers submitted 30,000 documents, and Sperry Rand lawyers submitted 6,000 documents. The transcript of the trial was 50,000 pages long. The verdict that was handed down on October 19, 1973 was 319 pages long. The trial record has become a major source of information about the early history of electronic computing. The ENIAC patent was declared to be invalid on several grounds. One was the purely technical ground that the ENIAC had been in use and offered for sale more than a year before the patent was filed. The other was a ruling that: “Eckert and Mauchly did not themselves first invent the automatic electronic digital computer, but instead derived the subject matter from one John Vincent Atanasoff”. At that time few people had heard of John Vincent Atanasoff.
Atanasoff and Mauchly
Atanasoff, while a professor of Mathematics and Physics at Iowa State College, started work on an electronic computer project in 1938. With the help of a graduate student Clifford E. Berry he undertook to design and build an electronic computer that would solve up to 29 linear algebraic equations in 29 unknowns. The computer, which has come to be known as the ABC computer, was never finished but according to Atanasoff it was able to solve small systems of equations in the spring of 1942. Because of the advent of World War II first Berry and then Atanasoff left Iowa State in 1942 and there was no further work done on the computer. It was dismantled in 1948.
The book, Electronic Digital Systems by R. K. Richards. (John Wiley and Sons, 1966, 637p.) was an early general introduction to electronic digital computers. On page 3 it states that, “The ancestry of all electronic digital systems appears to be traceable to . . . the Atanasoff-Berry Computer”. Dr. Richards was a student at Iowa State at the time that Atanasoff was building his computer and he saw the computer at that time. On page 4 he states that, “One of the few people to study the machine in detail was Dr. John Mauchly who . . . made a visit to ISU in 1941 for the specific purpose of studying the computer.” This statement was the catalyst that led Honeywell attorneys to Atanasoff in connection with their patent suit against Sperry-Rand.
Mauchly presented a paper at an AAAS meeting in Philadelphia in December, 1940. Atanasoff introduced himself and their mutual interest in computation led to an invitation to Mauchly to visit Atanasoff. It also led to correspondence which became important evidence in the ENIAC patent trial. Mauchly visited Atanasoff at Ames, Iowa for a few days in June, 1941. While there he saw the partially completed ABC computer and was shown a document that Atanasoff had prepared in 1940 as part of a proposal to the Research Corporation. Mauchly was not pennitted to take away a copy of that document because Atanasoff was preparing to file for a patent on the ABC. No patent was ever filed, and there was no contemporary publication about the ABC. The 1940 document by Atanasoff, Computing Machine for the solution of Large Systems ofLinear Algebraic Equations, was first published in Randell’s collection in 1973. It includes an interesting discussion of how Atanasoff’s design decisions were made, and it presents a complete description of the design of the ABC.
The Book From ENIAC to UNIVAC
Nancy Stern’s book was written after the ENIAC patent trial, and was the first book that made effective use of the records of the trial. I first read this book, in a preliminary form, when the Publisher sent me a copy of Stern’s dissertation and asked me to review it and to comment on its suitability for publication. My response stated that “I read Nancy Stern’s dissertation. .. on the day I received it, almost without putting it down. I found the material very interesting – even fascinating … The full story of the Eckert-Mauchly computers has not been told before …” I have recently reread a major portion of the book in connection with this essay. and I still think that it is fascinating. Goldstine’s discussion of the Moore School computer projects is of special interest because he was active both as a liaison between BRL and.the Moore School and as a participant in the technical meetings in which design considerations were discussed and decisions were made. Stern’s discussion is of special interest because she provides the objective view of a non participant. Goldstine writes authoritatively and convincingly. His research was reinforced by his own memory of the people who participated. Stern’s approach is more that of an interpreter. She quotes from Goldstine’s book as an authoritative source, as indeed it is.
Dr. Stern is trained as a historian, not as a computer scientist or a mathematician. As a historian she brings insights into this area that represent an important contribution to the study of the period. I find it significant that her book is not quoted, and is not even listed among the references in either the Burks book or the Mollenhoff book on Atanasoff discussed below. Stern discusses the importance of Mauchly as an innovator, with innovation “defined as the application or adaptation of an idea, even an existing one, in such a manner that the resulting technology is rendered practical and useful.” She takes issue with the point of view “that the idea is of critical import and the application or execution of that idea is of secondary significance.” Even though it is not explicitly stated in the book. I think it is made clear that the part played by Eckert and Mauchly in the invention of the computer was far more significant than that of Atanasoff, and would remain so even if it could be proved that Mauchly’s work made use of some ideas that he first came across in his meeting with Atanasoff.
The Cult of Atanasolff
A patent suit is an adversary process. It is not an objective investigation into the history of technology. Almost inevitably it produces a distortion of history, since the facts are filtered through depositions and cross examination by lawyers whose only goal is to strengthen their own case and to weaken that of their opponents. Thus, the ENIAC patent trial was a contest between Honeywell lawyers and lawyers for Sperry Rand in which the Honeywell lawyers won. A major part of the Honeywell lawyers’ strategy was to glorify Atanasoff and to discredit Mauchly. The success of their strategy probably exceeded even their own expectations. One result has been the development of a cult of Atanasoff led by Professor Arthur W. Burks of the University of Michigan. Arthur Burks attended the 1941 summer course at the Moore School along with Mauchly, and he too joined the Moore School faculty at the end of the course. He was one of the senior members of the ENIAC design group. In connection with the ENIAC patent trial he filed a claim that he was a co-inventor of the ENIAC. He strongly resented the claims of Eckert and Mauchly that they were the sole inventors of the ENIAC. He felt that Eckert and Mauchly were greedy and unethical for claiming exclusive rights to inventions that included the work of others, and that were carried out while they were employed by the University of Pennsylvania. He served as a consultant to Honeywell in the patent case. His wife, Alice R. Burks has collaborated with him in a number of publications.
The cult of Atanasoff has so far produced four major publications:
Arthur W. Burks and Alice R. Burks. “The ENIAC: First General Purpose Electronic Computer” Annals of the History of Computing. Vol. 3, No.4. October 1981 p. 310-389.
John Vincent Atanasoff. “Advent of Electronic Digital Computing” Annals of the History of Computing. Vol. 6 No.3 July 1984 p.229-282.
Alice R. Burks and Arthur W. Burks. The First Electronic Computer-The Atanasoff Story, The University of Michigan Press 1988. 387p.
Clark R. Mollenhoff. ATANASOFF Forgotten Father of the Computer. Iowa State University Press. 1988. 275p.
The ENIAC Patent Case
The Honeywell lawyers argued that before he met Atanasoff Mauchly had had no interest in digital electronic computing. They argued that Mauchly had shown no originality in his early work in analogue computing. The implication was that a person of his limited ability could not have conceived of the ENIAC or of its electronics himself, and that all of that development must have been derived from information that Mauchly learned from Atanasoff during the few days that Mauchly spent visiting Atanasoff in Ames. They ridiculed Mauchly when Mauchly said that he could not recall how much or how carefully he had read the document that Atanasoff had shown him 30 years earlier. Honeywell lawyers were smart enough not to try to belittle Eckert’s talents in electronics and in engineering. Sperry Rand lawyers don’t seem to have made an adequate effort to point out that by the time of the ENIAC design Eckert had become expert in electronic engineering, far in advance of Atanasoff, and that Eckert, with the assistance of others at the Moore School, could and most probably did invent the electronics of the ENIAC and the EDVAC without needing inputs from Atanasoff by way of Mauchly. They did bring out the fact that by his own admission Atanasoff had failed in his attempts to build a flip flop after several months of effort. They also brought out the fact that Atanasoff’s machine would have been terribly slow and not at all comparable to the ENIAC, since its basic pulse rate was 60 pulses per second as compared to 100,000 pulses per second for the ENIAC.
It is not surprising that Sperry Rand lost the ENIAC patent case. The arguments that the ENIAC had been in use and for sale more than a year before the patent was filed were very strong, and it is hard to see how Sperry Rand lawyers expected to overcome them. Also the claim to have invented the automatic electronic computer was much too broad. The Atanasoff computer was not the only special purpose computer that might have qualified as an earlier instance of an automatic electronic computer. Thus, for example, it was brought out at the ENIAC trial that Byron E. Phelps of IBM had built and tested an electronic multiplier in 1942, and the judge ruled that several claims of the ENIAC patent were anticipated by Phelps’ patent. Eckert and Mauchly were negligent in that they did not file their patent application more promptly, and within the time interval required by patent law. Also Mauchly was negligent in that he did not reveal the details of his visit and correspondence with Atanasoff to their patent attorney. Even the Burks who may be considered to be among Mauchly’s worst enemies state in their book that valuable and valid patents for the ENIAC could have been filed without acknowledging any previous work by Atanasoff (page 206). Also on page 237 of Burks book there is the parenthetical remark, “(It is curious that on the very first page of the patent, Eckert and Mauchly termed the ENIAC “the first general purpose automatic electronic digital computing machine known to us [italics added].” If they had held to this qualification throughout, they would have had, we believe, a valid patent.)” The italics were added by Burks. The victims of their own negligence were Eckert and Mauchly, and eventually Sperry Rand corporation. A major beneficiary was Atanasoff, whose early work on computers would otherwise have remained almost totally unknown. It is ironic that partisans of Atanasoff engage in venomous attacks on Mauchly even though Atanasoff’s fame is based totally and only on Mauchly’s achievements as a pioneer of the computer field.
Atanasoff’s Article
The Annals of the History of Computing appears to have inadvertently become a party to the cult of Atanasoff through the publication of the Burks article, and shortly thereafter through the publication of a long rambling article by Atanasoff himself. Atanasoff’s article contains a great deal of interesting material, but it is poorly edited. It is a rather boastful self-serving article in which Atanasoff exaggerates the importance of his own contributions to the computer field and belittles those of John Mauchly. This article is more interesting than most of the other writings about Atanasoff, but some things in the article seem a bit extreme. Thus, for example, Mauchly had needed extra income during the war years and had obtained consulting work with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory where Atanasoff was working. On page 257 Atanasoff quotes his superior of that time as saying “He was watching you.” On the same page he takes issue with an Iowa State document dated June, 1948 stating that by then Atanasoff was saying that the ABC computer was “probably largely obsolete.” By then Atanasoff had already seen the ENIAC, and if he was still interested in computing he must have been aware of the EDVAC and the IAS computer projects. By then he must have known that the computer that he had tried to build at Iowa State was totally obsolete. An interesting fact, ignored in other discussions of the case, is that Atanasoff tried to intervene in the patent case, claiming that he was a co~inventor of the ENIAC. The judge ruled that it was more than 20 years too late.
Most of Atanasoff’s article is a presentation of the case for Atanasoff. Atanasoff takes justifiable pride in his abilities and accomplishments. He even writes with pride about how Judge Larson complimented him for his performance as a witness at the ENIAC patent trial, and he describes how his ability to perform as a witness was enhanced by intensive coaching by the Honeywell lawyers. I don’t think that Atanasoff ever claims, as Burks does, that the ABC computer was completed. He states that “in the spring of 1942 .. . we were able to solve small systems of equations, and we could usually get an eliminant between large equations with accuracy” [italics added]. Atanasoff’s accomplishment was very impressive. It is amazing that he and Berry accomplished as much as they did, but they did not produce a useful operational computer, and it is not obvious that they would have been able to do so even if they had remained at Iowa State.
At the end of his article Atanasoff lists a number of concepts that he claims to have “brought to computing.” All of these concepts were known to the computer field long before the document he wrote in 1940 became public in connection with the ENIAC patent trial. The only way in which Atanasoff could have brought any concepts into the computer field is through the influence that he may have had on the work of John Mauchly. The basis for his claims is the document and the partially completed computer that he showed to a few people in 1941. An unpublished document and an aborted attempt at implementation do not constitute proof of invention, but with the help of the Honeywell lawyers Atanasoff built his claim on the fact that Mauchly was one of the few people who had seen the document and the partially finished computer. Modesty is certainly not a characteristic of Atanasoff. He joined in enthusiastically with the Honeywell lawyers’ strategy to convince the judge that, unlike Atanasoff, Mauchly was incapable of having any original ideas, and that Mauchly’s most important contribution to the Moore School computer projects was to introduce Atanasoffs ideas without acknowledging their origin. Atanasoff’s claims are actually relatively modest compared to those put forward by some of his advocates who argue that most of the important advances in electronic computing at the Moore School in the years 1943-1946 were derived from Mauchly’s memory of what he saw in Ames in June, 1941. My respect for Atanasoff is greatly diminished by the extent to which he supports the unreasonable claims on his behalf made by Burks, and more recently and more abrasively by Mollenhoff.
The Burks Article
In the last item of his summary Atanasoff claims that “I conceived of an electronic digital differential analyzer in early 1941. Burks showed that this idea led to the ENIAC’s structure.” This is a reference to the Burks article on the ENIAC in the Annals of the History of Computing. The major part of the Burks article in the Annals describes the ENIAC, and it is a scholarly presentation that is destined to remain the standard source for information about the way the ENIAC was built and how it worked. Details of the historical background of the ENIAC that a reader can find in Goldstine’s book and in even more detail in Stern’s book are not presented here. Instead a major introductory section of this long article introduces and elaborates on the Burks contention that the ENIAC had its origin in “an idea Atanasoff conveyed by letter to John W. Mauchly in 1941.’ Much of this section of the article is then devoted to a description of Atanasoff’s ABC computer. The detailed discussion of an earlier attempt to build a small special purpose electronic computer seems out of place, and tends to denigrate the accomplishments of the ENIAC project. This important article on the ENIAC is seriously flawed by the inclusion of such material. The Burks argument that the ENIAC is derived from Atanasoff is largely based on three letters. A letter from Atanasoff to Mauchly on May 31, 1941 states, “I suddenly obtained an idea as to how the computing machine we are building can be converted into an integraph.” A few more sentences show that he had indeed thought of the possibility of converting his machine into a machine that would solve systems of differential equations by numerical integration. That is all there is to it. There is no evidence that he carried this idea any further. This idea, casually conceived and never pursued, is given the status of a great invention by Atanasoff cultists. Considering the state of the ABC at that time I wonder if they have any idea how difficult it would have been to go from there to a fully operational electronic digital differential analyzer?
The second letter is from Mauchly to a meteorologist friend, Clayton, on June 28, 1941. Mauchly mentions his visit to Iowa State. He refers to Atanasoff’s machine and states that it “is electronic in operation, and will solve within a very few minutes any system of numerical equations involving no more than thirty variables. It can be adapted to do the job of the Bush differential analyzer more rapidly than the Bush machine does, and it costs a lot less.” Thus in June 1941 Mauchly was impressed by Atanasoff’s machine and thought that Atanasoff would be able to finish it and that he would be able to adapt it to the job of a differential analyzer. Here it is interesting to note that the Burks book has an extensive analysis of the ABC machine and concludes that it would have taken about 55 hours to solve 29 equations in 29 unknowns. They suggest that in practice, with reasonable validity checks, it would probably have taken twice that long. In the same letter Mauchly states, “My own computing devices use a different principle, more likely to fit small computing jobs.” Thus Mauchly acknowledges that he was only interested in small computers in the summer of 1941. More than a year later, after the summer course and other experience at the Moore School, he proposed the construction of a very large computer, orders of magnitude larger than the ABC computer which had not been finished and which had by then been abandoned by Atanasoff.
The third letter, this from Mauchly to Atanasoff on September 30, 1941, is the most damning. Here Mauchly asks, “is there any objection, from your point of view, to my building some sort of computer which incorporates some of the features of your machine?” Mauchly makes it clear that he is thinking of a number of different approaches to electronic computing and then asks “In the event that your present design were to hold the field against all challengers, and I got the Moore School interested in having something of the sort, would the way be open for us to build an “Atanasoff Calculator” (Ã la Bush analyzer) here?” When the Bush analyzer was the most powerful computer available the Moore School built a copy for its own use. Here Mauchly suggests that if the “Atanasoff Calculator” is successful and becomes the most powerful computer available he might want to suggest to the Moore School that they build a copy of that for their own use.
Burks and the Honeywell lawyers used these letters to try to create the impression that the essence of the ENIAC was copied from Atanasoff. They ignore the fact that the ENIAC is about as different from the ABC computer as one computer can be from another. The Atanasoff Calculator was never finished. Mauchly soon became aware that Eckert could build reliable electronic counters that would operate at speeds in excess of 100,000 pulses per second. It is of course impossible to know how much he remembered about the details of the low speed, 60 pulse per second, electronic technology that he had seen at Ames. At the time of his visit to Atanasoff he had not even decided to attend the summer course at the Moore School. He could not have known that he would be invited to stay at the Moore School and that several years later he would be in a position to build large scale computers. It seems reasonable to believe Mauchly’s testimony that he only retained general ideas of the structure of Atanasoff’s machine. It seems reasonable to believe Eckert’s testimony that Mauchly talked to him only very briefly about Atanasoff. Yet Burks argues that anything that was done in the ENIAC and even in the EDVAC years later that was even remotely comparable to something that existed in Atanasoff’s design was done as a result of Mauchly having seen it described in the document that Atanasoff showed him in Ames in June, 1941.
The Burks Book
The book by Alice and Arthur Burks is the most important of the publications that support the cult of Atanasoff. The Burks are driven by a sense of urgency that is proclaimed in the introduction. It is hard to understand why they are so driven. One gets the feeling that at least in part it has to do with hatred of Mauchly, and a desire to see him put to shame. In his review in Computing Reviews, (Vol. 30, No.4, April, 1989), Eric Weiss calls it an “angry and often vicious book,” and refers to “an unnecessarily fierce and vindictive antagonism and hatred for Mauchly,” The book is very long, but the most important information in it had already been presented in the articles discussed above. The point of the book is interpretation rather than information. The essential argument of the book repeated over and over again, states that Atanasoff invented electronic switching and the use of electronics for logical and arithmetic functions, and showed his inventions to Mauchly. Every time the electronics of the ENIAC or even the EDVAC are mentioned it is repeated. almost as a ritual that the circuits and logic used are Atanasoff’s logic and Atanasoff’s circuits. The Burks assert that if not for Atanasoff there would not have been an ENIAC. It is hard to see why anyone would believe this. Even if Mauchly’s competence in electronics is suspect, Eckert’s talent, perhaps even genius in this area is widely recognized. Atanasoff was certainly not the only one working on electronic switching in the late 1930s and early 1940s. There were many electronic computer projects, including work at MIT and IBM and NCR and RCA. There were electronic computer projects in Germany and in England. T.H. Flowers, in his article The Design of Colossus. (Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 5 No.3, (July 1983) p239-252.) points out that electronic counters were first used by C. E. Wynn-Williams in 1929, and states that, “From 1935 onward I was exploring the uses of Electronics in telephone exchanges. By 1939 I felt able to prove … that an electronic equivalent could be made of any electromechanical switching or data-processing machine.” This seems to be a reasonable statement in view of the spectacular Colossus system that he and his coworkers were able to build just a few years later. Colossus was a very secret special purpose electronic computer used at Bletchley Park in England during World War II. It was built to help a group of cryptanalysts under Maxwell H. A. Newman who were trying to break a high level German machine cipher. The details of their work is still considered secret, but the existence of the Colossus and some technical papers about it were finally declassified in the 1970s and 1980s. The first Colossus had 1500 vacuum tubes, and it was operational in December, 1943. That was just about the time the group at the Moore School was starting to build the ENIAC. It is not my purpose to argue here that Colossus was the first electronic computer. It was not a general purpose computer in the same sense as ENIAC. I mention it here merely to give one example of the extent to which principles of electronic technology and concepts of electronic switching were known and used in various parts of the world in the early 1940s.
Mauchly’s Interest in Electronics
The story told by Honeywell lawyers was that Mauchly had no interest in electronic computers until he learned about them from Atanasoff. Mauchly claimed that this was not true, that he had started to work with digital electronics and that he was planning to build an electronic calculator before he met Atanasoff. No proof was presented on Mauchly’s behalf and judge Larson’s decision states that “Prior to his visit to Ames, Iowa, Mauchly had been broadly interested in electrical analog calculating devices, but had neither conceived nor built any electronic digital calculating device.”
With more diligence on the part of Mauchly and his Sperry Rand attorneys evidence could have been presented to help support Mauchly’s claim, since such evidence was discovered and made public after the ENIAC trial. A letter to H. Helm Clayton written by Mauchly in November, 1940 states, “we are now considering the construction of an electrical computing machine to obtain sums of squares and cross products as rapidly as the numbers can be punched into the machine. The machine would perform operations in about 1/200 second, using vacuum tube relays, and yielding mathematically exact, not approximate results.” In another letter dated Dec 4, 1940 to John DeWire, a former student, Mauchly states, “For your own private information, I expect to have, in a year or so, when I get the stuff and put it together, an electronic computing machine, which will have the answer as fast as the buttons can be depressed. The secret lies in ‘scaling circuits,’ of course… “
These quotations appear on page 100 of the Burks book. Both of these letters were written by Mauchly before he had met Atanasoff, and before he was even aware of his existence. These letters show that Mauchly was indeed thinking in terms of electronic computing, at least on the level of an electronic desk calculator, before he met Atanasoff. They make Mauchly’s testimony that he suggested the use of scaling circuits to Atanasoff seem plausible. At the time flip-flops were often called vacuum tube relays, and scaling circuits were electronic counters. The Burks do not question the authenticity of these letters, or of their dates. Thus, on page 100 they state, “We do believe. . . that his designs of neon circuits in 1941, with vacuum tubes interspersed for switching, were efforts toward this digital calculator. At the same time we continue to believe, with the Honeywell side, that he was inspired at least in part by his meeting Atanasoff and learning that electronic computing was indeed feasible.” It is hard to understand how the Burks can reconcile this moderate statement with their umeasonable claims about the derivation of ENlAC and EDVAC from Atanasoff that they make in other parts of the book.
Samuel Caldwell
At the time the ENlAC was first proposed there was considerable doubt among scientists and engineers about the practicality of large scale electronic computing. It was already pretty generally recognized that electronics could and would eventually be used for computation, but serious questions were raised about whether the technology was far enough advanced to permit the successful implementation of large scale electronic computing. Stern’s book contains an interesting discussion of the reaction of established scientists to the proposal to build the ENIAC. In October, 1943 Samuel Caldwell, then an Associate Professor at MIT and a member of the National Defense Research Council wrote a letter in which he stated, nIt would appear that the specifications of the equipment under development by the Ordnance Department [i.e. the ENIAC] substantially duplicate the specifications of the Rapid Arithmetical Machine Program[7] . . . As far back as 1939 we realized that we could build a machine for electronic computation. But though it was possible to build such a machine and possible to make it work, we did not consider it practical. The reliability of electronic equipment required great improvement. . . “
Caldwell was mentioned in the Atanasoff-Mauchly correspondence. Caldwell visited Atanasoff at Iowa State a number of times in connection with a federally sponsored project which was not related to the ABC computer. According to Burks his “first visit, on January 6, 1941, had the further purpose of evaluating the computer and advising Research Corporation as to its funding. Caldwell did very shortly recommend that it be supported on the bases both of this inspection and of an earlier reading of the August, 1940, description.” Note that Caldwell, who had been convinced of the feasibility of electronic computation since 1939, remained skeptical about its practicality in the Fall of 1943. Caldwell had read Atanasoff’s description of the ABC and had seen the ABC in January, 1941, and several times after that. Yet Caldwell did not consider the work of Atanasoff to be proof that electronic computing was practical. Caldwell was not the only one who read Atanasoff’s manuscript and saw a demonstration of the partially complete ABC computer while Atanasoff was seeking financial support. In his own article Atanasoff wrote about extensive correspondence with “organizations that supported research in the sciences, and also with several corporations”, and states that he submitted proposals to three foundations. In places Burks gives the impression that Atanasoff tried to keep information about the design of his machine secret, and that Mauchly violated his confidence. On the contrary, Atanasoff seems to have sought publicity and to have welcomed expressions of interest in his computer. A press release led to an article about the computer in the Des Moines Tribune in January, 1941, and another brief article later that year. He certainly welcomed Mauchly’s visit, and by his own evidence he went out of his way to explain the ABC to him in detail. He must have been equally forthcoming to Caldwell and to others. Burks on page 122 refers to “how he demonstrated his computer, in its early 1941 state to Caldwell and others who visited him in some official capacity.” Caldwell was an important figure in the early history of computing. He was one of the organizers of the first major post war conference on computing devices in October, 1945. It is clear that neither he nor anyone else who had seen Atanasoff’s computer considered it to be important enough to be included.
On page 276-277 of the Burks Book there is a rather strained argument that leads up to the claim that “Atanasoff conceived a magnetic drum memory …” This is followed by the statement that this idea was “conceived independently by Perry Crawford … in his MIT master’s thesis of 1942.” At MIT Crawford was “a graduate student and research associate under Caldwell and Vannevar Bush.”[8] I am surprised that Burks misses the opportunity to argue that Crawford must have gotten his idea from Atanasoff by way of Caldwell.
Irven Travis
A section of the Burks book deals with the influence of Irven Travis on the ENIAC. Travis had been a member of the Moore School faculty until just about the time that Mauchly got there. He had known Mauchly since 1938. Eckert, who was then a student at the Moore School also knew Travis as a teacher. In connection with his work as a consultant for G. E. in 1939 and 1940 Travis wrote a report in which he proposed a differential analyzer that would use electronic calculators to perform numerical integration. Partially as a result of this work the Moore School submitted a proposal in the fall of 1940 to the National Defense Research Council offering to develop electronic fire-control equipment.
It is interesting to read this section of Burks concerning Travis. The Burks seem to be saying that Mauchly stole all of his ideas about electronic computers from Atanasoff, but if he didn’t steal them from Atanasoff then he must have stolen them from Travis. The Burks make a big issue of the fact that Atanasoff told Mauchly about his idea of using electronic adders as integrators. But in this section it is pointed out that Travis had this in mind before Atanasoff, and it also becomes clear that Travis had given much more thought to the actual implementation of the idea. Mauchly’s plan for an electronic calculator predates his meeting with Atanasoff. If he had never met Atanasoff he would still have been exposed to the idea of building an electronic integraph at the Moore School. The letter from Atanasoff to Mauchly in which he mentioned the possibility that his computer could be coverted into an integraph was in response to a letter from Mauchly in which Mauchly mentioned Travis’ high estimate of the cost of building an electronic digital integraph. Note that the $500,000 estimate turned out to be a reasonable estimate of the actual cost of the ENIAC.
Travis testified at the ENIAC patent trial, and he was asked if he thought that the ENIAC ended up being in effect the electronic differential analyzer that he had discussed in his report to GE. The question was put by the Honeywell lawyer, and Travis’ reply was, “I don’t think I could honestly give you a conjecture on that.” This topic was not pursued any further. Honeywell lawyers had built their case on Atanasoff, and it would not help their case to establish the fact that the ENIAC was like something envisioned by Travis, and not at all like Atanasoff’s ABC. Sperry Rand lawyers had no interest at all in pursuing the possibility that some of the ideas that were implemented in the ENIAC design might have been anticipated by Travis or by anyone else.
Mollenhoff’s Book
It is indeed impressive that the cult of Atanasoff has produced two books in the course of a single year. The dust jacket of the Mollenhoff book points out that Mollenhoff is a graduate of Drake University Law school who “has received more than twenty five major awards as an investigative reporter, author and lecturer on fraud and corruption …” The editor’s foreword starts, “This is a fast-moving account of a triumph of justice over fraud…” The book is indeed a well written, fast-moving story that tells about how Atanasoff designed and built an electronic computer, how the villainous Mauchly stole his computer ideas and claimed they were his own, and how the gallant Honeywell attorneys brought Mauchly to justice.
When I first became aware of this book I thought that here was another disciple of Arthur Burks who would get all of his information from the Burks article and the Burks book. I was quite wrong. This is an independent work by a professional writer, a reporter who obviously spent a great deal of time and effort on this book. It is unfortunate that his viewpoint is so extremely biased, and that so much of his effort was devoted to producing a morality tale of the struggle of good versus evil. As a journalist Mollenhoff tends toward sensationalism. In places the book seems like the kind of expose that is often seen on syndicated television. Thus the word Piracy appears in the title of chapters 9 and 11. The Search for Truth (rhat is really a chapter title) becomes an effort to damn Mauchly and to glorify Atanasoff. There is no sense of proportion in this. Even if Mauchly was a villain, perhaps it should be mentioned that the ENIAC that he and Eckert and others built went so far beyond Atanasoff’s conception as to make the Atanasoff-Berry Computer seem insignificant by comparison. Even Judge Larson in his decision that is praised so highly by Mollenhoff states that, “Mauchly may in good faith have believed that the monstrous machine he helped create had no relationship to the ABC or Atanasoff.” Mollenhoff is a professional writer, not a computer scientist or a historian. don’t think he understands the magnitude of what Eckert and Mauchly accomplished.
On page 168 Mollenhoff has Atanasoff reflecting as to how he “should have been sharper and more direct in his warnings to Mauchly not to attempt to steal his ideas …” Of course this makes no sense at all. If Atanasoff could foretell the future he would have urged Mauchly to do exactly what Mollenhoff accuses Mauchly of doing. Atanasoff’s fame rests on what Mauchly accomplished. Atanasoff’s work in the computer field ended in 1942, and if not for Mauchly his work could have had no influence at all in the later development of computers. Mollenhoff states that Atanasoff “could not believe that at the time Mauchly had intended to engage in the theft of the electronic digital computer concepts.” This is more nonsense. Mauchly could not have known at that time that Atanasoff would abandon his computer without a patent application and without any attempt at publication. Mauchly could not have known then that he would meet Eckert, that they would collaborate so well, that he would be asked to join the Moore School faculty, and that he would, several years later, be in a position to build large scale digital computers.
I find it a shame that the author’s position is so extreme because there is much in this book that is interesting and readable. Much of the book is devoted to a discussion of the ENIAC patent trial and the legal activities that preceded it. The author’s background in law and in journalism combine to make for an excellent presentation of the way in which the case developed, from the time lawyers first found out about and then approached Atanasoff, through to the final decision. I have been interested in this area for a long time and have read much about it. This book is not a rehash of material that has been published before. It contains a good deal of information that was new to me, and is clearly the work of a professional reporter using original sources. Thus Mollenhoff quotes from a 1967 memorandum by a Honeywell attorney, “It is quite clear that the modification which Atanasoff proposed for his existing machine would yield a device which could quite accurately be called an ‘Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer’-an ENIAC.” It is easy to see why Eckert and some of his colleagues become angry and incoherent in the face of this kind of argument.
Mollenhoff obviously admires the case that was developed by the Honeywell lawyers, and he seems to enjoy and even amplify their attacks on Mauchly. He doesn’t even try to be objective in his approach. He has nothing but admiration for Atanasoff, and he hates and despises Mauchly. In this book the cult of Atanasoff is carried to a ridiculous extreme. Mollenhoff recommends a Nobel Prize for Atanasoff and writes of “the overwhelming evidence establishing that John W. Mauchly derived the basic concepts of ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC from John V. Atanasoff.” I find it disturbing and hard to believe that reviewers take this book seriously as a contribution to the history of computing.
Allan R. Mackintosh
Mollenhoff’s book contains a three page “Afterword” by Allan R. Mackintosh, a physicist from Denmark who spent six years at Iowa State in the early 1960’s. During that time he knew nothing of Atanasoff, but in the 1980’s, after reading about the ENIAC patent case in the writings of Burks and Atanasoff, he became an ardent publicist engaged in the aggrandizement of Atanasoff and in the vilification of Mauchly. His expository articles about the ABC computer that appeared in Physics Today (March 1987 p25-32) and in Scientific American (August 1988 p90-96) have almost certainly been read by far more people than any of the other publications about this subject. In these articles Mackintosh goes much further than Burks or Atanasoff in claiming that the ABC computer had been completed. He calls it a “functioning but fallible machine.” In the Physics Today article he states that “it is reasonable to assume that the problem with the binary card system would have been solved within a few months” (i.e. from the time the ABC computer project was abandoned in the spring of 1942.) Atanasoff’s own paper is not nearly that optimistic about the card system. My comment on Mackintosh’s article in the Scientific American and his reply to that comment appeared in the December 1988 issue of the Scientific American.
In his afterword in the Mollenhoff book Mackintosh states that “The natural, sensible, and honorable course of action [i.e. for Mauchly] would have been to invite Atanasoff to join the ENIAC project… With his help the ENIAC might have been the first operating large-scale computer. Instead the British Colossus enjoys this distinction,…” It is hard to know what to say about this combination of fantasy and misinformation. Atanasoff left Iowa State and abandoned his unfinished computer project to take a defense job in Washington. He certainly must have thought that the work he was doing in Washington was more important than trying to finish his own computer. Why does Mackintosh think that he would have deserted that job to help Eckert and Mauchly build their proposed computer? Also, the Colossus was finished about the time the ENIAC was started.
The cult of Atanasoff feeds on itself and grows. Mackintosh, a disciple of Burks, who considers the extreme views of Mollenhoff to be written “with the clarity, balance, and respect for the truth which characterize journalism at its best” (this quote is from the afterword to Mollenhoff’s book) was invited to review the Burks book for the Annals of the History of Computing. The review in Volume 10 No.3 (1988) of the Annals finds the book totally convincing and strongly seconds its condemnation of Mauchly and its adulation of Atanasoff. In my own comments about that review in Vol. 11 No.2 (1989) of the Annals of the History of Computing I stated that “many of us whose interest in the history of computing predates that of Mackintosh by many years are not at all convinced by Burks.” The reader may find it interesting to compare the Mackintosh review with the more critical, though generally favorable, review of the Burks book by Eric Weiss which has been cited earlier (Computing Reviews, April 1989). Weiss was an associate of Atanasoff at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory during World War II. He refers to himself as a long-time acquaintance of both John Mauchly and John Atanasoff, and states that “both Johns deserve great credit for their accomplishments and some discredit for their errors of judgement, but neither deserves the halo or forked tail pinned on by this book.”
Conclusion
The stored program electronic computer is one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century. It emerged from a surge of inventive activity at the Moore School in the years 1943 to 1946. The books by Goldstine and by Stern provide interesting insights into this activity from two quite different points of view. They are a good place to start for a reader who wants to know more about that period. There were many who made inventive contributions to the ENlAC, the first programmed general purpose electronic computer, and to the design of the EDVAC, in which the modern stored program concepts were introduced. By far the most important inventors were John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. They deserve to be recognized as the inventors of the modern electronic computer. The invention of the stored program computer is often attributed to John von Neumann who wrote the first detailed description of the logical design of the proposed EDVAC. Von Neumann made major contributions to the design of the EDVAC, and he may very well have considered himself the inventor. He ranks with Eckert and Mauchly as one of the most important figures in the early history of electronic computing. The rapid growth and worldwide spread of computer technology owes much to his document on the EDVAC and to the IAS computer project that he started in 1946.
The work at the Moore School did not occur in inteIlectual isolation from the rest of the scientific world. There were many prior and contemporary ideas and projects that were known to one or more of the Moore School group and that had some influence on the work there. Thus Mauchly was aware of the work of Travis and of Atanasoff. Eckert was aware of the work of Wynn-Williams and others on electronic counters. He was aware of work on delay lines at Bell Laboratories and at MIT, and of Perry Crawford’s MIT thesis that introduced the idea of a magnetic drum memory. Von Neumann was almost certainly aware of the idealized computing machines of Alan Turing, and he and others may have known something of the much earlier work of Charles Babbage. The work of Howard Aiken at Harvard, of George Stibitz at Bell Labs, of Jan Rajchman at RCA, all contributed conceptually, and in some cases directly, to the design of the computers at the Moore School.
The ENIAC patent case and its 1973 decision have stimulated the publication of books and articles about Atanasoff, claiming for him the invention of the electronic computer, and claiming that his ideas led to the design of the ENIAC and even the EDVAC. The sheer volume of such writing tends to overwhelm logic and obscures the fact that many of the claims made by and for Atanasoff are spurious. Atanasoff is a brilliant and impressive man, but he is a minor figure in the history of computing. The claims made on his behalf, that the most important inventions at the Moore School were based on his ideas, were not put forward until almost 20 years after his own partially completed computer had been scrapped. They were part of a strategy conceived in 1967 by the lawyers for Honeywell who were trying to invalidate the ENIAC patent. Atanasoff helped their case by producing an unpublished document that he had written in 1940 and had shown to a few people in 1941. The exaggerated claims made for Atanasoff are based only on the fact that during a period of four or five days in June, 1941 Mauchly saw that document, and saw Atanasoff’s partially built computer. The importance of the possibility that Mauchly “was inspired at least in part by his meeting Atanasoff” (the quotation is from the Burks book) has been blown up out of all proportion.
Saul Rosen (1922-1991)
Nominees for the Cult of Atanasoff hall of fame:
Clark R Mollenhoff  (Iowa)– Atanasoff: Forgotten Father of the Computer (1988), decease ISBN 0-8138-0032-3
The editor’s forward starts,”This is a fast-moving account of a triumph of justice over fraud…” The book is indeed a well written, fast moving story that tells about how Atanasoff designed and built an electronic computer, how the villainous Mauchly stole his computer ideas and claimed they were his own, and how the gallant Honeywell attorneys brought Mauchly to justice.
[and later]
Mollenhoff is a professional writer, not a computer scientist or a historian.
————— Saul Rosen criticizing Mollenhoff’s book.
Jane Smiley (Iowa)Â same book
Arthur and Alice Burks (Iowa) The first electronic computer: the Atanasoff story
Allan R Mackintosh (Iowa)Â Publicist
Nominees for the Cult of Atanasoff hall of fame:
Clark R Mollenhoff  (Iowa)– Atanasoff: Forgotten Father of the Computer (1988), here ISBN 0-8138-0032-3
The editor’s forward starts, see “This is a fast-moving account of a triumph of justice over fraud…” The book is indeed a well written, purchase fast moving story that tells about how Atanasoff designed and built an electronic computer, how the villainous Mauchly stole his computer ideas and claimed they were his own, and how the gallant Honeywell attorneys brought Mauchly to justice.
[and later]
Mollenhoff is a professional writer, not a computer scientist or a historian.
————— Saul Rosen criticizing Mollenhoff’s book.
Jane Smiley (Iowa)Â same book
Arthur and Alice Burks (Iowa) The first electronic computer: the Atanasoff story
Allan R Mackintosh (Iowa)Â Publicist
Overview:
The Origins of Modern Computing By Saul Rosen
John W. Mauchly and the Development of the ENIAC Computer: An Exhibition in the Department of Special Collections, nurse Van Pelt Library, cialis University of Pennsylvania
By Asaf Goldschmidt and Atsushi Akera, Department of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania. Penn’s online ENIAC site has a great step by step overview of the ENIAC project and Mauchly’s background, with lots of pictures and documents from their extensive archive.
Books:
From Dits to Bits: A Personal History of the Electronic Computer
by Herman Lukoff (1979)Â Â Â Robotics Press
Appendix contains: On January 29, 1944 Eckert wrote a “preliminary disclosure” […] earliest known proposal for a stored program computer. This predates Von Neumann’s supposed title of ‘inventor of the stored program’ or even his knowledge of ENIAC’s existence.
From ENIAC To UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers
By Nancy B. Stern (1981) Â Â Â Â Digital Press. ISBN 0-932376-14-2.
Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers
By Stan Augarten (1984)   Houghton Mifflin    Amazon
Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors
By Joel N. Shurkin (1996)   W. W. Norton & Company    Amazon
ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World’s First Computer
By Scott McCartney (1999) Â Walker & Company Amazon
Computers and Commerce: A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates, and Remington Rand, 1946-1957.
Norberg, Arthur L. (2005-06-01). The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-14090-X.
Links:
The Early Years of J. Presper Eckert (pdf)by Peter Eckstein
Franklin Institute Case Files: Eckert and Mauchly
By the Franklin Institute team led by Carol Parssinen and Bo Hammer
U.S. Army Research Laboratory’s History of Computing Information
Documents assembled by Mike Muuss
How the ENIAC Took a Square Root
By Brian Shelburne

Overview:
The Origins of Modern Computing By Saul Rosen
John W. Mauchly and the Development of the ENIAC Computer: An Exhibition in the Department of Special Collections, cialis Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania
By Asaf Goldschmidt and Atsushi Akera, Department of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania. Penn’s online ENIAC site has a great step by step overview of the ENIAC project and Mauchly’s background, with lots of pictures and documents from their extensive archive.
Books:
From Dits to Bits: A Personal History of the Electronic Computer
by Herman Lukoff (1979)Â Â Â Robotics Press
Appendix contains: On January 29, 1944 Eckert wrote a “preliminary disclosure” […] earliest known proposal for a stored program computer. This predates Von Neumann’s supposed title of ‘inventor of the stored program’ or even his knowledge of ENIAC’s existence.
From ENIAC To UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers
By Nancy B. Stern (1981) Â Â Â Â Digital Press. ISBN 0-932376-14-2.
Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers
By Stan Augarten (1984)   Houghton Mifflin    Amazon
Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors
By Joel N. Shurkin (1996)   W. W. Norton & Company    Amazon
ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World’s First Computer
By Scott McCartney (1999) Â Walker & Company Amazon
Computers and Commerce: A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates, and Remington Rand, 1946-1957.
Norberg, Arthur L. (2005-06-01). The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-14090-X.
Links:
The Early Years of J. Presper Eckert (pdf)by Peter Eckstein
Franklin Institute Case Files: Eckert and Mauchly
By the Franklin Institute team led by Carol Parssinen and Bo Hammer
U.S. Army Research Laboratory’s History of Computing Information
Documents assembled by Mike Muuss
How the ENIAC Took a Square Root
By Brian Shelburne

This page has links to resources about the people in the ENIAC story.
John Mauchly and Pres Eckert conceived of ENIAC and led its design. Like most great scientific advancements, thumb it was the result of a large team effort.
The resources at the links below describe the extensive engineering and scientific effort involved in “Project PX”, recipe along with the personal stories of many behind-the-scenes civilians and Army staff who helped bring ENIAC to life.
ENIAC team
People, viagra sale Machines, and Politics of the Cyber Age Creation (Barnes and Noble Nook book) (read the forward here) – Book by Rocco Martino who was a colleague of Mauchly
Their Machine Launched a World of Change (Kay Mauchly Antonelli article) – Insider perspective of the life impact of ENIAC
Oral history with J. Presper Eckert, Kathleen Mauchly, William Cleaver, and James McNulty (Charles Babbage Institute) – Interview with some of ENIAC’s players
Case Files: Eckert and Mauchly (Franklin Institute) – Good lay overview of the inventors
Panel discussion with Kay Mauchly, Herman Goldstine, Dave Mackey, Richard Clippinger and John Brainerd (IEEE Global History Network) – Another good interview with a variety of important ENIAC players
The Women of ENIAC (IEEE Annals of the History of Computing) – Focuses on the women who were ENIAC’s programmers
Oral history with Jean Bartik and Frances Holberton (Smithsonian) – Focuses on important ENIAC programmers and their careers
ENAIC Programmers Project (Kathy Kleiman) – A video documentary about the programmers
Top Secret Rosies (Site about female “computors” in World War II)
John W. Mauchly
Oral history: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4 (Smithsonian) – Comprehensive interview
Fireside Chat (IEEE Annals of the History of Computing) – Mauchly speech
Mauchly Tribute (Tay Hayashi) – Memories of a student of Mauchly’s
Biography (IEEE Global History Network) – Overview for a lay audience
The Computer and the Skateboard (Paul David, Jim Reed) – Documentary about Mauchly and his eccentric personality
John Mauchly’s Early Years (Kay Mauchly / IEEE Annals of the History of Computing) – Insider account of Mauchly’s life leading up to ENIAC
As the Twig is Bent: the Early Life of John Mauchly (IEEE Annals of the History of Computing) – Article about Mauchly’s youth and how it shaped him for making computers. Also available here.
J. Presper Eckert
Oral history (Charles Babbage Institute) – Comprehensive interview (link went bad)
The lost interview (Computerworld magazine) – Another solid interview
Biography (IEEE Global History Network) – Overview for a lay audience
J. Presper Eckert (IEEE Annals of the History of Computing) – Article about Eckert’s youth and how it shaped him for making computers. Â Local copy here:Â pdf
Jean Bartik
Interview (About.com) – Overview for a lay audience
John Grist Brainerd
Biography (IEEE Global History Network) – Overview for a lay audience
John G. Brainerd and Project PX (Proceedings of the IEEE)
Arthur Burks
Oral history (Charles Babbage Institute)
Oral history with Alice Burks (Charles Babbage Institute)
Oral history (IEEE Global History Network)
Adele Goldstine
Biography (IEEE Global History Network) – Overview for a lay audience
Herman Goldstine
Oral history (Charles Babbage Institute) – Comprehensive interview
Harry Huskey
Oral history with Velma Huskey, Part 1 (Smithsonian) – Comprehensive interview
Oral history with Velma Huskey, Part 2 (Smithsonian) – Comprehensive interview
Kathleen “Kay” Mauchly
Biography (IEEE Global History Network) – Overview for a lay audience
Irven Travis
Oral history (Charles Babbage Institute) – Comprehensive interview
John von Neumann
John von Neumann’s Influence on Electronic Digital Computing (IEEE Annals of the History of Computing) – The man behind the so-called “von Neumann architecture”
John Vincent Atanasoff
Iowa State’s Computer Science has a website “devoted” to John Atanasoff.   It is a fairly complete collection of the pro-Atanasoff literature.  Part of the motivation to create this site is to counter that well organized propaganda campaign.
Share and Enjoy:
[1] A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. Edited by N. Metropolis, J. Howlett, and G. C. Rota. Academic Press 1980. 525-539. ↩
[2] On computable numbers with an application to the entscheidungsproblem. by A M. Turing. Proc. London Math Soc. Ser. 2, Vol. 42, 1936-7. pp 236-265. Reprinted in ‘The Undecidable” edited by Martin Davis, Raven Press, Hewlett, New York 1965. ↩
[3] RAMP was an electronic computer project that was started at MIT in 1937. An article about RAMP is included in the 1982 edition of Randell’s collection. ↩
[4] Kent C. Redmond & Thomas M. Smith WHIRLWIND The History of a Pioneer Computer. Digital Press 1980. 280p. ↩
[5] A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. Edited by N. Metropolis, J. Howlett, and G. C. Rota. Academic Press 1980. 525-539. ↩
[6] On computable numbers with an application to the entscheidungsproblem. by A M. Turing. Proc. London Math Soc. Ser. 2, Vol. 42, 1936-7. pp 236-265. Reprinted in ‘The Undecidable” edited by Martin Davis, Raven Press, Hewlett, New York 1965. ↩
[7] RAMP was an electronic computer project that was started at MIT in 1937. An article about RAMP is included in the 1982 edition of Randell’s collection. ↩
[8] Kent C. Redmond & Thomas M. Smith WHIRLWIND The History of a Pioneer Computer. Digital Press 1980. 280p. ↩
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If you are a LEGO Castle fan you have likely run across the work of Luke Watkins Hutchinson, a.k.a. Derfel Cadarn. (And if you are not familiar with them, read on – you will be inspired!) He is especially known for his incredibly detailed stone-work on LEGO buildings as well as LEGO landscaping techniques. Take a look at some of his LEGO Castle creations:
Wonderful, isn’t it? Just look at all the details! For a lot of people seeing work done like this with LEGO is amazing to see, and they wouldn’t even dream of being able to build something like this themselves. While those with some already developed LEGO building-skills may think “I would love to make something like that!” 😀
So, if you want to build a medieval LEGO castle, or even a whole village or town, where do you start? Well, you can look at pictures that inspire you and try to figure it out from there. Or you can ask the LEGO artist for instructions. It is most likely however that the creator of such detailed and large LEGO castle MOCs will politely decline. Which is understandable; putting together instructions for even a small LEGO set takes lots of painstaking work and detailed explanation, not to speak of a big one! Who has the time and patience for something like that?
Well, Luke has in fact taken the time to put together a whole series of instructions for building a detailed LEGO medieval-village and published them at EuroBricks. Actually what he has done is more than just instructions with “put this 2×2 brick on top of that 4×10 plate”, etc. Besides showing you how he builds stuff, he also shares with you his way of thinking, planning and designing his LEGO castles, structures and landscapes. This way you are not just learning to build one thing, but also get the concept of what goes into putting together a detailed LEGO model and thereby expand and enhance your own skills.
Luke says the following about his guide to building a LEGO medieval village: “A lot of people will look at this guide and think ‘I haven’t got enough LEGO bricks to build something like this’. Well that’s not the point, as you can build some very detailed smaller MOCs on a 48×48 baseplate using this guide. If you look at a lot of my recent MOCs, you will see they were all smaller builds constructed on a 48×48 base plate. Yet they weren’t any less detailed then this one. So don’t be put off just because this is going to be a large LEGO build. I’m only making it large so I can teach you a lot more different LEGO building and landscape techniques.”
Here I will introduce you to Luke’s LEGO instructions briefly to give you a taste, then if you are interested you can follow the links to the instructions themselves at EuroBricks for all the details.
As you can see this medieval LEGO village is full of features and eye-candy; there are residential and other buildings, a river, landscaping, and of course the residents – both human and an animals. Luke takes great care to make sure that everything looks as realistic as a real village should, yet also giving it a Thomas Kinkade-like idyllic “I just want to be a minifig and live there” kind of feel.
Some of the techniques mentioned and demonstrated in the Guide to Building a LEGO Medieval Village are as follows:
How to plan and lay out your LEGO baseplates for foundation
How to position structures on LEGO baseplates in an angle
How to work with LEGO elements with studs not on top
How to build rustic and realistic LEGO stone buildings
How to build LEGO walls with timber-framing
How to build square and round LEGO towers
How to build various style LEGO roofs
How to build LEGO stone or wooden bridges
How to make a LEGO water-mill
How to build a LEGO village-well
How to build LEGO stone and wooden fences
How to make a realistic looking LEGO stream or river
How to build a LEGO pond or lake
How to make a LEGO waterfall
How to work with LEGO vegetation
How to make LEGO trees (several styles and techniques)
How to build LEGO rock-walls and hill-sides
If you feel inspired, you can use this guide to build an entire medieval LEGO town yourself. Or you can just take some of the techniques and incorporate them in your own LEGO creations.
➡ If you would like to check out the full guide with instructions go to Eurobricks: Guide to Building a LEGO Medieval Village by Derfel Cadarn
➡ If you would like to see the pictures only of the guide see here: Guide to Building a LEGO Medieval Village Gallery by Derfel Cadarn
➡ If you would like to see more of Luke’s work, see his full picture gallery here: Derfel Cadarn’s Flickr Gallery
Any questions, comments? Share your thoughts, ideas, and how do you plan on using this guide in your own LEGO Castle and other LEGO creations in the comment section below. Sharing your own LEGO castle techniques is also welcome! 😉
And you may also like to check out these other LEGO techniques:
LEGO Building Technique: Forced Perspective
LEGO Building Technique: LEGO Water
LEGO Building Technique: Inverting Studs
Round Shapes with Square Bricks
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{ 66 comments… add one }
nace10 [Noah M.] A.K.A. Link Of Hyrule August 4, 2012, 10:12 AM
cool so detailed
Reply Link
DX ZX KENDO NRG PWR JAY-MOUTH OF LIGHTNING-NINJA....GOOOOOOOOOOOOO August 4, 2012, 10:41 AM
yes they are very detailed! i love those! 🙂
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legolotr August 4, 2012, 11:17 AM
AWESOME!!!!!!
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studless August 4, 2012, 11:32 AM
What can I say but WOW!!!
I need to get more Legos.
Reply Link
nace10 (Noah M.) A.K.A. Link Of Hyrule (Zelda rocks and so does Ninjago & LOTR & SW & Kirby! & LEGOS!) August 4, 2012, 11:35 AM
Guysi have annunced the minifigs in my minifig spins. It’s at the bottom of the page.
https://nace10.wordpress.com/2012/07/31/nace10-blog-minifig-spin-3/
Reply Link
Chris of Yoda Archives August 4, 2012, 12:54 PM
That is amazing, The castles look realistic. He took a lot of work to tell how he builds. Learning the concept behind how it’s built is more beneficial than just instructions on how to build a certain model.
I think the Master Builder Academy does something similar. Teaching the Why not just the How.
Reply Link
admin August 4, 2012, 9:56 PM
Chris, good point about the MBA program. It would be great if they would also do a similar program for adults with really advanced techniques like the ones Luke shares here. 🙂
Reply Link
legostuff71 August 4, 2012, 1:04 PM
very cool. I look at my lego sets that I”ve created myself and realize I can do better. But, sometimes you have to make do with what you have and make the best of it. (or what you can get your hands on.)
Reply Link
admin August 4, 2012, 9:57 PM
Yes, sometimes we just have to work with what we have. That kind of limitation may be a good thing in fact, as it forces us to be creative and come up with amazing, never-before-seen techniques! 😉
Reply Link
gid617 August 6, 2012, 11:00 AM
Yeah, sometimes you missing some piece. but by being creative, I’ve come up with solutions several times that (I thought 😉 ) turned out even better!
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gid617 August 4, 2012, 1:06 PM
I think I saw some of these – I love the way he uses round studs to make walls! I might be able to do a house like that – but I never do seem to have as many studs as I think! 😉 AWESOME (I’ll get in trouble if I don’t put caps. . . 😉 ) creations (I especially love the well 😀 )
Reply Link
admin August 4, 2012, 9:59 PM
Yes, the wall-technique is very effective. It does take a lot of round plates, but usually those are not very expensive, and often available at the PAB wall. 😉
Reply Link
Micho August 4, 2012, 1:46 PM
Very cool article Anna, I think this is my favorite as of yet… thanks for writing this.
Reply Link
admin August 4, 2012, 10:01 PM
Micho, I thought you would like it. In fact, I was thinking of you when I wrote it, as you were just talking about expanding on your castles the other day. 😉
Reply Link
Micho August 6, 2012, 11:18 AM
Well in that case, a double thank you is owed… so, thank you thank you sooooo much! 🙂 … I had seen some of his work but you posted more that I hadn’t seen and the article is very well written, I have read it 3 times already =D …. In fact, when I go to Long Beach at the end of this month I’m gonna stop by the Disneyland and San Diego LEGO stores and LEGO Land (I’ll get a shopping pass 😉 )to see if I can find some pick a brick elements to build that little well, since my village needs one… if not there’s always Bricklink… hey I’ma see if you have some of the elements in your store 😀
Reply Link
admin August 6, 2012, 11:39 AM
Micho, nice to know someone actually reads my posts! Most people just browse through them, look at the pictures and videos and then ask a question about something that was explained in the post already. 😉
That’s okay. I don’t mind. I know people have busy lives and all, and we live in a very fast world where people don’t have the time to read any more. It’s just amuzing at times. 🙄
He-he… I don’t think you will find any of those little round plates in my store. I only sell stuff I don’t need, and I definitely like those little buggers. Very useful for many things! 😀
Reply Link
Micho August 6, 2012, 12:08 PM
Well I do learn a lot of stuff from reading the posts on your blog.
LOL, yeah I usually use all the little rounds too and the little cheese pieces, whenever I get a new set there’s always at least 5 extra of those things and I use them to landscape my Medieval Village LOL
Reply Link
Micho August 6, 2012, 12:11 PM
Anna, how can I get an avatar here???
Reply Link
admin August 6, 2012, 12:35 PM
Micho, you can go to gravatar.com to set up your avatar. It’s simple to set up and very safe. Gravatar is owned and operated by WordPress, so once you set it up it will automatically show up here (along with all other WP sites where avatars are allowed and you comment with the same email address). Your avatar is recognized by your email address, so make sure that you use the same email address on gravatar as the one you use here. If I remember correctly once you set up you will receive a confirmation email that you need to follow thru with. As soon as you set it up your avatar will appear here, and if you use the same email address as before, all your previous comments will also show up with the new avatar. 😉
Reply Link
Micho August 6, 2012, 1:06 PM
cool! thanks
Reply Link
Micho August 6, 2012, 1:23 PM
testing
Reply Link
Micho August 6, 2012, 1:25 PM
I guess it might take a while
Reply Link
admin August 6, 2012, 1:58 PM
Hm… it should be showing up right away. Did you get the confirmation email and followed the directions there? 😕
Link
gid617 August 6, 2012, 3:19 PM
LOL. . . Admin, I read most of them too. . . 😉 (Not the Star Wars ones or other themes that don’t interest me, but the rest! 😀 )
I love the round pieces too 😉 and the cheeze slopes – once I got all the different colors I had out and found I had about 20 different colors, I think 😀
Reply Link
admin August 6, 2012, 5:31 PM
Well, you are a contributor, so that’s a different thing. You know how much work goes into writing a post. 😉
Yes, cheese-slopes, round 1×1 tiles and rular 1×1 tiles are awesome! 😀
Reply Link
gid617 August 6, 2012, 7:40 PM
Yeah, I love all those small pieces. . . 😉
Reply Link
legolotr August 7, 2012, 9:39 AM
I read all the posts, and I’m not a contributor.
Reply Link
admin August 7, 2012, 10:12 AM
Thanks for sharing that! If you ever have any suggestions on what you would like to hear about just let me know. 😉
Reply Link
Claus Schioldann von Eyben August 4, 2012, 3:11 PM
When will the book be out?
Cheers
😀
Reply Link
SKOUTLAW FOR LIFE ( THAT MEANS I AM A FAN OF SKYLAR LAINE ) August 4, 2012, 5:02 PM
buildin the lego grand emporium im on the roof
Reply Link
SKOUTLAW FOR LIFE (THAT MEANS I AM A FAN OF SKYLAR LAINE August 5, 2012, 12:33 AM
admin not tryin to be pushy but when are you goin to do a star wars post
Reply Link
admin August 5, 2012, 9:25 AM
Hm… I could do one about #9525, I guess, or is there any other request? I’m getting ready for my test in a couple of weeks so I don’t have that much time to write. And of course you can write too! 😉
Reply Link
SKOUTLAW FOR LIFE (THAT MEANS I AM A FAN OF SKYLAR LAINE ) :D August 5, 2012, 10:37 AM
ok can you give me a link please to make a post
Reply Link
admin August 5, 2012, 11:42 AM
If you would like to write a post just email it to me at admin@theBrickBlogger.com. Posts should be at least 500 word, written and edited suitable for publication, and include related pictures and/or video. You can include your own pictures/video, or if you are using someone else’s links should be provided to give them proper credit. Please send article as plain text, attach pictures, and make notes in the article where each picture/video goes. That’s about it! 😉
Reply Link
SKOUTLAW FOR LIFE (THAT MEANS I AM A FAN OF SKYLAR LAINE August 5, 2012, 12:35 AM
9 days till i see skylar in concert YAAAAAAY
Reply Link
SKOUTLAW FOR LIFE (THAT MEANS I AM A FAN OF SKYLAR LAINE August 5, 2012, 12:36 AM
SO PUMPED IF YOU WANT TO HEAR HER VOICE GO ON AMERICAN IDOL .COM CLICK ON CONTESTENTS
Reply Link
SKOUTLAW FOR LIFE (THAT MEANS I AM A FAN OF SKYLAR LAINE August 5, 2012, 12:40 AM
:DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Reply Link
SKOUTLAW FOR LIFE (THAT MEANS I AM A FAN OF SKYLAR LAINE August 5, 2012, 12:40 AM
😀
Reply Link
SKOUTLAW FOR LIFE (THAT MEANS I AM A FAN OF SKYLAR LAINE ) :D August 5, 2012, 12:43 AM
SUP YAL
Reply Link
aubseywaubsey-ninja of Elfs August 5, 2012, 9:29 AM
i can hardly believe those are LEGOS!!!! 😯 their SO detailed! 😀
Reply Link
Eric August 5, 2012, 5:55 PM
I watched that thread everyday as this guide was developed. Incredible detail, and talent. Taught me a LOT about building!
Reply Link
admin August 6, 2012, 9:35 AM
Eric, yeah, it is one of the best LEGO guides I have seen. Luke is truly generous to share his secrets. I know how much work goes into creating even a short guide, not to speak of something extensive like this! 🙂
Reply Link
Eric August 6, 2012, 9:56 AM
For sure. Tutorial creation is tedious at best. Lego tutorial creation would be more so!
Reply Link
Micho August 6, 2012, 1:14 PM
FYI: Wal-Mart Clearance…
Went to Wal-Mart and just got back with 4 POTC Black Pearls at $69.00 each, 3 POTC Cannibal Escapes at $21.00 each, and 1 POTC Fountain of Youth at $15 (not a big discount, but I believe it’s the last one I have seen in Yuma and San Diego and I didn’t own it so yeah)… I believe all were at 30% off.
I also saw , SW Anakin’s and Sebulba’s Podracers for $69.00, and SW Republic Frigate for $79.00. Talked to the Toy Department’s pricing guy there and he said he does not know if another markdown is coming or not, and that they are making room for new stock. LET THE RACES BEGIN!!!!!
Reply Link
admin August 6, 2012, 1:57 PM
LOL! That’s a great catch! 🙄
Reply Link
Chris of Yoda Archives August 7, 2012, 12:01 AM
My wal-mart had some POTC but not the Black Pearl. That would be a nice set to get.
Reply Link
Micho August 7, 2012, 11:12 AM
This is actually the last Wal-Mart I had seen with BPs, and I’ve looked in about 15 total from Phoenix to Yuma to San Diego, so I just had to snatch up these four and left two for someone else… two weeks ago I found teh Queen Anne’s Revenge for $80 in a San Diego Wal-Mart
Reply Link
Micho August 6, 2012, 2:51 PM
Allright!!!! My Avatar is up, gotta make it larger though LOL
Reply Link
Quad August 11, 2012, 9:36 PM
Luke sure has an eye for castles. I’m just amazed at all the detail he put’s in them.
Reply Link
joey November 26, 2012, 12:01 PM
hello i just know if you the purchased or not?
Thank you
Reply Link
AndyVee November 20, 2013, 10:56 AM
This is so very pretty but there is something here not right, I mean, how many thousands of pieces are needed to built these models, how much money does it take to get this huge amount of pieces (considering that usually each piece will cost 10 cents of dollar at least), how do you get the big plates that I can’t see available to sell at Lego’s.
Your models are really beautiful but I look at them and see them as something not feasible for a “normal person”. You must have a way to get Lego pieces that “normal person” does not have and also a lot of money, I mean, thousands of dollars, to spend or some sponsor…
Anyway, congrats for the models.
Reply Link
admin November 20, 2013, 11:09 AM
Andy, LEGO is a very popular hobby with many adults. Many of us grew up with LEGO, and now that we have the money, we do spend on the hobby. These are actually very small models compared to what some LEGO fans create. If you have a chance, check out a LEGO convention! 😉
You can buy LEGO elements, minifigures, baseplates, etc. individually or in bulk, either directly from LEGO or at BrickLink.com, which is the largest online LEGO marketplace. LEGO is not a cheap hobby, but you can definitely get better than 10 cents/piece prices. And LEGO as a hobby is still cheaper than golf… well, mostly… 😀
Reply Link
JayVendetta March 1, 2014, 12:44 PM
Well hey guys! Sorry I haven’t been on since the summer. I’ve seen Luke’s original post and I can’t seem to find that 16×16 (or something like that) translucent blue plate. Would be very grateful if someone would keep an eye out for one 😉 Glad to be back.
-Jay
Reply Link
admin March 1, 2014, 1:01 PM
Jay, nice to have you back! You can find all LEGO elements on BrickLink, so just look for the plate there. 😉
Reply Link
JayVendetta March 1, 2014, 12:48 PM
I went to my local LEGO store(not telling where :P) with a shopper’s pass and they didn’t have any good bricks and absolutely NO grey or black or brown studs. I found the only grey one lol. I’m going to buy some stuff off eBay probably. Btw I made a small medieval “village”. It’s definitely not finished, but I might send some pictures.
-Jay
Reply Link
admin March 1, 2014, 1:03 PM
LEGO stores have different PAB walls and they also change them, so it is worth going back every once in a while. I got a good selection of tan and light-gray bricks at the Orlando store sometime back. But eBay is a good resource too, and of course BrickLink. Have fun with our castle! 😛
Reply Link
JayVendetta March 1, 2014, 12:52 PM
Sorry for the need of many posts, but my aunt dropped by on New Year’s Eve, and she brought two bins of Legos with a bunch of old castle pieces. That’s sorta where some of the bricks I’m using g are from, but I’m not sure if she wants them back =P.
Reply Link
admin March 1, 2014, 1:04 PM
Well, if she dropped them off she probably won’t need them, but it won’t hurt to ask. 😉
Reply Link
JayVendetta March 1, 2014, 6:02 PM
Idk when she’s coming back. But you’re right, it never hurts.
Reply Link
phoenixkeene8 June 17, 2014, 10:44 AM
this looks really cool
Reply Link
peter October 19, 2014, 3:55 PM
just awesome. great work! you should try to make “bran castle”, it would definitely be worth it.
Reply Link
admin October 19, 2014, 4:38 PM
That castle is awesome! And very cute too – just like LEGO! 😀
Reply Link
peter October 20, 2014, 12:52 PM
thats exactly what i mean. it would be so great to build with the techniques above!
Reply Link
admin October 20, 2014, 12:58 PM
Yeah! It’s a big project though, especially when using the detailed techniques mentioned above. I’m waiting to win the lottery. 🙄
Reply Link
peter October 20, 2014, 5:31 PM
yeah, true… hope you win 😉
Reply Link
admin October 20, 2014, 6:07 PM
Yeah, me too. It would help if I would actually buy a ticket! 🙄
Reply Link
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2,606,925 |
Crown Media Family Networks is unwrapping the rest of its 2021 holiday movie slate of 41 all-new movie premieres.
[09/22/21 - 09:01 AM]
On the 12th "Countdown to Christmas" Hallmark Gave to Me... 41 All-New, Original Holiday Movie Premieres Starting October 22
Also beginning October 22 is "Movies & Mistletoe" on Hallmark Movies Now, the company's stand-alone streaming service.
CHRISTMAS IN MY HEART (HMC)
BROADCAST HISTORY:
10/23/21
STATUS:
telefilm/mini-series in the can
DESCRIPTION:
(from Hallmark Channel's press release, October 2021) Concert violinist Beth tutors the daughter of reclusive Country music star Sean to prep her for the holiday concert. They are joined through the connective power of music.
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February 9, 2021 February 10, 2021 The Guardsman board of trustees, the guardsman, chancellor, aft 2121, Queer Resource Center, Leslie Simon, David Palaita, Alex Randolph, CCSF Collective, Participatory Governance Council, Loretta Bonifacio, Eira Kien, The T-House, Land Acknowledgement Initiative, Land acknowledgment, Resolution, Ramaytush Ohlone, Association of Ramaytush Ohlone, Jonathan Cordero, Helen Pinto, Kanyon Sayers-Roods, Malaika Finklestein, Vic Chung, Charlie Garcia-Spiegel, Administrators Association, Classified Senate, Department Chair Council, U.S. Department of Arts and Culture, Interdisciplinary Studies, Introduction to Museum Studies, Ann Wettrich, Avotcja Jiltonilro Diversity and Social Justice Scholarship, Frida Kahlo Way
The Ramaytush Ohlone are the original inhabitants of the San Francisco Peninsula. Long sought-after, generational change is in the making—at City College, it begins with the Land Acknowledgement Initiative.
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About The Guardsman
The Guardsman is a bi-weekly student newspaper. It was founded in 1935 by City College of San Francisco. If you are looking for past issues of The Guardsman pre-2000, try here https://archive.org/details/citycollegeofsanfrancisco?&sort=-downloads&page=2
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Earlier this month, Defense Secretary Ash Carter announced that the Pentagon will open all combat jobs to women. This has prompted mixed reactions.
Yes, there are physical differences between men and women. But it shouldn’t obscure the opportunity to overcome those hurdles to prove themselves beyond those differences. And women serving in combat scenarios isn’t a newly invented concept. Just ask women who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan and encounter oncoming enemy fire or IED’s.
If they want to and are physically able, there should be no reason women can’t serve in the same capacity as men. Maybe they’ll bring some better ideas, as women have done in other predominantly male occupations. This is a profound step for the military as a whole to no longer preordain women as unfit or unqualified due to oftentimes misleading gender stereotypes.
That said, opening all combat slots will have little immediate impact because relatively few female soldiers, sailors, and airmen want to serve in combat military occupational specialties.
However, it will make a major difference if another major war re-institutes the draft.
Federal courts ruled during the Vietnam War that the Selective Service could draft only males because the military excluded women from combat roles. Now that the exclusion has been lifted, the justification for not drafting women as well as men no longer exists. Women as well as men should be required to register for the draft when they turn 18. Many would rush to do so since young people have to show they have registered for the draft in order to apply for students loans or federal jobs.
Many women would serve as willingly as men if drafted, but there would probably be some social upheaval as coeds discover they will be spending the next few years in foxholes instead of in sorority houses and mothers with young children find draft induction notices in their mailboxes.
Time will tell whether this ruling has more to do with being politically correct than being about combat readiness and effectiveness.
Comments
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Why Donald Trump is Not a Fascist
Empowering Immigrants with Purpose Defeats Terrorists
About the author
Annabelle Bertrams
Annabelle a strategist for Beauty Guide and an undergraduate student at Avans University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands.
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