dsfsi/za-mafoko-unisa-multilingual · Datasets at Hugging Face

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tabbo language

Lulwimi lolungakemukeleki

Lulwimi lolutsatfwa njengalolungakavumeleki lolungakhi futsi lwehlisa sitfunti lelingakavumeekikukhulunywa esidlangalaleni.

Asivumeli bantfwana betfu basebentise lulwimi lolungakemukeleki emphakatsini.

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tongue

Lulimi

ririmi

Sitfo sekuphimisa lesisebenta kakhulu nakuphinyiswa emagama.

Lulimi luyehla nome lwenyuke nakuphinyiswa bonkhamisa.

Tshipida tsha mubvumo tsho no shumiswa musi hu tshi bulwa vhunzhi ha mibvumo-vhunzhi ha pfalandothe na themba.

Lulimbo

i xirho xa ku twarisa rito lexi hi xitalo xi khumbekaka eka ku humesa mipfumawulo ya rito - hinkwaswo switwari na vunyingi bya swichelwachelwa (hi leswaku, a swi katsi leswi endliweke hi swa milomu na nkolo)

1 ririmi ra mina ra vava 2 ririmi i nala wa mina

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tree diagram

Umdvwebo losasihlahla

Muri wa fhungo

Umdvwebo wesihlahla lomele imisho nome emagama.

Inkhulumo yakhe uyetfula kahle ngenkhulumo sihlahla.

Muri wa fhungo.

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trill

Vevetela

Themba reremelakati/Thirili

Umsindvo lokhishwa nalulwimi luvevetela lutsintsa lwanga.

Letinye tilwimi atisinayo imisindvo lebomavevetela.

Mubvumo une u tshi u bula lulimi lwa reremela vhukati.

[r]

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utterance

Inshokutsi yenkhulumo

Nyambo

xivuriwa

Lena inshokutsi yenkhulumo levakala nasikhulumi sikhuluma.

Inkhulumo yemfundisi inenshokutsi levakalako ebandleni.

Zwo ambwaho.

ndhawu ya mbulavulo hi mayelana na leswi nga riki ni mikumbetelo swi endliwile hi ku ya hi thiyori ya ririmi (swa antswa ka vonelo ra xivulwa, leri kumaka nhlamuselo ya rona ku suka eka thiyori ya ririmi) kahlekahle, xivumbeko xa hlamuseleka, xiyenge xa mahenyelo, swa koteka eka nhlamuselo eka matheme ya siku na siku

1 xivuriwa xa Holobye xi ni nsusumeto 2 xivuriwa xa yena xi kavanyetiwile hi ku khohlola ko vuyelela

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voiced speech sounds

Umsindvo lonelivi

Mibvumo ya ipfi

Umsindvo lophinyiswa ngekutsi tintsambo temphimbo tivevetele kute kwakheke livi.

Lomsindvo wenkhulumo unemsindvo lomkhulu.

[b,d,g,v,nz.]

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voiceless speech sounds

Umsindvo longenalivi

Mubvumo u si na ipfi

Umsindvo lokhishwa ngaphandle kwekuvevetela kwetintsambo temphimbo, alikho livi lelakhekako.

Kulesivivinyo bekute imisindvo lengenalivi.

Mibvumo ine I tshi bulwa hu si vhe na ipfi.

[f,k,t,p nz.]

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yes-no questions

Umbuto wayebo noma cha

Mbudziso ya hai kana ee

Lena yindlela yelulwimi yekubuta umbuto lodzinga imphendvulo lengu yebo nome cha.

Lombnuto udzinga yebo noma cha.

Mbudziso dza Ee-Hai

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transitive verbs

Vhuthuthubi

Maiti a dzhiaho tshiitwa/ pfukelaho.

Vho renga bugu

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utterance meaning

Thalutshedzo ya zwo ambiwaho.

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alveolarization

ukusininiza

isifinyezo

ukunsininiza

kulokha ungwaqa ongasuye usinini atjhugulukako abe ngungwaqa ongusinini

Egameni futhumala ungwaqa u-l uyathuguluka abe ngu-z ongusinini, lokhu sikubiza ukusininiza.

inxalenye yofundonzulu ngokwakhiwa kwamagama, sibonisa iindlela eziliqela ekunokufinyezwa ngazo amagama (Crystal, 2008: 1)

kuqheleke isifinyezo esingu-mnu endaweni yegama elipheleleyo elithi mnumzana.

uma umsindo unsininiza kusho ukuthi umsindo ongeyena unsinini uyaguquka abe umsindo ongunsinini.

ukunsininiza akuyona inguquko yemisindo evamile esiZulwini

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adaptation

umbolekwa

ligama lesiNdebele umqondo walo osuselwa elimini elibolekwe kilo

Kulokha ikulumo nayitjengisa bonyana into iyenzeka kwamambala.

igama lesiZulu omqondo walo ususelwa olimini okubolekwe kulo

umfundaze yigama elingumbolekwa

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alveo-lateral click

ungwaqaqbathwa ongusinini onguhlangothi

umba wochasiso

ungwaqabathwa ongunsinini ongunhlangothi

Lo ngungwaqabathwa ophinyiswa lokha ipente yelimi ithinta iinsini bese ummoya osemaphatjhini udedeleka emahlangothini weensini

EsiNdebeleni kunabosinini abanelizwi nabanganalizwi. Isibonelo, abosinini abanganalizwi ngu-t' no- th nabosinini abanelizwi ngu-d no-nt oyihlanganisela kamakghadlana.

umba wofundonzulu ngochasiso lwentsingiselo (Crystal 2008: 28)

umba wochasiso ucaca kakuhle emagameni afana nokuthi - isityebi; ihlwempu

umsindo ungwaqabathwa ongunsinini ongunhlangothi uphinyiswa lapho ichopho lolimi lithinta izinsini bese umoya ophuma emaphashini udedeleka ezinhlangothini zalo

ungungwaqabathwa ongunsinini ongunhlangothi ungumsindo ongaphimiseki kalula

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alveopalatal sound

urhwalabha

ulwangeni

Urhwalabha litjhada eliphinyiswa lokha isithebe selimu sithinta ilwanga eliqinileko nofana othambileko

Ungwaqabathwa lo u-x asinaye elimini leiNdebele. Itjhada leli litholakala kwaphela kuhlanganisela-makghadlana wesenzukuthi sokusilingeka u-nx nezenzweni ezisuselwe kilesisenzukuthi njengo; nxafa.

umsindo ophinyiswa lapho ulimi luthinta ulwanga oluqinile

ayiminingi imisindo engolwangeni

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aspirated sound

umavuthelwa

umpheshethwa

Amatjhada abomavuthelwa abonakala ngokukhambisana nomphinjeni u-h.

Isibonelo: Iindleko zeentlabagelo zokwakha, ziyingcenye yephrojecthi yokwakha.

umsindo othi lapho uphinyiswa uhambisane nokuhahaza.

umpheshethwa ungeminye yemisindo ekhona olimini

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auxiliary verb

isizasenzo

izakhi ezisetjenziswa neenlandiso ezikhomba ikathi nobujamo besilandiso.

Kileligama, ikomokazi, sakhi u-kazi usilungelelo esikhomba ubukhulu egameni elingehla.

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beneficiary

umenzelwa {Umrabhu wesenzo kunye nokamisasigcino kwakha isiqu sesenzo. Isibonelo, -khamb-

igama lezakhi ezibini

umenzelwa

Mumuntu nofana into esizakalako/ ezuzako ngalokho okuthulwa sisenzo. / > mrabhu + -a > ukamisasigcino = isiqu -khamba}

igama elakhiwe ngezakhi ezibini

igama elithi 'bala' elithetha ukubala ligama lezakhi ezibini u-'bal' no-a.

umuntu noma into esizakala ngesenzeko esethulwa yisenzo

umenzelwa uvame ukuhambisana nomenzi emshweni

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bilabial sound

undebembili

izichasi ezisisibini

undebembili

litjhada elidaleka lokha nakutjhidelana iindebe zomlomo zombili.

Kilomutjho: Ugogo uphathele abantwana amaswidi. Abantwana ngibo bangumenzelwa ngombana ngibo abaphathelwe amaswidi.

elinye igama lezichasi (Louwrens, 1994: 20)

isichasi esingu- phila nesingu- fa zizichasi ezisisibini kuba iintsingiselo zazo azithelekiseki nokunye

umsindo odaleka lapho izindebe zombili zomlomo zisondelana ngandlela thile

undebembili udaleka kalula kuneminye imisindo

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bound morpheme

izakhi ezibopheneko

ukwahlukaniswa kweentlobo ezithile zezakhi

izakhi ezibhangqiwe

ezakhi ezihlukileko ezisetjenziswa ukwakha igama

Manengi amagama abombolekwa esiNdebeleni. Isib. Isikotlelo, itafula, ipuleyidi, njll.

kukwahlukaniswa kweentlobo ezithile zezakhi zegama, ngesakhi u-s- (Kosch, 2004: 249)

esiXhoseni u-s usetyenziselwa ukwahlukaniswa kweentlobo ezithile zezakhi; umzekelo u-s kwigama elithi: 'basekhaya' wahlukanisa izikhamiso

yizakhi ezahlukene ezibhangqiwe ukwakha igama elilodwa elinomqondo

isiZulu sisebenzisa amagama anezakhi ezibhangqiwe ukwethula umqondo ophelele wegama

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changeability

ukutjintja indawo kwamagama emtjhweni

isixando sokwenzisa

ukususwa kwegama endaweni yalo emshweni

Indlela yokuhlunga igama ngokutjintja indawo yalo emtjhweni.

Ipambosi yokwenzisa ivame ukuletha isenzo esinomqondo wokwenzisa okuthileko. Isib. Isenzo -thengisa sisuselwe esenzweni u-thenga kwase kuhlonywa isakhi sepambosi yokwenzisa u-is-.

isenzi esikwisixando sokwenzisa salatha ukuba umntu okanye into iyenziswa ukuba yenze isenzo, okanye ukuba umntu uyancediswa ekwenzeni isenzo

u- 'thengisa' ukwisixando sokwenzisa ngenxa yesimamva sesixando u- 'is' kuye

ukususwa kwegama endaweni yalo ejwayelekile emshweni

igama liyakwazi ukususwa endaweni yalo ejwayelekile liye kwenye uma umuntu efuna ukugcizelela

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coalescense

ukulumbana kwabokamisa

ukulumbana

Ukutjhuguluka kwamatjhada abokamisa bemvelo babe ngabanye abokamisa.

Khulumani-ke ngombana niyadelela. Isakhi u-ke osesenzweni, khulumani-ke emutjhweni sisetjenziswa namanye amagama elimini kodwana asikwazi ukusetjenziswa ngokuzijamela.

ukuguquka komsindo ongunkamisa wemvelo abe ngunkamisa wokuvela

ukulumbana kuyazenzakalela enkulumeni

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coinage

isidaleki

umdaleka

igama elitjha elidalekileko

Iinhlanganiso ezisetjenziswa ekulumeni zivame ukuyihlanganisa ukwenzela bona kube yikulumo epheleleko ezwisisekako.

igama elisha elidaleke ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwalo

umdaleka uvela lapho kubhekiswa entweni ebingekho olimini

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complete assimilation

ukufanisa okupheleleko

isivakalisi esimbaxa

ukuthekelela kwemisindo ngokuphelele

litjhada elithatha woke amatshwayo welinye itjhdada.

Umntamama ubuyile izolo wase udlulela emnyanyeni. Idlanzana lamagama elithi izolo wase udlulela emnanyeni, linikela umqondo opheleleko wesenzo ubuyile.

isivakalisi esinamagatya amabini azimeleyo nahlanganiswe ngesihlanganisi (Louwrens, 1994: 29)

isivakalisi esithi: "Kushushu kuba kusehlotyeni" sisivakalisi esimbaxa kuba amagatya aso azimele

ukuthatha komsindo othile zonke izimpawu zomunye umsindo

ukuthekelela kwemisindo ngokuphelele kugwema ukusondelana kwemisindo ethile

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coordination

ukulingana

ukuhlanganela ekubhekiselelwe kuko

ukulingana kwemisho esemshweni

ukusetjenizswa kwemitjho emibili nofana engaphezulu ekwaziko ukuzijamela

Umalume nomkamalume bavukela edorobheni kusasa. Emutjhweni lo, umalume nomkamalume aziinhlokovanga.

Crystal, 2008: 116 / <iinxenye zesivakalisi ezibhekiselele kwinto enye ; iimeko apho amagama amabini ebhekiselela emntwini okanye entweni enye (Louwrens, 1994: 43>

kwisivakalisi esithi; 'Yena usebenzile' isimelabizo nesivumelanisi u-u zihlanganela ekubhekiselelwe kuko

ukusetshenziswa emshweni omkhulu kwemishwana emibili noma engaphezulu enemiqondo ephelele ekwazi ukuzimela ngokwayo

ukulingana kwemisho esemshweni omkhulu kudala umusho ombaxa

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copulative prefix

isithomo sesibanjalo

isiqalo sesibanjalo

Isakhi esisetjenziselwa ukwakha isibanjalo kezinye iinkhekhe zekulumo

Isib. Ezisuselwa kusabizwana samambala (i) Nguwe othanda ukukhuluma. Igama elithi nguwe lisisabizwana. (ii) Ezisuselwa kuzabizwana zobumnini Ngombone asavela bona ngewakhe umntwana loya.

isakhi esisetshenziswa ukwakha isibanjalo kwezinye izingcezu zenkulumo

isibanjalo sisebenza njengesenzo

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defective verbs

izenzo eziphundulekileko

isenzi esakhiwe kwisifanekisozwi

izenzo ezingagcini ngokamisa u-a

Isibonelo, -azi, -thi, -tjho. Umalume uyazi ukuthi ugogo uyagula. Kilomutjho igama uyazi sisenzo esingagcini ngokamisa u-a wokuvuma.

igama elalatha isenzo elakhiwe kwisifanekisozwi

kwisivakalisi esithi: 'Abantwana mabayeke ukudyumpuzisa unopopi emanzini', ukudyumpuzisa sisenzi esakhiwe kwisifanekisozwi esingu- dyumpu

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demonstrative relative

isibaluli esikhombako

igama elichaza uSobizo, elingakhiwa ngeziqu -ngaka, -ngako, -ngakaya

Isabizwana sokukhomba sisetjenziswa ekulumeni lokha isikhulumi nasikhomba okuthileko. Isib. Ngifuna ikomo enzima leya. Kilomutjho igama leya lisisabizwana sokukhomba kudanyana.

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dental click

ungwaqabathwa onguzinyo

ngungwaqabathwa ophinyiswa lokha ilimi nalithinta ingemuva lamazinyo.

Uphume naye athwele isiquthulu samabele esingaka. Igama elithi esingaka lisibaluli esikhombako bona isiquthulu besingangani.

umsindo ophinyiswa lapho ichopho lolimi lithinta ingemuva lamazinyo bese kuthi lapho kuvuleka umoya obuvalelekile emlonyeni umoya ubuyele phakathi

ungwaqabathwa onguzinyo ungolunye uhlobo longwaqabathwa

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dental sound

uzinyo

izibizo ezakhiwe kwizenzi

uzinyo

Mathdada asebenzisa ilimi namazinyo lokha naphinyiswako

Itjhada u-c ungungwaqabathwa onguzinyo.

izibizo ezakhiwe ngokusebenzisa izenzi

zininzi izibizo ezakhiwe kwizenzi esiXhoseni njengo-'umfundi' owakhiwe kwisenzi u-'funda'

umsindo ophinyiswa ngokuthi ichopho lolimi lithinte ingemuva lamazinyo

uzinyo uphinyiswa kalula

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deverbative

ibizo elisuselwa esenzweni

isinciphiso

ibizo elakhiwe ngesenzo

igama elisuselwa esenzweni ngokuhlonywa kwesithomo sebizo bese kulungelelwa isilungelelo samabizomuntu nofana amabizonto.

Ligama elitjengisa lokho okukhulunywa ngakho. Isibonelo: Iinkomo zami zidla isiphila. Igama elithi zami lisikhombi.

okunciphileyo kwezinto okanye izinto ezifumaneka ngezixa ezincinane

isinciphiso

igama eliyibizo elakhiwe ngesenzo ngophongoza isiqalo sebizo bese kujotshelelwa isijobelelo sesenzo

ibizomuntu yigama elakhiwe ngesenzo

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directive

ilayelo

isandi esiphinyiselwa kumva wolwimi

isiyalo

Ikulumo eyelelisako

Akhe siqale umutjho olandelako: Umalume uhlawulela isokana lakwakhe umlandu. Lapha sithola abomenziwa ababili, isokana nomlandu. Manje umenziwa onenjwako kuba mlandu ngombana isenzo -hlawula sinembe wona. Lokhu kutjho bona isenzo sikaMahlangu kuhlawula umlandu, hayi isokana ngombana alikanenjwa.

isandi esiphinyiselwa ngomva wolwimi ofikelela kwinkalakahla emlonyeni, njengakwizandi zomva wolwimi (ekuthiwa zizandi zomva wolwimi-nomva wenkalakahla) okanye inkalakahla (umva wolwimi-inkalakahla). (Crystal, 2008: 156)

isandi u- 'k' siphinyiselwa kumva wolwimi

inkulumo enikeza iseluleko

ubaba wakhipha isiyalo sokuthi abantwana bakhe kumele bahloniphe abantu abadala

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egressive sound

itjhada elidubulela ngaphandle

umsindo odubulela umoya ngaphandle

itjhada othi nawuliphimisako ummoya udubulela ngaphandle kommlomo.

Izinja ziba bukhali nazilambileko. Kilomutjho isibanjalo esithi ziba bukhali sitjengisa itjhuguluko elenzekako ngemva kokulamba.

impimiso edubulela umoya osuka emaphashini ngaphandle ngomlomo noma ngamakhala

cishe yonke imisindo olimini isebenzisa umgudu odubulela umoya ngaphandle

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ejective sound

uputju/ udumuza

isiphelo

uputshu

lithada eliphinyiswa ngokobana ummoya obuvaleleke emphinjeni uphumele ngaphandle ngokuputjuka/sakudumuza

Elimizi lesindebele pheze woke amatjhada naphinyiswako ummoya udubulela ngaphandle

isikhamiso sokugqibela kwizenzi nakwizibizo ezakhiwe kwizenzi (Louwrens, 1994: 62)

isiphelo sezenzi ezininzi kuhlobo lokuqondisa sikholisa ukuba sisikhamiso u- 'a'

umsindo othi lapho uphinyiswa umoya uvaleke emphinjeni bese uphumela ngaphandle ngokumpintsheka

mincane imisindo engoputshu esiZulwini

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figure of speech

isifenqo

ukusetjenziswa kwelimi ukuthula ihlathululo ebhacileko

UNjengabo unehliziyo eqinileko. Umtjhwana othi, unehliziyo eqinileko uthulwe ngokufihlekileko yokusebenzisa isifenqo

ukusetshenziswa kolimi okwethula incazelo ecashile

izifenqo ziyabadida abangalwazi ulimi

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glottalic airstream

umrhoba osemphinjeni/kagilonko

uguqulelo lwentsingiselo ngokwegrama

umgudu womoya osemphinjeni

ummoya uvaleleka emphinjeni, ubhalelwe kudlula. Ukuphuma ngesifuthefuthe kommoya lo kwenza kuphimiseke amatjhada esiwabiza ngokobana matjhada ahlabako/aboputju abafana nalaba: k [k']; t [t']; p [p']

Ilwazi elaziwako ekhe lathulwa ngaphambili livame ukuba ngaphambi kwelwazi elitjha elithulwako ekulumeni.

inguquko apho izintlu zamagama asetyenziswayo zijika zibe zizintlu ezisetyenziswayo (Hapelmath, 1999: 1043)

uguqulelo lwentsingiselo ngokwegrama kuthetha ukunxulumanisa intetho nemithetho yolwakhiwo lwegrama yolwimi

ingawo lapho kuphuma khona umoya uma siphimisa imisindo eyehlukene

umguqu womoya omsemphinjeni uyasebenza kakhulu uma siphimisa

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grammatical mood

indlela yesenzo

oomabizwafane bemvakalozwi efanayo

indlela yesenzo

ukusetjenziswa kwesenzo ukuletha imiqondo ehlukileko ngonobangela wezakhi ezihlukileko ezisetjenzisiweko.

Iinthomo zamabizo zinehlathululo yehlelo lelimi, ziveza bonyana ibizo lisebunyeni nofana ebunengini.

amagama anemilo efana twatse, futhi abe nolandelelwano olufana twatse lwemvakalozwi kodwa abe neentsingiselo ezahlukileyo (Louwrens, 1994: 76)

oomabizwafane abafana ngemvakalozwi nangolwakhiwo baze bahluke ngentsingiselo kuphela abaxhaphakanga esiXhoseni

ukusetshenziswa kwesenzo okuletha imiqondo ehlukene ngenxa yezakhi ezihlukene ezisetshenzisiwe

indlela yesenzo ngayinye iletha umqondo owehlukile

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grammatical morpheme

isakhi esiletha ihlathululo yehlelo lelimi egameni

isimaphambili sentetho-senzisi

isakhi sohlelo lolimi

Sisakhi eliletha ihlathululo yegama ethileko ehlelweni.

Izenzo ezisetjenziswe emtjhweni zingasetjenziswa nezingasenzo ezithileko ukutjengisa ukuyama kwesenzo kesinye.

luhlobo lwentetho-senzisi oluphawuleka ngesimaphambili sokwenzela esithethi okuthile (Louwrens, 1994: 77)

u-' kha' sisimaphambili sentetho-senzisi esisetyenziswa kaninzi esiXhoseni njengaku- khawundikhaphe

isakhi esenza ukuthi umusho uzwakale kahle

isakhi sohlelo lolimi singasebenza ngezindlela eziningi

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homotonym

umatlolwafane/ihomothonimu {Amagama abomabizwafane ahlukaniswa yihlathululo njengalawa: Umthombo> siyalo esisemadwaleni lapho kuphuma khona amanzi wemvelo. Umthombo

omaphinyiswafane

igama elitlolwa nofana elibika ngendlela efanako nelinye kodwana elinehlathululo ehlukileko. / > ziinthoro zesiphila nofana zamabele ezibijiweko zilungiselelwa ukwenza utjwala besintu.}

amagama aphinyiswa ngendlela efanayo kodwa ebe enencazelo engefani

omaphinyiswafane abanazo izibonelo eziningi esiZulwini

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I

ipambosi yokwenziwa

umutjho osebenzisa isingezelelo sesenzo u-iw-, owenza isenzo bonyana sibe yihloko yomutjho ngokwehlathululo.

Isibonelo: Igama elithi utjani lengamele woke amanye amagama atjho utjani ahlukileko.

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indefinite subject concord

isivumelwano sehloko esingakhambisani nehloko yomutjho

uqhawulo lophimiselo lonoombumba abasekuqaleni lwenzelwa ukwahlukanisa amagama

isivumelwano senhloko u-ku-

isakhi sesenzo esinganabo ubudlelwana nebizo eliyihloko yomutjho.

Umutjho: Abantazana bayadlala. Lomutjho unomenziwa ongakanqophi bonyana khuyini edlalwako.

lubonisa ukubizwa konoobumba bokuqala abakha amagama ngokubahlukanisa (TV, COD) (Crystal, 2008: 1)

uqhawulo lophimiselo lonoobumba abasekuqaleni

isakhi sesenzo esingenabo ubudlelwano nebizo eliyinhloko yomusho

isivumelwano senhloko u-ku- kulula ukusibona emshweni

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_740

indirect speech act

isenzo sokukhuluma esingakanqophi

isibuzisi

isenzo sokukhuluma okungaqondile

isenzo sokukhuluma esinomnqopho ongakanqophi sibeka ikulumo ngendlela engakanqophi

Isibonelo: Umalume uhlawulela isokana umlandu. Isokana lingumenziwa onganenjwa (ongakanqotjhwa) sisenzo.

igama elisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kuzo zonke iimo zezeelwimi ezisetyenziselwa ukubalula imibuzo

igama elinjengo- 'na' sisibuzisi

ukukhuluma okunenjongo engaqondile kubeka inkulumo ngendlela engaqondile

isenzo sokukhuluma esingaqondile asojwayelekile olimini

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_741

indirect verbal relative

isibaluli esibhodako

isibaluli esijikelezayo

Isibaluli esihlathulula amabizo amabili ahlukileko kodwana sisebenzisa isivumelwano sebizo elilodwa.

Kujayelekile bonyana umuntu asebenzise isenzo sokukhuluma esingakanqophi lokha nakabawa okuthileko komunye, ngokobana abeke ikulumo yakhe njengombuzo.

igama eliyisichasiso elachaza amabizo amabili ehlukene kodwa sisebenzisa isivumelwano sebizo elilodwa.

isibaluli esijikelezayo siyinto engaqondakali kahle uma sichazwa

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_742

infinitive

indlela yesenzo esabizo

isenzi esingathathi njongosenzi

indlela esabizo

isenzo esisebenzisa isithomo u-uku- wamabizo wesigaba 15

Ubaba ogade aphethwe bulwele beswigiri wanele wangena esibhedlela ukufa kwarhagala bewalala. Ibinzana lamagama elithi ogade aphethwe bulwele beswigiri liyabhoda.

izenzi ezibonisa iinkqubo okanye izenzo ezingenakuchaphazela zinto

isenzi esingathathi njongosenzi singazekeliswa ngo- 'fa'

isenzo esisebenzisa u-uku- wamabizo esigaba 15 sisendleleni esabizo

indlela esabizo enye yezindlela zesenzo

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_743

ingressive sound

umadubulela ngaphakathi/umabubula

umadubulelangaphakathi

itjhada elivala ummoya kwesikhatjhana bese lokha nawudedelwa udubulele ngaphakathi emlonyeni.

igama elithi imithi litjhugululwe lasiwa ebunengini

umsindo ovala umoya okwesikhashana okuthi lapho udedelelwa udubulele ngaphakathi emlonyeni.

umadubulelangaphakathi ungumsindo otholakalayo esiZulwini

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_744

initialism

isirhunyezo esisebenzisa iinhlavu zokuthoma zamagama

izandi zemilebe

isifinyezo esisebenzisa izinhlamvu zokuqala zamagama

ukusebenzisa iinhlavu zokuthoma zamagama wento ethileko, iinhlavu lezi aziphinyiswa njengegama elilodwa, kuphinyiswa iinhlavu zegama njengombana zinjalo emagameni.

Ungwaqa ongumabubulu u-b egameni bala lokha nakaphinyiswako ummoya uphuma ngokububula udubulele ngaphakathi.

njengezandi zomlebe-mazinyo, ezifana no [f] / Cystal, 2008: 264 / <"ukusebenza ngokuququzela komlebe omnye okanye imilebe yomibini (njengamaqabane emilebe efana no [b] ">

izandi zemilebe ziphinyiselwa ngokusebenzisa umlebe okanye yobumini

ukusebenzisa izinhlamvu zokuqala zamagama ento ethile, lezi zinhlamvu aziphinyiswa njengegama elilodwa, kuphinyiswa izinhlamvu njengoba zinjalo emagameni.

u-ANC isifinyezo esisebenzisa izinhlamvu zokuqala zamagama

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_745

interjective

isibabazo

izandi zomphambili wolwimi

isibabazo

igama elisetjenziselwa ukubabaza

Igama elithi Madekhethu! Lisibabazo

"isandi esiphinyiselwa ngomphambili wolwimi ngokufikelela kumlebe ongasentla, imilebe nomva wenkalakahla amazinyo okanye ungqameko lwamazinyo, njengakungqameko lwamazinyo kwezongqameko (oko kukuthi ezomphambili wolwimi-nongqameko) okanye ezamazinyo (oko kukuthi ezomphambili wolwmi-namazinyo) (Crystal, 2008: 264-265)"

izandi zomphambili wolwimi ziphinyiselwa phambili emlonyeni

igama elisetshenziselwa ukubabaza emushweni

isibabazo siwucezu oluncane lwenkulumo

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_746

labiodental sound

undebezinyo

izakhi zegama

undebezinyo

litjhada elidaleka lokha amazinyo angehla athinta indebe engenzasi.

Itjhada u-b ongundebembili usibonelo esihle setjhada elidaleka lokha nakusetjenziswa iindebe zomlomo zombili.

izakhi ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha amagama amatsha olwimi, amagama afana nambaxa (umzekelo: umfundisintsapho), nezifakelelo ezifana no- ana, ek, kazi, nezinye (Crystal 2008: 313)

izakhi zegama ziqulethe intsingiselo egameni nokuba azinantsingiselo xa zizimele ngokwazo

umsindo odaleka lapho amazinyo angezansi ethinta udebe olungenhla

ondebezinyo bancane esiZulwini

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_747

lamina

ilimu

ulimi

sistho somzimba esingemlonyeni esisetjenziselwa ukuphimisa amatjhada nokuguqula ukudla ngemlonyeni.

Itjhada u-v ungundebezinyo

isitho somzimba esisemlonyeni esisetshenziselwa ukuphimisa imisindo kanye nokuguqula ukudla emlonyeni

umuntu olimele ulimi uvama kungakwazi ukukhuluma

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_748

lexical morpheme

isakhi esiletha ihlathululo yelimi egameni

imo ende yexesha langoku

isakhi esethula incazelo yegama

Isilungelelo esiletha ihlathululo ethileko elimini

Igama lingaba nehlathululo etjho okufanako nofana okuphikisanako nelinye.

u-ya kwigama elithi: 'siyamthanda' ubonisa imo ende yexesha langoku

imofimu enencazelo yegama

isakhi esethula incazelo yegama sisebenziseka kalula emshweni

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_749

locutionary act

ukwethula ikulumo ngendlela ezwakalako. {Isibonelo: intaba

uphawu loguqu-guqulo

inkulumo eqondakalayo

Ssisenzeko sekulumo esithethe isikhundla sesenzeko sokukhulunyiweko.Lesi sisenzo sekulumo esisebenzisa indlela yokutjhwela phambili izinto ukuveza isiphakamiso. Isibonelo, isiyeleliso: "Ngiyakukhalima bonyana uyekela ukubhema"(Yikulumo enqophe ukutjhugulula ubujamo) / > entabeni Kileligama elithi entabeni elingundaweni, u-eni usilungelelo sikandaweni.}

olunye uphawu kwiimpawu zamagama azimeleyo, kukuba ayakwazi ukujika iindawo malunga namanye amagama kwizivakalisi (Louwrens, 1994:105)

amagama ayakwazi ukujika iindawo zawo kwisivakalisi njengokuthi: 'Abantwana babodwa' anokujika athi: 'Babodwa abantwana' - loo mba luphawu loguqu-guqulo

ukusetshenziswa kolimi ukwethula ukwenzeka okuqondakalayo

inkulumo eqondakalayo yethulwa ngezindlela eziningi

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_750

non-obligatory vowel elision

ukweqiwe kukakamisa ngokuthanda

isizikithi

ukweqiwa konkamisa ngokuthanda

kwenzeka lokha igama nalilandelana nelinye elithoma ngokamisa emutjhweni.

Amabizo angakhiwa ngokususelwa kezinye iingcezu zekulumo ezinjengesenzo, isihlathululi, isibanjalo, isenzukuthi, njll.

maxa wambi, igama elithi isizikithi sisetyenziselwa ukubonisa uhlobo lwelungu legama, ngamanye amaxa libonisa uhlobo lolwakhiwo lwamagama esivakalisi emaqeleni amagama (Louwrens, 1994: 127)

kwigama elithi 'amanzi' izikhamiso zisisizikithi selungu ngalinye

kwenzeka enkulumeni uma igama lilandelana nelinye eliqala ngonkamisa

ukweqiwa konkamisa ngokuthanda kuyinto engandile

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_751

object concord; object agreement

Isivumelwano sikamenziwa

igama elibhalwe ngokomgaqo waseburhulumenteni

isivumelwano sikamenziwa

Sisakhi esakha ubudlelwana phakathi kwesenzo(isilandiso) nebizo elingumenziwa emutjhweni. Isivumelwano sehloko asikakateleleki bona sibekhona emutjhweni.

Ikomo iyasengwa (ikomo iba ngumenziwa emtjhweni)

igama ngokolandelelwano elibhalwa ngalo nelinesithuba kuwo omabini amacala alo kodwa kungabikho sithuba simhlophe emaphakathini (Trask, 2004), kwiilwimi ezibhalwa ngokwahlukanisa izakhi zalo, okungaphezu kwegama ngokobhalo lwalo sukuba iligama ngokwezifundo ngeelwimi (Taljard and Bosch, 2006: 433); okona kuncinane ngokwezifundo ngeelwimi nezinokuzimela ngokwazo kwintetho nakubhalo (Richards et al, 1992: 406)

ulwimi olufundiswa esikolweni lufanele ukuchuma ngegama elibhalwe ngokomgaqo waseburhulumenteni

isakhi esiletha ubudlelwano phakathi kwesenzo nebizo elingumenziwa emshweni

isivumelwano sikamenziwa asiphoqelekile

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_752

palatal click

Ungwaqabathwa ongurhwalabha

izigaba zentetho

ungwaqabathwa ongulwangeni

ngungwaqabathwa ophinyiswa lokha ilimi nalithinta urhwalabha,

I-othografi yesiNdebele ihlala ihlolwa bonyana ikhambisana nesikhathi na, bese nakutlhogekako ihlelwa kabutjha.

izintlu zamagama ezicukaniswe kunye ngokwamahlelo ngokokufana kohlobo, umsebenzi nentsingiselo kwazo (Louwrens, 1994: 213)

izigaba zentetho ezikholisa ukufumaneka nakwesiphi na isivakalisi sisenzi, isibizo nesibanjalo

umsindo ophinyiswa lapho ulimi luthinta ulwanga, bese umoya osemlonyeni

ungwaqabathwa ongulwangeni akulula ukuwuphimisa

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_753

pharyngeal stop

umphinjeni ongumvinjwa

umphinjeni onqamulayo

umphinjeni iltjhada eliphimiseka ngommoya otjhelelako ophuma ngesifuthefuthe emaphatjhini uyokudlula entunjeni yomphimbo.

u-h ongumphinjeni uphinyiswa ngommoya otjhelelako ophuma emaphatjhini udlule entunjeni yomphimbo lokha nayivulekako

umphinjeni onqamulayo akulula ukuwuqonda

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_754

Phonetics

umtlolomazombe/ifonetiki

isifundo sokuphinyiswa kwemisindo

Sifundo esiphathelene nendlela yokuphinyiswa kwamatjhada esiwasebenzisako nasikhulumako.

Lapha kuqalwa bonyana omunye nomunye umhlobo wetjhada uphinyiswa njani, kuphi begodu uphinyiswa ngiziphi izitho zokuphimisa.

isifundo esiphathelene nokuphinyiswa kwemisindo

isifundo sokuphinyiswa kwemisindo sigxila kwizitho zomzimba ezisebenzayo lapho siphimisa imisindo yenkulumo / isifundo sokuphinyiswa kwemisindo ngezinye zezifundo zolimi

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_755

possessed

komnikazi

isimaphambili sokungathiza

okomnikazi

igama elitjho into ekungeyomuntu

Igama elithi zikaJiyana emutjhweni othi Iinkomo zikaJiyana zetjiwe zoke, litjengisa bona iinkomo ngezomnikazi, uJiyana.

isimamva sesenzi esibonisa ubukho bemvume okanye okunokwenzeka (Louwrens, 1994: 146)

imo yokungathiza izekeliswe ngasentla

igama elisho into engeyomnikazi

igama elithi izwe, ebinzaneni elithi izwe lenkosi, likhomba ukuthi izwe lingelomnikazi inkosi

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_756

pulmonic airstream

umrhoba osemaphatjhini

isibizo esiligama lokuthile

umgudu osemaphashini

amatjhada amanengi aphinyiswa ngommoya osuka emaphatjhini uphumele ngaphandle.

Pheze woke amatjhada aphinyiswako asebenzisa ummoya osuka emaphatjhini.

singaba ligama lomntu

inkom'o ligama lokuthile - isilwanyana sasekhaya

umoya osetshenziswa enkulumeni osuka emaphashini

cishe yonke imisindo esiyiphinyisayo uma sikhuluma isebenzisa umoya osuka emaphashini

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_757

regular articulation

isiphimisi esinqophileko

imo yokuzenza

isiphimisi esiqondile

Isiphimisi esinyakazako nesinqophako lokha nakuphinyiswa amatjhada

Iindebe zomlomo, ipente yelimi neensini ziimphimisi ezinqophileko ngombana zinqophene nalezo ezisebenzisana nazo ukuphimisa amatjhada.

isakhi esibalula uluvo enyanisweni oluchatshazelwe ngokungqalileyo yintloko yesenzi ngesenzo okanye ngenkqubo

isenzi esikwimo yokuzenza sisebenzisa isakhi esingu-'zi' njengokuthi: 'Bayazisola ngokulwa kwabo'

isitho sokuphimisa esinyakazayo esiqondene nesinganyakazi lapho kuphinyiswa imisindo

izindebe zomlomo ichopho lolimi nezinsini yiziphimisi eziqondile ngoba ziqondene nalezo ezinganyakazi ezisebenzisana nazo ukuphimisa imisindo

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_758

reversive extension

isingezelelo u-ulul-

iselulo

isingezelelo esele siyingcenye yesiqu sesenzo esingakwazi ukwakha amagama amatjha.

Iingezelelo -ulul-; -uluk- ezenzweni ezithi -phakulula; bophulula; -thukuluka, -tjhaphuluka; sezaba yingcenye yeziqu zezenzo.

isakhi esesaba yingxenye yesiqu sesenzo esingakwazi ukwakha amagama amasha

izelulo -ulul-; -uluk- esenzweni ezithi: -thukulula; -sumbulula; -thukuluka; -sombuluka sezaba yingxenye yeziqu zezenzo

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_759

sub-class

isigaba samabizo esingaphasi {Amabizo asesigabeni 1 nnesigaba -2 aphathelene nobuhlobo. Isibonelo, umalume

uhlobo lolwimi oluxabisekileyo

isigaba samabizo esingaphansi kwesigaba 1 no-2 {amabizo aphathelene nobuhlobo ngamabizo asesigabeni asesigabeni 1 no2, isibonelo, umama

Isigaba 1 (a) nesigaba 2 (a) kuthiwa ziingaba ezingaphasi zesigaba 1 nesesi-2 . / a / a / ubunye / ubunengi / > abomalume .}

uhlobo lolwimi olusesikweni kuba lukhethelwe ukusetyenziswa esikolweni (Crystal, 2008: 450)

kulwimi lwesiXhosa uhlobo lolwimi olukhethelwe ukuba sesikweni lufundwe esikolweni sisiRharhabe

isigaba 1(a) nesigaba 2(a) kuthiwa yizigaba ezingaphansi kwezigaba 1 no2 / a / a / ubunye / ubiningi / > omama .}

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_760

substitutability

ukujanyiselelwa kwegama ngelinye emutjhweni

amahlelo onganyelweyo

indlela yokuhlunga igama ngokumelwa ngelinye igama emshweni

Indlela yokuhlunga igama ngokujanyiselela ngelinye igama emutjhweni.

Nangabe igama likwazi ukujanyelwa ngelinye emutjhweni lokho kutjengisa bonyana amagama la ahlukene. Isibonelo, Ubaba ukhambe ekuseni waya emasimini. Umma bekahlwengisa ngephunyaneni.

okubizwa ngokuba ngamahlelo onganyelweyo amahlelo ezibizo eloku-1 nelesi-2 nekubhekiselelwa kuwo njengehlelo loku-1a nelesi-2a[kwiigrama zeelwimi zesiNtu/zeBantu] (Louwrens, 1994:187)

amahlelo onganyelweyo ngu-'1a' no-'2a'

ukumelwa ngelinye igama emshwuni

uma igama likwazi ukumelwa ngelinye emshweni, lokhu kuyinkomba yokuthi la magama ehlukene, isibonelo Amantombazane ashanela igceke lesikole, abafana belusa izimbuzi ezintabeni

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_761

syllabic sound

umakghadlala omumetheko

igatya elonganyelweyo

umankankane omumethe

itjhada u-m- lijamele ilunga elizeleko elingukamisa nongwaqa (CV) ngalokho kuthiwa umumethe.

Egameni elithi umlalazi umakghadlana u-m- ungumakghadlana omumetheko, olilunga elizeleko.

igatya elonganyelweyo elihlanganiselwa kwigatya eliyintloko (Louwrens, 1994: 189)

igatya elonganyelweyo lixhomekeke kweliyintloko njengo-'ukuze aphumle' kumzekelo ongasentla

umsindo u-m- esiqalweni sebizo umele ilunga eligcwele elingunkamisa nongwaqa (CV), kanjalo kuthiwa umumethe

egameni elithi umthetho umankankane u-m- ungumankankane omumethe, oyilunga eligcwele

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_762

toponym

ithophonimu/ igama lendawo

igama lendawo

igama ekubizwa ngalo indawo

Iindawo ezinengi zithiyelelwe ngokususelwa emlandwini wenarha.

igama okubizwa ngalo indawo

maningi amagama aqanjwa ngokubhekisa emlandwini wezwe

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_763

toponymyUkufunda ngomlando wamagama ezindawo kwenza umuntu abe nolwazi ngokuqanjwa kwamagama ezindawo.

isifundo ngomlando wamagama weendawo

isifundo esiphathelene nomlando wamagama weendawo esenza umuntu abe nelwazi mayelana nokuthiywa kwamagama weendawo.

IMandela Village, leli ligama lendawo ethiyelelwe ngengorho yekululeko yephasi leSewula Afrika begodu uMandela usibonelo esihle mayelana noburholi bephasi.

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_764

trisyllabic word

igama elimalungamathathu

ixesha elolulwa ngezifakelelo

igama elimalungamathathu

igama elakhiwe ngamalunga amathathu

amagama afana nalawa: -khambisa-guduza, -phaphatha, njll. amalungamathathu

uluhlu olusetyenziswa kwiinkcazo ngezenzi ngokwegrama (ngokunjalo nomba kunye nohlobo), kubhekiselelwe ubukhulu becala kwindlela igrama ephawula ngayo ixesha esenzeke ngayo isenzo esixelwa sisenzi (Crystal, 2008: 479)

ixesha lesenzo lalathwa sisenzi njengakwisenzi u-'bacula': 'Bacula kamnandi' okwixesha eladlulayo

isakhiwo segama ngamalunga amathathu

amagama anjengo-thandaza, -gijima, -sebenza amalungamathathu

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_765

true prefix

isithomombala

intsingiselo yomxholo

isiqalo sangempela

Ingcenye yesithomo esipheleleko okungiyo okususelwa kiyo iimvumelwana.

Isakhi u-ba- ebizweni elithi abangani lisithomo poro/ samambala

olu luhlobo lwentsingiselo eqhutyelwa phambili ngentetho ethile kuxhomekeka kwindlela isithethi esilungisa ngayo umyalezo malunga nogqaliselo kunye nogxininiso, (Leech 1981).

intsingiselo yomxholo ifumaneka phucukileyo xa kutyhilwe imeko ekubhekiselelwe kuyo

ingxenye yesiqalo esiphelele okuyiyona okususelwa kuyo izivumelwano

isakhi u-ba- ebizweni elithi abantu siyisiqalo sangempela okwakhiwa ngaso izivumelwano

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_766

velaric airstream

umrhoba kandinyana

ulwimi

umgudu osemlonyeni

ummoya uvaleleka emlonyeni, uvalwa lilimu elithinta undinyana ukuze kudaleke amatjhada ebongwaqabathwa.

umrhoba wommoya osuka emlonyeni usetjenziswa malimi anabongwaqabathwa.

ilungu lophimiselo elibandakanyeka kakhulu kuphimiselo lwezandi zentetho – zonke izikhamiso kunye noninzi lwamaqabane (oko kukuthi, ngaphandle kwezo ziphinyiselwa emilebeni nasemqaleni) (Crystal, 2008: 487)

ulwimi lolona lungu lophimiselo liququzelayo emlonyeni

umoya uvaleka emlonyeni uvalwa wulimi oluthinta amalaka ukuze kudaleke imisindo engongwaqabathwa

umgudu womoya osuka emlonyeni usetshenziswa ekudalekeni kwemisindo engongwaqabathwa

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_767

verbs with a latent i-

izenzo ezinokamisa obhacileko

ukuthathwa kwenjongosenzi zizenzi

izenzo ezinonkamisa i- ocashile

isakhi esinokamisa u-a-

Kilomutjho othi, Amalahle ebiwa lula nakalaliswa ngaphandle. Isenzo ebiwa sinokamisa obhacileko olethwe kulumbana kukamisa u-a wesivumelwano sehloko sebizo amalahle no-i-

kuxela ukuba ingaba mhlawumbi inkqubo okanye isenzo esichazwa sisenzi siluhlobo olunokuchaphezela injongosenzi okanye akunjalo Louwrens, 1994:202

ukuthathwa kwenjongosenzi zizenzi kuzekeliswe ngasentla ngesenzi u-'funda' no-'incwadi'

izenzo ezithi uma kuphongozwa isakhi esinonkamisa -a- okuthi uma esondelana nonkamisa -i ocashile esenzweni kube nokulumbana kwalabo nkamisa bese kuvela unkamisa omusha

emshweni othi amadoda emba umgodi kwaze kwahwalala, isenzo emba sino-i ocashile olethwe ukulumbana kuka-a- oyisivumelwano senhloko sebizo amadoda no-i- wesenzo (i-)-mba

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_768

voiced speech sound

itjhada elinelizwi

umsindo onezwi

litjhada othi lokha naliphinyiswako iintambo/imisitjhana yephimbo itjhidelane bese nakudedelwa ummoya zihlengezele bese kuvela itjhada elinelizwi.

Ematjhadeni anelizwi sithola imihlobo emibili, anelizwi njengo: v; b; d; dl; njll. Bese kubanalawo aphungulwe ilizwi anjengo: bh; j; njll.

imisindo enezwi iphinyiswa ngokuthi izintambo zezwi zivaleke kuthi umoya osuka emaphashini uphume ngamandla bese kuba nokungqangqazela kwezintambo zezwi

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_769

voiceless speech sound

itjhada elinganalizwi

uqukaniselo lwamagama esithili

umsindo ongenazwi

Kilamatjhada iintambo zephimbo zisuke zivulekile ummoya uzidlulela lula phakathi kwazo.

Lapha kutholakala amatjhada alandelako: f; s; njll

uhlobo lokusebenzisana olufunyanwa kwizenzi: lo msebenzi ubhekiselele kwitroponimi nesongameli sayo esolulwa naso okwethutyana (Crystal, 2008: 497)

izifundo ngoqukaniselo lwamagama esithili, ngamanye amagama, yingqokelela yamagama esiyelelane seso sithili

imisindo engenazwi iphinyiswa ngokuthi izintambo zezwi zivuleke bese umoya ophuma emaphashini udlule kuzona ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka

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vowel elision

ukweqiwa kwabokamisa

ukunxaxha kwimithetho yegrama

ukweqiwa konkamisa

Ukweqiwa kwabokamisa lokha nakwakhiwa amagama athileko, nofana lokha igama nalilandelana nelinye elithoma ngokamisa.

Lokha nakwakhiwa isibabazo ngamabizo kuvamile bona kweqiwe ukamisa wokuthoma webizo, isibonelo, Yewena, Jabulani ngikuthumile!

izintlu zamagama ezibekwa ngokwamaqela eendidi ngokwesiseko sezinto afana ngazo ngokolwakhiwo, ngomsebenzi nangentsingiselo (Louwrens, 1994:213)

okunxaxhe kwimithetho yegrama yolwimi oluthile njengesininzi segama elithi: 'indoda' lehlelo le-9 ekulindeleke ukuba libe kwihlelo leshumi kodwa likwelesithandathu u-'amadoda' endaweni ka-'iindoda'

unkamisa uyeqiwa lapho kwakhiwa amagama athize olimini noma lapho igama eligcina ngonkamisa lilandelana nelinye eliqala ngonkamisa

uma kwakhiwa isibabazo noma isibizo ngamabizo kuvame ukuthi kweqiwe unkamisa wokuqala webizo. isibonelo, We bafana niyabizwa!

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vowel-initial verb

isenzo esithoma ngokamisa

imo ebanzi jikelele

isenzo esiqala ngonkamisa

isenzo esithoma ngokamisa

EsiNdebeleni kunezenzo ezithoma ngokamisa ezinjengo: -ela, -akha, -otha, -eba, njll.

enye yeentsingiselo zeemo ezine ezinakho ukwenzeka ezinokubalulwa zizenzi ezikwixesha langoku/lemo ende (Louwrens, 1994:204)

imo ebanzi jikelele ifana nokuthi kuphimiselo lwezikhamiso zazo zonke iilwimi umsinga womoya awuthinteleki kwindawo yophimiselo

isenzo esiqala ngonkamisa

zikhona izenzo eziqala ngonkamisa esiZulweni ezinjengo-akha, -enza, -ona, -elekelela.

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word categoy

isikhekhe sekulumo

isibanjalo esijika-jikayo

Igama elenza umsebenzi othileko ekulumeni/emutjhweni

Imihlobo ehlukileko yamagama engasiwo amabizo, izenzo, iimphawulo, iibaluli, jll. Zenza imisebenzi ehlukileko emutjhweni.

isibanjalo esinemvumelwano nesibizo esiyintloko (Louwrens, 1994: 41)

isibanjalo esijika-jikayo njengesesilathandawo, umzekelo, kwihlelo lesithathu nu-'namgu' kodwa sijika-jika ngokwamahlelo

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yes-no question

umbuzo otdinga ipendulo engu-iye nofana u-awa

intsebenzo-matshini yomoya ovela kumva wenkalakahla

umbuzo odinga impendulo engu-yebo noma u-cha

umbuzo onependulo ka-iye nofana u-awa

Ingabe uFuziwe uyile esikolweni namhlanje? Umbuzo lo udinga ipendulo yinye u-iye nofana u-awa kwaphela.

izandi eziphinyiselwa ngomoya oyilwa xa kukho indawo evaliweyo kumva wenkalakahla. Kuphakanyiswa umva wolwimi uye kumva wenkalakahla, kanti iziphimiselo zenziwa kude ukuya phambili ngemilebe okanye kwiindawo eziphambili zolwimi. Ezi zandi zikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba ziziqhakancu (Crystal, 2008: 509)

intsebenzo-matshini esuka kumva wenkalakahla isetyenziswa kuphimiselo lweziqhakancu

inkulumo engumbuzo ompendulo yawo ingu-yebo noma u-cha

Isalukazi siyile yini kwadokotela? lo mbuzo udinga impendulo engu-yebo noma engu-cha.

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isandiso esibuzako

isibaluli esikhombayo

isiqu sesandiso -nini kunye nezinye ezinjengo -kangangani, -ngaki kunye no-ngaphi zisetjenziwa ekwakheni umbuzo

Niwathole amanengi kangangani amanzi ngemlanjeni? Kilomutjho u-ngangani usisiqu sesandiso esisetjenziselwe ukwakha umbuzo.

IsiZulu lulwimi lwasekhaya malunga ne 22.7% yabantu baseMzantsi; kanti baninzi kangangesiqingatha abemi beli abasiqondayo. Siyinxenye yeqela lesiNguni kwaye silolunye ulwimi lweelwimi zesiNtu (www.sa-venues.com/language-zulu.htm)

ukusetshenziswa kwegama eliyisichasiso ukuchaza uSobizo ngendlela ekhombayo

isibaluli esikhombayo sehlukile kwezinye izibaluli

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emotive meaning

ukungafani kweentlobo ngokwezenzi

umqondo oveza imizwa

isikhokelo-nkqubo esiyingcingane yohlalutyo lwezenzi ezizincedisi kunye nezakhiwo ezinonxulumano elwimini (Crystal, 2008: 171)

ukungafani kweentlobo ngokwezenzi kwenziwa kukungafani kweemeko ekubhekiselelwe kuzo

incazelo eveza imizwa yokhulumayo

umqondo oveza imizwa uyinto engajwayelekile olimini lwesiZulu

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personal compound noun

ukusebenza kwemiphimbo

ibizoqho eliyibizombaxa

nawuphi umsebenzi wemiphimbo engquleni onendima mhlawumbi engeyiyo eyosungulo okanye eyophimiselo kodwa ophathelele kwimo yelizwi (Crystal, 2008:361)

ukusebenza kwemiphimbo kuxhomekeke ekubeni isandi esithile sinelizwi na okanye asinalo

igama okubizwa ngalo umuntu elisebenzisa izakhi u-Ma, u-No, no-So

ibizoqho eliyibizombaxa liyinto engavamile ukutholakala

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natural noun

ibizo lemvelo

kubhekiswe ezintweni esinokuzibona nesingenakho ukuzibona ezaba khona selokhu kwathi nhlo

ibizo lemvelo lisebenza kahle emshweni