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Ethical banking
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the prominent societal morals against such drugs.
Ethical banks cannot solely rely upon the legal system to determine whether or not a potential client has acted unethically or whether or not their future plans are unethical. This is because of the wide range of laws throughout the world. While a business may be lawful in the international setting, this does not mean that the laws were up to the moral standards in which the bank originates. For example, extensive pollution and labor laws that would not be considered lawful in many developed countries are allowed in many lesser-developed countries.
# Judging what is ethical.
Claiming to be an "ethical" bank requires an objective way to determine
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what is ethical. Popular ethical theories that could be used include those of Mill, Kant and Aristotle.
## John Stuart Mill.
John Stuart Mill expanded on Jeremy Bentham's utilitarian theory. Bentham's fundamental axiom holds "it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong". Mill observed that this axiom alone would allow for actions that lacked morality, in the ethical and even legal sense. For example, under Bentham's unqualified fundamental axiom, it would not only be admissible, but "right" to live in a Robin Hood society, where one person's happiness (the robbed rich man's) is sacrificed in favor for the substantially improved happiness of the
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greatest number. On this account Mill elaborated on the ethical dimension of Utilitarianism, measuring the right- and wrongness of an action both in terms of aggregate happiness, or "utility", following Bentham's fundamental axiom, but not without disregard of moral or ethical quality of the action itself.
Therefore, in Mill's perspective a bank would be moral if it tended "to promote happiness".(p. 10) If the bank in question acts in way that produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people then it will be acting morally according to Mill. Because the banking sector is so large, complex and far-reaching in its effects it is difficult to accurately judge the happiness
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of everyone affected by the conduct of banks in general or by certain banks in particular. However, it is sometimes possible to discern which of different possible courses of action would produce the most happiness. For example, the act of generous philanthropy in forms such as giving back to communities, employees, members, environmental/development groups, etc. will on the whole increase happiness. Similarly lending to businesses that do not "produce the reverse of happiness"(p. 10) by, for example, giving to businesses that treat employees fairly and are concerned with such public goods as the environment would also be considered ethical according to Mill. Given that things such as global
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warming, air pollution, water contamination, and soil pollution negatively affect large groups of the population, if not all of the population (in the case of global warming), banks that chose to partake in the above examples could be viewed as contributing to the overall happiness of all people and would hence have moral value.
## Immanuel Kant.
According to Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative, morality concerns intentions, and not outcomes. A person is moral insofar as they act with a good will, regardless of the consequences. With this knowledge one could propose that the act of lending money is not in and of itself immoral and according to Kant's perspective banks should not be judged
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as moral or immoral based on the outcomes of their lending. However the second formulation of Kant's categorical imperative states: "act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end" (pg. 66–67). Based on this formula, one could argue that the whole practice of lending is not ethical, since it treats human persons merely as means to gaining money, ('mere means') rather than as ends in themselves.
## Aristotle.
For Aristotle, lawfulness is important in the measurement of morality, as is equality and justice. Whether an action is or is not in accordance with the law is an
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important measurement of morality for Aristotle. Many banks do business in accordance with the law in all practices. They may also specifically seek to do business with law-abiding clients. Nevertheless, this can be problematic, as laws vary internationally. This means that a bank could be viewed as ethical even while funding clients who lawfully conduct business in harmful manners. However this measurement is challenged by Aristotle's statement: "what is just in transactions is something equitable, and what is unjust is something inequitable." This means that a bank needs to take into account the unjust/inequitable behavior of its borrowers to qualify as an ethical bank. For example, lending
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to a law-abiding corporation that does not pay its employees a sufficient living wage would be immoral.
## Thoughts from Indian scriptures.
1. The "Puruṣārtha" ("Dharma", "Artha", "Kama", "Moksha") Concept:
This ethical guideline speaks about the necessity to keep "Dharma" (Righteousness) as the foundation for every choice that is made. "Artha" stands for generation and sustenance of wealth, including monetary wealth. "Kama" is related to choices made regarding fulfillment of desires, and "Moksha" is about spiritual fulfillment. Exploration related to "Artha" and "Kama" has to be done within the contexts of "Dharma" and "Moksha". "Moksha" is considered the supreme goal. These four are considered
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to be "Purushaartha".
2. "Paropakaaraartham Idam Shareeram":
The body is meant for the service of the noblest ideas and to contribute to the well-being of all.
3. "Atmano Mokshartham Jagat Hitayacha":
The actions one perform in achieving one's liberation/ fulfillment has to be done in the context of the well-being of the world.
# Bank regulations and the free market.
One argument against regulating banks is that the regulations would violate the proper functioning of the free market economy. Severyn T. Bruyn suggested that the extreme disconnection between market actions and morals was never the intent of the market economy's founding thinkers, specifically Adam Smith and that putting
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standards and regulations in place that rest on the basic morals of society should not conflict with the free market, but are actually an important part of the proper functioning of the free market.
Rudolf Steiner suggested that capitalism has the task of funding economic initiatives; capital should be directed into directions productive for society. He proposed that rather than prices being set through either the total control of government regulation, or the total lack of control of a free market, each industry could have self-regulating associations of producers, wholesale and retail businesses, and consumers. These associations would determine prices fair to all three groups. The state
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would not interfere with purely economic decisions but would be responsible for protecting human rights (this could include a minimum wage and safety in the workplace) and equality of its citizens' rights. (See Steiner's Threefold Social Order.)
# Differences from credit unions.
Credit unions are not banks but they offer many of the same services as banks (e.g. investment opportunities, commercial and business loans, checking & savings accounts, etc.). Credit unions are member-owned rather than shareholder-owned. This gives each member more influence in the decision-making process. When a credit union has surplus, the profits made will either be invested into the community or will go back
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to the members in the form of "patronage rebates" (i.e. cheques). Credit unions focus on the members because they are also the owners, and on the communities in which they are situated. Credit unions put a higher focus on local community development than banks do. Most credit unions lend strictly to people and businesses in the community where the union is located. This fact leads credit unions to affect communities more positively than regular banks.
However, credit unions do not necessarily have the same potential to cause widespread change in business practices as ethical banks do. This is because credit unions largely avoid the problem of funding unethical corporate/business activities
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by focusing on funding local businesses, which are easier to monitor and arguably less capable of generating wide-reaching social and environmental benefit.
# Alliances and networks.
## Global Alliance for Banking on Values.
The Global Alliance for Banking on Values (GABV) is a membership organization founded in March 2009 by BRAC Bank in Bangladesh, GLS Bank in Germany, ShoreBank in the US, and Triodos Bank in the Netherlands. It is currently made up of 27 of the world’s leading sustainable banks, from Asia, Africa, Latin America to North America and Europe.
# See also.
- Carbon Disclosure Project
- Climate ethics
- Corporate social responsibility
- Equator Principles
- List of ethical
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banks
- Socially responsible investing
# Further reading.
- Ben Cohen and Mal Warwick, "Values-Driven Business",
- Christopher J. Cowton & Paul Thompson, "Do Codes Make a Difference? The Case of Bank Lending and the Environment", "Journal of Business Ethics", v.24, n.2 (March 2000)
- Clark Schultz, "What is the Meaning of Green Banking", Green Bank Report http://greenbankreport.com/green-bank-deals/what-is-the-meaning-of-green-banking/
- Paul Thompson & Christopher J. Cowton, "Bringing the Environment into Bank Lending: Implications for Environmental Reporting", "British Accounting Review", v.36, n.2, pp. 197–218 (June 2004).
San-José, L. de al. (2011). Are ethical banks different? A
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nking/
- Paul Thompson & Christopher J. Cowton, "Bringing the Environment into Bank Lending: Implications for Environmental Reporting", "British Accounting Review", v.36, n.2, pp. 197–218 (June 2004).
San-José, L. de al. (2011). Are ethical banks different? A comparative analysis using the radical affinity, Journal of Business Ethics. indexhttp://www.springerlink.com/index/3533206g86u841j0.pdf
# External links.
- FEBEA, European Federation of Ethical and Alternative Banks
- INAISE, International Association of Investors in the Social Economy
- GABV, Global Alliance for Banking on Values
- "At Estonia's Bank Of Happiness, Kindness Is The Currency," National Public Radio, July 18, 2013.
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Buddhism and Eastern religions
Buddhism has interacted with several East Asian religions such as Confucianism and Shintoism since it spread from India during the 2nd century AD.
# Confucianism.
Confucianism in particular raised fierce opposition to Buddhism in early history, principally because it perceived Buddhism to be a nihilistic worldview, with a negative impact on society at large. "The Neo-Confucianists
had therefore to attack Buddhist cosmological views by affirming, in the
firstplace, the reality and concreteness of the universe and of man."
# Shintoism.
In the Japanese religion of Shinto, the long coexistence of Buddhism and Shintoism resulted in the merging of Shintoism and
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Buddhism. Gods in Shintoism were given a position similar to that of Hindu gods in Buddhism. Moreover, because the Buddha Vairochana's symbol was the sun, many equated Amaterasu, the sun goddess, as his previous bodhisattva reincarnation. The later Tokugawa Shogunate era saw a revival of Shinto, and some Shinto scholars began to argue that Buddhas were previous incarnations of Shinto gods, reversing the traditional positions of the two religions. Shinto and Buddhism were officially separated during the Meiji Restoration and the brief, but socially transformative rise of State Shinto followed. In post-war modern Japan, most families count themselves as being of both religions, despite the idea
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of "official separation".
# Taoism.
The relationships between Taoism and Buddhism are complex, as they influenced each other in many ways while often competing for influence. Taoism in its early form was a mixture of early mythology, folk religion, and Taoist philosophy. The arrival of Buddhism forced Taoism to renew and restructure itself into a more organized religion, while addressing similar existential questions raised by Buddhism. Early Buddhism was sometimes seen as a kind of foreign relative of Taoism and its scriptures were often translated into Chinese with Taoist vocabulary. Ch'an Buddhism in particular holds many beliefs in common with philosophical Taoism.
# See also.
- Buddhism
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Buddhism and Eastern religions
and Christianity
- Buddhism and Hinduism
- Buddhism and Jainism
- Buddhism and psychology
- Buddhism and science
- Buddhist ethics
- Buddhist philosophy
- God in Buddhism (Buddhism, mysticism, and monotheism)
# Further reading.
- Arthur F. Wright, (1971) "Buddhism in Chinese History", Stanford University Press, Stanford California.
- Tang Yijie, (1991) "Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity, and Chinese Culture", University of Peking, The Council for research in values and philosophy
- Christine Mollier, (2008) "Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic exchange in Medieval China", University of Hawaii Press.
- Fung Yu-Lan and Derk Bodde (1942),"The
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Rise of Neo-Confucianism and Its Borrowings From Buddhism and Taoism", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
# External links.
- Selfhood and Identity in Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism: Contrasts With the West
- The Influence of Confucianism and Buddhism on Chinese Business
- Religions -- An Introduction to the Study of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Confucianism, and Tao
- BUDDHISM AND CONFUCIANISM IN CH'I-SUNG'S ESSAY ON TEACHING (YUAN-TAO)
- The Conception of Language And The Use of Paradox In Buddhism And Taoism
- Relations Among Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and the Development of Chinese Buddhism
- The Fusion of Three Religions and the Self-adjustment of Northern Song's
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ts With the West
- The Influence of Confucianism and Buddhism on Chinese Business
- Religions -- An Introduction to the Study of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Confucianism, and Tao
- BUDDHISM AND CONFUCIANISM IN CH'I-SUNG'S ESSAY ON TEACHING (YUAN-TAO)
- The Conception of Language And The Use of Paradox In Buddhism And Taoism
- Relations Among Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and the Development of Chinese Buddhism
- The Fusion of Three Religions and the Self-adjustment of Northern Song's Demoted Literators
- A Study of the Syncretism of the Three Religions from the Evolvement of "Tao"
- An Analysis of How the Fusion of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism Reflects in Journey to the West
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The Machine That Won the War (short story)
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The Machine That Won the War (short story)
The Machine That Won the War (short story)
"The Machine That Won the War" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. The story first appeared in the October 1961 issue of "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", and was reprinted in the collections "Nightfall and Other Stories" (1969) and "Robot Dreams" (1986). It was also printed in a contemporary edition of Reader's Digest, illustrated. It is one of a loosely connected series of such stories concerning a fictional computer called Multivac.
# Plot summary.
Three influential leaders of the human race meet in the aftermath of a successful war against the Denebians. Discussing how the vast and powerful Multivac computer
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was a decisive factor in the war, each of the men admits that in fact, he falsified his part of the decision process because he felt that the situation was too complex to follow normal procedures.
John Henderson, Multivac's Chief Programmer, admits that he altered the data being fed to Multivac, since the populace could not be trusted to report accurate information in the current situation.
Max Jablonski then admits that he altered the data that Multivac produced, since he knew that Multivac was not in good working order due to manpower and spare parts shortage.
Finally, Lamar Swift, Executive Director of the Solar Federation, reveals that he had not trusted the reports produced by Multivac,
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s because he felt that the situation was too complex to follow normal procedures.
John Henderson, Multivac's Chief Programmer, admits that he altered the data being fed to Multivac, since the populace could not be trusted to report accurate information in the current situation.
Max Jablonski then admits that he altered the data that Multivac produced, since he knew that Multivac was not in good working order due to manpower and spare parts shortage.
Finally, Lamar Swift, Executive Director of the Solar Federation, reveals that he had not trusted the reports produced by Multivac, and had made the final decisions purely on the toss of a coin, which was not very smart, even though it worked.
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Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1999
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Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1999
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1999
The 12th Chicago Film Critics Association Awards, given on 13 March 2000, honored the finest achievements in 1999 filmmaking.
# Winners.
- Best Actor:
- Kevin Spacey - "American Beauty"
- Best Actress:
- Hilary Swank - "Boys Don't Cry"
- Best Cinematography:
- "Snow Falling on Cedars" - Robert Richardson
- Best Director:
- Sam Mendes - "American Beauty"
- Best Film:
- American Beauty
- Best Foreign Language Film:
- "Todo sobre mi madre (All About My Mother)", Spain
- Best Score:
- ""- Trey Parker and Marc Shaiman
- Best Screenplay:
- "Being John Malkovich" - Charlie Kaufman"
- Best Supporting Actor:
- Tom Cruise - "Magnolia"
-
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endes - "American Beauty"
- Best Film:
- American Beauty
- Best Foreign Language Film:
- "Todo sobre mi madre (All About My Mother)", Spain
- Best Score:
- ""- Trey Parker and Marc Shaiman
- Best Screenplay:
- "Being John Malkovich" - Charlie Kaufman"
- Best Supporting Actor:
- Tom Cruise - "Magnolia"
- Best Supporting Actress:
- Chloë Sevigny - "Boys Don't Cry"
- Most Promising Actor:
- Wes Bentley - "American Beauty"
- Most Promising Actress (tie):
- Émilie Dequenne - "Rosetta"
- Julia Stiles - "10 Things I Hate About You"
# References.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20120515203059/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=58
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Jeff D'Amico
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Jeff D'Amico
Jeff D'Amico
Jeffrey Charles D'Amico (born December 27, 1975) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher from to . D'Amico, sometimes nicknamed "Big Daddy" due to his six-foot seven stature, was a starting pitcher who played for the Milwaukee Brewers, New York Mets, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Cleveland Indians. His career record was 45 wins, 52 losses, 498 strikeouts and a 4.61 earned run average (ERA).
D'Amico was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the first round of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft. After three seasons in the minor leagues, he made his debut on June 28, 1996, and spent the next six years with the Brewers. After missing all of 1998 and most of 1999 due to shoulder surgery,
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Jeff D'Amico
D'Amico had a career year in 2000. That season, his ERA hovered around 2.00 for much of the season and he contended for the NL ERA title. Needing just a few innings to qualify for the title on his last start of the season, he surpassed the 162 inning minimum threshold, but in the process gave up enough runs to lose the title. D'Amico finished third, behind Kevin Brown and Randy Johnson.
D'Amico was never able to follow up that success, however, as he struggled with injuries for the Brewers in 2001, before ending his career with stints on the Mets, Pirates, and Indians. He led the National League in losses during the 2003 with the Pirates, and was released by the Indians in June 2004 after posting
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000. That season, his ERA hovered around 2.00 for much of the season and he contended for the NL ERA title. Needing just a few innings to qualify for the title on his last start of the season, he surpassed the 162 inning minimum threshold, but in the process gave up enough runs to lose the title. D'Amico finished third, behind Kevin Brown and Randy Johnson.
D'Amico was never able to follow up that success, however, as he struggled with injuries for the Brewers in 2001, before ending his career with stints on the Mets, Pirates, and Indians. He led the National League in losses during the 2003 with the Pirates, and was released by the Indians in June 2004 after posting a 7.63 ERA in 7 starts.
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The Life and Times of Multivac
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The Life and Times of Multivac
The Life and Times of Multivac
"The Life and Times of Multivac" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. The story first appeared in the 5 January 1975 issue of "The New York Times Magazine", and was reprinted in the collections "The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories" and "The Best of Creative Computing" in 1976. It is one of a loosely connected series of stories concerning a fictional supercomputer called Multivac. "The Life and Times of Multivac" was the first piece of fiction ever commissioned and published by "The New York Times".
Asimov's original title for the story was "Mathematical Games", but after the story appeared under the new title he decided he liked
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it. In his commentary on the story in "The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories" collection, Asimov stated, "More people came up to me over the next few weeks to tell me they had read that story than had ever been the case for any other story I had ever written."
# Plot summary.
When humanity begins to chafe under Multivac’s benevolent tyranny, one man takes matters into his own hands to destroy the great computer. By appearing to betray his fellow humans, he places himself in a position to permanently destroy Multivac. It is implied that it is not until completion of the act that he and his peers suddenly realize the enormity of their actions and the consequences it will have on humanity.
#
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The Life and Times of Multivac
ies" collection, Asimov stated, "More people came up to me over the next few weeks to tell me they had read that story than had ever been the case for any other story I had ever written."
# Plot summary.
When humanity begins to chafe under Multivac’s benevolent tyranny, one man takes matters into his own hands to destroy the great computer. By appearing to betray his fellow humans, he places himself in a position to permanently destroy Multivac. It is implied that it is not until completion of the act that he and his peers suddenly realize the enormity of their actions and the consequences it will have on humanity.
# External links.
- "The Life and Times of Multivac" at atariarchives.org
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Process (engineering)
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Process (engineering)
Process (engineering)
In engineering, a process is a series of interrelated tasks that, together, transform inputs into Automation system. These tasks may be carried out by people, nature or machines using various resources; an engineering process must be considered in the context of the agents carrying out the tasks and the resource attributes involved. Systems engineering normative documents and those related to Maturity Models are typically based on processes, for example, systems engineering processes of the EIA-632 and processes involved in the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) institutionalization and improvement approach. Constraints imposed on the tasks and resources required
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Process (engineering)
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to implement them are essential for executing the tasks mentioned.
# Semiconductor industry.
Semiconductor process engineers face the unique challenge of transforming raw materials into high-tech devices. Common semiconductor devices include Integrated Circuits (ICs), Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), solar panels, and solid-state lasers. To produce these and other semiconductor devices, semiconductor process engineers rely heavily on interconnected physical and chemical processes.
A prominent example of these combined processes is the use of ultra-violet photo-lithography which is then followed by wet etching, the process of creating an IC pattern that is transferred onto an organic coating
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Process (engineering)
and etched onto the underlying semiconductor chip. Other examples include the ion implantation of dopant species to tailor the electrical properties of a semiconductor chip and the electrochemical deposition of metallic interconnects (electroplating). Process Engineers are generally involved in the development, scaling, and quality control of new semiconductor processes from lab bench to manufacturing floor.
# Chemical engineering.
A chemical process is a series of unit operations used to produce a material in large quantities.
In the chemical industry, chemical engineers will use the following to define or illustrate a process:
- Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
- Piping and instrumentation
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Process (engineering)
diagram (P&ID)
- Simplified process description
- Detailed process description
- Project management
- Process simulation
# CPRET.
The "Association Française d'Ingénierie Système" has developed a process definition dedicated to Systems engineering (SE), but open to all domains.
The CPRET representation integrates the process Mission and Environment in order to offer an external standpoint. Several models may correspond to a single definition depending on the language used (UML or another language).
Note: process definition and modeling are interdependent notions but different the one from the other.
- Process
- A process is a set of transformations of input elements into products: respecting
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Process (engineering)
constraints,
- requiring resources,
- meeting a defined mission, corresponding to a specific purpose adapted to a given environment.
- Environment
- Natural conditions and external factors impacting a process.
- Mission
- Purpose of the process tailored to a given environment.
This definition requires a process description to include the Constraints, Products, Resources, Input Elements and Transformations. This leads to the CPRET acronym to be used as name and mnemonic for this definition.
- Constraints
- Imposed conditions, rules or regulations.
- Products
- All whatever is generated by transformations. The products can be of the desired or not desired type (e.g., the software system
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Process (engineering)
and bugs, the defined products and waste).
- Resources
- Human resources, energy, time and other means required to carry out the transformations.
- Elements as inputs
- Elements submitted to transformations for producing the products.
- Transformations
- Operations organized according to a logic aimed at optimizing the attainment of specific products from the input elements, with the allocated resources and on compliance with the imposed constraints.
## CPRET through examples.
The purpose of the following examples is to illustrate the definitions with concrete cases. These examples come from the Engineering field but also from other fields to show that the CPRET definition of processes
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Process (engineering)
is not limited to the System Engineering context.
Examples of processes
- An engineering (EIA-632, ISO/IEC 15288, etc.)
- A concert
- A polling campaign
- A certification
Examples of environment
- Various levels of maturity, technicality, equipment
- An audience
- A political system
- Practices
Examples of mission
- Supply better quality products
- Satisfy the public, critics
- Have candidates elected
- Obtain the desired approval
Examples of constraints
- Imposed technologies
- Correct acoustics
- Speaking times
- A reference model (ISO, CMMI, etc.)
Examples of products
- A mobile telephone network
- A show
- Vote results
- A quality label
Examples of resources
-
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Process (engineering)
Development teams
- An orchestra and its instruments
- An organization
- An assessment team
Examples of elements as inputs
- Specifications
- Scores
- Candidates
- A company and its practices
Examples of transformations
- Define an architecture
- Play the scores
- Make people vote for a candidate
- Audit the organization
# Conclusions.
The CPRET formalized definition systematically addresses the input Elements, Transformations, and Products but also the other essential components of a Process, namely the Constraints and Resources. Among the resources, note the specificity of the Resource-Time component which passes inexorably and irreversibly, with problems of synchronization
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Process (engineering)
an architecture
- Play the scores
- Make people vote for a candidate
- Audit the organization
# Conclusions.
The CPRET formalized definition systematically addresses the input Elements, Transformations, and Products but also the other essential components of a Process, namely the Constraints and Resources. Among the resources, note the specificity of the Resource-Time component which passes inexorably and irreversibly, with problems of synchronization and sequencing.
This definition states that environment is an external factor which cannot be avoided: as a matter of fact, a process is always interdependent with other phenomena including other processes.
# References.
- Bibliography
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Frognal House
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Frognal House
Frognal House
Frognal House is a Jacobean mansion in London, England, standing on the border of Sidcup in the London Borough of Bexley, and Chislehurst, in the London Borough of Bromley. It was built in the early 16th century.
# History.
## A Jacobean mansion.
Frognal House is believed to have been built sometime before 1550 by the Dyngley (or Dynely) family, on land obtained by free warren from Henry III in 1253 by Thomas Le Barbur, and later owned by the Cressel family. Markes Dyngley died in 1550, his will stipulating that the property, while primarily owned by his second son, should have a room retained for each of his three sons. During the reign of James I, Dyngleys's grandson, Sir
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Frognal House
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Frognal House
John Dynley, sold the estate to William Watkins, who substantially altered the building in the Jacobean style, reducing the size of the rooms and replacing stone with brick. At this point the house was on two floors and sloping ground, a square building with a central quadrangle, and an entrance on the northwest side. The only features retained from the original Tudor building were an arch and one of the staircases.
## The Warwicks.
In 1649 Watkins sold Frognal House to Philip Warwick, formerly MP for Radnor, concerned that, as a royalist, he might have his property seized by the victorious Parliamentarians in the Civil War. Warwick had been expelled from the House of Commons for siding with
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Frognal House
the Charles I during the civil war, but was subsequently appointed Clerk of the Signet, remaining with Charles until his imprisonment in Carisbrook Castle. After the Restoration he was elected again to parliament, and was knighted by Charles II, and made Secretary to the Treasury. Warwick was married twice, and Frognal House is recorded as a possession of Warwick's step-son by his second wife, Sir Oliver Boteler Baronet in the Hearth Tax assessment in 1662. At that time the house was the largest in the district with 24 chimneys. Warwick's death in 1682 was followed by his son's death the following year, and in 1691 the property passed to Rowland Tryon, Sir Philip Warwick's nephew.
## The Tryons.
Though
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Frognal House
the Tryon family were from working class origins, Rowland Tryon had become wealthy trading in the West Indies. A print from the time shows a large brick mansion built around a central courtyard, and surrounded by formal gardens, orchards, and tree-lined walkways, with a number of outbuildings that had been connected to the house via construction in about 1700. Rowland Tryon died in 1720, bequeathing the house to his brother William, a wealthy City financier and philanthropist, and later (in 1742) William's son Thomas Tryon. Both William and Thomas Tryon had served as Treasurer to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, but when Thomas Tryon ran into business trouble,
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Frognal House
the Society became exposed to his losses. Bankrupt, Tryon committed suicide in 1747, and Frognal House was taken over by the High Court of Chancery to be sold for the benefit of his creditors.
## The Townshends.
Frognal House was purchased by Thomas Townshend in 1752 and became the residence of his son, Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, after whom Sydney, Australia was named. On his death in 1800, Frognal House was inherited by his son John Thomas Townshend, who added a billiard room within the quadrangle, using panelling taken from a neighbouring house. His son, John Robert Townshend, who inherited the house on his death in 1831, was married to Emily, daughter of the Marquess of Anglesey,
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Frognal House
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Frognal House
second-in-command to the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo, who often stayed at the house and gave his name to a room decorated with his family's paintings. John Robert Townshend was a member of the royal household, serving as Lord Chamberlain (1859-1866 and 1868-1874) and Lord Steward (1880-1885). He was also created an earl in 1874, though he had no children and the title died with him on his death at Frognal House in 1890. Upon his wife's death in 1893 the house passed into the hands of his sister's son, Robert Marsham, on condition that he added Townshend to his name. In 1915 the Marsham-Townshend family sold the house and estate to the government to build a new hospital. At the
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Frognal House
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Frognal House
same time the contents of the house were sold in an auction, including 284 paintings, 1048 books and a huge collection of furniture and antiques.
## Hospital and modern use.
The house was then subsequently used as the original building of the Queen's Hospital (later Queen Mary's Hospital), Sidcup, developed as the First World War's major centre for facial and plastic surgery, largely through the efforts of Harold Gillies. Opened in 1917, the hospital and its associated convalescent hospitals provided over 1,000 beds, and between 1917 and 1921 admitted in excess of 5,000 servicemen. The original hospital closed in 1929, re-opening the following year under the management of London County Council.
In
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Frognal House
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Frognal House
ervicemen. The original hospital closed in 1929, re-opening the following year under the management of London County Council.
In 1974, a new Queen Mary's Hospital was built to replace the original Great War hospital, and since November 1999 Frognal House has been a residential and nursing home run by Sunrise Senior Living, their first location in the United Kingdom.
The house gave its name to the nearby Frognal Corner, once a crossroads where the Sidcup Bypass crossed Perry Street and, since 1987, a grade-separated junction at the intersection of the A20 and the A222.
# External links.
- Sunrise Senior Living - Frognal House webpage
- Bexley Council - Local Studies Note No. 28 - Frognal
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4746858
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Louis Mahoney
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis%20Mahoney
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Louis Mahoney
Louis Mahoney
Louis Felix Danner Mahoney (born 8 September 1938) is a Gambian-born British actor, based in Hampstead in London. He is an anti-racist activist and long-time campaigner for racial equality within the acting profession.
# Career.
Mahoney was born in The Gambia in 1938. He went to England originally to study to be a doctor but abandoned his ambitions for a medical career to become a drama school student in the 1970s.
He has been seen most frequently on television in series such as: "Danger Man", "Dixon of Dock Green", "Z-Cars", "The Troubleshooters", "Menace", "Special Branch", "Doctor Who" (in the stories "Frontier in Space", "Planet of Evil" and "Blink"), "Quiller", "Fawlty
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Louis Mahoney
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Louis Mahoney
Towers" (as Dr Finn in "The Germans", 1975), "The Professionals" (as Dr Henry in the episode "Klansmen", never transmitted on terrestrial TV in the UK), "Miss Marple", "Yes, Prime Minister", "Bergerac", "The Bill", "Casualty", "Holby City" and "Sea of Souls".
His films include "The Plague of the Zombies" (1966), "" (1981), "Rise and Fall of Idi Amin" (1981), "White Mischief" (1987), "Cry Freedom" (1987), "Shooting Fish" (1997), "Wondrous Oblivion" (2003) and "Shooting Dogs" (2005).
He has featured in the Channel 4 documentary "Random" (2011) and in the BBC Three drama "Being Human" (2012) as Leo, an aged and dying werewolf.
Mahoney's most recent TV appearance was in the Tracy Beaker CBBC
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Louis Mahoney
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Louis Mahoney
87), "Shooting Fish" (1997), "Wondrous Oblivion" (2003) and "Shooting Dogs" (2005).
He has featured in the Channel 4 documentary "Random" (2011) and in the BBC Three drama "Being Human" (2012) as Leo, an aged and dying werewolf.
Mahoney's most recent TV appearance was in the Tracy Beaker CBBC spin-off, "The Dumping Ground", as Henry Lawrence, the grandfather of Charlie Morris (Emily Burnett).
# Campaign work.
Mahoney is a long-standing campaigner for racial equality within the acting profession, as a member of the Equity Afro-Asian Committee (previously called the Coloured Actors Committee until he renamed it), and as co-creator, with Mike Phillips, of the Black Theatre Workshop in 1976.
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Point of View (short story)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point%20of%20View%20(short%20story)
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Point of View (short story)
Point of View (short story)
"Point of View" is a short story by American writer Isaac Asimov that first appeared in "Boys' Life" magazine in July 1975. Due to the poor reception it received, it was only reprinted in the collection "The Complete Robot" in 1982. It is one of a loosely connected series of such stories concerning a fictional computer called Multivac.
# Plot summary.
Roger's father works with a supercomputer called a Multivac, which has been malfunctioning lately as it comes up with different solutions each time to problems it is asked to solve. After coworkers tell him to take a break, he takes Roger out to lunch. His father tells him what he thinks is wrong with the Multivac,
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Point of View (short story)
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Point of View (short story)
nected series of such stories concerning a fictional computer called Multivac.
# Plot summary.
Roger's father works with a supercomputer called a Multivac, which has been malfunctioning lately as it comes up with different solutions each time to problems it is asked to solve. After coworkers tell him to take a break, he takes Roger out to lunch. His father tells him what he thinks is wrong with the Multivac, and then from this Roger decides that it is like a child, and like one needs a break from work, saying that if you made a kid do work all day than it would get stuff wrong on purpose. His father reassure this inference with Roger, who confirms it saying, "Dad, a kid's got to play too."
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4746903
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Kangerluk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangerluk
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Kangerluk
Kangerluk
Kangerluk (old spelling: "Kangerdluk"), also called Diskofjord, is a settlement in the Qaasuitsup municipality, in western Greenland, located on the southwestern shore of Disko Island. It had 33 inhabitants in 2010.
# Population.
Kangerluk is rapidly depopulating, having lost more than half of its population relative to the 2000 levels.
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Our Friends from Frolix 8
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our%20Friends%20from%20Frolix%208
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Our Friends from Frolix 8
Our Friends from Frolix 8
Our Friends From Frolix 8 is a 1970 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick.
# Plot summary.
In the 22nd century, the Earth is ruled by the "New Men", who have superhuman mental abilities, and the "Unusuals", who possess psionic abilities such as telepathy, telekinesis and precognition. (In its use of psionic abilities as a major plot element, this work is similar to Dick's novel "Ubik".) Thors Provoni, who has gone deep into space to find help for his resistance to the ruling groups, is returning with a sentient protoplasmic alien being, a "Friend from Frolix 8" known as Morgo Rahn Wilc, to fight for the "Old Men", human beings who have none of the
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Our Friends from Frolix 8
rulers' powers. Nick Appleton is a tire regroover - a lowly, if skilled, job; his son Bobby fails a Civil Service examination that is deliberately geared toward failing "Old Man" applicants. At the same time, Terran authorities are holding the "Under Man" activist Cordon in prison and preparing for his execution. Appleton becomes politicised, and falls for Charlotte ("Charley") Boyer, a sixteen-year-old subversive. She is involved with alcoholic Denny (in this future, alcohol prohibition has returned as a social policy). After the authorities discover that Appleton has become "subversive," they attempt to apprehend him and Charley, whom Willis Gram is also obsessed with.
Meanwhile, Thors Provoni's
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Our Friends from Frolix 8
eanwhile, Thors Provoni's craft has eluded Terran fleet defences and is rapidly nearing Earth, leading to paranoid fears among the ruling elite about the possibility of violent alien invasion. In the event, Provoni does land, but Morgo Rahn Wilc protects him from an assassination attempt. Provoni is actually a "New Man" and an "Unusual" at the same time, and, with the assistance of his alien companion, he strips all Unusuals of their psionic abilities, and all New Men of their advanced cognitive abilities, rendering the New Men intellectually disabled and capable only of childlike cognition.
# External links.
- Official PKDick website review
- "Our Friends from Frolix 8" cover art gallery
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4746913
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Ormeau Golf Club
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ormeau%20Golf%20Club
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Ormeau Golf Club
Ormeau Golf Club
The Ormeau Golf Club is located on Park Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is a nine-hole course with an eighteen-hole par of 68.
The golf club describes itself as "the Course in the heart of the city" as it is just a mile from Belfast city centre. It was formed in 1893 and is one of the oldest golf clubs in Ireland. The clubhouse and course are situated on mature tree-covered parkland, which was once part of the Marquis of Donegall's Ormeau demesne. The club has occupied the property by agreement with Belfast City Council since the early 1890s.
# External links.
- Ormeau Golf Club
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4746889
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Oqaatsut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oqaatsut
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Oqaatsut
Oqaatsut
Oqaatsut (old spelling: "Oqaitsut"), formerly Rodebay or Rodebaai, is a settlement in the Qaasuitsup municipality, in western Greenland. It had 46 inhabitants in 2010. The modern name of the settlement is Kalaallisut for "Cormorants". The village is served by the communal all-purpose Pisiffik store.
# Geography.
The settlement is located on a small peninsula jutting off the mainland into eastern Disko Bay (), 22.5 km north of Ilulissat. The settlement itself faces the shore of the small Akuliarusinnguaq bay, bounded to the north by Qeqertaq island, one of several islands with that name − 'qeqertaq' means 'island' in Greenlandic.
Further to the east, the Paakitsup Nunaa highland on
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Oqaatsut
the mainland separates the area from Sikuiuitsoq Fjord. Sermeq Avannarleq, a glacier flowing from the Greenland ice sheet empties into the fjord approximately 22 km east of Oqaatsut. Paakitsup Nunaa gives way to a marshy lowland in the south, with several lakes, the largest of which are Qoortusuup Tasia, Kuuttaap Tasia, and Kangerluarsuup Tasia Qalleq.
Further south, the highlands of Iviangernarsuit and Akinnaq due east of Ilulissat Airport are split by the Uujuup Kuua river valley. To the north, the waters of Disko Bay channel into the Sullorsuaq Strait between the large Alluttoq Island and Disko Island ().
# History.
The settlement first operated as Rodebay, a trading post for 18th-century
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Oqaatsut
Dutch whalers. The original blubber house, cooperage, and storehouse are still in use. When the fish processing plant of Royal Greenland providing employment to the majority of families was closed, Oqaatsut found itself on the verge of depopulation. In 2000 a new fishing company (Rodebay Fish ApS) was founded by the local fishermen, ensuring survival of the settlement.
# Transport.
Due to the proximity of Ilulissat Airport, there is no air connection between Oqaatsut and Ilulissat. Air Greenland operates government contract flights to villages farther north: Qeqertaq and Saqqaq. Settlement flights in the Disko Bay are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring.
During
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Oqaatsut
ocal fishermen, ensuring survival of the settlement.
# Transport.
Due to the proximity of Ilulissat Airport, there is no air connection between Oqaatsut and Ilulissat. Air Greenland operates government contract flights to villages farther north: Qeqertaq and Saqqaq. Settlement flights in the Disko Bay are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring.
During summer and autumn, when the waters of Disko Bay are navigable, communication between settlements is by sea only, serviced by Diskoline. The ferry links Oqaatsut with Qeqertaq, Saqqaq, and Ilulissat.
# Population.
The population of Oqaatsut has decreased by a quarter since the 1990 levels, levelling off in the 2000s.
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Saattut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saattut
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Saattut
Saattut
Saattut (old spelling: "Sâtut") is a settlement in the Qaasuitsup municipality, in northwestern Greenland. Located on a small Saattut Island, southeast of Appat Island and northeast of Uummannaq in the Uummannaq Fjord system, the settlement had 212 inhabitants in 2010.
# Transport.
Air Greenland serves the village as part of a government contract, with mostly cargo helicopter flights from Saattut Heliport to Ikerasak and Uummannaq.
Residents themselves often use dog sleds or snowmobiles for hunting trips or visits to relatives, as there are no roads connecting the village with other settlements. Saattut is home to about 500 sled dogs.
# Population.
The population of Saattut has
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Saattut
naq in the Uummannaq Fjord system, the settlement had 212 inhabitants in 2010.
# Transport.
Air Greenland serves the village as part of a government contract, with mostly cargo helicopter flights from Saattut Heliport to Ikerasak and Uummannaq.
Residents themselves often use dog sleds or snowmobiles for hunting trips or visits to relatives, as there are no roads connecting the village with other settlements. Saattut is home to about 500 sled dogs.
# Population.
The population of Saattut has dropped by nearly a quarter relative to the 2000 levels, reflecting a general trend in the region. A November 2015 edition of "National Geographic" reported that the settlement is home to 200 people.
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Tim Hamilton (illustrator)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Hamilton%20(illustrator)
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Tim Hamilton (illustrator)
Tim Hamilton (illustrator)
Tim Hamilton (born April 21, 1966) is an American cartoonist, writer and illustrator living in Brooklyn, New York. According to his website, his clients have included "MAD" magazine and "The New York Times".
# Career.
Hamilton has drawn numerous comics, including "The Trouble with Girls" and "Welcome Back, Mr. Moto". He also adapted and illustrated Robert Louis Stevenson's "Treasure Island" for Puffin Graphics and filling in pencilling "Nikolai Dante" for "2000 AD". His most recent work was adapting Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 for Hill & Wang.
Hamilton is also a founding member of the online comics collaborative ACT-I-VATE, where he has serialized his stories
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Tim Hamilton (illustrator)
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Tim Hamilton (illustrator)
"Pet Sitter" and "Adventures of the Floating Elephant".
Hamilton's illustrations have been published by "The New York Times", "Nickelodeon Magazine", Byron Preiss Visual Publications, "Cicada" magazine, DC Comics, Dark Horse Comics, King Features, KPR Inc., Oatmeal Studios, Wishbone-ITP, and ToyBiz.
# Bibliography.
- "The Trouble with Girls" with writers Will Jacobs and Gerard Jones, published by (among other) Malibu Comics
- "Welcome Back, Mr. Moto", published by Moonstone Books
- "Treasure Island", adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's novel, published by Puffin Graphics
- "", adapted from Ray Bradbury's novel, published by Hill and Wang
# External links.
- Act-i-vate Activates - Group
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Tim Hamilton (illustrator)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Hamilton%20(illustrator)
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Tim Hamilton (illustrator)
ns, "Cicada" magazine, DC Comics, Dark Horse Comics, King Features, KPR Inc., Oatmeal Studios, Wishbone-ITP, and ToyBiz.
# Bibliography.
- "The Trouble with Girls" with writers Will Jacobs and Gerard Jones, published by (among other) Malibu Comics
- "Welcome Back, Mr. Moto", published by Moonstone Books
- "Treasure Island", adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's novel, published by Puffin Graphics
- "", adapted from Ray Bradbury's novel, published by Hill and Wang
# External links.
- Act-i-vate Activates - Group Cartoons For All, Newsarama, February 1, 2006
- Calvin Reid in Publishers Weekly April 28, 2009
- Fahrenheit 451: The Authorized Adaptation in Publishers Weekly July 13, 2009
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Qaarsut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qaarsut
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Qaarsut
Qaarsut
Qaarsut (old spelling: "Kaersut") is a settlement in the Avannaata municipality, in northwestern Greenland. It is situated on the northeastern shore of the Nuussuaq Peninsula. It had 196 inhabitants in 2010.
# History.
The first coal mine in Greenland operated between 1778 and 1924 in Qaarsuarsuit.
# Transport.
Qaarsut Airport, located to the northwest of the settlement, serves both Qaarsut and Uummannaq, the latter accessible only by helicopter.
# Population.
The population of Qaarsut has dropped by over 18 percent relative to the 2000 levels, reflecting a general trend in the region.
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Illorsuit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illorsuit
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Illorsuit
Illorsuit
Illorsuit (old spelling: "Igdlorssuit") is a former settlement in the Avannaata municipality, in western Greenland. Located on the northeastern shore of Illorsuit Island − northwest of Uummannaq at the mouth of the Uummannaq Fjord − the settlement had 91 inhabitants in 2010. Illorsuit achieved widespread attention when it experienced a severe tsunami on June 17, 2017, due to a magnitude 4.1 earthquake located north of the city. It was abandoned in 2018.
# Transport.
Air Greenland serves the village as part of government contract, with mostly cargo helicopter flights from Illorsuit Heliport to Nuugaatsiaq and Uummannaq.
# Population.
The population of Illorsuit has dropped by 28
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Illorsuit
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Illorsuit
hieved widespread attention when it experienced a severe tsunami on June 17, 2017, due to a magnitude 4.1 earthquake located north of the city. It was abandoned in 2018.
# Transport.
Air Greenland serves the village as part of government contract, with mostly cargo helicopter flights from Illorsuit Heliport to Nuugaatsiaq and Uummannaq.
# Population.
The population of Illorsuit has dropped by 28 percent relative to the 1990 levels, and by nearly 17 percent relative to the 2000 levels, reflecting a general trend in the region.
# Notable people.
- Lars Emil Johansen (b. 1946), the second Prime Minister of Greenland
- Rockwell Kent (1882–1971), American artist who spent time in Illorsuit
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The Gazette of Pakistan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Gazette%20of%20Pakistan
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The Gazette of Pakistan
The Gazette of Pakistan
The Gazette of Pakistan is the official newspaper of the Government of Pakistan. This Gazette provides information about government acts, ordinances, regulations, orders, S.R.Os, notifications, appointments, promotions, leaves, and awards.
# External links.
- The Gazette of Pakistan
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Ukkusissat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukkusissat
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Ukkusissat
Ukkusissat
Ukkusissat (, old spelling: "Uvkusigssat") is a settlement in the Avannaata municipality, in northwestern Greenland. The population of the settlement was 170 in 2010. The name means soapstone.
# Geography.
The settlement abuts the northwestern tip of the peninsula of the same name, jutting from the mainland to the west and northwest and into the inner waterways of the Uummannaq Fjord system.
To the north of the settlement, Perlerfiup Kangerlua, a large inner fjord empties into the main branch of Uummannaq Fjord.
To the south and southwest across Torsukattak Strait are the high mountains of the Salleq Island and the much larger Appat Island, alongside the flat Qeqertat skerries.
#
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Ukkusissat
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Ukkusissat
Economy.
Fishing is the main occupation in Ukkusissat, with the fish processing plant located at the harbour; many inhabitants employed at Royal Greenland. Reinvigoration of mining activities in the nearby Maamorilik site−located northeast of the settlement on the northern side of Perlerfiup Kangerlua−will provide an economic boost to the local economy.
The community in Ukkusissat is served by Pilersuisoq, an all-purpose communal store. Tourism is underdeveloped, although during summer the settlement is visited by cruise ships, such as Norway's Hurtigruten. The harbour in Ukkusissat cannot handle large ships due to shallow coastal waters.
# Transport.
## Air.
Air Greenland serves the village
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Ukkusissat
as part of government contract, with flights between Ukkusissat Heliport and Uummannaq Heliport. Check-in for the helicopter flights is administered at Pilersuisoq.
## Ground.
In mid-winter, the only means of communication with Uummannaq and other settlements of the area is by dogsled, as district helicopters do not service the settlement at that time of year.
# Population.
The population of Ukkusissat has dropped by more than 12 percent relative to the 1990 levels, and by more than a quarter relative to the 2000 levels, decreasing in nearly every year of the last decade, and reflecting a general trend in the region.
# External links.
- sermitsiaq.gl "Ukkusissat: Greenland masters in hospitality"
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Ukkusissat
t, with flights between Ukkusissat Heliport and Uummannaq Heliport. Check-in for the helicopter flights is administered at Pilersuisoq.
## Ground.
In mid-winter, the only means of communication with Uummannaq and other settlements of the area is by dogsled, as district helicopters do not service the settlement at that time of year.
# Population.
The population of Ukkusissat has dropped by more than 12 percent relative to the 1990 levels, and by more than a quarter relative to the 2000 levels, decreasing in nearly every year of the last decade, and reflecting a general trend in the region.
# External links.
- sermitsiaq.gl "Ukkusissat: Greenland masters in hospitality" by Malik Milfeldt
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Joe Mears
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe%20Mears
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Joe Mears
Joe Mears
John "Joe" Mears (20 January 1905 – 30 June 1966) was chairman of Chelsea Football Club and the Football Association.
Mears was the son and nephew of Chelsea F.C. founders, Joseph and Gus Mears respectively. He was a goalkeeper for the Old Malvernians before joining the Chelsea board in 1931, in doing so becoming the youngest director (aged 26) in the Football League. He became Chelsea chairman in 1940 following the death of Colonel Crisp. Mears was a Royal Marine during the Second World War, and his duties included the security arrangements for Prime Minister Winston Churchill's bunker.
Mears' tenure as chairman of Chelsea saw them win their first First Division title in 1954–55,
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Joe Mears
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe%20Mears
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Joe Mears
and it was he who subsequently gave in to pressure from the Football League for the club not to take its place in the inaugural European Champions Cup the following season. He later managed the representative London XI side during its 1955–58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup campaign; the team reached the final, losing on aggregate to FC Barcelona. His son Brian was also a chairman of the club.
Mears became chairman of the Football Association in 1963. As such, he was a key figure during England's preparations to host the 1966 World Cup, and was involved in the furore when the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen. It was he who received the ransom note from the thief, and was subsequently involved in the trophy's
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Joe Mears
lace in the inaugural European Champions Cup the following season. He later managed the representative London XI side during its 1955–58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup campaign; the team reached the final, losing on aggregate to FC Barcelona. His son Brian was also a chairman of the club.
Mears became chairman of the Football Association in 1963. As such, he was a key figure during England's preparations to host the 1966 World Cup, and was involved in the furore when the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen. It was he who received the ransom note from the thief, and was subsequently involved in the trophy's recovery.
He died of a heart attack in Oslo on 30 June 1966, two weeks before the World Cup began.
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Nuugaatsiaq
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuugaatsiaq
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Nuugaatsiaq
Nuugaatsiaq
Nuugaatsiaq (old spelling: "Nûgâtsiaq") is a settlement in the Avannaata municipality, in northwestern Greenland, located on an island off the southern coast of Sigguup Nunaa peninsula, in the Uummannaq Fjord basin. It had 84 inhabitants in 2010.
# History.
On 17 June 2017, a landslide measuring fell about into the Karrak fiord, causing a tsunami that hit Nuugaatsiaq. Four people were killed, nine injured and eleven buildings were washed into the water. In the beginning the tsunami had a height of , but it was significantly lower once it hit the settlement. Initially it was unclear if the landslide was caused by a small earthquake (magnitude 4), but later it was confirmed that
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Nuugaatsiaq
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Nuugaatsiaq
dslide was caused by a small earthquake (magnitude 4), but later it was confirmed that the landslide had caused the tremors.
# Transport.
Air Greenland serves the village as part of government contract, with mostly cargo helicopter flights from Nuugaatsiaq Heliport to Illorsuit and Uummannaq.
Royal Arctic Line also serves the village by ship. This sea link connects Nuugaatsiaq, and other villages on Uummannaq Fjord to Aasiaat.
# Population.
The population of Nuugaatsiaq has dropped by over 16 percent relative to the 2000 levels, reflecting a general trend in the region. A November 2015 edition of "National Geographic" reported about 80 inhabitants, with many houses in the village empty.
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Para (Bengali)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Para%20(Bengali)
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Para (Bengali)
Para (Bengali)
# Definition.
Para is a Bengali word () which means a neighbourhood or locality, usually characterised by a strong sense of community. The names of several localities in cities and villages of West Bengal, Bangladesh and Tripura end with the suffix "para". Historically, "para"s often consisted of people of similar livelihood; for example, "muchipara" means a "para" where most of the people are "Muchis" (cobblers). Again, some "para"s were based on caste; for example, "Bamunpara" means a "para" where Brahmins live. However, with the decline of caste-based segregation in India, this form of "para" has lost much of its significance.
In cities, a person may refer to his neighbourhood
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Para (Bengali)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Para%20(Bengali)
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Para (Bengali)
inition.
Para is a Bengali word () which means a neighbourhood or locality, usually characterised by a strong sense of community. The names of several localities in cities and villages of West Bengal, Bangladesh and Tripura end with the suffix "para". Historically, "para"s often consisted of people of similar livelihood; for example, "muchipara" means a "para" where most of the people are "Muchis" (cobblers). Again, some "para"s were based on caste; for example, "Bamunpara" means a "para" where Brahmins live. However, with the decline of caste-based segregation in India, this form of "para" has lost much of its significance.
In cities, a person may refer to his neighbourhood as his "para".
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Colorado Fuel and Iron
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado%20Fuel%20and%20Iron
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Colorado Fuel and Iron
Colorado Fuel and Iron
The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF&I) was a large steel concentration. By 1903, it was mainly owned and controlled by John D. Rockefeller and Jay Gould's financial heirs. While it came to control many plants throughout the country, its main plant was a steel mill on the south side of Pueblo, Colorado and was the city's main industry for most of its history. From 1901 to 1912, Colorado Fuel and Iron was one of the Dow Jones Industrials. The steel-market crash of 1982 lead to the decline of the company. After going through several bankruptcies, the company was acquired by Oregon Steel Mills in 1993, and changed its name to Rocky Mountain Steel Mills. In January 2007,
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along with the rest of Oregon Steel's holdings, was acquired by EVRAZ Group, a Russian steel corporation, for $2.3 billion.
Through the process of vertical integration, the company came to own more than just the main steel plant. Over the course of a century, CF&I operated coal mines throughout southern Colorado, as well as iron mines in Wyoming and Utah, limestone quarries, smaller mines for other materials going into the steel making process, and the Colorado and Wyoming Railway. In Redstone, Colorado, hundreds of coking ovens converted coal into coke.
The Mcnally, Cameron, Robinson and Walsen Mines located in the area of Walsenburg, Colorado, were just a few of the mines owned by the Colorado
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Colorado Fuel and Iron
Fuel and Iron Company.
The Colorado Supply company store was also owned and operated by CF&I. They also came to control many furnaces throughout the country, including E .G. Brooke in Birdsboro, Pennsylvania.
# Founding and early history.
The first, and only until World War II, integrated iron and steel mill west of St. Louis was built in 1881 in Pueblo on the south side of the Arkansas River by the Colorado Coal and Iron Company (CC&L), an affiliate of the narrow-gauge Denver and Rio Grande Railway Company (D&RG), controlled by General William Jackson Palmer and Dr. William Abraham Bell. Its purpose in part was to manufacture rails for the railway. Local resources included water from the
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Arkansas River, coal from Trinidad, limestone from a few miles south of Pueblo, and iron ore from the San Luis Valley with rail transportation provided by the D&RG. Manufacturing using blast furnaces and the Bessemer process began April 12, 1881. Products included rails, pig iron, iron and steel bars and plates, and cut nails and spikes.
The market for steel was slow due to intense competition from eastern mills, and the mill was often idle. The company turned to production of coke and coal opening additional mines near Trinidad and others near Canon City, Walsenburg, and Crested Butte. Coke ovens were built at El Moro north of Trinidad and at Crested Butte.
In the early 1890s, demand for
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fuel fell, and the company faced stiff competition from the Colorado Fuel Company, which was closely associated with and provided coal to the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q). John C. Osgood, who with other investors from Iowa and Colorado, the Iowa Group, had founded Colorado Fuel Company in 1883, which acquired substantial coal reserves in Las Animas and Garfield Counties by purchasing existing facilities. Other properties were acquired in Garfield, Huerfano, Las Animas, and Pitkin counties. On Osgood's initiative these two companies merged in 1892 to form Colorado Fuel and Iron with members of the Iowa Group in control.
Often idle during the decades of the 1880s and 1890s due
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to stiff competition and the effects of the panic of 1893, the steel mill at Pueblo was small and obsolete. Due to economic conditions it was not possible to modernize it until 1899 when substantial improvements were made. including a rolling mill, additional blast furnaces, a modern Bessemer converter, open hearth furnaces, a wire mill, and supporting facilities. The mill was renamed the Minnequa Works in 1901.
## Iron ore.
Early sources of iron ore were hematite from the Calumet Mine north of Salida, Colorado, limonite from the Orient Mine on the west slope of the Sangre de Cristo Range east of Villa Grove and iron and magnesium rich ore which was a byproduct of silver mining at Leadville.
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Iron ore was obtained from New Mexico and Wyoming and reserves purchased in Utah. Company towns were built at isolated facilities such as Orient and Calumet. Deeper ores from Calumet contained greater quantities of silicon, which interfered with the iron making process. Calumet was closed in 1899 and production shifted to the Sunrise Mine near Hartville, Wyoming about 100 miles north of Cheyenne which the company had leased in 1898. The Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company was organized as subsidiary to transport the ore. Orient was abandoned in 1905 but some ore continued to be mined and sold to the company by contractors until 1922 when it reopened, only to be permanently closed at the beginning
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of the Great Depression due to falling demand.
Production, which began in 1899 at the Sunrise Mine in Wyoming, was initially by open-pit mining at a cost of 15 cents a ton. By 1900, daily production was 2,000 tons. Purchase of the property was completed in 1904. Shortages of ore continued to plague operations at the refurbished Minnequa Works in Pueblo and some ore was obtained from the 86, Jim Fair, and Union mines near Fierro and Hanover in Grant County, New Mexico. Substantial reserves were purchased near Cedar City in Iron County, Utah but remained unmined.
## Limestone.
Limestone was initially obtained from a quarry a few miles south of Pueblo at Lime near the St. Charles River and later
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from a high-grade low-phosphorus deposit of limestone and dolomite near Howard.
## Coal and Coke.
In 1903 CF&I was the largest producer of coal in the Rocky Mountain west with 23 mines in Las Animas, Huerfano, Fremont, Gunnison, Garfield, and Pitkin County, Colorado producing 53% of the coal mined in Colorado and its 9 coking plants producing 89% of its coke. Steam coal for use in boilers and locomotives was produced in the Huerfano district, coal for home heating in the Canon district, and anthracite at Crested Butte. Demand for coke by the precious metals smelting industry fell off as first silver production was impacted by the panic of 1893 and then gold production fell off in the first
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decade of the 20th Century and used refining techniques which did not require large quantities of coke. The large copper smelting companies operating in the area, Phelps Dodge and The American Smelting and Refining Company, invested in their own coal mines and coking plants in Colfax County, New Mexico and Cokedale, Colorado.
## Education.
Colorado Fuel and Iron's Sociological Department
In 1901, in an effort to deal with its mostly immigrant workforce, CF&I formed the Sociological Department. Their main focus was to better the lives of the workers and their families and to shape their political and economic views. The Sociological Department began educating the miners through night school
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to teach them English. The Sociological Department began to set standards for education by regulating the curriculum and getting miners children involved.
Richard Corwin came up with the idea that Kindergarten would be the best way to help the immigrant children become better citizens. Through the Kindergarten program, children were taught English and the importance of industrial labor. Thus, in turn, making them good future employees.
## Land.
In 1900, anticipating high demand for coal, the extensive and coal rich lands of the Colorado portion of the Maxwell Land Grant near Trinidad in Las Animas County were purchased through its subsidiary, the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company. Following
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this purchase mines and coking plants and railway connections were constructed by the Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company in 1901 and 1902 west of Trinidad, and facilities built for workers under the direction of Dr. Richard W. Corwin chief surgeon of CF&I.
# 20th century.
The facility operated a number of blast furnaces until 1982. The main blast furnace structures were torn down in 1989, but due to asbestos content many of the adjacent stoves and support buildings still remain. The stoves and foundations for some of the furnaces can be easily seen from Interstate 25, which runs parallel to the plant's west boundary.
## Gould and Rockefeller era.
In 1902, facing cash flow problems, Osgood
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turned to George Jay Gould a principal stockholder of the Denver and Rio Grande for a loan. Gould, via Frederick Taylor Gates, Rockefeller's financial adviser, brought John D. Rockefeller, creator of the Standard Oil monopoly, in to help finance the loan. Analysis of the company's operations by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. showed a need for substantially more funds which were provided in exchange for acquisition of CF&I's subsidiaries such as the Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company, the Crystal River Railroad Company, and possibly the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company. Control was passed from the Iowa Group to Gould and Rockefeller interests in 1903 with Gould in control and Rockefeller and
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Gates representing a minority interests. Osgood left the company in 1904 and devoted his efforts to operating competing coal and coke operations.
An experienced manager, Frank J. Hearne, retired president of National Tube Company, one of the predecessors of U.S. Steel was brought in September, 1903 to manage the enterprise. In 1904 the assets of the firm and its subsidiaries were consolidated as Colorado Industrial Company whose stock was wholly owned by the shareholders of CF&I, mainly Gould and Rockefeller. This put all properties of the firm under a single management. Gross sales were substantially increased but increasing profit proved elusive due to competition from eastern produces. Income
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in 1907 was $1.07 million on sales of $23.8 million in 1907.
In November, 1903 the United Mine Workers struck the coal mines near Walsenburg and Trinidad. The strike, which lasted 11 months, produced no gains and demoralized the miners, was fought vigorously with strikebreakers and reduced steel production. The company was able to maintain coal inventory for sale to the company's customers, thus preventing state interference due to a shortage of coal.
Following the strike substantial investments were made to the mill including purchase of water rights in the Arkansas River and a reservoir at the site of Sugar Loaf Dam west of Leadville. Previously the mill had relied on the scant and variable
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flow of the St. Charles River, storing water in Lake Minnequa.
Gates, Rockefeller's financial advisior had little confidence in Jesse Floyd Welborn who had been elected by Gould and his allies to succeed Hearne as manager in 1907. Welborn had risen within the company from a clerk, knew the operation well, and had the confidence of the company's staff. When Gould suffered severe financial losses due to the Panic of 1907 his need for funds resulted in transfer of his interests to Rockefeller. Gates preferred Lamont M. Bowers, his aunt's husband, with extensive management experience. Welborn was advised to take guidance from Bowers, who was hired as Welborn's subordinate. Welborn had little choice
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but to defer to Bowers which resulted in Welborn, the president of the company, being only a figurehead and sometimes resulted in him having to make decisions he would not have made on his own motion.
Effectively in charge from 1908 to early 1915, Bowers applied his managerial skills to making the company profitable, reducing employment rolls, closing marginal operations, and reducing improvements and the companies sociological and medical programs. His efforts were successful; profits increased and dividends were paid. The steel mill operated at full capacity and was slightly expanded. Greater profits proved elusive, however, due to eastern competition and limited transportation facilities
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