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{"texts": ["The African Pediatric Fellowship Program: Training in Africa for Africans.", "\nAfrica has a significant burden of childhood disease, with relatively few skilled health care professionals. ", "The African Paediatric Fellowship Programme was developed by the Department of Pediatrics and Child Health at the University of Cape Town to provide relevant training for African child health professionals, by Africans, within Africa. ", "Trainees identified by partner academic institutions spend 6 months to 2 years training in the Department of Pediatrics and allied disciplines. ", "They then return to their home institution to build practice, training, research, and advocacy. ", "From 2008 to 2015, 73 physicians have completed or are completing training in general pediatrics or a pediatric subspecialty. ", "At 1 year posttraining, 98% to 100% are practicing back in their home institution. ", "The impact of the returning fellows is evident from their practice interventions, research collaborations, and positions as stakeholders who can change health care policies. ", "Thirty-three centers in 13 African countries are partners with the program, and the program template is now followed by other partner sites in Africa. ", "Increasing and retaining the skills pool of African child health specialists is building a network of motivated, highly skilled clinicians who are equipped to advance child health in Africa."], "meta": {"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"}, "scores": [0.0006482376484200358, 0.0007743214955553412, 0.0006543283234350383, 0.0005540910642594099, 0.0005537233082577586, 0.0005985238822177052, 0.0006841634749434888, 0.0005445767310447991, 0.0005329158739186823, 0.0006134830182418227], "avg_score": 0.0006158364820294082, "num_sents": 10}
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{"texts": ["Last updated on .From the section Rugby Union\n\nMark Taylor scored 12 international tries for Wales\n\nFormer Wales captain Mark Taylor has been appointed Scarlets team manager.", "\n\nTaylor, 43, takes over from Garan Evans who moves to a new role as commercial manager with Llanelli RFC.", "\n\nThe 52-times capped centre stepped down as Wales Under-20 team manager earlier this year.", "\n\n\"Mark is an experienced team manager having worked within that role for the Welsh Rugby Union for nearly a decade,\" said Scarlets general manager Jon Daniels.", "\n\nHe also paid tribute to Evans, who had been team manager since 2008 after making 343 appearances for the region and playing four times for Wales.", "\n\n\"Garan epitomises what it means to be a Scarlet,\" added Daniels.", "\n\n\"He gave everything as a player on the field, for both Llanelli RFC and for the Scarlets after the game went regional, and he has worked tirelessly over the last eight years as team manager.\"", "\n\nTaylor toured Australia with the British and Irish Lions in 2001 and was in the Wales team that won the 2005 Six Nations Grand Slam and was the first player to score a try at the Millennium (now Principality) Stadium in 1999."], "meta": {"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"}, "scores": [0.0007713887607678771, 0.0011290303664281964, 0.0007933283923193812, 0.0006182268261909485, 0.0006567426025867462, 0.000735434063244611, 0.000647217791993171, 0.0008081321720965207], "avg_score": 0.0007699376219534315, "num_sents": 8}
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{"texts": ["Increased plasma levels of the high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) are associated with a higher score of gastrointestinal dysfunction in individuals with autism.", "\nAutism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, restricted interests and repetitive behavior. ", "The etiology of autism is poorly understood, the evidence indicates that inflammation may play a key role. ", "In autism a high prevalence of gastrointestinal disturbances is reported, that are linked to a low-grade chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. ", "High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is an intranuclear protein that can be passively released from necrotic cells or actively secreted under inflammatory conditions as alarmin or late proinflammatory cytokine. ", "The objective of this study was to measure plasma levels of HMGB1 in individuals with autism and to analyze their association with gastrointestinal symptoms. ", "The study involved 31 subjects with low-functioning autistic disorder aged 2-22 years and 16 healthy controls. ", "Plasma HMGB1 levels were significantly higher in individuals with autism than in controls (13.8+/-11.7 ng/ml vs. 7.90+/-4.0 ng/ml, p<0.02). ", "In subjects with plasma HMGB1 levels higher than 11 ng/ml severe forms of GI disorders were more prevalent (83.3 %) than in subjects with lower levels (38.9 %, p<0.04). ", "Results of the study support the involvement of the systemic low-grade inflammation in the pathomechanisms of autism and its possible association with GI symptoms."], "meta": {"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"}, "scores": [0.0027327388525009155, 0.006063786800950766, 0.0006629516719840467, 0.0009148860117420554, 0.001916759298183024, 0.0010818400187417865, 0.0052053192630410194, 0.0011349006090313196, 0.0010367024224251509, 0.000697016017511487], "avg_score": 0.002144690096611157, "num_sents": 10}
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{"text": "Worst songs to have stuck in your head?\n\nCouple days ago I was listening to the radio on the way to work. Two songs got stuck in my head -- that \"Low, Low, Low\" song by Flo Rida and a Miley Cyrus song. I refuse to learn the right names of the songs. They were stuck in my head for two freaking days. On an endless loop. I was ready to start punching myself in the liver to deaden the pain.\nAnyway, are there two worse songs to have stuck in your head? If there was one song you'd rather stick your face in a meat slicer than have rattling through your brain, what would it be?\n\nThis is the song that never ends, it goes on and on my friends. Some people started singing it not knowing what it was, then they kept on singing it forever just because, this is the song that never ends, it goes on and on my friends...\n\ne can dance if we want to\nWe can leave your friends behind\n'Cause your friends don't dance and if they don't dance\nWell they're no friends of mine\nI say, we can go where we want to\nA place where they will never find\nAnd we can act like we come from out of this world\nLeave the real one far behind\nAnd we can dance\nDance!\n\nThis is the song that never ends, it goes on and on my friends. Some people started singing it not knowing what it was, then they kept on singing it forever just because, this is the song that never ends, it goes on and on my friends...", "meta": {"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"}, "score": 0.55409676, "span_scores": [{"begin": 0, "end": 40, "score": 0.67696196}, {"begin": 40, "end": 106, "score": 0.092058346}, {"begin": 106, "end": 202, "score": 0.016854482}, {"begin": 202, "end": 250, "score": 0.08170164}, {"begin": 250, "end": 300, "score": 0.5524384}, {"begin": 300, "end": 320, "score": 0.057394195}, {"begin": 320, "end": 390, "score": 0.8308252}, {"begin": 390, "end": 452, "score": 0.43856424}, {"begin": 452, "end": 577, "score": 0.7756417}, {"begin": 577, "end": 1374, "score": 0.13675687}]}
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{"text": "Archibald Middleton\n\nArchibald Middleton (born 27 October 1871) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda and Fitzroy.\n\nSources\n Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.\n\nCategory:1871 births\nCategory:Year of death missing\nCategory:Fitzroy Football Club players\nCategory:St Kilda Football Club players\nCategory:Australian players of Australian rules football", "meta": {"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"}, "score": 0.0027260117, "span_scores": [{"begin": 0, "end": 20, "score": 0.06124309}, {"begin": 20, "end": 137, "score": 9.0084e-05}, {"begin": 137, "end": 146, "score": 0.03187005}, {"begin": 146, "end": 185, "score": 0.00032149794}, {"begin": 185, "end": 230, "score": 0.23117593}, {"begin": 230, "end": 257, "score": 0.0720687}, {"begin": 257, "end": 279, "score": 0.030764652}, {"begin": 279, "end": 310, "score": 0.2400111}, {"begin": 310, "end": 349, "score": 0.07663304}, {"begin": 349, "end": 445, "score": 0.03456676}]}
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{"text": "Deep in the heart of Louisiana, amongst the bayous and gators, something wicked is stirring, and we don't mean the creatures of True Blood. No, not a vampire or werewolf or shape shifting bartender; just regular good ol' boy Lafourche Parish Council Chairman Lindel Toups, working overtime to keep those uneducated, inbred, hayseed Cajun hillbilly stereotypes alive and well, and in the process providing some political sound bites that even his crack-smoking, got-enough-pussy-at-home Canuck counterpartshould be taking notes in \"what not to say to the media\" from.\n\nToups, who also has the distinct honor of serving as head of the New Jail Committee, would like to take money from the town's public library system to fund the new facility, mostly because of his particularly preposterous, though apparently in-line with what's popular amongst certain redneck law types way down yonder, view of just what the library is doing.\n\n\"They're teaching Mexicans how to speak English,\" Toups told the local Tri-Parish Times newspaper in a story published on Wednesday and referencing Biblioteca Hispana, a Spanish-language section in one of the libraries nine branches. \"Let that son of a bitch go back to Mexico. There's just so many things they're doing that I don't agree with. ...Them junkies and hippies and food stamps (recipients) and all, they use the library to look at drugs and food stamps (on the Internet). I see them do it.\"\n\nToups wants to divert property taxes from the library, which is already over budget, rather than raise taxes a quarter of a cent to cover the needed funds. His rabid support for the incarceration facility is surprising, when one looks to the fact that his son, Lindel Toups Jr., and grandson have both recently spent time behind bars, despite the elder Toups crying bullshit over the case and demanding a lie detector test for the arresting officers.\n\nThe funding shift goes to the voters this Saturday.\n\nGood Councilor Toups was also the motivating force behind the Louisiana county's infamous no-baggy-pants law, which garnered national attention when it was passed.\n\nYou can almost hear the Deliverance theme playing softly in the background.\n\nThis content is imported from YouTube. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.\n\nThis content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io", "meta": {"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"}, "score": 0.51717424, "span_scores": [{"begin": 0, "end": 140, "score": 0.103049666}, {"begin": 140, "end": 567, "score": 0.5470456}, {"begin": 567, "end": 928, "score": 0.1528542}, {"begin": 928, "end": 1163, "score": 0.006486306}, {"begin": 1163, "end": 1207, "score": 0.9325536}, {"begin": 1207, "end": 1277, "score": 0.063807875}, {"begin": 1277, "end": 1413, "score": 0.40337884}, {"begin": 1413, "end": 1432, "score": 0.0666241}, {"begin": 1432, "end": 1589, "score": 0.015009057}, {"begin": 1589, "end": 2557, "score": 0.49969503}]}
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{"Date": "06/03/22", "Adj.Close": 119.83, "Volume": 4584611.0, "Open": 118.07, "High": 121.5, "Low": 117.56}
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{"Date": "06/02/22", "Adj.Close": 121.26, "Volume": 5177244.0, "Open": 117.13, "High": 123.0, "Low": 116.27}
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{"Date": "06/01/22", "Adj.Close": 116.72, "Volume": 6879606.0, "Open": 121.05, "High": 121.07, "Low": 114.4}
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{"Date": "05/31/22", "Adj.Close": 120.87, "Volume": 9117555.0, "Open": 120.5, "High": 122.3, "Low": 117.16}
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{"Date": "05/27/22", "Adj.Close": 120.5, "Volume": 7391500.0, "Open": 116.0, "High": 120.7, "Low": 115.77}
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{"Date": "05/26/22", "Adj.Close": 114.3, "Volume": 6883200.0, "Open": 109.74, "High": 115.55, "Low": 108.11}
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{"Date": "05/25/22", "Adj.Close": 110.4, "Volume": 6203324.0, "Open": 105.89, "High": 111.94, "Low": 104.97}
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{"Date": "05/24/22", "Adj.Close": 106.24, "Volume": 6415752.0, "Open": 111.28, "High": 111.42, "Low": 103.74}
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{"Date": "05/23/22", "Adj.Close": 113.28, "Volume": 6000751.0, "Open": 113.55, "High": 115.15, "Low": 110.93}
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{"Date": "05/20/22", "Adj.Close": 112.55, "Volume": 6961860.0, "Open": 115.46, "High": 116.25, "Low": 108.5}
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{"text": "FA Cup: Third round draw - joy for Yeading and Exeter The great big fat bullies from across the playground enter the FA Cup arena at the third round stage, for which the draw was made yesterday (December 5).", "inputs": {"text": "FA Cup: Third round draw - joy for Yeading and Exeter The great big fat bullies from across the playground enter the FA Cup arena at the third round stage, for which the draw was made yesterday (December 5)."}, "prediction": [{"label": "Sports", "score": 0.6178852627077536}, {"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.12954951124144884}, {"label": "Business", "score": 0.12841973932505482}, {"label": "World", "score": 0.12414548672574281}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "0000d5cb-7933-4985-9388-8f4634562dc8", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 207}}
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{"text": "Rats May Help Unravel Human Drug Addiction Mysteries By LAURAN NEERGAARD WASHINGTON (AP) -- Rats can become drug addicts. That's important to know, scientists say, and has taken a long time to prove...", "inputs": {"text": "Rats May Help Unravel Human Drug Addiction Mysteries By LAURAN NEERGAARD WASHINGTON (AP) -- Rats can become drug addicts. That's important to know, scientists say, and has taken a long time to prove..."}, "prediction": [{"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.6057838418293935}, {"label": "World", "score": 0.13437408790333014}, {"label": "Business", "score": 0.1329955316152361}, {"label": "Sports", "score": 0.1268465386520402}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "00045591-4896-410e-8f2b-cb139b540471", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 204}}
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{"text": "Palmer Passes Test Bengals quarterback Carson Palmer enjoyed his breakthrough game at the expense of the Super Bowl champion Patriots, racking up 179 yards on 12-of-19 passing in a 31-3 triumph on Saturday night.", "inputs": {"text": "Palmer Passes Test Bengals quarterback Carson Palmer enjoyed his breakthrough game at the expense of the Super Bowl champion Patriots, racking up 179 yards on 12-of-19 passing in a 31-3 triumph on Saturday night."}, "prediction": [{"label": "Sports", "score": 0.6294410129269573}, {"label": "Business", "score": 0.1259970769299027}, {"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.12428247889696281}, {"label": "World", "score": 0.12027943124617721}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "0008931e-9271-4feb-bd38-e6f3138f5011", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 212}}
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{"text": "Compromises urged amid deadlock in Darfur talks ABUJA, Nigeria -- Peace talks on Sudan's violence-torn Darfur region are deadlocked, a mediator said yesterday, as the chief of the African Union appealed to the Sudanese government and rebels to compromise.", "inputs": {"text": "Compromises urged amid deadlock in Darfur talks ABUJA, Nigeria -- Peace talks on Sudan's violence-torn Darfur region are deadlocked, a mediator said yesterday, as the chief of the African Union appealed to the Sudanese government and rebels to compromise."}, "prediction": [{"label": "World", "score": 0.6096175822200407}, {"label": "Business", "score": 0.1340648447311528}, {"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.1335443086602311}, {"label": "Sports", "score": 0.12277326438857553}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "0008e4a1-0a03-48d3-8200-bb337537e5b1", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 255}}
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{"text": "CAPELLO FED UP WITH FEIGNING Juventus coach Fabio Capello has ordered his players not to kick the ball out of play when an opponent falls to the ground apparently hurt because he believes some players fake injury to stop the match.", "inputs": {"text": "CAPELLO FED UP WITH FEIGNING Juventus coach Fabio Capello has ordered his players not to kick the ball out of play when an opponent falls to the ground apparently hurt because he believes some players fake injury to stop the match."}, "prediction": [{"label": "Sports", "score": 0.6178852627077536}, {"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.12954951124144884}, {"label": "Business", "score": 0.12841973932505482}, {"label": "World", "score": 0.12414548672574281}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "00094078-2762-4448-8a91-7d72d66f28bc", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 231}}
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{"text": "Skype offers free wireless voice calls Internet telephony firm Skype today promised free wireless voice calls for millions of European surfers via a version of its software for the recently launched Siemens Gigaset DECT cordless phones.", "inputs": {"text": "Skype offers free wireless voice calls Internet telephony firm Skype today promised free wireless voice calls for millions of European surfers via a version of its software for the recently launched Siemens Gigaset DECT cordless phones."}, "prediction": [{"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.6149024348036463}, {"label": "Business", "score": 0.13092540234717506}, {"label": "World", "score": 0.12950630924895945}, {"label": "Sports", "score": 0.12466585360021915}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "000a85c1-ae32-44dd-98fe-435be76ccfd0", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 236}}
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{"text": "Freddie Mac Restructuring Some Operations Freddie Mac will shut down the market-making operations of its securities sales and trading unit as it restructures some mortgage-securities operations, the government-sponsored home-mortgage company said Monday.", "inputs": {"text": "Freddie Mac Restructuring Some Operations Freddie Mac will shut down the market-making operations of its securities sales and trading unit as it restructures some mortgage-securities operations, the government-sponsored home-mortgage company said Monday."}, "prediction": [{"label": "World", "score": 0.6096175822200407}, {"label": "Business", "score": 0.1340648447311528}, {"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.1335443086602311}, {"label": "Sports", "score": 0.12277326438857553}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "000aa818-d951-472f-be6b-68f51e9ca514", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 254}}
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{"text": "Possible countermeasure in reaction to steep pay cuts SAN FRANCISCO (CBS.MW) -- The Association of Flight Attendants will vote later Tuesday on a proposal to authorize a nationwide strike as tensions escalate between financially troubled airlines and their employees over drastic cost-saving measures.", "inputs": {"text": "Possible countermeasure in reaction to steep pay cuts SAN FRANCISCO (CBS.MW) -- The Association of Flight Attendants will vote later Tuesday on a proposal to authorize a nationwide strike as tensions escalate between financially troubled airlines and their employees over drastic cost-saving measures."}, "prediction": [{"label": "Business", "score": 0.5991423257871418}, {"label": "World", "score": 0.14536350009069005}, {"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.13277526907268106}, {"label": "Sports", "score": 0.12271890504948708}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "000be2e6-c76f-4659-bf2b-f4fc394c4dcd", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 301}}
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{"text": "Sony cornered by iPod fashion Juliana Sasaki didnt bother checking out Sonys digital music player before buying her green iPod mini. quot;I knew Sony and other companies had MP3 players, but they cant beat the mini, quot; says Sasaki, 23, a language teacher.", "inputs": {"text": "Sony cornered by iPod fashion Juliana Sasaki didnt bother checking out Sonys digital music player before buying her green iPod mini. quot;I knew Sony and other companies had MP3 players, but they cant beat the mini, quot; says Sasaki, 23, a language teacher."}, "prediction": [{"label": "Sports", "score": 0.6178852627077536}, {"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.12954951124144884}, {"label": "Business", "score": 0.12841973932505482}, {"label": "World", "score": 0.12414548672574281}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "000c61b2-fc70-4095-a7cb-cae09b15d5ff", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 259}}
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{"text": "Mylan Labs Board Rebuffs Icahn Pitch (Reuters) Reuters - Mylan Laboratories Inc.'s board\\on Monday rebuffed financier Carl Icahn's bid to buy the\\company, and said it remains committed to its #36;3.37 billion\\purchase of brand-name drug-maker King Pharmaceuticals Inc.\\.", "inputs": {"text": "Mylan Labs Board Rebuffs Icahn Pitch (Reuters) Reuters - Mylan Laboratories Inc.'s board\\on Monday rebuffed financier Carl Icahn's bid to buy the\\company, and said it remains committed to its #36;3.37 billion\\purchase of brand-name drug-maker King Pharmaceuticals Inc.\\."}, "prediction": [{"label": "Business", "score": 0.5991423257871418}, {"label": "World", "score": 0.14536350009069005}, {"label": "Sci/Tech", "score": 0.13277526907268106}, {"label": "Sports", "score": 0.12271890504948708}], "prediction_agent": "Snorkel", "annotation": null, "annotation_agent": null, "multi_label": false, "explanation": null, "id": "000e81d7-057c-4406-b72e-56654b35816f", "metadata": {"split": "unlabelled"}, "status": "Default", "event_timestamp": null, "metrics": {"text_length": 272}}
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{"id": 1050785521201541121, "tweet_text": "@Laranjito76 A pessoa certa para isso seria o vale e azevedo :)", "tweet_date": "Fri Oct 12 16:29:25 +0000 2018", "sentiment": 1, "query_used": ":)"}
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{"id": 1050785368008781825, "tweet_text": "@KingJokerLeto mas amiga eu to aqui ainda :)", "tweet_date": "Fri Oct 12 16:28:49 +0000 2018", "sentiment": 1, "query_used": ":)"}
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{"id": 1050785350724014080, "tweet_text": "@RivasJairo Bravo, Jairo!!! :)))", "tweet_date": "Fri Oct 12 16:28:44 +0000 2018", "sentiment": 1, "query_used": ":)"}
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{"text": "def get_requested_aosp_permissions(self):\n \"\"\"\n Returns requested permissions declared within AOSP project.\n\n This includes several other permissions as well, which are in the platform apps.\n\n :rtype: list of str\n \"\"\"\n aosp_permissions = []\n all_permissions = self.get_permissions()\n for perm in all_permissions:\n if perm in list(self.permission_module.keys()):\n aosp_permissions.append(perm)\n return aosp_permissions", "code_tokens": ["def", "get_requested_aosp_permissions", "(", "self", ")", ":", "aosp_permissions", "=", "[", "]", "all_permissions", "=", "self", ".", "get_permissions", "(", ")", "for", "perm", "in", "all_permissions", ":", "if", "perm", "in", "list", "(", "self", ".", "permission_module", ".", "keys", "(", ")", ")", ":", "aosp_permissions", ".", "append", "(", "perm", ")", "return", "aosp_permissions"], "avg_line_len": 35.214285714285715, "score": 0.005928853754940711}
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{"text": "def ask_and_eval(self, func, args=(), gradf=None, number=None, xmean=None, sigma_fac=1,\n evaluations=1, aggregation=np.median, kappa=1):\n \"\"\"samples `number` solutions and evaluates them on `func`, where\n each solution `s` is resampled until ``self.is_feasible(s, func(s)) is True``.\n\n Arguments\n ---------\n `func`\n objective function, ``func(x)`` returns a scalar\n `args`\n additional parameters for `func`\n `gradf`\n gradient of objective function, ``g = gradf(x, *args)``\n must satisfy ``len(g) == len(x)``\n `number`\n number of solutions to be sampled, by default\n population size ``popsize`` (AKA lambda)\n `xmean`\n mean for sampling the solutions, by default ``self.mean``.\n `sigma_fac`\n multiplier for sampling width, standard deviation, for example\n to get a small perturbation of solution `xmean`\n `evaluations`\n number of evaluations for each sampled solution\n `aggregation`\n function that aggregates `evaluations` values to\n as single value.\n `kappa`\n multiplier used for the evaluation of the solutions, in\n that ``func(m + kappa*(x - m))`` is the f-value for x.\n\n Return\n ------\n ``(X, fit)``, where\n X -- list of solutions\n fit -- list of respective function values\n\n Details\n -------\n While ``not self.is_feasible(x, func(x))``new solutions are sampled. By\n default ``self.is_feasible == cma.feasible == lambda x, f: f not in (None, np.NaN)``.\n The argument to `func` can be freely modified within `func`.\n\n Depending on the ``CMA_mirrors`` option, some solutions are not sampled\n independently but as mirrors of other bad solutions. This is a simple\n derandomization that can save 10-30% of the evaluations in particular\n with small populations, for example on the cigar function.\n\n Example\n -------\n >>> import cma\n >>> x0, sigma0 = 8*[10], 1 # 8-D\n >>> es = cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy(x0, sigma0)\n >>> while not es.stop():\n ... X, fit = es.ask_and_eval(cma.fcts.elli) # handles NaN with resampling\n ... es.tell(X, fit) # pass on fitness values\n ... es.disp(20) # print every 20-th iteration\n >>> print('terminated on ' + str(es.stop()))\n <output omitted>\n\n A single iteration step can be expressed in one line, such that\n an entire optimization after initialization becomes\n ::\n\n while not es.stop():\n es.tell(*es.ask_and_eval(cma.fcts.elli))\n\n \"\"\"\n # initialize\n popsize = self.sp.popsize\n if number is not None:\n popsize = number\n\n selective_mirroring = self.opts['CMA_mirrormethod'] > 0\n nmirrors = self.sp.lam_mirr\n if popsize != self.sp.popsize:\n nmirrors = Mh.sround(popsize * self.sp.lam_mirr / self.sp.popsize)\n # TODO: now selective mirroring might be impaired\n assert new_injections or self.opts['CMA_mirrormethod'] < 2 \n if new_injections and self.opts['CMA_mirrormethod'] != 1: # otherwise mirrors are done elsewhere\n nmirrors = 0\n assert nmirrors <= popsize // 2\n self.mirrors_idx = np.arange(nmirrors) # might never be used\n self.mirrors_rejected_idx = [] # might never be used\n is_feasible = self.opts['is_feasible']\n\n # do the work\n fit = [] # or np.NaN * np.empty(number)\n X_first = self.ask(popsize, xmean=xmean, gradf=gradf, args=args)\n if xmean is None:\n xmean = self.mean # might have changed in self.ask\n X = []\n for k in xrange(int(popsize)):\n x, f = X_first.pop(0), None\n rejected = -1\n while rejected < 0 or not is_feasible(x, f): # rejection sampling\n rejected += 1\n if rejected: # resample\n x = self.ask(1, xmean, sigma_fac)[0]\n elif k >= popsize - nmirrors: # mirrored sample\n if k == popsize - nmirrors and selective_mirroring:\n self.mirrors_idx = np.argsort(fit)[-1:-1 - nmirrors:-1]\n x = self.get_mirror(X[self.mirrors_idx[popsize - 1 - k]])\n if rejected == 1 and k >= popsize - nmirrors:\n self.mirrors_rejected_idx.append(k)\n\n # contraints handling test hardwired ccccccccccc\n length_normalizer = 1\n # zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz\n f = func(x, *args) if kappa == 1 else \\\n func(xmean + kappa * length_normalizer * (x - xmean),\n *args)\n if is_feasible(x, f) and evaluations > 1:\n f = aggregation([f] + [(func(x, *args) if kappa == 1 else\n func(xmean + kappa * length_normalizer * (x - xmean), *args))\n for _i in xrange(int(evaluations - 1))])\n if rejected + 1 % 1000 == 0:\n print(' %d solutions rejected (f-value NaN or None) at iteration %d' %\n (rejected, self.countiter))\n fit.append(f)\n X.append(x)\n self.evaluations_per_f_value = int(evaluations)\n return X, fit", "code_tokens": ["def", "ask_and_eval", "(", "self", ",", "func", ",", "args", "=", "(", ")", ",", "gradf", "=", "None", ",", "number", "=", "None", ",", "xmean", "=", "None", ",", "sigma_fac", "=", "1", ",", "evaluations", "=", "1", ",", "aggregation", "=", "np", ".", "median", ",", "kappa", "=", "1", ")", ":", "# initialize", "popsize", "=", "self", ".", "sp", ".", "popsize", "if", "number", "is", "not", "None", ":", "popsize", "=", "number", "selective_mirroring", "=", "self", ".", "opts", "[", "'CMA_mirrormethod'", "]", ">", "0", "nmirrors", "=", "self", ".", "sp", ".", "lam_mirr", "if", "popsize", "!=", "self", ".", "sp", ".", "popsize", ":", "nmirrors", "=", "Mh", ".", "sround", "(", "popsize", "*", "self", ".", "sp", ".", "lam_mirr", "/", "self", ".", "sp", ".", "popsize", ")", "# TODO: now selective mirroring might be impaired", "assert", "new_injections", "or", "self", ".", "opts", "[", "'CMA_mirrormethod'", "]", "<", "2", "if", "new_injections", "and", "self", ".", "opts", "[", "'CMA_mirrormethod'", "]", "!=", "1", ":", "# otherwise mirrors are done elsewhere", "nmirrors", "=", "0", "assert", "nmirrors", "<=", "popsize", "//", "2", "self", ".", "mirrors_idx", "=", "np", ".", "arange", "(", "nmirrors", ")", "# might never be used", "self", ".", "mirrors_rejected_idx", "=", "[", "]", "# might never be used", "is_feasible", "=", "self", ".", "opts", "[", "'is_feasible'", "]", "# do the work", "fit", "=", "[", "]", "# or np.NaN * np.empty(number)", "X_first", "=", "self", ".", "ask", "(", "popsize", ",", "xmean", "=", "xmean", ",", "gradf", "=", "gradf", ",", "args", "=", "args", ")", "if", "xmean", "is", "None", ":", "xmean", "=", "self", ".", "mean", "# might have changed in self.ask", "X", "=", "[", "]", "for", "k", "in", "xrange", "(", "int", "(", "popsize", ")", ")", ":", "x", ",", "f", "=", "X_first", ".", "pop", "(", "0", ")", ",", "None", "rejected", "=", "-", "1", "while", "rejected", "<", "0", "or", "not", "is_feasible", "(", "x", ",", "f", ")", ":", "# rejection sampling", "rejected", "+=", "1", "if", "rejected", ":", "# resample", "x", "=", "self", ".", "ask", "(", "1", ",", "xmean", ",", "sigma_fac", ")", "[", "0", "]", "elif", "k", ">=", "popsize", "-", "nmirrors", ":", "# mirrored sample", "if", "k", "==", "popsize", "-", "nmirrors", "and", "selective_mirroring", ":", "self", ".", "mirrors_idx", "=", "np", ".", "argsort", "(", "fit", ")", "[", "-", "1", ":", "-", "1", "-", "nmirrors", ":", "-", "1", "]", "x", "=", "self", ".", "get_mirror", "(", "X", "[", "self", ".", "mirrors_idx", "[", "popsize", "-", "1", "-", "k", "]", "]", ")", "if", "rejected", "==", "1", "and", "k", ">=", "popsize", "-", "nmirrors", ":", "self", ".", "mirrors_rejected_idx", ".", "append", "(", "k", ")", "# contraints handling test hardwired ccccccccccc", "length_normalizer", "=", "1", "# zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz", "f", "=", "func", "(", "x", ",", "*", "args", ")", "if", "kappa", "==", "1", "else", "func", "(", "xmean", "+", "kappa", "*", "length_normalizer", "*", "(", "x", "-", "xmean", ")", ",", "*", "args", ")", "if", "is_feasible", "(", "x", ",", "f", ")", "and", "evaluations", ">", "1", ":", "f", "=", "aggregation", "(", "[", "f", "]", "+", "[", "(", "func", "(", "x", ",", "*", "args", ")", "if", "kappa", "==", "1", "else", "func", "(", "xmean", "+", "kappa", "*", "length_normalizer", "*", "(", "x", "-", "xmean", ")", ",", "*", "args", ")", ")", "for", "_i", "in", "xrange", "(", "int", "(", "evaluations", "-", "1", ")", ")", "]", ")", "if", "rejected", "+", "1", "%", "1000", "==", "0", ":", "print", "(", "' %d solutions rejected (f-value NaN or None) at iteration %d'", "%", "(", "rejected", ",", "self", ".", "countiter", ")", ")", "fit", ".", "append", "(", "f", ")", "X", ".", "append", "(", "x", ")", "self", ".", "evaluations_per_f_value", "=", "int", "(", "evaluations", ")", "return", "X", ",", "fit"], "avg_line_len": 44.63414634146341, "score": 0.002316464718460442}
|
{"text": "def PreprocessSources(\n self, artifacts_registry_object, source_path_specs,\n resolver_context=None):\n \"\"\"Preprocesses the sources.\n\n Args:\n artifacts_registry_object (artifacts.ArtifactDefinitionsRegistry):\n artifact definitions registry.\n source_path_specs (list[dfvfs.PathSpec]): path specifications of\n the sources to process.\n resolver_context (Optional[dfvfs.Context]): resolver context.\n \"\"\"\n detected_operating_systems = []\n for source_path_spec in source_path_specs:\n try:\n file_system, mount_point = self.GetSourceFileSystem(\n source_path_spec, resolver_context=resolver_context)\n except (RuntimeError, dfvfs_errors.BackEndError) as exception:\n logger.error(exception)\n continue\n\n try:\n searcher = file_system_searcher.FileSystemSearcher(\n file_system, mount_point)\n\n operating_system = self._DetermineOperatingSystem(searcher)\n if operating_system != definitions.OPERATING_SYSTEM_FAMILY_UNKNOWN:\n preprocess_manager.PreprocessPluginsManager.RunPlugins(\n artifacts_registry_object, file_system, mount_point,\n self.knowledge_base)\n\n detected_operating_systems.append(operating_system)\n\n finally:\n file_system.Close()\n\n if detected_operating_systems:\n logger.info('Preprocessing detected operating systems: {0:s}'.format(\n ', '.join(detected_operating_systems)))\n self.knowledge_base.SetValue(\n 'operating_system', detected_operating_systems[0])", "code_tokens": ["def", "PreprocessSources", "(", "self", ",", "artifacts_registry_object", ",", "source_path_specs", ",", "resolver_context", "=", "None", ")", ":", "detected_operating_systems", "=", "[", "]", "for", "source_path_spec", "in", "source_path_specs", ":", "try", ":", "file_system", ",", "mount_point", "=", "self", ".", "GetSourceFileSystem", "(", "source_path_spec", ",", "resolver_context", "=", "resolver_context", ")", "except", "(", "RuntimeError", ",", "dfvfs_errors", ".", "BackEndError", ")", "as", "exception", ":", "logger", ".", "error", "(", "exception", ")", "continue", "try", ":", "searcher", "=", "file_system_searcher", ".", "FileSystemSearcher", "(", "file_system", ",", "mount_point", ")", "operating_system", "=", "self", ".", "_DetermineOperatingSystem", "(", "searcher", ")", "if", "operating_system", "!=", "definitions", ".", "OPERATING_SYSTEM_FAMILY_UNKNOWN", ":", "preprocess_manager", ".", "PreprocessPluginsManager", ".", "RunPlugins", "(", "artifacts_registry_object", ",", "file_system", ",", "mount_point", ",", "self", ".", "knowledge_base", ")", "detected_operating_systems", ".", "append", "(", "operating_system", ")", "finally", ":", "file_system", ".", "Close", "(", ")", "if", "detected_operating_systems", ":", "logger", ".", "info", "(", "'Preprocessing detected operating systems: {0:s}'", ".", "format", "(", "', '", ".", "join", "(", "detected_operating_systems", ")", ")", ")", "self", ".", "knowledge_base", ".", "SetValue", "(", "'operating_system'", ",", "detected_operating_systems", "[", "0", "]", ")"], "avg_line_len": 37.46341463414634, "score": 0.005710659898477157}
|
{"text": "async def update_api(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:\n \"\"\"\n This handler accepts a POST request with Content-Type: multipart/form-data\n and file fields in the body named \"whl\", \"serverlib\", and \"fw\". The \"whl\"\n and \"serverlib\" files should be valid Python wheels to be installed (\"whl\"\n is expected generally to be the API server wheel, and \"serverlib\" is\n expected to be the ot2serverlib wheel. The \"fw\" file is expected to be a\n Smoothie firmware hex file. The Python files are install using pip, and the\n firmware file is flashed to the Smoothie board, then the files are deleted\n and a success code is returned.\n \"\"\"\n log.debug('Update request received')\n data = await request.post()\n try:\n res0 = await install_py(\n data['whl'], request.loop)\n reslist = [res0]\n if 'serverlib' in data.keys():\n res1 = await install_py(\n data['serverlib'], request.loop)\n reslist.append(res1)\n if 'fw' in data.keys():\n res2 = await install_smoothie_firmware(\n data['fw'], request.loop)\n reslist.append(res2)\n res: Dict[str, Any] = {\n 'message': [r['message'] for r in reslist],\n 'filename': [r['filename'] for r in reslist]\n }\n status = 200\n except Exception as e:\n res = {'message': 'Exception {} raised by update of {}: {}'.format(\n type(e), data, e.__traceback__)}\n status = 500\n return web.json_response(res, status=status)", "code_tokens": ["async", "def", "update_api", "(", "request", ":", "web", ".", "Request", ")", "->", "web", ".", "Response", ":", "log", ".", "debug", "(", "'Update request received'", ")", "data", "=", "await", "request", ".", "post", "(", ")", "try", ":", "res0", "=", "await", "install_py", "(", "data", "[", "'whl'", "]", ",", "request", ".", "loop", ")", "reslist", "=", "[", "res0", "]", "if", "'serverlib'", "in", "data", ".", "keys", "(", ")", ":", "res1", "=", "await", "install_py", "(", "data", "[", "'serverlib'", "]", ",", "request", ".", "loop", ")", "reslist", ".", "append", "(", "res1", ")", "if", "'fw'", "in", "data", ".", "keys", "(", ")", ":", "res2", "=", "await", "install_smoothie_firmware", "(", "data", "[", "'fw'", "]", ",", "request", ".", "loop", ")", "reslist", ".", "append", "(", "res2", ")", "res", ":", "Dict", "[", "str", ",", "Any", "]", "=", "{", "'message'", ":", "[", "r", "[", "'message'", "]", "for", "r", "in", "reslist", "]", ",", "'filename'", ":", "[", "r", "[", "'filename'", "]", "for", "r", "in", "reslist", "]", "}", "status", "=", "200", "except", "Exception", "as", "e", ":", "res", "=", "{", "'message'", ":", "'Exception {} raised by update of {}: {}'", ".", "format", "(", "type", "(", "e", ")", ",", "data", ",", "e", ".", "__traceback__", ")", "}", "status", "=", "500", "return", "web", ".", "json_response", "(", "res", ",", "status", "=", "status", ")"], "avg_line_len": 43.31428571428572, "score": 0.0006451612903225806}
|
{"text": "def _parsemeta_tmy2(columns, line):\n \"\"\"Retrieves metadata from the top line of the tmy2 file.\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n columns : string\n String of column headings in the header\n\n line : string\n Header string containing DataFrame\n\n Returns\n -------\n meta : Dict of metadata contained in the header string\n \"\"\"\n # Remove duplicated spaces, and read in each element\n rawmeta = \" \".join(line.split()).split(\" \")\n meta = rawmeta[:3] # take the first string entries\n meta.append(int(rawmeta[3]))\n # Convert to decimal notation with S negative\n longitude = (\n float(rawmeta[5]) + float(rawmeta[6])/60) * (2*(rawmeta[4] == 'N') - 1)\n # Convert to decimal notation with W negative\n latitude = (\n float(rawmeta[8]) + float(rawmeta[9])/60) * (2*(rawmeta[7] == 'E') - 1)\n meta.append(longitude)\n meta.append(latitude)\n meta.append(float(rawmeta[10]))\n\n # Creates a dictionary of metadata\n meta_dict = dict(zip(columns.split(','), meta))\n return meta_dict", "code_tokens": ["def", "_parsemeta_tmy2", "(", "columns", ",", "line", ")", ":", "# Remove duplicated spaces, and read in each element", "rawmeta", "=", "\" \"", ".", "join", "(", "line", ".", "split", "(", ")", ")", ".", "split", "(", "\" \"", ")", "meta", "=", "rawmeta", "[", ":", "3", "]", "# take the first string entries", "meta", ".", "append", "(", "int", "(", "rawmeta", "[", "3", "]", ")", ")", "# Convert to decimal notation with S negative", "longitude", "=", "(", "float", "(", "rawmeta", "[", "5", "]", ")", "+", "float", "(", "rawmeta", "[", "6", "]", ")", "/", "60", ")", "*", "(", "2", "*", "(", "rawmeta", "[", "4", "]", "==", "'N'", ")", "-", "1", ")", "# Convert to decimal notation with W negative", "latitude", "=", "(", "float", "(", "rawmeta", "[", "8", "]", ")", "+", "float", "(", "rawmeta", "[", "9", "]", ")", "/", "60", ")", "*", "(", "2", "*", "(", "rawmeta", "[", "7", "]", "==", "'E'", ")", "-", "1", ")", "meta", ".", "append", "(", "longitude", ")", "meta", ".", "append", "(", "latitude", ")", "meta", ".", "append", "(", "float", "(", "rawmeta", "[", "10", "]", ")", ")", "# Creates a dictionary of metadata", "meta_dict", "=", "dict", "(", "zip", "(", "columns", ".", "split", "(", "','", ")", ",", "meta", ")", ")", "return", "meta_dict"], "avg_line_len": 31.59375, "score": 0.0009596928982725527}
|
{"text": "def parse_rec(filename):\n \"\"\" Parse a PASCAL VOC xml file \"\"\"\n tree = ET.parse(filename)\n objects = []\n for obj in tree.findall('object'):\n obj_struct = {}\n obj_struct['name'] = obj.find('name').text\n obj_struct['pose'] = obj.find('pose').text\n obj_struct['truncated'] = int(obj.find('truncated').text)\n obj_struct['difficult'] = int(obj.find('difficult').text)\n bbox = obj.find('bndbox')\n obj_struct['bbox'] = [int(bbox.find('xmin').text) - 1,\n int(bbox.find('ymin').text) - 1,\n int(bbox.find('xmax').text) - 1,\n int(bbox.find('ymax').text) - 1]\n objects.append(obj_struct)\n\n return objects", "code_tokens": ["def", "parse_rec", "(", "filename", ")", ":", "tree", "=", "ET", ".", "parse", "(", "filename", ")", "objects", "=", "[", "]", "for", "obj", "in", "tree", ".", "findall", "(", "'object'", ")", ":", "obj_struct", "=", "{", "}", "obj_struct", "[", "'name'", "]", "=", "obj", ".", "find", "(", "'name'", ")", ".", "text", "obj_struct", "[", "'pose'", "]", "=", "obj", ".", "find", "(", "'pose'", ")", ".", "text", "obj_struct", "[", "'truncated'", "]", "=", "int", "(", "obj", ".", "find", "(", "'truncated'", ")", ".", "text", ")", "obj_struct", "[", "'difficult'", "]", "=", "int", "(", "obj", ".", "find", "(", "'difficult'", ")", ".", "text", ")", "bbox", "=", "obj", ".", "find", "(", "'bndbox'", ")", "obj_struct", "[", "'bbox'", "]", "=", "[", "int", "(", "bbox", ".", "find", "(", "'xmin'", ")", ".", "text", ")", "-", "1", ",", "int", "(", "bbox", ".", "find", "(", "'ymin'", ")", ".", "text", ")", "-", "1", ",", "int", "(", "bbox", ".", "find", "(", "'xmax'", ")", ".", "text", ")", "-", "1", ",", "int", "(", "bbox", ".", "find", "(", "'ymax'", ")", ".", "text", ")", "-", "1", "]", "objects", ".", "append", "(", "obj_struct", ")", "return", "objects"], "avg_line_len": 40.666666666666664, "score": 0.0013351134846461949}
|
{"text": "def main(self):\n \"\"\"The main function containing the loop for communication and process management.\n\n This function is the heart of the daemon.\n It is responsible for:\n - Client communication\n - Executing commands from clients\n - Update the status of processes by polling the ProcessHandler.\n - Logging\n - Cleanup on exit\n\n \"\"\"\n try:\n while self.running:\n # Trigger the processing of finished processes by the ProcessHandler.\n # If there are finished processes we write the log to keep it up to date.\n if self.process_handler.check_finished():\n self.logger.write(self.queue)\n\n if self.reset and self.process_handler.all_finished():\n # Rotate log and reset queue\n self.logger.rotate(self.queue)\n self.queue.reset()\n self.reset = False\n\n # Check if the ProcessHandler has any free slots to spawn a new process\n if not self.paused and not self.reset and self.running:\n self.process_handler.check_for_new()\n\n # This is the communication section of the daemon.\n # 1. Receive message from the client\n # 2. Check payload and call respective function with payload as parameter.\n # 3. Execute logic\n # 4. Return payload with response to client\n\n # Create list for waitable objects\n readable, writable, failed = select.select(self.read_list, [], [], 1)\n for waiting_socket in readable:\n if waiting_socket is self.socket:\n # Listening for clients to connect.\n # Client sockets are added to readlist to be processed.\n try:\n client_socket, client_address = self.socket.accept()\n self.read_list.append(client_socket)\n except Exception:\n self.logger.warning('Daemon rejected client')\n else:\n # Trying to receive instruction from client socket\n try:\n instruction = waiting_socket.recv(1048576)\n except (EOFError, OSError):\n self.logger.warning('Client died while sending message, dropping received data.')\n # Remove client socket\n self.read_list.remove(waiting_socket)\n waiting_socket.close()\n instruction = None\n\n # Check for valid instruction\n if instruction is not None:\n # Check if received data can be unpickled.\n try:\n payload = pickle.loads(instruction)\n except EOFError:\n # Instruction is ignored if it can't be unpickled\n self.logger.error('Received message is incomplete, dropping received data.')\n self.read_list.remove(waiting_socket)\n waiting_socket.close()\n # Set invalid payload\n payload = {'mode': ''}\n\n functions = {\n 'add': self.add,\n 'remove': self.remove,\n 'edit': self.edit_command,\n 'switch': self.switch,\n 'send': self.pipe_to_process,\n 'status': self.send_status,\n 'start': self.start,\n 'pause': self.pause,\n 'stash': self.stash,\n 'enqueue': self.enqueue,\n 'restart': self.restart,\n 'kill': self.kill_process,\n 'reset': self.reset_everything,\n 'clear': self.clear,\n 'config': self.set_config,\n 'STOPDAEMON': self.stop_daemon,\n }\n\n if payload['mode'] in functions.keys():\n self.logger.debug('Payload received:')\n self.logger.debug(payload)\n response = functions[payload['mode']](payload)\n\n self.logger.debug('Sending payload:')\n self.logger.debug(response)\n try:\n self.respond_client(response, waiting_socket)\n except (BrokenPipeError):\n self.logger.warning('Client disconnected during message dispatching. Function successfully executed anyway.')\n # Remove client socket\n self.read_list.remove(waiting_socket)\n waiting_socket.close()\n instruction = None\n else:\n self.respond_client({'message': 'Unknown Command',\n 'status': 'error'}, waiting_socket)\n except Exception:\n self.logger.exception()\n\n # Wait for killed or stopped processes to finish (cleanup)\n self.process_handler.wait_for_finish()\n # Close socket, clean everything up and exit\n self.socket.close()\n cleanup(self.config_dir)\n sys.exit(0)", "code_tokens": ["def", "main", "(", "self", ")", ":", "try", ":", "while", "self", ".", "running", ":", "# Trigger the processing of finished processes by the ProcessHandler.", "# If there are finished processes we write the log to keep it up to date.", "if", "self", ".", "process_handler", ".", "check_finished", "(", ")", ":", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "write", "(", "self", ".", "queue", ")", "if", "self", ".", "reset", "and", "self", ".", "process_handler", ".", "all_finished", "(", ")", ":", "# Rotate log and reset queue", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "rotate", "(", "self", ".", "queue", ")", "self", ".", "queue", ".", "reset", "(", ")", "self", ".", "reset", "=", "False", "# Check if the ProcessHandler has any free slots to spawn a new process", "if", "not", "self", ".", "paused", "and", "not", "self", ".", "reset", "and", "self", ".", "running", ":", "self", ".", "process_handler", ".", "check_for_new", "(", ")", "# This is the communication section of the daemon.", "# 1. Receive message from the client", "# 2. Check payload and call respective function with payload as parameter.", "# 3. Execute logic", "# 4. Return payload with response to client", "# Create list for waitable objects", "readable", ",", "writable", ",", "failed", "=", "select", ".", "select", "(", "self", ".", "read_list", ",", "[", "]", ",", "[", "]", ",", "1", ")", "for", "waiting_socket", "in", "readable", ":", "if", "waiting_socket", "is", "self", ".", "socket", ":", "# Listening for clients to connect.", "# Client sockets are added to readlist to be processed.", "try", ":", "client_socket", ",", "client_address", "=", "self", ".", "socket", ".", "accept", "(", ")", "self", ".", "read_list", ".", "append", "(", "client_socket", ")", "except", "Exception", ":", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "warning", "(", "'Daemon rejected client'", ")", "else", ":", "# Trying to receive instruction from client socket", "try", ":", "instruction", "=", "waiting_socket", ".", "recv", "(", "1048576", ")", "except", "(", "EOFError", ",", "OSError", ")", ":", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "warning", "(", "'Client died while sending message, dropping received data.'", ")", "# Remove client socket", "self", ".", "read_list", ".", "remove", "(", "waiting_socket", ")", "waiting_socket", ".", "close", "(", ")", "instruction", "=", "None", "# Check for valid instruction", "if", "instruction", "is", "not", "None", ":", "# Check if received data can be unpickled.", "try", ":", "payload", "=", "pickle", ".", "loads", "(", "instruction", ")", "except", "EOFError", ":", "# Instruction is ignored if it can't be unpickled", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "error", "(", "'Received message is incomplete, dropping received data.'", ")", "self", ".", "read_list", ".", "remove", "(", "waiting_socket", ")", "waiting_socket", ".", "close", "(", ")", "# Set invalid payload", "payload", "=", "{", "'mode'", ":", "''", "}", "functions", "=", "{", "'add'", ":", "self", ".", "add", ",", "'remove'", ":", "self", ".", "remove", ",", "'edit'", ":", "self", ".", "edit_command", ",", "'switch'", ":", "self", ".", "switch", ",", "'send'", ":", "self", ".", "pipe_to_process", ",", "'status'", ":", "self", ".", "send_status", ",", "'start'", ":", "self", ".", "start", ",", "'pause'", ":", "self", ".", "pause", ",", "'stash'", ":", "self", ".", "stash", ",", "'enqueue'", ":", "self", ".", "enqueue", ",", "'restart'", ":", "self", ".", "restart", ",", "'kill'", ":", "self", ".", "kill_process", ",", "'reset'", ":", "self", ".", "reset_everything", ",", "'clear'", ":", "self", ".", "clear", ",", "'config'", ":", "self", ".", "set_config", ",", "'STOPDAEMON'", ":", "self", ".", "stop_daemon", ",", "}", "if", "payload", "[", "'mode'", "]", "in", "functions", ".", "keys", "(", ")", ":", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "debug", "(", "'Payload received:'", ")", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "debug", "(", "payload", ")", "response", "=", "functions", "[", "payload", "[", "'mode'", "]", "]", "(", "payload", ")", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "debug", "(", "'Sending payload:'", ")", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "debug", "(", "response", ")", "try", ":", "self", ".", "respond_client", "(", "response", ",", "waiting_socket", ")", "except", "(", "BrokenPipeError", ")", ":", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "warning", "(", "'Client disconnected during message dispatching. Function successfully executed anyway.'", ")", "# Remove client socket", "self", ".", "read_list", ".", "remove", "(", "waiting_socket", ")", "waiting_socket", ".", "close", "(", ")", "instruction", "=", "None", "else", ":", "self", ".", "respond_client", "(", "{", "'message'", ":", "'Unknown Command'", ",", "'status'", ":", "'error'", "}", ",", "waiting_socket", ")", "except", "Exception", ":", "self", ".", "logger", ".", "exception", "(", ")", "# Wait for killed or stopped processes to finish (cleanup)", "self", ".", "process_handler", ".", "wait_for_finish", "(", ")", "# Close socket, clean everything up and exit", "self", ".", "socket", ".", "close", "(", ")", "cleanup", "(", "self", ".", "config_dir", ")", "sys", ".", "exit", "(", "0", ")"], "avg_line_len": 50.491379310344826, "score": 0.0026791694574681848}
|
{"text": "def account_info(self):\n \"\"\" Certain attributes have a user's account information\n associated with it such as a gifted or crafted item.\n\n A dict with two keys: 'persona' and 'id64'.\n None if the attribute has no account information attached to it. \"\"\"\n account_info = self._attribute.get(\"account_info\")\n if account_info:\n return {\"persona\": account_info.get(\"personaname\", \"\"),\n \"id64\": account_info[\"steamid\"]}\n else:\n return None", "code_tokens": ["def", "account_info", "(", "self", ")", ":", "account_info", "=", "self", ".", "_attribute", ".", "get", "(", "\"account_info\"", ")", "if", "account_info", ":", "return", "{", "\"persona\"", ":", "account_info", ".", "get", "(", "\"personaname\"", ",", "\"\"", ")", ",", "\"id64\"", ":", "account_info", "[", "\"steamid\"", "]", "}", "else", ":", "return", "None"], "avg_line_len": 42.583333333333336, "score": 0.0038314176245210726}
|
{"text": "def add_route(self, gateway, network):\n \"\"\"\n Add a route to engine. Specify gateway and network.\n If this is the default gateway, use a network address of\n 0.0.0.0/0.\n\n .. note: This will fail if the gateway provided does not have a\n corresponding interface on the network.\n\n :param str gateway: gateway of an existing interface\n :param str network: network address in cidr format\n :raises EngineCommandFailed: invalid route, possibly no network\n :return: None\n \"\"\"\n self.make_request(\n EngineCommandFailed,\n method='create',\n resource='add_route',\n params={'gateway': gateway,\n 'network': network})", "code_tokens": ["def", "add_route", "(", "self", ",", "gateway", ",", "network", ")", ":", "self", ".", "make_request", "(", "EngineCommandFailed", ",", "method", "=", "'create'", ",", "resource", "=", "'add_route'", ",", "params", "=", "{", "'gateway'", ":", "gateway", ",", "'network'", ":", "network", "}", ")"], "avg_line_len": 36.8, "score": 0.0026490066225165563}
|
{"text": "def connect(provider_id):\n \"\"\"Starts the provider connection OAuth flow\"\"\"\n provider = get_provider_or_404(provider_id)\n callback_url = get_authorize_callback('connect', provider_id)\n allow_view = get_url(config_value('CONNECT_ALLOW_VIEW'))\n pc = request.form.get('next', allow_view)\n session[config_value('POST_OAUTH_CONNECT_SESSION_KEY')] = pc\n return provider.authorize(callback_url)", "code_tokens": ["def", "connect", "(", "provider_id", ")", ":", "provider", "=", "get_provider_or_404", "(", "provider_id", ")", "callback_url", "=", "get_authorize_callback", "(", "'connect'", ",", "provider_id", ")", "allow_view", "=", "get_url", "(", "config_value", "(", "'CONNECT_ALLOW_VIEW'", ")", ")", "pc", "=", "request", ".", "form", ".", "get", "(", "'next'", ",", "allow_view", ")", "session", "[", "config_value", "(", "'POST_OAUTH_CONNECT_SESSION_KEY'", ")", "]", "=", "pc", "return", "provider", ".", "authorize", "(", "callback_url", ")"], "avg_line_len": 50.0, "score": 0.002457002457002457}
|
{"text": "meta\tothers\tJitesh Vishwakarma"}
|
{"text": "meta\tothers\tE-mail-Id: - jvishwakarma123@gmail.com"}
|
{"text": "meta\tothers\tContact Number: - 9960902548"}
|
{"text": "header\texperience\tPROFESSIONAL SUMMARY:"}
|
{"context": "In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere. There is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle: oceanic plate motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle. This coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics.", "question": "In what decade was seafloor spreading discovered? ", "answers.text": ["1960s", "1960s", "1960s", "the 1960s"], "answers.answer_start": [7, 7, 7, 3], "feat_id": ["57265d08708984140094c39b", "57265d08708984140094c39b", "57265d08708984140094c39b", "57265d08708984140094c39b"], "feat_title": ["Geology", "Geology", "Geology", "Geology"], "start_logits": [2.52734375, -8.0, -8.7421875, -8.28125, -10.4296875, -7.06640625, -8.890625, -10.5625, -10.34375, -9.3046875, -9.1640625, -7.25390625, -6.17578125, -7.2734375, 4.765625, 7.3203125, 9.5703125, -2.212890625, -5.38671875, -2.0390625, -5.22265625, -8.6328125, -4.17578125, -7.0625, -0.47509765625, -1.8134765625, -5.81640625, -7.12890625, -7.34765625, -7.55078125, -2.685546875, -6.21875, -7.88671875, -5.9765625, -6.37109375, -3.421875, -6.7265625, -5.47265625, -4.203125, -7.734375, -3.806640625, -6.1953125, -8.609375, -5.71484375, -6.03125, -5.90625, -5.203125, -7.63671875, -5.07421875, -5.02734375, -8.046875, -5.55078125, -6.53125, -6.1015625, -6.2578125, -5.41015625, -7.96484375, -6.96484375, 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{"context": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The Command Module Pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon, Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera, but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun. They made two EVAs totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes. 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{"context": "Of the 129 MSPs, 73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as \"Constituency MSPs\". Voters choose one member to represent the constituency, and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency MSP. The 73 Scottish Parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the UK Parliament constituencies in Scotland, prior to the 2005 reduction in the number of Scottish MPs, with the exception of Orkney and Shetland which each return their own constituency MSP. Currently, the average Scottish Parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors. Given the geographical distribution of population in Scotland, this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the Central Lowlands, where the bulk of Scotland's population live, and much larger constituency areas in the north and west of the country, which have a low population density. The island archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles comprise a much smaller number of electors, due to their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh. If a Constituency MSP resigns from Parliament, this triggers a by-election in his or her constituency, where a replacement MSP is returned from one of the parties by the plurality system.", "question": "How many members can voters choose to represent the constituency? 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{"context": "Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.", "question": "How far did the second block, AS-202, travel downrange in km? ", "answers.text": ["(25,700 km", "8,477 km", "1,142.9", "617.1", "25,700 km"], "answers.answer_start": [397, 230, 336, 314, 398], "feat_id": ["5725d6cb38643c19005acde9", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9"], "feat_title": ["Apollo_program", "Apollo_program", "Apollo_program", "Apollo_program", "Apollo_program"], "start_logits": [2.830078125, -8.1875, -8.40625, -8.875, -8.8828125, -9.40625, -9.484375, -9.609375, -8.03125, -9.5703125, -9.65625, -8.53125, -9.078125, -8.90625, -8.8984375, -7.77734375, -7.0234375, -8.8203125, -8.53125, -8.7578125, -9.1640625, -5.38671875, -6.0703125, -6.37109375, -7.546875, -8.875, -8.96875, -7.1328125, -8.4375, -3.0859375, -8.109375, -5.6328125, -8.8671875, -6.265625, -7.7109375, -8.3359375, -7.1796875, -8.40625, -4.20703125, -8.2421875, -7.4453125, -4.609375, -6.46875, -5.50390625, -6.73046875, -7.08203125, -8.4453125, -5.08203125, -8.4765625, -5.15625, -7.13671875, -8.1484375, 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Teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning, providing a course of study which is called the curriculum.", "question": "Where do most teachers get their credentials from?", "answers.text": ["university or college", "university", "university or college."], "answers.answer_start": [246, 246, 246], "feat_id": ["56e7477700c9c71400d76f25", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25"], "feat_title": ["Teacher", "Teacher", "Teacher"], "start_logits": [3.4921875, -8.125, -8.9140625, -7.4375, -7.86328125, -7.91015625, -8.5078125, -8.8984375, -6.3671875, -9.734375, -7.14453125, -8.65625, -7.1171875, -7.7734375, -9.1875, -6.44921875, -8.3515625, -7.72265625, -5.1484375, -9.3828125, -6.51171875, -9.453125, -5.60546875, -7.76171875, -3.873046875, -2.484375, -2.03515625, -7.30859375, -6.4609375, -4.61328125, -7.44921875, -3.537109375, -5.75, -5.83984375, -1.34765625, -5.2890625, -6.71484375, -7.21875, -3.5234375, -7.62890625, -8.15625, -8.0859375, -7.484375, -8.125, 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{"text": "reverse shoulder prosthesis is an excellent surgical option for patients with certain shoulder pathologies , of which rotator cuff arthropathy is one .\none area where we are gaining a greater understanding is that of managing acromial pathology .\nrecent studies are showing that not all acromial pathology is a contraindication to reverse shoulder arthroplasty ; in both pre- and post - operative patients , small lateral fractures of the acromion can be treated non - operatively or fixed surgically with a tension band technique .\noverall , results comparable to that of reverse arthroplasty can be achieved with either of these treatment options .\nhowever , fractures at the base of the acromion or of the scapular spine present a different problem . in these types of fractures , a larger length of deltoid muscle is detached , and therefore defunctioned . in reverse shoulder arthroplasty , in order to achieve a stable shoulder , the deltoid must be tensioned a great deal .\nthis in turn causes a deforming force and distraction at the fracture site , making for a poor healing potential . also , as the reverse shoulder prosthesis relies on the deltoid muscle to move the arm , if the deltoid is detensioned or improperly tensioned , this will lead to poor functional capacity .\nwe present a case of treatment of a fracture at the base of the acromion using a 90/90 plating construct that healed in a good position .\na 71-year - old right - handed woman presented with a 2-year history of right shoulder pain and dysfunction , which began abruptly when lifting a heavy load . at the initial evaluation ,\nher range of motion was limited , particularly in active abduction as she achieved only 45 degrees in this plane . a cuff arthropathy ( hamada grade 3 )\nwas diagnosed and the decision was taken to proceed with reverse shoulder arthroplasty . to complete the pre - operative assessment ,\na ct scan was performed which confirmed there was no acromial pathology involved . a reverse shoulder prosthesis and a biceps tenodesis\nwas carried out ( delta xtend , depuy , warsaw , in , usa ) through a deltopecoral approach [ figure 1 ] .\nthe patient 's right arm was immobilized in a sling and the range of motion exercises were started 6 weeks after arthroplasty [ figure 1a ] .\nfive months after surgery , she sustained a blow to the right shoulder but sought medical attention 1 month later , at her scheduled follow - up visit .\nradiographs showed a displaced fracture at the base of the acromion [ figure 1 ] .\nthis showed that both the humeral and glenoid components were well fixed and the only pathology was the fracture .\nantero - posterior radiographs showing the patient 's right shoulder immediately after reverse shoulder arthroplasty ( a ) and after fracture , 5 months later ( b ) .\nthe post - operative image shows no pre - existing acromial pathology she was taken to the operating room and her previous incision was extended into a sabre incision to better expose the acromion .\ntwo small fragment ( 3.5 mm ) locking plates ( synthes , west chester , pa , usa ) were used in a 90/90 configuration ; one was a fragment specific clavicular plate and the other a reconstruction plate .\nthe fragment specific clavicular plate was applied on the superior edge of the scapular spine in a compression mode .\na second reconsrtuction plate was applied from the posterior acromion to the posterior cortex of the scapular spine , in the infraspinatus fossa .\nfixation was solid , but in order to protect the construct , the patient was placed in an abduction brace for 6 weeks .\neighteen months after fracture fixation , the patient was satisfied with the clinical result [ figure 2 ] .\nshe was capable of 125 degrees of abduction , 160 degrees of forward flexion , 85 degrees of external rotation in adduction , and 60 degrees of internal rotation .\nher quickdash score was 29.5 ( compared to 82.5 pre - op ) and constant score was 69 on the affected side compared to 85 on the left side , for a good functional outcome .\na medline search using the key words [ acromion fracture ] , [ scapula fracture ] , [ reverse arthroplasty ] was performed .\nwe then sought to classify and separate the cases by location ; there were 30 cases of fractures at the base of the acromion , and scapular spine . when our case is added , we have a total of 31 cases .\nresults are summarized in table 1 . in brief , of the 30 more proximal cases , 21 were treated non - operatively in a sling , 7 were treated with open reduction and open fixation and one with revision of the prosthesis . of those treated non - operatively , and for whom results are published , fourteen had a non - union , four had a malunion and in two cases , it was unclear whether union was achieved . for patients receiving fixation of the fracture , there was one non - union , two repeat fixations , and one patient required removal of the fixation .\nthe patient who had a revision of the prosthesis had a malunion of the acromion .\nresults of the literature review . in the fracture location column , the fracture description provided by the authors is presented .\nalthough recent studies have shown that good outcomes may be achieved with non - surgical management of lateral acromial fractures , the same does not hold true for basal acromial fractures .\nthe likely reason for this is that with fractures at the base of the acromion , a large length of the deltoid is defunctioned and the deltoid muscle is essential to the functioning of the reverse shoulder prosthesis .\npreviously described techniques , such as tension band fixation achieved poor functional results for fractures at the base of the acromion .\nwe postulate that this is because the fixation method is insufficient to withstand the forces generated by the deltoid muscle a tension band can neutralize forces parallel to the axis of the band but in the case of the deltoid , force vectors are generated in different directions .\nit also allows for compression along the fracture site and resists motion in all directions .\ngood screw purchase can be achieved by angling the screws either toward the scapular spine or the coracoid .\nthe locking option enables good fixation and improves cut - out strength in osteopenic or osteoporotic bone .\nin addition to the stable fixation achieved with this technique , we further recommend immobilization of the affected shoulder using a sling and an abduction pillow to detension the deltoid , thus at least partially removing the distractive forces at the fracture site . also essential to achieving a good functional result\nwe thus also recommend a program of range of motion exercises followed by strengthening exercises to maximize functional capabilities . based on results from previous studies ,\nfractures of the tip were those of the most lateral or anterior portion of the acromion .\nfractures of the body of the acromion are those medial to the tip of the acromion and lateral to the beginning of the scapular base .\nthe scapular base is the lateral border of the scapular spine , which is smooth and round . in our nomenclature ,\nfractures at the scapular base are termed fractures at the base of the acromion as functionally , this zone connects the acromion to the rest of the scapula and this term avoids confusion with any more medially occurring fractures .\ncoronal ( a ) and axial ( b ) representations of the proposed classification scheme for acromial fractures associated with revere arthroplasty we propose the above mentioned classification system as it provides a nomenclature for acromial fractures that is descriptive and is based on the anatomy and functionality of the scapula . as the results from the review of the literature indicate , the more medial the fracture , the worse the prognosis with non - operative treatment .\nthus , this classification system may be used to predict outcomes and determine treatment offered .\nit differs from other classification systems ( crosby ) in that it further subclassifies more medial fractures , which are the more ominous fractures . as more research is carried out in this field", "target": " fractures of the acromion and scapula are known to occur after reverse shoulder arthroplasty . \n we present a case of a fracture at the base of the acromion 5 months after arthroplasty treated successfully with dual plating of the acromion . \n eighteen months after fracture fixation , the patient had 160 degrees of active forward flexion , a quickdash of 29.5 , a constant score of 69 and she was satisfied with the result . a concomitant review of the literature produced , in addition to our patient , 56 cases . \n these were used to produce a classification system , based on bony and functional anatomy as follows . \n tip fractures are of the most lateral or anterior portion of the acromion , those of the body of the acromion are medial to the tip but lateral to the beginning of the scapular base \n . fractures at the scapular base are termed fractures of the base of the acromion and those more medial to that , fractures of the scapular spine . \n the functional results of these case series demonstrated poorer functional outcomes for more medial fractures . \n as future research in this domain increases , clarity on the nomenclature of these fractures will allow for prognostication and treatment based on fracture location as well as comparison between studies . 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{"text": "besides its classical role in calcium and bone homeostasis , vitamin d is considered a potent immunomodulator that can affect the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases .\nour aim is to evaluate the effect of vitamin d correction to a patient with new onset graves disease ( gd ) with an underlying vitamin d deficiency .\nwe describe the effect of vitamin d3 on untreated graves disease with vitamin d deficiency .\na healthy saudi woman in her 40s sought consultation with a three - month history of palpitation .\nshe denied any history of heat intolerance , weight loss , menstrual irregularity or sweating .\n. physical examination revealed a mild diffusely enlarged and non - tender thyroid gland with no bruit .\nthe initial thyroid function test , which was done in an outside hospital , revealed a tsh , 0.01 miu / l ; ft4 , 22.5\nvitamin d 25-oh level was done in our hospital and showed a result of 26.0 nmol / l with a tsh , 0.013 miu / l ; ft4 , 16.7\ntc-99 m thyroid scintigraphy demonstrated an enlarged thyroid gland with increased radiotracer trapping and heterogeneous distribution .\nthe patient was given only oral cholecalciferol 4000 iu per day since november 2012 ( prescribed by an outside hospital ) then from may 2013 onwards she was given 50,000 iu per month .\nfollow - up laboratory exams revealed improved vitamin d levels as well as tsh and ft4 .\nvitamin d deficiency may exacerbate the onset and/or development of gd and correction of the deficiency may be able to reverse it .\nhowever , further prospective clinical studies will be needed to define the role of vitamin d treatment in gd .\nmore recently , vitamin d has been shown to be a modulator in both innate and adaptive immunity.1 there is a well - established link between vitamin d deficiency and various autoimmune diseases , including type 1 diabetes mellitus ( t1 dm ) , systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) , rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) , inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) , and multiple sclerosis ( ms ) .\nfurthermore , it has been found that the supplementation of vitamin d can prevent the onset and/or development of different kinds of autoimmune disorders in human beings and animal models.2 in addition , it has been shown that the prevalence of vitamin d deficiency is common in patients with graves disease ( gd),3 and is associated with higher thyroid volume.4 in our case report , we evaluated the effect of vitamin d correction to a patient with new onset gd with an underlying vitamin d deficiency .\na healthy saudi woman in her 40s sought consultation with a 3 months history of palpitation .\nshe denied any history of heat intolerance , weight loss , menstrual irregularity , diarrhea , or sweating .\nthere was no personal or family history of thyroid disease and no specific medication history .\nphysical examination revealed a mild diffusely enlarged and non - tender thyroid gland with no bruit .\nthe initial thyroid function test , which was done in an outside hospital , revealed a tsh , 0.01 miu / l ; ft4 , 22.5\nvitamin d 25-oh level was done in our hospital and showed a result of 26.0 nmol / l with a tsh , 0.013 miu / l ; ft4 , 16.7\nanti - thyroid antibodies showed a tg , 17.1 iu / ml ; tpo , 0.19 iu / ml with a positive tsh receptor antibody .\ntc-99 m thyroid scintigraphy demonstrated an enlarged thyroid gland with increased radiotracer trapping and heterogeneous distribution ( fig .\nthe patient was given only oral cholecalciferol 4000 iu per day since november 2012 ( took it from an outside hospital ) then from may 2013 onwards she was given 50,000 iu per month .\nthe serial thyroid function tests , vitamin d levels , and titer autoantibodies are summarized in table 1 .\nfollow - up laboratory exams revealed improved vitamin d levels as well as tsh and ft4 .\nwritten informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this case and accompanying images .\nit has become apparent that multiple factors contribute to the etiology of gd , including genetic and environmental factors .\nthese activated t cells in turn increase the secretion of thyroid - specific autoantibodies from b cells .\nthe prevalence of vitamin d deficiency was reported to be common in patients with gd.3 whether vitamin d deficiency has a causal relationship with gd remains a controversial issue .\nmisharin et al.5 observed that vitamin d deficiency was found to modulate graves hyperthyroidism induced in balb / c mice by thyrotropin receptor immunization . in this study ,\nbalb / c mice on a vitamin d deficient diet were more likely to develop persistent hyperthyroidism than other mice receiving adequate vitamin d supply . in another study ,\ncombination treatment with methimazole and vitamin d3 ( 1,25 ( oh)2d ) in patients with gd has more rapid euthyroidism achievement compared with patients receiving methimazole alone.6 in addition , vitamin d supplementation has been shown to inhibit inflammatory responses in human thyroid and t cells.7 interestingly , vitamin d deficiency is found to be associated with higher thyroid volume in patients with newly onset gd.4 it has been recently discovered that vitamin d - receptor gene and vitamin d - binding protein gene polymorphisms are associated with gd.8,9\nour present case supports the current literature and strongly suggests that vitamin d deficiency may exacerbate the onset and/or development of gd and correction of which may be able to reverse it .\nhowever , further prospective clinical studies will be needed to define the role of vitamin d treatment in gd .", "target": " objectivebesides its classical role in calcium and bone homeostasis , vitamin d is considered a potent immunomodulator that can affect the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases . \n our aim is to evaluate the effect of vitamin d correction to a patient with new onset graves disease ( gd ) with an underlying vitamin d deficiency.methodwe describe the effect of vitamin d3 on untreated graves disease with vitamin d deficiency.resultsa healthy saudi woman in her 40s sought consultation with a three - month history of palpitation . \n she denied any history of heat intolerance , weight loss , menstrual irregularity or sweating . \n she has a history of chronic muscle aches and pains . physical examination revealed a mild diffusely enlarged and non - tender thyroid gland with no bruit . \n she had no signs of graves ophthalmopathy . in laboratory examinations , \n the initial thyroid function test , which was done in an outside hospital , revealed a tsh , 0.01 miu / l ; ft4 , 22.5 \n pmol / l and ft3 , 6.5 pmol / l . \n vitamin d 25-oh level was done in our hospital and showed a result of 26.0 nmol / l with a tsh , 0.013 miu / l ; ft4 , 16.7 \n pmol / l ; and ft3 , 3.8 pmol / l . \n tsh receptor antibody was positive . \n tc-99 m thyroid scintigraphy demonstrated an enlarged thyroid gland with increased radiotracer trapping and heterogeneous distribution . \n the patient was given only oral cholecalciferol 4000 iu per day since november 2012 ( prescribed by an outside hospital ) then from may 2013 onwards she was given 50,000 iu per month . \n follow - up laboratory exams revealed improved vitamin d levels as well as tsh and ft4 . \n she eventually improved both clinically and biochemically with a satisfactory outcome.conclusionvitamin d deficiency may exacerbate the onset and/or development of gd and correction of the deficiency may be able to reverse it . \n however , further prospective clinical studies will be needed to define the role of vitamin d treatment in gd . 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{"text": "\n nigella sativa l. ( ns ) is a vegetal specie of the ranunculaceae family , commonly known as black cumin seed , neguilla or ajemuz , that is widely cultivated in the mediterranean region .\nits seeds have played an important role over the years in ancient islamic system of herbal medicine and in spain , where they have been traditionally used in folk medicine .\nns seeds have shown several therapeutic effects such as prevention of cancer , antihypertensive effect , anti - inflammatory , analgesic , and antihistaminic actions .\nthe volatile oil from this plant presents a relaxant action on different smooth muscles and tracheal muscles of guinea pigs .\nthere is evidence of anticonvulsant and antioxidant effects against pentylenetetrazol - induced kindling in mice .\n. likewise , aqueous extract of this plant suppresses penicillin - induced epileptic activity in rats .\nthis anticonvulsant effect is a consequence of selectively altering the monoamine level in different brain regions . in recent works , histopathological changes of neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex and brain stem in neurons after exposition to toluene have been observed [ 15 , 16 ] .\nthe administration of ns extract and thymoquinone ( major component from ns volatile oil ) causes morphologic improvement over apoptosis and indicates that ns therapy is useful as a potential treatment of neurodegeneration prevention .\nns seeds composition includes nutritional components such as carbohydrates ( glucose , xylose , rhamnose , and arabinose ) , vitamins as thiamine , riboflavin , pyridoxine , niacin and folic acid , mineral elements , and proteins .\nthe ns seeds are also a source of calcium , iron and potassium , alkaloids ( nigellidine , nigellimine , and nigellicine ) , 36%38% fixed oil and 0.4%2.5% essential oil . the fixed oil is mainly composed of unsaturated and essential fatty acids ( linoleic acid , followed by oleic acid ) whereas the volatile oil has been shown to contain 18.424% thymoquinone and 46% monoterpenes such as p - cymene and pinene [ 5 , 20 ] .\nthimoquinone , as indicated above , is thought to be the main active component of ns seeds and suppresses itself epileptic seizures in rats , while a monodesmosidic triterpene saponin , -hederin , has also been isolated from the extract of ns seeds and proved to exert antitumoral activity .\nthree flavonoid glycosides and triterpene saponins were also identified from nigella sativa , together with four phospholipid classes : phosphatidylcholine phosphatidylethanolamine , phosphatidylserine , and phosphatitdylinositol [ 24 , 25 ] . in previous studies we demonstrated that aqueous and methanolic extracts of ns seeds exert a potent sedative and depressive effect on cns and induce analgesia .\nthe effect on cns resulted in a significant reduction of spontaneous motility , a decrease in normal body temperature and significant analgesic action against hot - plate and pressure tests .\nbody temperature reduction can be interpreted as an index of alteration of various central neurotransmitters ; anxiety and sedation are mainly mediated by the gaba - a receptor in the cns . since depressant action was confirmed specially for the methanolic extract , we decided to study whether the addition of this methanolic dry extract in cortical neurons culture could exert any influence on the secretion of the excitatory amino acids aspartate ( asp ) and glutamate ( glu ) , and the inhibitory amino acids gaba and glycine ( gly ) , as well as the presence of these amino acid neurotransmitters in the extract .\nwe also considered its effect on the amino acids secretion when stimulated by a depolarizing agent and its effect on cultured neurons viability .\nthe viability of the cultured neurons after exposition to ns extract concentrations 2.5 , 25 , and 250 g / ml during 15 and 60 minutes are shown in figure 1 .\nresults are expressed as a percentage with respect to control value ( 100% viability ) .\nthe amino acids gaba , gly , glu , and asp were measured in ns methanolic extract by hplc .\nthe results are expressed as pmoles / mg of ns extract ( table 1 ) .\nthe results showed gly as the most abundant , followed by gaba , glu , and asp , respectively .\nthe amino acids content in the extract was subtracted from the total amino acid content measured in the cellular medium after neuronal stimulation with ns extract so we can state that the final amino acids content in cell culture is a direct consequence of cell release .\nthe release of the four amino acids after stimulation with the chosen nontoxic concentrations of ns extract ( 2.5 , 25 , and 250 g / ml ) showed a diminished secretion response that was statistically significant ( p < .05 for gly and glu ; p < .01 for gaba ; p < .001 for asp ) after 15 minutes of incubation with respect to control ( neuronal cells stimulated with normal locke medium during the same period of time and considered as 100% secretion ) ( figures 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 ) .\ngly and asp release was reduced in a dose dependent manner ; glu and gaba showed a tendency to retrieve control values , although their secretion was lower than control .\nthis fall of aminoacids release is greater for higher extract concentration except for glu and gaba , which showed a tendency to recuperation to control values at the same time ( figure 2 ) .\nthe hplc analysis revealed the same behavior for all the amino acids , with the exception of gaba , after treatment with ns extract during 60 minutes .\nthe increased presence of this amino acid was statistically significant for 25 and 250 g / ml ns extract . in order to know the response to a depolarizing agent ,\ncortical neurons were stimulated with ns extract at the indicated concentrations , during 15 and 60 minutes previous to depolarization with 60 mm kcl ( figures 6 and 7 ) .\nthe neurons treated with ns extract during 15 minutes and subsequently stimulated with kcl showed a dose - dependent decrease in amino acids secretion with respect to control value ( neuronal cells stimulated with locke medium ) , which was considered as 100% . the observed behaviour was more relevant for glu and asp at 25 and 250 g / ml than for gaba and gly under the same conditions ( figure 6 ) .\nmeasurement of secretion mediated by kcl during 60 minutes revealed an inhibition of the liberation of these neurotransmitters .\nin this case , only gaba and glu were released in a dose - dependent manner ( figure 7 ) .\nthe aim of the study was to determine the effects of ns methanolic extract on the release of neurotransmitter amino acids by measuring their concentrations in the culture media using hplc precolumn derivatization technique .\nthree concentrations of ns extract ( 2.5 , 25 , and 250 g / ml ) and two time points ( 15 and 60 min ) for the determination of the effects were used .\nthis is a preliminary study which shows that exposure of the cultured neurons have a modulatory effect on the release and contents of these aminoacids . \nthe 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide ( mtt ) assay was employed to estimate the cells viability when neurons were treated with ns extract .\nthe three concentrations of dry methanolic extract used in our study did not affect cellular respiratory capacity at any of the two periods of time considered .\nthese results allowed us to consider the adequate approach to the study of amino acid secretion in the conditions selected and to confirm the innocuous characteristics of the chosen extract concentrations .\nour previous in vitro findings support the hypothesis that the sedative and depressive effects of nigella sativa ( ns ) observed in vivo , could be based on changes of inhibitory / excitatory amino acids levels .\nseveral authors attribute the sedative effects of different plant extracts ( valeriana officinalis l. , scutellaria lateriflora l. ) [ 27 , 28 ] to its endogenous gaba concentration , although they also hypothesize that there exist other components of the vegetal extracts with benzodiazepine - like effects that may account for their in vivo effects .\nthe aim of our research was to determine whether these substances that are present in the ns extract could mediate the specific effects previously observed in vivo through the secretion of asp , glu , gaba , and gly .\nfirst of all , the presence and content of the four amino acids in the extract was analyzed by hplc , showing a major presence of inhibitory amino acids ( gly and gaba ) ( table 1 ) .\nthen , the cell amino acids release was assayed after addition of several concentrations of ns extract to cultured neurons during two different periods of time ( 15 and 60 minutes ) .\nthe aim of this approach was to observe whether neuronal secretion could be modified depending on the exposition time .\nhigh secretion of gaba was observed after 60 minutes ' contact with ns extract at 25 and 250 g / ml . this time is close to the one that allowed the maximum effect in our in vivo study , close to 40 minutes . under these conditions ,\nsimilar results have been observed when high gaba concentrations are present in an aqueous extract of valeriana officinalis root which induced in vitro liberation of [ h]gaba in rat synaptosomes by reversal of the gaba carrier and inhibition of its reuptake .\nboth plants are widely prescribed as sedative / anxiolytic ones . as the gaba presence in the methanolic extract of ns\nwas confirmed with our results , it is possible to assume that a high level of gaba in the medium during cellular incubation and a longer period of exposition at this one could exert the same effect above described .\nrecent findings suggest that ns protects from induced generalized epilepsy in rats by selectively altering the monoamine level in different brain regions .\nthis study pointed that ns possibly facilitates the inhibitory activity of the gabaergic system through a competitive agonist action in the benzodiazepine ( bzd ) site of the gaba receptor as well as the involvement of dopaminergic and noradrenergic system .\nthe confirmed presence of gaba in the methanolic extract could be directly related to its conduct over the gaba receptor and this could explain the potent sedative and depressive effect on cns as previously reported . moreover , the important presence of gly in the extract could be also related to its inhibitory action .\nthe binding of both neurotransmitters to their receptors on the neuronal membrane induces hyperpolarization that could be responsible for a significantly lower secretion of amino acids with respect to control values .\nin addition to this , our results showed a decrease in neuronal excitatory activity derived from a diminished asp and glu secretion , specially the second one .\nour results show the behavior of the cortical neurons and confirm what we expected from the previous study performed in vivo .\nlikewise the methanolic extract composition is able to mediate in the neuronal amino acids release . in this case , the ns extract had an influence on neuronal transmission because it modifies the neurotransmitter amino acids release .\ndepolarization of neuronal cells by application of high k+ concentration ( 60 mm kcl ) induced a diminished amino acid release in both periods of time assayed .\nthis diminished release was similar to nondepolarizing secretion except for gaba which also diminished its secretion .\nalthough multiple mechanisms of neurotransmitter release evoked by elevated extracellular k+ may be involved [ 29 , 30 ] , we consider that the effect of ns extract over neuronal cells produces a drop in the transmission and is responsible for of the inhibitory effect indicated above .\na possible action of ns extract over l - type calcium channels or an opening on potassium channels had been suggested by others authors [ 3135 ] , and it could contribute to the relaxant activities of this plant .\nfurthermore , its possible effect over these channels could persist even after the extract was eliminated from the medium before depolarization .\nwith respect to gaba secretion , the only amino acid which differs in its behavior with respect to nondepolarizing liberation , the diminished secretion may derivate from the membrane transporter - reversal for gaba above suggested . in our study , we have considered the possibility that the gaba carrier had been previously affected by the presence of ns extract during 15 or 60 minutes , inhibiting gaba reuptake and favouring its liberation from neurons .\nother authors have concluded that extracellular k+ ( 50 mm kcl ) provokes gaba release by reversal transporter of gaba . in our case\n, we observed a diminished liberation that could be justified by the previous loss of cellular gaba content as the neurons had been treated with the ns extract . in conclusion , this study suggests a sedative effect of ns methanolic extract by modification of neurotransmitter amino acids release , because the ns extract may induce an important release of gaba and gly in the cultured neurons medium and therefore , exert an increase in the agonist action over their receptors .\nthe results explain the sedative and depressive effects observed in vivo by an increase in inhibitory amino acids at the synaptic terminals .\neven more , this effect is complemented with a possible decrease of excitatory transmission , as it has been demonstrated in vitro and could contribute to inhibitory response .\nminimum essential eagle 's medium ( emem ) was obtained from bio - whittaker , and foetal bovine serum ( fbs ) and horse serum ( hs ) were procured from sera - lab ( sussex , england )\n. standards of glutamate , aspartate , gaba and glycine were purchased from sigma ( st . louis , mo , usa ) .\nreagents and solvents for hplc were triethylamine from sigma ( st . louis , mo , usa ) , acetic acid and methanol ultra gradient grade from merck ( darmstadt , germany ) .\ndistilled water used for the preparation of buffers and standards was deionized with milli - q purification system .\nsyringe filters millex - gv were obtained from millipore ( milford , ma , usa ) .\nmembrane filters ( 0.45 m pore size ) from tecknochroma ( barcelona , spain ) were used for filtration of the mobile phase and samples .\ncell proliferation kit ii ( xtt ) , colorimetric determination , was purchased from roche diagnostics gmbh ( mannheim , germany ) .\n, usa ) coupled with a photodiode array detector shimadzu spd-10a ( izasa , madrid , spain ) was used for the amino acids isolation and quantification . the analytical system consisted of a waters ods spherisorb 150 4.6 mm i.d . ; 5 m packed column ( teknokroma , barcelona , spain ) as stationary phase , preceded by a guard column spherisorb rp-18 , 5 m , 4 mm 4 mm .\na microplate fluorescence reader fl600-biotek spectrofluorimeter was used for the quantification of cell viability at 492 nm .\nseeds of nigella sativa l. were supplied by the medicinal and aromatic plants research institute of egypt ( el cairo , egypt ) .\nherbarium samples were authenticated by a taxonomist and a voucher specimen was deposited in the herbarium of the faculty of pharmacy , universidad complutense de madrid , with voucher number maf 161043 .\nthe methanolic extract of the plant was prepared according to ( science and technology program for development ) cyted protocol for vegetal species from countries that are included in this program .\nbrain neurons were obtained from foetal rat brains of 19 days of gestation as previously described with minor modifications .\nisolated neurons were suspended in eagle 's minimum essential medium ( emem ) containing 0.3 g / l glutamine , 0.6% glucose , 5% phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) , 5% horse serum ( hs ) , 100 u / ml penicillin and 100 g / ml streptomycin .\ncells , at a density of 1 10 cells / well , were placed on plastic petri dishes of 24 wells , treated with 10 g / ml poly - l - lysine to aid attachment .\nthe plates were incubated in a humidified incubator in an atmosphere of 5% co2/95% air at 37c . after 72 hours ,\nnonneuronal cells ( contaminating glial cells ) were mitotically inhibited by exposure to cytosine arabinoside .\nthe incubation medium was replaced by fresh medium to which cytosine arabinoside was added to a final concentration of 10 m .\nafter 3 days , this medium was replaced by fresh medium and experiments were carried out using cultures ranging from 1015 days .\ncell purity was checked by both cells staining with cresyl violet to identify neurons and with the specific antiglial fibrillary acidic protein ( gfap ) antibody to identify glial cells .\ncortical neurons , after 7 days in culture , were detached from the culture plates with trypsin solution ( 0.25% trypsin and 0.02% edta in dulbecco 's buffered saline without calcium and magnesium ) and then the cells were fixed ( during 30 min ) with 2% p - formaldehyde .\nafter two washes with 1 ml of pbs , the cells were treated ( during 1 h ) with anti - gfap antirabbit ( at dilution of 1/500 ) .\nsubsequently , the cells were washed with pbs and treated with antirabbit conjugated igg fitc , at 1/100 , for 30 min .\nthe glial cells in the cultures were 8.3 3.6% of the total ( neural + glial cells ) .\nthis assay is used as an index of cell survival or cellular respiratory capacity - based on method of mossmann and improved by weislow et al . and roehm et al . .\nthe tetrazolium assay is based on the mitochondrial dehydrogenases ( md ) activity and their inactivation after cell death . in live cells ,\nmtt is reduced to a highly water - soluble orange colored product , formazan dye .\nneuronal cells were seeded in 96-multiwell plates at a density of 36 10 cells / well ( in 200 l medium ) and kept in the incubator until 8090% confluence .\nafter this , the medium was removed and the cells were washed twice with pbs and the ns extract previously dissolved in pbs was added to the wells and incubated for 15 minutes or 1 hour .\nafter each one of the treatment periods ( 15 or 60 min ) , the medium was removed and incubated with mtt solution ( final concentration 0.3 mg / ml ) , according to the kit specifications .\nafter 2 h incubation at 37c in a humidified atmosphere , orange dye solution was spectrophotometrically quantified using an elisa plate reader at 492 nm .\nthe amount of orange formazan formed , as monitored by the absorbance , directly correlates to the number of living cells .\nhplc analysis of amino acids was performed by a previously described method with minor modifications and with the equipment and conditions that were previously developed for the amino acids determination .\nprior to hplc amino acid secretion analysis cells were washed twice , at 10 min intervals , with 1 ml of locke medium . after removing the medium ,\ncells were stimulated for 15 min or 1 hour at 37c with 250 l fresh locke medium ( control cells ) or with 250 l of locke medium containing the dry methanolic extract of ns seeds at different concentrations ( 2.5 , 25 and 250 g / ml ) .\nafter stimulation , the wells medium ( supernatant s1 ) was taken for amino acid valuation and cells were then stimulated with 250 l of 60 mm kcl for 15 min .\nafter this , the cells secretion ( supernatant s2 ) was removed for their valuation and cells were lysated with 250 l of distilled water for total intracellular amino acids content determination .\nthe different supernatants obtained , s1 and s2 , as well as the cell lysated , were lyophilized for their dansylation .\nthe content of the four amino acids present in the methanolic extract was also determined by hplc analysis under the same conditions and these results were subtracted from the total amino acids content in cellular medium in presence of ns extract ( s1 ) in order to obtain cellular secretion value itself .\nthe results were calculated as the amino acid release into the incubation medium with respect to the total amino acid content .\nthese results were expressed as a percentage of secretion with respect to control experiments that were considered as 100% .\ndata are presented as means sem of four separated experiments from different cell cultures , each one performed in triplicate with different batches of neuronal cells .", "target": " \n nigella sativa l. ( ns ) has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times . this \n study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of ns dry methanolic extract on cultured \n cortical neurons and its influence on neurotransmitter release , as well as the presence of \n excitatory ( glutamate and aspartate ) and inhibitory amino acids ( gamma - aminobutyric \n acid gaba and glycine ) in ns extract . \n cultured rat cortical neurons were exposed to \n different times and concentrations of ns dry methanolic extract and cell viability was \n then determined by a quantitative colorimetric method . \n ns did not induce any toxicity . \n \n the secretion of different amino acids was studied in primary cultured cortical neurons \n by high - performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) using a derivation before injection \n with dansyl chloride . \n ns modulated amino acid release in cultured neurons ; gaba was \n significantly increased whereas secretion of glutamate , aspartate , and glycine were \n decreased . \n the in vitro findings support the hypothesis that the sedative and depressive \n effects of ns observed in vivo could be based on changes of inhibitory / excitatory amino \n acids levels . 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|
{"text": "pheochromocytomas are rare catecholamine producing tumors arising from chromaffine cells in the sympatho adrenal system .\nits prevalence is estimated at 0.1% to 0.6% . they secrete various catecholamines , predominantly norepinephrine , and epinephrine to small extent .\nthese catecholamines are responsible for the manifestations with sustained or paroxysmal symptoms . diagnosis is established by measuring metanephrines in the urine or blood .\nlocalization of the tumor is done using computed tomography ( ct ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scans .\nthrombosis of the inferior vena cava ( ivc ) has comparable etiological factors to lower limb deep venous thrombosis .\nhypercoagulability related to hematological or neoplastic abnormalities , venous stasis secondary to extraluminal pressure from tumors or inflammatory processes , and vessel injury due to trauma have all been implicated as primary mechanism in the pathophysiology of ivc thrombosis .\nhowever , its association with pheochromocytoma in indian subjects has not been reported till date .\na 48-year - old man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of headache , sweating , anxiety , dizziness , nausea and vomiting .\nthe patient was 164 cm tall and weighed 57 kg . on physical examination , there were no caf au lait spots or neurofibromas .\nhematological analysis confirmed normocytic anemia with hemoglobin 11.3 gm / dl , a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( esr ) ( 130 mm fall in the first hour ) , while the total and differential leukocyte counts were normal .\nbiochemical parameters such as liver and kidney functions , and serum electrolytes , calcium , phosphorous , alkaline phosphatase and d - dimer were within normal limits .\nthe endocrinological evaluation revealed increased urine catecholamines and urinary vanillyl mandelic acid ( vma ) [ table 1 ] .\nbaseline biochemical parameters of the patient abdominal ct revealed a well defined , heterogenous mass lesion of size 7.6 5.3 4.8 cms with attenuation score of 35 hu at the upper pole of right kidney without any calcifications [ figure 1 ] .\nthere was no involvement of renal vein , hepatic veins and veins of lower limbs demonstrated by doppler ultrasound .\nmagnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) revealed intraluminal thrombus extending proximally up to the confluence of hepatic veins immediately inferior to the right atrium without distal extension to femoral veins bilaterally [ figure 2 ] .\nan ivc venogram via the right jugular vein demonstrated multiple filling defects indicating occlusion of the ivc inferior to the right atrium [ figure 3 ] .\nthere was simultaneous enlargement of distal part of ivc . computed tomography of the abdomen- showing a well defined , heterogeneously enhancing mass lesion of size 7.6 5.3 4.8 cm at the upper pole of right kidney without any calcifications .\nthe left adrenal gland appeared to be normal t2-weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrating the mass ( predominantly high signal ) between the inferior vena cava and right kidney ( black arrow ) compressing the overlying inferior vena cava ( white arrow ) ivc venogram showing multiple filling defects indicating occlusion of the inferior vena cava inferior to the right atrium .\nthere is distal enlargement of inferior vena cava a diagnosis of ivc thrombosis with pheochromocytoma was established , and surgical treatment was planned .\nalpha receptor blocking therapy with prazosin was instituted , followed by blocker , after testing for adequacy of blockade .\nthe patient was treated conservatively with subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin followed by oral warfarin .\nafter 2 weeks , hypertension was well controlled and the remaining symptoms disappeared . with adequate blood pressure control ,\nbiopsy of the specimen revealed a typical organoid or zellballen pattern with no cytoplasmatic inclusion , pleomorphism , cytological alterations or necrosis ; and , the mitotic index was low [ figure 4 ] . during the postoperative period ,\nthe patient 's blood pressure remained normal . a 24-hour urine specimen collected for metanephrine and vma , revealed levels within normal limits . at present , the patient is asymptomatic , requires no medications , and is employed as an engineer .\nmri imaging demonstrated resolution of the thrombosis and return of patency of the ivc at 4 months [ figure 5 ] . the typical growth pattern of nests of tumor cells ( zellballen ) surrounded by a discontinuous layer of sustentacular cells and fibrovascular stroma in the biopsy specimen of the patient in the study .\nblood vessels surrounding tumor nests are composed of round to oval cells t2-weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging comparable in position and image acquisition to figure 2 demonstrating complete resolution of inferior vena cava thrombosis ( white arrow ) after 4-months of oral anticoagulation therapy\ntwo aspects render our case unusual : 1 ) the coexistence of pheochromocytoma with ivc thrombosis 2 ) though there are case reports citing the association between malignant pheochromocytoma and ivc thrombus , to our sincere belief ; this is the first such report citing this uncommon association from india .\nalthough the lifetime incidence of venous thrombosis is 0.1% , it still remains a rare condition especially in patients below 30 years of age .\npredisposing factors include alterations in blood flow [ stasis ] , injury to the vascular endothelium and abnormalities in the constitution of blood hypercoagulability ( virchow 's triad ) .\nendothelial damage is invariably an acquired phenomenon , whereas hypercoagulability may result from both congenital and acquired risk factors ( especially in the peri - operative period ) .\nthe classical presentation of ivc thrombus varies according to the level of the thrombosis with up to 50% of patients presenting with bilateral lower extremity swelling and dilatation of superficial abdominal vessels . whilst some patients remain asymptomatic ,\nlower back pain , nephrotic syndrome , hepatic engorgement , cardiac failure and pulmonary embolus have also been described .\ntsuji et al . reported a series of 10 patients where 40% were pyrexic at presentation , with an associated elevation in d - dimer levels and inflammatory markers ( white cell count , c - reactive protein ) .\nour patient had no lower limb , liver or kidney involvement , and this might be ascribed to the partial occlusion of ivc .\nwe could not explain normal d - dimer levels in the backdrop of such a large thrombus in our patient .\nct scan with contrast enhanced images and mri scan are used to localize adrenal pheochromocytoma .\nmeta - iodobenzylguanidine ( mibg ) and positron emission tomography ( pet ) scanning ( gallium- dota - toc / noc and dopa - pet perform better than fdg- pet ) are largely reserved for extraadrenal paraganglioma , or very large tumors to rule out metastasis .\nheterogeneity , high hounsfield density on ct ( > hu ) , marked enhancement with intravenous contrast and delayed contrast washout ( < 60 % at 10 minutes ) , high signal intensity on t2 weighted mri , cystic and hemorrhagic changes point to pheochromocytoma , adrenocortical carcinoma or metastasis .\nhowever , pheochromocytoma with lipid degeneration can result in low attenuation scores ( < 10 hu ) and > 60% washout at delayed ct scanning .\nbenign adrenal incidentalomas are characterized by size < 5 cm , sharp margins , smooth contours , lack of demonstrable growth on serial examinations , attenuation scores < 10 hu , and > 60% washout at delayed ct scanning . in our patient , ct scan revealed nonhomogenous mass of hu 35 without any calcification .\nhistologically , pheochromocytomas are capsulated and are composed of round or polygonal epithelioid / chief cells arranged in characteristic compact cell nests ( zellballen ) or trabecular patterns .\nthe chief cells have centrally located nuclei with finely clumped chromatin , and a moderate amount of eosinophilic , granular cytoplasm .\ntumors of higher grade are characterized by a progressive loss in the relationship between chief cells and sustentacular cells , and a decrease in the number of sustentacular cells . in our patient , typical zellballen pattern was found .\npresence of markers like chromogranin a ( cga ) , neuron specific enloase , synaptophsyin serve as additional tools to confirm the neuroendocrine nature of the chief cells .\nthe only reliable clue to the presence of a malignant pheochromocytoma is local invasion or distant metastases , which may occur as long as 20 years after resection .\nbenign on pathologic examination , long term follow - up is indicated in all patients to confirm that impression .\nother markers for malignancy are absent or weak expression of inhibin / activin- beta b subunit , and presence of succinate dehydrogenase b ( sdh b ) subunit is seen . in absence of any invasion , we considered the mass in our patient to be benign . the simultaneous occurrence of pheochromocytoma and ivc thrombosis is reported sporadically .\nivc thrombosis in this case could be because of : 1 ) local compression leading to alteration in blood flow and stasis 2 ) sustained hypertension leading to vascular endothelial injury and hypercoagulability , 3 ) association of pheochromocytoma with systemic lupus erythematous and behcet 's disease might explain the triggering of an autoimmune phenomenon leading to a hypercoagulable state , and 4 ) an underlying anatomic abnormality or coagulation disorder .\nit also could be a chance association between these 2 conditions . in our case ,\nrecent advances in the utilization of ultrasound , ct and mri imaging as well as endovascular procedures have resulted in an increase in detection rates of ivc anomalies , as well as an increase in the incidental discovery of such abnormalities during unrelated investigations , therapeutic endovascular or surgical procedures .\ncontrast venography remains the standard for diagnosis of ivc thrombosis with a low false - positive rate , and the advantage of access for immediate treatment if required .\nhowever , it is an invasive procedure associated with a 2%-10% incidence of post - procedural deep venous thrombosis ( dvt ) .\nduplex ultrasound scanning has become an accurate non - invasive method of diagnosing ivc thrombosis and is often the first - line investigative modality .\nhowever , duplex usg is operator dependant and can be limited by body habitus or the presence of bowel gas and may occasionally fail to identify any ivc anomaly .\nct imaging is a rapid non - invasive method which can accurately diagnose and assess the extent of thrombus as well as delineate any associated abdominal or pelvic abnormality .\nmri imaging is now replacing ct as the optimal investigative tool avoiding radiation and giving more accurate delineation of thrombus as well as any ivc anomaly .\nmri is also used to follow - up patients to determine morphological changes in the thrombus following therapy .\nmanagement of patients with coexisting pheochromocytoma and ivc thrombosis needs operative resection of the adrenal mass and medical / interventional management of ivc thrombosis .\nthe goals of operation include 1 ) removal of the tumor with postoperative normotension , and 2 ) ivc luminal restoration and anticoagulation .\nminimally invasive techniques are being increasingly used for resection of adrenal tumors and to treat renal artery lesions .\nour patient was subjected to laparoscopic adrenalectomy after adequate preoperative blood pressure control by blockers , followed by blockers .\ntreatment options in the case of ivc thrombus without anatomical variance include anticoagulation , mechanical thrombectomy , systemic thrombolytic therapy , transcatheter regional thrombolysis , pulse - spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis and angioplasty .\nthere is no specific literature describing the ideal duration of anticoagulation in these instances ; however , case evidence identifies a trend toward treatment for a minimum of one year with the interplay of hypercoagulability disorders needing to be factored into any decision .\nsurgical reconstruction of the ivc and bypass of an aberrant section are both recognized modalities reserved for the most severe cases and are associated with morbidity and mortality risk .\nendovascular stent placement in combination with angioplasty is recommended in the cases of residual stenosis and chronic ivc occlusion . in the case of ivc thrombus\nassociated with an aberrant ivc , with no other predisposing factors , treatment involves anti - coagulation .\nthe duration of this treatment is widely debated with no extensive literature to provide an evidence based approach .\ndean et al . took a view , which is quite similar to that of ours , that a caval anomaly is a permanent risk factor for venous stasis and thrombosis and that anticoagulant treatment should be lifelong . since our patient had no anatomic abnormality or any other predisposing factors , we decided to give the treatment for 4 months only and stopped it then after documenting radiologic luminal restoration .\nthough cases of renal artery stenosis , renal artery aneurysm and inferior vena cava thrombosis have been described , we found the uncommon association with ivc thrombosis in an indian patient .\nct or preferably mri imaging are required to delineate ivc anatomy and ascertain proximal extent of the thrombus .\nalthough invasive therapeutic modalities exist , long - term and commonly life - long anticoagulation is often required .\npheochromocytoma does not seem to have any effect on the outcome of the coexisting ivc thrombosis .", "target": " pheochromocytomas have been described in association with vascular abnormalities like renal artery stenosis . \n a 48-year - old man was admitted to our hospital with the complaints of headache , sweating , anxiety , dizziness , nausea , vomiting and hypertension . for last several days , he was having a dull aching abdominal pain . \n abdominal computed tomography ( ct ) revealed the presence of a left adrenal pheochromocytoma . \n an inferior vena cava ( ivc ) venogram via the right jugular vein demonstrated occlusion of the ivc inferior to the right atrium . \n surgical removal of pheochromocytoma was done , followed by anticoagulant treatment for ivc thrombosis , initially with subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin , and then with oral warfarin , resulting in restoration of patency . to the best of our knowledge , \n the occurrence of pheochromocytoma in ivc thrombosis has not been reported so far from india . \n possible mechanisms of such an involvement are discussed . 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{"text": "\n acute mountain sickness ( ams ) occurs during exposure to high altitude ( ha ) and is a clinical syndrome characterised by headache , insomnia , malaise , and gastrointestinal symptoms .\nit is common , developing in 1030% at 25003000 meters and in up to 60% of those ascending to around 4500 meters .\nit causes significant morbidity and is a challenging clinical condition in remote environments . a biochemical marker of ams , particularly one available as a point - of - care test ( poc ) , could have widespread clinical utility . \nthe pathophysiology of ams is not clearly understood but involves alterations in fluid balance , endothelial function , vascular permeability , inflammation , and oxidative stress .\nthe renal response to ha is an important factor in acclimatization , and ha exposure leads to renal arteriole constriction and relative hypoxia [ 3 , 4 ] . despite the relative renal hypoxia ,\nngal ( neutrophil gelatinase - associated lipocalin ) is a 25 kda peptide , part of the lipocalin family of small soluble proteins .\nit is produced in a number of human tissues , notably the distal nephron but also in the lung ngal rises rapidly in the nephron in response to a renal insult and an ngal 150 ng / ml following acute kidney injury ( aki ) is predictive of acute renal failure ( arf ) well before creatinine has risen .\nngal is also an acute - phase protein , has a role in inflammation [ 8 , 9 ] , and is upregulated in the lung during inflammation [ 5 , 10 , 11 ] .\nngal is also known to rise in conditions associated with oxidative stress [ 12 , 13 ] , and oxidative stress has been implicated in ams [ 14 , 15 ] . \nwe therefore hypothesised that ngal would increase at ha secondary to these various stimuli and that the magnitude of any increase might relate to the presence of ams .\nwe therefore studied a combined cohort of trekkers from 2 expeditions to ha . in order to clarify the relative contribution of ams , hypoxia or exercise to ngal levels\n, we also studied a cohort pre- and postexercise at near sea level , and a further cohort exposed to acute normobaric hypoxia .\nthe potential role of inflammation in stimulating ngal was assessed by the measurement of highly sensitive c - reactive protein ( hscrp ) in a subset of participants .\nall study protocols were approved by the ministry of defence research ethics committee , whitehall , uk , and satisfied the requirements of the declaration of helsinki . in all studies informed ,\nthirty - two subjects participating in a defence medical services ( dms ) trekking expedition ( trek 1 ) in the khumbu region of nepal were studied .\nblood samples were taken from the antecubital fossa at 3 study altitudes : on day 2 at 3400 m , day 6 at 4270 m , and day 10 at 5150 m ( following ascent to everest base camp at 5364 m ) . all samples in this study\nwere collected immediately following a day trekking ( posttrek ) to the study altitude .\ntwenty subjects from a further dms expedition ( trek 2 ) to nepal were also studied .\nblood samples were again taken at 3 study altitudes : on day 2 ( 3400 m ) , day 6 ( 4270 m ) , and day 10 ( 5150 m ) ( following ascent to kala patthar ( kp ) , 5643 m ) .\nsamples in this study were again collected immediately following a day trekking ( posttrek ) .\nadditional samples were taken at rest in kathmandu ( kat ) at 1300 m and at rest the next morning at the 3 study altitudes .\nas serving members of the military , all subjects were able to fulfil the fitness criteria of their relevant service .\nthis broadly includes an age - adjusted ability to run 1.5 miles in under approximately 11 minutes and to perform an age - adjusted number of sits - ups and push - ups within two blocks of 2 minutes .\nfourteen subjects underwent a 3-hour exposure to normobaric hypoxia ( fio2 11.6% , equivalent to 4800 m altitude ) in a hypoxic chamber .\nthis exposure included a 5-minute step test ( step height of 25 cm , 1 complete step every 2 seconds ) at 95 minutes .\na group of 22 subjects had ngal assayed at rest and after exercise at sl in the uk following ascent from sea level to 1085 m over 6 hours ( an equivalent gain in altitude and duration of exercise similar to that experienced on a trekking day in nepal ) .\ntwo subjects from trek 2 were part of the sl exercise group , but data collection occurred several months apart . \nngal was analysed in the field on a biosite triage point of care monitor ( alere ltd , stockport , uk ) using a triage ngal test kit .\nthe triage ngal test is a point - of - care , fluorescence - based immunoassay used which gives a rapid ( 15 minutes ) quantitative measurement of ngal in a range from 60 to 1,300 ng / ml . \noxygen saturation ( digitally on warm hands at rest ) was measured using a nellcor np-20 pulse oximeter ( covidian , ma , usa ) during trek 1 + 2 and in the hypoxic chamber study at the same time as blood samples were taken . during trek 1 + 2 ,\ntwice - daily ams scores were assessed using the lake louise score ( lls ) questionnaire .\nthe lls allocates a score of 0 to 3 ( symptom not present to severe ) for symptoms of ams ( headache , gastrointestinal symptoms , fatigue / weakness , dizzy / light - headedness , and difficulty sleeping ) .\na score of 3 or more in the presence of headache is consistent with ams , a score of 6 or more with severe ams . \nthe commercially available , highly sensitive , immunoturbidimetric assay ( roche diagnostics ) was used to measure crp in trek 2 at the same time points as ngal .\nmg / l and a between - run coefficient of variation between 2.5 and 5.7% . for statistical calculations ,\nthe software package spss 14.0 was used . for subjects with a ngal below the limit of detection of the assay ( 60 ng / ml ) ,\na value of 60 ng / ml was assigned for the purposes of statistical analysis .\nall data were tested for gaussian distribution using the kolmogorov - smirnov test and shapiro wilks statistic . for the analysis of dependent variables that were normally distributed , changes were tested by student 's paired t - test . for independent variables that were normally distributed ,\na within - subjects anova was performed to investigate any serial changes in ngal with ascent at rest and post - trek . a two - way mixed anova with either resting or after trek ngal at each study altitude as the within - subjects factor and the presence of ams ( according to the ll score at multiple altitudes ) as the between - subjects factor\nif the mauchly sphericity test was significant , then p values were expressed after multiplication by the greenhouse - geisser epsilon .\ncorrelation analyses for normally distributed data were performed by calculating the pearson coefficient of correlation .\na p value < 0.05 ( two - sided ) was considered significant . as the ascent profile and route were closely matched in trek 1 and trek 2 , data were combined and analysed as a whole . taking medication ( acetazolamide , dexamethasone )\nhad no apparent effect on ngal values , and therefore these subjects ( n = 11 ) were not excluded from the analysis .\ndemographic data for the field study ( trek 1 + 2 ) , the controls , and the hypoxic chamber study are shown in table 1 . in the 22 subjects ascending to 1085 m in the uk\n, there was no significant ( p = 0.084 ) rise in ngal following exercise : resting sl ngal was 64 11 ( ng / ml , mean sd , range 60104 ) and postexercise ngal was 71 14 ( ng / ml , mean sd , range 60100 ) . of the 52 subjects ,\nspo2 ( % , mean sem ) dropped from 97 2 at kat ( 1300 m ) to 84 5 and 79 7 at 4270 and 5150 m , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) .\nthere was a moderate inverse correlation between ngal and spo2 at 5150 m ( r = 0.477 , p = 0.001 ) ( figure 1 ) with a weaker inverse correlation between ngal and spo2 at 4270 m ( r = 0.340 , p = 0.019 ) .\nwithin the subjects , anova demonstrated a significant change in ngal with ascent both at rest ( p = 0.007 ) and after trek ( p = 0.001 ) ( figure 2 ) .\nspo2 ( % , mean sem ) dropped from 99 0.4 at baseline to a nadir of 79 5 ( p < 0.001 ) . despite an equivalent drop in spo2 to\nthat seen in trek 1 + 2 , ngal ( ng / ml , mean sd , range ) showed no change between baseline and 180 minutes : 63 26 ( 2980 ) versus 67 25 ( 2784 ) , p = 0.538 . in trek 2 , serum creatinine { mol / l , mean sem , ( range ) , ( p value versus baseline at kat ) } was 78 2 ( 6395 ) at baseline ; at 3400 , 4270 and 5150 m it was 87 3 ( 72120 ) ( p = 0.001 ) ; 84 2 ( 72104 ) ( p < 0.001 ) ; and 94 5 ( 76142 ) ( p < 0.001 ) .\naccording to their ll scores at the highest study altitude ( 5150 m ) , there were 23 subjects with no ams , 16 subjects with mild ams , and 7 subjects with severe ams .\nthere was a significant difference between ngal depending on the presence or absence of ams at 5150 m ( figure 3 ) with higher values in those with ams and severe ams . a two - way mixed anova revealed a significant change ( p = 0.003 ) in resting ngal with ascent and an interaction with ams at 4270 m ( p = 0.017 ) and 4910 m ( p = 0.002 for change in ngal , p = 0.027 for interaction with ams ) . \nhscrp was ( mean sem , range ) : 1.6 0.4 ( 0.337.53 ) at baseline ; at 3400 m , 4270 m , and 5150 m post - trek : 7 2.9 ( 0.7847.93 ) ( p = 0.002 versus baseline ) ; 25.7 8.1 ( 0.58104 ) ( p < 0.001 versus baseline ) ; 9 3.2 ( 0.5644.62 ) ( p = 0.003 versus baseline ) . at 3400 m , 4270 m , and 5150 m at rest : 6.2 2.9 ( 1.8725.1 ) ( p = 0.001 versus baseline ) ; 21.6 5.7 ( 0.4983.9 ) ( p < 0.001 versus baseline ) ; and 5.8 2.1 ( 0.5426.59 ) ( p = 0.012 versus baseline ) .\nngal at 5150 m , after trek was moderately correlated with hscrp at 5100 m after exercise ( rho 0.526 , p = 0.036 ) .\nthis is the first report to describe an association between ngal and both the presence and severity of ams at ha .\nthe significant novel findings are that ngal rises in response to sustained hypobaric hypoxia but not acute normobaric hypoxia or near sl exercise and that this rise is related to ams at 5150 m. the rise in ngal following trekking ( by day 2 at 3400 m ) was to the levels normally associated with the subsequent development of arf ( > 150 ng / ml ) , but this did not occur .\nalthough creatinine rose significantly with altitude , the rise was very modest , and we suspect that a combination of factors other than a simple renal insult is responsible for the increase in ngal at ha . \nour data suggest an inverse correlation between spo2 and ngal at 5150 m ( and to a lesser extent at 4270 m ) . although no such correlation was found at 3400 m , this may still suggest that prolonged renal hypoxia could be a significant drive to ngal release .\nin addition to renal hypoxia , we suspect that other factors may also contribute to the rise in ngal at ha . the significantly greater ngal in those with severe or mild ams versus those without at 5150 \nindeed , ngal is an acute - phase protein with a role in inflammation [ 8 , 10 , 11 ] .\nexercise stimulates an immune response , and hypoxia is also known to cause a response in immune and endothelial cells with inflammatory markers such as hscrp increasing with ha [ 1922 ] .\nconsistent with this , we saw a significantly higher hscrp at all altitudes compared to baseline .\nlimited data have suggested hscrp may be associated with ams but we did not demonstrate any evidence to support this .\nthere was a weak correlation between hscrp and ngal at 5150 m but this can not explain the rise in ngal as a whole . \nngal also rises with oxidative stress [ 9 , 12 ] which is increased by exercise , and ha - induced oxidative stress has been implicated in ams . as such , it is interesting to note that we found a higher ngal following trekking and in those with ams at the highest altitude . in an attempt to clarify the relative influence of exercise and hypoxia on ngal , we measured ngal before and after exercise of a similar duration ( 6 hrs ) and similar incremental altitude ( 1085 m ) as that experienced daily in nepal and also in a hypoxic chamber . in neither scenario did ngal rise .\nthis may reflect inadequate duration or severity of stimulus but may also reflect that the ngal response is not due to exercise or hypoxia alone but is multifactorial involving hypoxia , oxidative stress , an inflammatory response , and other , as yet unidentified , stimuli .\nwe also acknowledge limitations such as a lack of serum markers of oxidative stress and a lack of resting ngal data in trek 1 .\nin addition , we did not measure ngal at sl before departure to nepal , although the ngal recorded as a baseline at kat ( 1300 m ) ( 68 ng / ml ) was no different to those recorded at sl in the uk ( 63 and 64 ng / ml ) .\nwe also acknowledge the fact that although we measured creatinine in trek 2 , we did not continue to monitor it after the cessation of trekking . as a consequence of creatinine rising more slowly in response to a renal insult than ngal ,\nin conclusion , there are several interesting and novel findings that are worthy of further exploration .\nngal rises in response to prolonged hypobaric hypoxia ; marked increases in ngal may occur without concomitant arf and the degree of ngal rise at ha is associated with the presence or absence of ams .\nthe fact that ngal does not appear to rise secondary to acute normobaric hypoxia or exercise in isolation suggests that the rise at ha and relation with ams may have common pathways , perhaps related to prolonged hypoxia and an inflammatory response . with the huge and increasing popularity of recreational sports undertaken at both moderate and high altitude\nassessment of ngal takes a matter of minutes using poc testing , and its use in identifying ams requires further evaluation .", "target": " acute mountain sickness ( ams ) is a common clinical challenge at high altitude ( ha ) . a point - of - care biochemical marker for ams could have widespread utility . \n neutrophil gelatinase - associated lipocalin ( ngal ) rises in response to renal injury , inflammation and oxidative stress . \n we investigated whether ngal rises with ha and if this rise was related to ams , hypoxia or exercise . \n ngal was assayed in a cohort ( n = 22 ) undertaking 6 hours exercise at near sea - level ( sl ) ; a cohort ( n = 14 ) during 3 hours of normobaric hypoxia ( fio2 11.6% ) and on two trekking expeditions ( n = 52 ) to over 5000 m. ngal did not change with exercise at sl or following normobaric hypoxia . during the trekking expeditions ngal levels ( ng / ml , mean sd , range ) rose significantly ( p < 0.001 ) from 68 14 ( 60102 ) at 1300 m to 183 107 ( 65519 ) ; 143 66 ( 60315 ) and 150 71 ( 60357 ) at 3400 m , 4270 m and 5150 m respectively . \n at 5150 m there was a significant difference in ngal between those with severe ams ( n = 7 ) , mild ams ( n = 16 ) or no ams ( n = 23 ) : 201 34 versus 171 19 versus 124 12 respectively ( p = 0.009 for severe versus no ams ; p = 0.026 for mild versus no ams ) . in summary , \n ngal rises in response to prolonged hypobaric hypoxia and demonstrates a relationship to the presence and severity of ams . ", "evaluation_predictions": [2, 110, 106, 1688, 110, 107, 9000, 2924, 14540, 143, 346, 116, 110, 158, 4403, 333, 3411, 112, 281, 12840, 143, 8886, 110, 158, 111, 117, 114, 2782, 2827, 1436, 115, 2789, 4285, 110, 107, 106, 3178, 15099, 143, 76245, 28116, 10997, 233, 1589, 54874, 11944, 386, 110, 158, 117, 606, 112, 2423, 124, 8886, 115, 1407, 112, 9000, 20768, 2015, 143, 114, 27003, 110, 158, 111, 112, 133, 114, 868, 115, 7666, 111, 33974, 1743, 110, 107, 106, 145, 17152, 316, 120, 3178, 15099, 192, 815, 134, 8886, 4367, 112, 219, 623, 30138, 111, 120, 109, 13551, 113, 189, 815, 382, 6309, 112, 109, 2210, 113, 346, 116, 110, 107, 1625, 110, 107, 106, 145, 4525, 114, 2211, 18959, 113, 73517, 135, 280, 32248, 112, 8886, 110, 107, 106, 145, 163, 4525, 114, 18959, 1133, 121, 111, 450, 56515, 134, 828, 1917, 476, 110, 108, 111, 114, 701, 18959, 4200, 112, 9000, 11941, 31385, 11026, 83969, 110, 107, 106, 109, 866, 868, 113, 7666, 115, 13568, 3178, 15099, 140, 9068, 141, 109, 5892, 113, 987, 3787, 2895, 233, 20730, 3085, 143, 5124, 46480, 1379, 110, 158, 115, 114, 22325, 113, 2356, 110, 107, 602, 110, 107, 115, 109, 2168, 4370, 30637, 112, 377, 11033, 2653, 115, 109, 6954, 110, 108, 186, 140, 220, 1225, 143, 891, 3092, 11221, 54458, 110, 158, 2423, 115, 3178, 15099, 645, 1855, 110, 107, 115, 109, 2168, 4370, 30637, 112, 377, 11033, 2653, 115, 109, 6954, 110, 108, 186, 140, 220, 1225, 143, 891, 3092, 26652, 522, 110, 158, 2423]}
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{"text": "from may 1 through july 30 , 2007 , a total of 29 cases of locally acquired cyclospora infection were reported in british columbia ( figure 1 ; table 1 ) .\nan initial investigation was conducted around the 6 laboratory - confirmed case - patients reported in the last 2 weeks of may and the first week of june ( phase 1 ) .\nno common exposure was reported , and case reports subsided . during the last week of june , case reports resumed , and phase 2 of the investigation was initiated .\na total of 19 confirmed and 4 probable cases were identified with symptom onsets during june 28july 20 , 2008 .\naverage time from symptom onset to positive laboratory result was 17 days ( range 631 days ) . confirmed and probable cases of cyclosporiasis ( n = 29 ) , by date of onset , british columbia , canada , may august 2007 . *\nlaboratory - confirmed cases were reported to public health by medical diagnostic laboratories and specimens forwarded for confirmation to the public health reference laboratory .\noocysts included shape ( spherical ) , size ( 810 m in diameter ) , oocyst wall ( well - defined ) , internal contents with refractile globules , autofluorescence , and modified acid - fast or safranin staining ( 1 ) . during phase 2 , a total of 17 confirmed case - patients were interviewed with hypothesis - generating questionnaires about items eaten in the 2 weeks before symptom onset .\nthe instrument included questions about restaurant history with meal details ; grocery stores frequented ; and yes / no questions about > 70 fruits and vegetables , 8 herbs , and 16 mixed foods ( e.g. , salsa , pesto ) previously implicated in outbreaks of foodborne disease .\nfrequently reported foods were compared with population controls from canadian ( waterloo , ontario ) and american ( oregon ; us foodborne diseases active surveillance network [ foodnet ] ) published food consumption surveys ( 35 ) .\nalthough such measurements may be limited by the timing of questionnaire administration and the recall period considered , they can be useful comparators during the hypothesis - generating stages of an investigation . by the end of phase 2 , strawberries , cilantro , and sweet basil\ngarlic and red peppers also were commonly eaten by case - patients ; however , population comparisons were unavailable .\neighty - eight percent of case - patients reported having eaten romaine lettuce ; 85% of controls in the waterloo survey ( 4,5 ) had eaten lettuce of any type , and romaine lettuce consumption was much less commonly reported in the foodnet survey ( 3 ) ( table 2 ) .\na formal case control study was considered premature in the early stages of phase 2 because no strong hypothesis emerged from early interviews and comparisons to population controls .\nwe further explored the plausibility of various hypotheses through a combination of methods described below that allowed room for additional hypotheses to emerge or existing hypotheses to strengthen as cases accrued .\n* case - patients were 17 persons with laboratory - confirmed cases interviewed during phase 2 ( june 24july 21 , 2007 ) .\nus foodnet , foodborne diseases active surveillance network ; na , not applicable . detailed questionnaires asked whether foods were eaten in a restaurant or were store - bought and about type of packaging and method of preparation ( because c. cayetanensis is heat - sensitive ) ( 6 ) .\nwe reinterviewed early case - patients using the second questionnaire and interviewed later case - patients using both questionnaires . in phase 1 ,\ngarlic eaten at restaurants by all 4 persons with confirmed infections were traced back to different suppliers ; only 1 case - patient ate raw garlic in a restaurant .\nthree case - patients also reported eating cooked garlic at home ; cooking would have inactivated the pathogen . early and proactive collaboration with cfia involved a general assessment of the country of origin and distribution patterns for frequently eaten foods . according to cfia records ,\nromaine lettuce and red peppers sold during the exposure period were not imported from a known cyclospora - endemic country and were widely distributed in canada and the united states .\ncomm . ) . because interviews , population control comparisons , and product distribution limited suspected foods to strawberries , cilantro , and basil , we began preliminary traceback of all 3 suspected items . environmental health officers and regional cfia staff\ninterviewed grocery store owners , restaurant managers , and distributors to trace produce to its supplier .\nlocal strawberries eaten by case - patients from 3 small markets were traced back to 2 local farms in geographically separate regions of british columbia .\ncilantro eaten by case - patients was traced to 2 suppliers ; both supplied home - grown rather than imported produce .\nof 14 case - patients with confirmed basil exposures , 4 ( 57% ) ate only organic basil supplied by distributor a. additionally , 4 ( 29% ) reported multiple basil exposures , including exposure to organic basil from distributor a ( figure 2 ) . in british columbia , organic basil enjoys a smaller market share than the conventional product .\ntraceback of basil eaten by persons with confirmed cyclosporiasis ( n = 14 ) , british columbia , canada , may \naugust 2007 . in phase 2 , 12 ( 71% ) of 17 case - patients reported shopping at grocery c. records of any grocery store purchases for the households of 8 consenting case - patients were obtained through grocery c s savings card program ; other case - patients were not cardholders .\nall purchase histories were requested for 1 month before symptom onset to account for the typical incubation period plus product shelf life .\nrecords from 3 ( 38% ) case - patients showed purchases of the same organic basil supplied by distributor a. two case - patients had bought organic basil on the same day at the same location .\nof the remaining 5 case - patients who recalled purchasing organic basil but whose consumer card records did not confirm it , 2 had not used their cards for large portions of the incubation period .\nwe collected supplier information for organic basil during a visit to the distribution warehouse and local farm site of distributor a. the remaining 2 ( 14% ) case - patients with basil exposure previously unlinked to distributor a were confirmed through trace - forward from distributor a. the first had eaten organic basil at a smaller market supplied by distributor a under another trade name .\nthe second had eaten conventional basil from a grocery store supplied by distributor a. distributor a confirmed using organic basil to supplement conventional basil shipments when supply was low .\nlate summer outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in british columbia are unusual ; distributor a confirmed that imported product was used throughout the summer in 2007 because of a poor local growing season .\nall case - patients in phase 2 who recalled basil exposure ( 82% ) could have been exposed to organic basil from distributor a. once this common vehicle was identified , cfia conducted a full traceback of organic basil by using formal documentation including invoices , shipment numbers , and airway bills . the suspected imported basil was no longer available for testing .\nusing distributor a invoices , we identified a specific shipment of organic basil imported from 1 of 2 mexican supplier farms , and cfia notified mexican authorities .\nthe mexican farm was located in a region previously linked to cyclosporiasis outbreaks ( r. cardinal , cfia , pers .\ndetailed interviews , modified traceback of several suspected items , and information about product distribution and market share led to organic basil as a primary hypothesis .\nfood regulators could pinpoint a specific shipment and trace it to its origin because consumer cards provided the exact purchase dates for basil that case - patients could not recall .\noverall , the approach used in this investigation increased the work load typically requested of team members during foodborne outbreaks .\nhowever , this combination of investigative methods successfully identified a single vehicle during a community cyclosporiasis outbreak where a common menu was not available .", "target": " investigations of community outbreaks of cyclosporiasis are challenged by case - patients poor recall of exposure resulting from lags in detection and the stealthy nature of food vehicles . \n we combined multiple techniques , including early consultation with food regulators , traceback of suspected items , and grocery store loyalty card records , to identify a single vehicle for a cyclosporiasis outbreak in british columbia , canada , in 2007 . 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{"text": "brucellosis is a zoonotic disease mostly transmitted to humans through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and can lead to a systemic disease with any organ involvement . in this report , we describe a case of brucellosis - induced avascular necrosis of the hip .\nbrucellosis was diagnosed through serological tests , and avascular necrosis of the femoral head was confirmed by pelvic mri .\nthe patient was treated with a combination of antimicrobial treatments and referred to the orthopedic service for total hip arthroplasty .\nbrucellosis may present with unusual manifestations and should be always taken into consideration , particularly in endemic areas .\nbrucellosis is a zoonotic disease mostly transmitted to humans through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products of infected animals ( 1 ) .\nit is a serious public health problem particularly in endemic areas , and is accompanied by .\nthe disease is endemic in iran and has a high prevalence in lorestan province , central iran ( 3 ) .\nbrucellosis is a systemic disease that may involve any organ in the body ( 4 ) .\nosteoarticular involvements including arthritis , spondylitis , osteomyelitis , tendonitis , and bursitis occur frequently and are reported in 3085% of patients with brucellosis ( 5 ) .\nthe involvement of the large peripheral joints is usually manifested as monoarthritis ( 1 ) . although the hip joints involvement may happen in brucellosis , brucellosis - induced avascular necrosis of the hip\n, we describe a case of brucellosis that complicated by avascular necrosis of the femoral head .\nthe patient was a 50-year - old rural farmer and rancher who presented with groin pain for six months before admission .\nhe reported no history of trauma , underlying diseases , and steroids and alcohol use . over the previous six months\n, he had experienced symptoms including .fever , night sweats , weakness , fatigue , anorexia , and weight loss of 10 kg .\nthe patient was visited by a local therapist ; in addition there was a delay in timely referral due to his addiction to opium .\nthe groin pain was his most severe complaint on admission so that he could not bear his weight on the right leg .\nthe physical examinations on admission showed stable vital signs , there was no organomegaly , and the right hip was in flexion and external rotation position so that any active and passive motion increased the pain .\nthe results of laboratory study were as follows : complete blood count ( cbc ) : nl , liver function test ( lft ) : nl , rheamatic factor ( rf ) : neg , antinuclear antibody ( ana ) : neg , blood culture : neg , elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( esr ) , c - reactive protein ( crp ) : positive , and standard agglutination test for brucellosis : positive ( table 1 ) .\npelvic radiography and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) were administered showing avascular necrosis of right femoral head ( fig . 1 , 2 ) .\nthe patient was subsequently treated with standard antibrucellosis regimen : streptomycine 1gr / d i m for three weeks , doxycycline 100mg / bid po , and rifampin 600mg / d po .\n.despite the improvement in the patient s general condition and laboratory evidence showing infection control , the patient was suffered from right groin pain and limitation of motion in the hip joint .\nalthough osteoarticular involvements , especially arthritis in the large peripheral joints , are among the most common manifestations of brucellosis , no joint destruction has been reported in many studies ( 5 ) . despite few reports on the permanent joint complications of brucellosis - induced peripheral joint arthritis , hip joints pyogenic infection has a poor prognosis , particularly if treatment is delayed ( 6 ) .\ndelays in diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis - induced hip arthritis could lead to complications including dislocation and avascular necrosis of the femoral head ( 4 ) .\nalthough aspiration and examination of the joint fluid were not performed due to lack of synovial effusion on admission , considering the positive serological tests for brucellosis and concurrent avascular necrosis of the femoral head on mri , it seems that the delay in diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis in this patient had led to avascular necrosis of the femoral head .\nfinally , the following questions arise : was avascular necrosis caused by increased intra - articular pressure related to the infection or due to direct involvement of the femoral head by the organism ?\nsince brucellosis is a systemic infection with a broad clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic forms to deaths in severe cases , this disease should be taken into considerations when dealing with any patient with various and nonspecific symptoms in endemic areas with extension of the clinical signs of brucellosis .\nmoreover , early diagnosis and long - term treatment and follow - up are of great importance in brucellosis .", "target": " backgroundbrucellosis is a zoonotic disease mostly transmitted to humans through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and can lead to a systemic disease with any organ involvement . in this report , we describe a case of brucellosis - induced avascular necrosis of the hip . \n brucellosis was diagnosed through serological tests , and avascular necrosis of the femoral head was confirmed by pelvic mri . \n the patient was treated with a combination of antimicrobial treatments and referred to the orthopedic service for total hip arthroplasty . \n brucellosis may present with unusual manifestations and should be always taken into consideration , particularly in endemic areas . 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{"text": " As the Nameless officially do not exist, the upper echelons of the Gallian Army exploit the concept of plausible deniability in order to send them on missions that would otherwise make Gallia lose face in the war. While at times this works to their advantage, such as a successful incursion into Imperial territory, other orders cause certain members of the 422nd great distress. One such member, Gusurg, becomes so enraged that he abandons his post and defects into the ranks of Calamity Raven, attached to the ideal of Darcsen independence proposed by their leader, Dahau. At the same time, elements within Gallian Army Command move to erase the Nameless in order to protect their own interests. Hounded by both allies and enemies, and combined with the presence of a traitor within their ranks, the 422nd desperately move to keep themselves alive while at the same time fight to help the Gallian war effort. This continues until the Nameless's commanding officer, Ramsey Crowe, who had been kept under house arrest, is escorted to the capital city of Randgriz in order to present evidence exonerating the weary soldiers and expose the real traitor, the Gallian General that had accused Kurt of Treason.\n"}
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{"text": " === Music ===\n"}
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{"text": " == Legacy ==\n"}
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{"text": " == Construction ==\n"}
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{"text": " -John M Harrel Telegram, January 31, 1861\n"}
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{"text": " The Little Rock Arsenal was classified in 1860 as an \"arsenal of deposit,\" meaning that it was simply a warehouse for the storage of weapons intended for the use of the state militia in times of crisis. Thus there were no substantial operations for ordnance fabrication or repairs, nor for the manufacture of cartridges at the time the Arsenal fell into State hands. Most of these operations were started from scratch through the efforts of the Arkansas Military Board.\n"}
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{"text": " This ammunition, and that which I brought with me, was rapidly prepared for use at the Laboratory established at the Little Rock Arsenal for that purpose. As illustrating as the pitiful scarcity of material in the country, the fact may be stated that it was found necessary to use public documents of the State Library for cartridge paper. Gunsmiths were employed or conscripted, tools purchased or impressed, and the repair of the damaged guns I brought with me and about an equal number found at Little Rock commenced at once. But, after inspecting the work and observing the spirit of the men I decided that a garrison 500 strong could hold out against Fitch and that I would lead the remainder - about 1500 - to Gen 'l Rust as soon as shotguns and rifles could be obtained from Little Rock instead of pikes and lances, with which most of them were armed. Two days elapsed before the change could be effected. \"\n"}
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{"text": " 14,000 buck & ball cartridges - flint\n"}
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{"path": "nst/preprocessed_test/35/u0005002.wav", "person_id": "35", "sentence": "tester en to tre fire fem seks syv otte", "length": 111744}
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{"labels": 4, "text": "Good shoe for office work. They will scuff very easy so be aware."}
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{"labels": 2, "text": "I have had the Patricia II wedge in black for about 1 year & wore them regularly in season. When I saw the Patricia at a good price in navy (from 6pm), I purchased them because I thought they would fit just like my Patricia IIs. I was wrong, and paid the price with return shipping that 6pm doesn't pay.<br /><br />The crocs website says that crocs aren't suppose to fit like other sandals - they are suppose to be looser & thus more comfortable - I normally wear an 8-1/2, so have now tried both an 8 & a 9 in the Patricia shoe (I have an 8 in the Patricia II). The Patricia 9 swims on my feet & they would be a hazard to walk around in. The size 8 fits my left foot (which is my wider foot) but is too narrow on my right foot. When I placed the shoes sole to sole, I did notice a slight difference in the width, which, apparently, my foot notices too. I can only conclude a manufacturing defect. But, it is this shoe specifically or the form for this shoe? (others have written the shoe is narrow).<br /><br />Consequently, if you have a wider foot, order the Patricia II instead of this one & if you are a 1/2 size, order down, not up."}
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{"labels": 2, "text": "Width not right and size too small if width had been just little wider and ordered size larger would have been good. Loved the shoe look"}
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{"labels": 1, "text": "I received these shoes and they weren't the same as the picture described them, they were a different color. When i tried to return them, the shipping wasn't paid for. So i had to pay $20 for shipping. A waste of time and money. I dont recommend anyone to buy from TheSmartBuy."}
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{"labels": 3, "text": "They began to split alone the mesh material after a month but loved the shoe and the feel of it"}
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{"labels": 5, "text": "Excellent shoes , very confortable and litgthweight !"}
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{"labels": 1, "text": "Usually love Ethnies product. In this case the raised arch area of one shoe is too far back and raised to the point of discomfort.<br />The other shoe fits fine.?? Had to wear em before I figured it out so im stuck with em.<br />Also, they do run a bit narrow(or at least one shoe did) ;)"}
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{"labels": 2, "text": "Could not get my foot into the shoe. Was disappointed and returned them."}
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{"labels": 4, "text": "Everything about the boot is great."}
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{"labels": 3, "text": "Nice looking shoe, okay for short-term wear. Much narrower than other size 11's that I have - tight fit!"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0000.wav", "wav_filesize": 491884, "transcript": "from cape horn to the amazon how i got onto the platform i'm unable to say perhaps the canadian transferred me there but i could breathe i could inhale the life giving sea air"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0001.wav", "wav_filesize": 524204, "transcript": "next to me my two companions were getting tipsy on the fresh oxygen particles poor souls who have suffered from long starvation mustn't pounce heedlessly on the first food given them we on the other hand didn't have to practice such moderation"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0002.wav", "wav_filesize": 501164, "transcript": "we could suck the atoms from the air by the lungful and it was the breeze the breeze itself that poured into us this luxurious intoxication ahhh conseil was putting in"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0003.wav", "wav_filesize": 525964, "transcript": "what fine oxygen let master have no fears about breathing there's enough for everyone as for ned land he didn't say a word but his wide open jaws would have scared off a shark"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0004.wav", "wav_filesize": 488844, "transcript": "and what powerful inhalations the canadian drew like a furnace going full blast our strength returned promptly and when i looked around i saw that we were alone on the platform no crewmen"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0005.wav", "wav_filesize": 455084, "transcript": "those strange seamen on the nautilus were content with the oxygen circulating inside not one of them had come up to enjoy the open air the first words i pronounced were words of appreciation"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0006.wav", "wav_filesize": 472204, "transcript": "and gratitude to my two companions ned and conseil had kept me alive during the final hours of our long death throes but no expression of thanks could repay them fully for such devotion"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0007.wav", "wav_filesize": 530924, "transcript": "good lord professor ned land answered me don't mention it what did we do that's so praiseworthy not a thing it was a question of simple arithmetic your life is worth more than ours so we had to save it"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0008.wav", "wav_filesize": 425164, "transcript": "and you my gallant conseil you suffered a great deal not too much to be candid with master i was lacking a few throatfuls of air but i would have gotten by"}
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{"wav_filename": "/data/libriadapt/en-us/clean/respeaker/train/405-130895-0009.wav", "wav_filesize": 442444, "transcript": "it took my breath away in a manner of confounded by this lapse into banality conseil left his sentence hanging my friends i replied very moved"}
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{"id": "7", "tokens": ["The", "August", "deficit", "and", "the", "#", "2.2", "billion", "gap", "registered", "in", "July", "are", "topped", "only", "by", "the", "#", "2.3", "billion", "deficit", "of", "October", "1988", "."], "pos_tags": [11, 20, 19, 9, 11, 1, 10, 10, 19, 37, 14, 20, 38, 37, 27, 14, 11, 1, 10, 10, 19, 14, 20, 10, 6], "chunk_tags": [11, 12, 12, 0, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 21, 13, 11, 21, 22, 3, 13, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 11, 12, 0]}
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{"id": "8", "tokens": ["Sanjay", "Joshi", ",", "European", "economist", "at", "Baring", "Brothers", "&", "Co.", ",", "said", "there", "is", "no", "sign", "that", "Britain", "'s", "manufacturing", "industry", "is", "transforming", "itself", "to", "boost", "exports", "."], "pos_tags": [20, 20, 5, 15, 19, 14, 20, 21, 9, 20, 5, 35, 12, 39, 11, 19, 14, 20, 24, 19, 19, 39, 36, 25, 32, 34, 22, 6], "chunk_tags": [11, 12, 0, 11, 12, 13, 11, 12, 12, 12, 0, 21, 11, 21, 11, 12, 17, 11, 11, 12, 12, 21, 22, 11, 21, 22, 11, 0]}
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{"id": "9", "tokens": ["At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "he", "remains", "fairly", "pessimistic", "about", "the", "outlook", "for", "imports", ",", "given", "continued", "high", "consumer", "and", "capital", "goods", "inflows", "."], "pos_tags": [14, 11, 15, 19, 5, 25, 39, 27, 15, 14, 11, 19, 14, 22, 5, 37, 35, 15, 19, 9, 19, 22, 22, 6], "chunk_tags": [13, 11, 12, 12, 0, 11, 21, 1, 2, 13, 11, 12, 13, 11, 0, 13, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 0]}
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{"text": "Japanese electronics giants in LCD joint venture Hitachi, Toshiba and Matsushita Electric have formed a joint venture to manufacture large liquid-crystal displays for flat-screen televisions, escalating competition for a piece of the digital living room.", "target": 1, "evaluation_predictions": [-2.544921875, -4.7109375, 1.9482421875, 4.578125]}
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{"text": "MP3 Portable Market to Hit \\$52B by 2008 Apple will be getting some stiff competition in the coming year. A slew of manufacturers will soon offer players utilizing small 1 quot; hard drives that help propel the iPod and allow them to compete more favorably in the market.", "target": 1, "evaluation_predictions": [-2.919921875, -4.1328125, 0.9609375, 5.5859375]}
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{"text": "Hakkinen back at Mercedes Finland #39;s two-time Formula One champion Mika Hakkinen ended his three year exile from motor sport on Saturday agreeing to drive for the Mercedes team in the 2005 German Touring Car Championship.", "target": 2, "evaluation_predictions": [-2.943359375, 7.125, -2.435546875, -2.158203125]}
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{"text": "Victory Looms for Karzai as Vote Probe Continues Hamid Karzai was assured of a majority in Afghanistans election to become its first democratically chosen president. With nearly 95 per cent of votes counted, the interim leader already has more than half ", "target": 3, "evaluation_predictions": [7.21875, -2.640625, -1.88671875, -2.248046875]}
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