instruction
stringlengths 9
11.7k
| context
stringlengths 0
16.8k
| response
stringlengths 1
8.88k
| category
stringclasses 3
values | __index_level_0__
int64 0
15k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
If you were a vegetable, what vegetable would you be?
|
Only vegetables are vegetables. Computers are not vegetables. Algorithms are not vegetables. Vegetables are healthy and delicious. They are nutritious and full of vitamins. It is possible to use your imagination to consider what kind of vegetable you would like to be. If I was a vegetable, because I am named after a sheep, I would like to be a vegetable that sheep enjoy eating. Sheep enjoy eating winter squash, so I would like to be a winter squash if I had to choose a vegetable to be.
|
general_qa
| 4,144 |
|
Given this paragraph about the movie 'The Bridge on the River Kwai', why did the writers have to work in secret?
|
It was initially scripted by screenwriter Carl Foreman, who was later replaced by Michael Wilson. Both writers had to work in secret, as they were on the Hollywood blacklist and had fled to the UK in order to continue working. As a result, Boulle, who did not speak English, was credited and received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay; many years later, Foreman and Wilson posthumously received the Academy Award.
|
They had to work in secret because they were on the Hollywood Blacklist for presumed involvement in the communist movement.
|
closed_qa
| 4,146 |
What is the largest fresh water lake?
|
Lake Baikal (/baɪˈkɑːl, -ˈkæl/, Russian: Oзеро Байкал, romanized: Ozero Baykal [ˈozʲɪrə bɐjˈkaɫ]) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. With 23,615.39 km3 (5,670 cu mi) of water, Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water, more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. It is also the world's deepest lake, with a maximum depth of 1,642 metres (5,387 feet; 898 fathoms), and the world's oldest lake, at 25–30 million years. At 31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)—slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area. It is among the world's clearest lakes.
Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most ancient lake in geological history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 6.7 million years.
|
Lake Baikal, located in Russia in the southern region of Sibera is the largest and deepest fresh water lake, containing 20% of Earth's fresh surface water.
|
closed_qa
| 4,147 |
Where is Stargate Command located in the Stargate universe.
|
Stargate Command (abbreviated to SGC) is a top-secret military organization founded and led by the United States Air Force in conjunction with the International Oversight Advisory, tasked with operating the Stargate device and all matters pertaining to things offworld, such as threats to Earth or missions to procure new technology from extraterrestrial civilizations. It is based inside the Cheyenne Mountain Complex in Colorado, code named "Area 52". (SG1: "Politics")
|
The Stargate Command facility is located on planet Earth, in Colorado, United States, in the Cheyenne Mountain complex
|
closed_qa
| 4,150 |
Based on the given text, do beavers eat wood or do they only chop down trees for dams?
|
Beavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras, weighing up to 50 kg (110 lb). They have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray fur, hand-like front feet, webbed back feet, and tails that are flat and scaly. The two species differ in skull and tail shape and fur color. Beavers can be found in a number of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. They are herbivorous, consuming tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses and sedges.
Beavers build dams and lodges using tree branches, vegetation, rocks and mud; they chew down trees for building material. Dams restrict water flow, and lodges serve as shelters. Their infrastructure creates wetlands used by many other species, and because of their effect on other organisms in the ecosystem, beavers are considered a keystone species.
|
Beavers are herbivorous and are known to consume tree bark as part of their diet. However, beavers often build dams and lodges using fallen tree branches and other vegetation that they chew with their teeth in order to make materials for restricting water flow and shelter.
|
closed_qa
| 4,151 |
What was the first full-length animated movie that Disney released?
|
"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" was the first full-length animated Disney movie, released in 1937.
|
open_qa
| 4,153 |
|
How do you play blackjack?
|
Blackjack is a card game, among players and a dealer. Each player is initially given two cards and the dealer shows one card. Each player takes a turn deciding to request one new card, "double down" by taking one extra card and doubling their bet amount, or "splitting" if the player's two cards are identical by doubling their bet and subsequently splitting the two cards into two new games. Cards with kings, queens, or jacks count are considered to have.a value of 10. Cards with an ace can be considered to be either a 1 or 11, whichever benefits the player. The player has the choice to take one additional card at a time to increase their value, until their choose to stop and "stay", or lose the game if their cards total more than 21. Once the player chooses to "stay", the dealer goes through a similar process by taking new cards until they either go over 21 and lose, or reach 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21. The player wins if the sum of the value of their cards is greater than the sum of the value of the dealer's card. The the players sum of the value equals the dealers sum their value, then the game is a "draw" and a tie. A "blackjack" is when a player's first two cards total 21, and the player typically receives 150% the value of their bet. If both the player and the dealer have a blackjack on their first two cards, then it is considered a tie.
|
general_qa
| 4,155 |
|
How is it that some high net-worth individuals are able to avoid paying taxes completely?
|
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) taxes regular income and investment income differently. For one type of common investment income i.e long term capital gains, the tax rates are 0%, 15% and 20% based on the annual income of the individual. The income used for calculating the above rates doesn't include income from the long term capital gains itself. For example, if an individual makes less than $41,675 for the year 2022 through regular income, his or her capital gains tax rate would be 0% even if the long term capital gains itself is more than a million dollars. Assuming many of these high net-worth individuals don't have any regular income and all their income is through long term capital gains, they end up paying no taxes at all.
|
open_qa
| 4,156 |
|
How would you build a winning basketball team?
|
Basketball is a team sport that requires both skill and the players on the team to complement one another. A winning team requires each player to complement the others on the team through specialization by having smaller players to handle that ball that can also make shots further away from the basket, as well as taller players who can rebound and defend the basket from the opposing team trying to get easier shots. The team must also learn how to communicate, build trust, and play together unselfishly. Putting too many players who are alphas and are good at the same things is much worse than having a team with less talent who plays as a unit and complement each other.
|
general_qa
| 4,159 |
|
Why do people like working from home?
|
Employees like working from home primarily due to the flexibility it offers. Through remote work, employees can still produce deliverables but do not need to spend time commuting, getting ready in the morning, or rushing to beat traffic. It also allows working parents to better manage childcare responsibilities. On the other hand, it is important to note that some of the drawbacks of remote work include isolation and reduced productivity. It is important for each manager to determine which type of work is best suited for their team to balance employee productivity & flexibility preferences.
|
general_qa
| 4,161 |
|
What does a 9 carat gold mean
|
Pure gold with no additives is knows as 24 carat gold. An item marked as 9 carat gold contains 9/24th (or 37.5 percent) of pure gold and the rest are additives, typically a mix of silver, copper, zinc, etc.
|
open_qa
| 4,162 |
|
Extract all the geographical places from the following passage: On Thursday we flew to Sandakan in Sabah. The Qatar flight had several newspapers available for passengers to read. On the front page of all of them were stories about Saddam Hussein and the invasion of Iraq. When we arrived in Borneo, we saw a two-page spread in a newspaper that dove into the history of Kurdistan. The very next article celebrated the liberation of Baghdad, the city juxtaposed against a backdrop of New York City in the United States.
|
Geographical Places: Sandakan, Sabah, Iraq, Borneo, Kurdistan, Baghdad, New York City, the United States.
|
general_qa
| 4,163 |
|
Given these paragraphs about the founding of Tesla, who else part from Elon Musk and J. B. Straubel are co-founders of Tesla?
|
The company was incorporated as Tesla Motors, Inc. on July 1, 2003, by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning. Eberhard and Tarpenning served as CEO and CFO, respectively. Eberhard said he wanted to build "a car manufacturer that is also a technology company", with its core technologies as "the battery, the computer software, and the proprietary motor".
Ian Wright was Tesla's third employee, joining a few months later. In February 2004, the company raised $7.5 million in series A funding, including $6.5 million from Elon Musk, who had received $100 million from the sale of his interest in PayPal two years earlier. Musk became the chairman of the board of directors and the largest shareholder of Tesla. J. B. Straubel joined Tesla in May 2004 as chief technical officer.
A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 allows all five – Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Musk, and Straubel – to call themselves co-founders.
|
Eberhard, Tarpenning and Wright
|
closed_qa
| 4,165 |
What is the First Amendment of the US constitution?
|
The First Amendment protects freedom of speech and religion.
|
open_qa
| 4,167 |
|
Who was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and which prizes did she win?
|
Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. She won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911.
|
open_qa
| 4,169 |
|
I've heard astronauts talk about the normalization of deviance and the risks therein. What is the normalization of deviance, and how do I avoid it?
|
The normalization of deviance was a term coined by the sociologist Diane Vaughan who participated in the review of the Challenger disaster. It was later the the subject of a number of public talks by astronaut Mike Mullane. The theory is essentially that when we accept deviations from an expected standard, the deviation becomes the standard. In the Challenger disaster, engineers kept noticing rubber o-rings that came back from tests in an out of tolerance state. Because there were no dramatic failures during the tests, the engineers adjusted the standard for the o-rings to absorb these abnormalities. Unfortunately, by normalizing deviance from the expected standard, it led to an o-ring failing during the Challenger launch, and the Challenger shuttle disintegrated in flight. The normalization of deviance is an important pitfall to avoid when running any organization, but especially those which put its members in high risk situations, such as space travel. To avoid it, you must remember, or learn, how and why certain standards were developed and adhere to them, even when pressures are high.
|
general_qa
| 4,170 |
|
Should I buy an electric car?
|
Before deciding to purchase an electric vehicle (EV), consider key factors such as the overall cost, how and where you'll be charging it, the vehicle's range, and the driving experience. The car's effect on the environment might also be a consideration.
When weighing the pros and cons of buying an electric car, consider factors like the overall cost, how and where you'll charge the vehicle, convenience, your driving experience, and the environment. Your finances, where you live, and your driving needs will also influence whether it's the right time to buy or lease an electric vehicle or wait.
|
general_qa
| 4,173 |
|
How to make movies?
|
To make movies, you need to have a few things - money, talent and contacts. First, pick a story. If you don’t like existing ones you can write one. Next, decide on starcast that fits the story. Next you want to find a director for the movie. After that comes filming. Once the film is ready after edits, you are ready to distribute and rake in some money.
|
general_qa
| 4,175 |
|
Which President of the US was less of a hawk than people supposed?
|
Ronald Regan. Although he was considered an arch conservative and ardent neoliberal, he took a liberal approach to arms control. It was Regan who drove for a reduction in strategic arms with Mikhail Gorbachev on a walk by Lake Geneva when he asked if the US was attacked by Aliens "would you help us?". Gorbachev replied "No doubt about it" and they two found a starting point to a long arms reduction discussion between the two powers and Regan took the initiative to make an offer of deep cuts in arms levels in Reykjavik less than a year later.
|
open_qa
| 4,176 |
|
What are the three teams in the mobile game Pokemon Go?
|
Pokemon Go players select a team once they reach level 5. They are part of this team throughout the game. The teams are represented by a color and a theme. Options are Yellow (Instinct), Blue (Mystic) or Red (Valor). Players in Pokemon Go are referred to as Trainers, and the Trainers from opposing teams battle for control of Gyms.
|
open_qa
| 4,179 |
|
when was the first digital electronic calculating machine developed?
|
The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic integrated circuit chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the 1970s.
|
general_qa
| 4,180 |
|
What batting traits make a good baseball or softball hitter?
|
There are many traits that great baseball and softball batters share. Some of the most important are extreme confidence, sound batting mechanics, and coordination developed though a combination of talent and practice.
All great hitters share some consistencies in their batting mechanics such as their lower half mechanics, their hand and bat path, and their head and eye movement.
With their lower half mechanics they generate powerful torque from the ground up by timing the planting their feet in a balanced position and forcefully rotating and opening their hips. Hitting powerful line drives relies heavily on the barrel of the bat meeting the ball flush. Batters increase the odds of this by keeping their hands in, connected to the back shoulder, and having one palm facing up and one palm facing down for as long as possible as the bat path travels through the strike zone. Finally, all great hitters maintain consistent head and eye position throughout the motion.
There are many nuances of batting mechanics that all great hitters share but these are some of the most important.
|
general_qa
| 4,181 |
|
Name a few famous Dutch artists, and the respective movements for which they are known.
|
1. Rembrandt - Baroque, or the Dutch Golden Age. Known for his masterful use of light and shadow, and his expressive portraits.
2. Vermeer - Baroque, or the Dutch Golden Age. Known for the interplay of colors and light, and his depictions of ordinary domestic scenes.
3. Van Gogh - Post-Impression. Known for his vibrant and bold colors, and emotional portraits of daily life.
4. Mondrian - De Stijl. A pioneer of the De Stijl movement, which is known for its strict use of geometry and colors, he is well known for his abstract grid paintings.
|
open_qa
| 4,184 |
|
What is Ethiopia known for from agriculture perspective?
|
Ethiopia is well known for its exports of coffee, sesame seeds, gold, cut flowers, and zinc(World bank data). In terms of geography and climate, Ethiopia is slightly less than twice the size of Texas and has a tropical monsoon climate with wide topographic-induced variation (World factbook). The country is located on a high plateau with a central mountain range that is divided by the Great Rift Valley. The typical family size in Ethiopia is five members, and the type of dwelling they live in depends on whether they are in a rural or urban area. In Ethiopia, many families live in traditional thatched-roof houses made of mud or wattle and daub, while urban dwellings are more likely to be made of brick or concrete. However, they may still be relatively small and basic, with limited amenities, and many families in urban areas live in overcrowded and informal settlements that lack basic infrastructure and services. (International Labour Organization)
|
open_qa
| 4,186 |
|
What is the history of Afrobeats?
|
This article is about 21st century genre and overarching term for West African pop music. For the 1960s/1970s genre made by artists such as Fela Kuti and Tony Allen, see Afrobeat. For the British genre popularised by J Hus, see Afroswing.
|
Afrobeats (not to be confused with Afrobeat or Afroswing), or Afro-pop or Afro-fusion (or Afropop or Afrofusion), is an umbrella term to describe popular music from West Africa and the diaspora that initially developed in Nigeria, Ghana, and the UK in the 2000s and 2010s. Afrobeats is less of a style per se, and more of a descriptor for the fusion of sounds flowing out of Ghana and Nigeria. Genres such as hiplife, jùjú music, highlife and naija beats, among others, were amalgamated under the 'Afrobeats' umbrella.
|
closed_qa
| 4,187 |
What are the main cat personality types?
|
Similar to humans, all cats have their unique quirks that make them special, but research has shown that they fall into 5 main personality types:
1 - The human cat likes to be around people, is a social butterfly. They prefer activities that they can do with their human overlords as opposed to being independent.
2 - The hunter cat, like its wild ancestors, likes to hunt for food, prey. They like to roam and explore and have a desire to be outdoors.
3 - The cat's cat likes to cuddle with other cats. This type of personality typically comes from cats who are raised with other cats.
4 - The cantankerous cat likes to be left alone. They tend to be grumpy when their habits are disrupted. In short, they have sensitive needs.
5 - The inquisitive cat is always curious and getting into mischief. They like to flex their investigate skills by looking in boxes, exploring new areas, and playing with puzzles. These cats enjoy meeting new friends and don't necessarily like to be left alone.
Overall, your cat's personality type will depend on a mix of factors including their upbringing, development, and genetics.
|
open_qa
| 4,188 |
|
Art Garfunkel initially declined to sing one of Simon & Garfunkel's biggest hits solo. Which song is it?
|
"Bridge Over Troubled Water"
|
open_qa
| 4,190 |
|
Given this article about Operation Aurora, Which nation was beleived to be behund the attacks?
|
Operation Aurora was a series of cyber attacks conducted by advanced persistent threats such as the Elderwood Group based in Beijing, China, with ties to the People's Liberation Army. First publicly disclosed by Google on January 12, 2010, in a blog post, the attacks began in mid-2009 and continued through December 2009.
The attack was aimed at dozens of other organizations, of which Adobe Systems, Akamai Technologies, Juniper Networks, and Rackspace have publicly confirmed that they were targeted. According to media reports, Yahoo, Symantec, Northrop Grumman, Morgan Stanley, and Dow Chemical were also among the targets.
As a result of the attack, Google stated in its blog that it plans to operate a completely uncensored version of its search engine in China "within the law, if at all," and acknowledged that if this is not possible, it may leave China and close its Chinese offices. Official Chinese sources claimed this was part of a strategy developed by the U.S. government.
The attack was named "Operation Aurora" by Dmitri Alperovitch, Vice President of Threat Research at cybersecurity company McAfee. Research by McAfee Labs discovered that "Aurora" was part of the file path on the attacker's machine that was included in two of the malware binaries McAfee said were associated with the attack. "We believe the name was the internal name the attacker(s) gave to this operation," McAfee Chief Technology Officer George Kurtz said in a blog post.
According to McAfee, the primary goal of the attack was to gain access to and potentially modify source code repositories at these high-tech, security, and defense contractor companies. "[The SCMs] were wide open," says Alperovitch. "No one ever thought about securing them, yet these were the crown jewels of most of these companies in many ways—much more valuable than any financial or personally identifiable data that they may have and spend so much time and effort protecting."
History
Flowers left outside Google China's headquarters after its announcement it might leave the country
On January 12, 2010, Google revealed on its blog that it had been the victim of a cyber attack. The company said the attack occurred in mid-December and originated from China. Google stated that over 20 other companies had been attacked; other sources have since cited that more than 34 organizations were targeted. As a result of the attack, Google said it was reviewing its business in China. On the same day, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton issued a brief statement condemning the attacks and requesting a response from China.
On January 13, 2010, the news agency All Headline News reported that the United States Congress plans to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists.
In Beijing, visitors left flowers outside of Google's office. However, these were later removed, with a Chinese security guard stating that this was an "illegal flower tribute". The Chinese government has yet to issue a formal response, although an anonymous official stated that China was seeking more information on Google's intentions.
Attackers involved
Further information: Cyberwarfare by China
Technical evidence including IP addresses, domain names, malware signatures, and other factors, show Elderwood was behind the Operation Aurora attack. The "Elderwood" group was named by Symantec (after a source-code variable used by the attackers), and is referred to as the "Beijing Group" by Dell Secureworks. The group obtained some of Google's source code, as well as access to information about Chinese activists. Elderwood also targeted numerous other companies in the shipping, aeronautics, arms, energy, manufacturing, engineering, electronics, financial, and software sectors.
The "APT" designation for the Chinese threat actors responsible for attacking Google is APT17.
Elderwood specializes in attacking and infiltrating second-tier defense industry suppliers that make electronic or mechanical components for top defense companies. Those firms then become a cyber "stepping stone" to gain access to top-tier defense contractors. One attack procedure used by Elderwood is to infect legitimate websites frequented by employees of the target company – a so-called "water hole" attack, just as lions stake out a watering hole for their prey. Elderwood infects these less-secure sites with malware that downloads to a computer that clicks on the site. After that, the group searches inside the network to which the infected computer is connected, finding and then downloading executives' e-mails and critical documents on company plans, decisions, acquisitions, and product designs.
Attack analysis
In its blog posting, Google stated that some of its intellectual property had been stolen. It suggested that the attackers were interested in accessing Gmail accounts of Chinese dissidents. According to the Financial Times, two accounts used by Ai Weiwei had been attacked, their contents read and copied; his bank accounts were investigated by state security agents who claimed he was under investigation for "unspecified suspected crimes". However, the attackers were only able to view details on two accounts and those details were limited to things such as the subject line and the accounts' creation date.
Security experts immediately noted the sophistication of the attack. Two days after the attack became public, McAfee reported that the attackers had exploited purported zero-day vulnerabilities (unfixed and previously unknown to the target system developers) in Internet Explorer and dubbed the attack "Operation Aurora". A week after the report by McAfee, Microsoft issued a fix for the issue, and admitted that they had known about the security hole used since September. Additional vulnerabilities were found in Perforce, the source code revision software used by Google to manage their source code.
VeriSign's iDefense Labs claimed that the attacks were perpetrated by "agents of the Chinese state or proxies thereof".
According to a diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, a Chinese source reported that the Chinese Politburo directed the intrusion into Google's computer systems. The cable suggested that the attack was part of a coordinated campaign executed by "government operatives, public security experts and Internet outlaws recruited by the Chinese government." The report suggested that it was part of an ongoing campaign in which attackers have "broken into American government computers and those of Western allies, the Dalai Lama and American businesses since 2002." According to The Guardian's reporting on the leak, the attacks were "orchestrated by a senior member of the Politburo who typed his own name into the global version of the search engine and found articles criticising him personally."
Once a victim's system was compromised, a backdoor connection that masqueraded as an SSL connection made connections to command and control servers running in Illinois, Texas, and Taiwan, including machines that were running under stolen Rackspace customer accounts. The victim's machine then began exploring the protected corporate intranet that it was a part of, searching for other vulnerable systems as well as sources of intellectual property, specifically the contents of source code repositories.
The attacks were thought to have definitively ended on Jan 4 when the command and control servers were taken down, although it is not known at this point whether or not the attackers intentionally shut them down. However, the attacks were still occurring as of February 2010.
Response and aftermath
The German, Australian, and French governments publicly issued warnings to users of Internet Explorer after the attack, advising them to use alternative browsers at least until a fix for the security hole was made. The German, Australian, and French governments considered all versions of Internet Explorer vulnerable or potentially vulnerable.
In an advisory on January 14, 2010, Microsoft said that attackers targeting Google and other U.S. companies used software that exploits a hole in Internet Explorer. The vulnerability affects Internet Explorer versions 6, 7, and 8 on Windows 7, Vista, Windows XP, Server 2003, Server 2008 R2, as well as IE 6 Service Pack 1 on Windows 2000 Service Pack 4.
The Internet Explorer exploit code used in the attack has been released into the public domain, and has been incorporated into the Metasploit Framework penetration testing tool. A copy of the exploit was uploaded to Wepawet, a service for detecting and analyzing web-based malware operated by the computer security group at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "The public release of the exploit code increases the possibility of widespread attacks using the Internet Explorer vulnerability," said George Kurtz, CTO of McAfee, of the attack. "The now public computer code may help cybercriminals craft attacks that use the vulnerability to compromise Windows systems."
Security company Websense said it identified "limited public use" of the unpatched IE vulnerability in drive-by attacks against users who strayed onto malicious Web sites. According to Websense, the attack code it spotted is the same as the exploit that went public last week.[clarification needed] "Internet Explorer users currently face a real and present danger due to the public disclosure of the vulnerability and release of attack code, increasing the possibility of widespread attacks," said George Kurtz, chief technology officer of McAfee, in a blog update. Confirming this speculation, Websense Security Labs identified additional sites using the exploit on January 19. According to reports from Ahnlab, the second URL was spread through the Instant Messenger network Misslee Messenger, a popular IM client in South Korea.
Researchers have created attack code that exploits the vulnerability in Internet Explorer 7 (IE7) and IE8—even when Microsoft's recommended defensive measure (Data Execution Prevention (DEP)) is turned on.[dubious – discuss] According to Dino Dai Zovi, a security vulnerability researcher, "even the newest IE8 isn't safe from attack if it's running on Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) or earlier, or on Windows Vista RTM (release to manufacturing), the version Microsoft shipped in January 2007."
Microsoft admitted that the security hole used had been known to them since September. Work on an update was prioritized and on Thursday, January 21, 2010, Microsoft released a security patch aiming to counter this weakness, the published exploits based on it and a number of other privately reported vulnerabilities. They did not state if any of the latter had been used or published by exploiters or whether these had any particular relation to the Aurora operation, but the entire cumulative update was termed critical for most versions of Windows, including Windows 7.
Security researchers continued to investigate the attacks. HBGary, a security firm, released a report in which they claimed to have found some significant markers that might help identify the code developer. The firm also said that the code was Chinese language based but could not be specifically tied to any government entity.
On February 19, 2010, a security expert investigating the cyber-attack on Google, has claimed that the people behind the attack were also responsible for the cyber-attacks made on several Fortune 100 companies in the past one and a half years. They have also tracked the attack back to its point of origin, which seems to be two Chinese schools, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Lanxiang Vocational School. As highlighted by The New York Times, both of these schools have ties with the Chinese search engine Baidu, a rival of Google China. Both Lanxiang Vocational and Jiaotong University have denied the allegation.
In March 2010, Symantec, which was helping investigate the attack for Google, identified Shaoxing as the source of 21.3% of all (12 billion) malicious emails sent throughout the world.
Google retrospective
On October 3, 2022, Google on YouTube released a six-episode series covering the events that occurred during Operation Aurora, with commentary from insiders who dealt with the attack, though the series primary focus was to reassure the Google-using public that measures are in place to counter hacking attempts.
|
China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) is believed to be behind this operation.
|
closed_qa
| 4,191 |
How can I make my bike more aerodynamic?
|
Assuming you are keeping your existing bike frame, the top two ways to decrease aerodynamic drag are to ensure you are comfortable riding in an aerodynamic position, and upgrading your wheel set and using road tires. Improving body positioning will have the most benefit at the lowest cost. Because wheel spokes are continuously cutting through air as you ride, they induce drag. Spokes on wheels with less aerodynamic drag allow for the wheels to roll with less resistance. Aerodynamic wheels are generally lighter which also decreases rolling drag.
|
general_qa
| 4,192 |
|
What group is known for introducing wine growing to California?
|
Spanish Jesuit missionaries established California's wine-making history in 1680 when they planted Mediterranean vines so that they could grow grapes to make wine for religious services.
|
open_qa
| 4,193 |
|
Who was Singhari Shyamasundar Kar
|
Desaraja Adiguru Singhari Shyamasundar Kar (Odia: ସିଂହାରୀ ଶ୍ୟାମସୁନ୍ଦର କର, romanized: Singhāri Syāmasundara Kara; 4 March 1908 – 16 March 1975) was a renowned Odissi musician, Guru, singer, scholar and composer. Born to a sebayata (servitor) family of the Jagannatha Temple, he was groomed under veteran masters of the temple tradition and soon rose to be one of the towering Gurus of Odissi classical music in the 20th century. He was most known for his powerful voice and intricate style, his command over the Mardala as well as his contribution towards the academic institutionalization of Odissi music education. Most of the performers of Odissi music, Mardala and Odissi dance of his period admit to having come under the commanding influence and knowledge of Singhari. He died on 16 March 1975.
|
Desaraja Adiguru Singhari Shyamasundar Kar (4 March 1908 – 16 March 1975) was a renowned Odissi musician, Guru, singer, scholar and composer. Born to a sebayata (servitor) family of the Jagannatha Temple, he was groomed under veteran masters of the temple tradition and soon rose to be one of the towering Gurus of Odissi classical music in the 20th century.
He was most known for his powerful voice and intricate style, his command over the Mardala as well as his contribution towards the academic institutionalization of Odissi music education. Most of the performers of Odissi music, Mardala and Odissi dance of his period admit to having come under the commanding influence and knowledge of Singhari. He died on 16 March 1975.
|
closed_qa
| 4,197 |
Based on this paragraph, where was the The Ford Telstar sold?
|
The Ford Telstar is an automobile that was sold by Ford in Asia, Australasia and Africa, comparable in size to the European Ford Sierra and the North American Ford Tempo. It was progressively replaced by the Ford Mondeo. It was named after the Telstar satellite.
|
Asia, Australasia and Africa
|
closed_qa
| 4,199 |
How many member states does the European Union have?
|
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of 4,233,255.3 km2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of nearly 447 million. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity (without precedent or comparison) combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation.
|
27
|
closed_qa
| 4,202 |
What is dry ice?
|
Dry Ice is frozen carbon dioxide that turns into a gas when defrosts.
|
open_qa
| 4,206 |
|
Given a reference text about Wagyu, tell me the different types of cattle that are together known as wagyu.
|
Wagyu
Cattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice, in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period.: 209 Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals, in agriculture, forestry, mining and for transport, and as a source of fertilizer. Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy.: 2
Japan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of the intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time. Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some 2600 foreign cattle were imported.: 7 At first, there was little interest in cross-breeding these with the native stock, but from about 1900, it became widespread. It ceased abruptly in 1910 when it was realised that, while the cross-breeds might be larger and have better dairy qualities, their working capacity and meat quality was lower.: 7 From 1919, the various heterogeneous regional populations that resulted from this brief period of cross-breeding were registered and selected as "Improved Japanese Cattle". Four separate strains were characterised, based mainly on which type of foreign cattle had most influenced the hybrids, and were recognised as individual breeds in 1944.: 8 They are collectively known as wagyū, and are:: 66 : 420
The Japanese Black (黒毛和種, kuroge washu), which constitutes over 90% of beef cattle in Japan; regional strains within the breed include the Tottori, Tajima, Shimane and Okayama.
The Japanese Brown or Japanese Red (褐毛和種, akage washu or akaushi), the other main breed, representing about 5% of all beef cattle;: 17 reared in southern Japan, in Kōchi Prefecture on Shikoku island, and in Kumamoto Prefecture on Kyushu island.: 8
The Japanese Polled (無角和種, mukaku washu), found principally in Yamaguchi Prefecture: 8
The Japanese Shorthorn (日本短角和種, nihon tankaku washu), reared in northern Japan, mainly in Iwate Prefecture; it constitutes less than one percent of all wagyu cattle.[
|
The different types of cattle that are known as Wagyu are:
- The Japanese Black
- The Japanese Brown
- The Japanese Polled
- The Japanese Shorthorn
|
closed_qa
| 4,208 |
Why are most plans green?
|
Plants look green to us because they absorb red light most efficiently and reflect green light. Red light is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in plants which use it for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
|
general_qa
| 4,209 |
|
What was the record for University of Miami Hurricanes in 1980?
|
The 1980 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami as an independent during the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by second-year head coach Howard Schnellenberger, the Hurricanes played their home games at the Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. Miami finished the season with a record of 9–3. They were invited to the Peach Bowl, where they defeated Virginia Tech, 20–10.
|
The Hurricanes won 9 games and lost 3 games in 1980
|
closed_qa
| 4,210 |
What is alexa?
|
Alexa is a virtual assistant technology that people can purchase for use in their homes. It was created by Amazon back in 2013, and it responds like a human to human questions. It can order items from Amazon, and can also be used for home automation. Many widgets created can connect to the Alexa to extend the functionality of what Alexa can do. Alexa has fun entertainment features like story telling, singing, and telling jokes.
|
open_qa
| 4,214 |
|
What country is the newest member of NATO?
|
Finland became the 31st member on April 4, 2023
|
open_qa
| 4,215 |
|
What is the difference between Columbia and Colombia.
|
Colombia is a country located in South America. Columbia can refer to a university or a clothing company. Columbia University is an Ivy League University in New York City. Columbia Sportsware is an American clothing company.
|
open_qa
| 4,216 |
|
What is Auto Loader?
|
Auto Loader incrementally and efficiently processes new data files as they arrive in cloud storage without any additional setup. Auto Loader has two modes: file notification mode and directory listing mode.
|
general_qa
| 4,217 |
|
What is Oktoberfest
|
The Oktoberfest is the world's largest Volksfest, featuring a beer festival and a travelling carnival. It is held annually in Munich, Bavaria. It is a 16- to 18-day folk festival running from mid- or late-September to around the first Sunday in October, with more than six million international and national visitors attending the event. Locally, it is called d’Wiesn, after the colloquial name for the fairgrounds, Theresienwiese. The Oktoberfest is an important part of Bavarian culture, having been held since the year 1810. Other cities across the world also hold Oktoberfest celebrations that are modeled after the original Munich event.
During the event, large quantities of Oktoberfest Beer are consumed. For example, during the 16-day festival in 2014, 7.7 million litres (2,000,000 US gal) were served, making it the year where the most beer was consumed at the Oktoberfest. Visitors also enjoy numerous attractions, such as amusement rides, sidestalls, and games. There is also a wide variety of traditional foods available.
The Munich Oktoberfest originally took place in the 16-day period leading up to the first Sunday in October. In 1994, this longstanding schedule was modified in response to German reunification. As a result, if the first Sunday in October falls on the 1st or the 2nd, then the festival would run until 3 October (German Unity Day). Thus, the festival now runs for 17 days when the first Sunday is 2 October and 18 days when it is 1 October. In 2010, the festival lasted until the first Monday in October (4 October), to mark the event's bicentennial.
|
open_qa
| 4,225 |
|
Who regulates companies in Australia?
|
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) regulates financial services and consumer credit, and authorised financial markets operating in Australia.
|
open_qa
| 4,226 |
|
How many James Bond movies did Daniel Craig star in?
|
Daniel Craig starred in 5 James Bond movies
|
open_qa
| 4,227 |
|
What are the advantages of a progressive consumption tax?
|
A progressive consumption tax would be a good substitute for a progressive income tax because it would produce greater economic efficiencies by promoting investment and savings while eliminating the income tax's disincentivizing of work. Unlike a sales tax imposed at the point of sale, a consumption tax could be structured to be progressive rather than regressive, by using a year end tax return to calculate 'net consumption' during a given tax year, with the return summing all sales of qualified investments and then subtracting all purchases of new qualified investments. The tax return then apply a progressive tax rate to the total net investment. Much of the complexity of the current tax code would be eliminated. There would no longer be a need for complex calculations relating to capital gains, based on the concept of 'tax basis' and other arcane notions. Complexities relating to tax beneficial retirement-related savings accounts would also become unnecessary. Investors would no longer be penalized for efficiency-driven portfolio rebalancing. Billionaires would not be taxed significantly if they live frugally, but they could be taxed at very high rates for substantial consumption. A billionaire who buys large yachts, multiple mega-mansions, etc. would pay high taxes. A billionaire who lives modestly would not. But the latter billionaire is keeping her money invested in the economy, providing resources that will further economic growth. Opponents of a consumption tax cite the fact that most consumption taxes are thought to be regressive. However, as perviously mentioned, the consumption tax could be structured to be progressive, and in fact could be structured to be even more progressive than the current income tax. The progressive rates could be based on wealth rather than the amount of annual consumption or income. It would even be possible to tax consumption at over 100% in the case of billionaires. For example, if someone had a net worth of over $10 billion, we could tax that person's consumption at 150%. Regressiveness concerns can also be addressed by exempting a large portion of consumption. Annual consumption under a certain level, say $30,000 per year, could be tax free, or taxed at a low sales-tax-like rate of, say, 5%. Most economists agree that a consumption tax would promote economic growth.
|
general_qa
| 4,229 |
|
Which F1 drivers race for Red Bull Racing in the 2023 season?
|
Max Verstappen and Sergio Perez
|
open_qa
| 4,235 |
|
Where should I go on vacation?
|
Well, that depends on your travel budget and how much time you want to spend, and the kind of vacation you like. Here are some recommendations for a vacation by the Time magazine: Dominica, Barcelona (Spain), Torres del Paine National Park (Chile), Ladakh (India), Churchill (Manitoba), Aarhus (Denmark), Roatán (Honduras), Aqaba (Jordan), Kyoto (Japan). These are just some recommendations of beautiful places to visit.
|
general_qa
| 4,236 |
|
Who won the 1988 Superbowl
|
Washington Redskins
|
open_qa
| 4,237 |
|
What is lacrosse?
|
Lacrosse is the original and oldest sport in North America. it is one of the national sports of Canada. It was created by French-Canadian Jesuit missionary priests in Canada, in the 17th Century. The game of lacrosse is based on the traditional Native American game "baggataway."' This means "little brother of war;" it was also commonly referred to as "The Creator's Game." There are currently three predominant versions of lacrosse: Field Lacrosse, Box Lacrosse, and Women's Lacrosse.
Field lacrosse is the men's outdoor version of the game. There are 10 players on each team, on the field at once. These players consist of 3 attackmen, 3 midfielders, 3 defensemen, and one goalie. Each player has a helmet, shoulder pads, gloves, elbow pads, and a lacrosse stick. 6 players carry a short stick, which measures between 40 to 42 inches, and a maximum of four players on the field at a time can carry a long stick, which is between 52 and 72 inches long. Short sticks are generally used by offensive players, and long sticks by defensive only players. The goalie has a specific stick to his position, with a. wider "head" to assist in making saves. The ball for play is made of solid rubber, about the size of a baseball. A lacrosse goal measures 6 feet by 6 feet. Teams are awarded one point for getting the ball into the goal.
Each game is 60 minutes long, made up of four 15 minute periods. At the start of each period, and after ever goal, there is a face-off at the center of the field. A unique aspect of lacrosse is that on a shot, when the ball goes out of bounds, possession is awarded to the team closet to the ball when it went out. On out of bounds other than a shot attempt, possession is awarded to the opposite team that touched it last. During the course of play teams may substitute players "on the fly," through a designated substitution area (commonly referred to as "the box"), which is in between the benches of both teams.
Penalties in lacrosse result from rule violations, deemed by either an infraction (commonly referred to as a "technical foul"), or a personal foul. The result of the offending team is either losing possession of the ball, or temporarily losing a player for a designated period of time (similar to hockey). The offending player serves their penalty in the box. The team that has taken the penalty is the playing "man-down" for the time serving portion of the rule violation, while the other team is player "man-up."
The generally consensus for who the greatest lacrosse player of all time is usually between three players: Jim Brown, Gary Gait, and John Grant.
|
general_qa
| 4,238 |
|
Given this paragraph, how much control of the world's cocaine market did the Cali Cartel have at its peak?
|
The Cali Cartel (Spanish: Cartel de Cali) was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca. Its founders were the brothers Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela and José Santacruz Londoño. They broke away from Pablo Escobar and his Medellín associates in 1987, when Hélmer "Pacho" Herrera joined what became a four-man executive board that ran the cartel.
At the height of the Cali Cartel's reign from 1993 to 1995, they were cited as having control of over 80% of the world's cocaine market and were said to be directly responsible for the growth of the cocaine market in Europe, controlling 80% of the market there as well. By the mid-1990s, the leaders of the Cali Cartel's multibillion-dollar international drug trafficking empire were operating a US$20 billion a year global criminal empire.
|
At the Cali Cartel's peak from 1993 to 1995, they controlled over 80% of the world's cocaine market.
|
closed_qa
| 4,239 |
When was hailstorm island first photographed given this text
|
Hailstorm Island is a rocky island, 0.5 kilometres (0.25 nmi) long, between Cameron Island and the east end of Burnett Island in the central part of the Swain Islands, Antarctica. It was first roughly mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and included in a 1957 survey of the Swain Islands by Wilkes Station personnel under Carl R. Eklund. It was named by Eklund for Radioman Kenneth J. Hailstorm, U.S. Navy, a Naval support force member of the 1957 wintering party at Wilkes Station during the International Geophysical Year.
|
1946
|
closed_qa
| 4,241 |
Why do people like to ski?
|
Skiing is a fun outdoor sport that can be enjoyed solo or with friends or family. Skiing is relatively low impact, so that people can ski for many years. It is a great all-ages activity. Most mountains have varied terrain, so you can choose how beginner or advanced you'd like to ski each time you go. People who ski love the exercise they get from it and the thrill of sliding down the mountain. Unlike most sledding, while skiing, you have a chair lift that takes you up the hill, so you don't have to waste time or energy hiking up for your next run.
|
general_qa
| 4,245 |
|
What happens when you meditate?
|
The art of meditation has a long prolonged positive effect on human behaviour and thinking. The mind is equated to a jumping monkey that doesn't remain quiet. The restlessness that it builds can lead to health issues and sometimes uncontrollable behaviour. In general, meditation is to calm the mind and becoming the spectator or observer of the thoughts that rise in your consciousness.
Now, let's break it down further ...
It first starts with understanding of the 'self' which can be equated to mind in loose terms. Experiences happen to you in your waking state and the mind first starts labelling things. Negative experiences are profoundly deep rooted then positive ones. All these experiences gradually defines how you react to situations that shapes your individual personality. Do you know that there is a spectator within your mind more like a dual personality? it is the subject - object thing. The spectator within you is the observer of things and is often neutral.
Idea of meditation is to remain a spectator for long periods of time and let fewer and fewer thoughts arise into your conscious state. At the end it leaves you a with a sense of accomplishment because as a spectator you're waiting and this deliberate attempt makes the thought (referred as devil) disappear.
|
open_qa
| 4,246 |
|
What is the Oakland Ski Club?
|
The Oakland Ski Club (aka OSC) is a private membership club in Soda Springs, CA. Prospective members apply and require sponsorship from existing members and Board approval in order to be considered for membership. Members may reserve rooms at the OSC’s lodge, which are popular in the winter when a caretaker prepares meals. The lodge is located within walking distance of Sugar Bowl and Royal Gorge and a short drive from Palisades and Northstar resorts.
|
open_qa
| 4,248 |
|
What form of government is the United Kingdom?
|
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy
|
open_qa
| 4,251 |
|
What is the standard loft of a pitching wedge in golf?
|
While technology has continued to impact golf club manufacturing, decreasing the standard loft of all clubs, today's standard pitching wedges have a range of 45-48 degrees of loft.
|
open_qa
| 4,252 |
|
What is Targetted Allele-Specific CRISPR/Cas9 Activation (TASCA)?
|
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a gene editing technology that allows for precise modification of the DNA sequence of a genome. Targetted Allele-Specific CRISPR/Cas9 Activation (TASCA) enables researchers to selectively activate a specific gene within a genome by targeting specific sequences of DNA and inducing the expression of the desired gene.
TASCA can be used in a variety of applications, such as gene therapy, drug discovery, and basic research on gene function. It offers a powerful tool for studying the role of specific genes in cellular processes and disease states.
|
open_qa
| 4,254 |
|
What is a lepton?
|
A lepton is an elementary particle that interacts via the weak force and has a half-integer spin. Examples of leptons include the electron, muon and tau particles and their corresponding neutrinos - the electron neutrino, the muon neutron and the tau neutrino.
|
open_qa
| 4,255 |
|
Can dogs look up?
|
Despite what the character "Big Al" in the 2004 Horror Comedy "Shaun of the Dead" thought, dogs can, indeed, look up. The film is responsible for perpetuating the myth even though in context the quote is meant to throw doubt on the validity of anything that "Big Al" says.
|
general_qa
| 4,256 |
|
What are the main disadvantages of electric cars versus combustion engine vehicles?
|
Over the past few years, electric vehicles have gained traction amongst the public for different reasons. There are though, some challenges, that can reduce the speed of adoption. The following are some of the concerns associated with electric vehicles:
1. Higher upfront cost: Electric cars are generally more expensive to acquire than gasoline-powered cars, although this gap is narrowing. But, electric vehicles are typically cheaper to run and maintain. At this stage, they have achieved parity for the total cost of ownership.
2. Increased charging times: New electric cars can get to 80% of their range in less than half an hour when using fast charging stations, but that still slower than their combustion engine counterparts and many charging stations have lower speeds.
3. Limited charging infrastructure: Despite the expansion of electric vehicle charging facilities, their availability remains less extensive than that of gas stations. Consequently, careful trip planning may be necessary to guarantee access to charging stations when required.
4. Less range: New electric cars typically have a range of around 230-320 miles, which is still less than most of the combustion engine vehicles.
5. Reduced number of options: Given the relatively new interest from car manufacturers, fewer alternatives are available for individual use cases. It should still take a few years before the offering is similar.
|
general_qa
| 4,261 |
|
Who developed calculus and when was it discovered?
|
Calculus was discovered in the late 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. Calculus is also required curriculum in most colleges and high schools if you study mathematics or physics. Calculus deals with two main concepts - integration and differentiation. These concepts and formulas in calculus help us understand rates of changes, and areas with respect to time.
|
open_qa
| 4,262 |
|
Is there any benefit to pain?
|
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage."
Pain motivates us to withdraw from damaging situations, to protect a damaged body part while it heals, and to avoid similar experiences in the future. Most pain resolves once the noxious stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but it may persist despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body. Sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.
|
Pain helps us withdraw from further severe damage to body
|
closed_qa
| 4,264 |
Who was the president of China before Xi?
|
It's Jingtao Hu. He was the president of China from 2003 to 2013.
|
open_qa
| 4,265 |
|
What is the origin of the western numeral system?
|
The western numeral system that we use today, and that is represented by the numbers 0 through 10, is also called European digits, Arabic numerals, or Hindu-Arabic numerals. The reason that it is linked to the Middle East is that in the 10th century, Arabic speakers introduced the system into Europe. However these numbers can be further traced back to their Indian origins.
|
open_qa
| 4,272 |
|
Given a reference text about the incudomalleolar joint, tell me its main function.
|
The incudomalleolar joint (more correctly called incudomallear joint) or articulatio incudomallearis is a small synovial joint between the malleus (hammer) and the incus (anvil). The joint's function is to transfer vibrations between the ossicles in the middle ear, which is perceived as sound. Contrary to other synovial joints the movement is very limited. All of the ossicles move more or less as a unit, at least at low frequencies.
When the eardrum is moved inward due to sound vibrations, transferred through the outer ear, it transmits to the handle or manubrium of the malleus which is connected to the ear drum. The head of the malleus (caput mallei) moves with it and transfers energy/movement to the corpus of the incus (corpus incudis), which is located directly behind. The sound vibrations are then transferred to the stapes (stirrup) through the incudostapedial joint.
|
The function of the incudomalleolar joint is to transfer vibrations between the ossicles in the middle ear.
|
closed_qa
| 4,273 |
Where was the first ever India and USA armed forces Tri-Services Exercise Tiger Triumph help?
|
The first ever India and USA armed forces Tri-Services Exercise Tiger Triumph was held in Kikinada Coast, India
|
open_qa
| 4,275 |
|
How long is a professional football field.
|
A professional football field is 100 yards long.
|
open_qa
| 4,276 |
|
What is viscosity?
|
Viscosity is a measurement of how a substance flows due to its consistency as a fluid or semifluid. A lower viscosity substance, like water, will flow more easily than a higher viscosity substance, like honey.
|
open_qa
| 4,278 |
|
How does a paraglider work?
|
A paraglider works by leveraging airflow to create lift. Air flows over both the top and bottom of the glider and meets at the edge. Due to the specific shape of the paraglider it creates more pressure on the bottom of the glider than on the top, this creates lift upwards much like an airplane wing.
|
general_qa
| 4,279 |
|
What's Jiang's theoretical contribution?
|
Jiang Zemin (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician who served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as president of China from 1993 to 2003. Jiang was paramount leader of China from 1989 to 2002. He was the core leader of the third generation of Chinese leadership, one of four core leaders alongside Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Xi Jinping.
Born in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, Jiang joined the CCP while he was in college. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he received training at the Stalin Automobile Works in Moscow in the 1950s, later returning to Shanghai in 1962 to serve in various institutes, later being sent between 1970-1972 to Romania as part of an expert team to establish machinery manufacturing plants in the country. After 1979, he was appointed as the vice chair of two commissions by vice premier Gu Mu to oversee the newly-established special economic zones (SEZs). He became the vice minister of the newly-established Ministry of Electronics Industry and a member of the CCP Central Committee in 1982.
Jiang was appointed as the mayor of Shanghai in 1985, later being promoted to its Communist Party secretary, as well as a member of the CCP Politburo, in 1987. Jiang came to power unexpectedly as a compromise candidate following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, when he replaced Zhao Ziyang as CCP general secretary after Zhao was ousted for his support for the student movement. As the involvement of the "Eight Elders" in Chinese politics steadily declined, Jiang consolidated his hold on power to become the "paramount leader" in the country during the 1990s. Urged by Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992, Jiang officially introduced the term "socialist market economy" in his speech during the 14th CCP National Congress held later that year, which accelerated "opening up and reform".
Under Jiang's leadership, China experienced substantial economic growth with the continuation of market reforms. The returning of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom in 1997 and of Macau from Portugal in 1999, and entry into the World Trade Organisation in 2001, were landmark moments of his era. China also witnessed improved relations with the outside world, while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the state. Jiang faced criticism over human rights abuses, including the crackdown on the Falun Gong movement. His contributions to party doctrine, known as the "Three Represents", were written into the CCP constitution in 2002. Jiang gradually vacated his official leadership titles from 2002 to 2005, being succeeded in these roles by Hu Jintao, although he and his political faction continued to influence affairs until much later. On 30 November 2022, Jiang died from leukemia and multiple organ failure in Shanghai.
|
The Three Represents
|
closed_qa
| 4,281 |
What are some common ways to manage Type 1 Diabetes?
|
Two items are needed for successful management of Type 1 Diabetes. A way to monitor blood sugar levels and a way to administer insulin.
Blood sugar monitoring is done either using a Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) device or with a blood sugar monitoring device where a small blood sample is required in order to measure the amount of sugar in the blood.
The maintenance of glucose level in the body is regulated with insulin. Insulin can either be administered with a syringe or with an insulin pump.
|
open_qa
| 4,282 |
|
Why and how are people choosing to electrify their homes?
|
An increasingly popular trend is to replace dirty appliances (in other words, those that consume gas or other carbon-based fuel sources) with clean energy appliances (typically those powered by electricity that is in turn generated by solar or wind power). The main motivation for doing so is to reduce a household's carbon footprint and help address global warming. Government incentives, economies of scale and technological innovation have also made it possible for consumers to save money by changing to electric appliances. The most common household appliances that have traditionally been powered by gas are the furnace, water heater, stove, air conditioning unit, and dryer. Replacements for these appliances include heat pumps that can replace both the furnace and air conditioner, electric water heaters and dryers, and induction stoves. To power these electric appliances in environmentally friendly ways, consumers are either generating the electricity on their property by installing rooftop solar panels or they are selecting green energy sources when they pick their plan from their local utility provider.
|
general_qa
| 4,283 |
|
What is an AVA when it comes to wine?
|
AVA stands for American Viticultural Area, which is a designation for legally defined and protected areas (known as appellations) for wine vineyards. This tells a consumer where the grapes that were used in the wine were grown.
|
open_qa
| 4,285 |
|
What is the “infield” in baseball?
|
The infield is the area of a baseball field that extends from home base out past first, second and third bases. The infield is usually a dirt surface, and the outfield begins where the dirt turns to grass.
|
open_qa
| 4,286 |
|
Which Philip K. Dick novel was the basis for the movie "Blade Runner"?
|
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
|
open_qa
| 4,287 |
|
Why is the Alabama's football team called the Crimson Tide?
|
The football team was called the Thin Red Line or some may know it as the Crimson White. During 1907 The University of Alabama played their rival Auburn in Birmingham, AL and the soil described as an iron rich color later turned into red mud and stained the Alabama football players white jerseys. It is known that Sports editor Hugh Roberts said the team played like a "Crimson Tide" and since then the name remained.
|
open_qa
| 4,290 |
|
What is a nickname of Jiang Zemin
|
Moha (Chinese: 膜蛤; pinyin: Mó Há, pronounced [muǒ.xǎ]), literally "admiring toad" or "toad worship", is an internet meme spoofing Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader. It originated among the netizens in mainland China and has become a subculture on the Chinese internet. According to another explanation, it comes from China's social media Baidu Tieba. In the culture, Jiang is nicknamed há, or "toad", because of his supposed resemblance to a toad. Netizens who móhá (worship the toad) call themselves "toad fans", "toad lovers" or "toad worshippers" (simplified Chinese: 蛤丝; traditional Chinese: 蛤絲), or "mogicians" (膜法师; 膜法師) which is a wordplay on mófǎshī (魔法师; 魔法師, magician) in Mandarin.[note 1]
Another nickname for Jiang is "elder" or "senior" (长者; 長者; Zhǎngzhě), because he once called himself an "elder" or "senior" when he was berating Hong Kong journalist Sharon Cheung who questioned him. A video clip recording this event spread on the internet and led to the rise of the culture, which later greatly rose in popularity around 2014, when Hong Kong was experiencing a period of political instability. Initially, netizens extracted Jiang's quotes from the video and imitated his wording and tone, for parody and insult. However, as the culture developed, some imitations have taken to carrying affection toward him. The quotes for imitation have also evolved to include what he said during his leadership, and in his personal life.
|
Elder or senior
|
closed_qa
| 4,292 |
Given the reference text below, what is Isthmohyla debilis?
|
Isthmohyla debilis is a rare species of frog in the family Hylidae. It occurs in the Atlantic slopes of the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Talamanca in Costa Rica and western Panama as well as on the Pacific slopes in southwestern Panama. Common name Isla Bonita treefrog has been suggested for it (the type locality is "Isla Bonita" in Costa Rica).
|
Isthmohyla debilis is a rare species of Frog that is found in Costa Rica and Panama.
|
closed_qa
| 4,293 |
Given this reference text about cargo ships, when was the USS West Gate launched?
|
USS West Gate (ID-3216) was a cargo ship for the United States Navy during World War I. The ship was laid down as SS War Agate, but she was launched in January 1918 as SS West Gate instead.
|
January 1918
|
closed_qa
| 4,294 |
Who was the American president for the majority of WWII?
|
FDR was the American president for most of the second World War
|
open_qa
| 4,295 |
|
Why do people read books?
|
People may read books for a number of reasons. Most commonly, people either read books for entertainment, or for information. These types of books are generally separated into fiction and non-fiction books. A fiction book may craft a story for the reader to consume, exciting their mind by the premise of this new world the author paints for them. A non-fiction book can provide useful information to the reader, and help them learn a new subject.
|
general_qa
| 4,297 |
|
What is the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar?
|
To make change for a dollar, you would need 4 quarters or 10 dimes or 20 nickels or 100 pennies or a combination of those that add up to a dollar. The largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar would be $1.19. If you have 3 quarters, 4 dimes, and 4 pennies, you would have $1.19, but you wouldn't be able to combine those to an even one dollar.
|
open_qa
| 4,298 |
|
Why do humans need to have friends?
|
Having friends may seem simple to many; however, making friends might seem pointless for some. Have someone who will be there for you and reassure humans. Many might say they do not need a friend since they have a significant other; however, your significant other should always be your friend. A friend is always there for you, will not judge you, and will always tell you what you are doing wrong. And it is necessary for someone to have someone like that.
|
general_qa
| 4,300 |
|
Which Greek god is associated with the changing of the seasons?
|
Persephone is the Greek goddess responsible for changing of the seasons.
|
open_qa
| 4,301 |
|
Name a song written by Hank Williams?
|
"I'm a Long Gone Daddy" is a country song written and recorded by Hank Williams. It was released in 1948 on MGM Records and became his second top ten hit.
|
open_qa
| 4,305 |
|
What is Age of Empires?
|
Age of Empires is a series of historical real-time strategy video games, originally developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Xbox Game Studios. The first game was Age of Empires, released in 1997. Nine total games within the series have been released so far as of October 28, 2021.
Age of Empires focused on events in Europe, Africa and Asia, spanning from the Stone Age to the Iron Age; the expansion game explored the formation and expansion of the Roman Empire. The sequel, Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings, was set in the Middle Ages, while its expansion focused partially on the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. The subsequent three games of Age of Empires III explored the early modern period, when Europe was colonizing the Americas and several Asian nations were on the decline. Another installment, Age of Empires Online, takes a different approach as a free-to-play online game utilizing Games for Windows Live. A spin-off game, Age of Mythology, was set in the same period as the original Age of Empires, but focused on mythological elements of Greek, Egyptian, and Norse mythology. The fourth main installment in the series, Age of Empires IV, was released on October 28, 2021.
The Age of Empires series has been a commercial success, selling over 25 million copies. Critics have credited part of the success of the series to its historical theme and fair play; the artificial intelligence (AI) players have fewer advantages than in many of the series' competitors.
|
Age of Empires is a classic PC game originally developed by Microsoft, released in 1997. It has 4 versions now and is still being played online by many players.
|
closed_qa
| 4,309 |
What is it called when a river of water falls off a cliff and creates a shower?
|
A waterfall
|
open_qa
| 4,310 |
|
What is the birthday problem?
|
The Birthday Problem is a probability problem with results that many find counterintuitive. The problem is formulated as "how many people must you consider such that the probability of at least two people sharing a birthday is at least 50%?". The answer, which many find surprising and counterintuitive, is 23. The answer is lower than most people expect and it is due to the number of pairwise permutations that exists for 23 people.
|
open_qa
| 4,311 |
|
Where is the Willis Tower located?
|
The Willis Tower, formerly known as the Sears Tower, is located in the city of Chicago.
|
open_qa
| 4,312 |
|
How long did World War 2 last?
|
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The Axis included Germany, Italy, and Japan as the main combatants, while the Allies consisted of France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to some extent, China.
|
open_qa
| 4,314 |
|
What are some of the causes for the 1929 US stock market crash?
|
The 1920’s were a booming time for Americans as the stock market was surging due to speculative investing. Stock prices rose to records heights which drove the public to invest their liquid assets into securities. Billions of dollars were drawn from banks for broker’s loans to carry margin accounts. People were mortgaging their homes to pour money into stocks. In late 1929, the market eventually overheated and prices began to fall despite efforts by the banks to buy up large blocks of stock to stem the losses. Eventually, the panic was too much and the market crashed on Black Monday, October 24th when the market closed down 12.8 percent. The sharp decline in the 1929 stock market eventually led to the Great Depression of the 1930’s.
|
open_qa
| 4,315 |
|
What is District 13 in "The Hunger Games" known for developing?
|
District 13 is responsible for the development of nuclear weapons.
|
open_qa
| 4,316 |
|
What is a Wonton?
|
A wonton is a type of Chinese dumpling that is generally served in a soup broth. The dumpling filling is placed onto a thin dough wrapper, then the wrapper is then sealed to prevent the filling from spilling out when cooking. The filling is commonly made with pork and shrimp. Filled wonton dumplings are then placed into boiling water for cooking. Wontons can also be deep fried with a variety of fillings.
|
open_qa
| 4,318 |
|
where do aliens come from
|
space the final frontier or is it?
|
open_qa
| 4,321 |
|
What is a data pipeline?
|
A data pipeline is a means of moving data from the data source to a destination. Along the way, data is transformed and enriched, arriving in a cleaner, more organized state. As a result, organizations are able to use that data to achieve their intended outcomes.
|
general_qa
| 4,322 |
|
What is the population of North Carolina?
|
North Carolina is a state in the Southern United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and South Carolina to the south, and Tennessee to the west. In the 2020 census, the state had a population of 10,439,388. Raleigh is the state's capital and Charlotte is its largest city.
|
In the 2020 census, the state of North Carolina had a population of 10,439,388. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States.
|
closed_qa
| 4,323 |
How many Olympic rings are there?
|
There are five Olympic rings that represent the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games.
|
open_qa
| 4,327 |
|
How should I decorate my living room wall? Can you provide some tips and ideas?
|
First, you need to consider what type of style you wish to convey in the entire living room. This will dictate how you should decorate the living room wall. If you have a "statement piece" such as a large plant somewhere in your living room, design the wall as a counterpart to it.
You can decorate a living room wall with far more than a painting, although having a painting or other artwork be the central focus is not necessarily bad. Consider a variety of wall art including wall sculptures, mirrors, clocks, floating shelves, plants, and bright, bold colors.
Draw a few sketches out on paper or a computer program before you start to get a general idea of what you want to convey on the wall. And most importantly, have fun!
|
general_qa
| 4,329 |
|
who is considered the father of computers?
|
Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible.
|
general_qa
| 4,330 |
|
Why does my back hurt?
|
There are several reason why your back might hurt. Generally, the problem starts not in your back but in a connected muscle group. To assess the problem, start with your feet and work your way up to your shoulders and neck. If your shoulders and/or neck are tight, that will affect your back muscles. Also, consider your shoes, your weight, the strength of your knees, and your core strength.
|
general_qa
| 4,331 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.