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What are some typical characters of Siamese cats? | Siamese cats tend to have slender, long bodies with apple-shaped heads and large ears. They can come in a variety of colors, such as chocolate point, seal point, and orange flame. Siamese owners claim that Siamese cats tend to be more loyal to their favorite human and are dog-like in their playful nature, such as enjoying playing fetch. Siamese also are a vocal breed and meow loudly and often. | open_qa | 12,018 |
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What causes an airplane wing to fly? | As Bernoulli's principal explains, because of the shape, air moving across the curved upper surface on top of the wing will travel faster and thus produce less pressure than the air moving more slowly along the flatter bottom of the wing's surface. This imbalance of high and low pressures results in a force called lift which is applied in the direction of the lower pressure. | open_qa | 12,021 |
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What is Kendrick Lamar famous for? | Kendrick Lamar is famous for being a rapper | open_qa | 12,023 |
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When is the first day of summer 2023? | Wednesday, June 21, 2023 | open_qa | 12,028 |
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is a career in public accounting a good way to go | yes | open_qa | 12,029 |
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What colours are on the flag of the Netherlands? | The flag of the Netherlands is predominantly blue with a white Dutch lion on a golden background. | open_qa | 12,031 |
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What is a Synchronous Concurrent Algorithm (SCA)? | A Synchronous Concurrent Algorithm is an algorithm consisting of a networks of modules and channels, computing and communicating in parallel, and synchronised by a global clock. There are many classes of algorithms that share these general properties such as clocked digital hardware, systolic arrays, neural networks, cellular automata and coupled map lattice dynamical systems. | general_qa | 12,032 |
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What is the indigenous name for Dunk Island? | Dunk Island, known as Coonanglebah in the Warrgamay and Dyirbal languages, is an island within the locality of Dunk in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It lies 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) off the Australian east coast, opposite the town of Mission Beach. The island forms part of the Family Islands National Park and is in the larger Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. | Dunk Island is known as Coonanglebah in the Warrgamay and Dyirbal languages. | closed_qa | 12,034 |
Why do we grow two sets of teeth? | It might seem odd to replace a complete set of teeth, but your first set of milk teeth has done its job by the time you are five or six years old. Milk teeth have helped you chew for essential nourishment and learn to talk when it's time for your body to house a more extensive adult set of teeth. You lose milk teeth and get adult teeth. | open_qa | 12,036 |
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what is oracle? | Oracle is a company that offers a scalable and robust database management solution. Prior to the cloud migration era Oracle offered this database management as an on-premise solution using physical servers. Their database helped thousands of businesses manage their data, implement data analysis, secure their data, and allow company and business applications to access data for decision analysis based on historical data. | open_qa | 12,039 |
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When was the first newspaper published in the United States? | "Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick" was the first US newspaper published on September 25, 1690. | open_qa | 12,040 |
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What does bpa-free mean? | BPA-Free refers to any plastics or other materials that do not contain any traces of Bisphenol-A. Most plastics including bottled waters use BPA-Free plastic because it has been shown when BPA plastics are exposed to heat that the BPA chemicals can leach into liquids and into food which people then ingest. | open_qa | 12,044 |
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When was Irina Vysheslavska born? | Irina Vysheslavska was born in Kiev on February 20, 1939, into a family of great cultural traditions. Her father Leonid Vysheslavsky was a noted poet and her mother Agnes Baltaga was a writer. Several of her ancestors were priests in Greece, Romania and Ukraine. | Irina Vysheslavska was born on February 20, 1939. | closed_qa | 12,046 |
Is it better to ski or snowboard? | This depends on individual preference. Most people find skiing easier to pick up, so if you are a beginner to snow sports, skiing might be an excellent place to start. There are more skiers than snowboarders, so that some people might choose skiing for that reason. Additionally, there are ski-only resorts for skiers to visit but no snowboarder-only resorts, which gives people who ski a broader pool of mountains to visit. Snowboarders might say snowboarding is better because snowboard boots are more comfortable and easier to walk in. | general_qa | 12,047 |
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What is molecular biology? | Molecular biology is the branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.[ The study of chemical and physical structure of biological macromolecules is known as molecular biology.
Molecular biology was first described as an approach focused on the underpinnings of biological phenomena - uncovering the structures of biological molecules as well as their interactions, and how these interactions explain observations of classical biology.
In 1945 the term molecular biology was used by physicist William Astbury. In 1953 Francis Crick, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and colleagues, working at Medical Research Council unit, Cavendish laboratory, Cambridge (now the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology), made a double helix model of DNA which changed the entire research scenario. They proposed the DNA structure based on previous research done by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. This research then lead to finding DNA material in other microorganisms, plants and animals.
Molecular biology is not simply the study of biological molecules and their interactions; rather, it is also a collection of techniques developed since the field's genesis which have enabled scientists to learn about molecular processes. In this way it has both complemented and improved biochemistry and genetics as methods (of understanding nature) that began before its advent. One notable technique which has revolutionized the field is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which was developed in 1983. PCR is a reaction which amplifies small quantities of DNA, and it is used in many applications across scientific disciplines.
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the process in which DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.
Molecular biology also plays a critical role in the understanding of structures, functions, and internal controls within individual cells, all of which can be used to efficiently target new drugs, diagnose disease, and better understand cell physiology. Some clinical research and medical therapies arising from molecular biology are covered under gene therapy whereas the use of molecular biology or molecular cell biology in medicine is now referred to as molecular medicine. | open_qa | 12,048 |
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what was the world's first stored-program computer? | The Manchester Baby was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the University of Manchester in England by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube, the first random-access digital storage device. | general_qa | 12,049 |
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Name well known movies with George Clooney. | Well known movies with George Clooney are Up in the Air, Ocean's Eleven, Gravity, and Three Kings. | open_qa | 12,053 |
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Given a reference text about Marcus Morton, tell me what year he was born and why he let the Democratic Party. | Marcus Morton (1784 – February 6, 1864) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician from Taunton, Massachusetts. He served two terms as Governor of Massachusetts and several months as Acting Governor following the death in 1825 of William Eustis. He served for 15 years as an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, all the while running unsuccessfully as a Democrat for governor. He finally won the 1839 election, acquiring exactly the number of votes required for a majority win over Edward Everett. After losing the 1840 and 1841 elections, he was elected in a narrow victory in 1842.
The Massachusetts Democratic Party was highly factionalized, which contributed to Morton's long string of defeats. His brief periods of ascendancy, however, resulted in no substantive Democratic-supported reforms, since the dominant Whigs reversed most of the changes enacted during his terms. An opponent of the extension of slavery, he split with longtime friend John C. Calhoun over that issue, and eventually left the party for the Free Soil movement. He was considered by Martin Van Buren as a potential vice presidential running mate in 1848. | Marcus Morton was born in 1784. He left the Democratic Party because he opposed the extension of slavery. | closed_qa | 12,055 |
How many strings are on a violin? | Four | open_qa | 12,056 |
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Where is Seth McFarlane from? | Kent, Connecticut | open_qa | 12,057 |
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Given the reference text about Tottenham Hotspur, what was the name of the stadium that the new stadium replaced? | Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, commonly referred to as Tottenham (/ˈtɒtənəm/) or Spurs, is a professional football club based in Tottenham, London, England. It competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The team has played its home matches in the 62,850-capacity Tottenham Hotspur Stadium since April 2019, replacing their former home of White Hart Lane, which had been demolished to make way for the new stadium on the same site.
Founded in 1882, Tottenham's emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football, with the Latin motto Audere est Facere ("to dare is to do"). The club has traditionally worn white shirts and navy blue shorts as their home kit since the 1898–99 season. Their training ground is on Hotspur Way in Bulls Cross, Enfield. After its inception, Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901, the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League in 1888. Tottenham were the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double, winning both competitions in the 1960–61 season. After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962, in 1963 they became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition – the European Cup Winners' Cup. They were also the inaugural winners of the UEFA Cup in 1972, becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies. They collected at least one major trophy in each of the six decades from the 1950s to 2000s, an achievement only matched by Manchester United. | The name of the stadium that was replaced by the new stadium is White Hart Lane. | closed_qa | 12,058 |
Should investors time the market? | Timing the market is based on predictions of the future, which is a challenging endeavor. Benjamin Graham, the father of value investing and mentor of Warren Buffett, famously said: "In the short run, the market is a voting machine but in the long run, it is a weighing machine." This means that in the short term, market prices can be driven by unpredictable events, market sentiment, and speculation. However, in the long term, a company's fundamentals tend to drive the market. By avoiding attempts to time the market, investors can leverage the long-term growth potential of the market and avoid the risks associated with trying to predict short-term price movements. Therefore, in most cases, investors should not try to time the market. | general_qa | 12,059 |
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How many sides and vertices does a polygon have? | A polygon is a general case for a two dimensional shape where all edges and vertices essentially form a closed shape. A triangle for example has three edges/sides, with three vertices. A Pentagon has five vertices and five sides. A Nonagon has nine sides and nine vertices, and so forth. One can formulate a rule which defines an N sided polygon. This rule would look something like: an n-sided polygon has n sides and n vertices where n is an integer greater than or equal to three and forming a closed two-dimensional shape. | general_qa | 12,063 |
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What is Detroit style pizza? | Detroit pizza is cooked in a square or rectangular pan made from steel or aluminum. The dough is thicker than a typical round pizza but is more airy. An oiled pan provides a nice, crispy dough. Caramelized cheese around the edges of the pizza is one of Detroit pizza’s key features. The pizza sauce is often applied on top of the cheese layer with this style of pizza. | general_qa | 12,064 |
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Who has hosted Saturday Night Live the most in the history of the show? | Actor Alec Baldwin has hosted Saturday Night Live 17 times since 1990. | open_qa | 12,067 |
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Who invented scratching ? | Modern scratching techniques were made possible by the invention of direct-drive turntables, which led to the emergence of turntablism. Early belt-drive turntables were unsuitable for scratching since they had a slow start-up time, and they were prone to wear and tear and breakage, as the belt would break from backspinning or scratching. The first direct-drive turntable was invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic), based in Osaka, Japan. It eliminated belts, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests. In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10, the first direct-drive turntable on the market, and the first in their influential Technics series of turntables.
In the 1970s, hip hop musicians and club DJs began to use this specialized turntable equipment to move the record back and forth, creating percussive sounds and effects–"scratching"–to entertain their dance floor audiences. Whereas the 1940s–1960s radio DJs had used back-cueing while listening to the sounds through their headphones, without the audience hearing, with scratching, the DJ intentionally lets the audience hear the sounds that are being created by manipulating the record on the turntable, by directing the output from the turntable to a sound reinforcement system so that the audience can hear the sounds. Scratching was developed by early hip hop DJs from New York City such as Grand Wizzard Theodore, who described scratching as, "nothing but the back-cueing that you hear in your ear before you push it [the recorded sound] out to the crowd." He developed the technique when experimenting with the Technics SL-1200, a direct-drive turntable released by Matsushita in 1972 when he found that the motor would continue to spin at the correct RPM even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter. Afrika Bambaataa made a similar discovery with the SL-1200 in the 1970s. The Technics SL-1200 went on to become the most widely used turntable for the next several decades.
Jamaican-born DJ Kool Herc, who immigrated to New York City, influenced the early development of scratching. Kool Herc developed break-beat DJing, where the breaks of funk songs—being the most danceable part, often featuring percussion—were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties. He was influenced by Jamaican dub music, and developed his turntable techniques using the Technics SL-1100, released in 1971, due to its strong motor, durability, and fidelity.
Although previous artists such as writer and poet William S. Burroughs had experimented with the idea of manipulating a reel-to-reel tape manually to make sounds, as with his 1950s recording, "Sound Piece"), vinyl scratching as an element of hip hop pioneered the idea of making the sound an integral and rhythmic part of music instead of an uncontrolled noise. Scratching is related to "scrubbing" (in terms of audio editing and production) when the reels of an open reel-to-reel tape deck (typically 1/4 inch magnetic audiotape) are gently rotated back and forth while the playback head is live and amplified, to isolate a specific spot on the tape where an editing "cut" is to be made. In the 2010s, both scratching and scrubbing can be done on digital audio workstations (DAWs) which are equipped for these techniques.
Where It All Started
DJ Sample of the song "Where it All Started"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Christian Marclay was one of the earliest musicians to scratch outside hip hop. In the mid-1970s, Marclay used gramophone records and turntables as musical instruments to create sound collages. He developed his turntable sounds independently of hip hop DJs. Although he is little-known to mainstream audiences, Marclay has been described as "the most influential turntable figure outside hip hop" and the "unwitting inventor of turntablism."
In 1981 Grandmaster Flash released the song "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel" which is notable for its use of many DJ scratching techniques. It was the first commercial recording produced entirely using turntables. In 1982, Malcolm McLaren & the World's Famous Supreme Team released a single "Buffalo Gals", juxtaposing extensive scratching with calls from square dancing, and, in 1983, the EP, D'ya Like Scratchin'?, which is entirely focused on scratching. Another 1983 release to prominently feature scratching is Herbie Hancock's Grammy Award-winning single "Rockit". This song was also performed live at the 1984 Grammy Awards, and in the documentary film Scratch, the performance is cited by many 1980s-era DJs as their first exposure to scratching. The Street Sounds Electro compilation series which started in 1983 is also notable for early examples of scratching. Also, a notable piece was "For A Few Dollars More" by Bill Laswell-Michael Beinhorn band Material, released on 12" single in Japan and containing scratch performed by Grand Mixer DXT, another pioneer of scratching. | As Scratching was a common discovery made by the arrival of direct drive turntables, it's hard to tell who was the first person scratching on a turntable, however it's a consensus that GrandMasterFlash and KoolHerc have made the genre popular | closed_qa | 12,070 |
What is the potential hydrogen (ph) of water? | The potential hydrogen of water measure how acidic or alkaline water is? Water with a potential hydrogen of 7.0 is considered neutral water and this kind of water is typically distilled water. Water that has a ph of less than 7.0 considered acidic water and even some bottled water has a PH less than 7.0. Water which a PH higher than 7.0 is considered alkaline. You can also adjust the PH of water with simple salts. For example baking soda can be used to raise the PH of water which is acidic and lemon juice can be used to lower the PH of water that is alkaline. | open_qa | 12,071 |
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Why is Citizen Kane considered the Best Film? | The American Film Institute and the British Film Institute have Citizen Kane listed as the number one movie of all time. The British Film Institute has had this rating of Citizen Kane for 50 years. There are multitudes of reasons why this is a deserving title with a few examples below.
1. Citizen Kane was a thinly veiled movie about a powerful person. Even before the movie was released newspaper magnate William R Hearst became aware that Kane had many similarities to Hearst. Both controlled media empires, ran for office, and had giant mansions filled with odds and ends. Where it allegedly became personal was when scenes showing Kane's wife put through an humiliating run in showbiz propped up by Kane's largesse mirrored Hearst a bit too closely to real life. Hearst reportedly offered to buy all copies of the film and told newspapers to not print anything or even mention its name.
2. It heralded a new age of cinematography in 1941. Citizen Kane pioneered in the mainstream many types of compositions and angles we now find quite common. For a low angle shot in an office to show Kane's towering presence film cameras were too heavy and bulky to sit on the floor. Cinematographer Gregg Toland solved this by having a hole dug deep enough for camera and tripod to achieve the desired effect. Also the concept of "deep focus" or achieving a large depth of field to make characters near and far appear sharp is difficult to achieve. These scenes were used to great effect to portray Kane as being surrounded and alone with his wealth later in the movie. They also provided a literal window into a young innocent Kane during a tense scene inside the house, to which Kane was blissfully unaware but the audience experienced both to jarring effect.
3. Orson Welles was famous and an excellent promoter. Up to this point Welles most famous exploit had been his radio re-enactment of H.G. Wells "War of the Worlds." Choosing to follow a newsreel style format and not having an intro saying this is a work of fiction many listeners at home were swept up in the drama and thought an alien invasion was happening. His popularity from this event carried a great deal of interest over to his first film. For his first film to come together with a compelling story, technical wizardry, and cultural relevancy truly made it the standard for what a "Best Film..." should be.
As a sidenote in 1921 Citizen Kane won 9 Academy awards including Best Picture, Director, Editing, and Cinematography. Orson Welles would never have a similar level of success with his later films. | general_qa | 12,073 |
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what was the biggest tax change from tax reform | competitive US corp tax rates when compared to rest of world | open_qa | 12,074 |
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What are ways to calm myself down when I get upset? | If you become upset or agitated, a great way to calm down is take a deep breath, like a “dragon breath.” Breathe in as deeply as you can and then breathe out slowly. Repeat this several times. You can also lay on the floor for several minutes. Laying on the floor can be particularly grounding. Another way to relax when you get upset is to go outside and look at the sky or a body of water if you can get to one. Look for a flying bird, or focus on a small flower or piece of grass. A long walk can also help calm you down. | open_qa | 12,076 |
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How many states are there in the United States? | 50 | open_qa | 12,077 |
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What are the words of House Swyft? | "Awake! Awake!" | open_qa | 12,078 |
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Name some famous teams in the Premier League | Manchester United, Manchester City, Arsenal, Liverpool, Chelsea, Hotspur, etc | open_qa | 12,080 |
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Given this article about the NSA's ANT catalog, Which hacking tools are used to infect the BIOS of computers or networking devices? | The ANT catalog (or TAO catalog) is a classified product catalog by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) of which the version written in 2008–2009 was published by German news magazine Der Spiegel in December 2013. Forty-nine catalog pages with pictures, diagrams and descriptions of espionage devices and spying software were published. The items are available to the Tailored Access Operations unit and are mostly targeted at products from US companies such as Apple, Cisco and Dell. The source is believed to be someone different than Edward Snowden, who is largely responsible for the global surveillance disclosures since 2013. Companies whose products could be compromised have denied any collaboration with the NSA in developing these capabilities. In 2014, a project was started to implement the capabilities from the ANT catalog as open-source hardware and software.
Background
The Tailored Access Operations unit has existed since the late 90s. Its mission is to collect intelligence on foreign targets of the United States by hacking into computers and telecommunication networks.
In 2012, Edward Snowden organized a CryptoParty together with Runa Sandvik, a former colleague of Jacob Appelbaum at The Tor Project. In June 2013, Snowden took internal NSA documents which he shared with Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras, resulting in the global surveillance disclosures. It has been speculated for years before that capabilities like those in the ANT catalog existed.
Publication
Jacob Appelbaum co-authored the English publication in Der Spiegel with Christian Stöcker and Judith Horchert, which was publicized on 29 December 2013. The related English publication on the same day about the TAO by Der Spiegel was also authored by the same people, and including Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Jörg Schindler and Holger Stark. On December 30, Appelbaum gave a lecture about "the militarization of the Internet" at the 30th Chaos Communication Congress in Hamburg, Germany. At the end of his talk, he encouraged NSA employees to leak more documents.
Apple denied the allegations that it collaborated on the development of DROPOUTJEEP in a statement to journalist Arik Hesseldahl from All Things Digital (part of the Wall Street Journal's Digital Network). The Verge questioned how the program developed in later years, since the document was composed in the early period of the iPhone and smartphones in general. Dell denied collaborating with any government in general, including the US government. John Stewart, senior vice president and chief security officer of Cisco stated that they were "deeply concerned and will continue to pursue all avenues to determine if we need to address any new issues." Juniper stated that they were working actively to address any possible exploit paths. Huawei stated they would take appropriate audits to determine if any compromise had taken place and would communicate if that had taken place. NSA declined to comment on the publication by Der Spiegel.
Source
The source who leaked the ANT catalog to the press is unknown as of 2023.
Author James Bamford, who is specialized in the United States intelligence agencies, noted in a commentary article published by Reuters that Appelbaum has not identified the source who leaked the ANT catalog to him, which led people to mistakenly assume it was Edward Snowden. Bamford got unrestricted access to the documents cache from Edward Snowden and could not find any references to the ANT catalog using automated search tools, thereby concluding that the documents were not leaked by him. Security expert Bruce Schneier has stated on his blog that he also believes the ANT catalog did not come from Snowden, but from a second leaker. Officials at the NSA did not believe that the web crawler used by Snowden touched the ANT catalog and started looking for other people who could have leaked the catalog.
Content
The published catalog pages were written between 2008 and 2009. The price of the items ranged from free up to $250,000.
Capabilities in the ANT catalog
Page Code name Description Unit price in US$
NSA CANDYGRAM.jpg CANDYGRAM Tripwire device that emulates a GSM cellphone tower. 40,000
NSA COTTONMOUTH-I.jpg COTTONMOUTH-I Family of modified USB and Ethernet connectors that can be used to install Trojan horse software and work as wireless bridges, providing covert remote access to the target machine. COTTONMOUTH-I is a USB plug that uses TRINITY as digital core and HOWLERMONKEY as RF transceiver. 20,300
NSA COTTONMOUTH-II.jpg COTTONMOUTH-II Can be deployed in a USB socket (rather than plug), and, but requires further integration in the target machine to turn into a deployed system. 4,000
NSA COTTONMOUTH-III.jpg COTTONMOUTH-III Stacked Ethernet and USB plug 24,960
NSA CROSSBEAM.jpg CROSSBEAM GSM communications module capable of collecting and compressing voice data 4,000
NSA CTX4000.jpg CTX4000 Continuous wave radar device that can "illuminate" a target system for recovery of "off net" information. N/A
NSA CYCLONE Hx9.jpg CYCLONE-HX9 GSM Base Station Router as a Network-In-a-Box 70,000
NSA DEITYBOUNCE.jpg DEITYBOUNCE Technology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s). 0
NSA DROPOUTJEEP.jpg DROPOUTJEEP "A software implant for the Apple iPhone that utilizes modular mission applications to provide specific SIGINT functionality. This functionality includes the ability to remotely push/pull files from the device. SMS retrieval, contact list retrieval, voicemail, geolocation, hot mic, camera capture, cell tower location, etc. Command, control and data exfiltration can occur over SMS messaging or a GPRS data connection. All communications with the implant will be covert and encrypted." 0
NSA EBSR.jpg EBSR Tri-band active GSM base station with internal 802.11/GPS/handset capability 40,000
NSA ENTOURAGE.jpg ENTOURAGE Direction finding application for GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000 and FRS signals 70,000
NSA FEEDTROUGH.jpg FEEDTROUGH Software that can penetrate Juniper Networks firewalls allowing other NSA-deployed software to be installed on mainframe computers. N/A
NSA FIREWALK.jpg FIREWALK Device that looks identical to a standard RJ45 socket that allows data to be injected, or monitored and transmitted via radio technology. using the HOWLERMONKEY RF transceiver. It can for instance create a VPN to the target computer. 10,740
NSA GENESIS.jpg GENESIS GSM handset with added software-defined radio features to record the radio frequency spectrum 15,000
NSA GODSURGE.jpg GODSURGE Software implant for a JTAG bus device named FLUXBABBITT which is added to Dell PowerEdge servers during interdiction. GODSURGE installs an implant upon system boot-up using the FLUXBABBITT JTAG interface to the Xeon series CPU. 500
NSA GINSU.jpg GINSU Technology that uses a PCI bus device in a computer, and can reinstall itself upon system boot-up. 0
NSA GOPHERSET.jpg GOPHERSET GSM software that uses a phone's SIM card's API (SIM Toolkit or STK) to control the phone through remotely sent commands. 0
NSA GOURMETTROUGH.jpg GOURMETTROUGH User-configurable persistence implant for certain Juniper Networks firewalls. 0
NSA HALLUXWATER.jpg HALLUXWATER Back door exploit for Huawei Eudemon firewalls. N/A
NSA HEADWATER.jpg HEADWATER Persistent backdoor technology that can install spyware using a quantum insert capable of infecting spyware at a packet level on Huawei routers. N/A
NSA HOWLERMONKEY.jpg HOWLERMONKEY A RF transceiver that makes it possible (in conjunction with digital processors and various implanting methods) to extract data from systems or allow them to be controlled remotely. 750
NSA IRATEMONK.jpg IRATEMONK Technology that can infiltrate the firmware of hard drives manufactured by Maxtor, Samsung, Seagate, and Western Digital. 0
NSA IRONCHEF.jpg IRONCHEF Technology that can "infect" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS. IRONCHEF includes also "Straitbizarre" and "Unitedrake" which have been linked to the spy software REGIN. 0
NSA JUNIORMINT.jpg JUNIORMINT Implant based on an ARM9 core and an FPGA. N/A
NSA JETPLOW.jpg JETPLOW Firmware that can be implanted to create a permanent backdoor in a Cisco PIX series and ASA firewalls. 0
NSA LOUDAUTO.jpg LOUDAUTO Audio-based RF retro-reflector listening device. 30
NSA MAESTRO-II.jpg MAESTRO-II Multi-chip module approximately the size of a dime that serves as the hardware core of several other products. The module contains a 66 MHz ARM7 processor, 4 MB of flash, 8 MB of RAM, and a FPGA with 500,000 gates. It replaces the previous generation modules which were based on the HC12 microcontroller. 3,000
NSA MONKEYCALENDAR.jpg MONKEYCALENDAR Software that transmits a mobile phone's location by hidden text message. 0
NSA NEBULA.jpg NEBULA Multi-protocol network-in-a-box system. 250,000
NSA NIGHTSTAND.jpg NIGHTSTAND Portable system that installs Microsoft Windows exploits from a distance of up to eight miles over a wireless connection. N/A
NSA NIGHTWATCH.jpg NIGHTWATCH Portable computer used to reconstruct and display video data from VAGRANT signals; used in conjunction with a radar source like the CTX4000 to illuminate the target in order to receive data from it. N/A
NSA PICASSO.jpg PICASSO Software that can collect mobile phone location data, call metadata, access the phone's microphone to eavesdrop on nearby conversations. 2,000
NSA PHOTOANGLO.jpg PHOTOANGLO A joint NSA/GCHQ project to develop a radar system to replace CTX4000. 40,000
NSA RAGEMASTER.jpg RAGEMASTER A concealed device that taps the video signal from a target's computer's VGA signal output so the NSA can see what is on a targeted desktop monitor. It is powered by a remote radar and responds by modulating the VGA red signal (which is also sent out most DVI ports) into the RF signal it re-radiates; this method of transmission is codenamed VAGRANT. RAGEMASTER is usually installed/concealed in the ferrite choke of the target cable. The original documents are dated 2008-07-24. Several receiver/demodulating devices are available, e.g. NIGHTWATCH. 30
NSA SCHOOLMONTANA.jpg SCHOOLMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based (FreeBSD-variant) J-series routers/firewalls. N/A
NSA SIERRAMONTANA.jpg SIERRAMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based M-series routers/firewalls. N/A
NSA STUCCOMONTANA.jpg STUCCOMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based T-series routers/firewalls. N/A
NSA SOMBERKNAVE.jpg SOMBERKNAVE Software that can be implanted on a Windows XP system allowing it to be remotely controlled from NSA headquarters. 50,000
NSA SOUFFLETROUGH.jpg SOUFFLETROUGH BIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls. 0
NSA SPARROW II.jpg SPARROW II A small computer intended to be used for WLAN collection, including from UAVs. Hardware: IBM Power PC 405GPR processor, 64 MB SDRAM, 16 MB of built-inflash, 4 mini PCI slots, CompactFlash slot, and 802.11 B/G hardware. Running Linux 2.4 and the BLINDDATE software suite. Unit price (2008): $6K. 6,000
NSA SURLYSPAWN.jpg SURLYSPAWN Keystroke monitor technology that can be used on remote computers that are not internet connected. 30
NSA SWAP.jpg SWAP Technology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows. 0
NSA TAWDRYYARD.jpg TAWDRYYARD Radio frequency retroreflector to provide location information. 30
NSA TOTECHASER.jpg TOTECHASER Windows CE implant for extracting call logs, contact lists and other information. N/A
NSA TOTEGHOSTLY.jpg TOTEGHOSTLY Software that can be implanted on a Windows mobile phone allowing full remote control. 0
NSA TRINITY.jpg TRINITY Multi-chip module using a 180 MHz ARM9 processor, 4 MB of flash, 96 MB of SDRAM, and a FPGA with 1 million gates. Smaller than a penny. 6,250
NSA TYPHON HX.jpg TYPHON HX Network-in-a-box for a GSM network with signaling and call control. N/A
NSA WATERWITCH.jpg WATERWITCH A portable "finishing tool" that allows the operator to find the precise location of a nearby mobile phone. N/A
NSA WISTFULTOLL.jpg WISTFULTOLL Plugin for collecting information from targets using Windows Management Instrumentation 0
Follow-up developments
Security expert Matt Suiche noted that the software exploits leaked by the Shadow Brokers could be seen as genuine because it matched with names from the ANT catalog. John Bumgarner has stated to IEEE Spectrum that US government suspicion of Huawei is based on its own ability to add backdoors as shown in the ANT catalog.
NSA Playset
The NSA Playset is an open-source project inspired by the NSA ANT catalog to create more accessible and easy to use tools for security researchers. Most of the surveillance tools can be recreated with off-the-shelf or open-source hardware and software. Thus far, the NSA Playset consists of fourteen items, for which the code and instructions can be found online on the project's homepage. After the initial leak, Michael Ossman, the founder of Great Scott Gadgets, gave a shout out to other security researchers to start working on the tools mentioned in the catalog and to recreate them. The name NSA Playset came originally from Dean Pierce, who is also a contributor (TWILIGHTVEGETABLE(GSM)) to the NSA Playset. Anyone is invited to join and contribute their own device. The requisites for an addition to the NSA Playset is a similar or already existing NSA ANT project, ease of use and a silly name (based on the original tool's name if possible). The silly name requisite is a rule that Michael Ossman himself came up with and an example is given on the project's website: "For example, if your project is similar to FOXACID, maybe you could call it COYOTEMETH." The ease of use part stems also from the NSA Playset's motto: "If a 10 year old can't do it, it doesn't count!"
Name Description
TWILIGHTVEGETABLE a boot image for GSM communication monitoring.
LEVITICUS a hand held GSM frequency analyzer disguised as a Motorola phone; named after GENESIS.
DRIZZLECHAIR a hard drive with all the needed tools to crack A5/1 including the rainbow tables.
PORCUPINEMASQUERADE a passive Wi-Fi reconnaissance drone.
KEYSWEEPER a keylogger in form of a USB wall charger, that wirelessly and passively sniffs, decrypts, logs and reports back (over GSM).
SLOTSCREAMER a PCI hardware implant, which can access memory and IO.
ADAPTERNOODLE a USB exploitation device.
CHUKWAGON uses a pin on a computer's VGA port to attack via the I²C bus accessing the computer's operating system.
TURNIPSCHOOL a hardware implant concealed in a USB cable which provides short range radio frequency communication capability to software running on the host computer.
BLINKERCOUGH a hardware implant that is embedded in a VGA cable which allows data exfiltration.
SAVIORBURST a hardware implant exploiting the JTAG interface for software application persistence; named after GODSURGE. FLUXBABBIT is replaced by SOLDERPEEK.
CACTUSTUTU Portable system that enables wireless installation of Microsoft Windows exploits; covers NIGHTSTAND.
TINYALAMO software that targets BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) and allows keystroke surveillance (keylogger) and injection.
CONGAFLOCK Radio frequency retroreflector intended for experimentation. Intended use would be the implantation into a cable and data exfiltration based on radio reflectivity of the device.(FLAMENCOFLOCK (PS/2), TANGOFLOCK (USB), SALSAFLOCK (VGA) are retroreflectors with specific interfaces to test data exfiltration.)
See also
Cyberwarfare in the United States
Equation Group
MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer
Stuxnet
WARRIOR PRIDE
Explanatory notes
Whether ANT stands for Advanced Network Technology or Access Network Technology is not known.
The article from Der Spiegel notes that it is a "50-page document" and that "nearly 50 pages" are published. The gallery contains 49 pages. Der Spiegel also noted that the document is likely far from complete.
If the price is listed in bulk, a calculation is made to get the unit price
For two months
Including installation costs
When ordering 25 units, the price per item is US$1000
Up to 4,000
Varies from platform to platform
Data Network Technologies, a division of the Tailored Access Operations
100 units for 625,000 | DEITYBOUNCE, IRONCHEF, SOUFFLETROUGH, and SWAP are hacking tools that can be used to infect servers, computers, and networking devices.
DEITYBOUNCE is technology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s).
IRONCHEF is technology that can "infect" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS.
SOUFFLETROUGH is BIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls.
SWAP is technology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows. | closed_qa | 12,081 |
Given this paragraph about Chief Uncas, who was he? | Uncas was born near the Thames River in present-day Connecticut, the son of the Mohegan sachem Owaneco. Uncas is a variant of the Mohegan term Wonkus, meaning "Fox". He was a descendant of the principal sachems of the Mohegans, Pequots, and Narragansetts. Owaneco presided over the village known as Montonesuck. Uncas was bilingual, learning Mohegan and some English, and possibly some Dutch.
In 1626, Owaneco arranged for Uncas to marry the daughter of the principal Pequot sachem Tatobem to secure an alliance with them. Owaneco died shortly after this marriage, and Uncas had to submit to Tatobem's authority. Tatobem was captured and killed by the Dutch in 1633; Sassacus became his successor, but Uncas felt that he deserved to be sachem.
Owaneco's alliance with Tatobem was based upon a balance of power between the Mohegans and Pequots. After the death of Owaneco, the balance changed in favour of the Pequots. Uncas was unwilling to challenge the power of Tatobem; however, Uncas did begin contesting Pequot authority over the Mohegans. In 1634 with Narragansett support, Uncas rebelled against Sassacus and Pequot authority. Uncas was defeated and became an exile among the Narragansetts. He soon returned from exile after ritually humiliating himself before Sassacus. His failed challenges resulted in Uncas having little land and few followers, but Uncas saw that the newly arriving Puritan colonists, though few in number, had better weapons and much courage, so he started to develop a new strategy and alliance to work towards his ultimate goal of Grand Sachem. | Uncas (c. 1588 – c. 1683) was a sachem of the Mohegans who made the Mohegans the leading regional Indian tribe in lower Connecticut, through his alliance with the New England colonists against other Indian tribes. | closed_qa | 12,083 |
Who is widely considered the GOAT of basketball? | Michael Jordan | open_qa | 12,084 |
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What is the key to longevity? | Researchers and doctors have been studying this for many years and a number of patterns has consistently shown to be true: It's a combination of nutrition, exercise and sleep. From a nutrition perspective, a predominantly plant-based diet is the way to go. The Mediterranean diet continues to outperform all other diets year after year. A plant-based diet can not only prevent disease but it can reverse cardiovascular illness and many others. We now also have enough evidence on the importance of movement, exercise and specifically a combination of resistance and endurance training. Muscle growth is not only positive for the muscles themselves but it also positively affects bone density (which we tend to lose as we age), as well as effects on your immune system, gut microbiome and even mental health. The positives are endless. Lastly, if we do not get proper sleep (typically 7-9hours/night), the other two factors, diet and exercise, will not be optimal. Consistency in going to sleep and waking up at the same time is crucial to overall wellbeing and recovery.
Researchers of the Blue Zones argue that another crucial part to living healthily into old age is the social circle or community we are part of.
If you want to live a long and healthy life, eat more plants, exercise, get some sleep and spend time with your friends and family. | general_qa | 12,091 |
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Why is football/soccer called the beautiful game. | No one exactly knows where the phrase come from, but it was popularized by Pelé during his career. Football is played by 200 countries, and half of the world’s population turns in to watch the World Cup. The sport is beloved for its ability to bring fans from all over the world together, its unpredictable nature, the skill and artistry of the players footwork, goals and it's truly a team sport, where anyone has an opportunity to score the goal that takes your team to victory. It's an equalizer, no need for helmets, pads, and any other fancy equipment, all you need are your feet and a ball to play the beautiful game. | general_qa | 12,094 |
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What was the Cold War? | The Cold War was a time period where the US and USSR were in high tensions with each other. Both had created nuclear weapons and they had lost their alliance from World War 2. The war technically never ended since the USSR was disbanded in 1991. | general_qa | 12,096 |
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Who is the greatest quarterback of all time? | Tom Brady is widely considered to be the greatest NFL quarterback of all time. He holds the all-time records for Passing Yards, Passing Touchdowns, Completions.
Brady also has a record 7 Super Bowl championships, 3 more than any other quarterback and a record unlikely to be broken. He won 6 of these with the New England Patriots, with whom he spent the first 20 years of career.
After early-career comparisons to his contemporary rival Peyton Manning, and mid-career comparisons to another all-time great Joe Montana, Brady ended his career as the indisputable Greatest of All Time (GOAT) by playing at an extremely high level for multiple decades. | open_qa | 12,099 |
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Given the following paragraph about Kenneth McAlpine, where was he born? | Kenneth McAlpine (11 April 1858 – 10 February 1923) was an English local government representative, a wine merchant and a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Kent and for teams led by Lord Hawke in North America. He was born at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, and died at Loose, Maidstone, Kent. | Leamington Spa, Warwickshire | closed_qa | 12,101 |
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics ? | Syukuro Manabe(Japanese), Klaus Hasselmann(Germany) & Giorgio Parisi(Italian) | open_qa | 12,103 |
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How do you fry shrimp? | Frying shrimp is very easy, and requires simple equipment and ingredients.
Use shrimp that is U-15 or less. Frying shrimp that are larger than U-15 will result in tough shrimp. First, clean and devein the shrimp, and then set them aside.
Then, heat vegetable, canola or peanut oil to 375 degrees. These oils have a high smoke point (this is the temperature at which the oil will burn and smoke), and are good choices generally for frying. Use a cast iron pan if you have one, or another good quality pan that retains heat evenly and well.
While the oil is heating, prep the flour. The crispness of the shrimp will depend on the type of flour that you use. All purpose flour is readily available, and results in a nice, crispy shrimp. Using rice flour will result in even more crispy shrimp, although rice flour is available at Asian grocery stores and is not readily available at general grocery stores. Using corn starch will result in the crispiest shrimp. For one pound of shrimp, use 2 cups of whatever type of flour (or cornstarch) that you would prefer, and season the flour liberally with salt and pepper, and add some red pepper flakes if you prefer a little bit of spice.
At this point, dry the shrimp and dredge the shrimp in the flour in relatively small batches. Set aside until the oil is ready.
Once the oil is at 375 degrees, put a few shrimp in the oil, being careful not to crowd the pan. Too many shrimp in the oil will result in less crispy shrimp, as well as shrimp that is oily. You should use your judgment on how many shrimp to add, depending on the size of the shrimp and the size of the pan. The shrimp will take only a few minutes in the oil to be done, again depending on the size of the shrimp. The shrimp will be done once it’s no longer translucent. For shrimp that is 21/25 count or larger, using a spider (which is a type of skimmer) will make it easier to get the shrimp out of the pan. Promptly after the shrimp is out of the pan, sprinkle salt on the shrimp and serve. | general_qa | 12,106 |
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What is a dig in baseball? | A "dig" or "digging one out" is an expression to describe a defensive player accepting a baseball with a motion that captures the ball very near the ground. This kind of expression is often, though not always, used to describe a first baseman catching a ball thrown by another player that bounces before it reaches them as they hold one foot on first base. This expression can also be used to describe another fielder, typically an infielder, to get a ball into their glove or hand that bounced near them or immediately before reaching them. | open_qa | 12,110 |
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What are "VTubers"? | VTubers are short for "Virtual Youtubers". The first VTuber was "Kizuna AI", who was using a 3D avatar and acted in various funny short videos and claimed to be a "Super AI". In reality Kizuna AI was acted by Kasuga Nozomi, an voice actor, who also later revealed her identity in the Kizuna API project. The debut of Kizuna AI prompted more people to become VTubers, and there began a whole industry from drawing avatars (mostly anime characters), to making 2D (called Live2D) and 3D models, to companies that recruit and support talents that act as "VTubers". The VTuber industry boomed as the live streaming industry gained momentum, and in many cases, streamers find it more relaxing to use an avatar rather than showing their real faces, bringing in a new generation of streamers into the industry. Right now, some of the most famous female streamers are virtual youtubers, such as Gawr Gura from Hololive Productions. | open_qa | 12,111 |
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Who is the oldest driver to win a Formula 1 race? | Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix; he was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the 1951 French Grand Prix | The oldest driver to win a Formula 1 race is the Italian named Luigi Fagioli while 53 years and 22 days old, with his only win at the 1951 France Grand Prix. | closed_qa | 12,112 |
Do humans have stripes? | Humans have "stripes" called Blaschko's lines. They are generally invisible to the human eye but some people's lines may be visible due to skin conditions or if they are a chimera, which will cause the lines to express different levels of melanin and make them more readily visible. | open_qa | 12,113 |
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Name some of the popular sitcoms from 1990s | Some of the popular sitcoms from 1990s are:
* Friends
* Sienfeld
* The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
* Family Matters
* The Nanny | open_qa | 12,114 |
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How do I turn on my Tesla Y? | When you open a door to enter Model Y, the touchscreen powers on and you can operate all controls. To drive Model Y: Press the brake pedal - Model Y powers on and is ready to drive. | general_qa | 12,118 |
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Given these paragraphs about Multiomics, what is single-cell multiomics? | Multiomics, multi-omics, integrative omics, "panomics" or "pan-omics" is a biological analysis approach in which the data sets are multiple "omes", such as the genome, proteome, transcriptome, epigenome, metabolome, and microbiome (i.e., a meta-genome and/or meta-transcriptome, depending upon how it is sequenced); in other words, the use of multiple omics technologies to study life in a concerted way. By combining these "omes", scientists can analyze complex biological big data to find novel associations between biological entities, pinpoint relevant biomarkers and build elaborate markers of disease and physiology. In doing so, multiomics integrates diverse omics data to find a coherently matching geno-pheno-envirotype relationship or association. The OmicTools service lists more than 99 softwares related to multiomic data analysis, as well as more than 99 databases on the topic.
Systems biology approaches are often based upon the use of panomic analysis data. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) defines panomics as referring to "the interaction of all biological functions within a cell and with other body functions, combining data collected by targeted tests ... and global assays (such as genome sequencing) with other patient-specific information."
Single-cell multiomics
A branch of the field of multiomics is the analysis of multilevel single-cell data, called single-cell multiomics. This approach gives us an unprecedent resolution to look at multilevel transitions in health and disease at the single cell level. An advantage in relation to bulk analysis is to mitigate confounding factors derived from cell to cell variation, allowing the uncovering of heterogeneous tissue architectures.
Methods for parallel single-cell genomic and transcriptomic analysis can be based on simultaneous amplification or physical separation of RNA and genomic DNA. They allow insights that cannot be gathered solely from transcriptomic analysis, as RNA data do not contain non-coding genomic regions and information regarding copy-number variation, for example. An extension of this methodology is the integration of single-cell transcriptomes to single-cell methylomes, combining single-cell bisulfite sequencing to single cell RNA-Seq. Other techniques to query the epigenome, as single-cell ATAC-Seq and single-cell Hi-C also exist.
A different, but related, challenge is the integration of proteomic and transcriptomic data. One approach to perform such measurement is to physically separate single-cell lysates in two, processing half for RNA, and half for proteins. The protein content of lysates can be measured by proximity extension assays (PEA), for example, which use DNA-barcoded antibodies. A different approach uses a combination of heavy-metal RNA probes and protein antibodies to adapt mass cytometry for multiomic analysis.
Multiomics and machine learning
In parallel to the advances in highthroughput biology, machine learning applications to biomedical data analysis are flourishing. The integration of multi-omics data analysis and machine learning has led to the discovery of new biomarkers. For example, one of the methods of the mixOmics project implements a method based on sparse Partial Least Squares regression for selection of features (putative biomarkers).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiomics | The analysis of multilevel single-cell data. This approach gives us an unprecedent resolution to look at multilevel transitions in health and disease at the single cell level. | closed_qa | 12,123 |
What links Willie Brant, Lech Walesa, Yasser Arafat | Nobel Peace Prize | open_qa | 12,124 |
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Who is the inventor of electric light? | Thomas Edison | open_qa | 12,128 |
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What does the idiom burning your bridges mean? | The idiom burning your bridges means do not do something that you may regret later. It is commonly used in the scenario when someone is quitting a job. If someone is quitting a job, someone else may say to that person 'Quit your job professionally and respectfully! Don't burn your bridges!'. Someone who burns their bridges risks that the people they worked with may never give them a positive professional reference nor want to hire them in a future opportunity. | general_qa | 12,129 |
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Should I buy a horse? | Buying a horse has lots of pro's and cons. A horse is great to own as you are able to build a strong relationship. You will have freedom and can be at your horse anytime it suits you. And you can ride or walk your horse in ways you want to do this. You will also become best buddies as you will spend a lot of time together. Maintaining a horse however can be a lot of work, and its pretty costly, make sure you have some help and do not underestimate the responsibility and time you have to put in. Enjoy the ride. | general_qa | 12,131 |
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Given the biography of Nemacolin, what years did George Washington use Nemacolin's Path? | The son of Checochinican (Chickoconecon), chief of the Fish Clan of the Turtle tribe, Nemacolin was born near the Brandywine Creek, probably close to the Swedish trading post at Fort Christina that later became Wilmington, Delaware. By a treaty with William Penn in 1726, various tribes either rented or gave up their land on both sides of Brandywine Creek. Nemacolin likely grew up near Shamokin, Pennsylvania, a village near the Susquehanna River to which the Delaware had retreated when faced with disease and colonization of their traditional lands by white settlers. His family grew to know trader Thomas Cresap, and moved south and west with the Cresap family, likely after a controversy between groups of settlers aligned with the colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania known as Cresap's War.
Circa 1750, Cresap received instructions to improve the Native American path across the Appalachian Mountains through the Cumberland Narrows. He hired Nemacolin and his two sons, among others, to complete the task between Will's Creek (a trading post on a tributary of the Potomac River later the site of Fort Cumberland) and the mouth of Redstone Creek on the Monongahela River (a tributary of the Ohio River) which later became Redstone Old Fort and even later Brownsville, Pennsylvania. A side trail led to the residence of Christopher Gist. Gist led George Washington along Nemacolin's Path in 1753 and 1754. It was later improved to permit supply wagons for General Edward Braddock's army, and the General ultimately died on the route in 1755 after the disastrous Battle of the Monongahela near present day Pittsburgh. About 1759, as the war ended, Nemocolin reblazed the path to the residence of James Burd which became Fort Burd and later renamed Redstone Old Fort. Another branch went to Uniontown, Pennsylvania. | George Washington was led by Christopher Gist along Nemacolin's Path in 1753 and 1754 | closed_qa | 12,132 |
When did WWII begin? | World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. | WWII began in 1939 and lasted until 1945. | closed_qa | 12,133 |
What year was the Northwest School in Seattle founded? | 1980 | open_qa | 12,135 |
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What is the name of Dorothy's dog? | Dorothy's dog is named Toto | open_qa | 12,136 |
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Why isn't Puerto Rico a US state? | Because there isn't a significant ROI | open_qa | 12,137 |
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What is a string quartet? | Traditionally, string quartet is an ensemble of two violins, a viola, and a cello | open_qa | 12,140 |
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What is the first computer recognized in human history? | The Antikythera mechanism (/ˌæntɪkɪˈθɪərə/ AN-tih-kih-THEER-ə) is an Ancient Greek hand-powered orrery, described as the oldest known example of an analogue computer used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses decades in advance. It could also be used to track the four-year cycle of athletic games which was similar to an Olympiad, the cycle of the ancient Olympic Games. | The Antikythera mechanism, an astronomical clock, was built around 100 BC and is considered the world's first computer. | closed_qa | 12,143 |
Who is the Patron Saint of Ireland? | St. Patrick is Ireland's main patron saint and on March 17, the world celebrates the feast day of St. Patrick, a zealous, fifth-century British bishop who became famous for spreading Christianity in Ireland. | general_qa | 12,148 |
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When was Genghis Khan born? | Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; c. 1162 — 25 August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khagan of the Mongol Empire, which later became the largest contiguous land empire in history. Having spent the majority of his life uniting the Mongol tribes, he launched a series of military campaigns which conquered large parts of China and Central Asia. | 1162 | closed_qa | 12,150 |
What's the difference between metrics and logs? | Logs have finer granularity and are therefore slower to query. Metrics are generally aggregated and faster to query. For example logs could be: "server 1 is running", "server 2 is running", and the corresponding metric would be "there are 2 servers running". | general_qa | 12,152 |
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In music theory, what is the circle of fifths? | The circle of fifths is a way of organizing the 12 chromatic pitches as a sequence of perfect fifths. (This is strictly true in the standard 12-tone equal temperament system — using a different system requires one interval of diminished sixth to be treated as a fifth). If C is chosen as a starting point, the sequence is: C, G, D, A, E, B (=C♭), F♯ (=G♭), C♯ (=D♭), A♭, E♭, B♭, F. Continuing the pattern from F returns the sequence to its starting point of C. This order places the most closely related key signatures adjacent to one another. It is usually illustrated in the form of a circle. | general_qa | 12,156 |
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Who won the 2004 World Series? | The Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World series? | open_qa | 12,157 |
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What is the best way to cook a steak? | There are many different variants to cooking a steak. You must choose the proper temperature to cook a steak. The range is from rare, medium rare, medium, medium well to well done. There are several ways to cook a steak for example a grill or in a pan. For this example we will use a grill. Remove steak from fridge and season. Allow steak to warm to near room temperature. This will prevent a steak from drying out and improve taste. Cook the steak to the desired temperature trying to only flip 1-3 times. Once done allow meat to rest for 5 minutes for best flavor. | general_qa | 12,158 |
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Given this paragraph, what are the potential advantages or disadvantages of using XGBoost versus a single decision tree? | While the XGBoost model often achieves higher accuracy than a single decision tree, it sacrifices the intrinsic interpretability of decision trees. For example, following the path that a decision tree takes to make its decision is trivial and self-explained, but following the paths of hundreds or thousands of trees is much harder. To achieve both performance and interpretability, some model compression techniques allow transforming an XGBoost into a single "born-again" decision tree that approximates the same decision function | One advantage of using XGBoost over a single decision tree is that it frequently achieves higher accuracy. One disadvantage is that it sacrifices interpretability because it is much more difficult to follow the path of hundreds or thousands of trees. | closed_qa | 12,160 |
Given the reference text about Fidel Castro, tell me where he was born, where he studied, and when he was the leader of Cuba. | Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (/ˈkæstroʊ/; American Spanish: [fiˈðel aleˈxandɾo ˈkastɾo ˈrus]; 13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.
Born in Birán, the son of a wealthy Spanish farmer, Castro adopted leftist and anti-imperialist ideas while studying law at the University of Havana. After participating in rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he planned the overthrow of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, launching a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953. After a year's imprisonment, Castro travelled to Mexico where he formed a revolutionary group, the 26th of July Movement, with his brother Raúl Castro and Ernesto "Che" Guevara. Returning to Cuba, Castro took a key role in the Cuban Revolution by leading the Movement in a guerrilla war against Batista's forces from the Sierra Maestra. After Batista's overthrow in 1959, Castro assumed military and political power as Cuba's prime minister. The United States came to oppose Castro's government and unsuccessfully attempted to remove him by assassination, economic embargo, and counter-revolution, including the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961. Countering these threats, Castro aligned with the Soviet Union and allowed the Soviets to place nuclear weapons in Cuba, resulting in the Cuban Missile Crisis – a defining incident of the Cold War – in 1962. | Fidel Castro was born in Birán and studied law at the University of Havana. He was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008. | closed_qa | 12,161 |
Where is the Walmart corporate home office located? | While Walmart has many corporate locations located across the world, its home office is located in Bentonville, Arkansas. | general_qa | 12,164 |
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Which colors are in a rainbow? | A rainbow consists of the following seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. | open_qa | 12,165 |
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Make arguments for and against Majora's Mask being a better game than Ocarina of Time. | Majora's Mask is one of the most atmospheric games in the entire Legend of Zelda franchise, covering themes of grief, loss, denial and the limits of heroism. The re-use of its predecessor's sprites in different contexts adds to the sense of unease and uncertainty. Clocktown, with all its subplots throughout the 3-day cycle, feels considerably more alive than Ocarina's Hyrule Town. On the other hand, Ocarina of Time has more dungeons, focuses more on the classic characters of Zelda & Ganondorf and presented the template for 3D Zelda adventures. Although its story is much more standard, Ocarina of Time does cover mature themes such as lost childhood. | general_qa | 12,167 |
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What is the capital of Alabama? | Montgomery is the capital | open_qa | 12,170 |
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Why do people fly on airplanes? | People fly on airplanes to go between places faster. Driving is an alternative to flying but when time is an issue flying is the quickest way to get to your destination. Flying is also necessary when you need to get to an island or another continent which is not attached to the continent where you live. Taking a boat may be too costly and long in some cases even if you don't like flying. Flying is used to take trips, visit family and friends, meeting new people, interacting with co-workers, and sight-seeing. | open_qa | 12,171 |
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Where is Ivan Trotski from? | Ivan Trotski is a Belarusian race walker. | Belarus | closed_qa | 12,175 |
Why are drums so important to music, and what this appeal to have live drums in the modern world where drum beats can easily be sampled, and/or perfectly mimicked by software? | Music is often broken down into fundamental components using this model of understanding: Melody, Harmony, and Rhythm. Of these three it is true rhythm is the easiest for computers to do a near perfect job of imitating. Advancements in technology from the first drum machines that appeared in the 1970s, to widely used beat machines of the 1990's, to software music composition suites of today means you now have a lot of control at youf finger tips to create rhythm. You can now create drum beats that account for tempo variations, pitch variations, changes in dynamics, how close the drum pattern stays on beat, the type of hit the beat should be using, what the tension on the drum heads should sound like, how much rebound against the drum head is present, velocity of the stick, the simulated room size of where the drum kit is located, how much resonance is vibrating in the drum kit itself, tonal variance of the wood shells used to create the drum beat and many more. These advancements make software drumbeats realistic, and indistinguishable from their human counterparts yet the role of the drummer in modern music could not be more important. Humans love live music, and very few commercially successful live musical acts do not use a live drummer. Even rap and hip hop--two musical genres famous for ushering in the area of "sampled" drum beats, and "sampled song loops"-- often will have a live drummer on stage despite the ease of which the music can be broadcast loudly without requiring one. The reason is simple: live drums and the musicians who perform using them are both visually and sonically exciting. There are genres where a drummer is not provided such as "DJ Couture" and "Electronic Dance music" (or EDM) but they are the exceptions and not the rule. From the earliest humans banging rocks and sticks together, to the modern drums of today the future of the live drummer in music has never been brighter. | general_qa | 12,176 |
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Name some popular video games exclusive to Sony’s Playstation game consoles. | Some of the most popular games that are exclusive to Sony Playstation consoles include the Uncharted series, the Gran Turismo series, and the God of War series. Each series of games have sold tens of millions of copies. | open_qa | 12,178 |
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Name a song The Mo is best known for that is not named after a dairy product. | The Mo, also known simply as Mo, was a Dutch pop band best remembered for the 1980s hits "Fred Astaire" and "Cheese." The band was known to be an experimental pop band during the new wave era. | Fred Astaire | closed_qa | 12,179 |
What is the largest country in the world? | There are multiple ways that large can be defined. By area, Russia is the largest country in the world alternatively by Population, China is the worlds most populated country. | general_qa | 12,180 |
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Where did Jon Rahm go to college? | He attended Arizona State University on a golf scholarship, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications. There he won 11 college golf tournaments, which is second in school history, behind only Phil Mickelson's 16 collegiate wins. | Arizona State University | closed_qa | 12,182 |
Who wrote the book "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families" ? | Stephen R. Covey | open_qa | 12,183 |
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Based on this paragrah, what indie band released the album "Popsicle"? | Popsicle is an alternative rock album by indie band Diamond Nights, released in 2005. The song "The Girl's Attractive" was featured in a 2006 Jaguar and an Austrian beer (Stiegl) advertisement, as well on the "Thirst" and "Nicodemus" episodes of the TV drama Smallville, and was included on its second Soundtrack The Metropolis Mix . | Diamond Nights | closed_qa | 12,184 |
How do you call the Arkansas Razorbacks? | The individual starts with their arms stretched out near waist, and slowly raise them while doing jazz fingers all while saying "wooooooo" then once your arms are above your head you say "pig sooie." Reset your hands to your waist and two more times, but on the third time, after you say "pig sooie" you also say "razorbacks!" | general_qa | 12,186 |
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What is a speedrun in video games? | In gaming, a speedrun is the task of playing a game, or a section of a game, with the goal of completing it as quickly as possible. While there are many categories of speedrunning, they often include strategy, planned routes, or even glitches to get to the end credits of the game in the shortest possible time. | open_qa | 12,187 |
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What is GraphQL? | GraphQL is an open-source data query language and data manipulation language for APIs, and a query runtime engine. | open_qa | 12,188 |
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Manchester of South India ? | Coimbatore, also spelt as Koyamputhur[note 1] (Tamil pronunciation: [koːjambʊt̪ːuːɾ]), sometimes shortened as Kovai (IPA: [koːʋaj]), is one of the major metropolitan cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai in terms of population and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the census 2011. It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore District. In 1981, Coimbatore formed as the third municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Madurai. Podanur Junction is the oldest railway station in Coimbatore City. The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery, wet grinders, poultry and auto components; the "Coimbatore Wet Grinder" and the "Kovai Cora Cotton" are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India. Being a hub of textile industry in South India, the city is sometimes referred to as the "Manchester of South India". It was ranked the 7th best city in India in the Ease of Living index 2020. | Coimbatore | closed_qa | 12,190 |
why am I required to do onboarding training? | Company onboarding training is important because it lets you get familiar with company rules and company culture. Onboarding training teaches rules to prevent harassment at work. It teaches you what the company cultural values are. It teaches you how to interact with your co-workers and what kind of behavior is acceptable and not acceptable. It also teaches you the value of diversity and inclusion and why its so important. | open_qa | 12,193 |
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Do all dog breeds have long tails? | Dogs naturally have a variety of tail lengths, ranging from long to short to stubs | open_qa | 12,195 |
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Should generative AI be banned from the classroom ? | There is no unanimous answer to the this question. Certain people believe generative AI should be banned from the classroom, while other see this as an opportunity to ask what is the place of AI in teaching. If there is still the need for students to perform their own research and train to have the appropriate approach, using modern tool in a classroom is a must to prepare the student for a world where the use of AI will most-likely disrupt the workplace. Failing to be a universal tool, AI has contributed to open the debate on the place of AI in the classroom. Using the debate to understand how AI works can contribute to providing the student with a better understanding of AI, therefore better preparing them for the changes ahead. | general_qa | 12,196 |
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What is pan genomics? | Pan genomics is a concept introduced in 2005 by Tettelin and Medini which eventually took root in bioinformatics. Pan genome is the complete gene repertoire of a particular taxonomic group: although initially applied to closely related strains of a species, it can be applied to a larger context like genus, phylum, etc. It is divided in two parts- The Core genome: Set of genes common to all the genomes under study (These are often housekeeping genes vital for survival) and The Dispensable/Flexible Genome: Set of genes not present in all but one or some genomes under study. A bioinformatics tool BPGA can be used to characterize the Pan Genome of bacterial species. | open_qa | 12,200 |
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Name some of the most well-known Valyrian steel swords. | Widow's Wail, Heartsbane, Longclaw, Oathkeeper, Red Rain | open_qa | 12,202 |
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Can we move away from fossil fuels in the next decade ? | In short No, Fossil fuels will be part of our Energy portfolio for several decades. Despite the general consensus that fossil fuels are the largest contributor to climate change, it’s also challenging to find an alternative energy source that replaces this on a global scale. As emerging nations grow, their demand for affordable energy will maintain the need for fossil fuels. However, while renewable energies have been projected to replace fossil fuels as the main energy source by 2050, we will still need to invest in decarbonization technology to offset the impact of maintaining emissions from fossil fuels. | general_qa | 12,203 |
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What are some of the challenges and solutions involved in growing tomatoes in the Pacific Northwest? | Growing tomatoes in the Pacific Northwest is very possible, but can present a number of challenges. The three biggest concerns revolve around:
1. A short growing season
2. Cooler summers
3. Wetter than average summers
Here are some solutions you can use to mitigate these challenges.
Do deal with the short growing season, you need to get a headstart on growing by using starters. What this means is that instead of planting a seed in the ground in Springtime, you start a seed indoors in late winter, grow it into a small to medium plant, then transplant that "starter", into the ground when the temperature is warm enough. You can buy starters from Nurseries, or start your own at home. Nursery starters are easier, but by growing at home you can experiment with more rare varieties and gain experience in cultivating a plant from the seedling stage. If you grow your own it's important to slowly climatize the plant to outdoor weather leading up to the transplant date by moving it outside starting with a couple hours a day, increasing an hour or two per day over 2-3 weeks. By using starters you essentially extend the growing season by giving your plant a multi month head start.
Tomatoes mature best in warm to hot climates. The pacific northwest has cooler summers than many of the growing regions in the world. There is not a lot we can do to control mother nature, but there are one or two methods to help yourself here. Certain varieties of tomatoes do better in cooler summers - try and select these. If you're using starts from a local nursery they can guide you - starts from big national box stores might not be the best for your local Northwest climate. Another technique, if you are experiencing a cooler than normal Spring and start of Summer, is to build a "hoop house", using PVC pipe frame and a visqueen tarp. This will let light in and act as a mini-greenhouse, trapping heat around the plant. Keep in mind tomatoes need pollinators like bees to produce fruit, so once the plan t begins to flower you'll want to ensure pollination can occur.
Moisture creates issues with Tomato plants as they are very susceptible to various types of fungus that grow on the leaves. Blight is one in particular common among tomatoes. The wet summers we sometimes have create conditions on the leaves conducive to fungal growth, they can also splash fungus onto the leaves from the soil. The easiest way to deal with these two issues is in proper pruning. As early as you can prune any lower sets of leaves that could possibly come into contact with the ground. Don't do this too soon as the plant needs some leaves to grow. There are many ways to prune a tomato that you can read about, but one common one in wet areas is called single stemming - in this technique you prune "suckers", which are the small offshoots that grow in between the main stem and the leaf stems. By pruning the suckers you prevent too much bushy growth, which will help the leaves dry out with airflow after a rain storm. The last issue related to water is that heavy late season rains will cause the fruits to swell with water and crack. There's not an easy solution here. If it's towards the end of the season and a rainstorm is coming in, this can be a good time to pick all your fruit, your green tomatoes can be used for green salsas. Some will resort to building a tarp structure above the plants to stop the rain, though this can require a bit more work and ingenuity, and you'll need another system to keep the plants watered.
Overall, growing tomatoes in the Pacific Northwest is totally possible and very rewarding. Hopefully these tips help you to have a fruitful growing season! | general_qa | 12,205 |
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what is a scottish fold cat? | A scottish fold cat is a feline with a genetic mutation that causes its ears to fold down. Scottish fold cats are rare, but the breed is well-loved by many for their gentle demeanor and soft fur. | open_qa | 12,209 |
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What origins and destinations does Delta Vacations offer? | Delta Vacations offers great vacation experiences from any city in the U.S. and Canada served by Delta Air Lines to more than 300+ vacation destinations around the world, including Mexico, the Caribbean, U.S., Hawaii, Canada, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and the Middle East. | general_qa | 12,211 |
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Is double checked locking safe? | In software engineering, double-checked locking (also known as "double-checked locking optimization") is a software design pattern used to reduce the overhead of acquiring a lock by testing the locking criterion (the "lock hint") before acquiring the lock. Locking occurs only if the locking criterion check indicates that locking is required.
The pattern, when implemented in some language/hardware combinations, can be unsafe. At times, it can be considered an anti-pattern.
It is typically used to reduce locking overhead when implementing "lazy initialization" in a multi-threaded environment, especially as part of the Singleton pattern. Lazy initialization avoids initializing a value until the first time it is accessed. | Double checked locking can be unsafe in some situations and is sometimes considered an anti-pattern. However, it can be implemented in a safe way. | closed_qa | 12,212 |
What did batteries get invented? | Volta invented the first battery around 1800. It worked by storing and releasing a charge of energy caused by a chemical reaction. Since this time batteries have only improved with time. Around the end of the 19th century batteries were a primary source of electricity for electric grids. With continuous future improvements to batteries they were being used in most consumer electronics like phones, computers and televisions. | open_qa | 12,214 |
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Given this short summary of Giovan Battista Cavagna, how long did it take to build the second Monte di Pieta? | In Naples, he worked in 1572–1577 at the church of San Gregorio Armeno together with Giovanni Vincenzo della Monica. He helped design the Bank in Naples, called the second Monte di Pietà, started in 1539 with goal, according to Sasso, of liberating citizens from the supposed usury of the Jews. By 1597, the building was completed and unified all the banks in the city. In this project, he was aided by Giovanni Giacomo Di Conforto and Giovanni Cola di Franco. | It took 58 years. Started in 1539, completed in 1597. | closed_qa | 12,215 |
What does Neolithic mean? | "Neolithic" comes from the Greek word for "new stone," and it started about 10,000 years after the Upper Paleolithic. During the Neolithic, people learned how to farm. Animals that were tamed and kept as pets also gave rise to livestock. In the later stages of the Neolithic, copper, bronze, and finally iron were used to make tools. This is what is known as the "Iron Age." | open_qa | 12,216 |
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How old were the indigenous civilizations in Mexico prior to European contact? | Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico goes back to 8,000 BCE and it went to become one of the world's six cradles of civilization. In particular, the Mesoamerican region was home to many intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. Last were the Aztecs, who dominated the region in the century before European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire and its indigenous allies conquered the Aztec Empire from its capital Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), establishing the colony of New Spain. | There were many civilizations that came prior to European contact, some that date back as early as 8,000 BCE. The last civilization to dominate Mexico a century prior to European contact were the Aztecs, whose capital, Tenochtitlan, became what is now Mexico City. | closed_qa | 12,217 |
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