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EN_1_2
|
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
|
100.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 100
| null |
constitution create office president vice_president separate office congress constitution establish electoral_college base state congressional_representation elector_cast vote candidate procedure modify ratification_twelfth amendment states varying method_choose presidential_elector state state_legislature choose_elector choose_elector form involve popular_vote state choice statewide vote
|
verfassung büro präsident vizepräsident schaffen büro kongreß trennen verfassung begründen wahlkollegium vertretung staat beruhen wähler_stimme kandidat abgeben verfahren ratifizierung_zwölft ändern staat unterschiedlich methode wahl präsidentenwähler staat wählen landesgesetzgebend wähler wählten wähler form_volksabstimmung staat wahl landesweit abstimmung
|
EN_1_2
|
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|
EN_1_3
|
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
|
101.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 101
| null |
popular washington distinguish commander continental_army american_revolutionary war agree retirement elect ease washington select_running mate concept_develop
|
beliebt washington amerikanisch_revolutionskrieg ehemalig kommandeur_kontinentalarmee auszeichnen erklären ruhestand wählen washington wählen_running mate konzept entwickeln
|
EN_1_3
|
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EN_1_4
|
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
|
102.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 102
| null |
formal political party exist organize consistent difference_opinion manifest federalists_anti federalists_contest presidency open thomas_jefferson predict popular northern leader governor john_hancock massachusetts john_adams minister great_britain world_health organization represent massachusetts congress elect president anti_federalist leader patrick_henry world_health organization run george clinton world_health organization oppose ratification_constitution represent potential choice
|
formell politisch partei organisiert meinungsunterschied föderalist manifestieren wettbewerb thomas_jefferson populär nordführer gouverneur john_hancock massachusetts john_adams ehemalig minister großbritannien massachusett kongress vertreten vizepräsident_wählen führer patrick_henry kandidiert george clinton ratifizierung_verfassung aussprechen stellen entscheidung
|
EN_1_4
|
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[
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[
1,
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|
EN_1_5
|
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
103.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 103
| null |
elector_cast vote washington election unanimous adams win_electoral vote presidency remain electoral_vote split candidate include john_jay world_health organization finish_electoral vote state ineligible participate election new_york legislature_choose elector time north_carolina rhode_island ratify_constitution washington inaugurate new_york city april day congress_convene
|
anwesend wähler_stimme washington abgeben wahl erfolgen adams gewinnen_wahlstimme vizepräsidentschaft restlich wahlstimme kandidat aufteilen john_jay wahlstimme platz_belegen staat berechtigen wahl teilnehmen new_york legislaturperiode_wählen wähler north_carolina rhode_island verfassung_ratifizieren washington april kongress new_york city einweihen
|
EN_1_5
|
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6,
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|
EN_1_6
|
Though no organized political parties yet existed, political opinion loosely divided between those who had more stridently and enthusiastically endorsed ratification of the Constitution, called Federalists or Cosmopolitans, and Anti-Federalists or Localists who had only more reluctantly, skeptically, or conditionally supported, or who had outright opposed ratification. Both factions supported Washington for president. Limited, primitive political campaigning occurred in states and localities where swaying public opinion might matter. For example, in Maryland, a state with a statewide popular vote, unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising.
|
104.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 104
| null |
organized political party exist political opinion divide world_health organization endorse ratification_constitution call federalists cosmopolitans anti_federalists localists world_health organization support world_health organization outright oppose ratification faction support washington president limited primitive political campaigning occur state locality sway public_opinion matter example maryland state statewide popular_vote unofficial party campaign advertising
|
organisiert politisch partei_spalten politisch meinung lose ratifizierung_verfassung unterstützen föderalist kosmopolit nennen lokalist widerwilliger skeptisch unterstützen ratifizierung aussprechen fraktion unterstützen washington präsident begrenzte primitiv politisch kampagne finden staat ort öffentlich_meinung rolle_spielen maryland staat landesweit_volksabstimmung inoffiziell partei kampagne ort werbung
|
EN_1_6
|
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7,
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|
EN_1_7
|
No nomination process existed at the time of planning, and thus, the framers of the Constitution presumed that Washington would be elected unopposed. For example, Alexander Hamilton spoke for national opinion when in a letter to Washington attempting to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon to serve as the first president, he wrote that "...the point of light in which you stand at home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state."
|
105.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 105
| null |
nomination process exist time planning framer_constitution presume washington elect_unopposed example alexander_hamilton speak national opinion washington attempt_persuade leave retirement farm mount_vernon serve president write point light stand home infinite difference respectability government begin operation alternative head state
|
zeitpunkt planung nominierungsprozess vermuten verfasser verfassung washington wählen alexander_hamilton sprechen national meinung brief washington versuchen überzeugen ruhestand farm mount_vernon verlassen präsident dienen schreiben punkt_licht haus ausland stehen unendlich unterschied respektabilität regierung operation alternative sein beginnen staatsoberhaupt
|
EN_1_7
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2,
0.1232876712328767
],
[
16,
0.1232876712328767
],
[
24,
0.0821917808219178
],
[
22,
0.0547945205479452
],
[
5,
0.0136986301369863
],
[
6,
0.0136986301369863
],
[
1,
0.0136986301369863
]
] | 13
|
EN_1_8
|
Another uncertainty was the choice for the vice presidency, which contained no definite job description beyond being the president's designated successor and presiding over the Senate. The Constitution stipulated that the position would be awarded to the runner-up in the presidential election. Because Washington was from Virginia, then the largest state, many assumed that electors would choose a vice president from a northern state. In an August 1788 letter, U.S. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock, both from Massachusetts, to be the top contenders. Jefferson suggested John Jay, John Rutledge, and Virginian James Madison as other possible candidates. Adams received 34 electoral votes, one short of a majority – because the Constitution did not require an outright majority in the Electoral College prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to elect a runner-up as vice president, Adams was elected to that post.
|
106.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 106
| null |
uncertainty choice presidency contain definite job description president designate successor preside_senate constitution_stipulate position award runner presidential_election washington virginia large state elector_choose president northern state august minister france thomas_jefferson write consider john_adams john_hancock massachusetts contender jefferson suggest john_jay john_rutledge virginian james_madison possible candidate adams receive electoral_vote short majority constitution require outright majority_electoral college ratification_twelfth amendment elect runner president adams elect post
|
ungewissheit wahl definitiv arbeitsbeschreibung designiert nachfolger präsident vorsitz_senat enthalten verfassung sehen position zweitplatzierte präsidentschaftswahl verleihen washington virginia staat stammen wähler vizepräsident nördlich staat wählen august brief usa minister_frankreich thomas_jefferson schreiben john_adams john_hancock massachusett jefferson schlagen john_jay john_rutledge virginian james_madison kandidat adams erhalten_wahlstimmus knapp_mehrheit verfassung ratifizierung_zwölft änderungsantrag wahl vollständig mehrheit_wahlkollegium verlangen adams posten wählen
|
EN_1_8
|
[
0,
0.015384615284319107,
0.2230769230196109,
0,
0.015384615284319107,
0,
0,
0.04615384678427989,
0,
0,
0.007692307642159554,
0,
0,
0,
0.007692307642159554,
0,
0.23076923019610918,
0.007692307642159554,
0,
0.007692307642159554,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.43846153886272354
] |
[
[
24,
0.43846153886272354
],
[
16,
0.23076923019610918
],
[
2,
0.2230769230196109
],
[
7,
0.04615384678427989
],
[
4,
0.015384615284319107
],
[
1,
0.015384615284319107
],
[
19,
0.007692307642159554
],
[
17,
0.007692307642159554
],
[
14,
0.007692307642159554
],
[
10,
0.007692307642159554
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_9
|
The outgoing Congress of the Confederation announced the procedure for the election on September 13, 1788, stipulating that all electors must be chosen on the first Wednesday in January (January 7, 1789), and that the electors must assemble to cast their votes for president and vice president on the first Wednesday in February (February 4). However, the states differed in their interpretations of this procedure and of the relevant portions of the new Constitution. New Hampshire and Massachusetts held a popular vote for their presidential electors alongside the elections for their representatives in the new Congress, on December 15 and December 18, respectively. In these two states, the legislatures ultimately chose the electors based on the voting results on the appointed day, January 7. In Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the electors were chosen directly by the popular vote on January 7. In Connecticut, Georgia, and South Carolina, the electors were appointed by the legislature alone on January 7, while in New Jersey the governor and council selected them on that day. The legislature in New York was unable to agree on a method for choosing the electors before January 7, and so the state could not appoint any electors.
|
107.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 107
| null |
outgoing congress confederation announce procedure election september stipulate_elector choose wednesday_january january elector assemble cast_vote president president wednesday_february february state differ interpretation procedure relevant portion new constitution new_hampshire massachusetts hold popular_vote presidential_elector election representative new congress december december state_legislature choose_elector base voting result appoint day january delaware_maryland pennsylvania virginia elector_choose popular_vote january connecticut_georgia south_carolina elector appoint legislature january new_jersey governor council select day legislature new_york unable agree method_choose elector january state appoint elector
|
scheidend_kongress konföderation kündigen wahlverfahren september legen wähler mittwoch_januar januar wählen_wähler versammeln stimme präsident vizepräsident mittwoch_februar februar abgeben unterschieden staat auslegung verfahren entsprechend teil verfassung new_hampshire massachusett wahl vertreter kongress dezember dezember volksabstimmung präsident wählen staat wählen gesetzgeber wähler grundlage abstimmungsergebnis benannt januar delaware_maryland pennsylvania virginia wähler_volksabstimmung januar wählen connecticut georgia_south carolina wähler legislative januar ernennen new_jersey gouverneur rat wählen legislative new_york lage methode wahl wähler januar staat wähler ernennen
|
EN_1_9
|
[
0,
0.01298701304144093,
0.01298701304144093,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01298701304144093,
0,
0,
0.02597402608288186,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.6623376641821649,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006493506520720465,
0.02597402608288186,
0.24025973800702818
] |
[
[
16,
0.6623376641821649
],
[
24,
0.24025973800702818
],
[
23,
0.02597402608288186
],
[
10,
0.02597402608288186
],
[
1,
0.01298701304144093
],
[
7,
0.01298701304144093
],
[
2,
0.01298701304144093
],
[
22,
0.006493506520720465
]
] | 16
|
EN_1_10
|
Voter turnout comprised a low single-digit percentage of the adult population. Though all states allowed some rudimentary form of popular vote, only six ratifying states allowed any form of popular vote specifically for presidential electors. In most states only white men, and in many only those who owned property, could vote. Free black men could vote in four Northern states, and women could vote in New Jersey until 1804. In some states, there was a nominal religious test for voting. For example, in Massachusetts and Connecticut, the Congregational Church was established, supported by taxes. Voting was hampered by poor communications and infrastructure and the labor demands imposed by farming. Two months passed after the election before the votes were counted and Washington was notified that he had been elected president. Washington spent eight days traveling from Virginia to New York for the inauguration. Congress took twenty-eight days to assemble.
|
108.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 108
| null |
voter_turnout comprise low single_digit percentage adult population state allow rudimentary form popular_vote ratify state allow form popular_vote presidential_elector state white man world_health organization property vote free black man vote northern state woman vote new_jersey state nominal religious_test voting example massachusetts connecticut congregational_church establish support taxis voting hamper poor communication infrastructure labor demand impose farming month pass election vote_count washington notify elect president washington spend day travel virginia new_york inauguration congress day assemble
|
wahlbeteiligung umfassen niedrig einstellig prozentsatz erwachsen_bevölkerung staat erlauben rudimentär form_volksabstimmung ratifizierend_staat erlauben form_volksabstimmung präsident wähler staat weiß mann eigentum_besitzen wählen schwarz mann nördlich staat wählen frau new_jersey wählen staat nominell religiös_test wahl massachusett_connecticut kongregationskirch gründen steuer unterstützen abstimmung kommunikation infrastruktur landwirtschaft auferlegt arbeitsanforderunge behindern monat wahl verstrichen stimme_zählen washington benachrichtigen präsident wählen washington reisen virginia new_york einweihung kongreß brauchen versammeln
|
EN_1_10
|
[
0.0075187972515709444,
0,
0,
0.03759398346388697,
0,
0.015037594503141889,
0.015037594503141889,
0,
0,
0,
0.02255639082339025,
0.090225563293561,
0.09774436147645453,
0,
0.0075187972515709444,
0.12781955420802862,
0.34586465680845696,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.03759398346388697,
0,
0,
0.19548872295290906
] |
[
[
16,
0.34586465680845696
],
[
24,
0.19548872295290906
],
[
15,
0.12781955420802862
],
[
12,
0.09774436147645453
],
[
11,
0.090225563293561
],
[
3,
0.03759398346388697
],
[
21,
0.03759398346388697
],
[
10,
0.02255639082339025
],
[
6,
0.015037594503141889
],
[
5,
0.015037594503141889
]
] | 16
|
EN_1_11
|
As the electors were selected, politics intruded, and the process was not free of rumors and intrigue. For example, Hamilton aimed to ensure that Adams did not inadvertently tie Washington in the electoral vote. Also, Federalists spread rumors that Anti-Federalists plotted to elect Richard Henry Lee or Patrick Henry president, with George Clinton as vice president. However, Clinton received only three electoral votes.
|
109.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 109
| null |
elector select politic intrude process free rumor intrigue example hamilton aim_ensure adams tie washington electoral_vote federalist spread_rumor anti_federalists plot elect richard_henry lee patrick_henry president george clinton president clinton receive electoral_vote
|
wähler auswählen geraten politik stocken prozess gerücht intrig hamilton sicherstellen adams washington wahlabstimmung einbinden verbreitet föderalist gerücht richard_henry lee patrick_henry präsident wählen george clinton vizepräsident clinton erhalten wahlstimme
|
EN_1_11
|
[
0,
0.046153846569359294,
0.2461538434028626,
0,
0,
0.015384615212678912,
0.046153846569359294,
0.015384615212678912,
0,
0.030769230425357823,
0.07692307885736224,
0.015384615212678912,
0,
0,
0,
0.030769230425357823,
0,
0.030769230425357823,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.046153846569359294,
0.4000000011175871
] |
[
[
24,
0.4000000011175871
],
[
2,
0.2461538434028626
],
[
10,
0.07692307885736224
],
[
23,
0.046153846569359294
],
[
6,
0.046153846569359294
],
[
1,
0.046153846569359294
],
[
17,
0.030769230425357823
],
[
15,
0.030769230425357823
],
[
9,
0.030769230425357823
],
[
5,
0.015384615212678912
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_12
|
(a) Only six of the 11 states eligible to cast electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote.
|
110.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 110
| null |
state eligible cast_electoral vote choose_elector form popular_vote
|
staat wahlstimme abgeben wählen_wahlberechtigter form_volksabstimmung
|
EN_1_12
|
[
0,
0,
0.125,
0.0625,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0625,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0625,
0.6875
] |
[
[
24,
0.6875
],
[
2,
0.125
],
[
23,
0.0625
],
[
3,
0.0625
],
[
17,
0.0625
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_13
|
(b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes.
|
111.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 111
| null |
population vote census_count total population free population slave state cast_electoral vote
|
bevölkerung stimmen_volkszählung gesamtbevölkerung_million frei bevölkerung million sklave staat_wahlstimma abgeben_zählen
|
EN_1_13
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.04166666821887097,
0,
0,
0.5833333178112903,
0,
0,
0,
0.16666667287548387,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.04166666821887097,
0,
0,
0.16666667287548387
] |
[
[
12,
0.5833333178112903
],
[
16,
0.16666667287548387
],
[
24,
0.16666667287548387
],
[
9,
0.04166666821887097
],
[
21,
0.04166666821887097
]
] | 12
|
EN_1_14
|
(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.
|
112.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 112
| null |
c state choose_elector popular_vote vary_restriction suffrage_property requirement
|
staat wähler_volksabstimmung wählen unterschiedlich_beschränkung wahlrecht_eigentumsanforderung
|
EN_1_14
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.11764705882352941,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.11764705882352941,
0,
0,
0,
0.058823529411764705,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.23529411764705882,
0.47058823529411764
] |
[
[
24,
0.47058823529411764
],
[
23,
0.23529411764705882
],
[
11,
0.11764705882352941
],
[
5,
0.11764705882352941
],
[
15,
0.058823529411764705
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_15
|
Source: "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
|
113.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 113
| null |
source electoral_college box scores national_archives records_administration retrieve july
|
quelle electoral_college box scores national registerverwaltung
|
EN_1_15
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.1111111111111111,
0,
0,
0,
0.05555555555555555,
0,
0,
0.05555555555555555,
0,
0,
0,
0.1111111111111111,
0,
0,
0.2222222222222222,
0.1111111111111111,
0,
0.1111111111111111,
0,
0.2222222222222222
] |
[
[
24,
0.2222222222222222
],
[
19,
0.2222222222222222
],
[
22,
0.1111111111111111
],
[
16,
0.1111111111111111
],
[
20,
0.1111111111111111
],
[
5,
0.1111111111111111
],
[
12,
0.05555555555555555
],
[
9,
0.05555555555555555
]
] | 19
|
EN_1_16
|
(b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes.
|
114.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 114
| null |
population vote census_count total population free population slave state cast_electoral vote
|
bevölkerung stimmen_volkszählung gesamtbevölkerung_million frei bevölkerung million sklave staat_wahlstimma abgeben_zählen
|
EN_1_16
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.041666667132327945,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.6666666741172471,
0,
0,
0,
0.08333333426465589,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.20833332448576905
] |
[
[
12,
0.6666666741172471
],
[
24,
0.20833332448576905
],
[
16,
0.08333333426465589
],
[
5,
0.041666667132327945
]
] | 12
|
EN_1_17
|
(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.
|
115.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 115
| null |
c state choose_elector popular_vote vary_restriction suffrage_property requirement
|
staat wähler_volksabstimmung wählen unterschiedlich_beschränkung wahlrecht_eigentumsanforderung
|
EN_1_17
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.058823528973495263,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.17647059064577605,
0,
0.23529411589398105,
0,
0,
0.058823528973495263,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.058823528973495263,
0,
0,
0.4117647065397571
] |
[
[
24,
0.4117647065397571
],
[
13,
0.23529411589398105
],
[
11,
0.17647059064577605
],
[
21,
0.058823528973495263
],
[
16,
0.058823528973495263
],
[
5,
0.058823528973495263
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_18
|
(d) As the New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted eight electors in time, there were no voting electors from New York.
|
116.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 116
| null |
new_york legislature fail appoint allotted elector time vote_elector new_york
|
new_yorker legislaturperiode versäumen wahlberechtigte ernennen wahlberechtigten new_york
|
EN_1_18
|
[
0,
0.0588235280969564,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.1176470561939128,
0.0588235280969564,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.1176470561939128,
0.0588235280969564,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.5882353033213052
] |
[
[
24,
0.5882353033213052
],
[
6,
0.1176470561939128
],
[
15,
0.1176470561939128
],
[
16,
0.0588235280969564
],
[
7,
0.0588235280969564
],
[
1,
0.0588235280969564
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_19
|
(f) One elector from Virginia did not vote and another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns.
|
117.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 117
| null |
elector virginia vote_elector virginia choose election district fail submit return
|
wähler virginia stimmen wähler virginia wählen_wahlbezirk rückkehr einreichten
|
EN_1_19
|
[
0.050000001490116144,
0,
0,
0,
0.050000001490116144,
0,
0,
0.050000001490116144,
0,
0,
0.050000001490116144,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.4499999947845935,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.3499999992549419
] |
[
[
16,
0.4499999947845935
],
[
24,
0.3499999992549419
],
[
4,
0.050000001490116144
],
[
0,
0.050000001490116144
],
[
10,
0.050000001490116144
],
[
7,
0.050000001490116144
]
] | 16
|
EN_1_20
|
(g) The identity of this candidate comes from The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Gordon DenBoer (ed.), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p. 441). Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. However, primary sources, such as the Senate Journal, list only Armstrong's name, not his state. Skeptics observe that Armstrong received his single vote from a Georgia elector. They find this improbable because Armstrong of Pennsylvania was not nationally famous—his public service to that date consisted of being a medical officer during the American Revolution and, at most, a single year as a Pennsylvania judge.
|
118.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 118
| null |
g identity candidate documentary_history federal elections gordon denboer university_wisconsin press respected source include biographical_directory united_states congress political graveyard individual james_armstrong pennsylvania primary_source senate journal list armstrong state skeptic observe armstrong receive single vote georgia elector improbable armstrong_pennsylvania famous public service date consist medical officer american_revolution single year pennsylvania judge
|
identität kandidat stammen dokumentationsgeschicht bundeswahl gordon denboer university_of wisconsin press angesehen quelle biografisch verzeichniss kongreß vereinigt_staat politisch friedhof zeigen person james_armstrong pennsylvania primär_quelle senatsjournal liste armstrong name staat skeptiker beobachten armstrong stimme georgisch wähler erhalten finden armstrong_pennsylvania öffentlich_dienst bestehen zeitpunkt medizinisch offizier amerikanisch_revolution pennsylvania richter
|
EN_1_20
|
[
0.2450980353990899,
0,
0,
0,
0.019607843502479436,
0.019607843502479436,
0.019607843502479436,
0.009803921751239718,
0.029411764322396592,
0,
0.009803921751239718,
0.009803921751239718,
0,
0.04901960782487603,
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0,
0.21568627293933842,
0.009803921751239718,
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0.127450985560084,
0.029411764322396592,
0,
0.03921568700495887,
0.058823528644793184,
0.10784313646966921
] |
[
[
0,
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],
[
16,
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],
[
19,
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],
[
24,
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],
[
23,
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],
[
13,
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],
[
22,
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],
[
20,
0.029411764322396592
],
[
8,
0.029411764322396592
],
[
5,
0.019607843502479436
]
] | 0
|
EN_1_21
|
Elections in this period were vastly different from modern day presidential elections. The actual presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to a particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who the particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given faction. For example, if three federalist electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, federalist electors would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results.
|
119.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 119
| null |
election period different modern day presidential_election actual presidential_candidate mention_ticket voter_vote particular_elector world_health organization pledge_particular candidate confusion world_health organization particular_elector pledge result report high result elector faction example federalist_elector receive vote federalist_elector record vote confusion_surround way result report lead_discrepancy sum state result national result
|
wahl unterschied heutig präsidentschaftswahl tatsächlich_präsidentschaftskandidat eintrittskarte_erwähnen wähler_wählen bestimmt wähler_zusagen bestimmt kandidat_verwirrung einzeln wähler_zusagen ergebnis ergebnis wähler bestimmt fraktion_melden föderalistisch_wähler stimme erhalten föderalistisch_wähler stimme_registrieren verwirrung art_weise ergebnis melden_diskrepanz summe staatlich national ergebnis führen
|
EN_1_21
|
[
0.011111110904150548,
0.022222221808301097,
0,
0,
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0.03333333364377418,
0,
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0.011111110904150548,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.011111110904150548,
0.022222221808301097,
0,
0,
0,
0,
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0.011111110904150548,
0.011111110904150548,
0.5111111183547308
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[
[
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[
8,
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],
[
5,
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[
16,
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[
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[
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[
23,
0.011111110904150548
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[
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],
[
4,
0.011111110904150548
],
[
9,
0.011111110904150548
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_22
|
In Maryland, the state was effectively split into two districts: the western shore and the eastern shore. Five electors were chosen from the western shore and three from the eastern shore. All electors, however, were elected at-large by all Maryland voters.
|
120.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 120
| null |
maryland state split district western_shore eastern_shore elector_choose western_shore eastern_shore elector elect large maryland voter
|
maryland staat bezirk_aufteilen westlich_ufer östlich_ufer wähler westufer ostufer wählen_wähler wähler maryland wählen
|
EN_1_22
|
[
0.6060606060606061,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.030303030303030304,
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0,
0,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.030303030303030304,
0,
0.24242424242424243
] |
[
[
0,
0.6060606060606061
],
[
24,
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[
16,
0.09090909090909091
],
[
11,
0.030303030303030304
],
[
22,
0.030303030303030304
]
] | 0
|
EN_1_23
|
In Delaware, no candidate received the majority of votes, throwing the election to the legislature, who chose the five best-performing elector candidates.
|
121.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 121
| null |
delaware candidate receive majority vote throw election legislature world_health organization choose perform_elector candidate
|
delaware erhalten kandidat_mehrheit stimme werfen wahl legislative wahlkandidat wählen
|
EN_1_23
|
[
0.08333333364377418,
0,
0,
0,
0.04166666682188709,
0,
0,
0,
0.04166666682188709,
0,
0,
0.04166666682188709,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
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[
[
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[
0,
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[
11,
0.04166666682188709
],
[
8,
0.04166666682188709
],
[
4,
0.04166666682188709
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_24
|
Virginian electors John Pride and Patrick Henry had previously voted against ratification of the Constitution. John Roane was one of three Clinton Electors.
|
122.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 122
| null |
virginian elector john pride patrick_henry vote ratification_constitution john roane clinton electors
|
wähler virginia john pride patrick_henry ratifizierung_verfassung stimmen john roane
|
EN_1_24
|
[
0,
0,
0.3749999944120646,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.04166666728754837,
0,
0,
0.4583333364377419,
0.04166666728754837,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.08333333457509674
] |
[
[
16,
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],
[
2,
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],
[
24,
0.08333333457509674
],
[
13,
0.04166666728754837
],
[
17,
0.04166666728754837
]
] | 16
|
EN_1_25
|
The vote totals of Virginia and Delaware appear to be incomplete. In several states candidates of unknown affiliation received votes.
|
123.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 123
| null |
vote total virginia delaware appear_incomplete state candidate unknown_affiliation receive vote
|
gesamtzahl stimme virginia delaware scheinen staat erhalten kandidat_unbekannt zugehörigkeit_stimme
|
EN_1_25
|
[
0.14285714498588012,
0,
0.047619047086863306,
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0.047619047086863306,
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0.09523809417372661,
0,
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0,
0,
0.047619047086863306,
0.047619047086863306,
0.047619047086863306,
0.09523809417372661,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.28571428997176024
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[
[
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[
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],
[
16,
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[
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[
3,
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[
15,
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[
13,
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[
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],
[
10,
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],
[
2,
0.047619047086863306
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_26
|
Sixty-nine electors voted out of a possible 91: Two electors from Maryland and two from Virginia did not vote, the New York State Legislature was deadlocked and the state's 8 electors were not appointed (see below), and North Carolina and Rhode Island with 7 and 3 electoral votes respectively had not yet ratified the Constitution. As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. Of the 69 participating electors, each cast one vote for Washington, who was elected president. Of the remaining candidates, only Adams, Jay, and Hancock received votes from more than one state; with 34 votes, Adams finished second behind only Washington, and by virtue of which fact was elected vice president.
|
124.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 124
| null |
elector_vote possible elector maryland virginia vote new_york state_legislature deadlocke state elector appoint north_carolina rhode_island electoral_vote ratify_constitution term_unamended constitution elector_permit vote president majority number elector appoint necessary elect president participate elector_cast vote washington world_health organization elect president remain candidate adams jay hancock receive vote state vote adams finish washington virtue fact elect president
|
wähler stimmen wähler maryland_virginia stimmen new_york state_legislature blockieren wähler staat ernennen sehen north_carolina rhode_island wahlstimme verfassung_ratifizieren bedingung_ungeändert verfassung wähler_stimme präsident erlauben mehrheit anzahl_gewählt wähler wahl präsident wahlberechtigten stimme washington präsident wählen übrig kandidat erhalten adam jay hancock stimme staat stimme erreichen adams platz washington vizepräsident_wählen
|
EN_1_26
|
[
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0,
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[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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[
13,
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],
[
11,
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],
[
5,
0.009259259104038834
]
] | 24
|
EN_1_27
|
Source: "The Electoral College Count for the Presidential Election of 1789". Washington Papers. University of Virginia. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
|
125.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 125
| null |
source electoral_college count presidential_election washington papers university virginia retrieve_october
|
quelle wahlhochschule graf präsidentschaftswahl washington paper universität virginia oktober
|
EN_1_27
|
[
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[
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[
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[
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[
10,
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[
16,
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[
4,
0.04761904726425808
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|
EN_1_28
|
Control of the bicameral New York State Legislature was divided following ratification of the federal constitution, and lawmakers could not reach an agreement to appoint electors for the forthcoming presidential contest. Federalists, backed by the great landed families and the city commercial interests, were the largest faction in the Senate, the smaller of the two chambers for which roughly a quarter of the state's free white male population was eligible to vote; but in the House of Representatives, with its larger membership and electorate, Anti-federalists representing the middling interests held the majority. The fight to ratify the United States Constitution was still fresh in the memories of the legislators, and the Anti-Federalists were resentful for having been forced by events to accept the constitution without amendments. Bills to govern the selection of electors were proposed in each house and rejected by the other, leading to an impasse. The deadlock still stood on January 7, 1789, the last day for electors to be chosen by the states, and New York thus failed to appoint the eight electors allocated to it by the constitution.
|
126.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 126
| null |
control bicameral new_york state_legislature divide follow ratification federal constitution lawmaker reach_agreement appoint elector forthcoming_presidential contest federalist_back great landed family city commercial_interest large faction senate small chamber quarter state free white_male population_eligible vote house_representatives large membership electorate anti_federalist represent middling interest hold majority fight ratify united_states constitution fresh memory legislator anti_federalists resentful force event accept constitution amendment bill govern selection elector propose house reject lead impasse deadlock stand january day elector_choose state new_york fail appoint elector allocate information_technology constitution
|
kontrolle zweikammer new_york state_legislatur ratifizierung föderal_verfassung teilen gesetzgeber einigung_erzielen wähler kommend präsidentschaftswettbewerb ernenn föderalist unterstützen landfamilien kommerziell_interesse stadt fraktion senat klein kammer viertel frei weiß_männlich bevölkerung staat wählen repräsentantenhaus mitgliedschaft wählerschaft mehrheit halten kampf ratifizierung_verfassung vereinigt_staat erinnerung gesetzgeber ereignis zwingen verfassung änderung akzeptieren gesetzesvorlag wahl wahlberechtigte haus vorschlagen ablehnen sackgasse führen blockade stehen januar letzter wähler staat wählen new_york versäumen wähler ernennen verfassung zuteilen
|
EN_1_28
|
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|
EN_1_29
|
The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. State legislatures chose different methods:
|
127.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 127
| null |
constitution article_ii section state_legislature decide manner_electors choose state_legislature choose different method
|
verfassung artikel_abschnitt sehen staatlich_gesetzgeber wahl wähler entscheiden staatlich_gesetzgeber wählen verschieden methode
|
EN_1_29
|
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[
12,
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[
3,
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]
] | 16
|
EN_1_30
|
A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825 Archived January 20, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
|
128.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 128
| null |
new nation vote american election returns archived january_wayback machine
|
nation stimme amerikanisch wahl rückkehr archiviert januar_wayback machine
|
EN_1_30
|
[
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18,
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] | 19
|
EN_2_0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
|
129.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 129
| null |
presidential_election hold united_states december january new constitution_ratify george_washington elect term president john_adams president presidential_election span calendar year contingent_election national presidential_election american history
|
präsidentschaftswahl finden vereinigt_staat dezember januar verfassung_ratifizieren george_washington amtszeit präsident wählen john_adams vizepräsident einzig präsidentschaftswahl kalenderjahr kontingentswahl national präsidentschaftswahl amerikanisch geschichte umfassen
|
EN_2_0
|
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2,
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|
EN_2_1
|
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
|
130.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 130
| null |
articles_confederation ratify united_states head state executive_function government remain legislative similar country parliamentary_system federal power limited reserve congress confederation president united_states congress_assembled chair_committee states aim fulfill function similar modern cabinet
|
artikel_konföderation ratifizieren vereinigt_staat staatsoberhaupt exekutivfunktion regierung bleiben gesetzgebung land parlamentarisch_system verwend bundesmacht beschränken kongreß konföderation vorbehalten präsident vereinigt_staat congress_assembled vorsitzend_komitee staat funktion modern kabinett erfüllen
|
EN_2_1
|
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[
13,
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[
6,
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] | 16
|
EN_2_2
|
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
|
131.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 131
| null |
constitution create office president vice_president separate office congress constitution establish electoral_college base state congressional_representation elector_cast vote candidate procedure modify ratification_twelfth amendment states varying method_choose presidential_elector state state_legislature choose_elector choose_elector form involve popular_vote state choice statewide vote
|
verfassung büro präsident vizepräsident schaffen büro kongreß trennen verfassung begründen wahlkollegium vertretung staat beruhen wähler_stimme kandidat abgeben verfahren ratifizierung_zwölft ändern staat unterschiedlich methode wahl präsidentenwähler staat wählen landesgesetzgebend wähler wählten wähler form_volksabstimmung staat wahl landesweit abstimmung
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EN_2_3
|
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
|
132.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 132
| null |
popular washington distinguish commander continental_army american_revolutionary war agree retirement elect ease washington select_running mate concept_develop
|
beliebt washington amerikanisch_revolutionskrieg ehemalig kommandeur_kontinentalarmee auszeichnen erklären ruhestand wählen washington wählen_running mate konzept entwickeln
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EN_2_3
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EN_2_4
|
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
|
133.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 133
| null |
formal political party exist organize consistent difference_opinion manifest federalists_anti federalists_contest presidency open thomas_jefferson predict popular northern leader governor john_hancock massachusetts john_adams minister great_britain world_health organization represent massachusetts congress elect president anti_federalist leader patrick_henry world_health organization run george clinton world_health organization oppose ratification_constitution represent potential choice
|
formell politisch partei organisiert meinungsunterschied föderalist manifestieren wettbewerb thomas_jefferson populär nordführer gouverneur john_hancock massachusetts john_adams ehemalig minister großbritannien massachusett kongress vertreten vizepräsident_wählen führer patrick_henry kandidiert george clinton ratifizierung_verfassung aussprechen stellen entscheidung
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EN_2_4
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EN_2_5
|
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
134.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 134
| null |
elector_cast vote washington election unanimous adams win_electoral vote presidency remain electoral_vote split candidate include john_jay world_health organization finish_electoral vote state ineligible participate election new_york legislature_choose elector time north_carolina rhode_island ratify_constitution washington inaugurate new_york city april day congress_convene
|
anwesend wähler_stimme washington abgeben wahl erfolgen adams gewinnen_wahlstimme vizepräsidentschaft restlich wahlstimme kandidat aufteilen john_jay wahlstimme platz_belegen staat berechtigen wahl teilnehmen new_york legislaturperiode_wählen wähler north_carolina rhode_island verfassung_ratifizieren washington april kongress new_york city einweihen
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EN_2_5
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[
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[
6,
0.011627906868450864
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|
EN_2_6
|
Though no organized political parties yet existed, political opinion loosely divided between those who had more stridently and enthusiastically endorsed ratification of the Constitution, called Federalists or Cosmopolitans, and Anti-Federalists or Localists who had only more reluctantly, skeptically, or conditionally supported, or who had outright opposed ratification. Both factions supported Washington for president. Limited, primitive political campaigning occurred in states and localities where swaying public opinion might matter. For example, in Maryland, a state with a statewide popular vote, unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising.
|
135.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 135
| null |
organized political party exist political opinion divide world_health organization endorse ratification_constitution call federalists cosmopolitans anti_federalists localists world_health organization support world_health organization outright oppose ratification faction support washington president limited primitive political campaigning occur state locality sway public_opinion matter example maryland state statewide popular_vote unofficial party campaign advertising
|
organisiert politisch partei_spalten politisch meinung lose ratifizierung_verfassung unterstützen föderalist kosmopolit nennen lokalist widerwilliger skeptisch unterstützen ratifizierung aussprechen fraktion unterstützen washington präsident begrenzte primitiv politisch kampagne finden staat ort öffentlich_meinung rolle_spielen maryland staat landesweit_volksabstimmung inoffiziell partei kampagne ort werbung
|
EN_2_6
|
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EN_2_7
|
No nomination process existed at the time of planning, and thus, the framers of the Constitution presumed that Washington would be elected unopposed. For example, Alexander Hamilton spoke for national opinion when in a letter to Washington attempting to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon to serve as the first president, he wrote that "...the point of light in which you stand at home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state."
|
136.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 136
| null |
nomination process exist time planning framer_constitution presume washington elect_unopposed example alexander_hamilton speak national opinion washington attempt_persuade leave retirement farm mount_vernon serve president write point light stand home infinite difference respectability government begin operation alternative head state
|
zeitpunkt planung nominierungsprozess vermuten verfasser verfassung washington wählen alexander_hamilton sprechen national meinung brief washington versuchen überzeugen ruhestand farm mount_vernon verlassen präsident dienen schreiben punkt_licht haus ausland stehen unendlich unterschied respektabilität regierung operation alternative sein beginnen staatsoberhaupt
|
EN_2_7
|
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|
EN_2_8
|
Another uncertainty was the choice for the vice presidency, which contained no definite job description beyond being the president's designated successor and presiding over the Senate. The Constitution stipulated that the position would be awarded to the runner-up in the presidential election. Because Washington was from Virginia, then the largest state, many assumed that electors would choose a vice president from a northern state. In an August 1788 letter, U.S. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock, both from Massachusetts, to be the top contenders. Jefferson suggested John Jay, John Rutledge, and Virginian James Madison as other possible candidates. Adams received 34 electoral votes, one short of a majority – because the Constitution did not require an outright majority in the Electoral College prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to elect a runner-up as vice president, Adams was elected to that post.
|
137.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 137
| null |
uncertainty choice presidency contain definite job description president designate successor preside_senate constitution_stipulate position award runner presidential_election washington virginia large state elector_choose president northern state august minister france thomas_jefferson write consider john_adams john_hancock massachusetts contender jefferson suggest john_jay john_rutledge virginian james_madison possible candidate adams receive electoral_vote short majority constitution require outright majority_electoral college ratification_twelfth amendment elect runner president adams elect post
|
ungewissheit wahl definitiv arbeitsbeschreibung designiert nachfolger präsident vorsitz_senat enthalten verfassung sehen position zweitplatzierte präsidentschaftswahl verleihen washington virginia staat stammen wähler vizepräsident nördlich staat wählen august brief usa minister_frankreich thomas_jefferson schreiben john_adams john_hancock massachusett jefferson schlagen john_jay john_rutledge virginian james_madison kandidat adams erhalten_wahlstimmus knapp_mehrheit verfassung ratifizierung_zwölft änderungsantrag wahl vollständig mehrheit_wahlkollegium verlangen adams posten wählen
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EN_2_8
|
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[
2,
0.23076923019610918
],
[
16,
0.20769230866661437
],
[
4,
0.030769230568638214
],
[
23,
0.023076923392139945
],
[
6,
0.015384615284319107
],
[
7,
0.015384615284319107
],
[
17,
0.007692307642159554
],
[
22,
0.007692307642159554
],
[
12,
0.007692307642159554
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_9
|
The outgoing Congress of the Confederation announced the procedure for the election on September 13, 1788, stipulating that all electors must be chosen on the first Wednesday in January (January 7, 1789), and that the electors must assemble to cast their votes for president and vice president on the first Wednesday in February (February 4). However, the states differed in their interpretations of this procedure and of the relevant portions of the new Constitution. New Hampshire and Massachusetts held a popular vote for their presidential electors alongside the elections for their representatives in the new Congress, on December 15 and December 18, respectively. In these two states, the legislatures ultimately chose the electors based on the voting results on the appointed day, January 7. In Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the electors were chosen directly by the popular vote on January 7. In Connecticut, Georgia, and South Carolina, the electors were appointed by the legislature alone on January 7, while in New Jersey the governor and council selected them on that day. The legislature in New York was unable to agree on a method for choosing the electors before January 7, and so the state could not appoint any electors.
|
138.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 138
| null |
outgoing congress confederation announce procedure election september stipulate_elector choose wednesday_january january elector assemble cast_vote president president wednesday_february february state differ interpretation procedure relevant portion new constitution new_hampshire massachusetts hold popular_vote presidential_elector election representative new congress december december state_legislature choose_elector base voting result appoint day january delaware_maryland pennsylvania virginia elector_choose popular_vote january connecticut_georgia south_carolina elector appoint legislature january new_jersey governor council select day legislature new_york unable agree method_choose elector january state appoint elector
|
scheidend_kongress konföderation kündigen wahlverfahren september legen wähler mittwoch_januar januar wählen_wähler versammeln stimme präsident vizepräsident mittwoch_februar februar abgeben unterschieden staat auslegung verfahren entsprechend teil verfassung new_hampshire massachusett wahl vertreter kongress dezember dezember volksabstimmung präsident wählen staat wählen gesetzgeber wähler grundlage abstimmungsergebnis benannt januar delaware_maryland pennsylvania virginia wähler_volksabstimmung januar wählen connecticut georgia_south carolina wähler legislative januar ernennen new_jersey gouverneur rat wählen legislative new_york lage methode wahl wähler januar staat wähler ernennen
|
EN_2_9
|
[
0,
0.06493506492901739,
0.006493506399769483,
0,
0.006493506399769483,
0,
0.006493506399769483,
0.019480518733647166,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006493506399769483,
0,
0.006493506399769483,
0.7142857216697718,
0.006493506399769483,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006493506399769483,
0.15584414986917733
] |
[
[
16,
0.7142857216697718
],
[
24,
0.15584414986917733
],
[
1,
0.06493506492901739
],
[
7,
0.019480518733647166
],
[
23,
0.006493506399769483
],
[
13,
0.006493506399769483
],
[
15,
0.006493506399769483
],
[
17,
0.006493506399769483
],
[
6,
0.006493506399769483
],
[
2,
0.006493506399769483
]
] | 16
|
EN_2_10
|
Voter turnout comprised a low single-digit percentage of the adult population. Though all states allowed some rudimentary form of popular vote, only six ratifying states allowed any form of popular vote specifically for presidential electors. In most states only white men, and in many only those who owned property, could vote. Free black men could vote in four Northern states, and women could vote in New Jersey until 1804. In some states, there was a nominal religious test for voting. For example, in Massachusetts and Connecticut, the Congregational Church was established, supported by taxes. Voting was hampered by poor communications and infrastructure and the labor demands imposed by farming. Two months passed after the election before the votes were counted and Washington was notified that he had been elected president. Washington spent eight days traveling from Virginia to New York for the inauguration. Congress took twenty-eight days to assemble.
|
139.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 139
| null |
voter_turnout comprise low single_digit percentage adult population state allow rudimentary form popular_vote ratify state allow form popular_vote presidential_elector state white man world_health organization property vote free black man vote northern state woman vote new_jersey state nominal religious_test voting example massachusetts connecticut congregational_church establish support taxis voting hamper poor communication infrastructure labor demand impose farming month pass election vote_count washington notify elect president washington spend day travel virginia new_york inauguration congress day assemble
|
wahlbeteiligung umfassen niedrig einstellig prozentsatz erwachsen_bevölkerung staat erlauben rudimentär form_volksabstimmung ratifizierend_staat erlauben form_volksabstimmung präsident wähler staat weiß mann eigentum_besitzen wählen schwarz mann nördlich staat wählen frau new_jersey wählen staat nominell religiös_test wahl massachusett_connecticut kongregationskirch gründen steuer unterstützen abstimmung kommunikation infrastruktur landwirtschaft auferlegt arbeitsanforderunge behindern monat wahl verstrichen stimme_zählen washington benachrichtigen präsident wählen washington reisen virginia new_york einweihung kongreß brauchen versammeln
|
EN_2_10
|
[
0.007518797020490904,
0.007518797020490904,
0,
0.05263157821211377,
0,
0.015037594040981808,
0.022556390130150157,
0,
0.015037594040981808,
0.007518797020490904,
0.007518797020490904,
0.1353383482314814,
0.06015037616392723,
0,
0,
0.0751879646169737,
0.21804511080026856,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05263157821211377,
0.022556390130150157,
0.007518797020490904,
0.2932330903184031
] |
[
[
24,
0.2932330903184031
],
[
16,
0.21804511080026856
],
[
11,
0.1353383482314814
],
[
15,
0.0751879646169737
],
[
12,
0.06015037616392723
],
[
3,
0.05263157821211377
],
[
21,
0.05263157821211377
],
[
22,
0.022556390130150157
],
[
6,
0.022556390130150157
],
[
8,
0.015037594040981808
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_11
|
As the electors were selected, politics intruded, and the process was not free of rumors and intrigue. For example, Hamilton aimed to ensure that Adams did not inadvertently tie Washington in the electoral vote. Also, Federalists spread rumors that Anti-Federalists plotted to elect Richard Henry Lee or Patrick Henry president, with George Clinton as vice president. However, Clinton received only three electoral votes.
|
140.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 140
| null |
elector select politic intrude process free rumor intrigue example hamilton aim_ensure adams tie washington electoral_vote federalist spread_rumor anti_federalists plot elect richard_henry lee patrick_henry president george clinton president clinton receive electoral_vote
|
wähler auswählen geraten politik stocken prozess gerücht intrig hamilton sicherstellen adams washington wahlabstimmung einbinden verbreitet föderalist gerücht richard_henry lee patrick_henry präsident wählen george clinton vizepräsident clinton erhalten wahlstimme
|
EN_2_11
|
[
0,
0.09230769279484564,
0.2307692282618239,
0,
0,
0.015384615155366755,
0.03076923031073351,
0,
0.015384615155366755,
0,
0.10769230701888984,
0.015384615155366755,
0.015384615155366755,
0.015384615155366755,
0,
0,
0.09230769279484564,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.03076923031073351,
0.3384615427312942
] |
[
[
24,
0.3384615427312942
],
[
2,
0.2307692282618239
],
[
10,
0.10769230701888984
],
[
16,
0.09230769279484564
],
[
1,
0.09230769279484564
],
[
6,
0.03076923031073351
],
[
23,
0.03076923031073351
],
[
12,
0.015384615155366755
],
[
8,
0.015384615155366755
],
[
5,
0.015384615155366755
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_12
|
(a) Only six of the 11 states eligible to cast electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote.
|
141.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 141
| null |
state eligible cast_electoral vote choose_elector form popular_vote
|
staat wahlstimme abgeben wählen_wahlberechtigter form_volksabstimmung
|
EN_2_12
|
[
0.0625,
0,
0,
0.125,
0.0625,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.75
] |
[
[
24,
0.75
],
[
3,
0.125
],
[
4,
0.0625
],
[
0,
0.0625
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_13
|
(b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes.
|
142.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 142
| null |
population vote census_count total population free population slave state cast_electoral vote
|
bevölkerung stimmen_volkszählung gesamtbevölkerung_million frei bevölkerung million sklave staat_wahlstimma abgeben_zählen
|
EN_2_13
|
[
0,
0,
0.04166666868453228,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.5833333243305483,
0,
0,
0,
0.04166666868453228,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.04166666868453228,
0.04166666868453228,
0.04166666868453228,
0.20833333224679032
] |
[
[
12,
0.5833333243305483
],
[
24,
0.20833333224679032
],
[
23,
0.04166666868453228
],
[
21,
0.04166666868453228
],
[
22,
0.04166666868453228
],
[
2,
0.04166666868453228
],
[
16,
0.04166666868453228
]
] | 12
|
EN_2_14
|
(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.
|
143.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 143
| null |
c state choose_elector popular_vote vary_restriction suffrage_property requirement
|
staat wähler_volksabstimmung wählen unterschiedlich_beschränkung wahlrecht_eigentumsanforderung
|
EN_2_14
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05882352831609111,
0,
0,
0.29411765275632623,
0.05882352831609111,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.17647058867356355,
0.411764701937928
] |
[
[
24,
0.411764701937928
],
[
11,
0.29411765275632623
],
[
23,
0.17647058867356355
],
[
12,
0.05882352831609111
],
[
8,
0.05882352831609111
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_15
|
Source: "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
|
144.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 144
| null |
source electoral_college box scores national_archives records_administration retrieve july
|
quelle electoral_college box scores national registerverwaltung
|
EN_2_15
|
[
0.05555555431379216,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05555555431379216,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05555555431379216,
0.27777778274483134,
0.22222221725516864,
0.05555555431379216,
0,
0,
0.27777778274483134
] |
[
[
24,
0.27777778274483134
],
[
19,
0.27777778274483134
],
[
20,
0.22222221725516864
],
[
18,
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],
[
21,
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],
[
7,
0.05555555431379216
],
[
0,
0.05555555431379216
]
] | 19
|
EN_2_16
|
(b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes.
|
145.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 145
| null |
population vote census_count total population free population slave state cast_electoral vote
|
bevölkerung stimmen_volkszählung gesamtbevölkerung_million frei bevölkerung million sklave staat_wahlstimma abgeben_zählen
|
EN_2_16
|
[
0.04166666697710752,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.6666666716337203,
0,
0,
0,
0.04166666697710752,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.24999999441206466
] |
[
[
12,
0.6666666716337203
],
[
24,
0.24999999441206466
],
[
16,
0.04166666697710752
],
[
0,
0.04166666697710752
]
] | 12
|
EN_2_17
|
(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.
|
146.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 146
| null |
c state choose_elector popular_vote vary_restriction suffrage_property requirement
|
staat wähler_volksabstimmung wählen unterschiedlich_beschränkung wahlrecht_eigentumsanforderung
|
EN_2_17
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.1764705913031802,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.11764705838525996,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.23529411677051992,
0.47058823354103985
] |
[
[
24,
0.47058823354103985
],
[
23,
0.23529411677051992
],
[
5,
0.1764705913031802
],
[
11,
0.11764705838525996
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_18
|
(d) As the New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted eight electors in time, there were no voting electors from New York.
|
147.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 147
| null |
new_york legislature fail appoint allotted elector time vote_elector new_york
|
new_yorker legislaturperiode versäumen wahlberechtigte ernennen wahlberechtigten new_york
|
EN_2_18
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05882352853522583,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05882352853522583,
0,
0.05882352853522583,
0,
0.05882352853522583,
0,
0,
0.05882352853522583,
0,
0.7058823573238708
] |
[
[
24,
0.7058823573238708
],
[
22,
0.05882352853522583
],
[
19,
0.05882352853522583
],
[
17,
0.05882352853522583
],
[
15,
0.05882352853522583
],
[
4,
0.05882352853522583
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_19
|
(f) One elector from Virginia did not vote and another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns.
|
148.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 148
| null |
elector virginia vote_elector virginia choose election district fail submit return
|
wähler virginia stimmen wähler virginia wählen_wahlbezirk rückkehr einreichten
|
EN_2_19
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05000000093132258,
0,
0.05000000093132258,
0,
0,
0,
0.05000000093132258,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.3499999953433871,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.5000000018626451
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[
[
24,
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],
[
16,
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],
[
4,
0.05000000093132258
],
[
6,
0.05000000093132258
],
[
10,
0.05000000093132258
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_20
|
(g) The identity of this candidate comes from The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Gordon DenBoer (ed.), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p. 441). Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. However, primary sources, such as the Senate Journal, list only Armstrong's name, not his state. Skeptics observe that Armstrong received his single vote from a Georgia elector. They find this improbable because Armstrong of Pennsylvania was not nationally famous—his public service to that date consisted of being a medical officer during the American Revolution and, at most, a single year as a Pennsylvania judge.
|
149.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 149
| null |
g identity candidate documentary_history federal elections gordon denboer university_wisconsin press respected source include biographical_directory united_states congress political graveyard individual james_armstrong pennsylvania primary_source senate journal list armstrong state skeptic observe armstrong receive single vote georgia elector improbable armstrong_pennsylvania famous public service date consist medical officer american_revolution single year pennsylvania judge
|
identität kandidat stammen dokumentationsgeschicht bundeswahl gordon denboer university_of wisconsin press angesehen quelle biografisch verzeichniss kongreß vereinigt_staat politisch friedhof zeigen person james_armstrong pennsylvania primär_quelle senatsjournal liste armstrong name staat skeptiker beobachten armstrong stimme georgisch wähler erhalten finden armstrong_pennsylvania öffentlich_dienst bestehen zeitpunkt medizinisch offizier amerikanisch_revolution pennsylvania richter
|
EN_2_20
|
[
0.36274509439610103,
0,
0,
0.009803921596019291,
0.039215686384077166,
0.009803921596019291,
0,
0.039215686384077166,
0.009803921596019291,
0.009803921596019291,
0,
0.009803921596019291,
0.009803921596019291,
0,
0,
0,
0.009803921596019291,
0,
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0.1470588248716119,
0.07843137276815433,
0,
0.04901960704877391,
0.07843137276815433,
0.13725490420691516
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[
[
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[
19,
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[
24,
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[
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[
23,
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[
22,
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[
7,
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[
4,
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],
[
16,
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],
[
3,
0.009803921596019291
]
] | 0
|
EN_2_21
|
Elections in this period were vastly different from modern day presidential elections. The actual presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to a particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who the particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given faction. For example, if three federalist electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, federalist electors would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results.
|
150.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 150
| null |
election period different modern day presidential_election actual presidential_candidate mention_ticket voter_vote particular_elector world_health organization pledge_particular candidate confusion world_health organization particular_elector pledge result report high result elector faction example federalist_elector receive vote federalist_elector record vote confusion_surround way result report lead_discrepancy sum state result national result
|
wahl unterschied heutig präsidentschaftswahl tatsächlich_präsidentschaftskandidat eintrittskarte_erwähnen wähler_wählen bestimmt wähler_zusagen bestimmt kandidat_verwirrung einzeln wähler_zusagen ergebnis ergebnis wähler bestimmt fraktion_melden föderalistisch_wähler stimme erhalten föderalistisch_wähler stimme_registrieren verwirrung art_weise ergebnis melden_diskrepanz summe staatlich national ergebnis führen
|
EN_2_21
|
[
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0,
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0,
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0,
0.011111111276679568,
0.04444444510671827,
0.5888888781062431
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[
[
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[
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[
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[
20,
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[
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[
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[
3,
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],
[
13,
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[
17,
0.011111111276679568
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_22
|
In Maryland, the state was effectively split into two districts: the western shore and the eastern shore. Five electors were chosen from the western shore and three from the eastern shore. All electors, however, were elected at-large by all Maryland voters.
|
151.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 151
| null |
maryland state split district western_shore eastern_shore elector_choose western_shore eastern_shore elector elect large maryland voter
|
maryland staat bezirk_aufteilen westlich_ufer östlich_ufer wähler westufer ostufer wählen_wähler wähler maryland wählen
|
EN_2_22
|
[
0.6363636255264282,
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0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
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0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.3636363744735718
] |
[
[
0,
0.6363636255264282
],
[
24,
0.3636363744735718
]
] | 0
|
EN_2_23
|
In Delaware, no candidate received the majority of votes, throwing the election to the legislature, who chose the five best-performing elector candidates.
|
152.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 152
| null |
delaware candidate receive majority vote throw election legislature world_health organization choose perform_elector candidate
|
delaware erhalten kandidat_mehrheit stimme werfen wahl legislative wahlkandidat wählen
|
EN_2_23
|
[
0.04166666899497316,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.08333333798994633,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.2916666643383602,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.5833333286767204
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[
[
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[
16,
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],
[
11,
0.08333333798994633
],
[
0,
0.04166666899497316
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_24
|
Virginian electors John Pride and Patrick Henry had previously voted against ratification of the Constitution. John Roane was one of three Clinton Electors.
|
153.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 153
| null |
virginian elector john pride patrick_henry vote ratification_constitution john roane clinton electors
|
wähler virginia john pride patrick_henry ratifizierung_verfassung stimmen john roane
|
EN_2_24
|
[
0,
0,
0.29166665890564514,
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0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
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0,
0,
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0.04166666821887097,
0.5000000037252903,
0.12500000093132257,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
[
[
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[
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[
17,
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],
[
15,
0.04166666821887097
],
[
13,
0.04166666821887097
]
] | 16
|
EN_2_25
|
The vote totals of Virginia and Delaware appear to be incomplete. In several states candidates of unknown affiliation received votes.
|
154.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 154
| null |
vote total virginia delaware appear_incomplete state candidate unknown_affiliation receive vote
|
gesamtzahl stimme virginia delaware scheinen staat erhalten kandidat_unbekannt zugehörigkeit_stimme
|
EN_2_25
|
[
0.047619046732073775,
0,
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0,
0,
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0,
0,
0,
0,
0.047619046732073775,
0.14285714392151147,
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0,
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0.28571428784302294,
0,
0,
0,
0.047619046732073775,
0,
0,
0.047619046732073775,
0.28571428784302294
] |
[
[
24,
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],
[
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],
[
12,
0.14285714392151147
],
[
2,
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[
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],
[
11,
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],
[
0,
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],
[
20,
0.047619046732073775
]
] | 16
|
EN_2_26
|
Sixty-nine electors voted out of a possible 91: Two electors from Maryland and two from Virginia did not vote, the New York State Legislature was deadlocked and the state's 8 electors were not appointed (see below), and North Carolina and Rhode Island with 7 and 3 electoral votes respectively had not yet ratified the Constitution. As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. Of the 69 participating electors, each cast one vote for Washington, who was elected president. Of the remaining candidates, only Adams, Jay, and Hancock received votes from more than one state; with 34 votes, Adams finished second behind only Washington, and by virtue of which fact was elected vice president.
|
155.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 155
| null |
elector_vote possible elector maryland virginia vote new_york state_legislature deadlocke state elector appoint north_carolina rhode_island electoral_vote ratify_constitution term_unamended constitution elector_permit vote president majority number elector appoint necessary elect president participate elector_cast vote washington world_health organization elect president remain candidate adams jay hancock receive vote state vote adams finish washington virtue fact elect president
|
wähler stimmen wähler maryland_virginia stimmen new_york state_legislature blockieren wähler staat ernennen sehen north_carolina rhode_island wahlstimme verfassung_ratifizieren bedingung_ungeändert verfassung wähler_stimme präsident erlauben mehrheit anzahl_gewählt wähler wahl präsident wahlberechtigten stimme washington präsident wählen übrig kandidat erhalten adam jay hancock stimme staat stimme erreichen adams platz washington vizepräsident_wählen
|
EN_2_26
|
[
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0,
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0.00925925951795998,
0,
0,
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[
[
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[
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[
2,
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],
[
19,
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],
[
6,
0.00925925951795998
],
[
7,
0.00925925951795998
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_27
|
Source: "The Electoral College Count for the Presidential Election of 1789". Washington Papers. University of Virginia. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
|
156.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 156
| null |
source electoral_college count presidential_election washington papers university virginia retrieve_october
|
quelle wahlhochschule graf präsidentschaftswahl washington paper universität virginia oktober
|
EN_2_27
|
[
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0,
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0,
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[
[
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[
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[
10,
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[
2,
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[
22,
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[
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],
[
6,
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],
[
21,
0.047619047441652844
]
] | 24
|
EN_2_28
|
Control of the bicameral New York State Legislature was divided following ratification of the federal constitution, and lawmakers could not reach an agreement to appoint electors for the forthcoming presidential contest. Federalists, backed by the great landed families and the city commercial interests, were the largest faction in the Senate, the smaller of the two chambers for which roughly a quarter of the state's free white male population was eligible to vote; but in the House of Representatives, with its larger membership and electorate, Anti-federalists representing the middling interests held the majority. The fight to ratify the United States Constitution was still fresh in the memories of the legislators, and the Anti-Federalists were resentful for having been forced by events to accept the constitution without amendments. Bills to govern the selection of electors were proposed in each house and rejected by the other, leading to an impasse. The deadlock still stood on January 7, 1789, the last day for electors to be chosen by the states, and New York thus failed to appoint the eight electors allocated to it by the constitution.
|
157.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 157
| null |
control bicameral new_york state_legislature divide follow ratification federal constitution lawmaker reach_agreement appoint elector forthcoming_presidential contest federalist_back great landed family city commercial_interest large faction senate small chamber quarter state free white_male population_eligible vote house_representatives large membership electorate anti_federalist represent middling interest hold majority fight ratify united_states constitution fresh memory legislator anti_federalists resentful force event accept constitution amendment bill govern selection elector propose house reject lead impasse deadlock stand january day elector_choose state new_york fail appoint elector allocate information_technology constitution
|
kontrolle zweikammer new_york state_legislatur ratifizierung föderal_verfassung teilen gesetzgeber einigung_erzielen wähler kommend präsidentschaftswettbewerb ernenn föderalist unterstützen landfamilien kommerziell_interesse stadt fraktion senat klein kammer viertel frei weiß_männlich bevölkerung staat wählen repräsentantenhaus mitgliedschaft wählerschaft mehrheit halten kampf ratifizierung_verfassung vereinigt_staat erinnerung gesetzgeber ereignis zwingen verfassung änderung akzeptieren gesetzesvorlag wahl wahlberechtigte haus vorschlagen ablehnen sackgasse führen blockade stehen januar letzter wähler staat wählen new_york versäumen wähler ernennen verfassung zuteilen
|
EN_2_28
|
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[
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0,
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|
EN_2_29
|
The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. State legislatures chose different methods:
|
158.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 158
| null |
constitution article_ii section state_legislature decide manner_electors choose state_legislature choose different method
|
verfassung artikel_abschnitt sehen staatlich_gesetzgeber wahl wähler entscheiden staatlich_gesetzgeber wählen verschieden methode
|
EN_2_29
|
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|
EN_2_30
|
A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825 Archived January 20, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
|
159.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
|
EN
|
1788–89 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election
| 159
| null |
new nation vote american election returns archived january_wayback machine
|
nation stimme amerikanisch wahl rückkehr archiviert januar_wayback machine
|
EN_2_30
|
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|
EN_3_0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
|
160.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 160
| null |
presidential_election hold united_states november december incumbent_president george_washington elect second_term unanimous_vote electoral_college john_adams reelect president washington unopposed adams face competitive election governor george clinton new_york
|
präsidentschaftswahl finden november dezember vereinigt_staat incumbent präsident george_washington amtszeit einstimmig_abstimmung wahlhochschule wählen john_adams vizepräsident_wählen washington wesentlich opponieren adams stehen wettbewerbsfähig wiederwahl gouverneur george clinton new_york
|
EN_3_0
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|
EN_3_1
|
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
|
161.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 161
| null |
electoral rule time require presidential_elector cast_vote distinguish president president recipient vote president runner president democratic_republican party organize opposition policy secretary_treasury alexander_hamilton support clinton position president adams back federalist_party bid term party organize partisan division solidify
|
wahlregel erfordern präsident stimme_abgeben unterscheiden präsident vizepräsident bestimmen empfänger stimme präsident partei gegensatz politik finanzminister_alexander hamilton organisieren unterstützen clinton position vizepräsident adams zwischenzeit föderalistischen_partei angebot amtszeit unterstützen partei organisieren partisanendivision verfestigen
|
EN_3_1
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|
EN_3_2
|
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
162.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 162
| null |
washington receive electoral_vote elector adams win_electoral vote win_election clinton finish place electoral_vote home state new_york southern_state candidate win remain electoral_vote election original state appoint elector add state kentucky vermont
|
washington erhalten_wahlstimmus wähler adams gewinnen_wahlstimme wiederwahl gewinnen clinton beenden platz wahlstimme heimatstaat new_york südstaat kandidat gewinnen verbleibend wahlstimmus wahl ursprünglich staat wählen hinzugekommen staat kentucky vermont
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EN_3_2
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|
EN_3_3
|
In 1792, presidential elections were still conducted according to the original method established under the U.S. Constitution. Under this system, each elector cast two votes: the candidate who received the greatest number of votes (so long as they won a majority) became president, while the runner-up became vice president. The Twelfth Amendment would eventually replace this system, requiring electors to cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president, but this change did not take effect until 1804. Because of this, it is difficult to use modern-day terminology to describe the relationship among the candidates in this election.
|
163.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 163
| null |
presidential_election conduct accord original method establish constitution system elector_cast vote candidate world_health organization receive great number vote win majority president runner president twelfth_amendment replace system require elector_cast vote president vote president change effect information_technology difficult modern day terminology describe relationship candidate election
|
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EN_3_3
|
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EN_3_4
|
Washington is generally held by historians to have run unopposed. Indeed, the incumbent president enjoyed bipartisan support and received one vote from every elector. The choice for vice president was more divisive. The Federalist Party threw its support behind the incumbent vice president, John Adams of Massachusetts, while the Democratic-Republican Party backed the candidacy of New York Governor George Clinton. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington.
|
164.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 164
| null |
washington hold historian run_unopposed incumbent_president enjoy bipartisan_support receive vote_elector choice president divisive federalist_party throw support incumbent_president john_adams massachusetts democratic_republican party back candidacy new_york governor george clinton doubt washington receive great number vote adams clinton compete presidency law candidate president compete washington
|
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|
EN_3_4
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|
EN_3_5
|
Born out of the Anti-Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. They had no chance of unseating Washington, but hoped to win the vice presidency by defeating the incumbent, Adams. Many Democratic-Republicans would have preferred to nominate Thomas Jefferson, their ideological leader and Washington's Secretary of State. However, this would have cost them the state of Virginia, as electors were not permitted to vote for two candidates from their home state and Washington was also a Virginian. Clinton, the Governor of New York and a former anti-Federalist leader, became the party's nominee after he won the backing of Jefferson and James Madison. Clinton was from an electorally important swing state, and he convinced party leaders that he would be a stronger candidate than another New Yorker, Senator Aaron Burr. A group of Democratic-Republican leaders met in Philadelphia in October 1792 and selected Clinton as the party's vice presidential candidate.
|
165.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 165
| null |
bear anti_federalist faction oppose constitution democratic_republican party main opposition agenda treasury_secretary alexander_hamilton chance unseat washington hope win presidency defeat_incumbent adams democratic_republicans prefer nominate thomas_jefferson ideological leader washington secretary_state cost state virginia elector_permit vote candidate home state washington virginian clinton governor new_york anti_federalist leader party_nominee win_backing jefferson james_madison clinton important_swing state convince party leader strong candidate new_yorker senator aaron_burr group democratic_republican leader meet philadelphia october select clinton party presidential_candidate
|
gebor fraktion verfassung aussprechen partei hauptgegner agenda finanzminister_alexander hamilton chance washington entsetzen hoffen gewinnen amtsinhaber adams besiegen vorziehen thomas_jefferson ideologisch führer washington außenminister nominieren staat virginia kosten wähler kandidat heimatstaat wählen washington virginianer clinton gouverneur new_york ehemalig führer kandidat partei unterstützung jefferson james_madison gewinnen clinton stammen wichtig überzeugen parteiführer stark kandidat new_yorker senator aaron_burr oktober treffen gruppe führer philadelphia wählen clinton vizepräsident partei
|
EN_3_5
|
[
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[
[
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[
22,
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[
12,
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]
] | 24
|
EN_3_6
|
By 1792, a party division had emerged between Federalists led by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who desired a stronger federal government with a leading role in the economy, and the Democratic-Republicans led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Representative James Madison of Virginia, who favored states' rights and opposed Hamilton's economic program. Madison was at first a Federalist until he opposed the establishment of Hamilton's First Bank of the United States in 1791. He formed the Democratic-Republican Party along with Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson in 1792.
|
166.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 166
| null |
party division emerge federalists lead treasury_secretary alexander_hamilton world_health organization desire strong federal_government lead role economy democratic_republicans lead secretary_state thomas_jefferson representative james_madison virginia world_health organization favor state right oppose hamilton economic program madison federalist oppose establishment hamilton bank united_states form democratic_republican party anti_federalist thomas_jefferson
|
parteiteilung föderalist leitung finanzminister_alexander hamilton entstehen stark_bundesregierung führend_rolle wirtschaft wünschen demokratisch_republikaner leitung staatssekretär thomas_jefferson repräsentant james_madison virginia staat begünstigen hamilton wirtschaftsprogramm ablehnen madison föderalist gründung_first bank vereinigt_staat gründen thomas_jefferson demokratisch_republikanisch partei
|
EN_3_6
|
[
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[
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[
7,
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[
1,
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]
] | 24
|
EN_3_7
|
The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense as a "struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest," to use the words of Jefferson strategist John Beckley. In New York, the race for governor was fought along these lines. The candidates were Chief Justice John Jay, a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, the party's vice presidential nominee.
|
167.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 167
| null |
election united_states contest resemble partisan basis state congressional_election recognize sense struggle treasury republican interest word jefferson strategist john_beckley new_york race governor fight line candidate chief_justice john_jay hamiltonian incumbent george clinton party presidential_nominee
|
wahl vereinigt_staat parteiisch grundlage bestreiten staat kongresswahl gewiss_sinn kampf finanzministerium republikanisch interesse anerkennen wort john_beckley verwenden new_york rennen gouverneur richtung austragen kandidat chief_justice john_jay hamiltonian amtsinhaber george clinton vizepräsident partei nominieren
|
EN_3_7
|
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[
0,
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|
EN_3_8
|
Although Washington had been considering retiring, both sides encouraged him to remain in office to bridge factional differences. Washington was supported by practically all sides throughout his presidency and gained more popularity with the passage of the Bill of Rights. However, the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists contested the vice-presidency, with incumbent John Adams as the Federalist nominee and George Clinton as the Democratic-Republican nominee. Federalists attacked Clinton for his past association with the anti-Federalists. Adams easily secured re-election.
|
168.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 168
| null |
washington consider retire side encourage remain office bridge factional difference washington support side presidency gain_popularity passage bill_rights democratic_republicans federalists_contest presidency incumbent john_adams federalist nominee george clinton democratic_republican nominee federalist attack clinton past association anti_federalists adams secure election
|
washington ruhestand erwägung_ziehen ermutign seite amt bleiben diktatorisch differenz überbrücken washington seite präsidentschaft unterstützen gewinnen verabschiedung bill_of rights popularität demokrat föderalist bestreiten amtsinhaber john_adams föderalist nominieren george clinton nominieren_föderalist greifen clinton früh verbindung adams sichern wiederwahl
|
EN_3_8
|
[
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[
11,
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|
EN_3_9
|
Washington was re-elected unanimously, receiving one vote from each of the 132 participating electors. Adams received votes from 77 electors and Clinton 50; the four electors from Kentucky voted for Thomas Jefferson, and one South Carolina elector voted for Aaron Burr. The distribution of the electoral vote between the four runners-up showed a high degree of party discipline, with only two electors voting contrary to the majority in their state. Adams received the support of New England, South Carolina, and the Mid-Atlantic states (excepting New York), while Clinton carried New York and most of the South. Adams as the second-place finisher was elected vice president, serving until his election to the presidency in 1797; each of his three rivals would go on to serve as vice president in turn, Jefferson from 1797 to 1801 (when he alike succeeded to the presidency), Burr from 1801 to 1805, and Clinton from 1805 until his death in 1812.
|
169.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 169
| null |
washington elect receive vote participate elector adams receive vote_elector clinton elector kentucky vote thomas_jefferson south_carolina elector_vote aaron_burr distribution electoral_vote runner high degree party discipline elector_vote contrary majority state adams receive support new_england south_carolina mid_atlantic state new_york clinton carry new_york south adams second place finisher elect president serve election presidency rival serve president turn jefferson succeed presidency burr clinton death
|
washington wiederwählen erhalten stimme teilnehmend wähler adams erhalten stimme wähler clinton wähler kentucky stimmen thomas_jefferson wähler south_carolina stimmen aaron_burr verteilung wahlvotum kandidat zeigen maß parteidisziplin wähler mehrheit staat stimmen adams erhalten unterstützung new_england south_carolina staat new_york clinton tragen new_york süden adams wählen wahl präsidentschaft dienen rivale vizepräsident_wählen jefferson präsidentschaft folgen burr clinton tod
|
EN_3_9
|
[
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[
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[
11,
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|
EN_3_10
|
Nine of the 15 states eligible to choose representatives to the electoral college did so by a vote of the state legislature; the remaining six employed some form of popular vote. Of these, complete returns from Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania survive; surviving returns from Virginia are incomplete, and popular vote records from Kentucky are not known to exist. Of the states with complete returns, only Pennsylvania saw real partisan competition; a Federalist electoral slate pledged to Washington and Adams was selected, although one elector voted for Washington and Clinton. At the time, party organizations were still in their infancy, and the partisan allegiance of the candidates was not always evident: it is therefore difficult to say whether the Pennsylvania vote for Clinton was an instance of a faithless elector, or an elector voting as pledged.
|
170.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 170
| null |
state eligible choose representative electoral_college vote state_legislature remain employ form popular_vote complete return maryland massachusetts new_hampshire pennsylvania survive survive return virginia incomplete popular_vote record kentucky know exist state complete return pennsylvania see real partisan competition federalist electoral slate pledge washington adams select elector_vote washington clinton time party organization infancy partisan allegiance candidate evident information_technology difficult pennsylvania vote clinton instance faithless elector elector voting pledge
|
staat wahl vertreter wahlkollegium frage abstimmung staatlich_legislative übrig beschäftigter form_volksabstimmung überleben vollständig rückkehr maryland massachusett new_hampshire pennsylvania überlebend rückkehr virginia populär stimmaufzeichnung kentucky existieren staat vollständig rückkehr pennsylvania echt partisanenwettbewerb föderalistisch wahlschiene washington adams zusagen auswählen wähler washington clinton stimmen parteiorganisation kinderschuh partisanentreue kandidat sagen clinton fall treulos wähler_wähler versprechen stimmen
|
EN_3_10
|
[
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[
21,
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[
2,
0.008474576302756697
]
] | 24
|
EN_3_11
|
(a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote, while pre-Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters, and those states that did choose electors by popular vote restricted the vote via property requirements.
|
171.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 171
| null |
state choose_elector form popular_vote pre twelfth_amendment electoral_vote rule obscure intention voter state choose_elector popular_vote restrict vote property_requirement
|
staat wählen_wähler form_volksabstimmung wahlregel wahl änderungsantrag absicht wähler verschleiern staat wahl wähler_volksabstimmung wählen beschränken wahl eigentumsanforderung
|
EN_3_11
|
[
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[
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[
1,
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[
0,
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]
] | 24
|
EN_3_12
|
(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.
|
172.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 172
| null |
c state choose_elector popular_vote vary_restriction suffrage_property requirement
|
staat wähler_volksabstimmung wählen unterschiedlich_beschränkung wahlrecht_eigentumsanforderung
|
EN_3_12
|
[
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[
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[
8,
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[
10,
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|
EN_3_13
|
Elections in this period were vastly different from modern day presidential elections. The actual presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to a particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who the particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given faction. For example, if three Federalist electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, Federalist electors would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results.
|
173.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 173
| null |
election period different modern day presidential_election actual presidential_candidate mention_ticket voter_vote particular_elector world_health organization pledge_particular candidate confusion world_health organization particular_elector pledge result report high result elector faction example federalist_elector receive vote federalist_elector record vote confusion_surround way result report lead_discrepancy sum state result national result
|
wahl unterschied heutig präsidentschaftswahl tatsächlich_präsidentschaftskandidat eintrittskarte_erwähnen wähler_wählen bestimmt wähler_zusagen bestimmt kandidat_verwirrung einzeln wähler_zusagen ergebnis ergebnis wähler bestimmt fraktion_melden föderalistisch_wähler stimme erhalten föderalistisch_wähler stimme_registrieren verwirrung art_weise ergebnis melden_diskrepanz summe staatlich national ergebnis führen
|
EN_3_13
|
[
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[
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[
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[
17,
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],
[
11,
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],
[
3,
0.01111111124563548
]
] | 24
|
EN_3_14
|
In Massachusetts, the best performing elector candidate for the Eastern District, Thomas Rice, was not selected by the Massachusetts General Court to be an elector. Rice was a Federalist and his returns have been included into the state total below instead of the second best performing elector candidate.
|
174.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 174
| null |
massachusetts perform_elector candidate eastern district thomas rice select massachusetts general court elector rice federalist return include state total perform_elector candidate
|
massachusett wahlkandidat eastern_district thomas rice massachusett general wahlberechtigten wählen rice föderalist rückkehr staat zweitbest wahlkandidat aufnehmen
|
EN_3_14
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.13513513060437662,
0.054054055967040986,
0.027027027983520493,
0,
0,
0.054054055967040986,
0,
0,
0.054054055967040986,
0,
0.027027027983520493,
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0,
0,
0,
0,
0.08108107836262597,
0.027027027983520493,
0.5135135111977925
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[
[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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],
[
16,
0.027027027983520493
],
[
8,
0.027027027983520493
]
] | 24
|
EN_3_15
|
The totals for Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Virginia appear to be incomplete. In several states candidates of unknown affiliation received votes.
|
175.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 175
| null |
total kentucky pennsylvania virginia appear_incomplete state candidate unknown_affiliation receive vote
|
gesamtzahle kentucky pennsylvania virginia scheinen staat erhalten kandidat_unbekannt zugehörigkeit_stimme
|
EN_3_15
|
[
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[
[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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],
[
3,
0.04761904726425808
],
[
0,
0.04761904726425808
]
] | 24
|
EN_3_16
|
The states chose 135 electors, out of whom 132 cast ballots. (Two electors from Maryland and one from Vermont were absent and did not vote.) As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. Each of the participating electors cast one vote for Washington, who was elected president. The electors were split on their second choice: Adams received 77 votes to Clinton's 50, enough to secure a second-place finish behind Washington and the vice presidency.
|
176.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 176
| null |
state choose_elector cast ballot elector maryland vermont absent vote term_unamended constitution elector_permit vote president majority number elector appoint necessary elect president participate elector_cast vote washington world_health organization elect president elector split second choice adams receive vote clinton secure second place finish washington presidency
|
staat wählen_wahlberechtigter stimme_abgeben wähler maryland vermont stimmen bedingung_ungeändert verfassung wähler_stimme präsident erlauben mehrheit anzahl_gewählt wähler präsident wählen teilnehmend wähler_stimme washington präsident wählen_wähler wahl spalten adams erhalten stimme clinton platz washington sichern
|
EN_3_16
|
[
0,
0.03797468071496947,
0,
0.012658227836312373,
0,
0,
0.012658227836312373,
0.012658227836312373,
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[
[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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],
[
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],
[
6,
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],
[
7,
0.012658227836312373
]
] | 24
|
EN_3_17
|
The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. Different state legislatures chose different methods:
|
177.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 177
| null |
constitution article_ii section state_legislature decide manner_electors choose different state_legislature choose different method
|
verfassung artikel_abschnitt sehen staatlich_gesetzgeber wahl wähler entscheiden verschieden staatlich_gesetzgeber wählen verschieden methode
|
EN_3_17
|
[
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.11999999552965171,
0,
0,
0,
0.0399999985098839,
0.0399999985098839,
0,
0.0399999985098839,
0.600000014901161,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
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0.1599999940395356,
0
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[
[
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[
23,
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[
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[
15,
0.0399999985098839
],
[
12,
0.0399999985098839
],
[
13,
0.0399999985098839
]
] | 16
|
EN_3_18
|
Berg-Andersson, Richard (September 17, 2000). "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 20, 2005.
|
178.0
|
Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
|
EN
|
1792 United States presidential election
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election
| 178
| null |
berg andersson richard september historical analysis electoral_college green papers retrieve_march
|
richard september historisch analyse wahlkolleg grünbuch märz
|
EN_3_18
|
[
0,
0.05263157855523261,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.10526315711046522,
0,
0,
0,
0.05263157855523261,
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0,
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0.05263157855523261,
0.526315800453487,
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[
[
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[
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[
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[
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[
22,
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],
[
10,
0.05263157855523261
],
[
1,
0.05263157855523261
]
] | 19
|
EN_4_0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
|
179.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 179
| null |
state quarter authorize pub_text pdf stat enact december series circulate commemorative quarter_release united_states mint mint feature unique design ultrasound state reverse
|
staatsquartierer erlauben pub_l text_pdf stat dezember serie zirkulierend gedenkquartiere united_states mint herausgeben rückseite einzigartig designs entwerfen
|
EN_4_0
|
[
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0,
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[
[
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[
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[
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[
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[
16,
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[
2,
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[
8,
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],
[
23,
0.0263157890815484
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[
0,
0.0263157890815484
]
] | 21
|
EN_4_1
|
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
|
180.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 180
| null |
state_quarters program start support new generation coin collector information_technology successful numismatic program ultrasound history half ultrasound population collect coin casual manner pursuit ultrasound federal_government additional profit collector coin circulation
|
quarter_programm beginnen generation münzsammler unterstützen erfolgreich numismatisch programm hälfte sammeln münze zufällig weise ernsthaft verfolgung zusätzlich gewinn höhe_milliarde sammler erzielen münze umlauf_bringen
|
EN_4_1
|
[
0,
0,
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0.03773584961891174,
0,
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[
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[
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],
[
12,
0.01886792480945587
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[
10,
0.01886792480945587
]
] | 21
|
EN_4_2
|
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
181.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 181
| null |
ultrasound_mint begin issue quarter district_columbia ultrasound territories program territories quarter program authorize passage new legislative act program feature district_columbia puerto_rico american_samoa guam united_states virgin_islands northern_mariana islands
|
beginnen us_mint ausgabe quartal district_of columbia us territories program territorie quarter_program verabschiedung neu gesetzgebungsakt genehmigen programm_umfasst of_columbia puerto_rico american_samoa guam virgin_island vereinigt_staat norther mariana island
|
EN_4_2
|
[
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0.03333333507180214,
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[
[
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[
15,
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[
19,
0.01666666753590107
]
] | 0
|
EN_4_3
|
The 50 State Quarters program was initially inspired by a 1992 Royal Canadian Mint program, "Canada 125", marking the 125th anniversary of the country's Confederation with a series of commemorative 25-cent pieces representing each of its 12 (at the time) provinces and territories. The Canada 125 program sparked a revival of interest in coin collecting among Canadians, which led American numismatists to advocate for the United States Mint to create a similar series of coins representing U.S. states.
|
182.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 182
| null |
state_quarters program inspire royal canadian mint program canada mark anniversary country confederation series_commemorative cent_piece represent time province territory canada program spark revival interest coin_collecting canadians lead american numismatist advocate united_states mint create similar series coin represent state
|
royal_canadian canada inspirieren jahrestag konföderation land serie gedenkstücken cent darstellen provinz territorium repräsentieren canada lösen wiederbelebung interesse_münzsammlung kanadier führen amerikanisch numismatiker einsetzen ähnlich serie münze erstellen
|
EN_4_3
|
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EN_4_4
|
In 1992, Congress passed the 1996 Atlanta Centennial Olympic Games Commemorative Coin Act. In addition to authorizing a series of commemorative coins marking the 1996 Summer Olympics, the law also established the Citizens Commemorative Coin Advisory Committee (CCCAC) to consider ideas for future releases. After Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen appointed the committee in December 1993, several of its members, led by David Ganz, urged the committee to endorse a state quarters program. Initially, Ganz found support from only Charles Atherton, from the Federal Commission on Fine Arts, and Dan Hoffman, a young numismatist from South Carolina who also served on the CCCAC. However, by 1995, the CCCAC finally endorsed the idea. The committee then sought the support of Representative Michael Castle (R-Delaware), chairman of the House Banking subcommittee with jurisdiction over the nation's coinage. Castle's initial caution was resolved when Diehl suggested the coins be issued in the order the states entered the Union or ratified the Constitution. Delaware, Castle's home state, was the first state to ratify the Constitution, and would thus get to be the first state to have its quarter released. Castle subsequently held hearings and filed legislation to authorize the program.
|
183.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 183
| null |
congress pass atlanta centennial olympic_games commemorative_coin act addition authorize series_commemorative coin mark summer_olympics law establish citizens commemorative_coin advisory_committee cccac consider idea future release treasury_secretary lloyd_bentsen appoint committee december member lead david ganz urge committee endorse state quarter program ganz support charles atherton federal commission fine_arts dan hoffman young numismatist south_carolina world_health organization serve cccac cccac endorse idea committee seek support representative michael castle r delaware chairman house banking subcommittee jurisdiction nation coinage castle initial caution resolve diehl suggest coin_issue order state enter union ratify_constitution delaware castle home state state ratify_constitution state quarter_release castle hold_hearing file legislation authorize program
|
verabschieden_kongress atlanta centennial olympic games commemorative_coin act genehmigung reihe gedenkmünze olympisch_sommerspiel gesetz citizen commemorative_coin advisory committee cccac gründen idee zukünftig veröffentlichung finanzminister lloyd_bentsen komitee dezember ernennen fordern mitglied anführen david komitee staatlich quartierprogramm billigen finden unterstützung charles atherton federal commission_on dan hoffman jung numismatiker south_carolina cccac dienen cccac idee unterstützen komitee suchen unterstützung repräsentant michael castle vorsitzend_house banking unterausschusses zuständigkeit national münzprägung anfänglich vorsicht aufheben diehl ausgabe münze reihenfolge vorschlagen staat union eintran verfassung ratifiziern delaware heimatstaat castle staat verfassung_ratifizieren staat viertel freiließ castle halten anhörung reicht gesetz programm genehmigen
|
EN_4_4
|
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|
EN_4_5
|
Despite the support of the director of the mint and the Treasury Secretary-appointed CCCAC, the Treasury Department opposed the 50 States Quarters Program, as commemorative coinage had come to be identified with abuses and excesses. The Mint's economic models estimated the program would earn the government between $2.6 billion and $5.1 billion in additional seignorage and $110 million in additional numismatic profits. Diehl and Castle used these profit projections to urge the Treasury's support, but Treasury officials found the projections to lack credibility (at the program's conclusion, the Mint estimated the program had earned $3 billion in additional seignorage and $136.2 million in additional numismatic profits).
|
184.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 184
| null |
support director_mint treasury_secretary appoint cccac treasury_department oppose states quarters_program commemorative coinage identify abuse excess mint economic model estimate program earn government additional seignorage additional_numismatic profit diehl castle profit projection urge treasury support treasury official projection lack credibility program conclusion mint_estimate program earn additional seignorage additional_numismatic profit
|
unterstützung direktor_münzstätte finanzminister ernannt cccac lehnen_finanzministerium gedenkmünze missbräuche exzeß identifizieren wirtschaftsmodelle mint_schätzen programm regierung milliarde_milliarde zusätzlich seignorage million zusätzlich_numismatisch gewinn verdienen diehl castle nutzen gewinnprognose unterstützung schatzamt fordern finanzbeamt finden projektion abschluss programm schätzen_mint programm milliarde zusätzlich seignorage million zusätzlich_numismatisch gewinn verdienen
|
EN_4_5
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|
EN_4_6
|
Diehl worked with Castle behind the scenes to move legislation forward despite the Treasury's opposition to the program. However, the Treasury suggested to Castle that the department should conduct a study to determine the feasibility of the program. With Diehl's advice, Castle accepted the Treasury's offer, and the agreement was codified in the United States Commemorative Coin Act of 1996. The act also authorized the Secretary to proceed with the 50 States Quarters Program without further congressional action if the results of the feasibility study were favorable.
|
185.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 185
| null |
diehl work castle scene legislation treasury opposition program treasury suggest castle conduct study determine feasibility program diehl advice castle accept treasury offer agreement codify united_states commemorative_coin act act authorize secretary proceed states quarters_program congressional action result feasibility study favorable
|
diehl arbeiten schloss kulisse gesetzgebung voranzubringen opposition finanzministerium_programm schlagen finanzministerium castle abteilung studie durchführen durchführbarkeit programm bestimmen diehl rat castle angebot schatzamt vereinbarung united_states commemorative_coin act kodifiziern gesetz ermächtigen sekretär kongresslich maßnahme fortfahren ergebnis machbarkeitsstudie
|
EN_4_6
|
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|
EN_4_7
|
The Treasury Department engaged the consulting firm Coopers and Lybrand to conduct the study in 1997, which confirmed the Mint's demand, seignorage, and numismatic profit projections for the program. Among other conclusions, the study found that 98 million Americans were likely to save one or more full sets of the quarters (at the program's conclusion, the Mint estimated that 147 million Americans collected the 50 state quarters). Nevertheless, the Treasury Department continued to oppose the program and declined to proceed with it without a congressional mandate to do so.
|
186.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 186
| null |
treasury_department engage consult firm coopers lybrand conduct study confirm mint demand seignorage numismatic_profit projection program conclusion study americans likely save set quarter program conclusion mint_estimate americans collect state quarter treasury_department continue oppose program decline proceed information_technology congressional mandate
|
treasury department beauftragen beratungsfirma cooper lybrand durchführung studie nachfrage münzanstalt seignorage numismatisch gewinnprojektion programm bestätigen ergeben studie million amerikaner vollständig satz quartal sparen schluss programm schätzen_mint million amerikaner staatsquartierer sammeln lehnen_finanzministerium programm lehnen mandat kongreß fortfahren
|
EN_4_7
|
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18,
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[
19,
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] | 21
|
EN_4_8
|
In 1997, Congress issued that mandate in the form of S. 1228, the 50 States Commemorative Coin Program Act, which was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on December 1, 1997.
|
187.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 187
| null |
congress issue mandate form states commemorative_coin program act sign law president bill_clinton december
|
erteilen kongreß mandat form s staat commemorative_coin program act dezember präsident bill_clinton unterzeichnen
|
EN_4_8
|
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20,
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7,
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|
EN_4_9
|
The 50 State quarters were released by the United States Mint every ten weeks, or five each year. They were released in the same order that the states ratified the Constitution or were admitted to the Union. Each quarter's reverse commemorated one of the 50 states with a design emblematic of its unique history, traditions, and symbols. Certain design elements, such as state flags, images of living persons, and head-and-shoulder images of deceased persons were prohibited.
|
188.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 188
| null |
state quarter_release united_states mint week year release order state ratify_constitution admit_union quarter reverse commemorate state design emblematic unique history tradition symbol certain design element state flag image live person head shoulder image deceased person prohibit
|
stat quartier united_states mint woche freigegeben reihenfolge freilassen staat verfassung ratifiziern union_aufnehmen viertel rückseite erinnern staat design einzigartig geschichte tradition symbol bestimmt gestaltungselement staatsflagg bild lebend person verstorben person verbieten
|
EN_4_9
|
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|
EN_4_10
|
The authorizing legislation and Mint procedures gave each state a substantial role and considerable discretion in determining the design that would represent their state. The majority of states followed a process by which the governor solicited the state's citizens to submit design concepts and appointed an advisory group to oversee the process. Governors submitted three to five finalist design concepts to the Secretary of the Treasury for approval. Approved designs were returned to the states for selection of a final design.
|
189.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 189
| null |
authorize legislation mint procedure state substantial role considerable_discretion determine design represent state majority state follow process governor solicit state citizen submit design concept appoint advisory_group oversee process governor submit finalist design concept secretary_treasury approval approved design return state selection final design
|
genehmigung rechtsvorschriften mint verfahren staat wesentlich_rolle erheblich diskretion bestimmung designs zustand vertreten mehrheit staat folgen prozess gouverneur bürger staat einreichung designkonzept auffordern beratend gruppe überwachung prozeß ernennen gouverneur reichen finanzminister genehmigung genehmigt entwurf staat auswahl endgültig designs zurückgegeben
|
EN_4_10
|
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0,
0.012987012733015927
]
] | 16
|
EN_4_11
|
States usually employed one of two approaches in making this selection. In 33 states, the governor selected the final recommended design, often based on the recommendations of advisory groups and citizens. In the other 17 states, citizens selected the final design through online, telephone, mail, or other public votes. US Mint engravers applied all final design concepts approved by the Treasury Secretary. The media and public attention surrounding this process and the release of each state's quarter was intense and produced significant publicity for the program.
|
190.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 190
| null |
states employ approach selection state governor select final recommend design base_recommendation advisory_group citizen state citizen select final design online telephone mail public vote ultrasound_mint engraver final design concept approve treasury_secretary medium public attention surround process release state quarter intense produce significant publicity program
|
staat auswahl ansatz anwenden staat wählen gouverneur endgültig empfohlen design grundlage_empfehlung beratungsgruppe bürger staat wählen bürger endgültig_design öffentlich stimme us_mint gravure wendeen final finanzminister genehmigen medium öffentlich aufmerksamkeit prozess freigabe jeweilig staat quartal produzieren erheblich werbung programm
|
EN_4_11
|
[
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[
[
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[
22,
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[
7,
0.012500000442378232
]
] | 16
|
EN_4_12
|
In several cases, the process of creating and finalizing a design caused controversy in the represented state, with people and groups expressing disappointment that the design did not properly reflect their state. There were disputes over which state could lay claim to certain design elements that appeared in other states, such as an ear of corn or the Rocky Mountains. The Mint's conversion of each state's proposal into the final design that was used on the quarter also drew criticism for being overly simplified or poorly rendered. Paul Jackson, whose design was chosen for the Missouri quarter and then pared down by the Mint, led a series of protests which included placing stickers with Jackson's original design on the reverses of 250,000 quarters and distributing them nationwide. In response to these criticisms, the Mint established the Artistic Infusion Program in 2003, hiring more professional artists and engravers to create better-looking designs for all commemorative coins.
|
191.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 191
| null |
case process create finalize design cause controversy represent state people group express disappointment design reflect state dispute state lay certain design element appear state ear_corn rocky_mountains mint conversion state proposal final design quarter draw_criticism simplify render paul jackson design choose missouri quarter pare mint lead series protest include place sticker jackson original design reverse quarter distribute response_criticism mint establish artistic infusion program hire professional artist engraver create look design commemorative_coin
|
fall verursachen prozess erstellung fertigstellung entwurf kontroverse vertreten staat mensch gruppe enttäuschung design zustand widerspiegeln streitigkeit staat anspruch bestimmt staat ohr mais rocky_mountain erscheinen legen umwandlung münzstätte staat vorschlag endgültig_design quartal verwenden kritik vereinfachen paul jackson design missouri viertel wählen münzstätte abgeglichen führen reihe protest bestehen aufkleber jackson ursprünglich_design rückseit quartal platzieren verteilen reaktion kritik gründen mint artistic infusion program professioneller künstler gravure einstellen designs gedenkmünze erstellen
|
EN_4_12
|
[
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[
23,
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[
4,
0.030303030980355805
]
] | 21
|
EN_4_13
|
The 50 State Quarters Program was the most popular commemorative coin program in the United States history; the United States Mint has estimated that 147 million Americans have collected state quarters and 3.5 million participated in the selection of state quarter designs.
|
192.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 192
| null |
state_quarters program popular commemorative_coin program united_states history united_states mint_estimate americans collect state quarter participate selection state quarter design
|
quarter_programm beliebt gedenkmünzprogramm geschichte vereinigt_staat united_states mint_schätzen million amerikaner staatsquartiere sammeln million auswahl staatsvierteldesigns teilnehmen
|
EN_4_13
|
[
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[
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[
23,
0.027027027631128155
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[
1,
0.027027027631128155
]
] | 21
|
EN_4_14
|
By the end of 2008, all of the original 50 States quarters had been minted and released. The official total, according to the US Mint, was 34,797,600,000 coins. The average mintage was 695,952,000 coins per state, but ranged from Virginia's 1,594,616,000 to Oklahoma's 416,600,000. Demand was stronger for quarters issued early in the program. This was due to weakening economic conditions in later years and the waning of the initial surge of demand when the program was launched. Another factor was the reassertion of the Treasury Department's opposition to the program. When the director's term ended in 2000, the Treasury proceeded to reduce and finally terminate the most effective elements of the Mint's promotional program despite the high return on investment they earned.
|
193.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 193
| null |
end original states quarter mint release official total accord ultrasound_mint coin average mintage coin state range virginia oklahoma demand strong quarter issue program weaken economic condition later year wane initial surge demand program launch factor reassertion treasury_department opposition program director term end treasury proceed reduce terminate effective element mint promotional program high return investment earn
|
ursprünglich staatenquartier prägen freigeben offiziell gesamtzahl betragen münze durchschnittlich münzprägung betragen münze staat reichen virginias oklahomas nachfrage quartal anfang programm ausgeben schwächung wirtschaftlich_bedingung spät rückgang anfänglich nachfrageanstiegs einführung programm zurückführen faktor bekräftigung widerstand finanzministerium_programm amtszeit direktor enden schatzamt effektivst element förderprogramm münzanstalt rendite investition verdienen reduzieren beenden
|
EN_4_14
|
[
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[
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[
24,
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[
22,
0.01010101004456631
]
] | 21
|
EN_4_15
|
Alabama: The Alabama state quarter is the first coin circulated in the US that features Braille writing.
|
194.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 194
| null |
alabama alabama state quarter coin circulate ultrasound feature braille write
|
alabama münze usa zirkulieren enthalten
|
EN_4_15
|
[
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[
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[
15,
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[
2,
0.07142857142857142
]
] | 21
|
EN_4_16
|
Arizona: The banner reading "Grand Canyon State" in the design is intended to split the quarter into two sections and indicate the Grand Canyon and the Saguaro Cactus are in two different Arizona scenes, as the saguaro cactus is not native to the area near the Grand Canyon.
|
195.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 195
| null |
arizona banner read grand_canyon state design intend split quarter section indicate grand_canyon saguaro cactus different arizona scene saguaro cactus native area grand_canyon
|
arizona banner grand_canyon state design viertel abschnitt aufteilen grand_canyon saguaro cactus verschieden anzeigen saguaro cactus nähe grand_canyon beheimaten
|
EN_4_16
|
[
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0,
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0,
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0,
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[
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[
10,
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[
2,
0.024390243357274584
]
] | 0
|
EN_4_17
|
Connecticut: The Charter Oak on the back of the Connecticut quarter fell during a storm on August 21, 1856. It also appears on a 1936 half dollar commemorating the 300th anniversary of the state's settlement by Europeans.
|
196.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 196
| null |
connecticut charter oak connecticut quarter fall storm august information_technology appear half_dollar commemorate_anniversary state settlement europeans
|
connecticut charter oak rückseite connecticut viertel fallen sturm august erscheinen halb dollar gedenke jahrestag staatlich regelung europäer
|
EN_4_17
|
[
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[
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[
12,
0.03225806451612903
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[
0,
0.03225806451612903
]
] | 22
|
EN_4_18
|
Georgia: The outline of the state of Georgia on the quarter appears to have accidentally left out Dade County, which is in the extreme northwestern part of the state. In 1860, Dade residents voted to secede from the United States and from the state of Georgia. The county's secession was never legally recognized, and Dade residents chose to "rejoin" the United States in 1945.
|
197.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 197
| null |
georgia outline state georgia quarter appear leave dade_county extreme northwestern state dade resident vote secede united_states state georgia county secession recognize dade resident choose rejoin united_states
|
georgien umriß staat georgien viertel scheinen verseh ausgelassen dade county äyoußersten nordwesten staat stimmen bewohner dade abspaltung vereinigt_staat bundesstaat georgia abspaltung countys anerkennen bewohner dade entscheiden wiedereinreise vereinigt_staat
|
EN_4_18
|
[
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[
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[
4,
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[
13,
0.018867925090609864
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] | 0
|
EN_4_19
|
Hawaii: The Hawaii quarter features a rendition of the statue of King Kamehameha I, who united the Hawaiian Islands in 1810, with the state outline and motto. This is the first business strike US coin to feature royalty or a monarch of any kind.
|
198.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 198
| null |
hawaii hawaii quarter feature rendition statue king kamehameha world_health organization unite hawaiian_islands state outline motto business strike ultrasound coin feature royalty monarch kind
|
hawaii hawaii viertel zeigen wiedergabe statue könig kamehameha vereinigen staatsbild motto geschäftsstreik königtum monarch art kennzeichnen
|
EN_4_19
|
[
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0.026315789375650257,
0.05263157875130051,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.13157895060354155,
0.18421052190426154,
0,
0.026315789375650257
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[
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22,
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[
0,
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[
21,
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[
6,
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[
2,
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[
15,
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[
9,
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[
13,
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[
24,
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],
[
7,
0.026315789375650257
]
] | 0
|
EN_4_20
|
Illinois: The Illinois quarter is the only quarter to directly reference and portray an urban city, with a picture of the Chicago skyline (the Missouri quarter indirectly references the city of St. Louis with its portrayal of the iconic Gateway Arch).
|
199.0
|
The 50 State quarters (authorized by Pub. L. 105–124 (text) (PDF), 111 Stat. 2534, enacted December 1, 1997) were a series of circulating commemorative quarters released by the United States Mint. Minted from 1999 through 2008, they featured unique designs for each of the 50 US states on the reverse.
The 50 State Quarters Program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in US history, with roughly half of the US population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The US federal government so far has made additional profits of $3 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.
In 2009, the US Mint began issuing quarters under the 2009 District of Columbia and US Territories Program. The Territories Quarter Program was authorized by the passage of a newer legislative act, H.R. 2764. This program features the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
|
EN
|
50 State quarters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_State_quarters
| 199
| null |
illinois illinois quarter quarter reference portray urban city picture chicago skyline missouri quarter reference city louis portrayal iconic gateway arch
|
illinois illinois viertel einzig viertel stadt bild skylin chicago zeigen missouri viertel beziehen stadt louis darstellung ikonisch gateway arch
|
EN_4_20
|
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[
21,
0.025641024972383818
]
] | 22
|
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