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-9040554510504778697	List of largest optical reflecting telescopes	List of largest optical reflecting telescopes - wikipedia List of largest optical reflecting telescopes Jump to : navigation , search The world 's largest optical reflecting telescopes with an aperture diameter of larger than 8 meters ( hover with mouse over image ) . Legend : GTC Keck Subaru HET LBT VLT SALT Gemini ( N ) Gemini ( S ) This list of the largest optical reflecting telescopes with objective diameters of 3.0 metres ( 120 in ) or greater is sorted by aperture , which is one limit on the light - gathering power and resolution of a reflecting telescope 's optical assembly . The mirrors themselves can be larger than the aperture , and telescopes may use aperture synthesis achieved by interferometry . Telescopes designed to be used as optical astronomical interferometers such as the Keck I and II used together as the Keck Interferometer ( up to 85 m ) can reach very high resolutions , although at a narrower range of observations . When the two mirrors are on one mount , the combined mirror spacing of the Large Binocular Telescope ( 22.8 m ) allows fuller use of the aperture synthesis . Largest does not always equate to being the best telescopes , and overall light gathering power of the optical system can be a poor measure of a telescope 's performance . Space - based telescopes , such as the Hubble Space Telescope , take advantage of being above the Earth 's atmosphere to reach higher resolution and greater light gathering through longer exposure time . Location in the northern or southern hemisphere of the Earth can also limit what part of the sky can be observed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of reflecting telescopes 2 Top telescopes of 2010 3 Top telescopes of 2000 4 Chronologically 5 Future telescopes 5.1 Under construction or planned construction 5.2 Proposed 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Table of reflecting telescopes ( edit ) This list is ordered by optical aperture , which has historically been a useful gauge of limiting resolution , optical area , physical size , and cost . Multiple mirror telescopes that are on the same mount , may have a working beam combiner , and can form an image may be ranked by an equivalent aperture to this reported by sources . HET - style or fixed telescopes are ranked by an equivalent aperture also . Reflecting telescopes Name Image Effective aperture m Aper . in Mirror type Nationality / Sponsors Site Built Gran Telescopio Canarias ( GTC ) 7001104000000000000 ♠ 10.4 m 409 '' Segmented , 36 Spain ( 90 % ) , Mexico , USA Roque de los Muchachos Obs. , Canary Islands , Spain 2006 / 9 Hobby - Eberly Telescope ( HET ) 11 m × 9.8 m mirror 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m 394 '' Segmented , 91 USA , Germany McDonald Observatory , Texas , USA 1997 Keck 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m 394 '' Segmented , 36 USA Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA Keck 2 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m 394 '' Segmented , 36 USA Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA Southern African Large Telescope ( SALT ) 11 m × 9.8 m mirror 7000920000000099999 ♠ 9.2 m 362 '' Segmented , 91 South Africa , USA , UK , Germany , Poland , New Zealand South African Astronomical Obs. , Northern Cape , South Africa 2005 Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT ) Phased - array optics for combined 11.9 m 7000840000000000000 ♠ 8.4 m × 2 330 '' × 2 Multiple mirror , 2 USA , Italy , Germany Mount Graham International Observatory , Arizona , USA Subaru ( JNLT ) 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single Japan Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA 1999 VLT UT1 -- Antu 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 1998 VLT UT2 -- Kueyen 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 1999 VLT UT3 -- Melipal 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 2000 VLT UT4 -- Yepun 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 2001 Gemini North ( Gillett ) 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.1 m 318 '' Single USA , UK , Canada , Chile , Australia , Argentina , Brazil Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA 1999 Gemini South 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.1 m 318 '' Single USA , UK , Canada , Chile , Australia , Argentina , Brazil Cerro Pachón ( CTIO ) , Coquimbo Region , Chile 2001 MMT ( 1 x 6.5 m ) 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 m 256 '' Single USA F.L. Whipple Obs. , Arizona , USA 2000 Magellan 1 ( Walter Baade ) 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 m 256 '' Honeycomb USA Las Campanas Obs. , Coquimbo Region , Chile 2000 Magellan 2 ( Landon Clay ) 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 m 256 '' Honeycomb USA Las Campanas Obs. , Coquimbo Region , Chile 2002 BTA - 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 m 238 '' Single USSR / Russia Special Astrophysical Obs. , Karachay -- Cherkessia , Russia Large Zenith Telescope ( LZT ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 m 236 '' Liquid Canada , France , United States Maple Ridge , British Columbia , Canada 2003 Hale Telescope ( 200 inch ) 7000508000000000000 ♠ 5.08 m 200 '' Single USA Palomar Observatory , California , USA 1948 LAMOST 7000490000000000000 ♠ ( 6.67 m × 6.05 m + 5.72 m × 4.40 m corrector ; effective aperture 3.6 -- 4.9 m ) 4.9 m -- 3.6 m 193 '' Segmented ( 37 + 24 ) PRC ( China ) Beijing Astronomical Obs. , Xinglong , China 2008 MMT ( original optics : 6 × 1.8 m ) → see above record for current 6.5 m mirror 7000470000000000000 ♠ 4.7 m ( 6 × 1.8 m ) 186 '' Segmented , 6 USA F.L. Whipple Obs. , Arizona , USA 1979 -- 1998 Discovery Channel Telescope 7000430000000000000 ♠ 4.3 m 169 '' Single USA Lowell Observatory , Happy Jack , Arizona , USA 2012 William Herschel Telescope 7000420000000000000 ♠ 4.2 m 165 '' Single UK , Netherlands , Spain Roque de los Muchachos Obs. , Canary Islands , Spain SOAR 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 m 161 '' Single USA , Brazil Cerro Pachón ( CTIO ) , Coquimbo Region , Chile 2002 VISTA 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 m 161 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 2009 Victor M. Blanco Telescope 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 m 157 '' Single USA Cerro Tololo Inter-American Obs. , Coquimbo Region , Chile 1976 Nicholas U. Mayall 4 m 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 m 158 '' Single USA Kitt Peak National Obs. , Arizona , USA 1973 Anglo - Australian Telescope ( AAT ) 7000389000000000000 ♠ 3.89 m 154 '' Single Australia , UK Australian Astronomical Obs. , New South Wales , Australia 3.67 m AEOS Telescope ( AEOS ) 7000367000000000000 ♠ 3.67 m 145 '' Single USA Air Force Maui Optical Station , Hawaii , USA 3.6 m Devasthal Optical Telescope ( DOT ) 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.60 m 141 '' Single India ARIES Devasthal Observatory , Nainital , India 2016 Telescopio Nazionale Galileo ( TNG ) 7000358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 m 138 '' Single Italy Roque de los Muchachos Obs. , Canary Islands , Spain 1997 New Technology Telescope ( NTT ) 7000358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 m 142 '' Single ESO countries La Silla Observatory , Coquimbo Region , Chile Canada - France - Hawaii Telescope ( CFHT ) 7000358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 m 141 '' Single Canada , France , USA Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA 1979 ESO 3.6 m Telescope 7000357000000000000 ♠ 3.57 m 140 '' Single ESO countries La Silla Observatory , Coquimbo Region , Chile 1977 MPI - CAHA 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 m 3.5 m 138 '' Single West Germany , Spain Calar Alto Obs. , Almería , Spain 1984 USAF Starfire 3.5 m 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 m 138 '' Single USA Starfire Optical Range , New Mexico , USA 1994 WIYN Telescope 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 m 138 '' Single USA Kitt Peak National Obs. , Arizona , USA 1994 Space Surveillance Telescope 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 m 138 '' Single USA White Sands Missile Range , New Mexico , USA 2011 Astrophysical Research Consortium ( ARC ) 7000348000000000000 ♠ 3.48 m 137 '' Single USA Apache Point Obs. , New Mexico , USA 1994 Shane Telescope 7000305000000000000 ♠ 3.05 m 120 '' Single USA Lick Observatory , California , USA 1959 NASA Infrared Telescope Facility 3.0 m 120 '' Single USA Mauna Kea Observatory , Hawaii , USA 1979 NASA - LMT → retired , private 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 m 118 '' Liquid USA NASA Orbital Debris Obs. , New Mexico , USA 1995 -- 2002 See List of large optical reflecting telescopes for continuation of list There are only a few sites capable of polishing the mirrors for these telescopes . SAGEM in France polished the four VLT mirrors , the two Gemini mirrors , and the 36 segments for GTC . The Steward Observatory Mirror Lab cast and polished the two LBT mirrors , the two Magellan mirrors and the MMT replacement mirror . It is currently making the LSST primary mirror and the mirrors for the Giant Magellan Telescope . The Keck segments were made by Schott AG . The SALT and LAMOST segments were cast and polished by LZOS . The mirror for Subaru was cast by Corning and polished at Contraves Brashear Systems in Pennsylvania . This table does not include all the largest mirrors manufactured . The Steward Observatory Mirror Lab produced the 6.5 - metre f / 1.25 collimator used in the Large Optical Test and Integration Site of Lockheed Martin , used for vacuum optical testing of other telescopes . Segmented mirrors are also referred to as mosaic mirrors . Single mirrors are also referred to monolithic mirrors , and can be sub-categorized in types , such as solid or honeycomb . Comparison of nominal sizes of apertures of some notable optical telescopes For the largest reflecting telescopes on the planet , the horizontal indicates the year built and the vertical direction indicates the size of the mirror measured in meters . Countries which contain several of these telescopes are color - coded for identification . Top telescopes of 2010 ( edit ) The largest telescopes are multi-telescope interferometers , and may have longer baselines . However , these astronomical interferometers are less flexible in use , and many interferometers can not form images or see faint objects despite their high peak angular resolution . The largest telescope during the first decade of the 21st century could be either the Gran Telescopio Canarias ( one 10.4 m diameter mirror ) , the Large Binocular Telescope ( two 8.4 m diameter mirrors on a binocular mount ) , or the Very Large Telescope ( with four 8.2 m telescopes and four 1.8 m auxiliary telescopes ) . However , as these were still coming online in the period , the two 10 m Keck Telescopes ( with 85 m aperture synthesis ) were possibly the largest in full scientific operation . Note other wavelengths of telescopes can be much larger physically , such as the 305 m aperture Arecibo radio telescope , but since radio wavelengths are also larger , this does not necessarily translate into brighter or higher resolution images . Reflecting telescopes ( 2010 ) Name Out In Aperture ( m ) Equiv . Area ( m ) Area ( m ) Mirrors Note Altitude ( m ) Gran Telescopio Canarias ( GTC ) 10.4 10.4 74 36 × 1.9 m hexagonal segments for M1 Commissioned 2009 ; Largest single mirror 2267 Southern African Large Telescope ( SALT ) 11 ( max . ) 9.2 66 -- 45 92 × 1 m hexagon ; 11 × 9.8 m mirror HET twin but larger optically . Spherical M1 w / fixed mirror ; spectroscopy ( see here ( 2 ) ) 1783 Keck 1 & 2 10 m each 10 76 ( each ) 36 × 1.8 m hexagons M1 mirrors each largest twin telescopes 152 m total optical area 4145 VLT 1 , 2 , 3 & 4 8.2 ( each ) 8.2 53 ( each ) 1 x 8.2 m M1 each Largest quadruplet telescope 210 ( total optical area ) 2635 Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT ) 8.4 m each 11.7 111 ( both sides ) 2 x 8.4 m M1 mirrors ; 1 mount Largest Binocular ; largest non-segmented mirrors ; 22.8 m aperture planned 3221 Largest telescopes with interferometer mode , and two image - forming interferometer arrays . Reflecting telescopes ( with interferometer mode ) Name Longest baseline ( m ) Mirrors Area ( m ) Equiv . Note VLTI 200 4 × 8.2 m ( VLT 1 , 2 , 3 , & 4 ) 210 16 Behind schedule in 2010 , 4 units at 130 m success in 2012 Keck Interferometer 85 2 × 10 m ( Keck 1 & 2 ) 152 Operations ceased in 2012 . Large Binocular Telescope ( LBTI ) 22.8 * 2 × 8.4 m 110 11.9 One telescope mount * ; Fizeau & Amplitude Interferometry CHARA array 330 6 × 1 m 2.45 NPOI 437 6 siderostats ( visible ) Sparse Aperture Optically resolved Mizar ( star ) * Baseline does not reduce with viewing angle Top telescopes of 2000 ( edit ) Reflecting telescopes ( 2000 ) Name Out In Aperture ( m ) Area ( m ) Mirrors Note Altitude ( m ) Keck 1 & 2 10 ( each ) 76 ( each ) 36 × 1.8 m hexagons M1 mirrors each largest twin telescopes , largest aperture mirrors , 152 m total optical area 4145 Hobby - Eberly Telescope ( HET ) 9.2 ( max . ) 66 -- 45 92 x 1 m hexagon ; 11 × 9.8 m mirror Spherical M1 w / fixed mirror ; spectroscopy 2030 Subaru Telescope 8.2 53 1 × 8.3 m M1 Largest single piece mirror ( tied with the 4 VLT ) 4145 UT1 -- Antu 8.2 53 1 x 8.2 m M1 Part of a quadruplet telescope setup 2635 UT2 -- Kueyen 8.2 53 1 x 8.2 m M1 Part of a quadruplet telescope setup 2635 UT3 -- Melipal 8.2 53 1 x 8.2 m M1 Part of a quadruplet telescope setup 2635 Under construction Reflecting telescopes ( 2000 ) Name Out In Aperture ( m ) Area ( m ) Mirrors Note Altitude ( m ) VLT 1 , 2 , 3 8.2 ( each ) 53 ( each ) 1 x 8.2 m M1 By the year 2000 three unit telescopes were online ; each were the largest single piece mirrors at that time ( tied with Subaru ) 2635 Chronologically ( edit ) Reflecting telescopes ( chronologically ) Years Largest Name Out In Aperture ( m ) Area ( m ) M1 Mirror Note Altitude ( m ) 2009 -- Present Gran Telescopio Canarias 10.4 74 36 × 1.9 m hexagons M1 mirror Segmented mirror 2267 1993 -- 2009 Keck 1 10 76 36 × 1.8 m hexagons M1 mirror Segmented mirror , M1 f / 1.75 4145 1976 -- 1993 BTA - 6 6 26 605 cm f / 4 M1 mirror Mirror replaced twice 2070 1948 -- 1976 Hale ( 200 inch ) 5.1 -- 508 cm f / 3.3 M1 mirror Art deco dome 1713 1917 -- 1948 Hooker ( 100 inch ) 2.54 -- Also used for 1st optical interferometer 1742 For earlier top telescopes see List of largest optical telescopes historically Future telescopes ( edit ) Sketch of the Messier 51 by William Parsons in 1845 , later known as the Whirlpool Galaxy Whirlpool Galaxy ( M51A / B or NGC 5194 / 5 ) by NASA / ESA from Hubble Space Telescope in 2005 Below are selected telescopes that are still in the conceptual / proposed stage or still under construction . Under construction or planned construction ( edit ) European Extremely Large Telescope 39.3 m ( first light planned for 2024 ) Thirty Meter Telescope 30 m ( construction halted since April 2015 due to a permit dispute ; first light was planned for 2022 when construction halted ) Giant Magellan Telescope 7 × 8.4 m mirrors giving a 24.5 m aperture with 21.4 m light gathering area ( first light planned in 2021 and completion in 2025 ) Large Synoptic Survey Telescope 8.4 m ( first light planned in 2019 and full operations beginning in 2022 ) James Webb Space Telescope 6.5 m ( May 2020 launch planned ) Pan-STARRS 4 × 1.8 m ( 1 of 4 complete ) Magdalena Ridge Observatory Telescope Array 10 × 1.4 m Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope 4 m ( construction started in 2013 ) International Liquid Mirror Telescope 4 m ( dome construction in Devasthal , India , started in 2013 ) San Pedro Martir Telescope 6.5 m ( completion expected for Summer 2018 ) Proposed ( edit ) Advanced Technology Large - Aperture Space Telescope ( ATLAST ) , 8 -- 15 m space telescope Chinese Giant Solar Telescope ( CGST ) . China aims to build a very large infrared and optical solar telescope , with the spatial resolution expected to be equivalent to an 8 - meter - diameter telescope and light - gathering power equivalent to a 5 m diameter full aperture telescope High - Definition Space Telescope - proposed segmented mirror telescope 39 feet ( 12 meters ) in aperture , placed at the L2 lagrange point Colossus Telescope - proposed 70 - 80 meter diameter telescope for examining exoplanets ( 2010s ) See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Extremely large telescope List of largest optical refracting telescopes List of optical telescopes List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths List of largest optical telescopes historically List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century List of largest optical telescopes in the 19th century List of largest optical telescopes in the 18th century Strehl ratio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Upgraded Hobby - Eberly Telescope Sees First Light McDonald Observatory '' . mcdonaldobservatory.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Howstuffworks `` 10 Amazing Telescopes '' `` . Science.howstuffworks.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ SPIE 2006 in Orlando - Proceedings of SPIE conference 6267 on `` Ground - based and Airborne Telescopes '' , `` The Large Binocular Telescope '' , John M. Hill , Richard F. Green and James H. Slagle Jump up ^ `` The Carnegie Observatories -- Magellan Telescopes '' . Carnegie Institution for Science . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Telescope , By Geoff Andersen , Page 165 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` LAMOST Homepage -- Gallery '' . Lamost.org . August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dwayne DayMonday , May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Mirrors in the dark '' . The Space Review . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lowell Observatory - 4.3 - meter DCT Jump up ^ `` The Mayall 4 - Meter Telescope '' . Noao.edu . February 27 , 1973 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sagar , Ram ; Brijesh Kumar ; Amitesh Omar ; A.K. Pandey ( 2012 ) . `` New optical telescope projects at Devasthal Observatory '' . Proceedings of the Society of Photo - Optical Instrumentation Engineers . 8444 . arXiv : 1304.2474 . Bibcode : 2012SPIE. 8444E ... 1TS . doi : 10.1117 / 12.925634 . Jump up ^ `` Max - Planck - Institut für Astronomie '' . Mpia.de . July 20 , 1994 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Starfire '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Orbital Debris Observatory '' . Astro.ubc.ca . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Polissage Optique pour les Grands Instruments de la Physique et de l ' Astronomie '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror Castings '' . Steward Observatory Mirror Lab . Jump up ^ `` Large Optics Manufacturing in Large Optics Manufacturing in Lytkarino Optical Glass Factory , Russia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` SUBARU Telescope 8.3 m Primary Mirror Finished '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Keck Telescope Facts '' . Spacecraftkits.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Telescope - Modern Optical Telescopes - Mirror , Diameter , Keck , and Honeycomb - JRank Articles '' . Science.jrank.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ K. Moskvitch - Four telescope link - up creates world 's largest mirror ( 2012 ) - BBC Jump up ^ KI Jump up ^ `` Large Telescopes '' . Astro.nineplanets.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Groundbreaking for the E-ELT ( eso1419 -- Organisation Release ) '' . ESO. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Burnett , Colin M. , John ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Hawaii Supreme Court voids Thirty Meter Telescope permit '' . Oahu Publications . West Hawaii Today . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GMT -- Overview '' . Gmto.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Giant Magellan Telescope : Super-scope project breaks ground '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Webb Observatory Requires More Time for Testing and Evaluation ; New Launch Window Under Review '' . NASA . 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International Liquid Mirror Telescope -- Extragalactic Astrophysics and Space Observations '' . Aeos.ulg.ac.be . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CAPI Report ( in Spanish ) . Nov. 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Chinese Giant Solar Telescope '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` China Exclusive : Scientists looking for site for giant solar telescope '' . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The Astronomical Scrapbook '' , Joseph Ashbrook , Sky Publishing Corporation 1984 , ISBN 0 - 933346 - 24 - 7 , o `` Giant Telescopes of the World '' , Sky and Telescope , August 2000 . `` The History of the Telescope '' , Henry C. King . ( 1955 ) `` The Historical Growth of Telescope Aperture '' , René Racine , Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , 116 JRASC ( 1929 ) vol 23 , p351 Sky&Telescope ( April 1981 ) p303 Sky&Telescope ( July 1993 ) vol 86 , p 27 - 32 James H. Burge , 1993 Dissertation at UA , `` Advanced Techniques for Measuring Primary Mirrors for Astronomical Telescopes '' Bell , R.M. and Robins , G.C. and Eugeni , C. and Cuzner , G. and Hutchison , S.B. and Baily , S.H. and Ceurden , B. and Hagen , J. and Kenagy , K. and Martin , H.M. and Tuell , M. and Ward , M. and West , S.C. ( July 2008 ) . `` LOTIS at completion of Collimator integration '' . Society of Photo - Optical Instrumentation Engineers ( SPIE ) Conference Series . 7017 . doi : 10.1117 / 12.791889 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) List of large reflecting telescopes The World 's Largest Optical Telescopes Largest optical telescopes of the world Selected largest telescopes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes&oldid=833032896 '' Categories : Lists of telescopes Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Português Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 09 : 12 . About Wikipedia	where is the world's largest optical telescope located	[ "\nReflecting telescopes\n\nName\nImage\nEffective aperture\nm\nAper.\nin\nMirror type\nNationality / Sponsors\nSite\nBuilt\n\n\nGran Telescopio Canarias (GTC)\n\n7001104000000000000♠10.4 m\n409″\nSegmented, 36\nSpain (90%), Mexico, USA\nRoque de los Muchachos Obs., Canary Islands, Spain\n2006/9\n\n\nHobby-Eberly Telescope (HET)\n11 m × 9.8 m mirror\n\n7001100000000000000♠10 m [1]\n394″\nSegmented, 91\nUSA, Germany\nMcDonald Observatory, Texas, USA\n1997\n\n\nKeck 1\n\n7001100000000000000♠10 m\n394″\nSegmented, 36\nUSA\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1993\n\n\nKeck 2\n\n7001100000000000000♠10 m\n394″\nSegmented, 36\nUSA\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1996\n\n\nSouthern African Large Telescope (SALT)\n11 m × 9.8 m mirror[2]\n\n7000920000000099999♠9.2 m\n362″\nSegmented, 91\nSouth Africa, USA, UK, Germany, Poland, New Zealand\nSouth African Astronomical Obs., Northern Cape, South Africa\n2005\n\n\nLarge Binocular Telescope (LBT)\nPhased-array optics for combined 11.9 m[3]\n\n7000840000000000000♠8.4 m × 2\n330″ × 2\nMultiple mirror, 2\nUSA, Italy, Germany\nMount Graham International Observatory, Arizona, USA\n2004\n\n\nSubaru (JNLT)\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nJapan\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1999\n\n\nVLT UT1 – Antu\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n1998\n\n\nVLT UT2 – Kueyen\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n1999\n\n\nVLT UT3 – Melipal\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n2000\n\n\nVLT UT4 – Yepun\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n2001\n\n\nGemini North (Gillett)\n\n7000810000000000000♠8.1 m\n318″\nSingle\nUSA, UK, Canada, Chile, Australia, Argentina, Brazil\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1999\n\n\nGemini South\n\n7000810000000000000♠8.1 m\n318″\nSingle\nUSA, UK, Canada, Chile, Australia, Argentina, Brazil\nCerro Pachón (CTIO), Coquimbo Region, Chile\n2001\n\n\nMMT (1 x 6.5 m)\n\n7000650000000000000♠6.5 m\n256″\nSingle\nUSA\nF. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona, USA\n2000\n\n\nMagellan 1 (Walter Baade)[4]\n\n7000650000000000000♠6.5 m\n256″\nHoneycomb\nUSA\nLas Campanas Obs., Coquimbo Region, Chile\n2000\n\n\nMagellan 2 (Landon Clay)\n\n7000650000000000000♠6.5 m\n256″\nHoneycomb\nUSA\nLas Campanas Obs., Coquimbo Region, Chile\n2002\n\n\nBTA-6\n\n7000600000000000000♠6 m\n238″\nSingle\nUSSR/Russia\nSpecial Astrophysical Obs., Karachay–Cherkessia, Russia\n1975\n\n\nLarge Zenith Telescope (LZT)\n\n7000600000000000000♠6 m\n236″\nLiquid\nCanada, France, United States [5]\nMaple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada\n2003\n\n\nHale Telescope (200 inch)\n\n7000508000000000000♠5.08 m\n200″\nSingle\nUSA\nPalomar Observatory, California, USA\n1948\n\n\nLAMOST 7000490000000000000♠ (6.67 m × 6.05 m + 5.72 m × 4.40 m corrector; effective aperture 3.6–4.9 m)\n\n4.9 m–3.6 m [6]\n193″\nSegmented\n(37 + 24)[7]\nPRC (China)\nBeijing Astronomical Obs., Xinglong, China\n2008\n\n\nMMT (original optics: 6 × 1.8 m)\n→see above record for current 6.5 m mirror\n\n7000470000000000000♠4.7 m\n(6×1.8 m) [8]\n186″\nSegmented, 6\nUSA\nF. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona, USA\n1979–1998\n\n\nDiscovery Channel Telescope[9]\n\n7000430000000000000♠4.3 m\n169″\nSingle\nUSA\nLowell Observatory, Happy Jack, Arizona, USA\n2012\n\n\nWilliam Herschel Telescope\n\n7000420000000000000♠4.2 m\n165″\nSingle\nUK, Netherlands, Spain\nRoque de los Muchachos Obs., Canary Islands, Spain\n1987\n\n\nSOAR\n\n7000410009999999999♠4.1 m\n161″\nSingle\nUSA, Brazil\nCerro Pachón (CTIO), Coquimbo Region, Chile\n2002\n\n\nVISTA\n\n7000410009999999999♠4.1 m\n161″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n2009\n\n\nVictor M. Blanco Telescope\n\n7000400000000000000♠4 m\n157″\nSingle\nUSA\nCerro Tololo Inter-American Obs., Coquimbo Region, Chile\n1976\n\n\nNicholas U. Mayall 4 m[10]\n\n7000400000000000000♠4 m\n158″\nSingle\nUSA\nKitt Peak National Obs., Arizona, USA\n1973\n\n\nAnglo-Australian Telescope (AAT)\n\n7000389000000000000♠3.89 m\n154″\nSingle\nAustralia, UK\nAustralian Astronomical Obs., New South Wales, Australia\n1974\n\n\n3.67 m AEOS Telescope (AEOS)\n\n7000367000000000000♠3.67 m\n145″\nSingle\nUSA\nAir Force Maui Optical Station, Hawaii, USA\n1996\n\n\n3.6 m Devasthal Optical Telescope[11] (DOT)\n\n7000360000000000000♠3.60 m\n141″\nSingle\nIndia\nARIES Devasthal Observatory, Nainital, India\n2016\n\n\nTelescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG)\n\n7000358000000000000♠3.58 m\n138″\nSingle\nItaly\nRoque de los Muchachos Obs., Canary Islands, Spain\n1997\n\n\nNew Technology Telescope (NTT)\n\n7000358000000000000♠3.58 m\n142″\nSingle\nESO countries\nLa Silla Observatory, Coquimbo Region, Chile\n1989\n\n\nCanada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT)\n\n7000358000000000000♠3.58 m\n141″\nSingle\nCanada, France, USA\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1979\n\n\nESO 3.6 m Telescope\n\n7000357000000000000♠3.57 m\n140″\nSingle\nESO countries\nLa Silla Observatory, Coquimbo Region, Chile\n1977\n\n\nMPI-CAHA 7000350000000000000♠3.5 m[12]\n\n3.5 m\n138″\nSingle\nWest Germany, Spain\nCalar Alto Obs., Almería, Spain\n1984\n\n\nUSAF Starfire 3.5 m [13]\n\n7000350000000000000♠3.5 m\n138″\nSingle\nUSA\nStarfire Optical Range, New Mexico, USA\n1994\n\n\nWIYN Telescope\n\n7000350000000000000♠3.5 m\n138″\nSingle\nUSA\nKitt Peak National Obs., Arizona, USA\n1994\n\n\nSpace Surveillance Telescope\n\n7000350000000000000♠3.5 m\n138″\nSingle\nUSA\nWhite Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, USA\n2011\n\n\nAstrophysical Research Consortium (ARC)\n\n7000348000000000000♠3.48 m\n137″\nSingle\nUSA\nApache Point Obs., New Mexico, USA\n1994\n\n\nShane Telescope\n\n7000305000000000000♠3.05 m\n120″\nSingle\nUSA\nLick Observatory, California, USA\n1959\n\n\nNASA Infrared Telescope Facility\n\n3.0 m\n120″\nSingle\nUSA\nMauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, USA\n1979\n\n\nNASA-LMT\n→retired, private[14]\n\n7000300000000000000♠3 m\n118″\nLiquid\nUSA\nNASA Orbital Debris Obs., New Mexico, USA\n1995–2002\n\n\nSee List of large optical reflecting telescopes for continuation of list\n\n" ]	[ "Roque de los Muchachos Obs., Canary Islands, Spain" ]
-1581937715502990001	A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)	A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) - wikipedia A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) A Star Is Born Soundtrack album by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Released October 5 , 2018 Recorded 2017 -- 2018 Studio Woodrow Wilson Studios ( Hollywood , California ) EastWest Studios , The Village West ( Los Angeles , California ) Shangri - La Studios ( Malibu , California ) Electric Lady Studios ( New York , New York ) Length 70 : 01 Label Interscope Producer Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Dave Cobb Bradley Cooper Lady Gaga Nick Monson Lukas Nelson Brian Newman Mark Nilan Jr . Benjamin Rice Lady Gaga chronology Joanne ( 2016 ) A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) Singles from A Star Is Born `` Shallow '' Released : September 27 , 2018 A Star Is Born is the soundtrack album to the 2018 musical film of the same name , performed by its stars Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . It was released on October 5 , 2018 , by Interscope Records . Gaga and Cooper collaborated on the soundtrack album with an assortment of country musicians , including Lukas Nelson , who also stars in the film as a member of Cooper 's band . For the more pop - oriented songs on the soundtrack , Gaga teamed up with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow . The soundtrack also includes contributions from Jason Isbell , Mark Ronson , Diane Warren , and Andrew Wyatt of Miike Snow . Commercially , it has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Ireland , New Zealand , Scotland , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Contents 1 Background and development 2 Writing and recording 3 Music and lyrics 4 Release 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Charts 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background and development ( edit ) In March 2015 , Warner Bros. announced that Bradley Cooper was in talks to make his directorial debut with A Star Is Born , the fourth remake of the 1937 film of the same name . Lady Gaga was officially attached to the film in August 2016 , with the studio green - lighting the project to begin production in early 2017 . Cooper plays Jackson Maine , `` a veteran country singer who discovers and eventually falls in love with a struggling singer - songwriter named Ally , played by Gaga . '' Gaga `` helped inform Cooper 's performance as a musician '' . Cooper spent two - and - a-half years prepping for the film and determining what kind of musician his character would be . He worked with a number of musicians and vocal coach Roger Love . Cooper said , `` by the end he just kind of started developing into his own sort of creation . If I had another year of prep , it would have been complete rock , but now it 's some sort of hybrid . '' Writing and Recording ( edit ) Cooper described the soundtrack `` an evolution , like the story . '' Gaga and Cooper were writing songs for the soundtrack during filming , leading to `` so many different incarnations of each song . '' Cooper added that `` the music really became a character in the movie . There is no lyric that 's ever in any point of the movie that does n't have exactly to do with where one of them is or hopes to be or regrets being . That was our launching pad and then it was just about discovering what songs fit in the right places . '' Jason Isbell wrote a song for Cooper 's character , which became `` the sword with which a lot of the music spawned from ( Cooper ) '' . Isbell sent the song through Dave Cobb , a Nashville - based producer with whom Cooper had been collaborating . Cooper approached Lukas Nelson ( son of country music singer Willie Nelson ) after seeing him perform at Desert Trip in October 2016 and asked him to work on the film as a music consultant . Nelson said he began `` writing songs for the movie , just for the heck of it , and sending them over to the producer , and they started liking them . Then Lady Gaga came by and I met her and we clicked . We became good friends , and we started writing together . '' Gaga , in turn , provided backing vocals on two tracks on Nelson 's self - titled album released in 2017 . Nelson and his band , Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real , appear in the film as Cooper 's backing band . Gaga reunited with producer Mark Ronson and songwriter Hillary Lindsey , who had both contributed to her previous studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) . She worked with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow on the soundtrack 's more pop - oriented numbers performed by her character Ally . Much of the album was recorded live on set , at Gaga 's insistence . Music and lyrics ( edit ) Billboard described the soundtrack as `` integral to the plotline '' , adding that `` many of the lyrics are about wanting and longing for change , but noting the struggle . Some express the great love and beautiful bond the booze - addled rock star ( Jackson Maine , played by Cooper ) and neophyte singer - songwriter ( Ally , played by Lady Gaga ) have for each other '' , and concluding that `` the music stands up , movie or no movie . They are timeless , emotional , gritty and earnest . They sound like songs written by artists who , quite frankly , are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener . '' Release ( edit ) The soundtrack 's track list and release date were announced on August 30 , 2018 . Interscope Records tweeted that the album `` features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . '' Its track `` Shallow '' was released on September 27 as the album 's lead single . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 78 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Daily Telegraph The Guardian NME Pitchfork 7.4 / 10 Rolling Stone Slant Magazine The soundtrack received positive response from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album has an average score of 78 , based on 8 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In a positive review , The Washington Post called the soundtrack a `` five - star marvel '' and stated that it is a possible contender to win a Grammy Award . Ben Beaumont - Thomas of The Guardian gave the album a positive review , acknowledging `` Bradley Cooper shows he can sing as well as act and direct '' , but that `` it is Lady Gaga 's pop prowess that lifts each track , be it spectacular piano ballads or heart - rending duets '' In a positive review , Stephen Thomas Erlewine , writing for AllMusic , said `` All the songs make sense narratively and on their own , so they hold together well and would amount to a first - rate soundtrack '' , but criticized the dialogue included in the album . Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos gave the soundtrack four stars out of a possible five , saying `` The music Gaga helps write for this stretch in Ally 's career ... is gorgeous -- romantic without being trite and powerful . '' Nick Reilly of NME complimented the album 's `` emotionally charged songs that feel entirely appropriate for this heartfelt tale of doomed romance '' , adding that the album is `` one of the best Hollywood soundtracks of recent years . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Neil McCormick gave the album a moderately positive review , saying the soundtrack was enjoyable , but criticized the `` slightly awkward journey from rock balladry to slickly superficial pop '' and stated that `` there is also a weird disconnect as the soundtrack shifts gear to anodyne modern pop '' . Jeremy Winograd of Slant Magazine , in a mixed review , was critical of the album , saying `` There 's undoubtedly a strong 10 - song album lodged at the core of A Star Is Born , but unlike the film , wherein an outsized sense of sentimentality is rendered affecting by the more grounded performances , there 's not nearly enough substance here to justify all the bombast . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) A Star Is Born opened atop the US Billboard 200 with 231,000 album - equivalent units , including 162,000 pure album sales . It had the biggest overall sales week for a soundtrack in over three years , and is Gaga 's fifth US number - one album as well as Cooper 's first . Gaga extended her record as the female artist with the most chart - topping albums during the 2010s , breaking her tie with Taylor Swift . Beside its pure album sales , A Star Is Born earned 37,000 in stream - equivalent units and 32,000 from track - equivalent units . The soundtrack spent a second week at number one there with 143,000 album - equivalent units ( 86,000 being pure sales ) , and became Gaga 's second album to top the chart for two consecutive weeks after Born This Way ( 2011 ) . It then held the country 's summit for a third week in a row with 109,000 equivalent units ( 61,000 pure sales ) , becoming the first soundtrack since High School Musical 2 in 2007 to top the chart for its first three weeks . Additionally it became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in the country . A Star Is Born entered at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling 18,000 equivalent units , earning the top sales and digital song download honors and the seventh highest on - demand streams for the week . The soundtrack was Gaga 's third album to reach the summit in the nation and her first since Born This Way . The soundtrack held the top position for the next week , with another 12,000 equivalent units and was also the top - selling album . It had an 11 % increase in sales during the third week and remained atop the charts , selling close to 14,000 equivalent units . Like in the United States , the soundtrack became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in Canada for Gaga . In the United Kingdom , A Star Is Born faced competition from Twenty One Pilots ' fifth studio album , Trench , with the midweek chart suggesting the latter to emerge as the top album . A Star Is Born pulled ahead at the last moment according to Alan Jones from Music Week , and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with 31,816 units ( including 6,178 from stream - equivalent units ) . It became Gaga 's fourth album to reach number one in the nation and first since Artpop ( 2013 ) , as well as Cooper 's first entry on the chart . The soundtrack was then displaced by Jess Glynne 's Always In Between the following week , and it fell to number two , selling 24,732 equivalent units . For the week ending November 1 , 2018 , the soundtrack moved back atop the chart with 24,982 copies sold ( including 6,645 from sales - equivalent streams ) . `` Shallow '' also reached the top of the UK Singles Chart that week , making Gaga and Cooper score an Official UK Chart double , this being Gaga 's third time to do so . A Star Is Born opened at number one in Ireland and Scotland , and was Gaga 's third number one in the former . During its third week atop the Irish chart , the soundtrack attained its highest sales tally . In France , the soundtrack sold 8,700 units and debuted at number seven on the SNEP Albums Chart , and held the same position the next week with another 8,000 units . In Australia , A Star Is Born entered at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart , giving Gaga her seventh top 10 album in the country and her sixth to reach the top three . Two weeks later , the soundtrack reached the top of the charts , becoming Gaga 's third album to reach the Australian charts summit after The Fame Monster and Born This Way . The soundtrack debuted at number six in the New Zealand Albums Chart , and after two weeks reached the top . Track listing ( edit ) Standard version No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro '' 0 : 20 2 . `` Black Eyes '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Lukas Nelson Cooper Nelson Lady Gaga 3 : 03 3 . `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) Harold Arlen E.Y. Harburg Claire Louise Whittleston 0 : 42 4 . `` Fabulous French '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper , Lady Gaga , Anthony Ramos and D.J. `` Shangela '' Pierce ) 0 : 19 5 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Louiguy Édith Piaf Gaga Brian Newman 2 : 59 6 . `` I 'll Wait for You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 7 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Jason Isbell Cooper Benjamin Rice Gaga 2 : 39 8 . `` Parking Lot '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 31 9 . `` Out of Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 2 : 52 10 . `` Alibi '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Cooper Nelson Gaga Cooper Nelson 3 : 03 11 . `` Trust Me '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 32 12 . `` Shallow '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Mark Ronson Anthony Rossomando Andrew Wyatt Gaga Rice 3 : 35 13 . `` First Stop , Arizona '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 10 14 . `` Music to My Eyes '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Nelson 3 : 19 15 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Paul Kennerley Gaga Nelson 3 : 57 16 . `` I Love You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 17 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Natalie Hemby Hillary Lindsey Lori McKenna Dave Cobb Gaga 3 : 30 18 . `` Unbelievable '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Rafi Gavron ) 0 : 28 19 . `` How Do You Hear It ? '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 14 20 . `` Look What I Found '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Mark Nilan Jr . Nick Monson Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Nelson Aaron Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 2 : 55 21 . `` Memphis '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 24 22 . `` Heal Me '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Julia Michaels Justin Tranter Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 16 23 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Gaga Nelson Nilan Monson 2 : 57 24 . `` Vows '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) 0 : 17 25 . `` Is That Alright ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 11 26 . `` SNL '' ( dialogue ; featuring Alec Baldwin , Donald King , Michael Mancini and Gena Rositano ) 0 : 13 27 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Diane Warren Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 04 28 . `` Hair Body Face '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Rice 3 : 22 29 . `` Scene 98 '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 35 30 . `` Before I Cry '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 4 : 18 31 . `` Too Far Gone '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 1 : 26 32 . `` Twelve Notes '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Sam Elliott ) 1 : 03 33 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 4 : 41 34 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 5 : 28 Total length : 70 : 01 show Version without dialogue No . Title Length 1 . `` Black Eyes '' 3 : 03 2 . `` La Vie en rose '' 2 : 59 3 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' 2 : 39 4 . `` Out of Time '' 2 : 52 5 . `` Alibi '' 3 : 03 6 . `` Shallow '' ( radio edit ) 3 : 37 7 . `` Music to My Eyes '' 3 : 19 8 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' 3 : 57 9 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' 3 : 30 10 . `` Look What I Found '' 2 : 55 11 . `` Heal Me '' 3 : 16 12 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' 2 : 57 13 . `` Is That Alright ? '' 3 : 11 14 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' 3 : 04 15 . `` Hair Body Face '' 3 : 22 16 . `` Before I Cry '' 4 : 18 17 . `` Too Far Gone '' 1 : 26 18 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( radio edit ) 4 : 41 19 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( radio edit ) 5 : 28 Total length : 63 : 37 Notes -- additional vocal production -- additional production -- main and additional production -- vocal production -- 0 : 31 on clean version of the album -- 0 : 34 on clean version of the album -- 69 : 59 for clean version of the album Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentinian Albums ( CAPIF ) Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatia International Albums ( HDU ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Estonian Albums ( IFPI ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 French Albums ( SNEP ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 15 Icelandic Albums ( Tonlist ) Irish Albums ( OCC ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 32 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Slovak Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) South African Albums ( RiSA ) 18 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 37 South Korean International Albums ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Compilation ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Tastemaker Albums ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various October 5 , 2018 Digital download Streaming CD LP Interscope Japan November 7 , 2018 CD LP See also ( edit ) Book : A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number - one hits List of Billboard 200 number - one albums of 2018 List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Canada ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Ireland ) List of number - one albums from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Scotland ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK Album Downloads Chart number ones of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga , Bradley Cooper Detail ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut , Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ' A Star Is Born ' For Warner Bros '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Gets Warner Bros Green Light ; Bradley Cooper Directs , Stars With Lady Gaga '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , Sonia ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` What we know about the lengthy ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack , like its copious amount of Bradley Cooper '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga on letting go for ' A Star Is Born ' and what Bradley Cooper insisted she do before filming '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Get to know the songwriters behind Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` Inside the creation of the thrilling new A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Betts , Stephen ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Isbell , Lukas Nelson Songs to Appear in Lady Gaga 's ' A Star Is Born ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Lukas Nelson Talks Writing With Lady Gaga , Gigging With Neil Young '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Finn , Timothy ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` He 's worked with Neil Young , Gaga and his dad , Willie Nelson . Now he 's coming to KC '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Samantha ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real 's `` Find Yourself '' to Life `` . CMT . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga Praises ' A Star Is Born ' Co-Star Bradley Cooper 's Talents at Toronto Premiere : ' He Sings From His Soul ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ Interscope ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` # AStarIsBornSoundtrack features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . Pre-order the music from the film now , out Oct. 5 . smarturl.it/ASIBSoundtrack @ StarIsBornMovie # AStarIsBorn '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Balancia , Donna ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Let the Music Shine in ' A Star Is Born ' '' . California Rocker . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Erlewine , Stephen ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper : A Star Is Born soundtrack , review : an enjoyable but very peculiar album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born soundtrack review -- instant classics full of Gaga 's emotional might '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Nick ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' -- soundtrack review '' . NME . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice , Larry ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spannos , Brittany ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Shine Bright on the ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Winograd , Jeremy ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born Original Soundtrack '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( October 4 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack is a five - star marvel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Earns Third Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart , Future & Juice WRLD Debut at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Reborn At No. 1 On This Week 's Albums Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Rap Dominates This Week 's Chart , But A Star Is Born Remains No. 1 '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ginette Reno , Arkells Debut With Strong Numbers On This Week 's Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga tops Official Albums Chart for fourth time thanks to A Star Is Born '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Born races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ainsley , Helen ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jess Glynne scores second Number 1 album with Always In Between '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 20 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : Jess Glynne sophomore album races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper score the Official Chart double as Shallow becomes Gaga 's fifth UK Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Reborn on albums chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mapstone , Lucy ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper top charts with A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` The A Star Is Born soundtrack bests Twenty One Pilots for Official Irish Albums Chart Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's A Star Is Born holds at Number 1 , Dua Lipa returns to Top 3 on the Official Irish Albums Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Trois Cafés Gourmands détrône Mylène Farmer , Angèle devant Lady Gaga '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Johnny Hallyday entre dans l'histoire et fait le triplé , SCH dans le top 5 '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Australian Albums : twenty one pilots ' Trench ' Lands At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Jumps To # 1 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 27 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Soundtrack Credits '' . A Star Is Born . Interscope Records . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2018 . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow : BMI Work # 21904915 '' . BMI . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( Without Dialogue ) '' . Spotify . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los discos más vendidos : `` TRENCH '' de TWENTY ONE PILOTS se quedó con en el primer puesto en la semana del 15 al 21 de Octubre `` . Diario de Cultura ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lista prodaje 41 . tjedan 2018 '' ( in Croatian ) . HDU . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201842 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Siim ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` EESTI TIPP - 40 MUUSIKAS : Lenna kihutas koos nubluga , aga '' . Eesti Ekspress ( in Estonian ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikki : A Star Is Born '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums ( Week 41 , 2018 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Soundtrack -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart Εβδομάδα : 41 / 2018 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 42 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tonlistinn Vika 42 -- 2018 '' ( in Icelandic ) . Tonlistinn . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 42 ( dal 2018 - 10 - 12 al 2018 - 10 - 18 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Albums uke 42 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slovak Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Note : On the chart page , select SK Albums and `` 201842 '' on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Top 20 '' ( in Africans ) . Recording Industry of South Africa . October 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 14 ~ 2018.10. 20 '' to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 07 ~ 2018.10. 13 '' , then `` 국외 '' , to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 42 ( 12 / 10 a 18 / 10 ) '' . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Samlingar -- Vecka 41 , 12 oktober 2018 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . October 12 , 2018 . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Soundtrack Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Top Tastemaker Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born -- Official store '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Star Is Born ( Movie ) ' Original Soundtrack '' ( in Japanese ) . CDJapan . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) A Star Is Born Music Official website A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music 1954 soundtrack `` The Man That Got Away '' 1976 soundtrack `` Evergreen '' 2018 soundtrack `` La Vie en rose '' `` Shallow '' `` Always Remember Us This Way '' `` Is That Alright ? '' `` I 'll Never Love Again '' Related What Price Hollywood ? Lady Gaga Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums The Fame Born This Way Artpop Cheek to Cheek Joanne Soundtracks A Star Is Born Compilations The Remix Born This Way : The Remix Born This Way : The Collection Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball ArtRave : The Artpop Ball Cheek to Cheek Tour Joanne World Tour One - off shows ArtRave Dive Bar Tour Residencies Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Lady Gaga Enigma Documentaries Gaga : Five Foot Two Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour : At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! Super Bowl LI halftime show Fragrances Lady Gaga Fame Eau de Gaga Bibliography Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson Related articles Aleiodes gaga Born This Way Foundation Doll Domination Tour Gaga ( plant ) Gagadon Haus of Gaga Joanne Trattoria Cookbook Lady Gaga : Queen of Pop `` Lisa Goes Gaga '' Meat dress `` Perform This Way '' TechHaus Volantis Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_soundtrack)&oldid=866512109 '' Categories : 2018 soundtracks Film soundtracks Lady Gaga albums Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the star is born album come out	[ "A Star Is Born is the soundtrack album to the 2018 musical film of the same name, performed by its stars Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper. It was released on October 5, 2018, by Interscope Records.[1] Gaga and Cooper collaborated on the soundtrack album with an assortment of country musicians, including Lukas Nelson, who also stars in the film as a member of Cooper's band. For the more pop-oriented songs on the soundtrack, Gaga teamed up with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow. The soundtrack also includes contributions from Jason Isbell, Mark Ronson, Diane Warren, and Andrew Wyatt of Miike Snow. Commercially, it has topped the charts in Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.\n" ]	[ "October 5, 2018" ]
-3001247587759483271	NBA regular season records	NBA Regular season records - wikipedia NBA Regular season records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Most points in a triple - double 60 by James Harden , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) on January 30 , 2018 Quickest to reach a triple - double 14 minutes and 33 seconds by Nikola Jokić , Denver Nuggets ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on February 15 , 2018 . Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 24 by Ben Simmons , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs Washington Wizards ) on November 29 , 2017 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 866 by Michael Jordan from March 25 , 1986 -- December 26 , 2001 Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most seasons leading league in 3 - point percentage 4 by Kyle Korver Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 362 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant was the youngest player to start a game at 18 years , 158 days against the Dallas Mavericks on January 28 , 1997 . Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey was the oldest player to play a game at 45 years , 363 days against the New York Knicks on January 28 , 1948 . Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish was the oldest player to start a game at 43 years , 118 days against the Atlanta Hawks on December 26 , 1996 . Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double Lonzo Ball is the youngest , doing so on November 11 , 2017 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 20 years , 15 days . He had 19 points , 12 rebounds and 13 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 21 points for the Sacramento Kings against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 2 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Jerry West is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Seattle Supersonics at the age of 35 years , 193 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record every point milestone from 1,000 to 30,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 33 years , 24 days ) on January 23 , 2018 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Note : Other than the longest game and disqualifications in a game , all records in this section are since the 24 - second shot clock was instituted for 1954 -- 55 season onward . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 40 -- The Minnesota Timberwolves ( 19 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 21 ) on February 7 , 2018 ( OT ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Golden State Warriors ( 44 ) on December 1 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 61 ) vs. the New Orleans Pelicans ( 27 ) on December 16 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Brooklyn Nets ( 44 ) on January 15 , 2017 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 45 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 43 ) on March 12 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.1 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,006 -- 1,226 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.1 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 847 -- 1,319 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 311 -- 99 by the Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 93 -- 30 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,109 + games : Phoenix Suns ( March 29 , 2004 -- Present ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 -- present ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . ' Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons sets NBA free - throw record after Wizards go full ' Hack - a-Shaq ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron joins 30K club as Cavs ' slide continues '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/tstreak.cgi?request=1&lg_id=NBA&is_playoffs=N&c3stat=fg3&c3comp=ge&c3val=1&m1math=s&m1comp=ge Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived April 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=826336400 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 15 : 39 . About Wikipedia	most points scored by team in nba quarter	[ "\n\n\n99 – San Antonio Spurs (53) at Denver Nuggets (46) on January 11, 1984\n\n\n" ]	[ "99" ]
-6857839862273198875	Rhythm of the Night (song)	Rhythm of the Night ( song ) - wikipedia Rhythm of the Night ( song ) This article is about the song by DeBarge . For the song by Corona , see The Rhythm of the Night . `` Rhythm of the Night '' Single by DeBarge from the album Rhythm of the Night Released February 23 , 1985 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 1984 Genre Funk soul Length 3 : 49 Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Richard Perry DeBarge singles chronology `` Love Me in a Special Way '' ( 1983 ) `` Rhythm of the Night '' ( 1985 ) `` Who 's Holding Donna Now '' ( 1985 ) `` Love Me in a Special Way '' ( 1983 ) `` Rhythm of the Night '' ( 1985 ) `` Who 's Holding Donna Now '' ( 1985 ) Music video `` Rhythm Of The Night '' on YouTube `` Rhythm of the Night '' is a single by DeBarge , written by Diane Warren , released on February 23 , 1985 . It was a single from their fourth studio album , Rhythm of the Night on the Motown label . The song jump - started the career of prolific songwriter Diane Warren , and was the biggest hit recorded by the Motown family singing group . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 History 1.2 Reception 2 Charts 3 Personnel 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) History ( edit ) By 1985 , DeBarge had become pop / R&B sensations with mostly ballads making the repertoire of their hit catalog though they were as impressive as live performers with their mixture of their trademark soft ballads and a collection of dance material . Motown Records sought to produce DeBarge with a dance single to give them a bigger crossover success that mirrored that of label - mate Lionel Richie , who like DeBarge , had created his initial fan base on soft songs before the release of `` All Night Long '' , which included a catchy dance beat influenced by calypso . A similar influence would come in the production of `` Rhythm of the Night '' which featured more of El DeBarge 's deep tenor with flashes of his trademark falsetto . Richard Perry , the hit producer behind hit recordings for The Pointer Sisters and other artists , was appointed to produce the single with Diane Warren as its writer . Reception ( edit ) The release of `` Rhythm of the Night '' coincided with the release of the Motown film The Last Dragon , which featured the song as part of its soundtrack . The free publicity from the song on its soundtrack and in the movie itself helped boost its popularity . Eventually released as a single , the song produced DeBarge 's biggest success yet with the single reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , number one on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , number one on the US adult contemporary chart , and number four in the UK singles chart - their only major hit single in the UK - going gold and boosting similar success for its parent album of the same name . The group 's music video of the song gained the group heavy rotation on MTV and BET and was actually the group 's first and last real music video starting a brief period where DeBarge became pop superstars . Most recently , the song was featured in the 2016 film Ghostbusters : Answer the Call . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 50 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by El DeBarge Background vocals and spoken monologues by DeBarge Produced by Richard Perry See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1985 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1985 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rhythm of the Night - DeBarge Song Info AllMusic '' . www.allmusic.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 150 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` The Extended Ghostbusters Cut Fixes the Film 's Biggest Plot Hole '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Debarge -- Rhythm of the Night '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canadian peak Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Debarge -- Rhythm of the Night '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Debarge Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Debarge '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Debarge -- Rhythm of the Night '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Debarge -- Rhythm of the Night '' . Swiss Singles Chart . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal music portal Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics DeBarge Bunny DeBarge Bobby DeBarge Randy DeBarge Marty DeBarge El DeBarge James DeBarge Chico DeBarge Studio albums The DeBarges All This Love In a Special Way Rhythm of the Night Bad Boys Compilation albums Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection The Definitive Collection Singles `` Stop ! Do n't Tease Me '' `` I Like It '' `` All This Love '' `` Time Will Reveal '' `` Love Me in a Special Way '' `` Rhythm of the Night '' `` Who 's Holding Donna Now '' `` You Wear It Well '' `` The Heart Is Not So Smart '' `` Dance All Night '' `` You Babe '' Related topics DeBarge family Etterlene DeBarge Kristinia DeBarge Switch Motown Discography Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_of_the_Night_(song)&oldid=856013904 '' Categories : 1985 singles DeBarge songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Diane Warren Dance - pop songs Song recordings produced by Richard Perry 1985 songs Motown singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 09 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	el debarge to the beat of the rhythm of the night	[]	[]
1089095709571639622	Role of the United States in the Vietnam War	Role of the United States in the Vietnam war - Wikipedia Role of the United States in the Vietnam war This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Wrestlingring ( talk contribs ) at 21 : 09 , 21 August 2017 ( → ‎ State Department ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 21 : 09 , 21 August 2017 by Wrestlingring ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ State Department ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline 1.1 Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 21 ) 1.2 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 45 ) 1.3 Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 53 ) 1.4 Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 61 ) 1.5 John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 63 ) 1.6 Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 1.7 Richard M. Nixon ( 1969 -- 74 ) 2 Under the Kennedy Administration 3 Americanization 3.1 Gulf of Tonkin and the Westmoreland expansion 3.2 Operation Rolling Thunder , 1965 -- 68 3.3 Build - up 3.4 Search and destroy , the strategy of attrition 3.5 Border battles and the Tet Offensive 3.6 My Lai Massacre 4 Vietnamization , 1969 -- 75 4.1 Pentagon Papers 4.2 Operation Menu and the Cambodian campaign , 1969 -- 70 4.3 Lam Son 719 4.4 Easter Offensive 4.5 Election of 1972 and Operation Linebacker II 4.6 Return to Paris 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 Declassified Primary Sources 8.1 Defense Department 8.2 CIA 8.3 State Department Timeline ( edit ) Woodrow wilson ( 1913 -- 21 ) ( edit ) Wilson ignores petition by Ho Chi Minh for help in creating Vietnam independent from French rule and led by nationalist government . Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 45 ) ( edit ) Roosevelt declines repeated requests from the French to assist France 's attempts to recolonize Vietnam . Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 53 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) August 15 , 1945 -- Japan surrenders to the Allies . In Indochina , the Japanese administration allows Hồ Chí Minh to take over control of the country . This is called the August Revolution . Hồ Chí Minh fights with a variety of other political factions for control of the major cities . August 1945 -- A few days after the Vietnamese `` revolution '' , Nationalist Chinese forces enter from the north and , as previously planned by the allies , establish an administration in the country as far south as the 16th parallel north . September 26 , 1945 : Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) officer Lieutenant Colonel A. Peter Dewey -- working with the Viet Minh to repatriate Americans captured by the Japanese -- is mistaken for a Frenchman , shot and killed by the Viet Minh . He thus became the first American casualty in Vietnam . ( Not precisely accurate . Prior to 1950 the area later recognized as Viet Nam was known as French Indochina . Thus , LTC Dewey was the first American casualty in French Indochina ) . October 1945 -- British troops land in southern Vietnam and establish a provisional administration . The British free French soldiers and officials imprisoned by the Japanese . The French begin taking control of cities within the British zone of occupation . February 1946 -- The French sign an agreement with China . France gives up its concessions in Shanghai and other Chinese ports . In exchange , China agrees to assist the French in returning to Vietnam north of the 17th parallel . March 6 , 1946 -- After negotiations with the Chinese and the Viet Minh , the French sign an agreement recognizing Vietnam within the French Union . Shortly after , the French land at Haiphong and occupy the rest of northern Vietnam . The Viet Minh use the negotiating process with France and China to buy time to use their armed forces to destroy all competing nationalist groups in the north . December 1946 -- Negotiations between the Viet Minh and the French break down . The Viet Minh are driven out of Hanoi into the countryside . 1947 -- 1949 -- The Viet Minh fight a limited insurgency in remote rural areas of northern Vietnam . 1949 -- Chinese communists reach the northern border of Indochina . The Viet Minh drive the French from the border region and begin to receive large amounts of weapons from the Soviet Union and China . The weapons transform the Viet Minh from an irregular large - scale insurgency into a conventional army . May 1 , 1950 -- After the capture of Hainan Island from Chinese Nationalist forces by the Chinese People 's Liberation Army , President Truman approves $10 million in military assistance for anti-communist efforts in Indochina . The Defense Attaché Office was established in Saigon in May 1950 , a formal recognition of Viet Nam ( vice French IndoChina ) . This was the beginning of formal U.S. military personnel assignments in Viet Nam . U.S. Naval , Army and Air Force personnel established their respective attaches at this time . September 1950 -- Truman sends the Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) Indochina to Vietnam to assist the French . The President claimed they were not sent as combat troops , but to supervise the use of $10 million worth of U.S. military equipment to support the French in their effort to fight the Viet Minh forces . Following the outbreak of the Korean War , Truman announces `` acceleration in the furnishing of military assistance to the forces of France and the Associated States in Indochina ... '' . and sends 123 non-combat troops to help with supplies to fight against the communist Viet Minh . 1951 -- Truman authorizes $150 million in French support . Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 61 ) ( edit ) 1953 -- By November , French commander in Indochina , General Navarre , asked U.S. General McArthur to loan twelve Fairchild C - 119 aircraft , to be flown by French crews , to facilitate Operation Castor at Dien Bien Phu . 1954 -- In January , Navarre 's Deputy asked for additional transport aircraft . Negotiations ended on March 3 with 24 CIA pilots ( CAT ) to operate 12 U.S. Air Force C - 119s , flying undercover using French insignia , but maintained by the USAF . 1954 -- General Paul Ely , the French Chief of Staff , proposed an American operation to rescue French forces . Operation Vulture was hastily planned but President Eisenhower , convinced that the political risks outweighed the possible benefits , decided against the intervention . 1954 -- The Viet Minh defeat the French at the battle of Dien Bien Phu . The defeat , along with the end of the Korean War the previous year , causes the French to seek a negotiated settlement to the war . 1954 -- The Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) , called to determine the post-French future of Indochina , proposes a temporary division of Vietnam , to be followed by nationwide elections to unify the country in 1956 . 1954 -- Two months after the Geneva conference , North Vietnam forms Group 100 with headquarters at Ban Namèo . Its purpose is to direct , organize , train and supply the Pathet Lao to gain control of Laos , which along with Cambodia and Vietnam formed French Indochina . 1955 -- North Vietnam launches an ' anti-landlord ' campaign , during which counter-revolutionaries are imprisoned or killed . The numbers killed or imprisoned are disputed , with historian Stanley Karnow estimating about 6,000 while others ( see the book `` Fire in the Lake '' ) estimate only 800 . Rudolph Rummel puts the figure as high as 200,000 . November 1 , 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam . This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . April 1956 -- The last French troops leave Vietnam . 1954 -- 1956 -- 450,000 Vietnamese civilians flee the Viet Minh administration in North Vietnam and relocate in South Vietnam . Approximately 52,000 move in the opposite direction . 1956 -- National unification elections do not occur . December 1958 -- North Vietnam invades Laos and occupies parts of the country July 8 , 1959 -- Charles Ovnand and Dale R. Buis become the first two American Advisers to die in Vietnam . September 1959 -- North Vietnam forms Group 959 , which assumes command of the Pathet Lao forces in Laos . November 1960 -- Coup attempt by paratroopers is foiled after Diệm falsely promises reform , allowing loyalists to crush the rebels . December 20 , 1960 -- The National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ( NLF ) is founded . John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 63 ) ( edit ) January 1961 -- Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev pledges support for `` wars of national liberation '' throughout the world . The idea of creating a neutral Laos is suggested to Kennedy . May 1961 -- Kennedy sends 400 United States Army Special Forces personnel to South Vietnam to train South Vietnamese soldiers following a visit to the country by Vice-President Johnson . June 1961 -- Kennedy meets with Khrushchev in Vienna . He protests North Vietnam 's attacks on Laos and points out that the U.S. was supporting the neutrality of Laos . The two leaders agree to pursue a policy of creating a neutral Laos . June 1961 -- Kennedy said , `` Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place '' to James Reston of The New York Times ( immediately after meeting Khrushchev in Vienna ) . August 10 , 1961 -- Test run of U.S. herbicidal warfare program in South Vietnam ( `` Operation Trail Dust '' ) October 1961 -- Following successful NLF attacks , Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara recommends sending six divisions ( 200,000 men ) to Vietnam . February 8 , 1962 -- The Military Assistance Command Vietnam ( MACV ) is created by President Kennedy February 1962 -- Attempted assassination of Diệm by two air force officers who bombed his palace , fails . July 23 , 1962 -- International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed at Geneva , promising Laotian neutrality . August 1 , 1962 -- Kennedy signs the Foreign Assistance Act of 1962 , which provides `` ... military assistance to countries which are on the rim of the Communist world and under direct attack '' . October 1962 -- Operation Ranch Hand begins . U.S. planes spray herbicides and defoliants over South Vietnam until 1971 . January 3 , 1963 -- NLF victory in the Battle of Ap Bac . May 8 , 1963 -- Buddhists demonstrate in Huế , South Vietnam after the display of religious flags were prohibited , during the celebration of Vesak , Gautama Buddha 's birthday ; but , Catholic flags celebrating the consecration of Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục , brother of Ngô Đình Diệm were not prohibited . The police of Ngô Đình Cẩn , Diệm 's younger brother , open fire , killing nine . May 1963 -- Republican Barry Goldwater declares that the U.S. should fight to win or withdraw from Vietnam . Later on , during his presidential campaign against Lyndon B. Johnson , his Democratic opponents accuse him of wanting to use nuclear weapons in the conflict . June 11 , 1963 -- Photographs of protesting Buddhist monk , Thích Quảng Đức , burning himself to death in protest , in Saigon , appear in U.S. newspapers . Summer 1963 -- Madame Nhu , de facto First Lady to the bachelor Diệm makes a series of vitriolic attacks on Buddhists , calling the immolations `` barbecues '' . Diệm ignores U.S. calls to silence her . August 21 , 1963 -- ARVN special forces loyal to Ngô Đình Nhu , younger brother of Diệm , stage raids across the country , attacking Buddhist temples and firing on monks . The cremated remains of Thích Quảng Đức are confiscated from Xá Lợi Pagoda in Saigon . New U.S. ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge rebukes Diệm by visiting Xá Lợi and giving refuge to Buddhist leader Thích Trí Quang . The U.S. calls for Nhu to be dropped by Diệm , and threatens to cut aid to Colonel Lê Quang Tung 's Special Forces if they are not sent into battle , rather than used to repress dissidents . September 2 , 1963 -- Kennedy criticises the Diệm regime in an interview with Walter Cronkite , citing the Buddhist repression and claiming that Diệm is out of touch . Late October 1963 -- Nhu , unaware that Saigon region commander General Tôn Thất Đính is double - crossing him , draws up plans for a phony coup and counter-coup to reaffirm the Diệm regime . Đính sends Nhu 's loyal special forces out of Saigon on the pretext of fighting communists and in readiness for the counter coup , and rings Saigon with rebel troops . November 1 , 1963 -- Military officers launch a coup d'état against Diệm , with the tacit approval of the Kennedy administration . Diệm and Nhu escape the presidential residence via a secret exit after loyalist forces were locked out of Saigon , unable to rescue them . November 2 , 1963 -- Diệm and Nhu are discovered in nearby Cholon . Although they had been promised exile by the junta , they are executed by Nguyễn Văn Nhung , bodyguard of General Dương Văn Minh . Minh leads the military junta . November 1963 -- By this time , Kennedy had increased the number of military personnel from the 900 that were there when he became President to 16,000 just before his death . November 22 , 1963 -- Kennedy is assassinated . Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Feb 1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder begins July 1965 - Sent troops to Vietnam for the first time This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) Richard M. Nixon ( 1969 -- 74 ) ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) Under the Kennedy administration ( edit ) In 1961 the new administration of President John F. Kennedy remained essentially committed to the bi-partisan , anti-communist foreign policies inherited from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower . During 1961 , his first year in office , Kennedy found himself faced with a three - part crisis : The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba ; the construction of the Berlin Wall by the Soviets ; and a negotiated settlement between the pro-Western government of Laos and the Pathet Lao communist movement . Fearing that another failure on the part of the U.S. to stop communist expansion would fatally damage U.S. credibility with its allies , Kennedy realized , `` Now we have a problem in making our power credible ... and Vietnam looks like the place . '' The commitment to defend South Vietnam was reaffirmed by Kennedy on May 11 in National Security Action Memorandum 52 , which became known as `` The Presidential Program for Vietnam '' . Its opening statement reads : U.S. objectives and concept of operations ( are ) to prevent communist domination of South Vietnam ; to create in that country a viable and increasingly democratic society , and to initiate , on an accelerated basis , a series of mutually supporting actions of a military , political , economic , psychological , and covert character designed to achieve this objective . Kennedy was intrigued by the idea of utilizing United States Army Special Forces for counterinsurgency conflicts in Third World countries threatened by the new `` wars of national liberation '' . Originally intended for use behind front lines after a conventional invasion of Europe , Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by Special Forces would be effective in the `` brush fire '' war in South Vietnam . He saw British success in using such forces during the Malayan Emergency as a strategic template . Thus in May 1961 Kennedy sent detachments of Green Berets to South Vietnam to train South Vietnamese soldiers in guerrilla warfare . The Diệm regime had been initially able to cope with the insurgency of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF , or derogatively , Viet Cong ) in South Vietnam with the aid of U.S. matériel and advisers , and , by 1962 , seemed to be gaining the upper hand . Senior U.S. military leaders received positive reports from the U.S. commander , General Paul D. Harkins of the Military Assistance Command , Vietnam , or MACV . By the following year , however , cracks began to appear in the façade of success . In January a possible victory that was turned into a stunning defeat for government forces at the Battle of Ap Bac caused consternation among both the military advisers in the field and among politicians in Washington , D.C. JFK also indicated to Walter Cronkite that the war may be unwinnable , and that it was ultimately a Vietnamese war , not an American war . Diệm was already growing unpopular with many of his countrymen because of his administration 's nepotism , corruption , and its apparent bias in favor of the Catholic minority -- of which Diệm was a part -- at the expense of the Buddhist majority . This contributed to the impression of Diệm 's rule as an extension of the French Colonial regime . Promised land reforms were not instituted , and Diệm 's strategic hamlet program for village self - defense ( and government control ) was a disaster . The Kennedy administration grew increasingly frustrated with Diệm . In 1963 , a crackdown by Diệm 's forces was launched against Buddhist monks protesting discriminatory practices and demanding a political voice . Diệm 's repression of the protests sparked the so - called Buddhist Revolt , during which several monks committed self - immolation , which was covered in the world press . The communists took full advantage of the situation and fueled anti-Diệm sentiment to create further instability . Americanization ( edit ) Gulf of Tonkin and the Westmoreland expansion ( edit ) For more details on the decision to escalate the American involvement , see Gulf of Tonkin Incident . For more details on U.S. covert activities in Southeast Asia , see Studies and Observations Group . Commandant of the Marine Corps Wallace Greene ( left ) , III MAF commander General Robert Cushman ( center ) , and General Westmoreland ( right ) . On July 27 , 1964 , 5,000 additional U.S. military advisers were ordered to the Republic of Vietnam ( RVN or South Vietnam ) , bringing the total American troop level to 21,000 . Shortly thereafter an incident occurred off the coast of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) that was destined to escalate the conflict to new levels and lead to the full scale Americanization of the war . On the evening of August 2 , 1964 , the destroyer USS Maddox was conducting an electronic intelligence collection mission in international waters ( even as claimed by North Vietnam ) in the Gulf of Tonkin when it was attacked by three P - 4 torpedo boats of the North Vietnamese Navy . Reports later reached the Johnson administration saying that the Maddox was under attack . Two nights later , after being joined by the destroyer C. Turner Joy , the Maddox again reported that both vessels were under attack ( this event , which took place under adverse weather conditions , in fact never occurred ) . Regardless , President Johnson addressed Congress asking for more political power to utilize American military forces in South Vietnam , using the attack on the Maddox as cause to get what he wanted . There was rampant confusion in Washington , but the incident was seen by the administration as the perfect opportunity to present Congress with `` a pre-dated declaration of war '' in order to strengthen weakening morale in South Vietnam through reprisal attacks by the U.S. on the North . Even before confirmation of the phantom attack had been received in Washington , President Johnson had decided that an attack could not go unanswered . Just before midnight he appeared on television and announced that retaliatory air strikes were underway against North Vietnamese naval and port facilities . Neither Congress nor the American people learned the whole story about the events in the Gulf of Tonkin until the publication of the Pentagon Papers in 1969 . It was on the basis of the administration 's assertions that the attacks were `` unprovoked aggression '' on the part of North Vietnam , that the United States Congress approved the Southeast Asia Resolution ( also known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ) on August 7 . The law gave the President broad powers to conduct military operations without an actual declaration of war . The resolution passed unanimously in the House of Representatives and was opposed in the Senate by only two members . National Security Council members , including United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara , Secretary of State Dean Rusk , and General Maxwell Taylor , agreed on November 28 to recommend that Johnson adopt a plan for a two - stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam . Operation Rolling Thunder , 1965 -- 68 ( edit ) Main article : Operation Rolling Thunder U.S. F - 105 aircraft dropping bombs . In February 1965 , a U.S. air base at Pleiku , in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam , was attacked twice by the NLF , resulting in the deaths of over a dozen U.S. personnel . These guerrilla attacks prompted the administration to order retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam . Operation Rolling Thunder was the code name given to a sustained strategic bombing campaign targeted against the North by aircraft of the U.S. Air Force and Navy that was inaugurated on March 2 , 1965 . Its original purpose was to bolster the morale of the South Vietnamese and to serve as a signaling device to Hanoi . U.S. airpower would act as a method of `` strategic persuasion '' , deterring the North Vietnamese politically by the fear of continued or increased bombardment . Rolling Thunder gradually escalated in intensity , with aircraft striking only carefully selected targets . When that did not work , its goals were altered to destroying North Vietnam 's will to fight by destroying the nation 's industrial base , transportation network , and its ( continually increasing ) air defenses . After more than a million sorties were flown and three - quarters of a million tons of bombs were dropped , Rolling Thunder was ended on November 11 , 1968 . Other aerial campaigns ( Operation Barrel Roll , Operation Steel Tiger , Operation Tiger Hound , and Operation Commando Hunt ) were directed to counter the flow of men and material down the PAVN logistical system that flowed from North Vietnam through southeastern Laos , and into South Vietnam known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail . Build - up ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) President Johnson had already appointed General William C. Westmoreland to succeed General Harkins as Commander of MACV in June 1964 . Under Westmoreland , the expansion of American troop strength in South Vietnam took place . American forces rose from 16,000 during 1964 to more than 553,000 by 1969 . With the U.S. decision to escalate its involvement , ANZUS Pact allies Australia and New Zealand agreed to contribute troops and matériel to the conflict . They were quickly joined by the Republic of Korea ( second only to the Americans in troop strength ) , Thailand , and the Philippines . The U.S. paid for ( through aid dollars ) and logistically supplied all of the allied forces . U.S. aircraft bombs NLF positions in 1965 . Meanwhile , political affairs in Saigon were finally settling down -- at least as far as the Americans were concerned . On February 14 the most recent military junta , the National Leadership Committee , installed Air Vice-Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ as prime minister . In 1966 , the junta selected General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu to run for president with Ky on the ballot as the vice-presidential candidate in the 1967 election . Thieu and Ky were elected and remained in office for the duration of the war . In the presidential election of 1971 , Thieu ran for the presidency unopposed . With the installation of the Thieu and Ky government ( the Second Republic ) , the U.S. had a pliable , stable , and semi-legitimate government in Saigon with which to deal . With the advent of Rolling Thunder , American airbases and facilities needed to be constructed and manned for the aerial effort . The defense of those bases would not be entrusted to the South Vietnamese . So , on March 8 , 1965 , 3,500 United States Marines came ashore at Da Nang as the first wave of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam , adding to the 25,000 U.S. military advisers already in place . On May 5 the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade became the first U.S. Army ground unit committed to the conflict in South Vietnam . On August 18 , Operation Starlite began as the first major U.S. ground operation , destroying an NLF stronghold in Quảng Ngãi Province . The NLF learned from their defeat and subsequently tried to avoid fighting an American - style ground war by reverting to small - unit guerrilla operations . The North Vietnamese had already sent units of their regular army into southern Vietnam beginning in late 1964 . Some officials in Hanoi had favored an immediate invasion of the South , and a plan was developed to use PAVN units to split southern Vietnam in half through the Central Highlands . The two imported adversaries first faced one another during Operation Silver Bayonet , better known as the Battle of the Ia Drang . During the savage fighting that took place , both sides learned important lessons . The North Vietnamese , who had taken horrendous casualties , began to adapt to the overwhelming American superiority in air mobility , supporting arms , and close air support by moving in as close as possible during confrontations , thereby negating the effects of the above . The Americans learned that PAVN ( which was basically a light infantry force ) was not a rag - tag band of guerrillas , but was instead a highly disciplined , proficient , and well motivated force . Search and destroy , the strategy of attrition ( edit ) President Lyndon B. Johnson in Vietnam , 1967 On November 27 , 1965 , the Pentagon declared that if the major operations needed to neutralize North Vietnamese and NLF forces were to succeed , U.S. troop levels in South Vietnam would have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000 . In a series of meetings between Westmoreland and the President held in Honolulu in February 1966 , Westmoreland argued that the U.S. presence had succeeded in preventing the immediate defeat of the South Vietnamese government but that more troops would be necessary if systematic offensive operations were to be conducted . The issue then became in what manner American forces would be used . The nature of the American military 's strategic and tactical decisions made during this period would color the conduct and nature of the conflict for the duration of the American commitment . Classical military logic demanded that the U.S. attack the locus of PAVN / NLF in the North . If that country could not be invaded , then the enemy 's logistical system in Laos and Cambodia should be cut by ground forces , isolating the southern battlefield . However , political considerations limited U.S. military actions , mainly because of the memory of communist reactions during the Korean War . Ever present in the minds of diplomats , military officers , and politicians was the possibility of a spiraling escalation of the conflict into a superpower confrontation and the possibility of a nuclear exchange . Therefore , there would be no invasion of North Vietnam , the `` neutrality '' of Laos and Cambodia would be respected , and Rolling Thunder would not resemble the bombing of Germany and Japan during the Second World War . President Johnson conferring with South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in July 1968 . These limitations were not foisted upon the military as an afterthought . Before the first U.S. soldiers came ashore at Da Nang , the Pentagon was cognizant of all of the parameters that would be imposed by their civilian leaders , yet they still agreed that the mission could be accomplished within them . Westmoreland believed that he had found a strategy that would either defeat North Vietnam or force it into serious negotiations . Attrition was to be the key . The general held that larger offensive operations would grind down the communists and eventually lead to a `` crossover point '' in PAVN / NLF casualties after which a decisive ( or at least political ) victory would be possible . It is widely held that the average U.S. serviceman was nineteen years old , as evidenced by the casual reference in a pop song ( `` 19 '' by Paul Hardcastle ) ; the figure is cited by Lt. Col. Dave Grossman ret. of the Killology Research Group in his 1995 book On Killing : The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society ( p. 265 ) . However , it is disputed by the Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network Website , which claims the average age of MOS 11B personnel was 22 . This compares with 26 years of age for those who participated in World War II . Soldiers served a one - year tour of duty . The average age of the U.S. military men who died in Vietnam was 22.8 years old . The one - year tour of duty deprived units of experienced leadership . As one observer put it , `` we were not in Vietnam for 10 years , but for one year 10 times . '' As a result , training programs were shortened . Some NCOs were referred to as `` Shake ' N ' Bake '' to highlight their accelerated training . Unlike soldiers in World War II and Korea , there were no secure rear areas in which to get rest and relaxation . One unidentified soldier said to United Press International that there was nothing to do in Vietnam and therefore many of the men smoked marijuana . He said , `` One of the biggest reasons that a lot of GIs do get high over here is there is nothing to do . This place is really a drag ; it 's a bore over here . Like right now sitting around here , we are getting loaded . Whereas , it does n't really get you messed up ; that 's I guess the main reason why we smoke it . '' American forces would conduct operations against PAVN forces , pushing them further back into the countryside away from the heavily populated coastal lowlands . In the backcountry the U.S. could fully utilize its superiority in firepower and mobility to bleed the enemy in set - piece battles . The cleaning - out of the NLF and the pacification of the villages would be the responsibility of the South Vietnamese military . The adoption of this strategy , however , brought Westmoreland into direct conflict with his Marine Corps commander , General Lewis W. Walt , who had already recognized the security of the villages as the key to success . Walt had immediately commenced pacification efforts in his area of responsibility , but Westmoreland was unhappy , believing that the Marines were being underutilized and fighting the wrong enemy . In the end , MACV won out and Westmoreland 's search and destroy concept , predicated on the attrition of enemy forces , won the day . Both sides chose similar strategies . PAVN , which had been operating a more conventional , large - unit war , switched back to small - unit operations in the face of U.S. military capabilities . The struggle moved to the villages , where the `` hearts and minds '' of the South Vietnamese peasants , whose cooperation was absolutely necessary to military success , would be won or lost . The U.S. had given responsibility for this struggle to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) , whose troops and commanders were notoriously unfit for the task . For the American soldier , whose doctrine was one of absolute commitment to total victory , this strategy led to a frustrating small - unit war . Most of the combat was conducted by units smaller than battalion - size ( the majority at the platoon level ) . Since the goal of the operations was to kill the enemy , terrain was not taken and held as in previous wars . Savage fighting and the retreat of the communists was immediately followed by the abandonment of the terrain just seized . Combined with this was the anger and frustration engendered among American troops by the effective tactics of the NLF , who conducted a war of sniping , booby traps , mines , and terror against the Americans . As a result of the conference held in Honolulu , President Johnson authorized an increase in troop strength to 429,000 by August 1966 . The large increase in troops enabled MACV to carry out numerous operations that grew in size and complexity during the next two years . For U.S. troops participating in these operations ( Operation Masher / White Wing , Operation Attleboro , Operation Cedar Falls , Operation Junction City and dozens of others ) the war boiled down to hard marching through some of the most difficult terrain on the planet and weather conditions that were alternately hot and dry , or cold and wet . It was the PAVN / NLF that actually controlled the pace of the war , fighting only when their commanders believed that they had the upper hand and then disappearing when the Americans and / or ARVN brought their superiority in numbers and firepower to bear . North Vietnam , utilizing the Ho Chi Minh and Sihanouk Trails , matched the U.S. at every point of the escalation , funneling manpower and supplies to the southern battlefields . During the Vietnam War , the use of the helicopter , known as `` Air Mobile '' , was an essential tool for conducting the war . In fact , the whole conduct and strategy of the war depended on it . Vietnam was the first time the helicopter was used on a major scale , and in such important roles . Search and destroy missions , for example , would have been nearly impossible without it . Helicopters allowed American commanders to move large numbers of troops to virtually anywhere , regardless of the terrain or roads . Troops could also be easily resupplied in remote areas . The helicopter also provided another new and vital capability : medical evacuation . It could fly wounded soldiers to aid stations very quickly , usually within the critical first hour . This gave wounded soldiers a higher chance of survival in Vietnam than in any previous war . The helicopter was also adapted for many other roles in Vietnam , including ground attack , reconnaissance , and electronic warfare . Without the helicopter , the war would have been fought very differently . Border battles and the Tet offensive ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Khe Sanh and Tet Offensive By mid-1967 , Westmoreland said that it was conceivable that U.S. forces could be phased out of the war within two years , turning over progressively more of the fighting to the ARVN . That fall , however , savage fighting broke out in the northern provinces . Beginning below the DMZ at Con Tien and then spreading west to the Laotian border near Dak To , large PAVN forces began to stand their ground and fight . This willingness of the communists to remain fixed in place inspired MACV to send reinforcements from other sectors of South Vietnam . The Border Battles had begun . Most of the PAVN / NLF operational capability was possible only because of the unhindered movement of men along the Ho Chi Minh Trail . To threaten this flow of supplies , the Marine Corps established a combat base on the South Vietnamese side of the Laotian frontier , near the village of Khe Sanh . The U.S. used the base as a border surveillance position overlooking Route 9 , the only east - west road that crossed the border in the province . Westmoreland also hoped to use the base as a jump - off point for any future incursion against the Trail system in Laos . During the spring of 1967 , a series of small - unit actions near Khe Sanh prompted MACV to increase its forces . These small unit actions and increasing intelligence information indicated that the PAVN was building up significant forces just across the border . Indeed , PAVN was doing just that . Two regular divisions ( and later elements of a third ) were moving toward Khe Sanh , eventually surrounding the base and cutting off its only road access . Westmoreland , contrary to the advice of his Marine commanders , reinforced the outpost . As far as he was concerned , if the communists were willing to mass their forces for destruction by American air power , so much the better . He described the ideal outcome as a `` Dien Bien Phu in reverse '' . MACV then launched the largest concentrated aerial bombardment effort of the conflict ( Operation Niagara ) to defend Khe Sanh . Another massive aerial effort was undertaken to keep the beleaguered Marines supplied . There were many comparisons ( by the media , Americans military and political officials , and the North Vietnamese ) to the possibility of PAVN staging a repeat of its victory at Dien Bien Phu , but the differences outweighed the similarities in any comparison . MACV used this opportunity to field its latest technology against the North Vietnamese . A sensor - driven , anti-infiltration system known as Operation Igloo White was in the process of being field tested in Laos as the siege of Khe Sanh began . Westmoreland ordered that it be employed to detect PAVN troop movements near the Marine base and the system worked well . By March , the long - awaited ground assault against the base had failed to materialize and communist forces began to melt back toward Laos . MACV ( and future historians ) were left with only questions . What was the goal of the PAVN ? Was the siege a real attempt to stage another Dien Bien Phu ? Or had the battles near the border ( which eventually drew in half of MACV 's maneuver battalions ) been a diversion , meant to pull forces away from the cities , where another PAVN offensive would soon commence ? General Westmoreland 's public reassurances that `` the light at the end of the tunnel '' was near were countered when , on January 30 , 1968 , PAVN and NLF forces broke the truce that accompanied the Tết holiday and mounted their largest offensive thus far , in hopes of sparking a general uprising among the South Vietnamese . These forces , ranging in size from small groups to entire regiments , attacked nearly every city and major military installation in South Vietnam . The Americans and South Vietnamese , initially surprised by the scope and scale of the offensive , quickly responded and inflicted severe casualties on their enemies . The NLF was essentially eliminated as a fighting force and the places of the dead within its ranks were increasingly filled by North Vietnamese . The PAVN / NLF attacks were speedily and bloodily repulsed in virtually all areas except Saigon , where the fighting lasted for three days , and in the old imperial capital of Huế , where it continued for a month . During the occupation of the historic city , 2,800 South Vietnamese were murdered by the NLF in the single worst massacre of the conflict . The hoped - for uprising never took place ; indeed , the offensive drove some previously apathetic South Vietnamese to fight for the government . Another surprise for the communists was that the ARVN did not collapse under the onslaught , instead turning in a performance that pleased even its American patrons . Final evacuation of Khe Sanh base complex , July 1 , 1968 . After the Tet Offensive , influential news magazines and newspapers , including the Wall Street Journal , Time and The New York Times , increasingly began to characterize the war as a stalemate . What shocked and dismayed the American public was the realization that either it had been lied to or that the American military command had been dangerously overoptimistic in its appraisal of the situation in Vietnam . The public could not understand how such an attack was possible after being told for several years that victory was just around the corner . The Tet Offensive came to embody the growing credibility gap at the heart of U.S. government statements . These realizations and changing attitudes forced the American public ( and politicians ) to face hard realities and to reexamine their position in Southeast Asia . The days of an open - ended commitment to the conflict were over . The psychological impact of the Tet Offensive effectively ended the political career of Lyndon Johnson . On March 11 , Senator Eugene McCarthy won 42 percent of the vote in the Democratic New Hampshire primary . Although Johnson was not on the ballot , commentators viewed this as a defeat for the President . Shortly thereafter , Senator Robert Kennedy announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination for the 1968 presidential election . On March 31 , in a speech that took America and the world by surprise , Johnson announced that `` I shall not seek , and I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your President '' and pledged himself to devoting the rest of his term in office to the search for peace in Vietnam . Johnson announced that he was limiting bombing of North Vietnam to just north of the Demilitarized Zone and that U.S. representatives were prepared to meet with North Vietnamese counterparts in any suitable place `` to discuss the means to bring this ugly war to an end '' . A few days later , much to Johnson 's surprise , North Vietnam agreed to contacts between the two sides . On May 13 , what became known as the Paris peace talks began . My Lai massacre ( edit ) Main article : My Lai massacre Haeberle photo of Vietnamese civilians killed during the My Lai massacre . On March 16 , 1968 , three companies of Task Force Barker , part of the Americal Division , took part in a search and destroy operation near the village of My Lai , in Quảng Nam Province . One of those three companies , Charlie Company , under the command of Lieutenant William Calley , entered the hamlet of Son My and proceeded to round up , rape , torture and murder as many of the inhabitants as could be found . ( Citation needed . ) Although not all of the members of the company participated , a significant number of them , led by Calley , did . He personally ordered the executions of hundreds of villagers in large groups . The killings ended only when an American helicopter crew , headed by Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson , Jr. , discovered Calley 's unit in the act and threatened to attack them with his aircraft 's weapons unless they stopped . One of the soldiers on the scene was Ron Haeberle , a photographer for the newspaper Stars and Stripes , who took unobtrusive official black - and - white photos of the operation through the lens of his military - issued camera and color shots of the massacre with his personal camera . Although the operation appeared suspicious to Calley 's superiors , it was forgotten . In 1969 , investigative journalist Seymour Hersh exposed the My Lai massacre in print , and the Haeberle photos were released to the world media . The Pentagon launched an investigation headed by General William R. Peers to look into the allegations . After a flurry of activity , the Peers Commission issued its report . It declared that `` an atmosphere of atrocity '' surrounded the event , concluding that a massacre had taken place and the crime had been covered up by the commander of the Americal Division and his executive officer . Perhaps 400 Vietnamese civilians , mostly old men , women , and children had been killed by Charlie company . Several men were charged in the killings , but only Calley was convicted . He was given a life sentence by a court - martial in 1970 , but after numerous appeals he was finally set free ; he had served just over three years of house arrest . Although My Lai generated a lot of civilian recriminations and bad publicity for the military , it was not the only massacre . The Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files made public in 1994 by the `` Freedom of Information Act '' reveal seven , albeit much smaller , massacres previously unacknowledged by the Pentagon , in which at least 137 civilians had died. ( 1 ) Cover - ups may have occurred in other cases , as detailed in the Pulitzer Prize - winning series of articles concerning the Tiger Force of the 101st Airborne Division by the Toledo Blade in 2003 . Vietnamization , 1969 -- 75 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Richard Nixon had campaigned in the 1968 presidential election under the slogan that he would end the war in Vietnam and bring `` peace with honor '' . However , there was no plan to do this , and the American commitment continued for another five years . The goal of the American military effort was to buy time , gradually building up the strength of the South Vietnamese armed forces , and re-equipping it with modern weapons so that they could defend their nation on their own . This policy became the cornerstone of the so - called Nixon Doctrine . As applied to Vietnam , it was labeled Vietnamization . Nixon 's papers show that in 1968 , as a presidential candidate , he ordered Anna Chennault , his liaison to the South Vietnam government , to persuade them to refuse a cease - fire being brokered by President Lyndon Johnson . This action violated the Logan Act , banning private citizens from intruding into official government negotiations with a foreign nation , and has been said to constitute treason . President Johnson in conversation with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Earle Wheeler ( center ) and General Creighton Abrams ( right ) . Soon after Tet , General Westmoreland was promoted to Army Chief of Staff and he was replaced by his deputy , General Creighton W. Abrams . Because of the change in American strategy posed by Vietnamization , Abrams pursued a very different approach . The U.S. was gradually withdrawing from the conflict , and Abrams favored smaller - scale operations aimed at PAVN / NLF logistics , more openness with the media , less indiscriminate use of American firepower , elimination of the body count as the key indicator of battlefield success , and more meaningful cooperation with South Vietnamese forces . Vietnamization of the war , however , created a dilemma for U.S. forces : the strategy required that U.S. troops fight long enough for the ARVN to improve enough to hold its own against Communist forces . Morale in the U.S. ranks rapidly declined during 1969 -- 1972 , as evidenced by declining discipline , worsening drug use among soldiers , and increased `` fraggings '' of U.S. officers by disgruntled troops . One of Nixon 's main foreign policy goals had been the achievement of a breakthrough in U.S. relations with the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union . An avowed anti-communist since early in his political career , Nixon could make diplomatic overtures to the communists without being accused of being `` soft on communism '' . The result of his overtures was an era of détente that led to nuclear arms reductions by the U.S. and Soviet Union and the beginning of a dialogue with China . In this context , Nixon viewed Vietnam as simply another limited conflict forming part of the larger tapestry of superpower relations ; however , he was still determined to preserve South Vietnam until such time as he could not be blamed for what he saw as its inevitable collapse ( or a `` decent interval '' , as it was known ) . To this end he and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger employed Chinese and Soviet foreign policy gambits to successfully defuse some of the anti-war opposition at home and secured movement at the negotiations that had begun in Paris . China and the Soviet Union had been the principal backers of North Vietnam 's effort through large - scale military and financial aid . The two communist superpowers had competed with one another to prove their `` fraternal socialist links '' with the regime in Hanoi . The North Vietnamese had become adept at playing the two nations off against one another . Even with Nixon 's rapprochement , their support of North Vietnam increased significantly in the years leading up to the U.S. departure in 1973 , enabling the North Vietnamese to mount full - scale conventional offensives against the South , complete with tanks , heavy artillery , and the most modern surface - to - air missiles . Pentagon Papers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The credibility of the U.S. government again suffered in 1971 when The New York Times , The Washington Post and other newspapers serially published The Pentagon Papers ( actually U.S. - Vietnam Relations , 1945 -- 1967 ) . This top - secret historical study of the American commitment in Vietnam , from the Franklin Roosevelt administration until 1967 , had been contracted to the RAND Corporation by Secretary of Defense McNamara . The documents were leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg , a former State Department official who had worked on the study . The Pentagon Papers laid out the missteps taken by four administrations in their Vietnam policies . For example , they revealed the Johnson administration 's obfuscations to Congress concerning the Gulf of Tonkin incidents that had led to direct U.S. intervention ; they exposed the clandestine bombing of Laos that had begun in 1964 ; and they detailed the American government 's complicity in the death of Ngô Đình Diệm . The study presented a continuously pessimistic view of the likelihood of victory and generated fierce criticism of U.S. policies . The importance of the actual content of the papers to U.S. policy - making was disputed , but the window that they provided into the flawed decision - making process at the highest levels of the U.S. government opened the issue for other questions . Their publication was a news event and the government 's legal ( Nixon lost to the Supreme Court ) and extra-legal efforts ( the `` Plumbers '' break - in at the office of Ellsberg 's psychiatrist committed to gain material to discredit him , was one of the first steps on the road to Watergate ) carried out to prevent their publication -- mainly on national security grounds -- then went on to generate yet more criticism and suspicion of the government by the American public . Operation menu and the Cambodian campaign , 1969 -- 70 ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Menu and Cambodian Campaign For more details on the PAVN logistical system , see Sihanouk Trail . For more details on the conflict in Cambodia , see Cambodian Civil War . By 1969 the policy of non-alignment and neutrality had worn thin for Prince Sihanouk , ruler of Cambodia . Pressures from the right in Cambodia caused the prince to begin a shift away from the pro-left position he had assumed in 1965 -- 1966 . He began to make overtures for normalized relations with the U.S. and created a Government of National Salvation with the assistance of the pro-American General Lon Nol . Seeing a shift in the prince 's position , President Nixon ordered the launching of a top - secret bombing campaign , targeted at the PAVN / NLF Base Areas and sanctuaries along Cambodia 's eastern border . President Nixon explains the expansion of the war into Cambodia . On March 18 , 1970 , Sihanouk , who was out of the country on a state visit , was deposed by a vote of the National Assembly and replaced by General Lon Nol . Cambodia 's ports were immediately closed to North Vietnamese military supplies , and the government demanded that PAVN / NLF forces be removed from the border areas within 72 hours . On March 29 , 1970 , the Vietnamese had taken matters into their own hands and launched an offensive against the Cambodian army . A force of North Vietnamese quickly overran large parts of eastern Cambodia reaching to within 15 miles ( 24 km ) of Phnom Penh allowing their allies , the Chinese - supported Khmer Rouge to extend their power . Nixon ordered a military incursion into Cambodia by U.S. and ARVN troops in order to both destroy PAVN / NLF sanctuaries bordering South Vietnam and to buy time for the U.S. withdrawal . During the Cambodian Campaign , U.S. and ARVN forces discovered and removed or destroyed a huge logistical and intelligence haul in Cambodia . The incursion also sparked large - scale demonstrations on and closures of American college campuses . The expansion of the conflict into Cambodia was seen as an expansion of the conflict into yet another country , nullifying Nixon 's promises of de-escalating the war . During the ensuing protests , four students were killed and a score were wounded by Ohio National Guardsmen during a demonstration at Kent State University . Two other students were killed at Jackson State University in Mississippi . In an effort to lessen opposition to the U.S. commitment , Nixon announced on October 12 that the U.S. would withdraw 40,000 more troops from Vietnam before Christmas . Following the coup , Sihanouk arrived in Beijing , where he established and headed a government in exile , throwing his substantial personal support behind the Khmer Rouge , the North Vietnamese , and the Laotian Pathet Lao . Lam Son 719 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Operation Lam Son 719 In 1971 the U.S. authorized the ARVN to carry out an offensive operation aimed at cutting the Ho Chi Minh Trail in southeastern Laos . Besides attacking the PAVN logistical system ( which would buy time for the U.S. withdrawal ) the incursion would be a significant test of Vietnamization . Backed by U.S. air and artillery support ( American troops were forbidden to enter Laos ) , the ARVN moved across the border along Route 9 , utilizing the abandoned Marine outpost of Khe Sanh as a jumping - off point . At first , the incursion went well , but unlike the Cambodian operation of 1970 , the PAVN decided to stand and fight , finally mustering around 60,000 men on the battlefield . The North Vietnamese first struck the flanks of the ARVN column , smashed its outposts , and then moved in on the main ARVN force . Unlike previous encounters during the conflict , the PAVN fielded armored formations , heavy artillery , and large amounts of the latest anti-aircraft artillery . After two months of savage fighting , the ARVN retreated back across the border , closely pursued by the North Vietnamese . One half of the invasion force was killed or captured during the operation , and Vietnamization was seen as a failure . On August 18 , Australia and New Zealand decided to withdraw their troops from the conflict . The total number of U.S. forces in South Vietnam dropped to 196,700 on October 29 , 1971 , the lowest level since January 1966 . On November 12 , 1971 , Nixon set a February 1 , 1972 deadline for the removal of another 45,000 troops . Easter offensive ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vietnamization received another severe test in the spring of 1972 when the North Vietnamese launched a massive conventional offensive across the Demilitarized Zone . Beginning on March 30 , the Easter Offensive ( known as the Nguyễn Huệ Offensive to the North Vietnamese ) quickly overran the three northernmost provinces of South Vietnam , including the provincial capital of Quảng Trị City . PAVN forces then drove south toward Huế . Early in April , PAVN opened two additional operations . The first , a three - division thrust supported by tanks and heavy artillery , advanced out of Cambodia on April 5 . The North Vietnamese seized the town of Loc Ninh and advanced toward the provincial capital of An Lộc in Bình Long Province . The second new offensive , launched from the tri-border region into the Central Highlands , seized a complex of ARVN outposts near Dak To and then advanced toward Kon Tum , threatening to split South Vietnam in two . The U.S. countered with a buildup of American airpower to support ARVN defensive operations and to conduct Operation Linebacker , the first offensive bombing of North Vietnam since Rolling Thunder had been terminated in 1968 . The PAVN attacks against Huế , An Lộc , and Kon Tum were contained and the ARVN launched a counteroffensive in May to retake the lost northern provinces . On September 10 , the South Vietnamese flag once again flew over the ruins of the Citadel of Quảng Trị City , but the ARVN offensive then ran out of steam , conceding the rest of the occupied territory to the North Vietnamese . South Vietnam had countered the heaviest attack since Tet , but it was very evident that it was totally dependent on U.S. airpower for its survival . Meanwhile , the withdrawal of American troops , who numbered less than 100,000 at the beginning of the year , was continued as scheduled . By June only six infantry battalions remained . On August 12 , the last American ground combat division left the country . However , the U.S. continued to operate the base At Long Binh . Combat patrols continued there until November 11 when the U.S. handed over the base to the South Vietnamese . After this , only 24,000 American troops remained in Vietnam and President Nixon announced that they would stay there until all U.S. POW 's were freed . At the beginning of the North Vietnamese invasion , the media , including conservative commentator William F. Buckley , predicted the downfall of the Republic of Vietnam ; Buckley even called for the firing of General Creighton Abrams as an incompetent military leader . But the ARVN succeeded in defeating General Giap and his huge invading army . His forces were shattered at the Battle of An Lộc , where he threw several divisions at the entrenched South Vietnamese forces , ultimately losing over half of his army as casualties . General Giap 's loss and subsequent retreat was viewed as so great a failure by the North Vietnamese Communist Party that Giap was relieved of his command . Although ARVN troops withstood and repelled the massive PAVN attack at An Lộc , American air power seems to have been a key to the ARVN success , just as it had been a key factor in supporting U.S. ground forces when they operated in South Vietnam prior to 1972 . Thus , the 1973 withdrawal of U.S. military support and passage of Congressional resolutions cutting off U.S. funding for combat activities in Indochina ( H.R. 9055 and H.J. Res. 636 ) opened the way for the 1975 defeat of the Republic of Vietnam . Election of 1972 and Operation Linebacker II ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Operation Linebacker II During the run - up to the 1972 presidential election , the war was once again a major issue . An antiwar Democrat , George McGovern , ran against President Nixon . The president ended Operation Linebacker on October 22 after the negotiating deadlock was broken and a tentative agreement had been hammered out by U.S. and North Vietnamese representatives at the peace negotiations in Paris . The head of the U.S. negotiating team , Henry Kissinger , declared that `` peace is at hand '' shortly before election day , dealing a death blow to McGovern 's already doomed campaign . Kissinger had not , however , counted on the intransigence of South Vietnamese President Thieu , who refused to accept the agreement and demanded some 90 changes in its text . These the North Vietnamese refused to accept , and Nixon was not inclined to put too much pressure on Thieu just before the election , even though his victory was all but assured . The mood between the U.S. and North further turned sour when Hanoi went public with the details of the agreement . The Nixon Administration claimed that North Vietnamese negotiators had used the pronouncement as an opportunity to embarrass the President and to weaken the United States . White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler told the press on November 30 that there would be no more public announcements concerning U.S. troop withdrawals from Vietnam since force levels were down to 27,000 . Because of Thieu 's unhappiness with the agreement , primarily the stipulation that North Vietnamese troops could remain `` in place '' on South Vietnamese soil , the negotiations in Paris stalled as Hanoi refused to accept Thieu 's changes and retaliated with amendments of its own . To reassure Thieu of American resolve , Nixon ordered a massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam utilizing B - 52s and tactical aircraft in Operation Linebacker II , which began on December 18 with large raids against both Hanoi and the port of Haiphong . Nixon justified his actions by blaming the impasse in negotiations on the North Vietnamese , causing one commentator to describe his actions as `` War by tantrum '' . Although this heavy bombing campaign caused protests , both domestically and internationally , and despite significant aircraft losses over North Vietnam , Nixon continued the operation until December 29 . He also exerted pressure on Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement reached in October . Return to Paris ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 15 , 1973 , citing progress in peace negotiations , Nixon announced the suspension of all offensive actions against North Vietnam , to be followed by a unilateral withdrawal of all U.S. troops . The Paris Peace Accords on `` Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam '' were signed on January 27 , officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . The agreement called for the withdrawal of all U.S. personnel and an exchange of prisoners of war . Within South Vietnam , a cease - fire was declared ( to be overseen by a multi-national , 1,160 - man International Control Commission force ) and both ARVN and PAVN / NLF forces would remain in control of the areas they then occupied , effectively partitioning South Vietnam . Both sides pledged to work toward a compromise political solution , possibly resulting in a coalition government . To maximize the area under their control , both sides in South Vietnam almost immediately engaged in land - grabbing military operations , which turned into flashpoints . The signing of the Accords was the main motivation for the awarding of the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize to Henry Kissinger and to leading North Vietnamese negotiator Le Duc Tho . A separate cease - fire had been installed in Laos in February . Five days before the signing of the agreement in Paris , President Lyndon Johnson , whose presidency had been tainted with the Vietnam issue , died . The first U.S. prisoners of war were released by North Vietnam on February 11 , and all U.S. military personnel were ordered to leave South Vietnam by March 29 . As an inducement for Thieu 's government to sign the agreement , Nixon had promised that the U.S. would provide financial and limited military support ( in the form of air strikes ) so that the South would not be overrun . But Nixon was fighting for his political life in the growing Watergate scandal and facing an increasingly hostile Congress that withheld funding . The President was able to exert little influence on a hostile public long sick of the Vietnam War . Thus , Nixon ( or his successor Gerald Ford ) was unable to fulfill his promises to Thieu . At the same time , aid to North Vietnam from the Soviet Union increased . With the U.S. no longer heavily involved , both the U.S. and the Soviet Union no longer saw the war as significant to their relations . The balance of power shifted decisively in North Vietnam 's favor , and the North subsequently launched a major military offensive , the Ho Chi Minh Campaign , against the South that culminated in the surrender of the Republic of Vietnam to PAVN forces on April 30 , 1975 . See also ( edit ) Battle of An Lộc History of Vietnam History of Laos History of Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Vietnam People 's Army Army of the Republic of Vietnam Vietnam War casualties Phoenix Program Tiger Force Opposition to the Vietnam War Vietnam Veterans Against the War Winter Soldier Investigation Canada and the Vietnam War Military history of the United States Cold War Military history United States Air Force In South Vietnam United States Air Force In Thailand Weapons of the Vietnam War Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War Cu Chi tunnels Prisoner - of - war camp Military Assistance Command , Vietnam Studies and Observations Group News Media and the Vietnam War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ D.R. Sar Desai , Vietnam : The Struggle for National Identity ( Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press , 1992 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/hessrooseveltandindochina.pdf Jump up ^ `` Presentation of the Insignia of Knights of the Legion of Honor to seven CAT pilots at Dien Bien Phu '' ( Embassy of France in the United States , February 25 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Miller , Nathan ( 1997 ) , The U.S. Navy : a history ( 3 , illustrated ed . ) , Naval Institute Press , p. 262 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kowert , Paul ( 2002 ) , Groupthink or deadlock : when do leaders learn from their advisors ? ( illustrated ed . ) , SUNY Press , pp. 67 -- 68 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5249 - 3 Jump up ^ Hawaii University . Jump up ^ CUNY . Jump up ^ Touch the Wall . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . Swarthmore College Peace Collection . Jump up ^ Herring , George ( 1986 ) . America 's Longest War . New York : Random House . p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 34500 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` John Kennedy 's Vietnam Rhetoric '' Jump up ^ Gibbons , William Conrad : The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War ; Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships , Vol. 2 , p. 40 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uG7jjF6xuKM -- BAD LINK Jump up ^ Nalty , Bernard C. The Vietnam War : the history of America 's conflict in Southeast Asia . Salamander Books , 1998 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Terrence Maitland , Setphen Weiss , et al. , Raising the Stakes . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1982 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Earl L. Tilford , Setup : What the Air Force did in Vietnam and Why . Maxwell Air Force Base AL : Air University Press , 1991 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics about the Vietnam War '' . Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . ( archived from the original on 27 January 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam : Looking Back -- At the Facts -- by K.G. Sears , Ph. D . '' . Jump up ^ John Paul Vann . John Paul Vann : Information from Answers.com . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamization : 1970 Year in Review '' , UPI.com . Jump up ^ . D. Coleman ( 1988 ) . Choppers : The Heroic Birth Of Helicopter Warfare . New York , N.Y. : St. Martin 's Press . 1 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Don Oberdorfer ( December 17 , 1967 ) . `` The ' Wobble ' on the War on Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Text and audio of speech Jump up ^ R.K. Brigham , Guerrilla Diplomacy : the NLF 's foreign relations and the Vietnam War , pp. 76 -- 7 Jump up ^ Fitrakis , Bob ; Wasserman , Harvey ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` George Will Confirms Nixon 's Vietnam Treason '' . Common Dreams . External links ( edit ) Why Did Vietnamization of The Vietnam War Fail ? The short film President John Kennedy 's Press Conference on South Vietnam ( 1963 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Laos : The Not So Secret War ( 1970 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : Why Vietnam ? is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : Operation Montagnard is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : Big Picture : The Unique War is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : U.S. Army Advisor in Vietnam is available for free download at the Internet Archive Declassified primary sources ( edit ) Defense Department ( edit ) The Office of the Secretary of Defense & Joint Staff , FOIA Requester Service Center Vietnam & Southeast Asia ( very large document collection ) CIA ( edit ) CIA and the Generals , Covert Support to Military Government in South Vietnam CIA and the House of Ngo , Covert Action in South Vietnam , 1954 -- 63 CIA and Rural Pacification Good Questions , Wrong Answers CIA 's Estimates of Arms Traffic through Sihanoukville , Cambodia , During the Vietnam War . The Way We Do Things , Black Entry Operations into Northern Vietnam Undercover Armies , CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos CIA collection of Vietnam War documents released under the Freedom Of Information Act CIA 's collection of declassified Air America documents State Department ( edit ) Foreign Relations Series Under Eisenhower Vietnam , 1955 -- 1957 Vietnam , 1958 -- 1960 Under Kennedy Vietnam 1961 Vietnam 1962 Vietnam January -- August 1963 Vietnam August -- December 1963 Under Johnson Vietnam 1964 Vietnam , January -- June 1965 Vietnam June -- December 1965 Vietnam 1966 Vietnam 1967 Vietnam January -- August 1968 Vietnam September 1968 -- January 1969 Under Nixon Vietnam January 1969 -- July 1970 Vietnam July 1970 -- January 1972 Vietnam January -- October 1972 Vietnam October 1972 -- January 1973 Under Ford Vietnam January 1973 -- July 1975 ( show ) Vietnam War timeline ↓ Battle of Saigon ↓ Hòa Hảo defeated ↓ Viet Cong created ↓ Palace Bombing ↓ Gulf of Tonkin incident ↓ Battle of Đức Cơ ↓ Tet Offensive ↓ Cambodian Campaign ↓ Operation Lam Son 719 ↓ Easter Offensive ↓ Paracel Islands ↓ Fall of Saigon ↓ Trần Văn Hương → U.S.A. presidents : Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon G. Ford S. Vietnam presidents : Ngô Đình Diệm Instability Nguyễn Văn Thiệu N. Vietnam presidents : Ho Chi Minh Tôn Đức Thắng │ 1955 │ 1956 │ 1957 │ 1958 │ 1959 │ 1960 │ 1961 │ 1962 │ 1963 │ 1964 │ 1965 │ 1966 │ 1967 │ 1968 │ 1969 │ 1970 │ 1971 │ 1972 │ 1973 │ 1974 │ 1975 ( hide ) 20th century in Vietnam World War I Interwar World War II First Indochina War Vietnam War Subsidy phase Doi Moi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Role_of_the_United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=796585426 '' Categories : United States in the Vietnam War Military history of the United States during the Vietnam War Cold War history of the United States History of the foreign relations of the United States History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States -- Vietnam military relations South Vietnam -- United States relations Vietnam War Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2008 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Use American English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles to be expanded from April 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 21 : 09 . 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5170093349983293882	America's Next Top Model (season 1)	America 's Next Top Model ( season 1 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( season 1 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 1 ) Cycle 1 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network UPN Original release May 20 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) -- July 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 15 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Janice Dickinson Kimora Lee Simmons Beau Quillian No. of contestants 10 Winner Adrianne Curry All - stars Shannon Stewart America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 was the first cycle of America 's Next Top Model . It originally aired on UPN from May to July 2003 , and was hosted by Tyra Banks , who additionally served as its executive producer and presenter . The judging panel consisted of Banks , Janice Dickinson , Kimora Lee Simmons , and Beau Quillian . The cycle 's catchphrase was `` One girl has what it takes '' . This was the only season to feature a cast of only 10 finalists . All later cycles have featured at least 12 finalists . The international destination for the cycle was Paris , France . The winner of the competition was 20 - year - old Adrianne Curry from Joliet , Illinois . Her prizes were a modelling contract with Wilhelmina Models , a photo spread in Marie Claire magazine and a contract with Revlon cosmetics . Contents 1 Contestants 2 Episode summaries 2.1 The Girl Who Wants It Bad 2.2 The Girl Is Here To Win , Not Make Friends 2.3 The Girl Who Gets Rushed To The Emergency Room 2.4 The Girl Who Drives Everyone Crazy 2.5 The Girl Who Everyone Thinks Is Killing Herself 2.6 The Girl Who Deals With A Pervert 2.7 The Girls Get Really Naked 2.8 How The Girls Got Here 2.9 The Girl Who Becomes America 's Next Top Model 3 Summaries 3.1 Call - out order 3.2 Photo shoot guide 3.3 Makeovers 4 Post-Top Model careers 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Tessa Carlson 19 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Chicago , Illinois Episode 1 10 Katie Cleary 21 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Glenview , Illinois Episode 2 9 Nicole Panattoni 22 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Murrieta , California Episode 3 8 Ebony Haith 24 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Bronx , New York Episode 4 7 Giselle Samson 18 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Corona , California Episode 5 6 Kesse Wallace 21 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) North Little Rock , Arkansas Episode 6 5 Robin Manning 26 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Memphis , Tennessee Episode 7 Elyse Sewell 20 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Albuquerque , New Mexico Episode 9 Shannon Stewart 18 5 ft 10.5 in ( 1.79 m ) Franklin , Ohio Adrianne Curry 20 5 ft 10.5 in ( 1.79 m ) Joliet , Illinois Episode summaries ( edit ) The girl who wants it bad ( edit ) First aired May 20 , 2003 Twenty semi-finalists , chosen from thousands of hopefuls , arrived in Los Angeles for the preliminary round of the competition . The contestants were told that only ten of them would make it to the finals , but after their meetings with Tyra Banks and the producers , only eight advanced . Two more contestants , Giselle and Tessa , were added to the final cast following a separate audition . For the week 's photo shoot , the ten finalists modeled J. Lo by Jennifer Lopez swimwear atop a Manhattan skyscraper . The judging session saw Tessa become the first model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Douglas Bizzaro & Elizabeth Moss The girl is here to win , not make friends ( edit ) First aired May 27 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the nine remaining finalists took part in a mock fashion show . The challenge winner was Giselle . For the photo shoot , the finalists posed for Stuff magazine . The judging session saw Katie become the second model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Barry Hollywood Special guests : Wyclef Jean The girl who gets rushed to the emergency room ( edit ) First aired June 3 , 2003 The eight remaining finalists were given makeovers . They had a challenge on applying make - up , which was won by Elyse . For the week 's photo shoot , the finalists had beauty shots taken with a snake . The judging session saw Nicole become the third model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Troy Ward Special guests : Kim Lepine , Jon Silverman , Max Tucci , Janice Combs , Constance White , Derek Kahn The girl who drives everyone crazy ( edit ) First aired June 10 , 2003 The seven remaining finalists were challenged to polish their acting skills . They were given a challenge on line - reading , which was won by Robin . Instead of a photo shoot , the finalists shot a commercial for Fresh Look contact lenses . The judging session saw Ebony become the fourth model eliminated from the competition . Featured commercial director : Loren Haynes Special guests : Jon Silverman , Alice Spivak , Tracy Staus The girl who everyone thinks is killing herself ( edit ) First aired June 17 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the six remaining finalists gave interviews , with Elyse winning . The photo shoot was a campaign for Reebok with NFL Rookie of the Year Clinton Portis . The judging session saw Giselle become the fifth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Daniel Garriga Special guests : Cindy Berger , Jon Silverman , Clinton Portis , Christine Curry , Martin Crandall , Derek Kahn , Steve Santagati The girl who deals with a pervert ( edit ) First aired June 24 , 2003 The five remaining finalists were flown to Paris for the week 's challenge and photo shoot . They did a lingerie shoot for Wonder Bra with male model Brad Pinkert , and for the challenge they attended go - sees . The judging session saw Kesse become the sixth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Michel Haddi Special guests : Pink , Brad Pinkert , Emma Mackie , Marilyn Gauthier The girls Get really naked ( edit ) First aired July 1 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the four remaining finalists went to a restaurant and met four men , who judged them on their ability to carry themselves in a couture situation . The challenge winner was Adrianne . The finalists did two photo shoots this week : a black - and - white beauty shoot shot by Tyra Banks , and a nude shoot for Merit Diamond jewelry , the latter of which Robin and Shannon refused to participate in . The finalists were flown back to New York City for the judging session , which saw Robin become the seventh model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographers : Tyra Banks , Patrick Katzman Special guests : Pascal Millet , Derek Khan How the girls got here ( edit ) First aired July 8 , 2003 This episode was an overview of the past seven episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage . The girl who becomes America 's Next Top Model ( edit ) First aired July 8 , 2003 The final three contestants were Adrianne Curry , Elyse Sewell and Shannon Stewart . Elyse became the eighth model eliminated at the penultimate judging session . Adrianne and Shannon competed in a Baby Phat fashion show . The final judging session saw Adrianne crowned America 's Next Top Model . Special guest : Drew Lineham Summaries ( edit ) Call - out order ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 9 Nicole Ebony Shannon Shannon Kesse Adrianne Elyse Elyse Shannon Adrianne Robin Elyse Nicole Kesse Elyse Kesse Shannon Adrianne Adrianne Shannon Kesse Kesse Giselle Elyse Adrianne Shannon Robin Shannon Elyse Elyse Adrianne Robin Giselle Robin Robin Adrianne Robin 5 Katie Katie Adrianne Adrianne Shannon Elyse Kesse 6 Ebony Nicole Ebony Robin Giselle Giselle 7 Adrianne Giselle Elyse Ebony Ebony 8 Shannon Robin Kesse Nicole 9 Shannon Katie 10 Tessa The contestant won the challenge The contestant was eliminated The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the pool of 20 semi-finalists was reduced to 8 . Later , two more contestants ( Giselle and Tessa ) were scouted and introduced to the cast . In episode 7 , Robin and Shannon did not participate in the photo shoot . Episode 8 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Swimwear on a rooftop Episode 2 photo shoot : Swimwear for Stuff Episode 3 photo shoot : Beauty shots with snakes Episode 4 commercial : Fresh Look contact lenses Episode 5 photo shoot : Reebok ad with Clinton Portis Episode 6 photo shoot : Wonder Bra overlooking the Eiffel Tower Episode 7 photo shoots : Black & white beauty shots , nude campaign for Merit Diamond Makeovers ( edit ) Adrianne -- Weave with bangs Ebony -- Tuft shaved off Elyse -- Pixie cut Giselle -- Dyed red and layered Kesse -- Hair weave with honey blonde highlights , à la Tyra Banks in 1992 Nicole -- Weave trimmed and straightened Robin -- Weave removed and light brown weave added Shannon -- Straight hair weave and more blonde Post-top Model careers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tessa Carlson modeled for Noah Kalina and Joey Quintero . Katie Cleary has worked with Deal or No Deal and has done print modeling . She has been an on - camera host for TV Guide Channel , E ! News , and HDTV 's Get Out . Her acting credits include How to Get Away with Murder , Chuck , The Break - Up , The Lake House , and Iron Man 2 . Adrianne Curry collected her prizes and has modeled for several magazines , including Life & Style Weekly , Us Weekly , Star , OK ! , Stuff , People , Maxim , made the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2005 , Max ( Spanish ) Marie Claire , Spanish Marie Claire , Von Dutch , Von Dutch Watches , Salon City , Macy 's , Famous Stars and Straps , Lucky , Ed Hardy , Kinis Bikinis , Beverly Hills Choppers , and Merit Diamonds . She has walked for Jaime Pressly and Pamela Anderson . She was signed with Wilhelmina Models and Avenue Modeller , and is no longer a model . She was married to actor Christopher Knight from 2006 to 2012 . Ebony Haith was signed with Downtown Model Management . Robin Manning is pursuing an acting career and has been in two movies , and has done church - related print work . Nicole Panattoni modeled for various companies . She is married to BMX rider Cory Nastazio . Giselle Samson now works as a hostess for Carnival Cruise . Elyse Sewell has done multiple print ads , and been signed by multiple agencies in Asia . Shannon Stewart has done print work , and has been signed with Ford Models and Elite Model Management . She participated in the America 's Next Top Model All Stars cycle alongside other former contestants , finishing in sixth place . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Would - be supermodel finds her competition shallow '' . Record - Journal . June 2 , 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LOOKING FOR A TOP MODEL '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . June 3 , 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ La Ferla , Ruth . `` Front Row '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why America 's Next Top Model Was Never Better Than Its First Cycle '' . Vulture. 2015 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Adrianne Curry Spills ' The Truth ' About ' America 's Next Top Model ' and Hearing ' Crickets ' From Tyra Banks '' . toofab . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20030420131826/http://www.upn.com/shows/top_model/bio_tessa.shtml Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . August 1 , 2003 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . June 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Stephens , Brittney . `` ANTM Contestants : Where Are They Now ? '' . Jump up ^ FashionModelDirectory.com , The FMD - . `` Adrianne Curry -- Fashion Model Models Photos , Editorials & Latest News The FMD '' . The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balser , Erin ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` Top Model Round - Up : January 10 '' . Topmodelgossip.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Top Model All - Stars ' cast reported : Lisa D'Amato , Isis King in ; Jade out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 on IMDb America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 at TV.com America 's Next Top Model Fact - O - File History America 's Next Top Model Seasons ( cycle ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco Other alumni Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Toccara Jones Bre Scullark Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Anchal Joseph Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Anya Kop Fatima Siad Dominique Reighard Analeigh Tipton Isis King Allison Harvard Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Laura Kirkpatrick Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Candace M. Smith Jasmia Robinson Leila Goldkuhl Cory Wade Hindorff Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_1)&oldid=866096226 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2003 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2009 TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 06 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	america's next top model cycle 1 contestants	[ "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n" ]	[ "Tessa Carlson", "Katie Cleary", "Nicole Panattoni", "Ebony Haith", "Giselle Samson", "Kesse Wallace", "Robin Manning", "Elyse Sewell", "Shannon Stewart", "Adrianne Curry" ]
-176287376296067202	Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale	Cincinnati Prehospital stroke Scale - wikipedia Cincinnati Prehospital stroke Scale Jump to : navigation , search The Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale ( abbreviated CPSS ) is a system used to diagnose a potential stroke in a pre-hospital setting . It tests three signs for abnormal findings which may indicate that the patient is having a stroke . If any one of the three tests shows abnormal findings , the patient may be having a stroke and should be transported to a hospital as soon as possible . The CPSS was derived from the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale developed in 1997 at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center for pre-hospital use . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Method ( edit ) Facial droop : Have the person smile or show his or her teeth . If one side does n't move as well as the other so it seems to droop , that could be sign of a stroke . Normal : Both sides of face move equally Abnormal : One side of face does not move as well as the other ( or at all ) Arm drift : Have the person close his or her eyes and hold his or her arms straight out in front for about 10 seconds . If one arm does not move , or one arm winds up drifting down more than the other , that could be a sign of a stroke . Normal : Both arms move equally or not at all Abnormal : One arm does not move , or one arm drifts down compared with the other side Speech : Have the person say , `` You ca n't teach an old dog new tricks , '' or some other simple , familiar saying . If the person slurs the words , gets some words wrong , or is unable to speak , that could be sign of stroke . Normal : Patient uses correct words with no slurring Abnormal : Slurred or inappropriate words or mute Patients with 1 of these 3 findings as a new event have a 72 % probability of an ischemic stroke . If all 3 findings are present the probability of an acute stroke is more than 85 % . See also ( edit ) Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen ( LAPSS ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hurwitz AS , Brice JH , Overby BA , Evenson KR ( 2005 ) . `` Directed use of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale by laypersons '' . Prehosp Emerg Care . 9 ( 3 ) : 292 -- 6 . doi : 10.1080 / 10903120590962283 . PMID 16147478 . Jump up ^ Kothari , R. ; Hall , K. ; Brott , T. ; Broderick , J. ( 1997 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Early stroke recognition : developing an out - of - hospital NIH Stroke Scale '' . Academic Emergency Medicine . 4 ( 10 ) : 986 -- 990 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1553 - 2712.1997. tb03665. x . ISSN 1069 - 6563 . PMID 9332632 . Jump up ^ American Heart Association ( 2011 ) . Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Provider Manual . USA : First American Heart Association Printing . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61669 - 010 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Kothari RU , Pancioli A , Liu T , Brott T , Broderick J ( April 1999 ) . `` Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale : reproducibility and validity '' . Ann Emerg Med. 33 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0196 - 0644 ( 99 ) 70299 - 4 . PMID 10092713 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cincinnati_Prehospital_Stroke_Scale&oldid=823697977 '' Categories : Stroke Medical assessment and evaluation instruments Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 21 : 11 . About Wikipedia	according to the cincinnati prehospital stroke scale which one of the following should be assessed	[]	[]
-5957218119406716472	Reform of the United Nations Security Council	Reform of the United Nations Security Council - wikipedia Reform of the United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council Chamber in New York , also known as the Norwegian Room Reform of the United Nations Security Council ( UNSC ) encompasses five key issues : categories of membership , the question of the veto held by the five permanent members , regional representation , the size of an enlarged Council and its working methods , and the Security Council - General Assembly relationship . Member States , regional groups and other Member State interest groupings developed different positions and proposals on how to move forward on this contested issue . Any reform of the Security Council would require the agreement of at least two - thirds of UN member states in a vote in the General Assembly , and must be ratified by two thirds of Member States . All of the permanent members of the UNSC ( which have veto rights ) must also agree . Contents 1 History 2 General Assembly Task Force 3 Increasing membership 3.1 2005 Annan plan 3.2 Uniting for Consensus 4 A Democratic alternative to the Security Council 5 Permanent member proposals 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Germany 5.3 India 5.4 Japan 5.5 Membership based on religion 5.6 Africa 6 Veto reform 7 Overall positions on reforming the Security Council 7.1 United States 7.2 United Kingdom and France 7.3 Russia 7.4 India 7.5 Brazil 7.6 South Africa 7.7 Portugal 7.8 Lithuania 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The composition of the Security Council was established in 1945 . Since then the geopolitical realities have changed drastically , but the Council has changed very little . The victors of World War II shaped the United Nations Charter in their national interests , assigning themselves the permanent seats and associated veto power , among themselves . Any reform of the Security Council would require an amendment to the Charter . Article 108 of the Charter states : Amendments to the present Charter shall come into force for all Members of the United Nations when they have been adopted by a vote of two thirds of the members of the General Assembly and ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the Members of the United Nations , including all the permanent members of the Security Council . With the enlargement of the United Nations membership and increasing self - confidence among the new members , going hand in hand with processes of decolonization , old structures and procedures were increasingly challenged . The imbalance between the number of seats in the Security Council and the total number of member States became evident , and the only significant reform of the Security Council occurred in 1965 : this included an increase in the non-permanent membership from six to 10 members . With Boutros Boutros - Ghali elected as Secretary - General in 1992 , the reform discussions of the UN Security Council were launched again as he started his new term with the first - ever summit of the Security Council and then published `` An Agenda for Peace '' . His motivation was to restructure the composition and arguably anachronistic procedures of the UN organ to recognize the changed world . In the twenty - first century , the mismatch between the structure of the UN Security Council and the global reality the former is supposed to reflect became even more glaring . So much so that demands were raised by many politicians , diplomats and scholars to reform the Council at the earliest so that it reflects the reality of the present times and not the time of its establishment . For example , Indian scholar of diplomacy Rejaul Karim Laskar argues , `` for the continued existence and relevance of the UN , it is necessary to ensure that it represents as nearly as possible the reality of the power equation of the twenty - first century world '' . By 1992 , Japan and Germany had become the second - and third - largest financial contributors to the United Nations , and started to demand a permanent seat . Also Brazil ( fifth largest country in terms of territory ) and India ( second largest country in terms of population ) as the most powerful countries within their regional groups and key players within their regions saw themselves with a permanent seat . This group of four countries formed an interest group later known as the G4 . On the other hand , their regional rivals were opposed to the G4 becoming permanent members with a veto power . They favored the expansion of the non-permanent category of seats with members to be elected on a regional basis . Italy , Pakistan , Mexico and Egypt started to form an interest group , known as the `` Coffee Club '' and later `` Uniting for Consensus '' . Simultaneously , the African Group started to demand two permanent seats for themselves , on the basis of historical injustices and because much of the Council 's agenda is concentrated in that continent . Those two seats would be permanent African seats , that would rotate between African countries chosen by the African group . The existing permanent members , each holding the right of veto on Security Council reform , announced their positions reluctantly . The United States supported the permanent membership of Japan and India , and a small number of additional non-permanent members . The United Kingdom and France essentially supported the G4 position , with the expansion of permanent and non-permanent members and the accession of Germany , Brazil , India , and Japan to permanent - member status , as well as more African countries on the Council . China supported the stronger representation of developing countries , voicing support for India . Russia has also endorsed India 's candidature for a permanent seat on the Security Council . In September 2017 , U.S. Representatives Ami Bera and Frank Pallone introduced a resolution ( H. Res. 535 ) in the US House of Representatives ( 115th United States Congress ) , seeking support for India for a permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council . General Assembly Task force ( edit ) The General Assembly Task Force on Security Council Reform has delivered a Report ( on the question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council ) recommending a compromise solution for entering intergovernmental negotiations on reform . The report builds on existing transitional / intermediary approaches to suggest a `` timeline perspective '' . The `` timeline perspective '' suggests that Member States begin by identifying the negotiables to be included in short - term intergovernmental negotiations . Crucial to the `` timeline perspective '' is the scheduling of a mandatory review conference -- a forum for discussing changes to any reforms achieved in the near - term , and for revisiting negotiables that can not be agreed upon now . Increasing membership ( edit ) `` Asia 's inadequate representation poses a serious threat to the UN 's legitimacy , which will only increase as the world 's most dynamic and populous region assumes an increasingly important global role . One possible way to resolve the problem would be to add at least four Asian seats : one permanent seat for India , one shared by Japan and South Korea ( perhaps in a two - year , one - year rotation ) , one for the ASEAN countries ( representing the group as a single constituency ) , and a fourth rotating among the other Asian countries . '' -- Jeffrey Sachs at Columbia University 2005 Annan Plan ( edit ) On 21 March 2005 , the then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan called on the UN to reach a consensus on expanding the council to 24 members , in a plan referred to as `` In Larger Freedom '' . He gave two alternatives for implementation , but did not specify which proposal he preferred . The two options mentioned by Annan are referred to as Plan A and Plan B : Plan A calls for creating six new permanent members , plus three new nonpermanent members for a total of 24 seats in the council . Plan B calls for creating eight new seats in a new class of members , who would serve for four years , subject to renewal , plus one nonpermanent seat , also for a total of 24 . In any case , Annan favored making the decision quickly , stating , `` This important issue has been discussed for too long . I believe member states should agree to take a decision on it -- preferably by consensus , but in any case before the summit -- making use of one or other of the options presented in the report of the High - Level Panel '' . The summit mentioned by Annan is the September 2005 Millennium + 5 Summit , a high - level plenary meeting that reviewed Annan 's report , the implementation of the 2000 Millennium Declaration , and other UN reform - related issues . Uniting for consensus ( edit ) Main article : Uniting for Consensus On 26 July 2005 , five UN member countries , Italy , Argentina , Canada , Colombia and Pakistan , representing a larger group of countries called Uniting for Consensus led by Italy , proposed to the General Assembly another project that maintains five permanent members and raises the number of non-permanent members to 20 . On May 2011 , 120 UN members states participated in a Uniting for Consensus meeting in Rome . A democratic alternative to the Security Council ( edit ) There is a strong view emerging that the Security Council that represents an inversion of the principle of democracy should be undone by amending the UN Charter and the powers of the 15 member Security Council transferred to the General Assembly where all countries of the world are represented and decisions can be made in the General Assembly upon consensus and two third majority besides the simple majority decisions The historical anachronism that the UN Security Council is can be undone this way and create a democratic multilateral system , this arguement postulates . Permanent member proposals ( edit ) `` The U.N. Security Council reform , being debated since two decades is too long overdue and the necessary expansion must be made considering how much the world has changed . '' -- Ban Ki - Moon The G4 nations : Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan . The G4 support one another 's bids for permanent membership , though they are strongly opposed by certain regional rivals . One proposed change is to admit more permanent members . The candidates usually mentioned are Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan . They comprise the group of G4 nations , mutually supporting one another 's bids for permanent seats . The United Kingdom , France and Russia support G4 membership in the U.N. Security Council . This sort of reform has traditionally been opposed by the Uniting for Consensus group , which is composed primarily of nations who are regional rivals and economic competitors of the G4 . The group is led by Italy and Spain ( opposing Germany ) , Mexico , Colombia , and Argentina ( opposing Brazil ) , and South Korea ( opposing Japan ) , in addition to Turkey , Indonesia and others . Since 1992 , Italy and other members of the group have instead proposed semi-permanent seats or the expansion of the number of temporary seats . Most of the leading candidates for permanent membership are regularly elected onto the Security Council by their respective continental groups : Japan was elected for eleven two - year terms , Brazil for ten terms , and Germany for three terms . India has been elected to the council seven times in total , with the most recent successful bid being in 2010 after a gap of almost twenty years since 1991 -- 92 . In 2017 , it was reported that the G4 nations were willing to temporarily forgo veto power if granted a permanent UNSC seat . As of 2013 , the current P5 members of the Security Council , along with the G4 , account for eight of the world 's ten largest defense budgets , according to SIPRI . They also account for 9 of the 10 largest economies by both nominal GDP and Purchasing Power Parity GDP . Comparison of G4 and P5 Members Country Proportion of world population GDP UN Defence budget Active military Nuclear arsenal Total warheads PPP Nominal Funding Peacekeepers Brazil G4 62.8 % ( 5th ) 3$3,101 ( 7th ) 2$1,535 ( 9th ) 33.82 % ( 7th ) 71,305 ( 20th ) $24.6 ( 11th ) 5 318,480 ( 16th ) No 3 -- China P5 918.8 % ( 1st ) 9$20,853 ( 1st ) 8$11,383 ( 2nd ) 77.92 % ( 3rd ) 82,622 ( 12th ) $215.0 ( 2nd ) 92,333,000 ( 1st ) Yes 6260 ( 5th ) France P5 20.9 % ( 20th ) 1$2,703 ( 10th ) 4$2,787 ( 7th ) 54.86 % ( 5th ) 6880 ( 33rd ) $50.9 ( 7th ) 3 222,200 ( 24th ) Yes 7300 ( 4th ) Germany G4 31.1 % ( 17th ) 5$3,935 ( 5th ) 6$3,468 ( 4th ) 66.39 % ( 4th ) 5434 ( 45th ) $39.4 ( 9th ) 2 186,450 ( 28th ) No 2 -- India G4 817.7 % ( 2nd ) 7$10,339 ( 3rd ) 3$2,876 ( 5th ) 10.74 % ( 22nd ) 97,713 ( 2nd ) $55.3 ( 5th ) 71,443,921 ( 2nd ) Yes 4120 -- 130 ( 7th ) Japan G4 41.7 % ( 10th ) 6$4,901 ( 4th ) 7$4,413 ( 3rd ) 89.68 % ( 2nd ) 3272 ( 55th ) $40.9 ( 8th ) 4 247,150 ( 21st ) No 1 -- Russia P5 42.0 % ( 9th ) 4$3,685 ( 6th ) 1$1,133 ( 14th ) 23.09 % ( 9th ) 298 ( 68th ) $66.4 ( 4th ) 6845,000 ( 5th ) Yes 97,300 ( 1st ) United Kingdom P5 10.9 % ( 22nd ) 2$2,757 ( 9th ) 5$2,807 ( 6th ) 44.46 % ( 6th ) 4336 ( 52nd ) $55.5 ( 6th ) 1 169,150 ( 32nd ) Yes 5215 ( 6th ) United States P5 74.4 % ( 3rd ) 8$18,558 ( 2nd ) 9$18,558 ( 1st ) 922.00 % ( 1st ) 168 ( 73rd ) 9$597.0 ( 1st ) 81,281,900 ( 3rd ) Yes 86,970 ( 2nd ) $ US billions Percent contributed to total UN budget Takes part in NATO nuclear weapons sharing agreement Brazil ( edit ) Brazil 's first indigenously built oil platform , operated by petroleum industry giant Petrobras , one of the world 's largest corporations by revenue and market cap . Main article : Brazil and the United Nations Brazil is the largest country in Latin America in terms of population , GDP and land area . It has the fifth largest population , seventh largest GDP , eleventh largest defence budget , and has the fifth largest land area in the world . It is one of only five countries that ranks among the top ten globally both in terms of physical size , population , and GDP ( the others being fellow G4 member India , together with China , Russia and the United States ) . Furthermore , South America is one of three inhabited continents ( the other two being Africa and Oceania ) without permanent representation on the Security Council . Brazil has been elected ten times to the Security Council . It has contributed troops to UN peacekeeping efforts in the Middle East , the former Belgian Congo , Cyprus , Mozambique , Angola , and more recently East Timor and Haiti . Brazil is one of the main contributors to the UN regular budget . Prior to the UN 's founding in 1945 , Franklin D. Roosevelt lobbied for Brazil to be included on the Security Council , but the UK and the Soviet Union refused . The United States has sent strong indications to Brazil that it was willing to support its membership ; albeit , without a veto . In June 2011 , the Council on Foreign Relations recommended that the US government fully endorse the inclusion of Brazil as a permanent member of the Security Council . Brazil has received backing from 3 of the current permanent members , namely France , Russia , , and the United Kingdom . Brazilian elevation to permanent membership is also supported by the Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( CPLP ) , and Brazil and the other G4 nations mutually support each other in their bids . Other countries that advocate permanent Brazilian membership of the UNSC include Australia , Chile , Finland , Guatemala , Indonesia , the Philippines , Slovenia , South Africa , and Vietnam Germany ( edit ) Main article : Germany and the United Nations Germany is the third largest contributor to the U.N. regular budgets next to Japan , and as such , argues for a permanent Security Council seat . Germany has been elected to the Security Council as a non-permanent member three times as a unified state , as well as three times when it was divided ( twice for the West , once for the East ) . The Frankfurt Stock Exchange , operated by Deutsche Börse , is among the world 's largest exchanges . France has explicitly called for a permanent seat in the UN for its close EU partner : `` Germany 's engagement , its ranking as a great power , its international influence -- France would like to see them recognized with a permanent seat on the Security Council '' , French president Jacques Chirac said in a speech in Berlin in 2000 . The former German Chancellor , Gerhard Schröder , also identified Russia , among other countries , as a country that backed Germany 's bid . Former President Fidel V. Ramos of the Philippines also expressed his country 's support for Germany 's bid , together with Japan 's . Italy and the Netherlands on the contrary , suggest a common European Union seat in the Council instead of Germany becoming the third European member next to France and the UK . The former German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer said that Germany would also accept a common European seat , but as long as there is little sign that France and the UK will give up their own seats , Germany should also have a seat . The German campaign for a permanent seat was intensified in 2004 . Schröder made himself perfectly clear in August 2004 : `` Germany has the right to a seat . '' Its bid is supported by Japan , India , Brazil , France , the United Kingdom and Russia , among other countries . Current German Chancellor Angela Merkel , who had initially been quiet on the issue , re-stated Germany 's bid in her address to the UN General Assembly in September 2007 . In July 2011 , Merkel 's trip to Kenya , Angola , and Nigeria was thought to be motivated , in part , by the goal of seeking support from African countries for Germany 's bid for a permanent seat on the Security Council . India ( edit ) Main article : India and the United Nations Countries that explicitly and openly support India for UNSC permanent seat . India Support by UN Members India , which joined the U.N. in 1945 , two years before independence in 1947 , is the second - largest and one of the largest constant contributors of troops to the United Nations peacekeeping missions . Foreign Policy magazine states that , `` India 's international identity has long been shaped by its role in U.N. peacekeeping , with more than 100,000 Indian troops having served in U.N. missions during the past 50 years . Today , India has over 8,500 peacekeepers in the field , more than twice as many as the U.N. 's five big powers combined . '' In supporting India 's bid for a permanent seat on an enlarged Security Council last November , US President Barack Obama cited `` India 's long history as a leading contributor to United Nations peacekeeping mission '' . India has been elected seven times to the UN Security Council , most recently from 2011 to 2012 , after receiving 188 of the 190 total votes . The country currently has the world 's second - largest population and is the world 's largest liberal democracy . It is also the world 's fifth - largest economy by nominal GDP and third - largest by purchasing power parity . Currently , India maintains the world 's second - largest active armed force ( after China ) and is a nuclear - weapon state . The International Herald Tribune has stated : `` Clearly , a seat for India would make the body more representative and democratic . With India as a member , the Council would be a more legitimate and thus a more effective body . '' Thomas Friedman of the New York Times said : `` Sometimes I wish that the five permanent members of the UN Security Council could be chosen ... with a vote by the fans ... Then the perm - five would be Russia , China , India , Britain and the United States ... India is the world 's largest democracy . '' India 's bid for permanent member of UNSC is now backed by four of the five permanent members , namely France , Russia , United Kingdom and United States . On 15 April 2011 , China officially expressed its support for an increased Indian role at the United Nations , without explicitly endorsing India 's Security Council ambitions . A few months later , China endorsed Indian candidacy as a permanent UNSC member provided that India revokes its support for Japanese candidacy . As part of the G4 nations , India is supported by Brazil , Germany , and Japan for the permanent seat . Other countries that explicitly and openly support India for UNSC permanent seat are -- Afghanistan , Armenia , Australia , The Bahamas , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belarus , Belgium , Belize , Benin , Bhutan , Bolivia , Brunei , Bulgaria , Cambodia , Chile , Comoros , Croatia , Cuba , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Dominican Republic , Estonia , Ethiopia , Fiji , Finland , Ghana , Greece , Guyana , Hungary , Iceland , Israel , Jamaica , Laos , Lesotho Liberia , Libya , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Malawi , Malaysia , Maldives , Malta , Mauritius , Micronesia , Mongolia , Morocco , Mozambique , Myanmar , Namibia , Nepal , Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Norway , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Peru , Poland , Portugal , Rwanda , Qatar , Romania , Serbia , Senegal , Seychelles , Singapore , Sri Lanka , Slovakia , Suriname , Swaziland , Sweden , Syria , Tajikistan , Tanzania , Trinidad and Tobago , Turkey , Tuvalu , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , Uruguay , Uzbekistan , Venezuela , Vietnam , Zambia and Zimbabwe . As a whole , the African Union also supports India 's candidacy for permanent member of the UNSC . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japan and the United Nations Japan , which joined the UN in 1956 , is the second - largest contributor to the UN 's regular budget . Its payments had surpassed the sum of those of the United Kingdom , France , China and Russia combined for nearly two decades before 2010 . Japan has been one of the largest Official development assistance donor countries . Thus , Japan , along with India , are considered the most likely candidates for two of the new permanent seats . China has stated that it was ready to support India 's move for a permanent seat on the UNSC if India did not associate its bid with Japan . This may be contrary to the Indian stand since Japan and India are both members of the G4 and support each other 's candidature . Japan has been elected to the Security Council for eleven terms as a non-permanent member . Tokyo is the world 's largest city and it is also most productive , accounting for roughly a fifth of Japan 's output . While U.S. Secretary of State , Condoleezza Rice , speaking at Sophia University in Tokyo , said , `` Japan has earned its honorable place among the nations of the world by its own effort and its own character . That 's why the United States unambiguously supports a permanent seat for Japan on the United Nations Security Council . '' Her predecessor , Colin Powell , had objected to Japanese permanent membership because Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution forbids the country from going to war unless in self - defense . This section 's representation of one or more viewpoints about a controversial issue may be unbalanced or inaccurate . Please improve the article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( October 2013 ) Some other Asian nations have expressed support for Japan 's application , including Mongolia , Thailand , Cambodia , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Bangladesh , the Philippines , and Vietnam -- all major recipients of loan and / or foreign investment from Japan . The other G4 countries -- Germany , Brazil , and India , who are also bidding for Security Council seats -- along with France and the United Kingdom , also back Japan 's bid . Australia , the Cook Islands , the Federated States of Micronesia , Fiji , Kiribati , the Marshall Islands , Nauru , New Zealand , Niue , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Samoa , the Solomon Islands , Tonga , Tuvalu , and Vanuatu support Japan since Japan agreed to increase financial aid to the region . For instance , Katsuyuki Kawai , then secretary for foreign affairs , member of the Japanese parliament , and special envoy to Nepal , was sent to Kathmandu to lobby for the Nepalese government 's support for Japanese membership in the UNSC . Kawai met with King Gyanendra and told the press , `` If Japan loses its bid this time , Japanese people will think the support Japan has been providing to the world for the last 60 years has been futile . '' Japan donates significantly to Nepal . Membership based on religion ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In June 2005 , the foreign ministers of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) called for a permanent Muslim seat on the UN Security Council . Africa ( edit ) It has also been suggested that an African nation be given a seat on the Security Council , with Egypt , Nigeria and South Africa the most likely contenders . Currently , no country in Africa has a permanent seat on the Security Council . Although no one nation from Africa has formally been put forward as a candidate for membership on the Security Council , Algeria , Egypt , Ethiopia , South Africa , and Nigeria are seen as the strongest choices . Algeria has gained a great deal of respect for its neutrality over the years and its great commitment to African development ; Egypt has the second - largest economy in Africa and the biggest military on the continent , was one of the founding members of the United Nations , enjoys great influence in Africa and in the Arab world , and hosts the headquarters of the Arab League ; Ethiopia was also one of the founding members of the United Nations and holds the seat of the African Union Commission ; South Africa has the third - largest economy on the continent ; and Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa , has the continent 's largest economy , and is one of the largest contributors of military and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping missions . Veto reform ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council veto power The UNSC `` power of veto '' is frequently cited as a major problem within the UN . By wielding their veto power ( established by Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter ) , any of the UNSC 's five permanent members can prevent the adoption of any ( non - `` procedural '' ) UNSC draft resolution not to their liking . Even the mere threat of a veto may lead to changes in the text of a resolution , or it being withheld altogether ( the so - called `` pocket veto '' ) . As a result , the power of veto often prevents the Council from acting to address pressing international issues and affords the `` P5 '' great influence within the UN institution as a whole . For example , the Security Council passed no resolutions on most major Cold War conflicts , including the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia , the Vietnam War , and the Soviet -- Afghan War . Resolutions addressing more current problems , such as the conflict between Israel and Palestine or Iran 's suspected development of nuclear weapons , are also heavily influenced by the veto , whether its actual use or the threat of its use . Additionally , the veto applies to the selection of the UN 's Secretary - General , as well as any amendments to the UN Charter , giving the P5 great influence over these processes . Recently China also exercised its veto on India 's Resolution to put Masood Azhar on list of Global terrorist list . He is proclaimed head of Jaish E Mohammad a terror Outfit which is already designated as Global terrorist group by UNSC . Discussions on improving the UN 's effectiveness and responsiveness to international security threats often include reform of the UNSC veto . Proposals include : limiting the use of the veto to vital national security issues ; requiring agreement from multiple states before exercising the veto ; abolishing the veto entirely ; and embarking on the transition stipulated in Article 106 of the Charter , which requires the consensus principle to stay in place . Any reform of the veto will be very difficult . Articles 108 and 109 of the United Nations Charter grant the P5 veto over any amendments to the Charter , requiring them to approve of any modifications to the UNSC veto power that they themselves hold . Overall positions on reforming the Security Council ( edit ) United States ( edit ) According to a formal statement by the United States Department of State : The United States is open to UN Security Council reform and expansion , as one element of an overall agenda for UN reform . We advocate a criteria - based approach under which potential members must be supremely well qualified , based on factors such as : economic size , population , military capacity , commitment to democracy and human rights , financial contributions to the UN , contributions to UN peacekeeping , and record on counterterrorism and nonproliferation . We have to look , of course , at the overall geographic balance of the Council , but effectiveness remains the benchmark for any reform . -- Bureau of Public Affairs , 20 June 2005 According to a formal statement by President of the United States Barack Obama in an address to a Joint Session of the Indian Parliament : We salute India 's long history as a leading contributor to United Nations peacekeeping missions . And we welcome India as it prepares to take its seat on the United Nations Security Council . As two global leaders , the United States and India can partner for global security -- especially as India serves on the Security Council over the next two years . Indeed , the just and sustainable international order that America seeks includes a United Nations that is efficient , effective , credible and legitimate . That is why I can say today , in the years ahead , I look forward to a reformed United Nations Security Council that includes India as a permanent member . The United Nations exists to fulfill its founding ideals of preserving peace and security , promoting global cooperation , and advancing human rights . These are the responsibilities of all nations , but especially those that seek to lead in the 21st century . And so we look forward to working with India -- and other nations that aspire to Security Council membership -- to ensure that the Security Council is effective ; that resolutions are implemented , that sanctions are enforced ; that we strengthen the international norms which recognize the rights and responsibilities of all nations and all individuals . -- Barack Obama , 9 November 2010 United Kingdom and France ( edit ) The United Kingdom and France hold similar views on reform to the United Nations Security Council . According to a formal statement made by 10 Downing Street : Reform of the UNSC , both its enlargement and the improvement of its working methods , must therefore succeed . We reaffirm the support of our two countries for the candidacies of Germany , Brazil , India and Japan for permanent membership , as well as for permanent representation for Africa on the Council . We regret that negotiations towards this goal remain in deadlock and are therefore ready to consider an intermediate solution . This could include a new category of seats , with a longer term than those of the current elected members and those terms would be renewable ; at the end of an initial phase , it could be decided to turn these new types of seats into permanent ones . We will work with all our partners to define the parameters of such a reform . UNSC reform requires a political commitment from the member states at the highest level . We will work in this direction in the coming months with a view to achieving effective reform . -- Part of a joint UK - France Summit Declaration -- 27 March 2008 Russia ( edit ) As stated by then -- President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev at the General Debate of the 64th Session of the United Nations General Assembly : The UN must rationally adapt itself to new world realities . It should also strengthen its influence and preserve its multinational nature and integrity of the UN Charter provisions . The reform of the UN Security Council is an essential component of its revitalization . The time has come to speed up the search for a compromise formula of its expansion and increased efficiency of its work . -- Dmitry Medvedev , 23 September 2009 India ( edit ) As per the official website of India 's Permanent Mission to the UN : Activities of the Security Council have greatly expanded in the past few years . The success of Security Council 's actions depends upon political support of the international community . Any package for restructuring of the Security Council should , therefore , be broad - based . In particular , adequate presence of developing countries is needed in the Security Council . Nations of the world must feel that their stakes in global peace and prosperity are factored into the UN 's decision making . Any expansion of permanent members ' category must be based on an agreed criteria , rather than be a pre-determined selection . There must be an inclusive approach based on transparent consultations . India supports expansion of both permanent and non-permanent members ' category . The latter is the only avenue for the vast majority of Member States to serve on the Security Council . Reform and expansion must be an integral part of a common package . -- India 's Permanent Mission to UN According to a formal statement by 13th Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh at the General Debate of the 59th Session of the United Nations General Assembly : It is common knowledge that the United Nations is often unable to exert an effective influence on global economic and political issues of critical importance . This is due to its what may be called as `` democracy deficit '' , which prevents effective multilateralism , a multilateralism that is based on a democratically - evolved global consensus . Therefore , reform and restructuring of the United Nations system can alone provide a crucial link in an expanding chain of efforts to refashion international structures , imbuing them with a greater degree of participatory decision - making , so as to make them more representative of contemporary realities . The expansion of the Security Council , in the category of both permanent and non-permanent members , and the inclusion of countries like India as permanent members , would be a first step in the process of making the United Nations a truly representative body . -- Manmohan Singh , 23 September 2004 According to a formal statement by 14th Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi at the General Debate of the 69th Session of the United Nations General Assembly : We must reform the United Nations , including the Security Council , and make it more democratic and participative . Institutions that reflect the imperatives of 20th century wo n't be effective in the 21st . It would face the risk of irrelevance ; and we will face the risk of continuing turbulence with no one capable of addressing it . Next year we will be seventy , we should ask ourselves whether we should wait until we are 80 or 100 . Let us fulfill our promise to reform the United Nations Security Council by 2015 . Let us fulfil our pledge on a post-2015 Development Agenda so that there is new hope and belief in us around the world . Let us make 2m5 also a new watershed for a sustainable world . Let it be the beginning of a new journey together . Brazil ( edit ) As stated by then President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva at the General Debate of the 63rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly : The United Nations has spent 15 years discussing the reform of its Security Council . Today 's structure has been frozen for six decades and does not relate to the challenges of today 's world . Its distorted form of representation stands between us and the multilateral world to which we aspire . Therefore I am much encouraged by the General Assembly 's decision to launch negotiations in the near future on the reform of the Security Council . -- Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , 23 September 2008 South Africa ( edit ) According to a formal statement by South Africa 's International Relations Minister Maite Nkoana - Mashabane speaking in the South African parliament in Cape Town : The United Nations Security Council ( UNSC ) urgently requires reform to rectify inequitable power relations . We reiterate that the reform of the UNSC is urgent and would go a long way in rectifying inequitable power relations within the Security Council . -- Maite Nkoana - Mashabane , 1 June 2011 Portugal ( edit ) As stated by former Prime Minister of Portugal José Sócrates : The 15 - member Security Council must be enlarged so that it is more representative , transparent and efficient . In our view it is illogical that countries like Brazil or India that have today an irreplaceable economic and political role are still not permanent members of the Security Council . Africa also deserves consideration to take due account of the remarkable political and economic progresses that we have witnessed in that vast continent . -- José Sócrates , September 2010 Lithuania ( edit ) According to a formal statement by Antanas Valionis , former Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs , at the General Debate of the 58th session of the United Nations : The Security Council must be able to take leadership in maintaining international peace and security . 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Jump up ^ `` European leaders press for ' long overdue ' UN reform to match changing world '' . United Nations . 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lithuania '' . Further reading ( edit ) Banerjee , Ajit M. ; Sharma , Murari R. ( 2007 ) . Reinventing the United Nations . Prentice - Hall of India Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 8120332829 . Bardo Fassbender , UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto : A Constitutional Perspective , Kluwer Law International , The Hague / London / Boston , 1998 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0592 - 1 . Bardo Fassbender , ' Pressure for Security Council Reform ' , in : David M. Malone ( ed . ) , The UN Security Council : From the Cold War to the 21st Century , Lynne Rienner Publishers , Boulder , Colorado , and London , 2004 , pp. 341 -- 355 . Bardo Fassbender , ' The Security Council : Progress is Possible but Unlikely ' , in : Antonio Cassese ( ed . ) , Realizing Utopia : The Future of International Law , Oxford University Press , 2012 , pp. 52 -- 60 . Drifte , R. ( 1999 ) . Japan 's Quest for a Permanent Security - Council Seat : A Matter of Pride or Justice ? . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0333699386 . Hans Köchler , The Voting Procedure in the United Nations Security Council , 1991 , ISBN 3 - 900704 - 10 - 4 Hans Köchler , The United Nations and International Democracy . The Quest for UN Reform , 1997 , ISBN 3 - 900704 - 16 - 3 Hassler , Sabine ( 2012 ) . Reforming the UN Security Council Membership : The illusion of representativeness . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0415505901 . McDonald , Kara C. ; Patrick , Stewart M. : UN Security Council Enlargement and U.S. Interests , Council on Foreign Relations , 2010 . Malone , D & Mahbubani , K : `` The UN Security Council -- from the Cold War to the 21st Century '' , UN World Chronicle , 30 March 2004 . Nadin , Peter ( 2016 ) . UN Security Council Reform ( Global Institutions ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1138920224 . Runjic , Ljubo , Reform of the United Nations Security Council : The Emperor Has No Clothes , Brazilian Journal of International Law , v. 14 , n . 2 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The different projects of reform ( G4 , Africa Union , United for consensus ; 2006 ) ( in French ) Center for UN Reform -- Independent policy research organization offering documentation and in - depth analysis on ongoing reform processes United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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-8415108181275495176	Vein	Vein - wikipedia Vein Jump to : navigation , search Vein The main veins in the human body Structure of a vein , which consists of three main layers . The outer layer is connective tissue , called tunica adventitia or tunica externa ; a middle layer of smooth muscle called the tunica media , and the inner layer lined with endothelial cells called the tunica intima . Details System Circulatory system Identifiers Latin vena MeSH D014680 TA A12. 0.00. 030 A12. 3.00. 001 FMA 50723 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart . Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart ; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins , both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart . In contrast to veins , arteries carry blood away from the heart . Veins are less muscular than arteries and are often closer to the skin . There are valves in most veins to prevent backflow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Venous system 1.2 Microanatomy 2 Function 2.1 Cardiac veins 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Diseases 3.1. 1 Venous insufficiency 3.1. 2 Deep vein thrombosis 3.1. 3 Portal hypertension 3.1. 4 Other 3.2 Imaging 3.3 Veins of clinical significance 3.4 Phlebology 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Scientific publications Structure ( edit ) Veins are present throughout the body as tubes that carry blood back to the heart . Veins are classified in a number of ways , including superficial vs. deep , pulmonary vs. systemic , and large vs. small . Superficial veins are those closer to the surface of the body , and have no corresponding arteries . Deep veins are deeper in the body and have corresponding arteries . Perforator veins drain from the superficial to the deep veins . These are usually referred to in the lower limbs and feet . Communicating veins are veins that directly connect superficial veins to deep veins . Pulmonary veins are a set of veins that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart . Systemic veins drain the tissues of the body and deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart . Most veins are equipped with valves to prevent blood flowing in the reverse direction . Veins are translucent , so the color a vein appears from an organism 's exterior is determined in large part by the color of venous blood , which is usually dark red as a result of its low oxygen content . Veins appear blue because the subcutaneous fat absorbs low - frequency light , permitting only the highly energetic blue wavelengths to penetrate through to the dark vein and reflect back to the viewer . The colour of a vein can be affected by the characteristics of a person 's skin , how much oxygen is being carried in the blood , and how big and deep the vessels are . When a vein is drained of blood and removed from an organism , it appears grey - white . Venous system ( edit ) See also : List of veins of the human body Branches of inferior vena cava The largest veins in the human body are the venae cavae . These are two large veins which enter the right atrium of the heart from above and below . The superior vena cava carries blood from the arms and head to the right atrium of the heart , while the inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs and abdomen to the heart . The inferior vena cava is retroperitoneal and runs to the right and roughly parallel to the abdominal aorta along the spine . Large veins feed into these two veins , and smaller veins into these . Together this forms the venous system . Whilst the main veins hold a relatively constant position , the position of veins person to person can display quite a lot of variation . The pulmonary veins carry relatively oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart . The superior and inferior venae cavae carry relatively deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower systemic circulations , respectively . The portal venous system is a series of veins or venules that directly connect two capillary beds . Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal vein and hypophyseal portal system . The peripheral veins carry blood from the limbs and hands and feet . Microanatomy ( edit ) Microscopically , veins have a thick outer layer made of connective tissue , called the tunica externa or tunica adventitia . There is a middle layer of bands of smooth muscle called tunica media , which are , in general , much thinner than those of arteries , as veins do not function primarily in a contractile manner and are not subject to the high pressures of systole , as arteries are . The interior is lined with endothelial cells called tunica intima . The precise location of veins varies much more from person to person than that of arteries . Function ( edit ) Veins serve to return blood from organs to the heart . Veins are also called `` capacitance vessels '' because most of the blood volume ( 60 % ) is contained within veins . In systemic circulation oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the arteries to the muscles and organs of the body , where its nutrients and gases are exchanged at capillaries . After taking up cellular waste and carbon dioxide in capillaries , blood is channeled through vessels that converge with one another to form venules , which continue to converge and form the larger veins . The de-oxygenated blood is taken by veins to the right atrium of the heart , which transfers the blood to the right ventricle , where it is then pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs . In pulmonary circulation the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium , which empties into the left ventricle , completing the cycle of blood circulation . The return of blood to the heart is assisted by the action of the muscle pump , and by the thoracic pump action of breathing during respiration . Standing or sitting for a prolonged period of time can cause low venous return from venous pooling ( vascular ) shock . Fainting can occur but usually baroreceptors within the aortic sinuses initiate a baroreflex such that angiotensin II and norepinephrine stimulate vasoconstriction and heart rate increases to return blood flow . Neurogenic and hypovolaemic shock can also cause fainting . In these cases , the smooth muscles surrounding the veins become slack and the veins fill with the majority of the blood in the body , keeping blood away from the brain and causing unconsciousness . Jet pilots wear pressurized suits to help maintain their venous return and blood pressure . The arteries are perceived as carrying oxygenated blood to the tissues , while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart . This is true of the systemic circulation , by far the larger of the two circuits of blood in the body , which transports oxygen from the heart to the tissues of the body . However , in pulmonary circulation , the arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs , and veins return blood from the lungs to the heart . The difference between veins and arteries is their direction of flow ( out of the heart by arteries , returning to the heart for veins ) , not their oxygen content . In addition , deoxygenated blood that is carried from the tissues back to the heart for reoxygenation in the systemic circulation still carries some oxygen , though it is considerably less than that carried by the systemic arteries or pulmonary veins . Although most veins take blood back to the heart , there is an exception . Portal veins carry blood between capillary beds . For example , the hepatic portal vein takes blood from the capillary beds in the digestive tract and transports it to the capillary beds in the liver . The blood is then drained in the gastrointestinal tract and spleen , where it is taken up by the hepatic veins , and blood is taken back into the heart . Since this is an important function in mammals , damage to the hepatic portal vein can be dangerous . Blood clotting in the hepatic portal vein can cause portal hypertension , which results in a decrease of blood fluid to the liver . Cardiac veins ( edit ) The vessels that remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as cardiac veins . These include the great cardiac vein , the middle cardiac vein , the small cardiac vein , the smallest cardiac veins , and the anterior cardiac veins . Coronary veins carry blood with a poor level of oxygen , from the myocardium to the right atrium . Most of the blood of the coronary veins returns through the coronary sinus . The anatomy of the veins of the heart is very variable , but generally it is formed by the following veins : heart veins that go into the coronary sinus : the great cardiac vein , the middle cardiac vein , the small cardiac vein , the posterior vein of the left ventricle , and the vein of Marshall . Heart veins that go directly to the right atrium : the anterior cardiac veins , the smallest cardiac veins ( Thebesian veins ) . Clinical significance ( edit ) Diseases ( edit ) Venous insufficiency ( edit ) Main article : Chronic venous insufficiency Venous insufficiency is the most common disorder of the venous system , and is usually manifested as spider veins or varicose veins . Several varieties of treatments are used , depending on the patient 's particular type and pattern of veins and on the physician 's preferences . Treatment can include Endovenous Thermal Ablation using radiofrequency or laser energy , vein stripping , ambulatory phlebectomy , foam sclerotherapy , lasers , or compression . Postphlebitic syndrome is venous insufficiency that develops following deep vein thrombosis . Deep vein thrombosis ( edit ) Main article : Deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis is a condition in which a blood clot forms in a deep vein . This is usually the veins of the legs , although it can also occur in the veins of the arms . Immobility , active cancer , obesity , traumatic damage and congenital disorders that make clots more likely are all risk factors for deep vein thrombosis . It can cause the affected limb to swell , and cause pain and an overlying skin rash . In the worst case , a deep vein thrombosis can extend , or a part of a clot can break off and land in the lungs , called pulmonary embolism . The decision to treat deep vein thrombosis depends on its size , a person 's symptoms , and their risk factors . It generally involves anticoagulation to prevents clots or to reduce the size of the clot . Portal hypertension ( edit ) The portal veins are found within the abdomen and carry blood through to the liver . Portal hypertension is associated with cirrhosis or disease of the liver , or other conditions such as an obstructing clot ( Budd Chiari syndrome ) or compression from tumours or tuberculosis lesions . When the pressure increases in the portal veins , a collateral circulation develops , causing visible veins such as oesophageal varices . Other ( edit ) Thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory condition of the veins related to blood clots . Imaging ( edit ) Video of venous valve in action Ultrasound , particularly duplex ultrasound , is a common way that veins can be seen . Veins of clinical significance ( edit ) The Batson Venous plexus , or simply Batson 's Plexus , runs through the inner vertebral column connecting the thoracic and pelvic veins . These veins get their notoriety from the fact that they are valveless , which is believed to be the reason for metastasis of certain cancers . The great saphenous vein is the most important superficial vein of the lower limb . First described by the Persian physician Avicenna , this vein derives its name from the word safina , meaning `` hidden '' . This vein is `` hidden '' in its own fascial compartment in the thigh and exits the fascia only near the knee . Incompetence of this vein is an important cause of varicose veins of lower limbs . The Thebesian veins within the myocardium of the heart are valveless veins that drain directly into the chambers of the heart . The coronary veins all empty into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium . The dural venous sinuses within the dura mater surrounding the brain receive blood from the brain and also are a point of entry of cerebrospinal fluid from arachnoid villi absorption . Blood eventually enters the internal jugular vein . Phlebology ( edit ) Look up phlebology in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Venous valves prevent reverse blood flow . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Phlebology is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of venous disorders . A medical specialist in phlebology is termed a phlebologist . A related image is called a phlebograph . The American Medical Association added phlebology to their list of self - designated practice specialties in 2005 . In 2007 the American Board of Phlebology ( ABPh ) , subsequently known as the American Board of Venous & Lymphatic Medicine ( ABVLM ) , was established to improve the standards of phlebologists and the quality of their patient care by establishing a certification examination , as well as requiring maintenance of certification . Although As of 2017 not a Member Board of the American Board of Medical Specialties ( ABMS ) , the American Board of Venous & Lymphatic Medicine uses a certification exam based on ABMS standards . The American College of Phlebology ( ACP ) , one of the largest medical societies in the world for physicians and allied health professionals working in the field of phlebology , has 2000 members . The ACP encourages education and training to improve the standards of medical practitioners and the quality of patient care . The American Venous Forum ( AVF ) is a medical society for physicians and allied health professionals dedicated to improving the care of patients with venous and lymphatic disease . The majority of its members manage the entire spectrum of venous and lymphatic diseases -- from varicose veins to congenital abnormalities to deep vein thrombosis to chronic venous diseases . Founded in 1987 , the AVF encourages research , clinical innovation , hands - on education , data collection and patient outreach . History ( edit ) Human anatomical chart of blood vessels , with heart , lungs , liver and kidneys included . Other organs are numbered and arranged around it . Before cutting out the figures on this page , Vesalius suggests that readers glue the page onto parchment and gives instructions on how to assemble the pieces and paste the multilayered figure onto a base `` muscle man '' illustration . `` Epitome '' , fol. 14a . HMD Collection , WZ 240 V575dhZ 1543 . The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the Ebers Papyrus ( 16th century BCE ) , an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies , both physical and spiritual . In the papyrus , it acknowledges the connection of the heart to the arteries . The Egyptians thought air came in through the mouth and into the lungs and heart . From the heart , the air travelled to every member through the arteries . Although this concept of the circulatory system is only partially correct , it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought . In the 6th century BCE , the knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was known to the Ayurvedic physician Sushruta in ancient India . He also seems to have possessed knowledge of the arteries , described as ' channels ' by Dwivedi & Dwivedi ( 2007 ) . The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BCE . However their function was not properly understood then . Because blood pools in the veins after death , arteries look empty . Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air . The Greek physician , Herophilus , distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves . Greek anatomist Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed . He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries . Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood . In 2nd century AD Rome , the Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous ( dark red ) and arterial ( brighter and thinner ) blood , each with distinct and separate functions . Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle , while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma ( air ) and originated in the heart . Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver . The heart did not pump blood around , the heart 's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves . Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through ' pores ' in the interventricular septum , air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart . As the arterial blood was created ' sooty ' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled . In 1025 , The Canon of Medicine by the Persian physician , Avicenna , `` erroneously accepted the Greek notion regarding the existence of a hole in the ventricular septum by which the blood traveled between the ventricles . '' Despite this , Avicenna `` correctly wrote on the cardiac cycles and valvular function '' , and `` had a vision of blood circulation '' in his Treatise on Pulse . While also refining Galen 's erroneous theory of the pulse , Avicenna provided the first correct explanation of pulsation : `` Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses . Thus , expansion : pause : contraction : pause . ( ... ) The pulse is a movement in the heart and arteries ... which takes the form of alternate expansion and contraction . '' In 1242 , the Arabian physician , Ibn al - Nafis , became the first person to accurately describe the process of pulmonary circulation , for which he is sometimes considered the father of circulatory physiology . Ibn al - Nafis stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon : `` ... the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them . The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought . The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa ( pulmonary artery ) to the lungs , spread through its substances , be mingled there with air , pass through the arteria venosa ( pulmonary vein ) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit ... '' In addition , Ibn al - Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary circulation . He stated that `` there must be small communications or pores ( manafidh in Arabic ) between the pulmonary artery and vein , '' a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years . Ibn al - Nafis ' theory , however , was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body . Michael Servetus was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation , although his achievement was not widely recognized at the time , for a few reasons . He firstly described it in the `` Manuscript of Paris '' ( near 1546 ) , but this work was never published . And later he published this description , but in a theological treatise , Christianismi Restitutio , not in a book on medicine . Only three copies of the book survived but these remained hidden for decades , the rest were burned shortly after its publication in 1553 because of persecution of Servetus by religious authorities . Better known discovery of pulmonary circulation was by Vesalius 's successor at Padua , Realdo Colombo , in 1559 . Image of veins from William Harvey 's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus Finally , William Harvey , a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius ( who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function ) , performed a sequence of experiments , and published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628 , which `` demonstrated that there had to be a direct connection between the venous and arterial systems throughout the body , and not just the lungs . Most importantly , he argued that the beat of the heart produced a continuous circulation of blood through minute connections at the extremities of the body . This is a conceptual leap that was quite different from Ibn al - Nafis ' refinement of the anatomy and bloodflow in the heart and lungs . '' This work , with its essentially correct exposition , slowly convinced the medical world . However , Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins ; these were later discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1661 . In 1956 , André Frédéric Cournand , Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine `` for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system . '' In his Nobel lecture , Forssmann credits Harvey as birthing cardiology with the publication of his book in 1628 . In the 1970s , Diana McSherry developed computer - based systems to create images of the circulatory system and heart without the need for surgery . See also ( edit ) May -- Thurner syndrome Nutcracker syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albert , consultants Daniel ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 2042 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kienle , Alwin ; Lilge , Lothar ; Vitkin , I. Alex ; Patterson , Michael S. ; Wilson , Brian C. ; Hibst , Raimund ; Steiner , Rudolf ( 1 March 1996 ) . `` Why do veins appear blue ? A new look at an old question '' . Applied Optics. 35 ( 7 ) : 1151 . doi : 10.1364 / AO. 35.001151 . PMID 21085227 . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Alexandra Senckowski ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ www.radiopaedia.org/ Jump up ^ Kahn SR ( August 2006 ) . `` The post-thrombotic syndrome : progress and pitfalls '' . British Journal of Haematology. 134 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2006. 06200. x . PMID 16822286 . ^ Jump up to : Dwivedi , Girish & Dwivedi , Shridhar ( 2007 ) . `` History of Medicine : Sushruta -- the Clinician -- Teacher par Excellence '' Archived October 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci Vol. 49 pp. 243 - 4 , National Informatics Centre ( Government of India ) . Jump up ^ Anatomy -- History of anatomy . Scienceclarified.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Shoja , M.M. ; Tubbs , R.S. ; Loukas , M. ; Khalili , M. ; Alakbarli , F. ; Cohen - Gadol , A.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Vasovagal syncope in the Canon of Avicenna : The first mention of carotid artery hypersensitivity '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 134 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 301 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2009.02. 035 . PMID 19332359 . Jump up ^ Hajar , Rachel ( 1999 ) . `` The Greco - Islamic Pulse '' . Heart Views. 1 ( 4 ) : 136 -- 140 ( 138 ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Reflections , Chairman 's ( 2004 ) . `` Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs , Part II : Blood - letting '' . Heart Views. 5 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 85 ( 80 ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ West , J.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Ibn al - Nafis , the pulmonary circulation , and the Islamic Golden Age '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 105 ( 6 ) : 1877 -- 1880 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 91171.2008 . PMC 2612469 . PMID 18845773 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez Etxeberria , Patxi ( 2011 ) Amor a la verdad , el -- vida y obra de Miguel servet ( The love for truth . Life and work of Michael Servetus ) . Navarro y Navarro , Zaragoza , collaboration with the Government of Navarra , Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra . ISBN 8423532666 pp. 215 -- 228 & 62nd illustration ( XLVII ) Jump up ^ Michael Servetus Research Study with graphical proof on the Manuscript of Paris and many other manuscripts and new works by Servetus Jump up ^ Pormann , Peter E. and Smith , E. Savage ( 2007 ) Medieval Islamic medicine Georgetown University , Washington DC , p. 48 , ISBN 1589011619 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Tiffany K. ( 2011 ) . American women of science since 1900 . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 677 -- 678 . ISBN 9781598841589 . External links ( edit ) Look up vein in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Merck Manual article on veins American Venous Forum American College of Phlebology American Board of Phlebology American College of Phlebology Foundation International Union of Phlebology Australasian College of Phlebology Information from the Australasian College of Phlebology Website In economics : Arterial and venous industries Animated Venous Access tutorials Scientific publications ( edit ) Phlebology : The Journal of Venous Disease Phlebology : 1986 -- 1999 Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Arteries and veins Vessels Arteries Nutrient artery Arteriole Metarteriole Elastic artery Capillaries Types Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal Precapillary sphincter Precapillary resistance Veins Vena comitans Superficial vein Deep vein Emissary veins Venous plexus Venule Lymph Lymphatic vessel Lymph Lymph capillary Circulatory system Systemic Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → ( Right heart ) Pulmonary Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart Microanatomy Microvessel Microcirculation Tunica intima Endothelium Internal elastic lamina Tunica media Tunica externa Vasa vasorum Vasa nervorum Vascular nerves Rete mirabile Circulatory anastomosis ( hide ) Veins in the human body Veins of the head and neck External jugular Retromandibular maxillary pterygoid plexus superficial temporal anterior auricular Direct posterior auricular transverse cervical suprascapular anterior jugular jugular venous arch Internal jugular Diploic / brain Cerebral Superficial : superior superficial middle inferior inferior anastomotic ( Labbé ) superior anastomotic ( Trolard ) Deep : great internal basal deep middle superior thalamostriate Cerebellar superior inferior Sinuses To COS superior sagittal straight inferior sagittal occipital To CS sphenoparietal intercavernous superior ophthalmic ethmoidal central retinal nasofrontal vorticose veins inferior ophthalmic To IJV sigmoid : transverse petrosquamous superior petrosal inferior petrosal basilar plexus internal auditory veins condylar Facial / common facial frontal supraorbital angular superior labial inferior labial deep facial Direct lingual dorsal lingual deep lingual sublingual pharyngeal superior thyroid superior laryngeal middle thyroid Brachiocephalic Vertebral occipital occipital emissary suboccipital venous plexus deep cervical Direct inferior thyroid inferior laryngeal thymic Veins of the thorax and vertebral column Thorax Heart Coronary sinus Great cardiac ( Left marginal ) Posterior of the left ventricle Oblique of the left atrium ( Ligament of the left vena cava ) Middle cardiac Small cardiac vein Anterior cardiac ( Right marginal ) Smallest cardiac veins Right atrial veins Right ventricular veins Lungs Pulmonary veins superior vena cava Brachiocephalic internal thoracic anterior intercostal superior epigastric left superior intercostal supreme vertebral subclavian axillary : lateral thoracic thoracoepigastric dorsal scapular external jugular pericardiacophrenic internal jugular Azygos right superior intercostal bronchial intercostal / posterior intercostal 5 - 11 accessory hemiazygos / hemiazygos superior phrenic Vertebral column vertebral venous plexuses external internal spinal posterior anterior basivertebral intervertebral Veins of the abdomen and pelvis To azygos system ascending lumbar subcostal IVC ( Systemic ) To IVC or left renal vein inferior phrenic hepatic central veins of liver liver sinusoid suprarenal renal gonadal ovarian ♀ / testicular ♂ pampiniform plexus ♂ lumbar common iliac Common iliac Unpaired median sacral vein Internal iliac posterior : iliolumbar superior gluteal lateral sacral anterior : inferior gluteal obturator uterine ♀ uterine plexus ♀ vesical vesical plexus prostatic plexus ♂ deep of penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ vaginal plexus / vein ♀ middle rectal internal pudendal inferior rectal bulb of penis ♂ / vestibule ♀ rectal plexus External iliac inferior epigastric deep circumflex iliac vein Portal vein ( Portal ) Splenic short gastric left gastroepiploic pancreatic inferior mesenteric superior rectal left colic Superior mesenteric right gastroepiploic pancreaticoduodenal jejunal ileal middle colic right colic ileocolic appendicular Direct cystic left gastric / esophageal right gastric paraumbilical Veins of the human arm General Subscapular Axillary Circumflex scapular Superficial arm : Cephalic Accessory cephalic Median cubital Basilic Median antebrachial hand / forearm : Dorsal network Intercapitular Dorsal metacarpal Superficial palmar arch Palmar digital Deep arm : Radial Ulnar Brachial hand / forearm : Deep palmar arch Palmar metacarpal Veins of the human leg thigh femoral deep vein of the thigh popliteal deep leg fibular anterior tibial posterior tibial superficial leg small saphenous great saphenous external pudendal superficial of penis / clitoris foot dorsal arch dorsal metatarsal dorsal digital plantar arch plantar metatarsal common digital plantar digital GND : 4187475 - 4 NDL : 00575032 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vein&oldid=835168976 '' Categories : Veins Cardiovascular physiology Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2010 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Walon West - 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6187189580463689915	Blaze and the Monster Machines	Blaze and the monster Machines - wikipedia Blaze and the monster Machines Jump to : navigation , search Blaze and the Monster Machines Created by Jeff Borkin Ellen Martin Starring Nolan North Dusan Brown ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Caleel Harris ( Seasons 2 - present ) Angelina Wahler Alexander Polinsky James Patrick Stuart Sunil Malhotra Kate Higgins Kevin Michael Richardson Nat Faxon Opening theme `` Blaze and the Monster Machines Title theme '' Ending theme `` It 's Blaze '' Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Nerd Corps Entertainment ( 2014 - 2016 ) DHX Media ( 2016 - present ) Nickelodeon Animation Studio Distributor DHX Media Viacom Media Networks Release Original network Nickelodeon ( US ) Channel 5 and Nick Jr . ( UK ) Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) -- present External links Website www.nickjr.com/blaze-and-the-monster-machines Blaze and the Monster Machines is a CGI interactive educational animated television series with a focus of learning about STEM . The series premiered on Nickelodeon on October 13 , 2014 . The first season ran for 20 episodes . On June 15 , 2015 , it was renewed for a third season . On June 21 , 2016 , it was renewed for a fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Main characters 3 Secondary Characters 4 Episodes 5 DVD Releases 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The show focuses on Blaze , a red monster truck , and his young but smart driver , AJ . They live in a world that involves many living monster trucks , including their truck friends Starla , Stripes , Zeg , and Darington . Another friend of theirs is a girl named Gabby , who is a mechanic who can fix anything . Each episode also features Crusher , a sneaky blue truck who cheats in races . Crusher is almost always accompanied by a green car named Pickle . Animals in this monster machine world also have blended windows and wheels ; however AJ and Gabby are not vehicles at all . In some episodes , Blaze , AJ and their friends are in a race against Crusher . During the race , Crusher cheats , usually with the help of his gray robots . However , Blaze and AJ manage to get through his traps , and they always beat him at the last second with the help of his blazing speed . Some episodes do not involve races , but still have Blaze competing against Crusher , sometimes by racing against him to get an item . Sometimes it will involve helping a truck friend such as Starla , Zeg , Darington , Stripes , or even Crusher . Main characters ( edit ) Blaze ( voiced by Nolan North ) is an orange - red monster truck who is good hearted , loyal and brave . As one of the main protagonists , he is Axle City 's number one racer . At the start of Season 2 , Blaze becomes the newest member of the Axle City Fire Department . AJ ( voiced by Dusan Brown ( Season 1 - Early Season 2 ) and later by Caleel Harris ) is Blaze 's best friend and driver , an eight - year - old science and technology expert . Gabby ( voiced by Angelina Wahler ) is a knowledgeable mechanic who fixes up the trucks when they are damaged . Stripes ( voiced by Sunil Malhotra ) is a striped truck with the abilities of a tiger such as a high sense of smell and retractable claws in his tires . Starla ( voiced by Kate Higgins ) is a purple pickup truck , a roping expert and speaks with a thick southern accent . She runs a farm outside the city . Darington ( voiced by Alexander Polinsky ) is a clumsy yet fearless blue monster truck who loves stunts . Zeg ( voiced by James Patrick Stuart ) is a half - triceratops , half - monster truck with brute tendencies . He has a short vocabulary and tends to refer to himself in third person . Crusher ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is Blaze and AJ 's rival and the main antagonist of the series . He is childish , whiny , egotistical , and he cheats in most episodes just to get his way , he also poses no significance threat to Blaze and Blaze himself is unaware of Crushers cheating antics . Pickle ( voiced by Nat Faxon ) is a green monster truck who is Crusher 's sidekick despite Crusher 's indifference towards him . He tends to look on the brighter side of things and is quite goofy and has an extremely high pitch voice . Secondary Characters ( edit ) Bump Bumperman ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) Joe ( voiced by Nat Faxon ) Gus ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) Gasquatch ( voiced by Fred Tatasciore ) Grammy ( voiced by Susan Silo ) The Fire Chief ( voiced by Joe Manganiello ) Pegwheel Pete ( voiced by Anthony Anderson ) The Great Sphinx ( voiced by Mayim Bialik ) Santa ( voiced by Bob Joles ) The Voice of Christmas ( voiced by Carl Reiner ) Swoops ( voiced by David Shatraw ) Speedrick ( voiced by Keith Ferguson ) Rally ( voiced by Danica Patrick ) Mark Set - go ( voiced by Chase Elliott ) Dash ( voiced by Jimmie Johnson ) Fender ( voiced by Kasey Kahne ) Becky Checkerflag ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) The Light Thief ( voiced by Melissa Rauch ) Lazard ( voiced by Billy Ray Cyrus ) Snout ( voiced by Ian James Corlett ) Wartimer ( voiced by Trevor Devall ) Bunk the Elephant ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) Bam the Gorilla ( voiced by Sirena Irwin ) Skyler the Falcon ( voiced by Kate Higgins ) Tooks ( voiced by Kelsea Ballerini ) Various Voices ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Blaze and the Monster Machines episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 20 September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 20 October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) TBA DVD Releases ( edit ) Title Region 1 Blaze of Glory February 17 , 2015 High - Speed Adventures August 11 , 2015 Rev Up and Roar February 16 , 2016 Fired Up ! July 12 , 2016 Race Into Velocityville February 14 , 2017 Broadcast ( edit ) Blaze and the Monster Machines premiered on Nick Jr. in the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 6 , 2015 and on Nick Jr. in Australia and New Zealand on March 9 . The series is also airing on Nickelodeon and Treehouse TV in Canada , Nick Jr. in Africa ( , TNT in Russia ( Вспыш и чудо - машинки ) , and HOP ! in Israel ( בלייז וחברי משאית המפלצת שלו ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140313005909/en/Nickelodeon-Debut-100-Episodes-Brand-New-Educational-Preschool#.VFGaZvnF98E Jump up ^ http://kidscreen.com/2015/06/15/nick-boosts-preschool-with-sid-and-marty-krofft-pick-up-more-blaze/ Jump up ^ http://kidscreen.com/2016/06/21/more-blaze-paws-shimmer-for-nickelodeon/ Jump up ^ `` '' Blaze and the Monster Machines '' ( 2014 ) - Episodes cast `` . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` PREPARE FOR MONSTER TRUCK ADVENTURES IN BLAZE AND THE MONSTER MACHINES '' . Viacom UK & Ireland Press Centre ( Press release ) . London : Viacom International Media Networks . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Airdate : Blaze and the Monster Machines '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CORUS KIDS JUNE / JULY 2015 HIGHLIGHTS '' . Corus Entertainment ( Press release ) . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferreira , Thinus . `` BET and two new channel2014 '' . Channel 24 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Blaze and the Monster Machines on IMDb Blaze and the Monster Machines at TV.com ( hide ) Nick Jr. original programming Former 1980s debuts Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 1995 ) 1990s debuts Nick Jr . 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( since 2014 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Hey Duggee ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Nick Jr . Puppies ( since 2015 ) Mutt & Stuff ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Miffy 's Adventures Big and Small ( since 2015 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Top Wing ( November 6 , 2017 ) Rainbow Rangers ( Fall 2017 ) Butterbean 's Café ( 2018 ) Abby Hatcher ( 2017 ) See also Nickelodeon on CBS Nickelodeon Book Nickelodeon portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blaze_and_the_Monster_Machines&oldid=808308666 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2010s Canadian animated television series 2014 American television series debuts 2014 Canadian television series debuts American children 's animated television series American children 's fantasy television series Canadian children 's animated television series Canadian children 's fantasy television series Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters English - language television programs Nick Jr. shows Nickelodeon shows Treehouse TV shows Computer - animated television series Preschool education television series Television series by DHX Media Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 02 : 29 . 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5351813227945413543	Poetry	Poetry - wikipedia Poetry This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the art form . For other uses , see Poetry ( disambiguation ) . `` Poem '' , `` Poems '' , and `` Poetic '' redirect here . For other uses , see Poem ( disambiguation ) , Poems ( disambiguation ) , and Poetic ( disambiguation ) . The Parnassus ( 1511 ) by Raphael : famous poets recite alongside the nine Muses atop Mount Parnassus . Poetry ( the term derives from a variant of the Greek term , poiesis , `` making '' ) is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language -- such as phonaesthetics , sound symbolism , and metre -- to evoke meanings in addition to , or in place of , the prosaic ostensible meaning . Poetry has a long history , dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh . Early poems evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing , or from a need to retell oral epics , as with the Sanskrit Vedas , Zoroastrian Gathas , and the Homeric epics , the Iliad and the Odyssey . Ancient attempts to define poetry , such as Aristotle 's Poetics , focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric , drama , song and comedy . Later attempts concentrated on features such as repetition , verse form and rhyme , and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry from more objectively informative , prosaic forms of writing . From the mid-20th century , poetry has sometimes been more generally regarded as a fundamental creative act employing language . Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words , or to evoke emotive responses . Devices such as assonance , alliteration , onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects . The use of ambiguity , symbolism , irony and other stylistic elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations . Similarly figures of speech such as metaphor , simile and metonymy create a resonance between otherwise disparate images -- a layering of meanings , forming connections previously not perceived . Kindred forms of resonance may exist , between individual verses , in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm . Some poetry types are specific to particular cultures and genres and respond to characteristics of the language in which the poet writes . Readers accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante , Goethe , Mickiewicz and Rumi may think of it as written in lines based on rhyme and regular meter ; there are , however , traditions , such as Biblical poetry , that use other means to create rhythm and euphony . Much modern poetry reflects a critique of poetic tradition , playing with and testing , among other things , the principle of euphony itself , sometimes altogether forgoing rhyme or set rhythm . In today 's increasingly globalized world , poets often adapt forms , styles and techniques from diverse cultures and languages . Literature Major forms Novel Poem Drama Short story Novella Genres Comedy Drama Epic Erotic Nonsense Lyric Mythopoeia Romance Satire Tragedy Tragicomedy Media Performance play Book Techniques Prose Poetry History and lists History modern Outline Glossary of terms Books Writers Literary awards poetry Discussion Criticism Theory ( critical theory ) Sociology Magazines Literature portal Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Western traditions 1.2 20th - century and 21st - century disputes 2 Elements 2.1 Prosody 2.1. 1 Rhythm 2.1. 2 Meter 2.1. 3 Metrical patterns 2.2 Rhyme , alliteration , assonance 2.2. 1 Rhyming schemes 2.3 Form in poetry 2.3. 1 Lines and stanzas 2.3. 2 Visual presentation 2.4 Diction 3 Forms 3.1 Sonnet 3.2 Shi 3.3 Villanelle 3.4 Limerick 3.5 Tanka 3.6 Haiku 3.7 Ode 3.8 Ghazal 4 Genres 4.1 Narrative poetry 4.2 Lyric poetry 4.3 Epic poetry 4.4 Satirical poetry 4.5 Elegy 4.6 Verse fable 4.7 Dramatic poetry 4.8 Speculative poetry 4.9 Prose poetry 4.10 Light poetry 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 Further reading 7.1 Anthologies History ( edit ) Aristotle Main articles : History of poetry and Literary theory Some scholars believe that the art of poetry may predate literacy . Others , however , suggest that poetry did not necessarily predate writing . The oldest surviving epic poem , the Epic of Gilgamesh , comes from the 3rd millennium BCE in Sumer ( in Mesopotamia , now Iraq ) , and was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and , later , on papyrus . A tablet dating to c. 2000 BCE describes an annual rite in which the king symbolically married and mated with the goddess Inanna to ensure fertility and prosperity ; it is considered the world 's oldest love poem . An example of Egyptian epic poetry is The Story of Sinuhe ( c. 1800 BCE ) . An early Chinese poetics , the Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn ( 孔子詩論 ) , discussing the Shijing ( Classic of Poetry ) Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics , the Iliad and the Odyssey ; the Avestan books , the Gathic Avesta and the Yasna ; the Roman national epic , Virgil 's Aeneid ; and the Indian epics , the Ramayana and the Mahabharata . Epic poetry , including the Odyssey , the Gathas , and the Indian Vedas , appears to have been composed in poetic form as an aid to memorization and oral transmission , in prehistoric and ancient societies . Other forms of poetry developed directly from folk songs . The earliest entries in the oldest extant collection of Chinese poetry , the Shijing , were initially lyrics . The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad , resulted in `` poetics '' -- the study of the aesthetics of poetry . Some ancient societies , such as China 's through her Shijing ( Classic of Poetry ) , developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance . More recently , thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bashō 's Oku no Hosomichi , as well as differences in context spanning Tanakh religious poetry , love poetry , and rap . Western traditions ( edit ) John Keats Classical thinkers employed classification as a way to define and assess the quality of poetry . Notably , the existing fragments of Aristotle 's Poetics describe three genres of poetry -- the epic , the comic , and the tragic -- and develop rules to distinguish the highest - quality poetry in each genre , based on the underlying purposes of the genre . Later aestheticians identified three major genres : epic poetry , lyric poetry , and dramatic poetry , treating comedy and tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry . Aristotle 's work was influential throughout the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age , as well as in Europe during the Renaissance . Later poets and aestheticians often distinguished poetry from , and defined it in opposition to prose , which was generally understood as writing with a proclivity to logical explication and a linear narrative structure . This does not imply that poetry is illogical or lacks narration , but rather that poetry is an attempt to render the beautiful or sublime without the burden of engaging the logical or narrative thought process . English Romantic poet John Keats termed this escape from logic `` Negative Capability '' . This `` romantic '' approach views form as a key element of successful poetry because form is abstract and distinct from the underlying notional logic . This approach remained influential into the 20th century . During this period , there was also substantially more interaction among the various poetic traditions , in part due to the spread of European colonialism and the attendant rise in global trade . In addition to a boom in translation , during the Romantic period numerous ancient works were rediscovered . 20th - century and 21st - century disputes ( edit ) Archibald MacLeish Some 20th - century literary theorists , relying less on the opposition of prose and poetry , focused on the poet as simply one who creates using language , and poetry as what the poet creates . The underlying concept of the poet as creator is not uncommon , and some modernist poets essentially do not distinguish between the creation of a poem with words , and creative acts in other media . Yet other modernists challenge the very attempt to define poetry as misguided . The rejection of traditional forms and structures for poetry that began in the first half of the 20th century coincided with a questioning of the purpose and meaning of traditional definitions of poetry and of distinctions between poetry and prose , particularly given examples of poetic prose and prosaic poetry . Numerous modernist poets have written in non-traditional forms or in what traditionally would have been considered prose , although their writing was generally infused with poetic diction and often with rhythm and tone established by non-metrical means . While there was a substantial formalist reaction within the modernist schools to the breakdown of structure , this reaction focused as much on the development of new formal structures and syntheses as on the revival of older forms and structures . Recently , postmodernism has come to convey more completely prose and poetry as distinct entities , and also among genres of poetry , as having meaning only as cultural artifacts . Postmodernism goes beyond modernism 's emphasis on the creative role of the poet , to emphasize the role of the reader of a text ( Hermeneutics ) , and to highlight the complex cultural web within which a poem is read . Today , throughout the world , poetry often incorporates poetic form and diction from other cultures and from the past , further confounding attempts at definition and classification that were once sensible within a tradition such as the Western canon . The early 21st century poetic tradition appears to continue to strongly orient itself to earlier precursor poetic traditions such as those initiated by Whitman , Emerson , and Wordsworth . The literary critic Geoffrey Hartman has used the phrase `` the anxiety of demand '' to describe contemporary response to older poetic traditions as `` being fearful that the fact no longer has a form '' , building on a trope introduced by Emerson . Emerson had maintained that in the debate concerning poetic structure where either `` form '' or `` fact '' could predominate , that one need simply `` Ask the fact for the form . '' This has been challenged at various levels by other literary scholars such as Bloom who has stated in summary form concerning the early 21st century that : `` The generation of poets who stand together now , mature and ready to write the major American verse of the twenty - first century , may yet be seen as what Stevens called ' a great shadow 's last embellishment , ' the shadow being Emerson 's . '' Elements ( edit ) Prosody ( edit ) Main article : Meter ( poetry ) Prosody is the study of the meter , rhythm , and intonation of a poem . Rhythm and meter are different , although closely related . Meter is the definitive pattern established for a verse ( such as iambic pentameter ) , while rhythm is the actual sound that results from a line of poetry . Prosody also may be used more specifically to refer to the scanning of poetic lines to show meter . Rhythm ( edit ) Main articles : Timing ( linguistics ) , tone ( linguistics ) , and Pitch accent Robinson Jeffers The methods for creating poetic rhythm vary across languages and between poetic traditions . Languages are often described as having timing set primarily by accents , syllables , or moras , depending on how rhythm is established , though a language can be influenced by multiple approaches . Japanese is a mora - timed language . Syllable - timed languages include Latin , Catalan , French , Leonese , Galician and Spanish . English , Russian and , generally , German are stress - timed languages . Varying intonation also affects how rhythm is perceived . Languages can rely on either pitch , such as in Vedic Sanskrit or Ancient Greek , or tone . Tonal languages include Chinese , Vietnamese and most Subsaharan languages . Metrical rhythm generally involves precise arrangements of stresses or syllables into repeated patterns called feet within a line . In Modern English verse the pattern of stresses primarily differentiate feet , so rhythm based on meter in Modern English is most often founded on the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables ( alone or elided ) . In the classical languages , on the other hand , while the metrical units are similar , vowel length rather than stresses define the meter . Old English poetry used a metrical pattern involving varied numbers of syllables but a fixed number of strong stresses in each line . Marianne Moore The chief device of ancient Hebrew Biblical poetry , including many of the psalms , was parallelism , a rhetorical structure in which successive lines reflected each other in grammatical structure , sound structure , notional content , or all three . Parallelism lent itself to antiphonal or call - and - response performance , which could also be reinforced by intonation . Thus , Biblical poetry relies much less on metrical feet to create rhythm , but instead creates rhythm based on much larger sound units of lines , phrases and sentences . Some classical poetry forms , such as Venpa of the Tamil language , had rigid grammars ( to the point that they could be expressed as a context - free grammar ) which ensured a rhythm . In Chinese poetry , tones as well as stresses create rhythm . Classical Chinese poetics identifies four tones : the level tone , rising tone , departing tone , and entering tone . The formal patterns of meter used in Modern English verse to create rhythm no longer dominate contemporary English poetry . In the case of free verse , rhythm is often organized based on looser units of cadence rather than a regular meter . Robinson Jeffers , Marianne Moore , and William Carlos Williams are three notable poets who reject the idea that regular accentual meter is critical to English poetry . Jeffers experimented with sprung rhythm as an alternative to accentual rhythm . Meter ( edit ) Attic red - figure kathalos painting of Sappho from circa 470 BC Main article : Systems of scansion In the Western poetic tradition , meters are customarily grouped according to a characteristic metrical foot and the number of feet per line . The number of metrical feet in a line are described using Greek terminology : tetrameter for four feet and hexameter for six feet , for example . Thus , `` iambic pentameter '' is a meter comprising five feet per line , in which the predominant kind of foot is the `` iamb '' . This metric system originated in ancient Greek poetry , and was used by poets such as Pindar and Sappho , and by the great tragedians of Athens . Similarly , `` dactylic hexameter '' , comprises six feet per line , of which the dominant kind of foot is the `` dactyl '' . Dactylic hexameter was the traditional meter of Greek epic poetry , the earliest extant examples of which are the works of Homer and Hesiod . Iambic pentameter and dactylic hexameter were later used by a number of poets , including William Shakespeare and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , respectively . The most common metrical feet in English are : Homer : Roman bust , based on Greek original iamb -- one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable ( e.g. describe , Include , retract ) trochee -- one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable ( e.g. picture , flower ) dactyl -- one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables ( e.g. annotate an - no - tate ) anapest -- two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable ( e.g. comprehend com - pre-hend ) spondee -- two stressed syllables together ( e.g. e-nough ) pyrrhic -- two unstressed syllables together ( rare , usually used to end dactylic hexameter ) There are a wide range of names for other types of feet , right up to a choriamb , a four syllable metric foot with a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables and closing with a stressed syllable . The choriamb is derived from some ancient Greek and Latin poetry . Languages which utilize vowel length or intonation rather than or in addition to syllabic accents in determining meter , such as Ottoman Turkish or Vedic , often have concepts similar to the iamb and dactyl to describe common combinations of long and short sounds . Each of these types of feet has a certain `` feel , '' whether alone or in combination with other feet . The iamb , for example , is the most natural form of rhythm in the English language , and generally produces a subtle but stable verse . Scanning meter can often show the basic or fundamental pattern underlying a verse , but does not show the varying degrees of stress , as well as the differing pitches and lengths of syllables . There is debate over how useful a multiplicity of different `` feet '' is in describing meter . For example , Robert Pinsky has argued that while dactyls are important in classical verse , English dactylic verse uses dactyls very irregularly and can be better described based on patterns of iambs and anapests , feet which he considers natural to the language . Actual rhythm is significantly more complex than the basic scanned meter described above , and many scholars have sought to develop systems that would scan such complexity . Vladimir Nabokov noted that overlaid on top of the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of verse was a separate pattern of accents resulting from the natural pitch of the spoken words , and suggested that the term `` scud '' be used to distinguish an unaccented stress from an accented stress . Metrical patterns ( edit ) Carroll 's `` Hunting of the Snark '' is mainly in anapestic tetrameter . Main article : Meter ( poetry ) Different traditions and genres of poetry tend to use different meters , ranging from the Shakespearean iambic pentameter and the Homeric dactylic hexameter to the anapestic tetrameter used in many nursery rhymes . However , a number of variations to the established meter are common , both to provide emphasis or attention to a given foot or line and to avoid boring repetition . For example , the stress in a foot may be inverted , a caesura ( or pause ) may be added ( sometimes in place of a foot or stress ) , or the final foot in a line may be given a feminine ending to soften it or be replaced by a spondee to emphasize it and create a hard stop . Some patterns ( such as iambic pentameter ) tend to be fairly regular , while other patterns , such as dactylic hexameter , tend to be highly irregular . Regularity can vary between language . In addition , different patterns often develop distinctively in different languages , so that , for example , iambic tetrameter in Russian will generally reflect a regularity in the use of accents to reinforce the meter , which does not occur , or occurs to a much lesser extent , in English . Alexander Pushkin Some common metrical patterns , with notable examples of poets and poems who use them , include : Iambic pentameter ( John Milton , Paradise Lost ; William Shakespeare , Sonnets ) Dactylic hexameter ( Homer , Iliad ; Virgil , Aeneid ) Iambic tetrameter ( Andrew Marvell , `` To His Coy Mistress '' ; Alexander Pushkin , Eugene Onegin ; Robert Frost , Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening ) Trochaic octameter ( Edgar Allan Poe , `` The Raven '' ) Trochaic tetrameter ( Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ) `` The Song of Hiawatha '' ; the Finnish national epic `` Kalevala '' is also in trochaic tetrameter , the natural rhythm of Finnish and Estonian . Alexandrine ( Jean Racine , Phèdre ) Rhyme , alliteration , assonance ( edit ) The Old English epic poem Beowulf is in alliterative verse . Main articles : Rhyme , Alliterative verse , and Assonance Rhyme , alliteration , assonance and consonance are ways of creating repetitive patterns of sound . They may be used as an independent structural element in a poem , to reinforce rhythmic patterns , or as an ornamental element . They can also carry a meaning separate from the repetitive sound patterns created . For example , Chaucer used heavy alliteration to mock Old English verse and to paint a character as archaic . Rhyme consists of identical ( `` hard - rhyme '' ) or similar ( `` soft - rhyme '' ) sounds placed at the ends of lines or at predictable locations within lines ( `` internal rhyme '' ) . Languages vary in the richness of their rhyming structures ; Italian , for example , has a rich rhyming structure permitting maintenance of a limited set of rhymes throughout a lengthy poem . The richness results from word endings that follow regular forms . English , with its irregular word endings adopted from other languages , is less rich in rhyme . The degree of richness of a language 's rhyming structures plays a substantial role in determining what poetic forms are commonly used in that language . Alliteration is the repetition of letters or letter - sounds at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other , or at short intervals ; or the recurrence of the same letter in accented parts of words . Alliteration and assonance played a key role in structuring early Germanic , Norse and Old English forms of poetry . The alliterative patterns of early Germanic poetry interweave meter and alliteration as a key part of their structure , so that the metrical pattern determines when the listener expects instances of alliteration to occur . This can be compared to an ornamental use of alliteration in most Modern European poetry , where alliterative patterns are not formal or carried through full stanzas . Alliteration is particularly useful in languages with less rich rhyming structures . Assonance , where the use of similar vowel sounds within a word rather than similar sounds at the beginning or end of a word , was widely used in skaldic poetry , but goes back to the Homeric epic . Because verbs carry much of the pitch in the English language , assonance can loosely evoke the tonal elements of Chinese poetry and so is useful in translating Chinese poetry . Consonance occurs where a consonant sound is repeated throughout a sentence without putting the sound only at the front of a word . Consonance provokes a more subtle effect than alliteration and so is less useful as a structural element . Rhyming schemes ( edit ) Divine Comedy : Dante and Beatrice see God as a point of light . Main article : Rhyme scheme In many languages , including modern European languages and Arabic , poets use rhyme in set patterns as a structural element for specific poetic forms , such as ballads , sonnets and rhyming couplets . However , the use of structural rhyme is not universal even within the European tradition . Much modern poetry avoids traditional rhyme schemes . Classical Greek and Latin poetry did not use rhyme . Rhyme entered European poetry in the High Middle Ages , in part under the influence of the Arabic language in Al Andalus ( modern Spain ) . Arabic language poets used rhyme extensively from the first development of literary Arabic in the sixth century , as in their long , rhyming qasidas . Some rhyming schemes have become associated with a specific language , culture or period , while other rhyming schemes have achieved use across languages , cultures or time periods . Some forms of poetry carry a consistent and well - defined rhyming scheme , such as the chant royal or the rubaiyat , while other poetic forms have variable rhyme schemes . Most rhyme schemes are described using letters that correspond to sets of rhymes , so if the first , second and fourth lines of a quatrain rhyme with each other and the third line does not rhyme , the quatrain is said to have an `` a-a-b-a '' rhyme scheme . This rhyme scheme is the one used , for example , in the rubaiyat form . Similarly , an `` a-b-b-a '' quatrain ( what is known as `` enclosed rhyme '' ) is used in such forms as the Petrarchan sonnet . Some types of more complicated rhyming schemes have developed names of their own , separate from the `` a-b-c '' convention , such as the ottava rima and terza rima . The types and use of differing rhyming schemes is discussed further in the main article . Form in poetry ( edit ) Poetic form is more flexible in modernist and post-modernist poetry , and continues to be less structured than in previous literary eras . Many modern poets eschew recognisable structures or forms , and write in free verse . But poetry remains distinguished from prose by its form ; some regard for basic formal structures of poetry will be found in even the best free verse , however much such structures may appear to have been ignored . Similarly , in the best poetry written in classic styles there will be departures from strict form for emphasis or effect . Among major structural elements used in poetry are the line , the stanza or verse paragraph , and larger combinations of stanzas or lines such as cantos . Also sometimes used are broader visual presentations of words and calligraphy . These basic units of poetic form are often combined into larger structures , called poetic forms or poetic modes ( see following section ) , as in the sonnet or haiku . Lines and stanzas ( edit ) Poetry is often separated into lines on a page . These lines may be based on the number of metrical feet , or may emphasize a rhyming pattern at the ends of lines . Lines may serve other functions , particularly where the poem is not written in a formal metrical pattern . Lines can separate , compare or contrast thoughts expressed in different units , or can highlight a change in tone . See the article on line breaks for information about the division between lines . Lines of poems are often organized into stanzas , which are denominated by the number of lines included . Thus a collection of two lines is a couplet ( or distich ) , three lines a triplet ( or tercet ) , four lines a quatrain , and so on . These lines may or may not relate to each other by rhyme or rhythm . For example , a couplet may be two lines with identical meters which rhyme or two lines held together by a common meter alone . Blok 's Russian poem , `` Noch , ulitsa , fonar , apteka '' ( `` Night , street , lamp , drugstore '' ) , on a wall in Leiden Other poems may be organized into verse paragraphs , in which regular rhymes with established rhythms are not used , but the poetic tone is instead established by a collection of rhythms , alliterations , and rhymes established in paragraph form . Many medieval poems were written in verse paragraphs , even where regular rhymes and rhythms were used . In many forms of poetry , stanzas are interlocking , so that the rhyming scheme or other structural elements of one stanza determine those of succeeding stanzas . Examples of such interlocking stanzas include , for example , the ghazal and the villanelle , where a refrain ( or , in the case of the villanelle , refrains ) is established in the first stanza which then repeats in subsequent stanzas . Related to the use of interlocking stanzas is their use to separate thematic parts of a poem . For example , the strophe , antistrophe and epode of the ode form are often separated into one or more stanzas . In some cases , particularly lengthier formal poetry such as some forms of epic poetry , stanzas themselves are constructed according to strict rules and then combined . In skaldic poetry , the dróttkvætt stanza had eight lines , each having three `` lifts '' produced with alliteration or assonance . In addition to two or three alliterations , the odd numbered lines had partial rhyme of consonants with dissimilar vowels , not necessarily at the beginning of the word ; the even lines contained internal rhyme in set syllables ( not necessarily at the end of the word ) . Each half - line had exactly six syllables , and each line ended in a trochee . The arrangement of dróttkvætts followed far less rigid rules than the construction of the individual dróttkvætts . Visual presentation ( edit ) Visual poetry Main article : Visual poetry Even before the advent of printing , the visual appearance of poetry often added meaning or depth . Acrostic poems conveyed meanings in the initial letters of lines or in letters at other specific places in a poem . In Arabic , Hebrew and Chinese poetry , the visual presentation of finely calligraphed poems has played an important part in the overall effect of many poems . With the advent of printing , poets gained greater control over the mass - produced visual presentations of their work . Visual elements have become an important part of the poet 's toolbox , and many poets have sought to use visual presentation for a wide range of purposes . Some Modernist poets have made the placement of individual lines or groups of lines on the page an integral part of the poem 's composition . At times , this complements the poem 's rhythm through visual caesuras of various lengths , or creates juxtapositions so as to accentuate meaning , ambiguity or irony , or simply to create an aesthetically pleasing form . In its most extreme form , this can lead to concrete poetry or asemic writing . Diction ( edit ) Main article : Poetic diction Poetic diction treats the manner in which language is used , and refers not only to the sound but also to the underlying meaning and its interaction with sound and form . Many languages and poetic forms have very specific poetic dictions , to the point where distinct grammars and dialects are used specifically for poetry . Registers in poetry can range from strict employment of ordinary speech patterns , as favoured in much late - 20th - century prosody , through to highly ornate uses of language , as in medieval and Renaissance poetry . Poetic diction can include rhetorical devices such as simile and metaphor , as well as tones of voice , such as irony . Aristotle wrote in the Poetics that `` the greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor . '' Since the rise of Modernism , some poets have opted for a poetic diction that de-emphasizes rhetorical devices , attempting instead the direct presentation of things and experiences and the exploration of tone . On the other hand , Surrealists have pushed rhetorical devices to their limits , making frequent use of catachresis . Allegorical stories are central to the poetic diction of many cultures , and were prominent in the West during classical times , the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Aesop 's Fables , repeatedly rendered in both verse and prose since first being recorded about 500 B.C. , are perhaps the richest single source of allegorical poetry through the ages . Other notables examples include the Roman de la Rose , a 13th - century French poem , William Langland 's Piers Ploughman in the 14th century , and Jean de la Fontaine 's Fables ( influenced by Aesop 's ) in the 17th century . Rather than being fully allegorical , however , a poem may contain symbols or allusions that deepen the meaning or effect of its words without constructing a full allegory . Another element of poetic diction can be the use of vivid imagery for effect . The juxtaposition of unexpected or impossible images is , for example , a particularly strong element in surrealist poetry and haiku . Vivid images are often endowed with symbolism or metaphor . Many poetic dictions use repetitive phrases for effect , either a short phrase ( such as Homer 's `` rosy - fingered dawn '' or `` the wine - dark sea '' ) or a longer refrain . Such repetition can add a sombre tone to a poem , or can be laced with irony as the context of the words changes . Forms ( edit ) See also : Category : Poetic form Specific poetic forms have been developed by many cultures . In more developed , closed or `` received '' poetic forms , the rhyming scheme , meter and other elements of a poem are based on sets of rules , ranging from the relatively loose rules that govern the construction of an elegy to the highly formalized structure of the ghazal or villanelle . Described below are some common forms of poetry widely used across a number of languages . Additional forms of poetry may be found in the discussions of poetry of particular cultures or periods and in the glossary . Sonnet ( edit ) Shakespeare Main article : Sonnet Among the most common forms of poetry , popular from the Late Middle Ages on , is the sonnet , which by the 13th century had become standardized as fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical structure . By the 14th century and the Italian Renaissance , the form had further crystallized under the pen of Petrarch , whose sonnets were translated in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt , who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature . A traditional Italian or Petrarchan sonnet follows the rhyme scheme abba , abba , cdecde , though some variation , especially within the final six lines ( or sestet ) , is common . The English ( or Shakespearean ) sonnet follows the rhyme scheme abab , cdcd , efef , gg , introducing a third quatrain ( grouping of four lines ) , a final couplet , and a greater amount of variety with regard to rhyme than is usually found in its Italian predecessors . By convention , sonnets in English typically use iambic pentameter , while in the Romance languages , the hendecasyllable and Alexandrine are the most widely used meters . Sonnets of all types often make use of a volta , or `` turn , '' a point in the poem at which an idea is turned on its head , a question is answered ( or introduced ) , or the subject matter is further complicated . This volta can often take the form of a `` but '' statement contradicting or complicating the content of the earlier lines . In the Petrarchan sonnet , the turn tends to fall around the division between the first two quatrains and the sestet , while English sonnets usually place it at or near the beginning of the closing couplet . Carol Ann Duffy Sonnets are particularly associated with high poetic diction , vivid imagery , and romantic love , largely due to the influence of Petrarch as well as of early English practitioners such as Edmund Spenser ( who gave his name to the Spenserian sonnet ) , Michael Drayton , and Shakespeare , whose sonnets are among the most famous in English poetry , with twenty being included in the Oxford Book of English Verse . However , the twists and turns associated with the volta allow for a logical flexibility applicable to many subjects . Poets from the earliest centuries of the sonnet to the present have utilized the form to address topics related to politics ( John Milton , Percy Bysshe Shelley , Claude McKay ) , theology ( John Donne , Gerard Manley Hopkins ) , war ( Wilfred Owen , e.e. cummings ) , and gender and sexuality ( Carol Ann Duffy ) . Further , postmodern authors such as Ted Berrigan and John Berryman have challenged the traditional definitions of the sonnet form , rendering entire sequences of `` sonnets '' that often lack rhyme , a clear logical progression , or even a consistent count of fourteen lines . Shī ( edit ) Du Fu , `` On Visiting the Temple of Laozi '' Main article : Shi ( poetry ) Shi ( simplified Chinese : 诗 ; traditional Chinese : 詩 ; pinyin : shī ; Wade -- Giles : shih ) Is the main type of Classical Chinese poetry . Within this form of poetry the most important variations are `` folk song '' styled verse ( yuefu ) , `` old style '' verse ( gushi ) , `` modern style '' verse ( jintishi ) . In all cases , rhyming is obligatory . The Yuefu is a folk ballad or a poem written in the folk ballad style , and the number of lines and the length of the lines could be irregular . For the other variations of shi poetry , generally either a four line ( quatrain , or jueju ) or else an eight line poem is normal ; either way with the even numbered lines rhyming . The line length is scanned by according number of characters ( according to the convention that one character equals one syllable ) , and are predominantly either five or seven characters long , with a caesura before the final three syllables . The lines are generally end - stopped , considered as a series of couplets , and exhibit verbal parallelism as a key poetic device . The `` old style '' verse ( gushi ) is less formally strict than the jintishi , or regulated verse , which , despite the name `` new style '' verse actually had its theoretical basis laid as far back as Shen Yue ( 441 -- 513 CE ) , although not considered to have reached its full development until the time of Chen Zi'ang ( 661 -- 702 CE ) . A good example of a poet known for his gushi poems is Li Bai ( 701 -- 62 CE ) . Among its other rules , the jintishi rules regulate the tonal variations within a poem , including the use of set patterns of the four tones of Middle Chinese The basic form of jintishi ( lushi ) has eight lines in four couplets , with parallelism between the lines in the second and third couplets . The couplets with parallel lines contain contrasting content but an identical grammatical relationship between words . Jintishi often have a rich poetic diction , full of allusion , and can have a wide range of subject , including history and politics . One of the masters of the form was Du Fu ( 712 -- 70 CE ) , who wrote during the Tang Dynasty ( 8th century ) . Villanelle ( edit ) W.H. Auden Main article : Villanelle The villanelle is a nineteen - line poem made up of five triplets with a closing quatrain ; the poem is characterized by having two refrains , initially used in the first and third lines of the first stanza , and then alternately used at the close of each subsequent stanza until the final quatrain , which is concluded by the two refrains . The remaining lines of the poem have an a-b alternating rhyme . The villanelle has been used regularly in the English language since the late 19th century by such poets as Dylan Thomas , W.H. Auden , and Elizabeth Bishop . Limerick ( edit ) Main article : Limerick ( poetry ) A limerick is a poem that consists of five lines and is often humorous . Rhythm is very important in limericks for the first , second and fifth lines must have seven to ten syllables . However , the third and fourth lines only need five to seven . All of the lines must rhyme and have the same rhythm . Tanka ( edit ) Kakinomoto no Hitomaro Main article : Tanka Tanka is a form of unrhymed Japanese poetry , with five sections totalling 31 onji ( phonological units identical to morae ) , structured in a 5 - 7 - 5 - 7 - 7 pattern . There is generally a shift in tone and subject matter between the upper 5 - 7 - 5 phrase and the lower 7 - 7 phrase . Tanka were written as early as the Asuka period by such poets as Kakinomoto no Hitomaro ( fl . late 7th century ) , at a time when Japan was emerging from a period where much of its poetry followed Chinese form . Tanka was originally the shorter form of Japanese formal poetry ( which was generally referred to as `` waka '' ) , and was used more heavily to explore personal rather than public themes . By the tenth century , tanka had become the dominant form of Japanese poetry , to the point where the originally general term waka ( `` Japanese poetry '' ) came to be used exclusively for tanka . Tanka are still widely written today . Haiku ( edit ) Main article : Haiku Haiku is a popular form of unrhymed Japanese poetry , which evolved in the 17th century from the hokku , or opening verse of a renku . Generally written in a single vertical line , the haiku contains three sections totalling 17 onji , structured in a 5 - 7 - 5 pattern . Traditionally , haiku contain a kireji , or cutting word , usually placed at the end of one of the poem 's three sections , and a kigo , or season - word . The most famous exponent of the haiku was Matsuo Bashō ( 1644 -- 94 ) . An example of his writing : 富士の風や扇にのせて江戸土産 fuji no kaze ya oogi ni nosete Edo miyage the wind of Mt . Fuji I 've brought on my fan ! a gift from Edo Ode ( edit ) Horace Main article : Ode Odes were first developed by poets writing in ancient Greek , such as Pindar , and Latin , such as Horace . Forms of odes appear in many of the cultures that were influenced by the Greeks and Latins . The ode generally has three parts : a strophe , an antistrophe , and an epode . The antistrophes of the ode possess similar metrical structures and , depending on the tradition , similar rhyme structures . In contrast , the epode is written with a different scheme and structure . Odes have a formal poetic diction , and generally deal with a serious subject . The strophe and antistrophe look at the subject from different , often conflicting , perspectives , with the epode moving to a higher level to either view or resolve the underlying issues . Odes are often intended to be recited or sung by two choruses ( or individuals ) , with the first reciting the strophe , the second the antistrophe , and both together the epode . Over time , differing forms for odes have developed with considerable variations in form and structure , but generally showing the original influence of the Pindaric or Horatian ode . One non-Western form which resembles the ode is the qasida in Persian poetry . Ghazal ( edit ) Main article : Ghazal The ghazal ( also ghazel , gazel , gazal , or gozol ) is a form of poetry common in Arabic , Persian , Turkish , Azerbaijani , Urdu and Bengali poetry . In classic form , the ghazal has from five to fifteen rhyming couplets that share a refrain at the end of the second line . This refrain may be of one or several syllables , and is preceded by a rhyme . Each line has an identical meter . The ghazal often reflects on a theme of unattainable love or divinity . As with other forms with a long history in many languages , many variations have been developed , including forms with a quasi-musical poetic diction in Urdu . Ghazals have a classical affinity with Sufism , and a number of major Sufi religious works are written in ghazal form . The relatively steady meter and the use of the refrain produce an incantatory effect , which complements Sufi mystical themes well . Among the masters of the form is Rumi , a 13th - century Persian poet . One of the most famous poet in this type of poetry is Hafez . Themes of his Ghazal is exposing hypocrisy . His life and poems have been the subject of much analysis , commentary and interpretation , influencing post-fourteenth century Persian writing more than any other author . West - östlicher Diwan of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that is a collection of lyrical poems , has been inspired by the Persian poet Hafez . Genres ( edit ) In addition to specific forms of poems , poetry is often thought of in terms of different genres and subgenres . A poetic genre is generally a tradition or classification of poetry based on the subject matter , style , or other broader literary characteristics . Some commentators view genres as natural forms of literature . Others view the study of genres as the study of how different works relate and refer to other works . Narrative poetry ( edit ) Chaucer Main article : Narrative poetry Narrative poetry is a genre of poetry that tells a story . Broadly it subsumes epic poetry , but the term `` narrative poetry '' is often reserved for smaller works , generally with more appeal to human interest . Narrative poetry may be the oldest type of poetry . Many scholars of Homer have concluded that his Iliad and Odyssey were composed from compilations of shorter narrative poems that related individual episodes . Much narrative poetry -- such as Scottish and English ballads , and Baltic and Slavic heroic poems -- is performance poetry with roots in a preliterate oral tradition . It has been speculated that some features that distinguish poetry from prose , such as meter , alliteration and kennings , once served as memory aids for bards who recited traditional tales . Notable narrative poets have included Ovid , Dante , Juan Ruiz , William Langland , Chaucer , Fernando de Rojas , Luís de Camões , Shakespeare , Alexander Pope , Robert Burns , Adam Mickiewicz , Alexander Pushkin , Edgar Allan Poe , Alfred Tennyson , and Anne Carson . Lyric poetry ( edit ) Christine de Pizan ( left ) Main article : Lyric poetry Lyric poetry is a genre that , unlike epic and dramatic poetry , does not attempt to tell a story but instead is of a more personal nature . Poems in this genre tend to be shorter , melodic , and contemplative . Rather than depicting characters and actions , it portrays the poet 's own feelings , states of mind , and perceptions . Notable poets in this genre include Christine de Pizan , John Donne , Gerard Manley Hopkins , Antonio Machado , and Edna St. Vincent Millay . Epic poetry ( edit ) Camões Main article : Epic poetry Epic poetry is a genre of poetry , and a major form of narrative literature . This genre is often defined as lengthy poems concerning events of a heroic or important nature to the culture of the time . It recounts , in a continuous narrative , the life and works of a heroic or mythological person or group of persons . Examples of epic poems are Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey , Virgil 's Aeneid , the Nibelungenlied , Luís de Camões ' Os Lusíadas , the Cantar de Mio Cid , the Epic of Gilgamesh , the Mahabharata , Valmiki 's Ramayana , Ferdowsi 's Shahnama , Nizami ( or Nezami ) 's Khamse ( Five Books ) , and the Epic of King Gesar . While the composition of epic poetry , and of long poems generally , became less common in the west after the early 20th century , some notable epics have continued to be written . Derek Walcott won a Nobel prize to a great extent on the basis of his epic , Omeros . Satirical poetry ( edit ) John Wilmot Poetry can be a powerful vehicle for satire . The Romans had a strong tradition of satirical poetry , often written for political purposes . A notable example is the Roman poet Juvenal 's satires . The same is true of the English satirical tradition . John Dryden ( a Tory ) , the first Poet Laureate , produced in 1682 Mac Flecknoe , subtitled `` A Satire on the True Blue Protestant Poet , T.S. '' ( a reference to Thomas Shadwell ) . Another master of 17th - century English satirical poetry was John Wilmot , 2nd Earl of Rochester . Satirical poets outside England include Poland 's Ignacy Krasicki , Azerbaijan 's Sabir and Portugal 's Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage . Elegy ( edit ) Thomas Gray Main article : Elegy An elegy is a mournful , melancholy or plaintive poem , especially a lament for the dead or a funeral song . The term `` elegy , '' which originally denoted a type of poetic meter ( elegiac meter ) , commonly describes a poem of mourning . An elegy may also reflect something that seems to the author to be strange or mysterious . The elegy , as a reflection on a death , on a sorrow more generally , or on something mysterious , may be classified as a form of lyric poetry . Notable practitioners of elegiac poetry have included Propertius , Jorge Manrique , Jan Kochanowski , Chidiock Tichborne , Edmund Spenser , Ben Jonson , John Milton , Thomas Gray , Charlotte Turner Smith , William Cullen Bryant , Percy Bysshe Shelley , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Evgeny Baratynsky , Alfred Tennyson , Walt Whitman , Louis Gallet , Antonio Machado , Juan Ramón Jiménez , Giannina Braschi , William Butler Yeats , Rainer Maria Rilke , and Virginia Woolf . Verse fable ( edit ) Krasicki Main article : Fable The fable is an ancient literary genre , often ( though not invariably ) set in verse . It is a succinct story that features anthropomorphized animals , plants , inanimate objects , or forces of nature that illustrate a moral lesson ( a `` moral '' ) . Verse fables have used a variety of meter and rhyme patterns . Notable verse fabulists have included Aesop , Vishnu Sarma , Phaedrus , Marie de France , Robert Henryson , Biernat of Lublin , Jean de La Fontaine , Ignacy Krasicki , Félix María de Samaniego , Tomás de Iriarte , Ivan Krylov and Ambrose Bierce . Dramatic poetry ( edit ) Goethe Main articles : Verse drama and dramatic verse , Theatre of ancient Greece , Sanskrit drama , Chinese Opera , and Noh Dramatic poetry is drama written in verse to be spoken or sung , and appears in varying , sometimes related forms in many cultures . Greek tragedy in verse dates to the 6th century B.C. , and may have been an influence on the development of Sanskrit drama , just as Indian drama in turn appears to have influenced the development of the bianwen verse dramas in China , forerunners of Chinese Opera . East Asian verse dramas also include Japanese Noh . Examples of dramatic poetry in Persian literature include Nizami 's two famous dramatic works , Layla and Majnun and Khosrow and Shirin , Ferdowsi 's tragedies such as Rostam and Sohrab , Rumi 's Masnavi , Gorgani 's tragedy of Vis and Ramin , and Vahshi 's tragedy of Farhad . Speculative poetry ( edit ) Poe Main article : Speculative poetry Speculative poetry , also known as fantastic poetry ( of which weird or macabre poetry is a major sub-classification ) , is a poetic genre which deals thematically with subjects which are `` beyond reality '' , whether via extrapolation as in science fiction or via weird and horrific themes as in horror fiction . Such poetry appears regularly in modern science fiction and horror fiction magazines . Edgar Allan Poe is sometimes seen as the `` father of speculative poetry '' . Poe 's most remarkable achievement in the genre was his anticipation , by three - quarters of a century , of the Big Bang theory , in his then much - derided 1848 essay ( which , due to its very speculative nature , he termed a `` prose poem '' ) , Eureka : A Prose Poem . Prose poetry ( edit ) Baudelaire Main article : Prose poetry Prose poetry is a hybrid genre that shows attributes of both prose and poetry . It may be indistinguishable from the micro-story ( a.k.a. the `` short short story '' , `` flash fiction '' ) . While some examples of earlier prose strike modern readers as poetic , prose poetry is commonly regarded as having originated in 19th - century France , where its practitioners included Aloysius Bertrand , Charles Baudelaire , Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé . Since the late 1980s especially , prose poetry has gained increasing popularity , with entire journals , such as The Prose Poem : An International Journal , Contemporary Haibun Online , and Haibun Today devoted to that genre and its hybrids . Latin American poets of the 20th century who wrote prose poems include Octavio Paz and Giannina Braschi Light poetry ( edit ) Lewis Carroll Main article : Light poetry Light poetry , or light verse , is poetry that attempts to be humorous . Poems considered `` light '' are usually brief , and can be on a frivolous or serious subject , and often feature word play , including puns , adventurous rhyme and heavy alliteration . Although a few free verse poets have excelled at light verse outside the formal verse tradition , light verse in English is usually formal . Common forms include the limerick , the clerihew , and the double dactyl . While light poetry is sometimes condemned as doggerel , or thought of as poetry composed casually , humor often makes a serious point in a subtle or subversive way . Many of the most renowned `` serious '' poets have also excelled at light verse . Notable writers of light poetry include Lewis Carroll , Ogden Nash , X.J. Kennedy , Willard R. Espy , and Wendy Cope . See also ( edit ) Poetry portal Glossary of poetry terms List of poetry groups and movements Outline of poetry Poetry reading Spoken word Rhapsode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Poetry '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Poetry '' . Merriam - Webster . Merriam - Webster , Inc. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Poetry '' . Dictionary.com . Dictionary.com , LLC. 2013 -- Based on the Random House Dictionary Jump up ^ Strachan , John R ; Terry , Richard , G ( 2000 ) . Poetry : an introduction . Edinburgh University Press . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9797 - 6 . 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Penguin Books . pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Mark , Joshua J. ( 13 August 2014 ) . `` The World 's Oldest Love Poem '' . Jump up ^ ARSU , SEBNEM . `` Oldest Line In The World '' . New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahl , Frederick ; Roisman , Hannah M ( 1996 ) . The Odyssey Re-Formed . Cornell University Press . pp. 1 -- 26 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8335 - 2 ... Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia ( 1993 ) . Chinese Civilisation : A Sourcebook ( 2nd ed . ) . The Free Press . pp. 11 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 908752 - 7 . Jump up ^ Abondolo , Daniel ( 2001 ) . A poetics handbook : verbal art in the European tradition . Curzon . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 9780700712236 . Jump up ^ Gentz , Joachim ( 2008 ) . `` Ritual Meaning of Textual Form : Evidence from Early Commentaries of the Historiographic and Ritual Traditions '' . In Kern , Martin . Text and Ritual in Early China . University of Washington Press . pp. 124 -- 148 . ISBN 9780295987873 . Jump up ^ Habib , Rafey ( 2005 ) . A history of literary criticism . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 607 -- 609 , 620 . ISBN 9780631232001 . Jump up ^ Heath , Malcolm , ed. ( 1997 ) . Aristotle 's Poetics . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044636 - 2 . Jump up ^ Frow , John ( 2007 ) . Genre ( Reprint ed . ) . Routledge . pp. 57 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28063 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bogges , WF ( 1968 ) . `` ' Hermannus Alemannus ' Latin Anthology of Arabic Poetry '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 88 ( 4 ) : 657 -- 70 . doi : 10.2307 / 598112 . JSTOR 598112 . Burnett , Charles ( 2001 ) . `` Learned Knowledge of Arabic Poetry , Rhymed Prose , and Didactic Verse from Petrus Alfonsi to Petrarch '' . Poetry and Philosophy in the Middle Ages : A Festschrift for Peter Dronke . Brill Academic Publishers . pp. 29 -- 62 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11964 - 7 . Jump up ^ Grendler , Paul F ( 2004 ) . The Universities of the Italian Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 239 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8055 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kant , Immanuel ; Bernard , JH ( trans . ) ( 1914 ) . Critique of Judgment . Macmillan . p. 131 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Kant argues that the nature of poetry as a self - consciously abstract and beautiful form raises it to the highest level among the verbal arts , with tone or music following it , and only after that the more logical and narrative prose . Jump up ^ Ou , Li ( 2009 ) . Keats and negative capability . Continuum . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 4724 - 0 . Jump up ^ Watten , Barrett ( 2003 ) . The constructivist moment : from material text to cultural poetics . Wesleyan University Press . pp. 17 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6610 - 2 . Jump up ^ Abu - Mahfouz , Ahmad ( 2008 ) . `` Translation as a Blending of Cultures '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Translation. 4 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Highet , Gilbert ( 1985 ) . The classical tradition : Greek and Roman influences on western literature ( Reissued ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 355 , 360 , 479 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 500206 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wimsatt , William K , Jr ; Brooks , Cleanth ( 1957 ) . Literary Criticism : A Short History . Vintage Books . p. 374 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Jeannine ( 2007 ) . Why write poetry ? : modern poets defending their art . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 4105 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee M ; Davis , Alex , eds. ( 2007 ) . The Cambridge companion to modernist poetry . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 7 , 38 , 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61815 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Barthes , Roland ( 1978 ) . `` Death of the Author '' . Image - Music - Text . Farrar , Straus & Giroux . pp. 142 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Connor , Steven ( 1997 ) . Postmodernist culture : an introduction to theories of the contemporary ( 2nd ed . ) . Blackwell . pp. 123 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 20052 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( 2006 ) . Bloom 's Modern Critical Views : Contemporary Poets . Bloom 's Literary Criticism , Infobase Publishing , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Pinsky 1998 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Fussell 1965 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Schülter , Julia ( 2005 ) . Rhythmic Grammar . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 24 , 304 , 332 . Jump up ^ Yip , Moira ( 2002 ) . Tone . Cambridge textbooks in linguistics . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 4 , 130 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77314 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fussell 1965 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Jorgens , Elise Bickford ( 1982 ) . The well - tun 'd word : musical interpretations of English poetry , 1597 -- 1651 . University of Minnesota Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 1029 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fussell 1965 , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ Walker - Jones , Arthur ( 2003 ) . Hebrew for biblical interpretation . Society of Biblical Literature . pp. 211 -- 213 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 086 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bala Sundara Raman , L ; Ishwar , S ; Kumar Ravindranath , Sanjeeth ( 2003 ) . `` Context Free Grammar for Natural Language Constructs : An implementation for Venpa Class of Tamil Poetry '' . Tamil Internet : 128 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Brogan , TVF , ed. ( 1995 ) . The Princeton handbook of multicultural poetries . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00168 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Charles O ( 1980 ) . Free Verse An Essay on Prosody . Northwestern University Press . pp. 24 , 44 , 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8101 - 1316 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hollander 1981 , p. 22 Jump up ^ McClure , Laura K. ( 2002 ) , Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World : Readings and Sources , Oxford , England : Blackwell Publishers , p. 38 , ISBN 0 - 631 - 22589 - 7 Jump up ^ Corn 1997 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Corn 1997 , pp. 25 , 34 ^ Jump up to : Annis , William S ( January 2006 ) . `` Introduction to Greek Meter '' ( PDF ) . Aoidoi . pp. 1 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Examples of English metrical systems '' ( PDF ) . Fondazione Universitaria in provincia di Belluno . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Fussell 1965 , pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ `` Portrait Bust '' . britishmuseum.org . The British Museum . Jump up ^ Kiparsky , Paul ( September 1975 ) . `` Stress , Syntax , and Meter '' . Language . 51 ( 3 ) : 576 -- 616 . doi : 10.2307 / 412889 . JSTOR 412889 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John ( 1961 ) . The Founding of English Meter . Columbia University Press . p. 36 . 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Broken English : dialects and the politics of language in Renaissance writings . Routledge . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13779 - 9 . Jump up ^ Perloff , Marjorie ( 2002 ) . 21st - century modernism : the new poetics . Blackwell Publishers . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21970 - 5 . Jump up ^ Paden , William D , ed. ( 2000 ) . Medieval lyric : genres in historical context . University of Illinois Press . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02536 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Poetics of Aristotle at Project Gutenberg , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Davis , Alex ; Jenkins , Lee M , eds. ( 2007 ) . The Cambridge companion to modernist poetry . Cambridge University Press . pp. 90 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61815 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ San Juan , E , Jr ( 2004 ) . Working through the contradictions from cultural theory to critical practice . Bucknell University Press . pp. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5570 - 9 . Jump up ^ Treip , Mindele Anne ( 1994 ) . Allegorical poetics and the epic : the Renaissance tradition to Paradise Lost . University Press of Kentucky . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 1831 - 4 . Jump up ^ Crisp , P ( 1 November 2005 ) . `` Allegory and symbol -- a fundamental opposition ? '' . Language and Literature. 14 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 338 . doi : 10.1177 / 0963947005051287 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` The Disjunctive Dragonfly '' . Modern Haiku. 35 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Hollander 1981 , pp. 37 -- 46 Jump up ^ Fussell 1965 , pp. 160 -- 165 Jump up ^ Corn 1997 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Minta , Stephen ( 1980 ) . Petrarch and Petrarchism . Manchester University Press . pp. 15 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 0748 - 8 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch , Arthur , ed. ( 1900 ) . Oxford Book of English Verse . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Fussell 1965 , pp. 119 -- 133 Jump up ^ Watson , Burton ( 1971 ) . CHINESE LYRICISM : Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century . ( New York : Columbia University Press ) . ISBN 0 - 231 - 03464 - 4 , 1 Jump up ^ Watson , Burton ( 1971 ) . CHINESE LYRICISM : Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century . ( New York : Columbia University Press ) . ISBN 0 - 231 - 03464 - 4 , 1 - 2 and 15 - 18 Jump up ^ Watson , Burton ( 1971 ) . CHINESE LYRICISM : Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century . ( New York : Columbia University Press ) . ISBN 0 - 231 - 03464 - 4 , 111 and 115 Jump up ^ Faurot , Jeannette L ( 1998 ) . Drinking with the moon . China Books & Periodicals . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8351 - 2639 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wang , Yugen ( 1 June 2004 ) . `` Shige : The Popular Poetics of Regulated Verse '' . T'ang Studies . 2004 ( 22 ) : 81 -- 125 . doi : 10.1179 / 073750304788913221 . Jump up ^ Schirokauer , Conrad ( 1989 ) . A brief history of Chinese and Japanese civilizations ( 2nd ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 505569 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kumin , Maxine ( 2002 ) . `` Gymnastics : The Villanelle '' . In Varnes , Kathrine . An Exaltation of Forms : Contemporary Poets Celebrate the Diversity of Their Art . University of Michigan Press . p. 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06725 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night '' in Thomas , Dylan ( 1952 ) . In Country Sleep and Other Poems . New Directions Publications . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Villanelle '' , in Auden , WH ( 1945 ) . Collected Poems . Random House . Jump up ^ `` One Art '' , in Bishop , Elizabeth ( 1976 ) . Geography III . Farrar , Straus & Giroux . Jump up ^ Samy Alim , H ; Ibrahim , Awad ; Pennycook , Alastair , eds. ( 2009 ) . Global linguistic flows . Taylor & Francis . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 6283 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Brower , Robert H ; Miner , Earl ( 1988 ) . Japanese court poetry . Stanford University Press . pp. 86 -- 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1524 - 9 . Jump up ^ McCllintock , Michael ; Ness , Pamela Miller ; Kacian , Jim , eds. ( 2003 ) . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12682 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hainsworth , JB ( 1989 ) . Traditions of heroic and epic poetry . Modern Humanities Research Association . pp. 171 -- 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947623 - 19 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Literature 1992 : Derek Walcott '' . Swedish Academy . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dominik , William J ; Wehrle , T ( 1999 ) . Roman verse satire : Lucilius to Juvenal . Bolchazy - Carducci . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86516 - 442 - 0 . Jump up ^ Black , Joseph , ed. ( 2011 ) . Broadview Anthology of British Literature. 1 . Broadview Press . p. 1056 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 048 - 2 . Jump up ^ Treglown , Jeremy ( 1973 ) . `` Satirical Inversion of Some English Sources in Rochester 's Poetry '' . Review of English Studies . 24 ( 93 ) : 42 -- 48 . doi : 10.1093 / res / xxiv. 93.42 . Jump up ^ Pigman , GW ( 1985 ) . Grief and English Renaissance elegy . Cambridge University Press . pp. 40 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26871 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David ( 2007 ) . Elegy . Routledge . pp. 10 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 20906 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harpham , Geoffrey Galt ; Abrams , MH . A glossary of literary terms ( 10th ed . ) . Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 89802 - 3 . Jump up ^ Keith , Arthur Berriedale Keith ( 1992 ) . Sanskrit Drama in its origin , development , theory and practice . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0977 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dolby , William ( 1983 ) . `` Early Chinese Plays and Theatre '' . In Mackerras , Colin . Chinese Theater : From Its Origins to the Present Day . University of Hawaii Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1220 - 1 . Jump up ^ Allen , Mike ( 2005 ) . Dutcher , Roger , ed . The alchemy of stars . Science Fiction Poetry Association . pp. 11 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8095 - 1162 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rombeck , Terry ( January 22 , 2005 ) . `` Poe 's little - known science book reprinted '' . Lawrence Journal - World & News . Jump up ^ Robinson , Marilynne , `` On Edgar Allan Poe '' , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXII , no . 2 ( 5 February 2015 ) , pp. 4 , 6 . Jump up ^ Monte , Steven ( 2000 ) . Invisible fences : prose poetry as a genre in French and American literature . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 4 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 3211 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Prose Poem : An International Journal '' . Providence College . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Haibun Online '' . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Haibun Today '' . Jump up ^ `` Poetry Foundation : Octavio Paz '' . Jump up ^ `` Modern Language Association Presents Giannina Braschi '' . Circumference Magazine : Poetry in Translation , Academy of American Poets . January 1 , 2013 . Considered one of the most revolutionary Latin American poets writing today , Giannina Braschi , author of the epic prose poem ' Empire of Dreams ' . Bibliography ( edit ) Adams , Stephen J ( 1997 ) . Poetic designs : an introduction to meters , verse forms and figures of speech . Broadview . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 129 - 2 . Corn , Alfred ( 1997 ) . The Poem 's Heartbeat : A Manual of Prosody . Storyline Press . ISBN 1 - 885266 - 40 - 5 . Fussell , Paul ( 1965 ) . Poetic Meter and Poetic Form . Random House . Hollander , John ( 1981 ) . Rhyme 's Reason . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02740 - 0 . Pinsky , Robert ( 1998 ) . The Sounds of Poetry . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 26695 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Poetry '' dated 2005 - 04 - 20 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikiquote has quotations related to : Poetry Wikisource has original works on the topic : Poetry Look up poetry in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Poetry . Brooks , Cleanth ( 1947 ) . The Well Wrought Urn : Studies in the Structure of Poetry . Harcourt Brace & Company . Finch , Annie ( 2011 ) . A Poet 's Ear : A Handbook of Meter and Form . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 05066 - 6 . Fry , Stephen ( 2007 ) . The Ode Less Travelled : Unlocking the Poet Within . Arrow Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 950934 - 9 . Pound , Ezra ( 1951 ) . ABC of Reading . Faber . Preminger , Alex ; Brogan , Terry VF ; Warnke , Frank J ( eds . ) . The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics ( 3rd ed . ) . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02123 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Tatarkiewicz , Władysław , `` The Concept of Poetry '' , translated by Christopher Kasparek , Dialectics and Humanism : The Polish Philosophical Quarterly , vol. II , no . 2 ( spring 1975 ) , published in Warsaw under the auspices of the Polish Academy of Sciences by Polish Scientific Publishers , pp. 13 -- 24 . ( The text contains some typographical errors . ) A revised Polish - language version of this article appears as `` Dwa pojęcia poezji '' ( `` Two Concepts of Poetry '' ) in the author 's Parerga , Warsaw , Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe , 1978 , pp. 20 -- 38 . Tatarkiewicz identifies two distinct concepts subsumed within the term `` poetry '' : traditional poetic form ( rhymed , rhythmic verse ) , now no longer deemed obligatory ; and poetic content -- a certain state of mind -- which can be evoked not only by verbal arts but also by other arts -- painting , sculpture , especially music -- as well as by nature , scenery , history , and everyday life . Anthologies ( edit ) Main article : List of poetry anthologies Isobel Armstrong , Joseph Bristow , and Cath Sharrock ( 1996 ) Nineteenth - Century Women Poets . An Oxford Anthology Ferguson , Margaret ; Salter , Mary Jo ; Stallworthy , Jon , eds. ( 1996 ) . The Norton Anthology of Poetry ( 4th ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96820 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Gardner , Helen , ed. ( 1972 ) . New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250 -- 1950 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 812136 - 9 . Larkin , Philip , ed. ( 1973 ) . The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse . Oxford University Press . Lonsdale , Roger , ed. ( 1990 ) . Eighteenth Century Women Poets by Roger Lonsdale . Oxford University Press . Mosley , Ivo , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Green Book of Poetry . Frontier Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1872914060 . Mosley , Ivo , ed. ( 1996 ) . Earth Poems : Poems from Around the World to Honor The Earth . Harpercollins . ISBN 978 - 0062512833 . Ricks , Christopher , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Book of English Verse . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214182 - 1 . Yeats , WB , ed. ( 1936 ) . Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892 -- 1935 . Oxford University Press . Poetry of different cultures and languages Albanian American Anglo - Welsh Arabic Assamese Australian Bengali Bishnupriya Manipuri Biblical Byzantine Bulgarian Canadian Chinese ( Cantonese ) Cornish English Finnish French Greek Guernésiais Gujarati Hindi Hebrew Indian Indian epic Irish Italian Japanese Javanese Jèrriais Kannada Kashmiri Korean Latin Latin American Latino Manx Marathi Malayalam Nepali Old English Old Norse Ottoman Pakistani Pashto Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Rajasthani Russian Sanskrit Classical Vedic Scottish Serbian epic Sindhi Slovak Spanish Tamil Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Vietnamese Welsh Schools of poetry Akhmatova 's Orphans Angry Penguins Auden Group The Beats Black Arts Movement Black Mountain poets British Poetry Revival Cairo poets Castalian Band Cavalier poets Chhayavaad Churchyard poets Confessionalists Créolité Cyclic Poets Dada Deep image Della Cruscans Dolce Stil Novo Dymock poets Ecopoetry The poets of Elan Flarf Fugitives Garip Gay Saber Generation of ' 27 Generation of the ' 30s Generation of ' 98 Georgian poets Goliard The Group Harlem Renaissance Harvard Aesthetes Hungry generation Imagism Informationist poetry Jindyworobaks Lake Poets Language poets Martian poetry Metaphysical poets Misty Poets Modernist poetry The Movement Négritude Neotericism New American Poetry New Apocalyptics New Formalism New York School Objectivists Others Parnassian poets La Pléiade Quantum Sheep Rhymers ' Club San Francisco Renaissance Scottish Renaissance Sicilian School Sons of Ben Southern Agrarians Spasmodic poets Sung poetry Surrealism Symbolism Uranian poetry Lists of poets By language Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Armenian Assamese Awadhi Belarusian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Croatian Danish Dutch English French German Greek ( Ancient ) Gujarati Hebrew Hindi Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Korean Latin Maithili Malayalam Maltese Manipuri Marathi Nepali Nepali Oriya Pashto Pennsylvania Dutch Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Rajasthani Romanian Russian Sanskrit Sindhi Slovak Slovenian Sorbian Spanish Swedish Tamil Telugu Turkic Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Welsh Yiddish By nationality or culture Afghan American Argentine Australian Austrian Bangladeshi Bosniak Brazilian Breton Canadian Chicano Estonian Finnish Ghanaian Greek Indian Iranian Irish Mexican Nepali New Zealander Nicaraguan Nigerian Ottoman Pakistani Peruvian Romani Romanian Somali South African Swedish Swiss Turkish By type Anarchist Early - 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-974484350082465062	Phenolphthalein	Phenolphthalein - wikipedia Phenolphthalein `` Phph '' redirects here . For Ph - Ph , see biphenyl . Phenolphthalein Names Preferred IUPAC name 3 , 3 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) - 2 - benzofuran - 1 ( 3H ) - one Other names 3 , 3 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) isobenzofuran - 1 ( 3H ) - one Identifiers CAS Number 77 - 09 - 8 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL63857 ChemSpider 4600 DrugBank DB04824 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 914 KEGG D05456 PubChem CID 4764 UNII 6QK969R2IF InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C20H14O4 / c21 - 15 - 9 - 5 - 13 ( 6 - 10 - 15 ) 20 ( 14 - 7 - 11 - 16 ( 22 ) 12 - 8 - 14 ) 18 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 17 ( 18 ) 19 ( 23 ) 24 - 20 / h1 - 12 , 21 - 22H Key : KJFMBFZCATUALV - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / C20H14O4 / c21 - 15 - 9 - 5 - 13 ( 6 - 10 - 15 ) 20 ( 14 - 7 - 11 - 16 ( 22 ) 12 - 8 - 14 ) 18 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 17 ( 18 ) 19 ( 23 ) 24 - 20 / h1 - 12 , 21 - 22H Key : KJFMBFZCATUALV - UHFFFAOYAH SMILES ( show ) O = C1OC ( c2ccccc12 ) ( c3ccc ( O ) cc3 ) c4ccc ( O ) cc4 Properties Chemical formula C H O Molar mass 318.33 g mol Appearance White powder Density 1.277 g / cm ( 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) ) Melting point 258 -- 263 ° C ( 496 -- 505 ° F ; 531 -- 536 K ) Solubility in water 400 mg / L in water Solubility in other solvents Insoluble in benzene or hexane , very soluble in ethanol and ether , slightly soluble in DMSO UV - vis ( λ ) 552 nm ( 1st ) 374 nm ( 2nd ) Pharmacology ATC code A06AB04 ( WHO ) Hazards GHS pictograms GHS signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H341 , H350 , H361 GHS precautionary statements P201 , P281 , P308 + 313 NFPA 704 0 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C H O and is often written as `` HIn '' or `` phph '' in shorthand notation . Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid -- base titrations . For this application , it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions . It belongs to class of dyes known as Pthalein dyes . Phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols for use in experiments . It is a weak acid , which can lose H ions in solution . The phenolphthalein molecule is colorless , and the phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a base is added to the phenolphthalein , the molecule ⇌ ions equilibrium shifts to the right , leading to more ionization as H ions are removed . This is predicted by Le Chatelier 's principle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Indicator 1.2 Medical uses 2 Synthesis 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Uses ( edit ) Indicator ( edit ) Phenolphthalein 's common use is as an indicator in acid - base titrations . It also serves as a component of universal indicator , together with methyl red , bromothymol blue , and thymol blue . Phenolphthalein adopts four different states in aqueous solution : Under very strongly acidic conditions , it exists in protonated form ( HIn ) , providing an orange coloration . Between strongly acidic and slightly basic conditions , the lactone form ( HIn ) is colorless . The doubly deprotonated ( In ) phenolate form ( the anion form of phenol ) gives the familiar pink color . In strongly basic solutions , phenolphthalein 's pink color undergoes a rather slow fading reaction and becomes completely colorless above 13.0 pH . The rather slow fading reaction that produces the colorless In ( OH ) ion is sometimes used in classes for the study of reaction kinetics . Species H In H In In In ( OH ) Structure Model pH < 0 0 − 8.2 8.2 − 12.0 > 13.0 Conditions strongly acidic acidic or near - neutral basic strongly basic Color orange colorless pink to fuchsia colorless Image An animation of the pH dependent reaction mechanism : H In → H In → In → In ( OH ) Phenolphthalein 's pH sensitivity is exploited in other applications : Concrete has naturally high pH due to the calcium hydroxide formed when Portland cement reacts with water . As the concrete reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , pH decreases to 8.5 - 9 . When a 1 % phenolphthalein solution is applied to normal concrete , it turns bright pink . However , if it remains colorless , it shows that the concrete has undergone carbonation . In a similar application , spackling used to repair holes in drywall contains phenolphthalein . When applied , the basic spackling material retains a pink coloration ; when the spackling has cured by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide , the pink color fades . Phenolphthalein is used in toys , for example as a component of disappearing inks , or disappearing dye on the Hollywood Hair Barbie hair . In the ink , it is mixed with sodium hydroxide , which reacts with carbon dioxide in the air . This reaction leads to the pH falling below the color change threshold as hydrogen ions are released by the reaction : OH + CO → CO + H To develop the hair and `` magic '' graphical patterns , the ink is sprayed with a solution of hydroxide , which leads to the appearance of the hidden graphics by the same mechanism described above for color change in alkaline solution . The pattern will eventually disappear again because of the reaction with carbon dioxide . Thymolphthalein is used for the same purpose and in the same way , when a blue color is desired . Medical uses ( edit ) See also : Phenol red Phenolphthalein has been used for over a century as a laxative , but is now being removed from over-the - counter laxatives because of concerns over carcinogenicity . Thymolphthalein is a related laxative made from thymol . Despite concerns regarding its carcinogenicity , the use of phenolphthalein as a laxative is unlikely to cause ovarian cancer . Phenolphthalein has been found to inhibit human cellular calcium influx via store - operated calcium entry ( SOCE , see Calcium release activated channel § Structure ) . This is effected by its inhibiting thrombin and thapsigargin , two activators of SOCE that increase intracellular free calcium . Phenolphthalein has been added to the European Chemicals Agency 's candidate list for Substances of Very High Concern ( SVHC ) . A reduced form of phenolphthalein , phenolphthalin , which is colorless , is used in a test to identify substances thought to contain blood , commonly known as the Kastle - Meyer test . A dry sample is collected with a swab or filter paper . A few drops of alcohol , then a few drops of phenolphthalin , and finally a few drops of hydrogen peroxide are dripped onto the sample . If the sample contains hemoglobin , it will turn pink immediately upon addition of the peroxide , because of the generation of phenolphthalein . A positive test indicates the sample contains hemoglobin and , therefore , is likely blood . A false positive can result from the presence of substances with catalytic activity similar to heme . This test is not destructive to the sample ; it can be kept and used in further tests . This test has the same reaction with blood from any animal , so further testing would be required to determine whether it originates from a human . Synthesis ( edit ) Phenolphthalein can be synthesized by condensation of phthalic anhydride with two equivalents of phenol under acidic conditions ( hence the name ) . It was discovered in 1871 by Adolf von Baeyer . Synthesis of phenolphthalein : The reaction can also be catalyzed by a mixture of zinc chloride and thionyl chloride . See also ( edit ) Bromothymol blue Litmus Methyl orange pH indicator Universal indicator References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Phenolphthalein '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Indicator '' . ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ US 6531528 , Ronald D. Kurp , `` Ready to use spackle / repair product containing dryness indicator '' , assigned to Dap Products Inc . Jump up ^ Toystore Jump up ^ Spiller , H.A. ; Winter , M.L. ; Weber , J.A. ; Krenzelok , E.P. ; Anderson , D.L. ; Ryan , M.L. ( May 2003 ) . `` Skin Breakdown and Blisters from Senna - Containing Laxatives in Young Children '' . The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 37 ( 5 ) : 636 -- 639 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1C439 . PMID 12708936 . Jump up ^ Dunnick , J.K. ; Hailey , J.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Phenolphthalein Exposure Causes Multiple Carcinogenic Effects in Experimental Model Systems '' ( pdf ) . Cancer Research . 56 ( 21 ) : 4922 -- 4926 . PMID 8895745 . Jump up ^ Tice , R.R. ; Furedi - Machacek , M. ; Satterfield , D. ; Udumudi , A. ; Vasquez , M. ; Dunnick , J.K. ( 1998 ) . `` Measurement of Micronucleated Erythrocytes and DNA Damage during Chronic Ingestion of Phenolphthalein in Transgenic Female Mice Heterozygous for the p53 Gene '' . Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 31 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 124 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1098 - 2280 ( 1998 ) 31 : 2 < 113 : : AID - EM3 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - N. PMID 9544189 . Jump up ^ Cooper , G.S. ; Longnecker , M.P. ; Peters , R.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Ovarian Cancer Risk and Use of Phenolphthalein - Containing Laxatives '' . Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety . 13 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 39 . doi : 10.1002 / pds. 824 . PMID 14971121 . Jump up ^ Dobrydneva , Y. ; Wilson , E. ; Abelt , C.J. ; Blackmore , P.F. ( 2009 ) . `` Phenolphthalein as a Prototype Drug for a Group of Structurally Related Calcium Channel Blockers in Human Platelets '' . Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology . 53 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 240 . doi : 10.1097 / FJC. 0b013e31819b5494 . PMID 19247192 . Jump up ^ `` Phenolphthalein - Substance Information - ECHA '' . echa.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Baeyer , A. ( 1871 ) . `` Ueber eine neue Klasse von Farbstoffen '' . Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 4 ( 2 ) : 555 -- 558 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 18710040209 . Jump up ^ Baeyer , A. ( 1871 ) . `` Ueber die Phenolfarbstoffe '' . Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 4 ( 2 ) : 658 -- 665 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 18710040247 . Jump up ^ Baeyer , A. ( 1871 ) . `` Ueber die Phenolfarbstoffe '' . Polytechnisches Journal . 201 ( 89 ) : 358 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Max Hubacher , U.S. Patent 2,192,485 ( 1940 to Ex Lax Inc ) Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 2,522,939 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phenolphthalein . Page on different titration indicators , including phenolphthalein Drugs for constipation ( laxatives and cathartics ) ( A06 ) Stool softeners Docusate Stimulant laxatives Bisacodyl Bisoxatin Cascara Castor oil Dantron Oxyphenisatine Phenolphthalein Senna glycosides Sodium picosulfate Bulk - forming laxatives Dietary fiber Ethulose Ispaghula Methylcellulose Polycarbophil calcium Sterculia Triticum Lubricant laxatives Liquid paraffin Mineral oil White petrolatum ( petroleum jelly ) Osmotic laxatives Lactitol Lactulose Laminarid Magnesium carbonate Magnesium citrate Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ) Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium sulfate Mannitol Pentaerythritol Polyethylene glycol ( macrogol ) Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium tartrate Sorbitol Enemas Bisacodyl Dantron Glycerol Oil Sodium laurilsulfate Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate Sodium phosphate Sorbitol Opioid antagonists Alvimopan Methylnaltrexone bromide Naloxegol Naloxone ( Oxycodone / naloxone ) Others Linaclotide Lubiprostone Oxyphenisatine Prucalopride Tegaserod Ulimorelin Purine receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) P0 ( adenine ) Agonists : 8 - Aminoadenine Adenine P1 ( adenosine ) Agonists : 2 - ( 1 - Hexynyl ) - N - methyladenosine 2 - Cl - IB - MECA 2 ' - MeCCPA 4 ' - O - β - D - Glucosyl - 9 - O - ( 6 ' ' - deoxysaccharosyl ) olivil 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine Adenosine ADP AMP Apadenoson ATL - 146e ATP BAY 60 -- 6583 Binodenoson Capadenoson CCPA CGS - 21680 CP - 532,903 Evodenoson GR 79236 LUF - 5835 LUF - 5845 N - Cyclopentyladenosine Namodenoson Neladenoson dalanate Piclidenoson Regadenoson SDZ WAG 994 Selodenoson Sonedenoson Tecadenoson UK - 432,097 Antagonists : 8 - Chlorotheophylline 8 - Phenyl - 1 , 3 - dipropylxanthine 8 - Phenyltheophylline Acefylline Aminophylline ATL - 444 Bamifylline Cafedrine Caffeine Caffeine citrate Cartazolate CGH - 2466 CGS - 15943 Choline theophyllinate Ciforadenant CPX CVT - 6883 Dimethazan DMPX DPCPX Dyphylline Enprofylline Etazolate Fenethylline IBMX Isovaleric acid Istradefylline KF - 26777 MRE3008F20 MRS - 1220 MRS - 1334 MRS - 1706 MRS - 1754 MRS - 3777 Paraxanthine Pentoxifylline Preladenant Propentofylline Proxyphylline PSB - 10 PSB - 11 PSB - 36 PSB - 603 PSB - 788 PSB - 1115 Reversine Rolofylline SCH - 442,416 SCH - 58261 Theacrine Theobromine Theodrenaline Theophylline Tozadenant Tracazolate VUF - 5574 ZM - 241,385 P2 ( nucleotide ) P2X ( ATP ) Agonists : 2 - Me - SATP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP AMP Ap4A Ap5A ATP ATPγS BzATP Cibacron blue CTP D - β , γ - Me - ATP GTP HT - AMP Ivermectin L - β , γ - Me - ATP MRS - 2219 PAPET - ATP UTP Zinc Antagonists : 5 - BDBD A-317491 A-438079 A-740003 A-804598 A-839977 AF - 353 AZ - 10606120 AZ - 11645373 BBG Calcium Calmidazolium Chelerythrine Copper Emodin ( Rheum officinale ) Evans Blue Gefapixant GW - 791343 HMA Ip5I isoPPADS JNJ - 47965567 KN - 04 KN - 62 Magnesium MRS - 2159 NF - 023 NF - 110 NF - 157 NF - 279 NF - 449 Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) Oxidized - ATP Phenol Red Phenolphthalein PPADS PPNDS PSB - 12062 Puerarin ( Radix puerariae ) Purotoxin 1 RB - 2 Ro 0437626 Ro 51 RO - 3 Sodium ferulate ( Angelica sinensis , Ligusticum wallichii ) Suramin TC - P 262 Tetramethylpyrazine ( ligustrazine ) ( Ligusticum wallichii ) TNP - ATP Zinc P2Y Agonists : 2 - Me - SADP 2 - Me - SATP 2 - Thio - UTP 5 - Br - UDP 5 - OMe - UDP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP ADPβS Ap3A AR - C 67085MX ATP ATPγS CTP dATP Denufosol Diquafosol IDP ITP INS - 365 INS - 37217 MRS - 2365 MRS - 2690 MRS - 2693 MRS - 2768 MRS - 2957 MRS - 4062 NF - 546 PAPET - ATP PSB - 0474 PSB - 1114 UDP UDPβS UDP - galactose UDP - glucose UDP - N - acetylglucosamine Up3U UTP UTPγS Antagonists : 2 - Me - SAMP A3P5PS AMPαS Ap4A AR - C 66096 AR - C 67085MX AR - C 69931MX AR - C 118925XX ATP BzATP C1330 - 7 Cangrelor Clopidogrel Elinogrel Ip5I MRS - 2179 MRS - 2211 MRS - 2279 MRS - 2395 MRS - 2500 MRS - 2578 NF - 157 NF - 340 PIT PPADS Prasugrel PSB - 0739 RB - 2 Regrelor Suramin Ticagrelor Ticlopidine UDP Transporter ( blockers ) CNTs 6 - Hydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavone Adenosine dMeThPmR Estradiol KGO - 2142 KGO - 2173 MeThPmR Phloridzin Progesterone ENTs Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cilostazol Dilazep Dipyridamole Estradiol Ethanol Hexobendine NBMPR Pentoxifylline Progesterone Propentofylline PMAT Decynium - 22 Enzyme ( inhibitors ) XO Allopurinol Amflutizole Benzbromarone Caffeic acid Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum osmophloeum Febuxostat Myo - inositol Kaempferol Myricetin Niraxostat Oxipurinol Phytic acid Pistacia integerrima Propolis Quercetin Tisopurine Topiroxostat Others Aminopterin Azathioprine Methotrexate Mycophenolic acid Pemetrexed Pralatrexate Many others Others Precursors : Adenine Adenosine AMP ADP ATP Cytosine Cytidine CMP CDP CTP Guanine Guanosine GMP GDP GTP Hypoxanthine Inosine IMP IDP ITP Ribose Uracil Uridine UMP UDP UTP Others : Chrysophanol ( rhubarb ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenolphthalein&oldid=845518280 '' Categories : PH indicators Triarylmethane dyes Phenols IARC Group 2B carcinogens Phthalides Laxatives Hidden categories : Articles with changed DrugBank identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed FDA identifier Chembox having GHS data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 08 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the colour of phenolphthalein in hcl acid	[ "Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as \"HIn\" or \"phph\" in shorthand notation. Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid–base titrations. For this application, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. It belongs to class of dyes known as Pthalein dyes." ]	[ "colorless" ]
-8468837082879045973	Against Method	Against Method - wikipedia Against Method Jump to : navigation , search Against Method : Outline of an Anarchist Theory of Knowledge Cover of the first edition Author Paul Feyerabend Language English Subject History of Science , Epistemology Publisher New Left Books Publication date Media type Print ISBN 0 - 902308 - 91 - 2 Against Method : Outline of an Anarchist Theory of Knowledge is a 1975 book about the philosophy of science by Paul Feyerabend , in which the author argues that science is an anarchic enterprise , not a nomic ( customary ) one . In the context of this work , the term anarchy refers to epistemological anarchy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Scholarly reception 3 Editions and translations 4 References 5 Further reading Content ( edit ) Feyerabend divides his argument into an abstract critique followed by a number of historical case studies . The abstract critique is a reductio ad absurdum of methodological monism ( the belief that only a single methodology can produce scientific progress ) . Feyerabend goes on to identify four features of methodological monism : the principle of falsification , a demand for increased empirical content , the forbidding of ad hoc hypotheses and the consistency condition . He then demonstrates that these features imply that science could not progress , hence an absurdity for proponents of the scientific method . The historical case studies also act as a reductio . Feyerabend takes the premise that Galileo 's advancing of a heliocentric cosmology was an example of scientific progress . He then demonstrates that Galileo did not adhere to the conditions of methodological monism . Feyerabend also argues that , if Galileo had adhered to the conditions of methodological monism , then he could not have advanced a heliocentric cosmology . This implies that scientific progress would have been impaired by methodological monism . Again , an absurdity for proponents of the scientific method . Feyerabend summarises his reductios with the phrase `` anything goes '' . This is his sarcastic imitation of `` the terrified reaction of a rationalist who takes a closer look at history '' . Scholarly reception ( edit ) Some have seen the publication of Against Method as leading to Feyerabend 's isolation from the community of philosophers of science , who objected to his view that there is no such thing as the scientific method . Editions and translations ( edit ) The first edition of Against Method went through several reprintings until the revised ( second ) edition came out in 1988 . A further revision produced a third edition in 1993 . The most recent edition , the fourth , was published by Verso Books , in 2010 , with a new introduction by Ian Hacking . A French translation by Baudouin Jurdant and Agnes Schlumberger was published by Éditions du Seuil in 1979 , as Contre la méthode : esquisse d'une théorie anarchiste de la connaissance . ISBN 2 - 02 - 005370 - 5 The German translation by Hermann Vetter was abridged and reworked by Feyerabend , whose native language was German . It was published by Suhrkamp Verlag in 1983 as Wider den Methodenzwang . Skizzen einer anarchistischen Erkenntnistheorie . This translation went into a paperback edition in 1986 , as part of the suhrkamp taschenbuch wissenschaft series , and has been reprinted several times . A Dutch translation by Hein Kray was published by Boom in 1977 , with the title In strijd met de methode . In 2008 a new translation by Marjolijn Stoltenkamp was published , as Tegen de methode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Paul . Against Method . 4th ed. , New York , NY : Verso Books , 2010 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Against Method , 4th ed. , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Elisabeth . `` Feyerabend , Mill , and Pluralism '' , Philosophy of Science 64 , p . S397 . Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Against Method , 4th ed. , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Against Method , 4th ed. , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Against Method , 4th ed. , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Against Method , 4th ed. , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , `` Feyerabend , Mill , and Pluralism '' , p . S397 . Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Against Method , 4th ed. , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Against Method , 3rd ed. , p. vii Jump up ^ Preston , John , Feyerabend : Philosophy , Science and Society , p. 7 Further reading ( edit ) The first , 1970 edition , is available for download in pdf form from the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science ( part of the University of Minnesota ) . Follow this link path : Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science : Home > Minnesota Studies in Philosophy of Science > Complete Contents vol I - XIV > Volume IV You need to download the 3 linked parts , and the immediate following article on A Picture Theory of Theory Meaning ( sic ) in order to get the complete set of footnotes . Discussion of the book in John Preston , `` Paul Feyerabend '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2009 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , URL = < http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2009/entries/feyerabend/ > Paul Tibbetts , Tomas Kulka , JN Hattiangadi , `` Feyerabend 's ' Against Method ' : The Case for Methodological Pluralism '' , Philosophy of the Social Sciences 7 : 3 ( 1977 ) , 265 - 275 . DOI 10.1177 / 004839317700700306 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Against_Method&oldid=804297716 '' Categories : 1975 books Books about the history of science Books by Paul Feyerabend Contemporary philosophical literature English - language books Philosophy of science literature Science studies Criticism of science Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 01 : 40 . About Wikipedia	against method outline of an anarchist theory of knowledge	[]	[]
-309524739175177450	Bertha von Suttner	Bertha von Suttner - wikipedia Bertha von Suttner Jump to : navigation , search For the asteroid , see 12799 von Suttner . Bertha von Suttner Bertha von Suttner c. 1906 ( 1843 - 06 - 09 ) 9 June 1843 Prague , Bohemia , Austria 21 June 1914 ( 1914 - 06 - 21 ) ( aged 71 ) Vienna , Austria Occupation Pacifist , novelist Awards Nobel Peace Prize , 1905 Bertha Felicitas Sophie Freifrau von Suttner ( Baroness Bertha von Suttner , née Countess Kinsky , Gräfin Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau ; 9 June 1843 -- 21 June 1914 ) was an Austrian - Bohemian pacifist and novelist . In 1905 she became the second female Nobel laureate ( after Marie Curie in 1903 ) , the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize , and the first Austrian laureate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Tutor in the Suttner household , life in Georgia 3 Arthur and Bertha von Suttner 4 Peace activism 5 Writing 5.1 Religion 5.2 Gender 6 Legacy 7 On film 7.1 TV 8 Works in English translation 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 10.3 Bibliography 11 External links Early Life ( edit ) Von Suttner in 1873 Suttner was born on 9 June 1843 at Kinský Palace in the Obecní dvůr district of Prague . Her parents were the Austrian Lieutenant general ( German : Feldmarschall - Leutnant ) Franz de Paula Josef Graf Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau , recently deceased at the age of 75 , and his wife Sophie Wilhelmine von Körner , who was fifty years his junior . Her father was a member of the Czech House of Kinsky via descent from Vilém Kinský . Suttner 's mother came from a family that belonged to untitled nobility of significantly lower status , being the daughter of Joseph von Körner , a cavalry officer , and a distant relative of the poet Theodor Körner . For the rest of her life , Suttner faced exclusion from the Austrian high aristocracy due to her mixed descent ; for instance only those with unblemished aristocratic pedigree back to their great - great - grandparents were eligible to be presented at court . She was additionally disadvantaged because her father , as a third son , had no great estates or other financial resources to be inherited . Suttner was baptised at the Church of Our Lady of the Snows , not a traditional choice for the aristocracy . Soon after her birth , Suttner 's mother moved to live in Brno with her guardian Landgrave Friedrich Michael zu Fürstenberg ( 1793 -- 1866 ) . Her older brother Arthur was sent to a military school , at the age of six , and subsequently had little contact with the family . In 1855 Suttner 's aunt Loffe and cousin Elvira joined the household . Elvira , whose father was a private tutor , was of a similar age to Suttner and interested in intellectual pursuits , introducing Suttner to literature and philosophy . Beyond her reading , Suttner gained proficiency in French , Italian and English as an adolescent , under the supervision of a succession of private tutors ; she also became an accomplished amateur pianist and singer . Suttner 's mother and aunt considered themselves to be clairvoyant and thus went to gamble at Wiesbaden in the summer of 1856 , hoping to return with a fortune . Their losses were so heavy that they were forced to move to Vienna . During this trip Suttner received a proposal from Prince Philipp zu Sayn - Wittgenstein - Berleburg which was declined due to her young age . The family returned to Wiesbaden in 1859 ; the second trip was similarly unsuccessful , and they had to relocate to a small property in Klosterneuburg . Shortly after this , Suttner wrote her first published work , the novella Endertraüme im Monde , which appeared in Die Deutsche Frau . Continuing poor financial circumstances led Suttner to a brief engagement to the wealthy Gustav Heine von Geldern , thirty - one years her senior , whom she came to find unattractive and rejected ; her memoirs record her disgusted response to the older man 's attempt to kiss her . In 1864 , the family spent the summer at Bad Homburg which was also a fashionable gambling destination among the aristocracy of the era . Suttner befriended the Georgian aristocrat Ekaterine Dadiani , Princess of Mingrelia , and met Tsar Alexander II . Seeking a career as an opera singer as an alternative to marrying into money , Suttner undertook an intensive course of lessons , working on her voice for over four hours a day . Despite tuition from the eminent Gilbert Duprez in Paris in 1867 , and from Pauline Viardot in Baden - Baden in 1868 , she never secured a professional engagement . She suffered from stage fright and was unable to project well in performance . In the summer of 1872 she was engaged to Prince Adolf zu Sayn - Wittgenstein - Hohenstein , who died at sea while travelling to America to escape his debts in October . Tutor in the Suttner household , Life in Georgia ( edit ) Schloss Harmannsdorf today . Both Elvira and her guardian Friederich had died in 1866 , and Suttner , now above the typical age of marriage , felt increasingly constrained by her mother 's eccentricity and the family 's poor financial circumstances . In 1873 , she found employment as a tutor and companion to the four daughters of Karl von Suttner , aged between fifteen and twenty . The Suttner family lived in the Innere Stadt of Vienna three seasons of the year , and spent the summer at Schloss Harmannsdorf in Lower Austria . Suttner had an affectionate relationship with her four young students , who nicknamed her `` Boulotte '' due to her size , a name she would later adopt as a literary pseudonym in the form `` B. Oulot '' . She soon fell in love with the girls ' elder brother , Arthur Gundaccar , who was seven years her junior . They were engaged but unable to marry due to the Suttners ' disapproval . In 1876 , with the encouragement of her employers , Suttner answered a newspaper advertisement which led to her briefly becoming secretary and housekeeper to Alfred Nobel in Paris . In the few weeks of her employment Suttner and Nobel developed a friendship , and Nobel may have made romantic overtures . However , Suttner remained committed to Arthur and returned shortly to Vienna to marry him in secrecy , in the church of St. Aegyd in Gumpendorf . The newlywed couple eloped to Mingrelia , where Suttner hoped to make use of her connection to the former ruling House of Dadiani . On their arrival they were entertained by Prince Niko . The couple settled in Kutaisi , where they found work teaching languages and music to the children of the local aristocracy . However , they experienced considerable hardship despite their social connections , living in a simple three - roomed wooden house . Their situation worsened in 1877 on the outbreak of the Russo - Turkish War , although Arthur worked as a reporter on the conflict for the Neue Freie Presse . Suttner also wrote frequently for the Austrian press in this period , and worked on her early novels , including in Es Löwos a romanticized account of her life with Arthur . In the aftermath of the war , Arthur attempted to set up a timber business , but it was unsuccessful . Arthur and Bertha von Suttner ( edit ) Arthur and Suttner were largely socially isolated in Georgia ; their poverty restricted their engagement with high society , and neither ever became fluent speakers of Mingrelian or Georgian . To support themselves , both began writing as a career . While Arthur 's writing during this period is dominated by local themes , Suttner 's was not similarly influenced by Georgian culture . In August 1882 Ekaterine Dadiani died . Soon afterwards , the couple decided to move to Tbilisi . Here Arthur took whatever work he could , in accounting , construction and wallpaper design , while Suttner largely concentrated on her writing . She became a correspondent of Michael Georg Conrad , eventually contributing an article to the 1885 edition of his publication Die Gesellschaft . The piece , entitled `` Truth and Lies '' , is a polemic in favour of the naturalism of Émile Zola . Her first significant political work , Inventarium einere Seele ( `` Inventory of the Soul '' ) was published in Leipzig in 1883 . In this work , Suttner takes a pro-disarmament , progressive stance , arguing for the inevitability of world peace due to technological advancement ; a possibility also considered by her friend Nobel due to the increasingly deterrent effect of more powerful weapons . In 1884 Suttner 's mother died , leaving the couple with further debts . Arthur had befriended a Georgian journalist in Tbilisi , M , and the couple agreed to collaborate with him on a translation of the Georgian epic The Knight in the Panther Skin . Suttner was to improve M. 's literal translation of the Georgian to French , and Arthur to translate the French to German . This method proved arduous , and they worked for few hours each day due to the distraction of the Mingrelian countryside around M. 's home . Arthur published several articles on the work in the Georgian press , and Mihály Zichy prepared some illustrations for the publication , but M. failed to make the expected payment , and after the Bulgarian Crisis began in 1885 the couple felt increasingly unsafe in Georgian society , which was becoming more hostile to Austrians due to Russian influence . They finally reconciled with Arthur 's family and in May 1885 could return to Austria , where the couple lived at Harmannsdorf Castle in Lower Austria . Bertha found refuge in her marriage with Arthur , of which she remarked that `` the third field of my feelings and moods lay within our married happiness . In this was my peculiarly inalienable home , my refuge for all possible conditions of life , ... and so the leaves of my diary are full not only of political domestic records of all kinds , but also of memoranda of our gay little jokes , our confidential enjoyable walks , our uplifting reading , our hours of music together , and our evening games of chess . To us personally nothing could happen . We had each other , - that was everything . '' Suttner 's living house in Tbilisi Peace activism ( edit ) After their return to Austria , Suttner continued her journalism and concentrated on peace and conflict studies , corresponding with the French philosopher Ernest Renan and influenced by the International Arbitration and Peace Association founded by Hodgson Pratt in 1880 . Suttner in 1896 In 1889 Suttner became a leading figure in the peace movement with the publication of her pacifist novel , Die Waffen nieder ! ( Down with Weapons ! ) , which made her one of the leading figures of the Austrian peace movement . The book was published in 37 editions and translated into 12 languages ( titled Lay Down Your Arms ! in English ) . She witnessed the foundation of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and called for the establishment of the Austrian Gesellschaft der Friedensfreunde pacifist organization in an 1891 Neue Freie Presse editorial . Suttner became chairwoman and also founded the German Peace Society the next year . She became known internationally as the editor of the international pacifist journal Die Waffen nieder ! , named after her book , from 1892 to 1899 . In 1897 she presented Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria with a list of signatures urging the establishment of an International Court of Justice and took part in the First Hague Convention in 1899 with the help of Theodor Herzl , who paid for her trip . Upon her husband 's death in 1902 , Suttner had to sell Harmannsdorf Castle and moved back to Vienna . In 1904 she addressed the International Congress of Women in Berlin and for seven months travelled around the United States , attending a universal peace congress in Boston and meeting President Theodore Roosevelt . Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel had been brief , she corresponded with him until his death in 1896 , and it is believed that she was a major influence on his decision to include a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will , which she was awarded in the fifth term on 10 December 1905 . The presentation took place on 18 April 1906 in Kristiania . Imaginative drawing by Marguerite Martyn and a photo of Bertha von Suttner , 1912 , with a victorious Suttner holding a scroll labeled `` International Peace Treaty / England / France / America . '' In the corner cowers a representation of a defeated warrior labeled `` WAR . '' A broken sword and shield is on the ground . A tangle of broken warships is at the left side . At top are newspaper headlines from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of October 20 , 1912 . In 1907 Suttner attended the Second Hague Peace Conference , which however mainly pertained to the law of war . In the run - up to World War I , she continued to campaign against international armament . In 1911 she became a member of the advisory council of the Carnegie Peace Foundation . In the last months of her life , while suffering from cancer , she helped organize the next Peace Conference , intended to take place in September 1914 . However , the conference never took place , as she died of cancer on 21 June 1914 , and a few weeks later Franz Ferdinand was killed , triggering World War I . Suttner 's pacifism was influenced by the writings of Immanuel Kant , Henry Thomas Buckle , Herbert Spencer , Charles Darwin and Leo Tolstoy ( Tolstoy praised Die Waffen nieder ! ) conceiving peace as a natural state impaired by the human aberrances of war and militarism . As a result , she argued that a right to peace could be demanded under international law and was necessary in the context of an evolutionary Darwinist conception of history . Suttner was a respected journalist , with one historian describing her as `` a most perceptive and adept political commentator '' . Writing ( edit ) As a career writer , von Suttner often had to write novels and novellas that she did not believe in or really want to write , to support herself . However , even in those novels there are traces of her political ideals ; often , the romantic heroes would fall in love upon realizing they were both fighting for the same ideals , usually peace and tolerance . To promote her writing career and ideals , she used her connections in aristocracy and friendships with wealthy individuals , such as Alfred Nobel , to gain access to international heads of state , and also to gain popularity for her writing . To increase the financial success of her writing , she used a male pseudonym early in her career . In addition , Suttner often worked as a journalist to publicise her message or promote her own books , events , and causes . As Tolstoy noted and others have since agreed , there is a strong similarity between Suttner and Harriet Beecher Stowe . Both Beecher Stowe and von Suttner `` were neither simply writers of popular entertainment nor authors of tendentious propaganda ... ( They ) used entertainment for idealistic purposes . '' For Suttner , peace and acceptance of all individuals and all peoples was the greatest ideal and theme . Bertha von Suttner also wrote about other issues and ideals . Two common issues in her work , apart from pacifism , are religion and gender . Religion ( edit ) There are two main issues with religion that Bertha von Suttner often wrote about . She had a disdain for the spectacle and pomp of some religious practices . In a scene in Lay Down Your Arms she highlighted the odd theatricality of some religious practices . In the scene , the emperor and empress are washing the feet of normal citizens to show they are as humble as Jesus , but they invite everyone to witness their show of humility and enter the hall in a dramatic fashion . The protagonist Martha remarks that it was `` indeed a sham washing . '' Another issue prominent in much of her writing is the idea that war is righteously for God , and leaders often use religion as a pretext for war . Von Suttner criticised this reasoning on the grounds that it placed the state as the important entity to God rather than the individual , thereby making dying in battle more glorious than other forms of death or surviving a war . Much of Lay Down Your Arms discusses this topic . This type of religious thinking also leads to segregation and fighting based on religious differences , which Bertha and Arthur von Suttner refused to accept . As a devout Christian , Arthur founded the League Against Anti-Semitism in response to the pogroms in Eastern Europe and the growing antisemitism across Europe . The Suttner family called for acceptance of all people and all faiths , with Von Suttner writing in her memoirs that `` religion was neighborly love , not neighborly hatred . Any kind of hatred , against other nations or against other creeds , detracted from the humaneness of humanity . '' Gender ( edit ) Bertha von Suttner is often considered a leader in the women 's liberation movement . In Lay Down Your Arms , the protagonist Martha often clashes with her father on this issue . Martha does not want her son to play with toy soldiers and be indoctrinated to the masculine ideas of war . Martha 's father attempts to put Martha back in the female gendered box by suggesting that the son will not need to ask for approval from a woman , and also states that Martha should marry again because women her age should not be alone . This was not simply because she insisted that women are equal to men , but that she was able to tease out how sexism affects both men and women . Like Martha being placed in a female structured gender box , the character of Tilling is also placed in the male stereotyped box and affected by that . The character even discusses it , saying , `` we men have to repress the instinct of self - preservation . Soldiers have also to repress the compassion , the sympathy for the gigantic trouble which invades both friend and foe ; for next to cowardice , what is most disgraceful to us is all sentimentality , all that is emotional . '' Legacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although Bertha von Suttner was not financially successful during her lifetime , her work has remained influential for those involved in the peace movement . She has also been commemorated on several coins and stamps : She was selected as a main motif for a high value collectors ' coin : the 2008 Europe Taler , which featured important people in the history of Europe . Also depicted in the coin are Martin Luther , Antonio Vivaldi , and James Watt . She is depicted on Germany 's 2005 10 euro coin . She is depicted on the Austrian 2 euro coin , and was pictured on the old Austrian 1000 schilling bank note . She was commemorated on a 1965 Austrian postage stamp and a 2005 German postage stamp . On film ( edit ) Die Waffen nieder , by Holger Madsen and Carl Theodor Dreyer . Released by Nordisk Films Kompagni in 1914 . No Greater Love ( German : Herz der Welt ) , a 1952 film has Bertha as the main character . TV ( edit ) Eine Liebe für den Frieden -- Bertha von Suttner und Alfred Nobel ( A Love for Peace -- Bertha von Suttner and Alfred Nobel ) , TV biopic , ORF / Degeto / BR 2014 , after the play Mr. & Mrs. Nobel by Esther Vilar . Works in English translation ( edit ) Memoirs of Bertha von Suttner ; The Records of an Eventful Life , Pub . for the International School of Peace , Ginn and company , 1910 . When Thoughts Will Soar ; A Romance of the Immediate Future , by Baroness Bertha von Suttner ... tr. by Nathan Haskell Dole . Boston , New York , Houghton Mifflin company , 1914 . Lay Down Your Arms ; The Autobiography of Martha von Tilling , by Bertha von Suttner . Authorised translation by T. Holmes , rev . by the author . 2d ed . New York , Longmans , Green and Co. , 1906 . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Pacifism List of peace activists List of Austrians List of Austrian writers List of female Nobel laureates Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ List of female recipients of the Nobel Prize Jump up ^ Hamann , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Hamann , p. 2 Jump up ^ Smith , Digby ; Kudrna , Leopold ( 2008 ) . `` Biographical Dictionary of All Austrian Generals During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , 1792 -- 1815 : Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau , Franz de Paula Joseph Graf '' . napoleon-series.org . Jump up ^ Kempf , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Playne , p. 16 Jump up ^ Hamann p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Hamann pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Hamann pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Hamann p. 11 Jump up ^ Playne , p. 29 Jump up ^ Kemf , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hamann p. 13 Jump up ^ Hamann p. 15 Jump up ^ Playne , p. 28 Jump up ^ Hamann pp. 18 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Playne , p. 45 Jump up ^ Hamann , p. 24 Jump up ^ Hamann , p. 26 Jump up ^ Hamann , p. 27 Jump up ^ Hamann pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Hamann , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Hamann , pp. 34 -- 37 Jump up ^ Hamann , p. 37 Jump up ^ Kempf , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Hamann , pp. 40 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : Hamann , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Suttner could not recall the journalist 's full name when writing her memoirs , and his identity is unknown . Jump up ^ Hamann , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : von Suttner , Bertha ( 2010 ) . Memoirs of Bertha Von Suttner : The Records of an Eventful Life . Authorized Translation . Charleston : Nabu Press . p. 340 . ISBN 1147075816 . Jump up ^ Levenson , Alan T. ( 1994 ) . `` Theodor Herzl and bertha von Suttner : Criticism , collaboration and utopianism '' . Journal of Israeli History . 15 : 213 -- 222 . doi : 10.1080 / 13531049408576037 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1922 ) . `` Suttner , Bertha '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 32 ( 12th ed . ) . London & New York . p. 628 . ^ Jump up to : Bertha von Suttner by Irwin Adams . The World Encyclopedia of Peace . Edited by Ervin László , Linus Pauling and Jong Youl Yoo . Oxford : Pergamon , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 032685 - 4 , ( vol. 3 , pp. 201 -- 4 ) . Jump up ^ Spatzier , Astrid ( December 2016 ) . `` One Woman - Two Sides of the Same Coin ? Journalism and Public Relations : The Case of Bertha von Suttner '' . Publications Review . 42 : 787 -- 791 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pubrev. 2015.12. 003 -- via Elsevier Science Direct . Jump up ^ Braker , Regina ( January 1991 ) . `` Bertha von Suttner as Author : The Harriet Beecher Stowe of the Peace Movement '' . Peace & Change . 16 : 74 -- 96 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0130.1991. tb00566. x . ^ Jump up to : von Suttner , Bertha ( 2015 ) . Lay Down Your Arms . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 1514744317 . Jump up ^ Longyel , Emile ( 1975 ) . All her Paths were Peace : The Life of Bertha von Suttner . Scotland : Thomas Nelson Publishers . ISBN 0840764502 . Jump up ^ Kelly , A. ( 1991 ) . `` Film As Antiwar Propaganda '' . Peace & Change . 16 : 97 -- 112 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0130.1991. tb00567. x . Jump up ^ Ned Med Vaabnene ( 1914 ) -- IMDb Jump up ^ Herz der Welt ( 1952 ) -- IMDb Bibliography ( edit ) Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Suttner , Bertha , Baroness von '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 171 . Playne , Caroline Elizabeth ( 1936 ) . Bertha von Suttner and the World War . George Allen Unwin . Irwin Abrams : Bertha von Suttner and the Nobel Peace Prize . In : Journal of Central European Affairs . Bd. 22 , 1962 , S. 286 -- 307 ( see also PDF ) . Kemf , Beatrix ( 1972 ) . Suffragette for Peace : Life of Bertha Von Suttner . Oswald Wolff . ISBN 0854962557 . Lengyel , Emil ( 1975 ) . And All Her Paths Were Peace : The Life of Bertha von Suttner . Thomas Nelson , Inc . ISBN 0840764502 . Hamann , Brigitte ( 1996 ) . Bertha von Suttner -- a life for peace . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 0815603762 . Brigitte Hamann : Bertha von Suttner -- Ein Leben für den Frieden . Piper , München 2002 , ISBN 3 - 492 - 23784 - 3 Laurie R. Cohen ( Hrsg . ) : `` Gerade weil Sie eine Frau sind ... `` . Erkundungen über Bertha von Suttner , die unbekannte Friedensnobelpreisträgerin . Braumüller , Wien 2005 , ISBN 3 - 7003 - 1522 - 8 . Maria Enichlmair : Abenteurerin Bertha von Suttner : Die unbekannten Georgien - Jahre 1876 bis 1885 . Ed . Roesner , Maria Enzersdorf 2005 , ISBN 3 - 902300 - 18 - 3 . Beatrix Müller - Kampel ( Hrsg . ) : `` Krieg ist der Mord auf Kommando `` . Bürgerliche und anarchistische Friedenskonzepte . Bertha von Suttner und Pierre Ramus . Graswurzelrevolution , Nettersheim 2005 , ISBN 3 - 9806353 - 7 - 6 . Beatrix Kempf : Bertha von Suttner und die `` bürgerliche `` Friedensbewegung . In : Friede -- Fortschritt -- Frauen . Friedensnobelpreisträgerin Bertha von Suttner auf Schloss Harmannsdorf . LIT - Verlag , Wien 2007 , S. 45 ff . Valentin Belentschikow : Bertha von Suttner und Russland ( = Vergleichende Studien zu den slavischen Sprachen und Literaturen . ) . Lang , Frankfurt am Main u.a. 2012 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 63598 - 8 . Simone Peter : Bertha von Suttner ( 1843 -- 1914 ) . In : Bardo Fassbender , Anne Peters ( Hrsg . ) : The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law . Oxford University Press , Oxford 2012 , S. 1142 -- 1145 ( Vorschau ) . Stefan Frankenberger ( Hrsg . ) : Der unbekannte Soldat -- Zum Andenken an Bertha von Suttner . Mono , Wien 2014 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 902727 - 52 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bertha von Suttner . Website devoted to Bertha von Suttner on occasion of her memorialization on the Peace Palace Centenary Nobel Entry More Info from Nobel Winners Another biography on Bertha von Suttner Bertha von Suttner , `` Visit to Alfred Nobel , '' in Memoirs of Bertha von Suttner : The Records of an Eventful Life . Vol. 1 . 2 vols . Boston : Ginn & Co. , 1910 . 2005 -- the Bertha von Suttner Year Works by Bertha von Suttner at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Bertha von Suttner at Internet Archive Works by Bertha von Suttner at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by Bertha von Suttner at Open Library Bertha von Suttner ( 1910 ) . Memoirs of Bertha Von Suttner . Ginn & co . Online text of `` Lay down Your Arms '' , archive.org `` Baroness Bertha von Suttner ; Author of `` Lay Down Your Arms '' and Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize `` . New York Times Review of Books . February 5 , 1911 . pp. BR61 . ( PDF of full review of Memoirs ) Claus Bernet ( 2005 ) . `` Bertha von Suttner '' . In Bautz , Traugott . Biographisch - Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon ( BBKL ) ( in German ) . 24 . Nordhausen : Bautz . cols. 1435 -- 1471 . ISBN 3 - 88309 - 247 - 9 . Memoirs at archive.org ( 1910 translation ) ( hide ) Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons VIAF : 95160848 LCCN : n50066831 ISNI : 0000 0001 1776 5059 GND : 118620126 SELIBR : 243661 SUDOC : 034975659 BNF : cb12566900g ( data ) NDL : 01229737 NKC : jn20000710617 BNE : XX1448595 SNAC : w6dz1j5f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertha_von_Suttner&oldid=835580607 '' Categories : 1843 births 1914 deaths Writers from Prague 19th - century Czech people 19th - century Austrian novelists Czech Nobel laureates Austrian Nobel laureates Nobel Peace Prize laureates German pacifists Austrian pacifists Austrian women novelists Austrian journalists Austrian agnostics Austrian women writers Austro - Hungarian writers Austro - Hungarian Nobel laureates Austrian people of Czech descent Austrian baronesses Bohemian nobility Kinsky Women Nobel laureates 19th - century women writers 19th - century writers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles with hCards Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 15 : 27 . 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9162457791589107173	List of the largest fast food restaurant chains	List of the largest fast food restaurant chains - wikipedia List of the largest fast food restaurant chains Jump to : navigation , search This is the list of the largest fast food restaurant chains by their number of locations in the world . Name Number of locations Revenue SUBWAY 44,228 US $ 11.99 billion ( 2015 ) McDonald 's 36,899 US $ 25.413 billion ( 2015 ) Starbucks 25,085 US $ 5.24 billion KFC 20,604 US $23 billion ( 2013 ) Burger King 15,000 + 6 Domino 's Pizza 14,200 7 Pizza Hut 13,728 8 Dunkin ' Donuts 11,300 9 Baskin - Robbins 7300 10 Hunt Brothers Pizza 7300 11 Taco Bell 6500 12 Wendy 's 6490 13 Hardee 's 5,812 14 Orange Julius 5700 15 Dairy Queen 4800 16 Little Caesars 4800 17 Papa John 's Pizza 4700 + 18 Tim Hortons 4590 19 CNHLS 4000 20 Sonic Drive - In 3526 21 Sibylla 3500 + 22 Arby 's 3342 23 Costa Coffee 3277 24 Jollibee 3000 + ₱ 113.91 billion ( FY 2016 ) 25 Jimmy John 's 2522 26 Jack in the Box 2267 27 Ting Hsin International Group 2160 28 Chick - fil - A 2100 + 29 Applebee 's 2033 30 Panera Bread 2024 31 Chipotle Mexican Grill 32 Dicos 2000 + 33 Pelicana Chicken 2000 + 34 Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen 2000 35 Shanghai Shihao 2000 36 Panda Express 1900 37 Sukiya 1856 38 Pala Hamburger 1850 39 Chester 's International 1800 + 40 MOS Burger 1730 41 Denny 's 1700 42 Church 's Chicken 1700 43 IHOP 1650 44 WingStreet 1600 ~ 45 Chili 's 1580 46 Café Coffee Day 1556 US $ 230 million ( 2015 ) 47 Auntie Anne 's 1500 + US $230 million ( 2015 ) 48 Carl 's Jr . 1500 + 49 Five Guys 1500 + 50 Quiznos 1500 51 Papa Murphy 's 1425 52 LEM hamburger 1401 53 Ichibanya 1268 54 Long John Silver 's 1200 + 55 Buffalo Wild Wings 1175 56 Firehouse Subs 1030 57 Kebab Turki Baba Rafi 1030 58 Telepizza 1025 59 Krispy Kreme 1003 60 Bob 's 1000 + 61 Jersey Mike 's Subs 1000 62 Nando 's 1000 63 Chooks - to - Go 1000 ~ 64 Kennedy Fried Chicken 1000 65 Häagen - Dazs 900 66 Jamba Juice 849 67 BreadTalk 836 68 85C Bakery Cafe 800 + 69 Sbarro 800 + 70 Zaxby 's 800 + 71 A&W 800 72 Blimpie 790 73 Checkers and Rally 's 784 74 Cinnabon 750 + 75 Whataburger 735 76 Southern Fried Chicken 700 + 77 Wingstop 650 78 Einstein Bros. Bagels 649 79 Bojangles ' Famous Chicken ' n Biscuits 600 + 80 Moe 's Southwest Grill 600 + 81 Pizza Pizza 600 + 82 Qdoba Mexican Eats 600 + 83 Rita 's Italian Ice 600 + 84 Smoothie King 600 + 85 Chuck E. Cheese 's 590 86 Pita Pit 588 87 Kungfu 566 88 Del Taco 547 89 Steak ' n Shake 544 90 Culver 's 527 91 Steers 525 92 Captain D 's 520 93 Da Niang Dumpling 514 94 Brioche Dorée 500 + 95 Charley 's Grilled Subs 500 + 96 Round Table Pizza 500 + 97 Shakey 's 500 + 98 CiCi 's Pizza 500 99 Country Style 490 100 Habib 's 475 + See also ( edit ) List of fast food restaurant chains Companies portal Food portal Lists portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Subway 's publication . `` Explore Our World '' . Subway 's Corporation . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 fast food chains that rake in the most money '' . Business Inside UK . March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McDonald 's publication . `` McDonald 's Corporation 2016 Annual Report Form ( 10 - K ) '' ( PDF ) . McDonald 's Corporation . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Corporation 2015 Annual Report Form ( 10 - K ) '' ( XBRL ) . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Form 10 - K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 2 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Starbucks Corporation . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Corporation 2013 Fiscal Report , Form 10 - K , Filing Date Sept 30 , 2016 '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Filings '' . Starbucks Corporation . March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Yum ! Brands . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Burger King restaurants worldwide from 2009 to 2015 '' . Statista . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Domino 's 101 : Basic Facts Jump up ^ `` Pizza Hut '' . Yum . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Company Snapshot Jump up ^ SEC filing Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` OC - Based Restaurant Chains '' . Orange County Business Journal . 33 ( 37 ) : 24 . July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Investor Dashboard Jump up ^ CKE Restaurants , Inc . Announces Preliminary , Unaudited Fourth Quarter and Full Year Fiscal 2013 Results Jump up ^ Orange Julius Application : Jobs , Career Opportunities & Employment Jump up ^ Dairy Queen CEO : Paying Workers A ' Fair Wage ' Helps Us Jump up ^ Little Caesars is back ! Jump up ^ Our Story Jump up ^ Investor Jump up ^ Top 10 fast - food chains in China Jump up ^ Sonic barrier broken Jump up ^ Sibyllan tarina Jump up ^ Arby 's locations Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Acquired tastes Jump up ^ `` Jollibee Foods Corporation 2015 annual report ( FORM 17 - A ) '' ( Press release ) . December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Jimmy John 's Story Jump up ^ Number of Jack in the Box restaurants from 2011 to 2015 Jump up ^ Top 10 fast - food chains in China Jump up ^ Company Fact Sheet Jump up ^ Applebee 's Locations Jump up ^ Investor Relations Jump up ^ In China , Local Dining Chains Bite Into West Jump up ^ Pelicana Chicken outlet business set to expand Archived 2014 - 08 - 21 at WebCite Jump up ^ Company Overview Jump up ^ Top 10 fast - food chains in China Jump up ^ Panda Express Launched With A Small Business Loan . Today Its Founders Are Multi-Billionaires ... Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Top 10 fast - food chains in China Jump up ^ Chester 's International Expansion Plans Come Home to Roost Jump up ^ Corporation Profile Jump up ^ Denny 's Corporation to Present at the Oppenheimer 11th Annual Consumer Conference Jump up ^ Church 's Chicken Jump up ^ About IHOP ® Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ The Almanac of American Employers Jump up ^ A lot can happen over coffee Cafe Coffee Day Jump up ^ Auntie Anne 's Prices Jump up ^ Description Jump up ^ About Us Jump up ^ Comparing the sub shops Subway , Jimmy Johns , and Quiznos Alee Tjugum Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Top 10 fast - food chains in China Jump up ^ Company Profile Jump up ^ Long John Silver 's Prices Jump up ^ GOP Debate : Buffalo Wild Wings Fans Bite Back at Marco Rubio on Social Media - See more at : https://www.thewrap.com/gop-debate-buffalo-wild-wings-fans-bite-back-at-marco-rubio-on-social-media/#sthash.q8oGBuYD.dpuf Jump up ^ Our Story Jump up ^ Baba Rafi Jump up ^ Loeda , Roberto C. ( June 1 , 2010 ) . Telepizza entra en Colombia con la adquisición de Jeno 's Pizza Alimarket Jump up ^ Krispy Creme - Corporate Fact Sheet Jump up ^ AmBev quer desbancar Bob 's e McDonald 's em número de franquias no país Jump up ^ Jersey Mike 's Subs Opens 1000th Location Jump up ^ Nando 's Worldwide Archived 2013 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Richard Yap endorses Chooks - to - Go Jump up ^ Yelp Jump up ^ 18 biggest fast - food chains in the world Jump up ^ Value Investors Club Jump up ^ Financial Statement and Dividend Announcement For The Year Ended 31 December 2013 Jump up ^ Some Salt with Your Coffee ? Taiwan 's Hot Drink Jump up ^ About - Sbarro Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ A&W Canada opens its 800th restaurant , downtown Montréal Jump up ^ Blimpie - Hours , Locations Jump up ^ Checkers and Rally 's Restaurants Inc . Jump up ^ About Us Jump up ^ Whataburger Press Room - Press Kit Jump up ^ Arthur 's Story Jump up ^ Employment - Wingstop Jump up ^ America 's Top 10 Healthiest Fast Food Restaurants Jump up ^ It 's Bo Time Again in Greenwood As Bojangles ' Opens Its Second Restaurant in the Area Jump up ^ Moe 's Southwest Grill Continues Fast - Paced Growth with Opening of 600th Restaurant Jump up ^ 17 Best Pizza Chains Around the World ( Slideshow ) Jump up ^ Jack in the Box and Qdoba Look Set to Take Down Chipotle Jump up ^ Rita 's Italian Ice Celebrates `` Ice , Custard , Happiness '' with Custard 's Exciting Return Jump up ^ The Story of Smoothie King -- Smoothie King Jump up ^ Press Release Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Top 10 fast - food chains in China Jump up ^ Del Taco Distinguishes Top Franchisees Jump up ^ `` Biglari Holdings 2014 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Biglari Holdings . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Culver 's plans Port Orange restaurant Jump up ^ STEERS Kimberley CBD in Kimberley Jump up ^ Captain D 's Kicks off Corporate - Store Development Program Jump up ^ Top 10 fast - food chains in China Jump up ^ Groupe Le Duff Archived 2011 - 09 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ About Charley 's Grilled Subs Jump up ^ Round Table Pizza franchising Jump up ^ About Us Jump up ^ Grab a plate : Chain will offer pizza ' buffet ' Jump up ^ Food court king buys Country Style Jump up ^ Sobre a Empresa - Sobre o grupo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_largest_fast_food_restaurant_chains&oldid=818348826 '' Categories : Fast - food restaurants Lists of restaurants Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 01 : 19 . About Wikipedia	what is the largest fast food company in the world	[]	[]
3404062746401368361	The Sims 2	The Sims 2 - wikipedia The Sims 2 The Sims 2 Developer ( s ) Maxis Amaze Entertainment ( PSP , DS , Mobile , GBA versions ) Publisher ( s ) EA Games Director ( s ) Charles London Producer ( s ) Jonathan Knight Margaret Ng Programmer ( s ) David Gregory Matthew M. Brown Artist ( s ) David Patch Goopy Rossi Leo Hourvitz Composer ( s ) Mark Mothersbaugh Series The Sims Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows , OS X , Game Boy Advance , GameCube , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , PlayStation Portable , Java ME Release Microsoft Windows NA : September 14 , 2004 EU : September 17 , 2004 OS X NA : June 17 , 2005 Game Boy Advance , GameCube , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 & Xbox NA : October 24 , 2005 EU : November 4 , 2005 PlayStation Portable NA : December 7 , 2005 EU : January 13 , 2006 Genre ( s ) Life simulation Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer The Sims 2 is a 2004 strategic life simulation video game developed by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts . It is the sequel to The Sims . The game has the same concept as its predecessor : players control their Sims in various activities and form relationships in a manner similar to real life . The Sims 2 , like its predecessor , does not have a defined final goal ; gameplay is open - ended . Sims have life goals , wants and fears , the fulfillment of which can produce both positive or negative outcomes . All Sims age , and can live to 90 sim days depending on the degree to which their aspirations are fulfilled . The Sims 2 builds on its predecessor by allowing Sims to age through six stages of life and incorporating a 3D graphics engine . Although gameplay is not linear , storylines exist in the game 's pre-built neighborhoods . Pleasantview is based 25 years after the town in the original The Sims . Strangetown 's storyline is based on the supernatural , and is loosely connected with Pleasantview . Veronaville 's characters are based on Shakespearean characters . The Sims 2 was released on September 14 , 2004 for Microsoft Windows . A port to Mac OS X was released on June 17 , 2005 . Eight expansion packs and nine stuff packs were subsequently released . In addition several console versions have been released . The Sims 2 is offered on mobile platforms , with manufacturers such as Nokia offering The Sims 2 from the Ovi Store . A sequel , The Sims 3 , was released in June 2009 . The Sims 2 was a commercial success , selling one million copies in its first ten days , a record at the time . During April 2008 , The Sims 2 website announced that 100 million copies of The Sims series had been sold . The Sims 2 was well received by critics , gaining a 90 % score from aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings . By March 2012 , The Sims 2 had sold over six million PC copies , and 13 million over all platforms , making it one of the best - selling PC games of all - time . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Sims 1.1. 1 Create - a-Sim 1.2 Social interactions 1.3 Careers 1.4 Comparison to The Sims 2 Development 3 Music 4 Reception and legacy 5 Controversy 6 Editions , compilations , and add - ons 6.1 OS X version 6.2 Console versions 6.3 Handheld versions 6.3. 1 Game Boy Advance version 6.3. 2 Nintendo DS version 6.3. 3 PlayStation Portable version 6.4 Expansion packs 6.5 Stuff packs 6.6 Core game editions 6.7 Expansion - only compilations 6.8 Downloadable content 6.8. 1 Pre-order content 6.8. 2 The Sims 2 Store 6.9 Third - party tools 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( Edit ) From the neighborhood view , the player selects one lot to play , as in The Sims . There are both residential and community lots , but Sims can only live in residential lots . Sims can travel to Community lots in order to purchase things like clothing and magazines , and to interact with NPCs and townies . The player can choose between playing a pre-made inhabited lot , moving a household into an unoccupied pre-built lot , or constructing a building on an empty lot . One novelty from The Sims is foundations . The player switches among the `` live '' mode ( default ) to control Sims , the `` buy '' mode to add , move or delete furniture , or the `` build '' mode to rebuild the house . Buy and build mode can not be accessed when on a community lot , but can be opened by using the neighborhood view . It is also possible to import neighborhood terrains from SimCity 4 . The game contains some time - bound social challenges that provide a reward if successful . Sims can throw parties to gain aspiration points or invite the headmaster over for dinner in order to enroll their children in private school . Some expansion packs have new mini-games , like running a Greek house in University or dating in Nightlife . In Nightlife , each date is a challenge to keep both Sims as happy as possible while accumulating aspiration points . Various other expansion packs introduce supernatural characters which Sims can be turned into , such as Zombies , Vampires , Werewolves , Plantsims , and Witches . Sims ( Edit ) The main part of the game is to lead a Sim from the start of life to death . A Sim will be born when a female Sim and a male Sim try for a baby . The mother will spend 3 Sim days ( each day lasts 24 minutes though time can be sped - up ) pregnant before giving birth to a baby . During Pregnancy , the belly does not expand gradually . Instead , every day , it `` pops '' to a bigger size . Players can name the new Sim upon birth . The baby 's appearance and personality will be based on the genetics of its parents ( though the baby 's appearance is hidden until it becomes a toddler ) . Babies can also be adopted by calling the social worker on the phone , even by single parents or same - gender couples . The baby will change into a toddler in 3 days , and 4 more days for the toddler to change into a child . After 8 days , the child grows into a teenager , and will live 15 days before changing into an adult . After 29 days , the Sim will become an elder . An elder will eventually die ; the length of this final stage depends on the aspiration bar when they become an elder . Babies , toddlers , children , teens , and adults can be advanced to their next life stage at any time during the 24 Sim hours before they will grow up automatically . For babies , this requires using the birthday cake . Toddlers , children , teens , and adults can use the `` Grow Up '' self - interaction . If the University expansion pack is installed , teens have the option to go to college , where they will be young adults for approximately 24 days . Aging can be disabled via cheats . Players will need to build up talent badges , skills and relationships with other people , so that they can be successful in their career . A player will also need to make sure a Sim is happy and well by fulfilling wants ( including lifetime wants , avoiding fears , and fulfilling motives ) . Pregnancy , toddlers , teens , and elders are new stages of life . Young adult is a unique age added with the University expansion . Teen Sims will become young adults once they are moved to a University , and will be adults once they leave campus , regardless of the reason . Create - a-Sim ( Edit ) In The Sims 2 , Create a Family is entered by clicking the `` Families '' button in the lower left - hand corner of the neighborhood view , then clicking the large `` Create New Family '' button . Clicking the button labeled `` Create A Sim '' will expand a tab which has the `` Create a Sim '' and `` Make a Child '' icons . `` Make a Child '' will be grayed out unless the family contains an adult male and adult female . Clicking the `` Create a Sim '' icon will generate a random adult Sim , who may be male or female which can be edited by the player . As opposed to The Sims , any age besides baby or young adult ( which must be made in the University Create a Student ) may be created . Instead of having to choose from already finished faces which include hair , it is now possible to alter the facial structure ( e.g. widening the nose , thinning the lips , elongating the chin , etc . ) and choose any hairstyle to go with it . Different eye colors and an additional skin tone is available for the Sims as well . If Sims are older than a child , their aspiration and turn - ons / offs ( Nightlife or later ) may be determined . As in The Sims , there are five personality traits , and 25 personality points which can be assigned to those traits . However , in The Sims 2 , all personality points must be assigned . Additionally , there are twelve pre-set personalities , one for each of the zodiac signs . A zodiac sign will be set which matches the personality the player has selected for the Sim . The Sims 2 also comes with The Sims 2 Body Shop , which enables users to create genetics , makeups , accessories , clothes , and Sims , with the help of third - party tools , such as MS Paint , Paint.NET , Adobe Photoshop , GIMP , Wings 3D , and SimPE . Social interactions ( Edit ) There are several new social interactions introduced in The Sims 2 . These new social interactions can create memories and can be related to certain age groups . Social interactions can come up in the Wants and Fears panel and can be dependent on the Sim 's personality and aspiration . Sims with certain personalities may not want to complete certain social interactions . Influencing Influencing social interactions are introduced in the University expansion pack . A Sim is able to influence another Sim to complete a social interaction or a chore . Sims gain influence points by completing Wants and can lose influence points by completing Fears . The size of the influence bar depends on the number of friends the Sim has . It also can grow in size with business perks from the Open for Business expansion pack . Influence was also in the Nightlife expansion but added nothing . Chemistry The Nightlife expansion pack introduces Turn - Ons and Turn - Offs . Teenagers and older are able to choose their turn - ons and turn - offs . These determine the chemistry that one Sim has with another in the form of lightning bolts . Sims can have up to 3 lightning bolts with another Sim . The higher the chemistry is that a Sim has with another Sim , the greater the chance for social interactions to be accepted . New turn - ons and turn - offs are introduced with the Bon Voyage expansion pack . Fury Fury is introduced in the Nightlife expansion pack and occurs when one Sim gets angry at another . During this time relationships with the Sim who is furious are harder to build . Also , the Sim who is furious may pick a fight or vandalize the home lot of the Sim they are furious with . Fury can be caused by another Sim burgling the Sim 's house , getting fined after calling emergency services when there was no emergency , fighting , cheating on ( the cheater or the Sim that was cheated with , often both ) , and more . Reputation Reputation , which is found in the previous Sims game The Urbz : Sims in the City is reintroduced in the Apartment Life expansion pack . A Sim gains reputation by interacting with other Sims on community lots . Sims with higher reputations are more likely to gain perks such as free objects and job promotions . Careers ( Edit ) There are careers that come with the game that require skills and a certain number of friends in order for promotion . Success in these careers unlocks career rewards and higher salaries plus bonuses . Sims also receive chance cards . Correct answers to these chance cards creates rewards for Sims while incorrect answers could cause a Sim to lose its job . Nightlife and Apartment Life allow Sims to gain promotions through social interactions with other Sims . Comparison to the Sims ( Edit ) Graphically , The Sims 2 is more detailed than The Sims and lets players view its world in full 3D . This is a change from earlier Sim games , such as SimCity 2000 , which used dimetric projection and fixed resolutions , as the camera was in The Sims . In The Sims , Sims are 3D meshes , but The Sims 2 introduces far more detail in mesh quality , texture quality , and animation capability . A Sim 's facial features are customizable and unique , and Sims can smile , frown , and blink . The player can adjust a Sim 's features in the in - game Create - a-Sim tool ; for example , noses can be made to be very large or very small . Texturing is achieved through use of raster images , though it appears more lifelike . The Sims 2 characters pass through seven life stages -- babies , toddlers , children , teenagers , young adults ( only with University ) , adults , and elders -- with eventual death of old age , while babies in The Sims only become children before ceasing to continue aging . The aspiration system ( described above ) is also new to The Sims 2 . Sims can become pregnant and produce babies that take on genetic characteristics of their parents , such as eye color , hair color , facial structure , and personality traits as opposed to Sims , in which the baby would take on random appearance and personality . Genetics play a major role in the game , and as such , dominant and recessive genes play a larger role than they did in the original game . A player can also aspire to have a Sim abducted by aliens . Males then have the chance to become impregnated and produce after three Sim days a half - alien child . Some of the other additions to gameplay are career rewards , a week cycle , the cleaning skill ( which was a hidden skill in The Sims ) , a variety of meals ( depending on time of day ) , exercise clothing , body shape affected by diet and exercise , and houses built on foundations . Development ( Edit ) EA Games announced on May 5 , 2003 that the Maxis studio had begun development on The Sims 2 . The game was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles , California on May 13 , 2004 . Will Wright admits that while most of the content of The Sims 2 are original ideas , inspiration for its own expansions and constituents spawned from the successes of the first game . The community interest in the antecedent The Sims : Unleashed and The Sims : Hot Date expansions ensured the creation of The Sims 2 : Pets and The Sims 2 : Nightlife expansions , respectively . After development concluded , designers from Maxis regarded The Sims 2 as very capricious during creation . Bugs would appear , and Sims would be `` tweaked '' , or have anomalies not present in a previous run . A teaser trailer was provided on the Makin ' Magic CD but was later uploaded to websites all over the Internet . On December 15 , 2012 , Electronic Arts announced that the official website would be shut down on January 14 , 2013 . It is now no longer possible to download content from the official site , create exchanges , or participate in the official forum communities . On July 16 , 2014 , Electronic Arts announced the end of support for The Sims 2 . As a response The Sims 2 : Ultimate Collection was released at the same time as a limited time offer . The game became available for free download from Origin exclusively following an announcement by EA that they would no longer be supporting the Game . This offer ended at 10 : 00 PDT July 31 , 2014 . EA stated that they were planning on releasing the compilation as a retail release . However , as of now , no further information has since been released or confirmed on its planned retail release date , and the game has since been removed entirely from Origin as of the end of 2017 . On August 7 , 2014 , Aspyr Media released The Sims 2 : Super Collection as digital download exclusively available at the Mac App Store ; the game was updated for OS X Mavericks , 4K and Retina . This compilation only includes the first six expansion packs and the first three stuff packs . Aspyr stated they were unable to include the remaining packs for the game due to licensing conflicts with EA . Like the Ultimate Collection , no new updates on when the remaining packs will be released separately or as a single add - on to the Super Collection have emerged . Music ( Edit ) The game features music performed by Paramore , Ryan Ferguson , Trivium , Chiodos and more recording artists ( all songs recorded in the Sims language `` Simlish '' ) . The Humble Brothers contributed heavily to the game . Reception and legacy ( Edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 91 % Metacritic 90 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com Eurogamer 8 of 10 GamePro Game Revolution B+ GameSpot 8.9 of 10 GameSpy GamesRadar+ 9 of 10 GameZone 9.4 of 10 IGN 9.4 of 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 85 % Awards Publication Award Blimp Award ( UK Kids ' Choice Awards ) Best Video Game Apple Design Award ( Apple Design Awards ) Best Mac OS X Game The Sims 2 had a successful E3 . The game also received the Editor 's Choice Award from IGN and GameSpy upon final review of the finished product . From 71 online reviews , the average score was 90 out of 100 . Seven of those sources awarded the game a 100 out of 100 score . X-Play gave the game a 4 / 5 . Computer Gaming World awarded the game as their 2004 `` Strategy Game of the Year ( General ) '' , beating out RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 , The Political Machine , and Silent Storm . However , critics noted some serious bugs in the game . The Sims creator , Will Wright , was recognized by being nominated at the Billboard Digital Entertainment Awards for Visionary and Game Developer . The game was also nominated for two international awards in 2005 . The Mac version of the game won an Apple Design Award in 2006 . Computer Games Magazine named The Sims 2 the sixth - best computer game of 2004 . The editors wrote that it is `` more of a game and less of a dollhouse ( than The Sims ) , but it remains a celebration of the beauty of the mundane . '' It also won the magazine 's `` Best Voice Acting '' award . The Sims 2 was an instant commercial success , selling a then - record one million copies in its first ten days . The game sold 4.5 million units within its first year , and 7 million by October 2006 . It received a `` Double Platinum '' sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association ( ELSPA ) , indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom . As of March 2012 , The Sims 2 had sold 13 million across all platforms and six million on PC , making it one of the best - selling PC games of all - time . During April 2008 , The Sims 2 website announced that 100 million copies of The Sims series had been sold . Controversy ( Edit ) See also : Video game controversies The Sims 2 's malleable content and open - ended customization have led to controversy on the subject of pay sites . Custom content is distributed through independent websites , some of which charge for downloading materials . Charging money for custom content is a violation of the game 's EULA , which prohibits the commercial use of Electronic Art 's intellectual property . On July 22 , 2005 , former Florida attorney Jack Thompson alleged that Electronic Arts and The Sims 2 promoted nudity through the use of a mod or a cheat code . The claim was made that pubic hair , labia and other genital details were visible once the `` blur '' ( the pixelation that occurs when a Sim is using the toilet or is naked in the game ) was removed . Electronic Arts executive Jeff Brown said in an interview with GameSpot : This is nonsense . We 've reviewed 100 percent of the content . There is no content inappropriate for a teen audience . Players never see a nude Sim . If someone with an extreme amount of expertise and time were to remove the pixels , they would see that the sims have no genitals . They appear like Ken and Barbie . Prior to Thompson 's statement , there was an enterable code which allowed to modify the size ( including to zero ) of pixelation accessible from the console menu . Shortly after the statement , subsequent patches and expansion packs removed the `` intProp censorGridSize '' code ; this code had been left over from the beta testing stage of the original game and had not been intended for a public audience . Editions , compilations , and add - ons ( Edit ) Many Sims games have been ported to OS X by Aspyr . The Sims 2 has also been released for a number of video game consoles including the PlayStation 2 , the Xbox , Nintendo DS and the Nintendo GameCube . OS X version ( Edit ) OS X ports of the base game , six expansion packs , and three Stuff Packs have been released by Aspyr Media . The port for the base game was announced on October 19 , 2004 . The Sims 2 had reached beta status on March 1 , 2005 , and was released on June 17 the same year . It was , at release , compatible with Mac OS X Panther and above . The Sims 2 Bodyshop was also available for OS X . The game is now available for purchase with all ported expansions and Stuff Packs on the Mac App Store for OS X Mavericks . Console versions ( Edit ) The console versions of The Sims 2 featured local splitscreen multiplayer , a story mode and an option to control game characters directly , as opposed to queuing options as is traditional Sims gameplay . Handheld versions ( Edit ) Game Boy Advance version ( Edit ) The Game Boy Advance version of The Sims 2 takes place in Strangetown , and shares a similar GUI to its predecessors ( The Sims Bustin ' Out and The Urbz ) . Players are guided through a goal - oriented game based on the reality television concept in which partitions of the game are divided into `` episodes '' . Characters from the previous handheld sims games also appeared . Nintendo DS version ( Edit ) The Nintendo DS version of The Sims 2 ( commonly referred to as `` The Sims 2 Hotel '' ) begins with the player 's car breaking down in Strangetown . Upon arriving , an anonymous donor grants the player the deed to a hotel which can be operated and customized at the player 's discretion . The player 's job is to bring life back into Strangetown by encouraging people to come to the hotel , which players can do by upgrading it and making the guests happy . There are several ways in which a player can make Strangetown a nicer place , but is up to the player to find them . Unlike most games in the Sim series , this one takes place in real - time . PlayStation Portable version ( Edit ) The PlayStation Portable version of the game is played in first person . There is more of a solid storyline the player is required to navigate through in order to unlock most of the things available in the other versions . The option to build your own home is replaced by a pre-built home where you can customize the furniture and decor . Conversation is carried out via a mini-game function . The player'a character does not age , nor are they able to marry or have children . Relationships are mainly used for the point of solving goals , though a close friend may `` move in '' with the player after progressing in the game . The game begins with the player 's character driving through the Strangetown desert , presumably ' Road to Nowhere ' in their car , when suddenly a flying green diamond ( Also known as the Plumbob , the marker and logo of the Sims game ) flies towards the player and causes them to lose control of , and damage , their car . Fortunately , the player finds a gas station . The player takes their car into the garage . At that point the player takes control . The player is introduced to a vehicle mechanic named Oscar who , after a brief tutorial in teaching the player how to talk to NPC Sims , informs the player their car will only take a short while to fix . The player is then free to roam around the gas station , and after being introduced to some more NPCs , including Bella Goth , who claims to be abducted by aliens , completing tasks and being taught the basic objective of the game which is ' Secret Hunting ' for the store clerk . The player then exits the shop only to find the garage around the back has completely disappeared along with Oscar and their car , with only the foundation of the garage remaining . The only thing left from the disappearance is a cell phone , which the player answers and a man named Doctor Dominic Newlow offers the player a job , requiring him or her to get a ride into town and find a place to stay . The player informs Police Deputy Duncan about the situation who replies that he can do nothing about it and suggests the player find a place to stay . After having bought Bella 's house for pocket change and getting donuts for Deputy Duncan ( which happen to have been found in the trash ) , the player finally gets a lift into Strangetown 's Paradise Place , only to find more tasks and mysteries . Expansion packs ( Edit ) The Sims 2 expansion packs provide additional game features and items . Eight expansion packs were released throughout the game 's lifecycle . The Sims 2 : Apartment Life is the final expansion pack for The Sims 2 . Name Release date Major Additions Neighborhoods New NPCs New Lifestate / Creature New Careers University Windows : NA : March 1 , 2005 EU : March 2 , 2005 Mac OS X : December 12 , 2005 Universities , Young Adult age group , Influence system Campus : La Fiesta Tech , Sim State University , Académie Le Tour Barista , Bartender , Cafeteria Worker , Cheerleader , Coach , Evil Mascot , Mascot , Professors , Streaker Zombies ( Also in FreeTime and Apartment Life ) Natural Scientist , Paranormal , Show Business , Artist Nightlife Windows : NA : September 13 , 2005 EU : September 13 , 2005 Mac OS X : March 27 , 2006 Dates , Groups system , Outings , Pleasure and Grilled Cheese aspiration , New relationship states , ownable cars , Attraction system Downtown : Downtown Gypsy Matchmaker , Waiter , Chef , Bartender , DJ , Mrs. Crumplebottom , Vampires ( Counts / Countesses ) Vampires None Open for Business Windows : NA : March 2 , 2006 EU : March 2 , 2006 Mac OS X : September 4 , 2006 Businesses , talent badges Shopping District : Bluewater Village Reporters , Barbers Servos ( Robots ) Shop Employees Pets Windows : NA : October 17 , 2006 EU : October 20 , 2006 Mac OS X : November 6 , 2006 Ownable Pets None Animal Control Officers , Obedience Trainer , Wolves , Skunks Werewolves Pet careers : Security , Showbiz , Service Seasons Windows : NA : March 1 , 2007 EU : March 2 , 2007 Mac OS X : June 11 , 2007 Weather system , Seasons , fishing , new talent badges , gardening Main : Riverblossom Hills Garden Club Members , Penguins PlantSims Adventurer , Education , Gamer , Journalism , Law , Music Bon Voyage Windows : NA : September 4 , 2007 EU : September 7 , 2007 Mac OS X : December 17 , 2007 Vacations in different cultural areas Vacation : Twikkii Island , Three Lakes , Takemizu Village Fire Dancers , Hotel Maids , Bellboys , Masseurs , Wise Old Man , Pirate , Tour Guides , Unsavory charlatan , Witch Doctor , Ninjas Bigfoot None FreeTime Windows : NA : February 26 , 2008 EU : February 22 , 2008 Hobby system , lifetime aspiration system , new talent badges . Main : Desiderata Valley Secret : Hobby Hobby Members , Rod Humble , Hobby Leaders , Food Judge , Genie Genie ( Only NPC ) Oceanography , Intelligence , Entertainment , Dance , Architecture Apartment Life Windows : NA : August 27 , 2008 EU : August 29 , 2008 Rentable apartments , reputation system , witchcraft system Main : Belladonna Cove Secret : The Magical World Butler , Landlord , Roomies , Breakdancers , Street Performers , Social Group Sims , High Witch of Light / Darkness , Spectral assistant ( played by cats ) , Human statues Witches , Warlocks None Stuff packs ( Edit ) Main article : The Sims 2 Stuff packs Stuff packs are add - ons that intend to add only new items ( usually in the amount of 60 ) to the base game . However , some releases include certain gameplay elements introduced in previous expansion packs . There are ten total stuff packs . However , The Sims 2 : Holiday Party Pack served as the pilot release for this line of products , which were called `` booster packs '' . After the success of the pilot release , EA named the releases `` stuff packs '' and launched the line with The Sims 2 : Family Fun Stuff . The Sims 2 : Mansion & Garden Stuff is the final stuff pack for The Sims 2 . Name Release date Includes Holiday Party Pack Windows : NA : November 17 , 2005 Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving , Hanukkah , Kwanzaa and New Year themed stuff , plus new NPCs : Santa Claus , Father Time , and Baby New Year Family Fun Stuff Windows : NA : April 13 , 2006 Mac OS X : April 30 , 2007 Family - oriented Fairy tale , outer space and nautical themed items mainly for children 's bedrooms Glamour Life Stuff Windows : NA : August 31 , 2006 Mac OS X : June 1 , 2007 Luxury , couture and glamour themed objects , floors and walls Happy Holiday Stuff Windows : NA : November 7 , 2006 Mac OS X : September 4 , 2007 All items from Holiday Party Pack plus added Asian and European holiday themed stuff Celebration ! Stuff Windows : NA : April 3 , 2007 Wedding themed hairstyles , fashions and accessories , furniture , and other party enhancers H&M Fashion Stuff Windows : NA : June 5 , 2007 Fashion collections from H&M and H&M branded build objects Teen Style Stuff Windows : NA : November 5 , 2007 Goth , Thrasher and Socialite themed stuff for teenagers ' bedrooms , teenage haircuts and new teenage clothes Kitchen & Bath Interior Design Stuff Windows : NA : April 15 , 2008 Kitchen and bathroom objects , floors , walls and clothing items IKEA Home Stuff Windows : NA : June 24 , 2008 Fashionable furniture , floors and walls from the styles of IKEA Mansion & Garden Stuff Windows : NA : November 17 , 2008 Items featuring three new decorative themes ( Moroccan , Art Deco and Second Empire ) Core game editions ( Edit ) Name Release date Includes The Sims 2 Windows : NA : September 14 , 2004 EU : September 16 , 2004 Mac OS X : June 13 , 2005 The first release of the core game on four CDs . The Sims 2 Special DVD Edition Windows : NA : September 17 , 2004 The core game on one DVD , plus a bonus DVD with exclusive content . The Sims 2 Holiday Edition ( 2005 ) Windows : NA : November 15 , 2005 The core game and The Sims 2 Holiday Party Pack . The Sims 2 Holiday Edition ( 2006 ) Windows : NA : November 7 , 2006 The core game and The Sims 2 Happy Holiday Stuff . The Sims 2 Deluxe Windows : NA : May 8 , 2007 The core game and The Sims 2 Nightlife , and a new bonus DVD that is different from the one included in the Special DVD Edition . The Sims 2 Double Deluxe Windows : NA : April 15 , 2008 The Sims 2 Deluxe and The Sims 2 Celebration ! Stuff The Sims 2 Ultimate Collection Windows : WW : July 16 , 2014 - July 31 , 2014 ( exclusive to existing Origin customers that proved they owned the original Sims 2 game from July 16 until July 31 , 2014 , retail release not confirmed ) The Sims 2 Double Deluxe , The Sims 2 University Life Collection , The Sims 2 Best of Business Collection , The Sims 2 Fun with Pets Collection , The Sims 2 Seasons , The Sims 2 Bon Voyage , The Sims 2 FreeTime , The Sims 2 Apartment Life , The Sims 2 Glamour Life Stuff , and The Sims 2 Happy Holiday Stuff The Sims 2 Super Collection Mac OS X : NA : August 7 , 2014 The core game , The Sims 2 University , The Sims 2 Nightlife , The Sims 2 Open for Business , The Sims 2 Pets , The Sims 2 Seasons , The Sims 2 Bon Voyage , The Sims 2 Family Fun Stuff , The Sims 2 Glamour Life Stuff , and The Sims 2 Happy Holiday Stuff ( The Sims 2 FreeTime and The Sims 2 Apartment Life along with the remaining stuff packs have not been included due to their unavailability for Mac at the time of its release ) Expansion - only compilations ( Edit ) Compilations of expansion packs and stuff packs without the core game have also been released . Name Release date Includes University Life Collection Windows : NA : August 24 , 2009 The Sims 2 : University , The Sims 2 : IKEA Home Stuff , and The Sims 2 Teen Style Stuff . Best of Business Collection Windows : NA : October 6 , 2009 The Sims 2 : Open for Business , The Sims 2 : H&M Fashion Stuff , and The Sims 2 : Kitchen & Bath Interior Design Stuff . Fun with Pets Collection Windows : NA : January 12 , 2010 The Sims 2 : Pets , The Sims 2 : Family Fun Stuff , and The Sims 2 : Mansion & Garden Stuff . Downloadable content ( Edit ) Pre-order content ( Edit ) Most of expansion packs and stuff packs were released with pre-order items . This game content was redeemable at the official site using a code supplied by the retailer from which the player purchased , each retailer was often associated with an exclusive download . A total of 60 pre-order items were released . The Sims 2 Store ( Edit ) The Sims 2 Store was an online store where players of The Sims 2 for PC could purchase and download content for their game online for additional fees . It offered objects , clothing , skins , and hairstyles that are both exclusive to the store and also come from earlier expansion and stuff packs . It also had featured seven exclusive item collections that could only be found in the store . The store used a point system that players can purchase . It was opened from July 2008 to March 31 , 2011 as a beta version limited to the United States and Canada . To download , players must install The Sims 2 Store Edition and the EA Download Manager . The exclusive collections were `` Cubic '' , `` Art Deco '' , `` Spooky '' , `` Castle '' , `` Asian Fusion '' , `` Art Nouveaulicious '' and `` Oh Baby '' , including a total of 471 items . The Sims 2 : Store Edition and the savegame ca n't be used with The Sims 2 : Ultimate Collection . Third - Party tools ( Edit ) SimPE is an open - source utility for The Sims 2 that allows editing of Sims ' characteristics , relationships and careers . It also allows the creation of objects . As the tool is intended for use by experienced modders , the SimPE interface is not considered intuitive and users risk corrupting the game files . TS2 Enhancer , developed by Rick Halle , is a commercial utility for editing characters and neighborhoods , but has since fallen into disuse . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aspyr published the OS X version References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Walker , Trey ( March 22 , 2002 ) . `` The Sims overtakes Myst '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Sims 3 , next - gen Black , new SimCity & LOTR coming '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( November 3 , 2006 ) . `` Three new Sims games in development '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fahey , Rob ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 sells a million , smashes EA records '' . GamesIndustry International . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims 2.com - 100 Million Sold '' . EA . April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Reviews '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ku , Andrew ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` The Top 15 Best - Selling PC Games Of All Time '' . Tom 's Hardware . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : GameSpy 's review of The Sims 2 Archived February 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Creating Custom Neighborhoods for The Sims 2 Using SimCity 4 '' . The Sims 2 website . Electronic Arts . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims 2 Review '' . Game Revolution . September 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims 2 Review for PC '' . 1UP.com . September 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marchelletta , Courtney . `` '' The Sims 2 University '' Influence System `` . About.com . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marchelletta , Courtney . `` '' The Sims 2 Nightlife '' Review `` . About.com . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marchelletta , Courtney . `` '' The Sims 2 Apartment Life '' Expansion ( PC ) `` . About.com . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Sims 2 Reviews Archived January 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . from GameRankings Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Review '' . Action Trip . September 17 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` EA Announces Plans For The Sims 2 '' . The Sims 2 Press Release . May 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kosak , Dave ( February 27 , 2005 ) . `` Will Wright Speaks Simlish '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Designer Diary # 10 - Wrap - up and Outtakes '' . GameSpot . August 31 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Ultimate Collection digital delivery '' . July 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to get The Sims 2 Ultimate Collection '' . July 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` EA ends support for The Sims 2 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ PC Advisor Blog http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/how-to/game/3532548/how-get-sims-2-ultimate-collection-for-free/ . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Leupold , Tom ( March 24 , 2005 ) . `` Simlish singing : The music behind The Sims '' . cnet australia . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reed , Kristan ( September 22 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 Review '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Sims 2 ( PC ) '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpot 's review of The Sims 2 '' . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GamesRadar 's review of The Sims 2 '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 - PC - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adams , Dan ( September 10 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Annual GameSpy E3 Awards ! '' . GameSpy . May 19 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PC Best of E3 2004 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kosak , Dave ( September 10 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Main Reviews Breakdown '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Editors of CGW ( March 2005 ) . `` 2004 Games of the Year '' . Computer Gaming World ( 249 ) : 56 -- 67 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard 2004 Digital Entertainment Conference & Awards '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Winners and Nominees '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual SATELLITE Awards '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original (. doc ) on February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Jason ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` 2006 Apple Design Award winners announced '' . ZDNet . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 2005 ) . `` The Best of 2004 ; The 14th Annual Computer Games Awards '' . Computer Games Magazine ( 172 ) : 48 -- 56 . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Sims ' content criticized '' . CNN . July 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( July 22 , 2005 ) . `` Sims 2 content `` worse than Hot Coffee '' `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter ( October 19 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 coming to Mac '' . Macworld . IDG . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter ( June 6 , 2005 ) . `` Aspyr : Sims 2 hits store shelves June 17th '' . MacWorld . IDG . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edenstyle.it '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official The Sims 2 page '' . July 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Courtney Marchelletta . `` SimPE - Simple Package Editor '' . about.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Courtney Marchelletta . `` How To Edit a Sim 's Characteristics with SimPE '' . about.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Courtney Marchelletta . `` '' TS2 Enhancer '' : A Character Editing Tool for `` The Sims 2 '' `` . about.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . External links ( Edit ) Archived official website The Sims 2 at MobyGames The Sims The Sims Livin ' Large Hot Date Soundtrack The Sims 2 University Nightlife Open for Business Pets Seasons Bon Voyage FreeTime Apartment Life Stuff packs The Sims 3 World Adventures Ambitions Late Night Generations Pets Showtime Supernatural Seasons University Life Island Paradise Into the Future Stuff packs The Sims 4 Expansion Packs Get to Work Get Together City Living Cats & Dogs Seasons Game Packs Outdoor Retreat Spa Day Dine Out Vampires Parenthood Jungle Adventure Spin - offs Life Stories Pet Stories Castaway Stories Medieval Pirates and Nobles Console Bustin ' Out The Urbz Castaway Apartment Pets My Sims Kingdom Party Racing Agents SkyHeroes Online Desktop Online Carnival Social Mobile FreePlay Mobile Related articles Simlish Maxis The Sims Studio Will Wright Rawson Stovall Jerry Martin Lucy Bradshaw SimsVille Mod The Sims The Strangerhood Portal List of games Book Category Sim video games SimCity Main games SimCity ( 1989 ) SimCity 2000 SimCity 3000 SimCity 4 Rush Hour SimCity ( 2013 ) Other games Streets of SimCity 64 DS Societies DS 2 Creator Social BuildIt The Sims Main games The Sims The Sims 2 The Sims 3 The Sims 4 Other games Online Bustin ' Out The Urbz Life Stories Pet Stories Castaway Stories Carnival Medieval Pirates and Nobles Social FreePlay MySims MySims Kingdom Party Racing Agents SkyHeroes Spore Expansions Galactic Adventures Spin - offs Creature Creator Creatures Origins Hero Hero Arena Darkspore Other Development Sim SimEarth SimAnt SimLife SimFarm SimRefinery SimTower SimHealth SimIsle SimTown SimPark SimGolf SimTunes Sim Theme Park SimCopter SimSafari SimCoaster Sid Meier 's SimGolf SimAnimals People Will Wright Mike Perry Fred Haslam Jerry Martin Jeff Braun Lucy Bradshaw Jacques Servin Related articles Simlish Electronic Arts Maxis Lincity Yoot Tower The Tower SP Raid on Bungeling Bay Category GND : 7555364 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sims_2&oldid=854212127 '' Categories : 2004 video games Electronic Arts games Game Boy Advance games Interactive Achievement Award winners Life simulation games GameCube games Nintendo DS games MacOS games PlayStation 2 games PlayStation Portable games EyeToy games Social simulation video games The Sims Video games scored by Kevin Manthei Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Video games with expansion packs Windows games Xbox games Split - screen multiplayer games Aspyr games Alien abduction in video games Ghost video games Obscenity controversies in video gaming Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2013 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 18 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what is the name of the first sims 2 expansion pack (one word answer)	[ "\n\nName\n\nRelease date\n\nMajor Additions\n\nNeighborhoods\n\nNew NPCs\n\nNew Lifestate/Creature\n\nNew Careers\n\n\nUniversity\n\nWindows:NA: March 1, 2005 EU: March 2, 2005 Mac OS X:December 12, 2005\n\nUniversities, Young Adult age group, Influence system\n\nCampus:La Fiesta Tech,Sim State University,Académie Le Tour\n\nBarista, Bartender,Cafeteria Worker,Cheerleader,Coach, Evil Mascot, Mascot,Professors, Streaker\n\nZombies (Also in FreeTime and Apartment Life)\n\nNatural Scientist, Paranormal,Show Business, Artist\n\n\nNightlife\n\nWindows:NA: September 13, 2005 EU: September 13, 2005 Mac OS X:March 27, 2006\n\nDates, Groups system, Outings, Pleasure and Grilled Cheese aspiration, New relationship states, ownable cars, Attraction system\n\nDowntown:Downtown\n\nGypsy Matchmaker,Waiter, Chef,Bartender, DJ,Mrs. Crumplebottom,Vampires (Counts/Countesses)\n\nVampires\n\nNone\n\n\nOpen for Business\n\nWindows:NA: March 2, 2006 EU: March 2, 2006 Mac OS X:September 4, 2006\n\nBusinesses, talent badges\n\nShopping District:Bluewater Village\n\nReporters,Barbers\n\nServos (Robots)\n\nShop Employees\n\n\nPets\n\nWindows:NA: October 17, 2006 EU: October 20, 2006 Mac OS X:November 6, 2006\n\nOwnable Pets\n\nNone\n\nAnimal Control Officers,Obedience Trainer,Wolves, Skunks\n\nWerewolves\n\nPet careers:Security,Showbiz,Service\n\n\nSeasons\n\nWindows:NA: March 1, 2007 EU: March 2, 2007 Mac OS X:June 11, 2007\n\nWeather system, Seasons, fishing, new talent badges,gardening\n\nMain:Riverblossom Hills\n\nGarden Club Members,Penguins\n\nPlantSims\n\nAdventurer,Education,Gamer,Journalism,Law, Music\n\n\nBon Voyage\n\nWindows:NA: September 4, 2007 EU: September 7, 2007 Mac OS X:December 17, 2007\n\nVacations in different cultural areas\n\nVacation:Twikkii Island,Three Lakes,Takemizu Village\n\nFire Dancers,Hotel Maids,Bellboys, Masseurs,Wise Old Man,Pirate, Tour Guides,Unsavory charlatan,Witch Doctor, Ninjas\n\nBigfoot\n\nNone\n\n\nFreeTime\n\nWindows:NA: February 26, 2008 EU: February 22, 2008\n\nHobby system, lifetime aspiration system, new talent badges.\n\nMain: Desiderata Valley Secret:Hobby\n\nHobby Members,Rod Humble,Hobby Leaders,Food Judge,Genie\n\nGenie (Only NPC)\n\nOceanography,Intelligence,Entertainment,Dance,Architecture\n\n\nApartment Life\n\nWindows:NA: August 27, 2008EU: August 29, 2008\n\nRentable apartments, reputation system, witchcraft system\n\nMain:Belladonna Cove[53]Secret:The Magical World\n\nButler, Landlord,Roomies,Breakdancers,Street Performers,Social Group Sims,High Witch of Light/Darkness,Spectral assistant (played by cats), Human statues[53]\n\nWitches, Warlocks\n\nNone\n" ]	[ "University" ]
3046370187765646766	Perm	Perm - wikipedia Perm This article is about a major city in Russia . For the hairstyle , see Perm ( hairstyle ) . For other uses , see Perm ( disambiguation ) . Perm Пермь ( Russian ) Перем ( Komi - Permyak ) - City - View of Perm Location of Perm Krai in Russia Perm Location of Perm in Perm Krai Coordinates : 58 ° 00 ′ N 56 ° 19 ′ E / 58.000 ° N 56.317 ° E / 58.000 ; 56.317 Coordinates : 58 ° 00 ′ N 56 ° 19 ′ E / 58.000 ° N 56.317 ° E / 58.000 ; 56.317 Coat of arms Flag City Day June 12 Administrative status ( as of December 2011 ) Country Russia Federal subject Perm Krai Administratively subordinated to city of krai significance of Perm Administrative center of Perm Krai , Permsky District , city of krai significance of Perm Municipal status ( as of August 2012 ) Urban okrug Perm Urban Okrug Administrative center of Perm Urban Okrug , Permsky Municipal District Mayor Dmitry Samoylov Representative body City Duma Statistics Area 799.68 km ( 308.76 sq mi ) Population ( 2010 Census ) 991,162 inhabitants - Rank in 2010 13th Density 1,239 / km ( 3,210 / sq mi ) Time zone YEKT ( UTC + 05 : 00 ) Founded May 15 , 1723 City status since October 29 , 1781 Previous names Yagoshikha ( Yegoshikha ) ( until 1781 ) , Perm ( until 1940 ) , Molotov ( until October 2 , 1957 ) Postal code ( s ) 614xxx Dialing code ( s ) + 7 342 Website www.gorodperm.ru Perm on Wikimedia Commons Perm ( Russian : Пермь , IPA : ( pjɛrmj ) ; ) is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai , Russia , located on the banks of the Kama River in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains . According to the 2010 Census , Perm 's population is 991,162 , down from 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census and 1,090,944 recorded in 1989 Census . As of the 2010 Census , the city was the thirteenth most populous in Russia . From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov ( Russian : Мо́лотов ( ˈmoɫətəf ) ) in honor of Vyacheslav Molotov . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 History 3.1 Soviet period 3.2 Modern city 3.3 The Jewish community 4 Administrative and municipal status 4.1 City divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Transportation 5.1. 1 Proposed metro system 6 Culture 7 Education 8 Climate 9 Sports 10 Notable people 11 Marketing 12 Twin towns and sister cities 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Sources 15 External links 15.1 Education Etymology ( edit ) The name Perm is of Finno - Ugric etymology , likely of Uralic origin ( Komi - Permyak : Перем , Perem ; Komi : Перым , Perym ) . Komi is a member of the Permic group of Finno - Ugric languages , which is also named for Perm . In Finnish and Vepsian perämaa means `` far - away land '' ; similarly , in Hungarian perem means `` edge '' or `` verge '' . The geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym . Geography ( edit ) The Kama River near Perm Map of Perm and the Yagoshikha River , 1898 The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain . The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia . This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea , Baltic Sea , Sea of Azov , Black Sea , and Caspian Sea . The Kama divides the city into two parts : the central part and the right bank part . The city stretches for 70 kilometers ( 43 mi ) along the Kama and 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) across it . The city street grid parallels the Kama River , traveling generally east - west , while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river . The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them . Another distinguishing feature of the city 's relief is the large quantity of small rivers and brooks . The largest of them are the Mulyanka , the Yegoshikha , the Motovilikha ( all are on the left bank of Kama River ) , and the Gayva ( on the right bank ) . Perm has a continental climate with warm summers and long , cold winters . History ( edit ) Further information : Great Perm Perm is located in the old Perman area , which was originally inhabited by Finno - Ugric peoples . Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha ( Ягошиха ) in 1647 ; however , the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great . Vasily Tatishchev , appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories , founded Perm together with another major center of the Ural region , Yekaterinburg . In the 19th century , Perm became a major trade and industrial center with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s , with several metallurgy , paper , and steamboat producing factories , including one owned by a British entrepreneur . In 1870 , an opera theater was opened in the city , and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built . In 1916 , Perm State University -- a major educational institution in modern Russia -- was opened . Pokrovskaya Street in central Perm around 1910 This house is a typical example of the wooden buildings of Perm early 20th century . Location home : 14a , Klimenko str . After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War , Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories . On December 25 , 1918 , the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev ( who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak ) , took Perm . On July 1 , 1919 , the city was retaken by the Red Army . Some early color photographs by Sergey Prokudin - Gorsky , taken in 1910 General view of City of Perm General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki Razgulyay , outskirts of the city of Perm Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm Prokudin - Gorsky -- Staro - Sibirskaya Gate in the city of Perm Kama River near Perm . The bridge still stands today , but another similar bridge has been built alongside it . Both are painted white . Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm Soviet period ( edit ) In the 1930s , Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation , shipbuilding , and chemical factories built during that period . During the Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) , Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union . During the cold war , Perm became a closed city . Modern city ( edit ) TGC - 9 The city is a major administrative , industrial , scientific , and cultural center . The leading industries include machinery , defence , oil production ( about 3 % of Russian output ) , oil refining , chemical and petrochemical , timber and wood processing and the food industry . Since 2004 , the first Muslim Cossack unit in post-Soviet Russia has been based in the city of Perm . The Jewish community ( edit ) The first Jews who arrived in Perm were demobilized soldiers from the imperial army who were allowed , after completing their service , to settle outside the pale of settlement and , in 1861 , there were 194 Jews in Perm . Over the years the community grew larger , and at the beginning of the 20th century , there were 1,000 Jews living in the city with their own synagogue on Kungurskaya Street ( now Komsomolsky Avenue ) and school for boys . After the Revolution of 1917 the building of the synagogue and community property were confiscated and were not returned until 1922 . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , many Jews emigrated from the city . The first rabbi to arrive in the city after the collapse was David Vajs , who arrived in 1996 . He was then replaced with Rabbi Eliyagy Habi in 2001 . On March 9 , 2013 , two unidentified assailants threw a rock and a Molotov cocktail through a window of the Jewish Community Center . A small area was set on fire , but a security guard extinguished it . Jewish community leaders ascribed the incident to incitement in the local media the previous week , related to stories about a new Torah scroll for the community . Administrative and Municipal Status ( edit ) Perm is the administrative center of the krai and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with two rural localities , incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Perm -- an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug . City divisions ( edit ) Administrative divisions Building of the Perm Administration A view from the new bridge along the Stroiteley Street For administrative purposes , Perm is divided into seven city districts : City District Population ( 2010 Census ) Dzerzhinsky 155,632 Industrialny 157,575 Kirovsky 127,793 Leninsky 48,520 Motovilikhinsky 179,961 Ordzhonikidzevsky 111,204 Sverdlovsky 210,477 Economy ( edit ) Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals , ahead of Yekaterinburg , Chelyabinsk and Ufa , although Perm has a smaller population than these . 35 % of Perm Oblast 's industry is located in Perm . The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering , oil and gas refining , machine building , chemicals and petrochemicals , forestry processing , printing and food industry . Several major industrial companies are located in Perm . Engine - makers Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel are among the major players of the Russian aircraft industry . Rocket engine company Proton - PM will mass - produce the RD - 191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family . In electric engineering , Morion JSC and Perm Scientific and Industrial Group , along with Perm Electrical Engineering Plant are the leading companies . JSC KAMKABEL is Russia 's largest exporter of cables and wires . Oil - refining and natural gas processing are also among the city 's leading industries . The largest companies in this sector are LUKoil - Perm Ltd. , and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd . Transportation ( edit ) Perm International Airport Perm is an important railway junction on the Trans - Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia , the north part of the Urals , and the far east of Russia . Perm has two big railway stations - historical Perm - I and modern Perm - II . The Kama River is an important link in the unifying deep - water system of the European part of Russia . The river connects the city with European waterways . It is possible to ship cargo from the Kama river area to the sea ports of the White , Baltic , Azov , Black , and Caspian seas without reloading . Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino , 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) southwest . Perm 's public transit network includes tram , bus , trolleybus and city - railway routes . Setra city bus AKSM - 321 low - floor trolleybus KTM - 23 tram Perm - II railway station Proposed Metro system ( edit ) The Perm Metro is a planned construction of a metro system which has been considered . The first plans date back to the 1970s . A feasibility study was compiled in 1990 but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction . The plans were revitalized in the early 2000s , but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold . Light rail has also been considered . Culture ( edit ) Perm Opera and Ballet House Perm Museum of Contemporary Art ( PERMM ) in the former Perm River Station Hall The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia . There are many other theaters in Perm , including the Drama Theater , the Puppet Theater , the Theater for Young Spectators , the Theater `` Stage Molot '' , and the Theater `` Near the Bridge '' . Among the cities museums and galleries , the Perm State Art Gallery is recognized for its outstanding collections of art , including paintings from the 15th - to 18th - century art movements , and wooden sculptures from the region . It is housed in a notable early 19th - century structure , once an orthodox cathedral . The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm , as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect . Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art , Perm Museum of Contemporary Art ( PERMM ) which officially opened in March 2009 . The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov . This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic overtones that resonate with other notes in the drum . The sound consequently has long sustain and reverberation . Perm is also home to the At the Bridge Theatre , the first mystical theatre in the world . Education ( edit ) Perm is a scientific center ; some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University , Perm State Technical University , Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics , Perm State Teachers ' Training University , Perm State Medical Academy , Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy , Perm State Agricultural Academy , The Institute of Art and Culture , Perm State Choreographic School , and others . There are also three military schools in Perm . Climate ( edit ) Perm has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . hide Climate data for Perm Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 9.3 ( 15.3 ) − 7.6 ( 18.3 ) 0.1 ( 32.2 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) − 8 ( 18 ) 7.1 ( 44.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 12.8 ( 9 ) − 11.6 ( 11.1 ) − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) − 5.8 ( 21.6 ) − 11.1 ( 12 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 16.2 ( 2.8 ) − 15.1 ( 4.8 ) − 8.1 ( 17.4 ) − 0.9 ( 30.4 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) − 8.4 ( 16.9 ) − 14.2 ( 6.4 ) − 1.3 ( 29.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 44.9 ( − 48.8 ) − 40.8 ( − 41.4 ) − 34.8 ( − 30.6 ) − 23.5 ( − 10.3 ) − 13 ( 9 ) − 3.4 ( 25.9 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) − 1.9 ( 28.6 ) − 7.8 ( 18 ) − 25.2 ( − 13.4 ) − 38.5 ( − 37.3 ) − 47.1 ( − 52.8 ) − 47.1 ( − 52.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 44 ( 1.73 ) 30 ( 1.18 ) 28 ( 1.1 ) 36 ( 1.42 ) 59 ( 2.32 ) 81 ( 3.19 ) 70 ( 2.76 ) 76 ( 2.99 ) 72 ( 2.83 ) 61 ( 2.4 ) 55 ( 2.17 ) 45 ( 1.77 ) 657 ( 25.87 ) Average rainy days 11 18 18 17 20 21 17 7 139 Average snowy days 28 24 19 9 0.4 0 0 13 24 27 150 Average relative humidity ( % ) 83 79 72 65 62 68 71 77 80 82 85 85 76 Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 79 152 198 275 290 284 226 132 65 37 23 1,799 Source # 1 : Pogoda.ru.net Source # 2 : NOAA ( sun , 1961 -- 1990 ) Sports ( edit ) The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships . Club Sport Founded Current League League Rank Stadium Amkar Perm Football 1994 Russian Premier League 1st Zvezda Stadium Zvezda 2005 Perm Football 1994 Women 's Supreme League 1st Zvezda Stadium Oktan Perm Football 1958 Russian Second Division 3rd Neftyanik Stadium Molot - Prikamye Perm Ice Hockey 1948 Higher Hockey League 2nd Universal Sports Palace Molot Prikamye Perm Volleyball Volleyball Super League 1st Sukharev Sports Complex Permskie Medvedi Handball 1999 Handball Super League 1st Permskie Medvedi Sports Complex Parma Basket Basketball 2012 VTB United League 1st Universal Sports Palace Molot There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Perm The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there . Dmitry Rybolovlev , businessman Michael Beilin ( born 1976 ) , Israeli Olympic Greco - Roman wrestler Tatiana Borodina , opera soprano Sergei Diaghilev , ballet impresario Alexandra Kosteniuk , 2008 Women 's World Chess Champion Dmitry Mamin - Sibiryak , writer Nikolay Moiseyev , astronomer Andronic Nikolsky ( Andronik ) , first Bishop of Kyoto , Japan Fyodor Petrov , Soviet artillery designer Vladimir Chagin , Russian rally raid driver . the most successful single pilot in history of Dakar Rally Natasha Poly , supermodel Zaki Ansari , businessman. Writer , Founder of Indian Kitchen Perm Alexander Stepanovich Popov , physicist ; widely regarded in Russia as the inventor of radio Mikhail Shuisky , opera singer Arkadiy Shvetsov , aircraft engine designer Nikolay Slavyanov , inventor of an early method of arc welding Peter Berngardovich Struve , political economist , philosopher , and editor Maxim Trankov , pairs figure skater Yuri Trutnev , Presidential Envoy to the Far Eastern Federal District Andrey Voronikhin , architect and painter Konstantin Zyryanov , association football player Katerina Shpitsa , actress of theater and cinema Alexei Ivanov , writer Tatiana Totmianina , pair skater , 2006 Olympic Champion The Nobel - prize - winning writer Boris Pasternak lived in Perm for a time , and it figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name `` Yuriatin '' where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library . Marketing ( edit ) Perm city is the most obvious example of a city marketing in Russia , the city has the logo . Twin Towns and sister cities ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia Perm is twinned with : Louisville , Kentucky , United States , 1994 Oxford , United Kingdom , 1995 Qingdao , China Shenzhen , China Duisburg , Germany , since 2007 See also ( edit ) Immaculate Conception Church , Perm Stephen of Perm References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Law # 416 - 67 ^ Jump up to : Law # 2038 - 446 Jump up ^ Law # 1868 - 402 ^ Jump up to : Official website of the Head of Perm ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Пермская Городская Дума Jump up ^ `` Áàçà äàííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ìóíèöèïàëüíûõ îáðàçîâàíèé '' . gks.ru . ^ Jump up to : Russian Federal State Statistics Service ( 2011 ) . `` Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года . Том 1 '' ( 2010 All - Russian Population Census , vol. 1 ) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года ( 2010 All - Russia Population Census ) ( in Russian ) . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox . Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population . Jump up ^ Правительство Российской Федерации . Федеральный закон No 107 - ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г . `` Об исчислении времени '' , в ред . Федерального закона No 271 - ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г . `` О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон `` Об исчислении времени '' '' . Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования ( 6 августа 2011 г . ) . Опубликован : `` Российская газета '' , No 120 , 6 июня 2011 г . ( Government of the Russian Federation . Federal Law # 107 - FZ of June 31 , 2011 On Calculating Time , as amended by the Federal Law # 271 - FZ of July 03 , 2016 On Amending Federal Law `` On Calculating Time '' . Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication . ) . ^ Jump up to : Official website of Perm . History . Jump up ^ Почта России . Информационно - вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО . ( Russian Post ) . Поиск объектов почтовой связи ( Postal Objects Search ) ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Russian Federation - International Codes - The Phone Book from BT Archived April 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 Jump up ^ Gramota.ru. # 18475 Jump up ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service ( May 21 , 2004 ) . `` Численность населения России , субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов , районов , городских поселений , сельских населённых пунктов -- районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек '' ( Population of Russia , Its Federal Districts , Federal Subjects , Districts , Urban Localities , Rural Localities -- Administrative Centers , and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ) ( XLS ) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года ( All - Russia Population Census of 2002 ) ( in Russian ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Demoscope Weekly ( 1989 ) . `` Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г . Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик , автономных областей и округов , краёв , областей , районов , городских поселений и сёл - райцентров '' ( All Union Population Census of 1989 : Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics , Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs , Krais , Oblasts , Districts , Urban Settlements , and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers ) . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года ( All - Union Population Census of 1989 ) ( in Russian ) . Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета : Высшая школа экономики ( Institute of Demography at the National Research University : Higher School of Economics ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Finn - Olaf ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` A Bilbao on Siberia 's Edge ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Religion ; Visit Perm online ; accessed . Jump up ^ `` Global Anti-Semitism : Selected Incidents Around the World in 2013 '' . adl.org . ^ Jump up to : Industry Perm City Administration Jump up ^ English version Archived May 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . City of Perm . Department of Industrial Policy , Investment and Entrepreneurship Jump up ^ Transport infrastructure -- Perm regional server . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 26 . Perm ' Metro Project ; article ( includes map ) ; Urban Rail online ; accessed . Jump up ^ `` Барыкина Л . Пермяки высадились на Манхэттене / / Ведомости от 25.01. 2008 '' . Vedomosti.ru. 2008 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Perm Museums ' Plan Dubbed the ' New Bilbao ' '' . The Moscow Times . Jump up ^ Kishkovsky , Sophia ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ RAV Vast - Steel Tongue Drum ( 2016 - 11 - 24 ) , Creation of RAV Drum , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 Jump up ^ `` RAV Vast drum . Easy and enjoyable tongue drum '' . ravvast.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Perm State University '' . Psu.ru . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Заставка - Пермский государственный технический университет '' . Pstu.ru . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Государственный университет - Высшая школа экономики '' . Hse.perm.ru . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Perm State Academy Of Medicine Archived October 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.psfa.ru/english/ Jump up ^ `` Perm State Agricultural Academy '' . Pgsha.ru . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Site developed by Perm RCI PSTU . `` Perm State Ballet college '' . Balletschool.perm.ru . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pogoda.ru.net '' ( in Russian ) . Weather and Climate ( Погода и климат ) . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Perm Climate Normals 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fclub%2F445%2F&sandbox=1 Jump up ^ http://www.oxfordperm-assoc.org/members-only/news-Jun06.pdf Jump up ^ Artemy Lebedev thought up a logo of the Perm city ( rus ) Jump up ^ `` Oxford 's International Twin Towns '' . Oxford City Council . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ 友好城市 ( Friendly cities ) Archived July 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , 市外办 ( Foreign Affairs Office ) , 2008 - 03 - 22 . ( Translation by Google Translate . ) Jump up ^ 国际友好城市一览表 ( International Friendship Cities List ) Archived November 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2011 - 01 - 20 . ( Translation by Google Translate . ) Jump up ^ 友好交流 ( Friendly exchanges ) Archived November 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2011 - 09 - 13 . ( Translation by Google Translate . ) Jump up ^ `` Cities Twinned with Duisburg '' . 2009 Duisberg City Council . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District '' ( PDF ) . © 2009 Twins2010.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Sources ( edit ) Законодательное собрание Пермской области . Закон No 416 - 67 от 28 февраля 1996 г . `` Об административно - территориальном устройстве Пермского края '' , в ред . Закона No 504 - ПК от 9 июля 2015 г . `` О внесении изменений в Закон Пермской области `` Об административно - территориальном устройстве Пермского края '' '' . Вступил в силу с момента опубликования . Опубликован : `` Звезда '' , No 38 , 12 марта 1996 г . ( Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast . Law # 416 - 67 of February 28 , 1996 On the Administrative - Territorial Structure of Perm Krai , as amended by the Law # 504 - PK of July 9 , 2015 On Amending the Law of Perm Oblast `` On the Administrative - Territorial Structure of Perm Krai '' . Effective as of the moment of publication . ) . Законодательное собрание Пермской области . Закон No 2038 - 446 от 11 февраля 2005 г . `` Об утверждении границ и о наделении статусом муниципального образования `` Город Пермь '' Пермского края '' , в ред . Закона No 499 - ПК от 16 октября 2009 г `` О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Пермской области и Коми - Пермяцкого автономного округа '' . Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования ( 12 марта 2005 г . ) , за исключением отдельных положений , вступивших в силу в иные сроки . Опубликован : `` Российская газета '' , No 41 , 2 марта 2005 г . ( Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast . Law # 2038 - 446 of February 11 , 2005 On Establishing the Borders and on Granting the Status to the Municipal Formation of the `` City of Perm '' of Perm Krai , as amended by the Law # 499 - PK of October 16 , 2009 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Perm Oblast and Komi - Permyak Autonomous Okrug . Effective as of the day which is ten days following the day of the official publication ( March 12 , 2005 ) , with the exception of certain clauses , which took effect on different dates . ) . Законодательное собрание Пермской области . Закон No 1868 - 402 от 1 декабря 2004 г . `` Об утверждении границ и о наделении статусом муниципальных образований Пермского района Пермского края '' , в ред . Закона No 273 - ПК от 14 декабря 2013 г . `` О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Пермской области , Коми - Пермяцкого автономного округа , Пермского края '' . Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования . Опубликован : `` Бюллетень Законодательного Собрания и администрации Пермской области '' , No 1 , II часть , 27 января 2005 г . ( Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast . Law # 1868 - 402 of December 1 , 2004 On Establishing the Borders and on Granting the Status to the Municipal Formations of Permsky District of Perm Krai , as amended by the Law # 273 - PK of December 14 , 2013 On Amending Various Laws of Perm Oblast , Komi - Permyak Autonomous Okrug , Perm Krai . Effective as of the day which is ten days following the day of the official publication . ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPermat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website of Perm ( in Russian ) Official website of the Perm City Duma ( in Russian ) Street View of Perm Perm Chamber of Commerce and Industry The Western Ural Photographic Album Virtual museum of Romanov in Perm History of Perm The city of Perm - The poem of the town Article about Perm Ballet S. Kishkovsky `` Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City '' Unofficial website of Perm Education ( edit ) Perm State University Perm State Technical University Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy Perm State Agricultural Academy Perm State Choreographic School Administrative divisions of Perm Krai Administrative center : Perm Administrative districts Bardymsky Beryozovsky Bolshesosnovsky Chastinsky Cherdynsky Chernushinsky Gornozavodsky Ilyinsky Karagaysky Kishertsky Krasnovishersky Kungursky Kuyedinsky Nytvensky Ochyorsky Okhansky Oktyabrsky Ordinsky Osinsky Permsky Sivinsky Solikamsky Suksunsky Uinsky Usolsky Vereshchaginsky Yelovsky Administrative districts of Komi - Permyak Okrug Gaynsky Kochyovsky Kosinsky Kudymkarsky Yurlinsky Yusvinsky Closed administrative - territorial formations Zvyozdny Cities and towns ( all levels ) Alexandrovsk Berezniki Chaykovsky Cherdyn Chernushka Chusovoy Chyormoz Dobryanka Gornozavodsk Gremyachinsk Gubakha Kizel Krasnokamsk Krasnovishersk Kudymkar Kungur Lysva Nytva Ochyor Okhansk Osa Perm Solikamsk Usolye Vereshchagino Urban - type settlements Biser Kalino Kusye - Alexandrovsky Lyamino Medvedka Novoilyinsky , Perm Krai Novovilvensky Nyrob Oktyabrsky Overyata Pashiya Pavlovsky Polazna Promysla Sarany Sars Shirokovsky Skalny Stary Biser Suksun Tyoplaya Gora Ugleuralsky Uralsky Usva Vsevolodo - Vilva Yayva GND : 4216585 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perm&oldid=837948936 '' Categories : Perm Permsky Uyezd Populated places established in 1723 History of Ural 1723 establishments in the Russian Empire Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles containing Russian - language text Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from November 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles containing Komi - language text Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Afrikaans Akan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ქართული Kiswahili Коми Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Монгол Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Перем Коми Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Удмурт Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Wolof 粵語中文 89 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 00 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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5628377429224843958	Indian vice-presidential election, 2012	Indian Vice-Presidential election , 2012 - Wikipedia Indian Vice-Presidential election , 2012 Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2012 ) Indian vice-presidential election , 2012 ← 2007 7 August 2012 2017 → Nominee Mohammad Hamid Ansari Jaswant Singh Party INC BJP Alliance UPA NDA Home state West Bengal Rajasthan Electoral vote 490 238 Percentage 67.31 % 32.69 % Vice-President before election Mohammad Hamid Ansari INC Elected Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari INC Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioner District magistrate Sub-divisional magistrate Rural bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas The 2012 Indian Vice-Presidential election was held on 7 August 2012 to elect Vice-President of India . Mohammad Hamid Ansari was the incumbent and the UPA candidate . The other prime candidate was the NDA 's Jaswant Singh . Ansari then reelected as Vice-President . In doing so , he became the first VP to be reelected since Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in 1957 Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Electoral College 1.2 Timeline 2 Candidates 2.1 Jaswant Singh 2.2 Hamid Ansari 3 Result 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Vice President of India § Election , oath and term Indian Vice President has a term of 5 years . Current VP , Hamid Ansari , took oath as Vice President on 11 August 2007 , hence his term ended on 10 August 2012 . The Election Commission of India undertook the election . T.K. Viswanathan and V.R. Ramesh were appointed as Returning Officer and the Assistant Returning Officer respectively . Electoral college ( edit ) The electoral college consists of , all 245 Rajya Sabha members and all 545 Lok Sabha members , a total of 790 voters . Timeline ( edit ) According to , the Election Commission of India 's press note on 3 July detailing the process of conduct and declaration of the result of the election , the program for the election was , Notification - 6 July . Deadline for nominations - 20 July . Scrutiny of nominations - 21 July . Deadline for withdrawal of nominations - 23 July Date and voting hours - 7 August from 10 : 00 to 17 : 00 . Announcement of result at 18 : 00 . Candidates ( edit ) Thirty - four candidates had filed their nomination papers for the election . Seven of them had filed nomination papers on the deadline day . Four nomination were rejected for failing to comply with the requirement of attaching a certified copy of the entry relating to the candidate 's parliamentary constituency . Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari Former Minister of Finance Jaswant Singh Jaswant Singh ( edit ) Jaswant Singh had filed his nomination papers on 20 July in the presence of National Democratic Alliance coalition leaders . Three sets of papers - one each by L.K. Advani , Sumitra Mahajan and Yashwant Sinha , supporting Singh 's candidature were submitted to the returning officer Viswanathan . His candidature was announced by the NDA on 16 July . He would meet All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam leader Jayalalithaa and Naveen Patnaik of Biju Janata Dal on 6 August asking them to support his candidature . Hamid Ansari ( edit ) Ansari filed his nomination papers on 18 Jul United Progressive Alliance chairperson Sonia Gandhi , Prime Minister , Manmohan Singh Samajwadi Party leader Mulayam Singh Yadav , INC general secretary Rahul Gandhi , Nationalist Congress Party leader Sharad Pawar , RLD leader Ajit Singh , National Conference leader Farooq Abdullah , Finance Minister P Chidambaram , Defence Minister A.K. Antony and RJD leader Lalu Prasad Yadav were among the political leaders who were present to support him at the time of his nomination . His candidature was announced by Sonia Gandhi at a UPA meeting held at Singh 's official residence . Sonia Gandhi proposed his nomination by saying : `` Mohd Hamid Ansari will complete shortly a term as Vice-President of India . He has presided over the Rajya Sabha with dignity and distinction . The UPA is honoured to nominate him as its candidate for a second term as Vice-President of India . '' Sonia Gandhi , Mulayam Singh Yadav , Bahujan Samaj Party leader Satish Mishra and INC MP Motilal Vora then submitted one set of papers each to Viswanathan in support of Ansari 's candidature . Though Mukul Roy of the All India Trinamool Congress had put before the names of Gopalkrishna Gandhi and Krishna Bose , they declined to contest . Result ( edit ) Ansari was elected as Vice President for a second term , and became the only person to do so after Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who was reelected in 1957 . e d Result of the Indian vice-presidential election , 2012 Candidate Party Electoral Votes % of Votes Mohammad Hamid Ansari INC 490 67.31 Jaswant Singh BJP 238 32.69 Total 728 100.00 Valid Votes 728 98.91 Invalid Votes 8 1.09 Turnout 736 93.16 Abstentions 54 6.84 Electors 790 See also ( edit ) Indian presidential election , 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BJP to field candidate for vice-president against Hamid Ansari '' . NDTV. 15 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaswant Singh to give stature to vice-president poll contest '' . DNA India . 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ansari may write to MPs of UPA and supporting parties '' . DNA India . 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamid Ansari gets second term as vice president '' . Hindustan Times . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : PRESS NOTE Subject : Election to the Office of the Vice-President , 2012 ( 14th Vice-Presidential Election ) , ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA Jump up ^ `` Hamid Ansari , Jaswant Singh among 34 in fray for Vice Presidential poll '' . 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaswant Singh files nomination for Vice Presidential poll '' . The Economic Times . 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaswant Singh is NDA nominee for Vice Presidential election '' . The Indian Express . 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vice-Presidential poll : Jaswant Singh to seek J Jayalalithaa , BJD support '' . The Economic Times . 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vice-presidential poll : Hamid Ansari files nomination papers '' . The Economic Times . 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamid Ansari is UPA nominee for Vice-President's post ; BJP to contest VP poll , NDA meet on July 16 '' . The Times of India . 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamid Ansari files nomination papers for Vice-Presidential post '' . The India Today . 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamid Ansari re-elected vice-president in one - sided contest '' . The Times of India . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamid Ansari wins second term as Vice President of India '' . The Economic Times . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the Vice-Presidential election 2012 Press note released by the Election Commission of India Information bullet released by the Lok Sabha ( hide ) Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_vice-presidential_election,_2012&oldid=794971359 '' Categories : Vice-presidential elections in India 2012 elections in India August 2012 events Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating EngvarB from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 05 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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7998922260179892844	Penny (United States coin)	Penny ( United States coin ) - wikipedia Penny ( United States coin ) Penny United States Value 0.01 U.S. Dollars Mass 2.5 g ( 0.08 troy oz ) Diameter 19.05 mm ( 0.75 in ) Thickness 1.52 mm ( 0.0598 in ) Edge Plain Composition 1982 -- present copper - plated zinc 97.5 % Zn , 2.5 % Cu Years of minting 1793 -- present Catalog number -- Obverse Design Abraham Lincoln Designer Victor D. Brenner Design date 1909 Reverse Design Union Shield Designer Lyndall Bass Design date 2010 -- present The United States one - cent coin , often called a penny , is a unit of currency equaling one one - hundredth of a United States dollar . The cent 's symbol is ¢ . Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909 , the centennial of his birth . From 1959 ( the sesquicentennial of Lincoln 's birth ) to 2008 , the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial . Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincoln 's 200th birthday and a new , `` permanent '' reverse -- the Union Shield -- was introduced in 2010 . The coin is 0.75 inches ( 19.05 mm ) in diameter and 0.0598 inches ( 1.52 mm ) in thickness . Its weight has varied , depending upon the composition of metals used in its production ( see further below ) . The U.S. Mint 's official name for the coin is `` cent '' and the U.S. Treasury 's official name is `` one cent piece '' . The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name , the pre-decimal version of which had a similar place in the British system . In American English , pennies is the plural form . ( The plural form pence -- standard in British English -- is not used in reference to American coins . ) Although the coin 's abolition has been proposed because it is now worth very little , there are currently no firm plans to eliminate the penny . As of 2015 , based on the U.S. Mint Annual Report released for 2014 , it costs the U.S. Mint 1.67 cents ( down from 2.41 cents in 2011 and 1.83 cents in 2013 ) to make one cent because of the cost of materials , production , and distribution . This figure includes the Mint 's fixed components for distribution and fabrication , as well as Mint overhead allocated to the penny . Fixed costs and overhead would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the penny . The loss from producing the one cent coin in the United States for the year of 2013 was $55,000,000 . This was a slight decrease from 2012 , the year before , which had a production loss of $58,000,000 . Contents 1 History of composition 2 Designs 3 Lincoln cent 3.1 History 3.1. 1 Reverse design 3.1. 1.1 Wheat cent ( 1909 -- 1958 ) 3.1. 1.2 Lincoln Memorial cent ( 1959 -- 2008 ) 3.1. 1.3 Lincoln Bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) 3.1. 1.4 Union shield cent ( 2010 -- present ) 3.1. 2 `` Capped cents '' 3.1. 3 Composition 3.2 Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916 3.3 Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents 4 Toxicity 5 Numismatics and regulations 6 Metal content and manufacturing costs 7 See also 7.1 Other denominations 8 References 9 External links History of composition ( edit ) Years Material Weight ( grains ) Weight ( grams ) 1793 -- 1795 ~ 100 % copper 208 grains 13.48 1795 -- 1857 ~ 100 % copper 168 grains 10.89 1856 -- 1864 88 % copper , 12 % nickel ( also known as NS - 12 ) 72 grains 4.67 1864 -- 1942 bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1943 zinc - coated steel ( also known as 1943 steel cent ) 42 grains 2.72 1944 -- 1946 brass ( shell case copper ) ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1947 -- 1962 bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1962 -- 1981 brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1982 brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) 38.6 grains 2.5 1983 -- present copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) 38.6 grains 2.5 In honor of Lincoln 's 200th anniversary , special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins . The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England , while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula , Michigan ores , a finding consistent with historical records . In 1943 , at the peak of World War II , zinc - coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper . A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins . Similarly , some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed . From 1944 to 1946 , salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process , and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues . During the early 1970s , the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent 's worth of copper . This led the Mint to test alternative metals , including aluminum and bronze - clad steel . Aluminum was chosen , and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected . The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons : vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems ; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue , and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . The cent 's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent . Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5 % zinc composition , while others used the 95 % copper composition . With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors , United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper plating . In Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2013 , the average one - cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents , down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011 . The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface . The predominantly copper coins produce a higher - pitched ringing sound , while the zinc coins make a lower - pitched `` clunk '' . In addition , a full 50 - cent roll of pre-1982 / 3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982 -- 83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz . Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures . Designs ( edit ) The coin has gone through several designs over its two - hundred - year time frame . Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins ( Susan B. Anthony through present dollars ) . A 1937 Wheat cent Proof Lincoln cent with cameo effect , obverse Obverse side of a cent after 17 years of circulation Detail of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial The following types of cents have been produced : Large cents : Flowing Hair Chain 1793 Flowing Hair Wreath 1793 Liberty Cap 1793 -- 1796 Draped bust 1796 -- 1807 Classic Head 1808 -- 1814 Coronet 1816 -- 1839 Braided Hair 1839 -- 1857 , 1868 ( not a regular issue ) Small cents : Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Indian Head cent ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) Lincoln Wheat ( 1909 -- 1958 ) Lincoln Memorial ( 1959 -- 2008 ) Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs ( 2009 ) Lincoln Union Shield ( 2010 -- present ) Throughout its history , the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date , but most of the digits have been old - style numerals , except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending . The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending ( the same size as a 0 , 1 , or 2 ) in the early history , before switching to a descending , large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently ( as of 2014 ) in 1943 . Similarly , the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945 , then from 1950 and on , it became a large descending 5 . From 1959 until 2008 , the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent . Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent , Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin . In 1999 , the New Jersey state quarter was released , which depicts George Washington on both sides , crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse . ( The state quarter for South Dakota , released in 2006 , also features Washington on both sides : the typical profile on the obverse , and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse . ) Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln , and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future . An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent . The letters `` VDB '' stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner , the primary designer of the Wheat cent . Lincoln cent ( edit ) Main article : Lincoln cent The Lincoln cent is the current one - cent coin of the U.S. It was adopted in 1909 ( which would have been Lincoln 's 100th birthday ) , replacing the Indian Head cent . Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheat - stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial ( to commemorate Lincoln 's sesquicentennial ) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln 's bicentennial . There are more one - cent coins produced than any other denomination , which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item . In its lifespan , this coin has weathered both world wars , one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort . The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency . History ( edit ) When the Lincoln one - cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909 , it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage , as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre-1909 regular coins . Previously , a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States , but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln 's birth proved stronger than the long - standing tradition . A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln 's image circulated as one - cent pieces during Lincoln 's presidency ; legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War . These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination , appearance , size , and composition of Lincoln cents . Theodore Roosevelt , the 26th U.S. President , thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto `` In God We Trust '' removed as offending religion . Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian - born Jew , Victor David Brenner , who , since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation 's premier medalists . Roosevelt had learned of Brenner 's talents in a settlement house on New York City 's Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a bas - relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln , based on a Mathew Brady photograph . Roosevelt , who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President , and who also considered himself Lincoln 's political heir , ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner 's work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln 's 100th birthday in 1909 . The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York . In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins -- LIBERTY and the date -- the motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination . The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3 , 1865 , authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins , during Lincoln 's tenure in office . Even though no legislation was required for the new design , approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change . Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14 , 1909 , and not quite three weeks later , on August 2 , the new coin was released to the public . In 1918 , after the controversy over Brenner 's name and initials on the reverse had died down , his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy . They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust , just under the shoulder of Lincoln . In 1969 , the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenner 's original sculptures . U.S. coin collection featuring Lincoln cents from 1941 to 1974 . Nearly complete set in a folder by Whitman Publishing , LLC . Also features two error coins and a description page . Reverse design ( edit ) Reverses of the Lincoln cent Wheat ( 1909 -- 1958 ) Lincoln Memorial ( 1959 -- 2008 ) Birth and early childhood in Kentucky ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Formative Years in Indiana ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Professional life in Illinois ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Presidency in DC ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Union shield ( 2010 -- present ) Wheat cent ( 1909 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style . Between these , in the center of the coin , are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , while curving around the upper border is the national motto , E Pluribus Unum , Latin for `` From Many , One . '' The original model bore Brenner 's name on the reverse , curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . Before the coins were issued , however , the initials `` VDB '' were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent . After the coin was released , many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design . Because the coin was in great demand , and because to make a change would have required halting production , the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely . Thus in 1909 the U.S. had six different cents : the 1909 and 1909 - S Indian Head cents , and four Lincoln coins : 1909 VDB , 1909 - S VDB , 1909 and 1909 - S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues . While the smallest mintage is the ' 09 - S Indian , the ' 09 - S VDB is the key Lincoln date , and hence is most valuable . Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.7 % of the plain V.D.B. Lincoln Memorial cent ( 1959 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) On February 12 , 1959 , a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth . No formal competition was held . Frank Gasparro , then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint , prepared the winning entry , selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration . Again , only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years . The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif , with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design , together with the denomination . The initials `` FG '' appear on the right , near the shrubbery . Lincoln bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) ( edit ) The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent 's reverse be redesigned in 2009 . This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln 's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth . These four designs , unveiled September 22 , 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , are : Birth and early childhood in Kentucky : this design features a log cabin and Lincoln 's birth year 1809 . It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz . This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln 's 200th birthday , February 12 , 2009 , at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln 's birthplace . The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years ( see Lincoln cent mintage figures ) . It has been nicknamed the `` Log Cabin Penny '' . Formative years in Indiana : this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting . It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers . Nicknamed the `` Indiana Penny '' , it was released on May 14 , 2009 . Professional life in Illinois : this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol . It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart . Nicknamed the `` Illinois Penny '' , it was released on August 13 , 2009 . Presidency in Washington , D.C. : this design features the half - completed Capitol dome . It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna . This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12 , 2009 . U.S. Mint released collector 's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc . Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) . Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper . Union shield cent ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which `` shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln 's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country '' . Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent . On April 16 , 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts ( CFA ) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation . Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s . The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll ; E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield . In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag . As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12 , the design for the 2010 cent was announced . The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC . According to the Mint , the 13 stripes on the shield `` represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government , represented by the horizontal bar above . '' The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi , an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency . The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenner 's design . The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959 . The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor - engraver Joseph Menna . In January 2010 , the coins were released early in Puerto Rico ; this was caused by a shortage of 2009 - dated pennies on the island . The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield , Illinois on February 11 , 2010 . In 2017 , cents minted in Philadelphia were struck with a `` P '' mintmark to celebrate the 225th anniversary of the U.S. Mint. 2017 is the only year that Philadelphia cents have had a mintmark . `` Capped cents '' ( edit ) To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle , local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend `` The Morro Castle Fire '' These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent . According to `` Mrs. Astor 's Horse '' by Stanley Walker : Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business . A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire , September , 1934 , Asbury Park '' on the other . Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150,000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster . As soon as they came off the press , heart - rending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about . Later , to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann , Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse , where the trial was held , and surrounded by the legend `` HAUPTMANN TRIAL , Flemington , NJ . '' Another part of the text in `` Mrs. Astor 's Horse '' states : A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business . He set up for business on the porch of the hotel . He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse , surrounded by the legend , Hauptmann Trial , Flemington , N.J. On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper . By running the copper strips through the press , together with the pennies , he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend . The pieces sold for five cents each , three for a dime . Also , from 1935 to 1938 , during the Christmas season , Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus . By donating 10 cents , shoppers in Manhattan would receive these . Additionally , if they donated an extra 5 cents , their cent would come in a greeting card holder . Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E. Byrd 's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis . There was also a design featuring the Lord 's prayer . Composition ( edit ) Bronze , 1909 -- 1942 . Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864 , 95 % copper and 2.5 % tin and 2.5 % zinc . Wartime zinc - plated steel , 1943 . The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943 . Further information : 1943 steel cent Production of the war - time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18 , 1942 , which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31 , 1946 . Low - grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins , to which a zinc coating 0.0005 - inch ( 0.013 mm ) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive . This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made , leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust . The same size was maintained , but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains ( 3.1 g ) to 42 grains ( 2.7 g ) , by using a lighter alloy . Production commenced on February 27 , 1943 , and by December 31 of that year , the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one - cent coins . The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers , two destroyers , 1,243 Flying Fortresses , 120 field guns and 120 howitzers , or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns . Wartime brass , 1944 -- 1946 . Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents , especially that they could be mistaken for dimes , led to a change in composition of the wartime cent . On January 1 , 1944 , the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy , the supply being derived from expended shell casings which , when melted , furnished a composition similar to the original , but with a much smaller trace of tin . The original weight of 48 grains ( 3.1 g ) was also restored . Bronze , 1947 -- 1962 . Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original copper - tin - zinc `` bronze '' composition was again used . Brass , 1962 -- 1982 . The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962 . Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin , whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95 % copper and 5 % zinc would be of much benefit . Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5 , 1962 . Experimental aluminum cents , 1974 . During the early 1970s , the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent 's worth of copper . This led the Mint to test alternate metals , including aluminum and bronze - clad steel . Aluminum was chosen , and in 1973 , a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck ( dated 1974 ) and ready for public release . A few were distributed to members of the U.S. Congress , but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons . About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors , although they are now considered illegal to own . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased U.S. Capitol police officer , known as the Toven Specimen , and was certified as authentic in 2005 . Copper - plated zinc , 1982 -- present . In mid-1982 , the coin 's composition was changed again , this time to copper - plated zinc . The last mostly - copper cents ( 95 % copper metal composition ) were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22 , 1982 . The copper - plated zinc cent coins are still being produced today . They are composed of an inner core alloy of 99.2 % zinc and 0.8 % copper with an outer plating of pure copper , for an overall composition of 97.5 % zinc and 2.5 % copper , and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer ( Jarden Zinc Products ) . Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 2.5 grams each , these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness , and nearly in appearance , to the mostly copper ( 95 % ) cents issued before mid-1982 , which weighed 3.11 grams each . A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare . Matte proof lincolns 1909 to 1916 ( edit ) When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909 , it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment . To produce Proof coinage for collectors , the U.S. Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof , which was thought to highlight the design , while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended . This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use . When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room , the result was a semi-rough surface , a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims . These coins were produced in very small numbers , and the dies quickly developed small marks , known as diagnostics . These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin . Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production , they were not popular with collectors . When new , the coins were wrapped in a tarnish - proof tissue , which over time proved to be anything but . Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold , vivid colors and toning developed . It is not unusual to see vivid blues , greens , lavender , coppery orange , deep reds and purple hues on these coins . Eagerly collected by numismatists today , they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents . Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide , square outer rims , quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes . Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents ( edit ) Through mint errors , a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced . Some random errors , such as an off - center strike , slightly increase the value of the coin , and are sought after by niche collectors . However some errors were systemic , and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year . These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors . 1909 VDB `` US Lincoln Penny '' -- on the planet Mars -- part of a calibration target on the Curiosity Rover ( September 10 , 2012 ) ( 3 - D version ) ( also , image on October 2 , 2013 -- after 411 days on Mars ) The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB . Not identified until the 1970s , it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled . This coin is extremely rare in high grades . In 1922 , no one - cent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint . However , three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties , making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia . These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no `` D '' cents . Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks . There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze , as opposed to the steel / zinc composition used that year . There are 10 to 12 known to exist . Likewise , a few 1944 cents were produced in steel / zinc . In 1955 , a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices , producing a prominent doubling of the date , and to a less noticeable degree , the rest of the obverse . This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent . A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint . While the 1955 doubled die cent is well - known and widely collected , the 1969 - S doubled die is far rarer , with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction . The same mechanism produced 1972 , 1983 , 1984 , and 1995 Doubled die cents . Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series , but most are minor , and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here . In 1990 , 3,055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the `` S '' mint mark , making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint . However , as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year , they are easily distinguishable as errors , and highly valuable . The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smaller - than - normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA . These coins , known as the Close AM variety are valued at $20,000 and $5,000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and $3,000 and $1,000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition . The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger - than - normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA . These coins , known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10 , $500 , and $5 , respectively , in gem uncirculated condition . These reverse die errors are technically `` mule '' errors , as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date . Toxicity ( edit ) Zinc , a major component of U.S. cents minted after mid-1982 , is toxic in large quantities . Swallowing such a coin , which is 97.5 % zinc , can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach . Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic . Zinc toxicity , mostly in the form of the ingestion of U.S. pennies minted after 1982 , is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia . It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal . Numismatics and regulations ( edit ) Main article : Penny debate in the United States It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them , but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies , or cash them in at coin counting kiosks . Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies , further diminishing their utility , and the production cost ( figured in U.S. Dollars ) now exceeds the face value of the coin , caused by increasing inflation . In 2001 and 2006 , for example , United States Representative Jim Kolbe ( R ) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies ( in 2001 , the Legal Tender Modernization Act , and in 2006 , the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation ( COIN ) Act ) . In anticipation of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.S. nickels for profit , the U.S. Mint , which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury , implemented new regulations on December 14 , 2006 , which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins . Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 USD and / or imprisoned for a maximum of five years . Metal content and manufacturing costs ( edit ) The U.S. Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one - cent coins was 1.79 cents , which is more than the face value of the coin . After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices , recently the cost has declined to 1.83 cents for 2013 . In the 2014 fiscal year , the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 1.70 cents . When copper reached a record high in February 2011 , the melt value of a 95 % copper penny was more than three times its face value . As of January 21 , 2014 , a pre-1982 penny contained 2.20325 cents ' worth of copper and zinc , making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit . In comparison , post-1982 copper - plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents . The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the one - cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations . See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled - die cent 1974 aluminum cent Large cent ( United States coin ) Legal Tender Modernization Act Mill ( currency ) Take a penny , leave a penny Penny ( Canadian coin ) United States Mint coin production Other denominations ( edit ) United States coinage Nickel Dime Quarter Half dollar Dollar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coin Specifications '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Mint . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Denomination : Cent ; Nickel ; Dime ; Quarter Dollar ... ( categories across the top of the specifications chart ) Jump up ^ `` Denominations '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 03 . The proper term is `` one cent piece , '' but in common usage this coins is often referred to as a penny or cent . Jump up ^ Nicks , Denver ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Get Rid of the Penny ? Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew Says Yes Money '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` US Mint Cost To Make Penny '' . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Statement of Rodney J. Bosco Navigant Consulting , Inc. on `` The Future of Money : Coin Production '' '' Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Policy & Technology United States House of Representatives -- April 17 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Congress . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Mint Cost To Make Penny and Nickel Declines in FY 2013 '' . January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coin Specifications '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog '' . Catalog.usmint.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mathur , R ( 2009 ) . `` The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 36 ( 2 ) : 430 -- 433 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2008.09. 029 . Jump up ^ John P. Dorst MD , Thomas E. Reichelderfer MD , and Roger C. Sanders MA , BM , BCh , MRCP , FRCRP . Radiodensity of the Proposed New Penny , Pediatrics Vol. 69 No . February 2 , 1982 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Lincoln Memorial Cents '' . Coins.thefuntimesguide.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ UNITED STATES MINT -- 2013 ANNUAL REPORT p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Is my Penny a Copper , or a Zinc Cent ? '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . USMint.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Margolick , David ( 2007 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Penny Foolish '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kocher , Greg ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Lincoln 's birthplace is launch site for new penny '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . ^ Jump up to : O'Keefe , Ed ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Heads Abe , Tails New On Pennies Marking Lincoln Bicentennial '' . The Washington Post . p . A11 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 109 -- 145 , 119 Stat. 2674 , enacted December 22 , 2005 -- Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 , Title VI , § 303 . `` The design on the reverse of the 1 - cent coins issued after December 31 , 2009 , shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln 's preservation of United States of America as a single and united country . '' Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 09 ) . `` 2010 Lincoln Cent Design Proposals '' . 2010 Lincoln Cents . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . There were initially 18 design proposals for the 2010 Lincoln Cent reverse . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Wheat Design may appear on the 2010 cent '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2560 ) : 1 . ^ Jump up to : McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Mint withdraws 2010 ' Wheat ' cent design '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2562 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Mint withdraws 2010 ' Wheat ' cent design '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2562 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Commission votes for U.S. flag on 2010 1 ¢ '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2565 ) : 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gilkes , Paul ( 2009 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Cent to bear Union Shield design in 2010 '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2590 ) : 1 , 68 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Mint Releases Fourth 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial One - Cent Coin '' ( Press release ) . United States Mint. 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gilkes , Paul ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Mint Returns to 1909 Galvano for Portrait '' . Coin World . 51 ( 2601 ) : 1 , 24 . Jump up ^ `` United States Mint Launches 2010 Lincoln One - Cent Coin '' ( Press release ) . United States Mint. 2010 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . The reverse of the 2010 and beyond Lincoln cent was designed by United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program Associate Designer Lyndall Bass and executed by United States Mint Sculptor - Engraver Joseph Menna . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) . `` First Circulation Reports of 2010 Cents From Puerto Rico '' . Coin World . 51 ( 2600 ) : 5 . Jump up ^ Ruston , Bruce ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Collectors seek to turn profit on pennies '' . State Journal - Register . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . The newest -- and for now permanent -- version of the Lincoln penny was unveiled this morning at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McMorrow - Hernandez , Joshua ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` Philadelphia Mint Quietly Releases 2017 - P Lincoln Cent '' . coinweek.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Full text of `` Mrs Astor S Horse '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Katherine , A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals , Whitman Publishing , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0794820602 Jump up ^ `` The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis , Indiana on December 7 , 1980 路 Page 107 '' . Newspapers.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Lincoln Cent '' . U.S. Department of the Treasury . 2011 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Alan ( September 2007 ) . Deisher , Beth , ed. `` 1943 Cent in Steel -- One Year Type Looked to Help With the War Effort '' . COINS Magazine : 14 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , William T. ( September 26 , 1994 ) . Beth Deisher , ed. `` 1974 bronze - clad steel cents subject to federal confiscation '' ( PDF ) . Coin World : 1 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( October 17 , 2005 ) . Beth Deisher , ed . `` Aluminum 1 ¢ ' changes ' grade '' ( PDF ) . Coin World : 2 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 1983 Copper Cent '' . www.pcgs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 Copper Cent '' . Coinfacts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - S 1C Doubled Die MS64 Red PCGS Lincoln Cents '' . Coins.ha.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dawn N. Bothwell , M.D. , and Eric A. Mair , M.D. , FAAP . Chronic Ingestion of a Zinc - Based Penny , Pediatrics Vol. 111 , No . March 3 , 2003 , pp. 689 -- 691 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mark L. Waltzman , M.D . ( 1 ) Current Opinion in Pediatrics Vol. 45 , No. 1 Jan. -- Feb. , 2006 , pp. 71 -- 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stowe CM , Nelson R , Werdin R , et al. : Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs . JAVMA 173 : 270 , 1978 Jump up ^ See , for example , this list of common parrot illnesses and their causes Jump up ^ Hagenbaugh , Barbara ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Coins cost more to make than face value '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Zappone , Christian ( 2006 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Kill - the - penny bill introduced '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins '' . Usmint.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CFR 2010 title31 vol1 part82 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : United States Mint ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) . `` U.S. Mint 2010 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` About U.S. Mint '' ( PDF ) . Usmint.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` METALS - Copper falls on euro zone disappointment , China worry '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Current Melt Value Of Coins -- How Much Is Your Coin Worth ? '' . Coinflation.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States cents . `` Penny Foolish '' , by David Margolick , The New York Times , February 11 , 2007 -- a brief popular history of the penny . Man tries to get rid of million pennies , USA Today , 7 / 1 / 2004 Examination of claim that `` A U.S. penny costs more than a cent to manufacture '' on Snopes . Top 10 Things You Did n't Know About the Penny -- slideshow by Time Magazine U.S. Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars -- Curiosity Rover ( September 10 , 2012 ) . PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots effort by retailers and merchants to stop using the penny . ( June 2007 ) . United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 1796 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 1814 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 1839 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 1805 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1873 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 1883 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 1938 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 1945 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 1930 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 1947 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 1963 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 1860 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 1873 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 1885 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 1935 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 1978 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 1981 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) 1933 double eagle Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 1929 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 93 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Lafayette dollar ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar ( 1904 -- 05 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar ( 1916 -- 17 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 1939 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition half dollar ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penny_(United_States_coin)&oldid=854525397 '' Categories : Abraham Lincoln in art One - cent coins of the United States Pennies 1793 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Русский Slovenčina Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last year copper pennies were made	[ "\n\n\n\n\nYears\nMaterial\nWeight(grains)\nWeight(grams)\n\n\n1793–1795\n~100% copper\n208 grains\n13.48\n\n\n1795–1857\n~100% copper\n168 grains\n10.89\n\n\n1856–1864\n88% copper, 12% nickel (also known as NS-12)\n72 grains\n4.67\n\n\n1864–1942\nbronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\n1943\nzinc-coated steel (also known as 1943 steel cent)\n42 grains\n2.72\n\n\n1944–1946\nbrass (shell case copper) (95% copper, 5% zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\n1947–1962\nbronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\n1962–1981\nbrass (95% copper, 5% zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\n1982[7]\nbrass (95% copper, 5% zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\ncopper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper)\n38.6 grains\n2.5\n\n\n1983–present\ncopper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper)\n38.6 grains\n2.5\n" ]	[ "1857" ]
5212905066407320778	Big 12 Conference	Big 12 Conference - wikipedia Big 12 Conference Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the college conference . For the high school conference in Central Illinois , see Big Twelve Conference ( Illinois ) . For the high school conference in Northeastern Illinois , see Northern Illinois Big 12 Conference . Big 12 Conference Established February 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 25 ) Association NCAA Division Division I Subdivision FBS Members 22 ( 10 full members , 12 affiliate members ) Sports fielded 23 men 's : 10 women 's : 13 Region South Atlantic United States Heartland Headquarters Irving , Texas Commissioner Bob Bowlsby ( since 2012 ) Website www.big12sports.com Locations The Big 12 Conference is a ten - school collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . It is a member of the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , located in Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 12 affiliate members , eight for the sport of wrestling , one for women 's gymnastics , and 3 for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A&M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . Oklahoma and Oklahoma State were grouped with the four former SWC schools in the Big 12 South division , while the other six teams of the former Big Eight ( Kansas , Kansas State , Colorado , Nebraska , Missouri and Iowa State ) formed the Big 12 North division . The conference 's current 10 - campus makeup resulted from the 2010 -- 13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac - 12 , and Missouri and Texas A&M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year . Attempts to rename the Big 12 to reflect its current strength would lead to confusion with the current Big Ten Conference ( which currently has 14 teams ) . The Big 12 Conference commissioner is Bob Bowlsby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Member schools 1.1 Current members 1.2 Affiliate members 1.3 Former members 1.4 Membership timeline 2 Sports 2.1 Men 's sponsored sports by school 2.2 Women 's sponsored sports by school 3 History 4 Distinctive elements 4.1 Football championship game takes hiatus , returns in 2017 4.2 Population base 4.3 Grant of Rights 4.4 Tier 3 events 5 Revenue 5.1 Revenue ranking 6 Facilities 7 Championships 7.1 National championships 7.2 National team titles by institution 7.3 Conference champions 7.3. 1 Conference titles by school 7.3. 1.1 Current members 7.3. 1.2 Former members 8 Football 8.1 Championship game 8.2 2014 Bowl games 8.3 Rivalries 8.3. 1 Rivalries with former members 9 Men 's basketball 9.1 Conference champions 9.2 NCAA tournament performance 9.3 All - time records 9.4 Overall series records 10 Baseball 10.1 By school 11 References 12 External links Member schools ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) Institution Location Founded Joined Type Enrollment Nickname Colors Baylor University Waco , Texas 1845 Private 16,787 Bears / Lady Bears Iowa State University Ames , Iowa 1858 Public 36,660 Cyclones University of Kansas Lawrence , Kansas 1865 Public 28,091 Jayhawks Kansas State University Manhattan , Kansas 1863 Public 23,779 Wildcats University of Oklahoma Norman , Oklahoma 1890 Public 30,824 Sooners Oklahoma State University Stillwater , Oklahoma 1890 Public 23,459 Cowboys / Cowgirls Texas Christian University Fort Worth , Texas 1873 2012 Private 10,394 Horned Frogs University of Texas at Austin Austin , Texas 1883 Public 50,950 Longhorns Texas Tech University Lubbock , Texas 1923 Public 37,010 Red Raiders West Virginia University Morgantown , West Virginia 1867 2012 Public 31,287 Mountaineers Reference : Affiliate members ( edit ) Institution Location Founded Joined Type Enrollment Nickname Sport ( s ) Air Force ! United States Air Force Academy Colorado Springs , Colorado 1954 2015 Military academy 4,000 Falcons Wrestling Alabama ! University of Alabama Tuscaloosa , Alabama 1831 2014 Public 36,155 Crimson Tide Women 's rowing Denver ! University of Denver Denver , Colorado 1864 2015 Private 11,809 Pioneers Women 's gymnastics Fresno State ! California State University , Fresno Fresno , California 1911 2017 Public 24,405 Bulldogs Wrestling Northern Colorado ! University of Northern Colorado Greeley , Colorado 1889 2015 Public 12,084 Bears Wrestling Northern Iowa ! University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls , Iowa 1876 2017 Public 13,914 Panthers Wrestling North Dakota State University Fargo , North Dakota 1890 2015 Public 14,747 Bison Wrestling Old Dominion University Norfolk , Virginia 1930 2014 Public 24,125 Lady Monarchs Women 's rowing South Dakota State University Brookings , South Dakota 1881 2015 Public 12,554 Jackrabbits Wrestling Tennessee ! University of Tennessee Knoxville , Tennessee 1794 2014 Public 27,523 Volunteers Women 's rowing Utah Valley University Orem , Utah 1941 2015 Public 31,556 Wolverines Wrestling Wyoming ! University of Wyoming Laramie , Wyoming 1886 2015 Public 13,992 Cowboys Wrestling On July 29 , 2015 , the Big 12 announced it would add the six former members of the Western Wrestling Conference -- Air Force , Northern Colorado , North Dakota State , South Dakota State , Utah Valley , and Wyoming -- as affiliate members for wrestling , plus Denver as an affiliate member for women 's gymnastics , all effective with the 2015 -- 16 school year . On July 5 , 2017 , the Big 12 added Fresno State and Northern Iowa as wrestling affiliates . Former members ( edit ) Institution Location Founded Joined Left Type Enrollment Nickname Colors Current Conference Colorado ! University of Colorado Boulder Boulder , Colorado 1876 2011 Public 30,128 Buffaloes Pac - 12 Missouri ! University of Missouri Columbia , Missouri 1839 2012 Public 34,255 Tigers SEC Nebraska ! University of Nebraska -- Lincoln Lincoln , Nebraska 1869 2011 Public 24,100 Cornhuskers Big Ten Texas A&M University College Station , Texas 1876 2012 Public 53,337 Aggies SEC Membership timeline ( edit ) Full members Assoc . member ( Other sports ) Other Conference Sports ( edit ) The Big 12 Conference sponsors championship competition in ten men 's and thirteen women 's NCAA sanctioned sports . Teams in Big 12 Conference competition Sport Men 's Women 's Baseball 9 -- Basketball 10 10 Cross Country 9 10 Equestrian -- Football 10 -- Golf 10 9 Gymnastics -- Rowing -- 8 Soccer -- 10 Softball -- 7 Swimming & Diving 5 Tennis 6 10 Track and Field ( Indoor ) 9 10 Track and Field ( Outdoor ) 9 10 Volleyball -- 9 Wrestling 12 -- Men 's sponsored sports by school ( edit ) School Baseball Basketball Cross Country Football Golf Swimming & Diving Tennis Track & Field Indoor Track & Field Outdoor Wrestling Total Big 12 Sports Baylor Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 8 Iowa State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 Kansas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 Kansas State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 Oklahoma Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 Oklahoma State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 TCU Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 Texas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 Texas Tech Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 8 West Virginia Y Y Y Y Y Y 6 Totals 9 10 9 10 10 6 9 9 4 * Affiliate Members Air Force Y Fresno State Y North Dakota State Y Northern Colorado Y Northern Iowa Y South Dakota State Y Utah Valley Y Wyoming Y Men 's ( and Coed -- see Rifle ) varsity sports not sponsored by the Big 12 Conference which are played by Big 12 schools : School Gymnastics Rifle * Soccer Oklahoma Mountain Pacific Sports Federation No No TCU No Patriot Rifle Conference No West Virginia No Great America Rifle Conference Mid-American Conference Rifle is often categorized as a men 's sport because the NCAA bylaws that establish scholarship limits for each sport list rifle as a men 's sport . Nonetheless , it is an open coed sport in NCAA college athletics , with men 's , women 's , and coed teams in all NCAA divisions competing against each other . TCU and West Virginia both field coed teams . Through 2017 , West Virginia with 19 national titles and TCU with two , together have won over half of the NCAA titles awarded since the inaugural NCAA championship in 1980 . West Virginia also won four pre-NCAA national titles . Women 's sponsored sports by school ( edit ) School Basketball Cross Country Equestrian Golf Gymnastics Rowing Soccer Softball Swimming & Diving Tennis Track & Field Indoor Track & Field Outdoor Volleyball Total Big 12 Sports Baylor Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 Iowa State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Kansas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Kansas State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 Oklahoma Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Oklahoma State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 TCU Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 Texas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Texas Tech Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 West Virginia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 Totals 10 10 9 3 * 5 * 10 7 5 10 10 10 9 Affiliate Members Alabama Y Old Dominion Y Denver Y Tennessee Y History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Big 12 Conference The Big 12 Conference is a major college athletic conference in the United States , having formed in February 1994 when four prominent colleges from Texas that were members of the Southwest Conference were invited to join the eight members of the Big Eight Conference to form a new 12 member conference . The Big 12 began athletic play in the fall of 1996 , with the Texas Tech vs. Kansas State football game being the first - ever sports event staged by the conference . From its formation until 2011 , its 12 members competed in two divisions . Between 2011 and 2012 four charter members left the conference , while two schools joined in 2012 . Distinctive elements ( edit ) Original Big 12 Conference logo from 1996 to 2004 Big 12 Conference logo from 2004 to 2014 Football championship game takes hiatus , returns in 2017 ( edit ) The Big 12 is unique among the current `` Power Five '' conferences in that it only has 10 members , despite the name , causing some confusion . From 1987 to 2015 , 12 or more members were required for an `` exempt '' conference championship game -- that is , one that did not count against NCAA limits for regular - season games ( currently 12 in FBS ) -- although the first such game was not established until the SEC did so in 1992 . ( Since the 2014 season , the Pac - 12 has 12 members , while the ACC , Big Ten , and SEC have 14 football members each . ) Former Texas Athletic Director DeLoss Dodds and former football coach Mack Brown , along with Oklahoma football coach Bob Stoops , preferred not to have a championship game . Critics argued it was a competitive advantage over other contract conferences . Conferences with a championship game have their division champions typically play one of their toughest games of the year in the last week of the regular season . Unlike the other `` Power 5 '' conferences in which a team only plays a portion of the other teams in the conference each season , each Big 12 team plays the other nine teams during its conference schedule . This theoretically allows for the declaration of a de facto champion without the need for an additional rematch between the top two teams in the conference . On June 3 , 2016 , the conference announced it would reinstate the football championship game in the 2017 season . This followed the passage of a new NCAA rule allowing all FBS conferences to hold `` exempt '' football championship games regardless of their membership numbers . Population base ( edit ) The Big 12 population base is centered on the states of Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , West Virginia and Iowa . This area has a combined population of 37.8 million . As of 2013 , out of the 115.6 million TV households nationwide there are only 13,427,130 TV households in those states ( 11.6 % ) , although Morgantown , West Virginia where WVU is based is in the Pittsburgh television market , which increases the Big 12 's television base well into Pennsylvania , and Lawrence , Kansas , where KU is based , is in the Kansas City television market , increasing the base into western Missouri . The Big 12 's share of the nation 's TVs is a fraction of that reached by the rest of the Power Five . This likely works against the conference in TV negotiations , but the conference negotiated tier 1 and 2 TV contracts with total payouts similar to those of the other Power Five conferences . Grant of rights ( edit ) Member schools granted their first and second tier sports media rights to the conference for the length of their current TV deals . The Grant of Rights ( GOR ) deal with the leagues ' TV contracts ensures that `` if a Big 12 school leaves for another league in the next 13 years , that school 's media rights , including revenue , would remain with the Big 12 and not its new conference . '' GOR is seen by league members as a `` foundation of stability '' and allowed the Big 12 to be `` positioned with one of the best media rights arrangements in collegiate sports , providing the conference and its members unprecedented revenue growth , and sports programming over two networks . '' All members agreed to the GOR and later agreed to extend the initial 6 - year deal to 13 years to correspond to the length of their TV contracts . Prior to this agreement , the Big Ten and Pac - 12 also had similar GOR agreements . The Big 12 subsequently assisted the ACC in drafting its GOR agreement . Four of the five major conferences now have such agreements , with the SEC the only exception . Tier 3 events ( edit ) The Big 12 is the only major conference that allows members to monetize TV rights for tier 3 events in football and men 's basketball . This allows individual Big 12 member institutions to create tier 3 deals that include TV rights for one home football game and four home men 's basketball games per season . Tier 3 rights exist for other sports as well , but these are not unique to the Big 12 . The unique arrangement potentially allows Big 12 members to remain some of college sports ' highest revenue earners . Other conferences ' cable deals are subject to value reductions based on how people acquire cable programming , Big 12 schools tier 3 deals are exempt . Texas alone will earn more than $150 Million of that total from their Longhorn Network . Revenue ( edit ) Big 12 Conference annual revenue distribution ( show ) Year Total distributed Annual Increase Per - school average 1997 $53.6 million -- $4.5 million 1998 $58 million 8.2 % $4.8 million 1999 $64 million 10.3 % $5.3 million 2000 $72 million 12.5 % $6.0 million 2001 $78 million 8.3 % $6.5 million 2002 $83.5 million 7.1 % $7.0 million 2003 $89 million 6.6 % $7.4 million $101 million 13.5 % $8.4 million 2005 $105.6 million 4.6 % $8.8 million 2006 $103.1 million − 2.4 % $8.6 million 2007 $106 million 2.8 % $8.8 million 2008 $113.5 million 7.1 % $9.5 million 2009 $130 million 14.5 % $10.8 million $139 million 6.9 % $11.6 million 2011 $145 million 4.3 % $12.1 million 2012 $187 million 29.0 % $18.7 million 2013 $198 million 5.9 % $19.8 million 2014 $212 million 7.1 % $21.2 million 2015 $252 million 18.9 % $25.2 million 2016 $348 million 38.9 % $34.8 million Total $2.54 billion -- $239 million Average $221 million -- $11.9 million Twelve Big 12 members received disbursements each year from 1997 -- 2011 ; ten each year afterwards . Individual schools ' disbursement varied annually according to bylaw rules and entrance or withdrawal agreements . Conference revenue comes mostly from television contracts , bowl games , the NCAA , merchandise , licensing and conference - hosted sporting events . The Conference distributes revenue annually to member institutions . From 1996 to 2011 , 57 percent of revenue was allotted equally ; while 43 percent was based upon the number of football and men 's basketball television appearances and other factors . In 2011 the distribution was 76 percent equal and 24 percent based on television appearances . Changing the arrangement requires a unanimous vote ; as a Big 12 member , Nebraska and Texas A&M had withheld support for more equitable revenue distribution . With this model , larger schools can receive more revenue because they appear more often on television . In 2006 , for example , Texas received $10.2 million , 44 % more than Baylor University 's $7.1 million . Big 12 revenue was generally less than other BCS conferences ; this was due in part to television contracts signed with Fox Sports Net ( four years for $48 million ) and ABC / ESPN ( eight years for $480 million ) . In 2011 , the Big 12 announced a new 13 - year media rights deal with Fox that would ensure that every Big 12 home football game is televised , as well as greatly increasing coverage of women 's basketball , conference championships and other sports . The deal , valued at an estimated $1.1 billion , runs until 2025 . In 2012 , the conference announced a new ESPN / FOX agreement , replacing the current ABC / ESPN deal , to immediately increase national media broadcasts of football and increase conference revenue ; the new deal was estimated to be worth $2.6 billion through the 2025 expiration . The two deals pushed the conference per - school payout to approximately $20 million per year , while separating third - tier media rights into separate deals for each school ; such contracts secured an additional $6 million to $20 million per school annually . The per - school payout under the deal is expected to reach $44 million , according to Commissioner Bob Bowlsby . Revenue ranking ( edit ) Revenue includes ticket sales , contributions and donations , rights / licensing , student fees , school funds and all other sources including TV income , camp income , food and novelties . Total expenses includes coaching / staff , scholarships , buildings / ground , maintenance , utilities and rental fees and all other costs including recruiting , team travel , equipment and uniforms , conference dues and insurance costs . Data is from United States Department of Education . 2014 -- 15 Conference Rank Institution 2014 -- 15 Total Revenue from Athletics 2014 -- 15 Total Expenses on Athletics 2014 -- 15 Average Spending per student - athlete University of Texas at Austin $179,555,311 $152,853,239 $218,050 University of Oklahoma $135,660,070 $124,732,244 $170,866 Baylor University $106,078,643 $106,078,643 $153,737 University of Kansas $103,326,170 $103,326,170 $177,536 5 West Virginia University $87,265,473 $87,265,473 $147,159 6 Oklahoma State University $85,645,208 $80,196,450 $123,189 7 Texas Christian University $80,608,562 $80,608,562 $145,766 8 Kansas State University $76,245,188 $66,449,920 $110,016 9 Texas Tech University $69,858,256 $64,245,380 $123,207 10 Iowa State University $65,733,110 $65,658,901 $129,396 Facilities ( edit ) School Football stadium Capacity Basketball arena Capacity Baseball stadium Capacity Baylor McLane Stadium 7004451400000000000 ♠ 45,140 Ferrell Center 7004102840000000000 ♠ 10,284 Baylor Ballpark 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 Iowa State Jack Trice Stadium 7004615000000000000 ♠ 61,500 Hilton Coliseum 7004143560000000000 ♠ 14,356 Non-baseball school * Kansas Memorial Stadium 7004500710000000000 ♠ 50,071 Allen Fieldhouse 7004163000000000000 ♠ 16,300 Hoglund Ballpark 7003250000000000000 ♠ 2,500 Kansas State Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 Bramlage Coliseum 7004125280000000000 ♠ 12,528 Tointon Family Stadium 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 Oklahoma Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium 7004834890000000000 ♠ 83,489 Lloyd Noble Center 7004115620000000000 ♠ 11,562 L. Dale Mitchell Baseball Park 7003318000000000000 ♠ 3,180 Oklahoma State Boone Pickens Stadium 7004567900000000000 ♠ 56,790 Gallagher - Iba Arena 7004136110000000000 ♠ 13,611 Allie P. Reynolds Stadium 7003382100000000000 ♠ 3,821 Texas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium 7005100119000000000 ♠ 100,119 Frank Erwin Center 7004165400000000000 ♠ 16,540 UFCU Disch - Falk Field 7003664900000000000 ♠ 6,649 TCU Amon G. Carter Stadium 7004450000000000000 ♠ 45,000 Schollmaier Arena 6,700 Lupton Stadium 7003450000000000000 ♠ 4,500 Texas Tech Jones AT&T Stadium 7004608620000000000 ♠ 60,862 United Supermarkets Arena 7004150980000000000 ♠ 15,098 Dan Law Field at Rip Griffin Park 7003452800000000000 ♠ 4,528 West Virginia Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 WVU Coliseum 7004140000000000000 ♠ 14,000 Monongalia County Ballpark 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3,500 * Iowa State discontinued its participation in baseball as an NCAA - recognized activity following the 2001 season . It participates in club baseball as a member of the National Club Baseball Association . Games are played at Cap Timm Field , capacity 3,000 . Championships ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) The following is a list of all NCAA , equestrian , and college football championships won by teams that were representing the Big 12 Conference in NCAA - recognized sports at the time of their championship . Football ( 3 ) : 1997 -- Nebraska 2000 -- Oklahoma 2005 -- Texas Equestrian ( 3 ) : 2002 − Texas A&M ( Overall ) 2012 -- Baylor ( Hunter Seat ) 2012 -- Texas A&M ( Overall ) Baseball ( 2 ) : 2002 -- Texas 2005 -- Texas Men 's Basketball ( 1 ) : 2008 -- Kansas Women 's Basketball ( 3 ) : 2005 -- Baylor 2011 -- Texas A&M 2012 -- Baylor Women 's Bowling ( 5 ) : 1999 -- Nebraska 2001 -- Nebraska 2004 -- Nebraska 2005 -- Nebraska 2009 -- Nebraska Men 's Cross Country ( 6 ) : 2001 -- Colorado 2004 -- Colorado 2006 -- Colorado 2009 -- Oklahoma State 2010 -- Oklahoma State 2012 -- Oklahoma State Women 's Cross Country ( 2 ) : 2000 -- Colorado 2004 -- Colorado Men 's Golf ( 5 ) : 2000 -- Oklahoma State 2006 -- Oklahoma State 2009 -- Texas A&M 2012 -- Texas 2017 -- Oklahoma Rifle ( 5 ) : 2013 -- West Virginia 2014 -- West Virginia 2015 -- West Virginia 2016 -- West Virginia 2017 -- West Virginia Women 's Gymnastics ( 3 ) : 2014 -- Oklahoma 2016 -- Oklahoma 2017 -- Oklahoma Men 's Gymnastics ( 8 ) : 2002 -- Oklahoma 2003 -- Oklahoma 2005 -- Oklahoma 2006 -- Oklahoma 2008 -- Oklahoma 2015 -- Oklahoma 2016 -- Oklahoma 2017 -- Oklahoma Women 's Indoor Track ( 3 ) : 1998 -- Texas 1999 -- Texas 2006 -- Texas Men 's Outdoor Track ( 3 ) : 2009 -- Texas A&M 2010 -- Texas A&M 2011 -- Texas A&M Women 's Outdoor Track ( 7 ) : 1998 -- Texas 1999 -- Texas 2005 -- Texas 2009 -- Texas A&M 2010 -- Texas A&M 2011 -- Texas A&M 2013 -- Kansas Men 's / Women 's Skiing ( 4 ) : 1998 -- Colorado 1999 -- Colorado 2006 -- Colorado 2011 -- Colorado Softball ( 4 ) : 2000 -- Oklahoma 2013 -- Oklahoma 2016 -- Oklahoma 2017 -- Oklahoma Men 's Swimming ( 7 ) : 1996 -- Texas 2000 -- Texas 2001 -- Texas 2002 -- Texas 2010 -- Texas 2015 -- Texas 2016 -- Texas Men 's Tennis ( 1 ) : 2004 -- Baylor Women 's Volleyball ( 3 ) : 2000 -- Nebraska 2006 -- Nebraska 2012 -- Texas Wrestling ( 4 ) : 2003 -- Oklahoma State 2004 -- Oklahoma State 2005 -- Oklahoma State 2006 -- Oklahoma State National team titles by institution ( edit ) The national championships listed below are as of March 2016 . Football , Helms , pre-NCAA competition and overall equestrian titles are included in the total , but excluded from the column listing NCAA and AIAW titles . Big 12 National Championships School Total titles Titles as a member of the Big 12 NCAA titles AIAW titles Notes Texas 52 18 44 UT has 4 recognized football titles Oklahoma State 51 9 51 Oklahoma 35 14 28 OU has 7 recognized NCAA football titles West Virginia 22 19 WVU has 3 pre-NCAA rifle titles Iowa State 18 0 13 5 Kansas 13 11 KU has 2 Helms basketball titles TCU 6 0 TCU has 2 recognized football titles Baylor Baylor has 1 Equestrian title Texas Tech 0 Kansas State 0 0 0 See also : List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships , List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships , and NCAA Division 1 FBS Conferences Conference champions ( edit ) Main article : List of Big 12 Conference champions The Conference sponsors 23 sports , 10 men 's and 13 women 's . In football , divisional titles were awarded based on regular - season conference results , with the teams with the best conference records from the North and South playing in the Big 12 Championship Game from 1996 to 2010 . Baseball , basketball , softball , tennis and women 's soccer titles are awarded in both regular - season and tournament play . Cross country , golf , gymnastics , swimming and diving , track and field , and wrestling titles are awarded during an annual meet of participating teams . The volleyball title is awarded based on regular - season play . Conference titles by school ( edit ) As of March 8 , 2016 . List includes both regular - season , tournament titles , and co-championships . List does not include conference championships won prior to the formation of the Big 12 Conference in 1996 . Current members ( edit ) Texas -- 163 ( 148 including 7 football division championships ) Baylor -- 69 Oklahoma -- 70 ( 73 including 8 football division championships ) Oklahoma State -- 67 ( 63 including 1 football division championship ) Kansas -- 35 ( 34 including 1 football division championship ) Iowa State -- 20 ( 20 including 1 football division championship ) Texas Tech -- 21 ( 19 including 1 football division championship ) Kansas State -- 16 ( 18 including 4 football division championships ) West Virginia -- 9 TCU -- 9 Former members ( edit ) Nebraska -- 71 ( 80 including 9 football division championships ) Texas A&M -- 61 ( 64 including 3 football division championships ) Colorado -- 27 ( 31 including 4 football division championships ) Missouri -- 10 ( 12 including 3 football division championships ) Football ( edit ) Main article : Big 12 Conference football The first football game in conference play was Texas Tech vs. Kansas State in 1996 , won by Kansas State , 21 -- 14 . From 1996 to 2010 , Big 12 Conference teams played eight conference games a season . Each team faced all five opponents within its own division and three teams from the opposite division . Inter-divisional play was a `` three - on , three - off '' system , where teams would play three teams from the other division on a home - and - home basis for two seasons , and then play the other three foes from the opposite side for a two - year home - and - home . This format came under considerable criticism , especially from Nebraska and Oklahoma , who were denied a yearly match between two of college football 's most storied programs . The Nebraska - Oklahoma rivalry was one of the most intense in college football history . ( Until 2006 , the teams had never met in the Big 12 Championship . ) Due to the departure of Nebraska and Colorado in 2011 , the Big 12 eliminated the divisions ( and championship game ) and instituted a nine - game round - robin format . With the advent of the College Football Playoff committee looking at teams ' strength of schedule for picking the four playoff teams , on December 8 , 2015 the Big 12 announced an annual requirement for all Big 12 teams to schedule a non-conference game against a team from the four other Power Five conferences ( plus Notre Dame ) . Per Big 12 commissioner Bob Bowlsby : `` Schedule strength is a key component in CFP Selection Committee deliberations . This move will strengthen the resumes for all Big 12 teams . Coupled with the nine - game full round robin Conference schedule our teams play , it will not only benefit the teams at the top of our standings each season , but will impact the overall strength of the Conference . '' Championship game ( edit ) Main article : Big 12 Football Championship Game The Big 12 Championship Game game was approved by all members except Nebraska . It was held each year , commencing with the first match in the 1996 season at the Trans World Dome in St. Louis . It pitted the division champions against each other after the regular season was completed . Following the 2008 game , the event was moved to the new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas , being played there in 2009 and 2010 . In 2010 , the Sooners defeated the Cornhuskers 23 -- 20 . After 2010 , the game was moved to Arlington for 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . However , the decision became moot following the 2010 season because the league lacked sufficient members . In April 2015 , the ACC and the Big 12 developed new rules for the NCAA to deregulate conference championship games . The measure passed on January 14 , 2016 , allowing a conference with fewer than 12 teams to stage a championship game that does not count against the FBS limit of 12 regular - season games under either of the following circumstances : The game involves the top two teams following a full round - robin conference schedule . The game involves two divisional winners , each having played a full round - robin schedule in its division . Under the first criterion , the Big 12 championship game will resume at the conclusion of the 2017 regular season , and will be played during the first weekend of December , the time all other Division I FBS conference championship games are played . 2014 Bowl games ( edit ) Pick Name Location Opposing conference -- College Football Playoff -- -- Sugar Bowl † New Orleans , Louisiana SEC Valero Alamo Bowl San Antonio , Texas Pac - 12 Russell Athletic Bowl Orlando , Florida ACC AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl Houston , Texas SEC 5 AutoZone Liberty Bowl Memphis , Tennessee SEC 6 Cactus Bowl Tempe , Arizona Pac - 12 7 Heart of Dallas Bowl ‡ Dallas , Texas Conference USA Lockheed Martin Armed Forces Bowl ‡ Fort Worth , Texas American † : The Big 12 champion will go to the Sugar Bowl unless selected for the College Football Playoff . In the event that the conference champion is selected for the playoff , the conference runner up will go to the Sugar Bowl . ‡ : Conference representative will play in the bowls on a rotating basis . Rivalries ( edit ) Rivalries ( primarily in football ) mostly predate the conference . The Kansas - Missouri rivalry was the longest running , the longest west of the Mississippi and the second longest in college football . It was played 119 times before Missouri left the Big 12 . As of October 2012 , the University of Kansas ' athletic department had not accepted Missouri 's invitations to play inter-conference rivalry games , putting the rivalry on hold . Sports clubs sponsored by the two universities continued to play each other . The rivalry between TCU and Baylor , known as the Revivalry is also one of the longest running in college football , with the two schools having played each other -- largely as Southwest Conference members -- 112 times since 1899 . As of the 2016 game , TCU leads the series 53 -- 52 -- 7 . The Oklahoma - Texas rivalry , the Red River Showdown is one year younger and has been played 108 times . This was a major rivalry decades before they were both in the conference , starting the year after the Revivalry in 1900 . Currently Texas leads this rivalry 60 -- 44 -- 5 . Some of the longstanding football rivalries between Big 12 schools include : Rivalry Name Trophy Games played Began Baylor -- TCU The Revivalry 112 1899 Baylor Texas Tech Texas Farm Bureau Insurance Shootout 74 1929 Iowa State - Kansas State Farmageddon 98 1917 Kansas -- Kansas State Sunflower Showdown Governor 's Cup 112 1902 Oklahoma - Oklahoma State Bedlam Bedlam Bell 109 1904 Oklahoma -- Texas Red River Showdown Golden Hat 110 1900 TCU -- Texas Tech 58 1926 Texas -- Texas Tech Chancellor 's Spurs 64 1928 Rivalries with former members ( edit ) Rivalry Name Trophy Games played Began Last Meeting Baylor -- Texas A&M Battle of the Brazos 108 1899 2011 Colorado -- Nebraska 69 1898 Iowa State -- Missouri Telephone Trophy 104 1896 2011 Kansas -- Missouri Border War Indian War Drum 120 1891 2011 Kansas -- Nebraska 117 1892 Missouri -- Nebraska Victory Bell 104 1892 Missouri -- Oklahoma Tiger -- Sooner Peace Pipe 96 1902 2011 Nebraska -- Oklahoma 86 1912 Texas A&M -- Texas Tech 70 1927 2011 Texas -- Texas A&M Lone Star Showdown Lone Star Showdown Trophy 118 1894 2011 Men 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : Big 12 Conference men 's basketball From 1996 to 2011 , standings in conference play were not split among divisions , although the schedule was structured as if they were . Teams played a home - and - home against teams within their `` division '' s and a single game against teams from the opposite division for a total of 16 conference games . After Nebraska and Colorado left , Big 12 play transitioned to an 18 - game , double round robin schedule . Conference champions ( edit ) See also : Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournament Big 12 basketball teams played non-division members only once and in - division members twice during the regular season in a 16 - game schedule until the 2012 - 13 season when its ten teams adopted a `` home and away '' double round robin 18 - game schedule . The conference tournament gave first round byes to the top four teams from 1997 until 2012 , and the top six teams 2013 to present . Kansas has the most Big 12 titles , winning or sharing the regular - season title 17 times in the league 's 21 seasons . The 2002 Jayhawks became the first , and so far only , team to complete an undefeated Big 12 regular season , going 16 -- 0 . As of the 2015 - 2016 season , Kansas had won or shared 13 straight regular - season league titles and 15 of the past 16 . Though rematches between Big 12 regular season co-champions have happened in that year 's Big 12 tournament , none have met in the ensuing NCAA Tournament . Season Regular Season Champion Tournament Champion 1996 -- 97 Kansas Kansas 1997 -- 98 Kansas ( 2 ) Kansas ( 2 ) 1998 -- 99 Texas Kansas ( 3 ) 1999 -- 00 Iowa State Iowa State 2000 -- 01 Iowa State ( 2 ) Oklahoma 2001 -- 02 Kansas ( 3 ) Oklahoma ( 2 ) 2002 -- 03 Kansas ( 4 ) Oklahoma ( 3 ) 2003 -- 04 Oklahoma State Oklahoma State 2004 -- 05 Oklahoma Kansas ( 5 ) Oklahoma State ( 2 ) 2005 -- 06 Texas ( 2 ) Kansas ( 6 ) Kansas ( 4 ) 2006 -- 07 Kansas ( 7 ) Kansas ( 5 ) 2007 -- 08 Texas ( 3 ) Kansas ( 8 ) Kansas ( 6 ) 2008 -- 09 Kansas ( 9 ) Missouri 2009 -- 10 Kansas ( 10 ) Kansas ( 7 ) 2010 -- 11 Kansas ( 11 ) Kansas ( 8 ) 2011 -- 12 Kansas ( 12 ) Missouri ( 2 ) 2012 -- 13 Kansas ( 13 ) Kansas State Kansas ( 9 ) 2013 -- 14 Kansas ( 14 ) Iowa State ( 2 ) 2014 -- 15 Kansas ( 15 ) Iowa State ( 3 ) 2015 -- 16 Kansas ( 16 ) Kansas ( 10 ) 2016 -- 17 Kansas ( 17 ) Iowa State ( 4 ) Reference : In 2004 -- 05 , Oklahoma won the Big 12 Tournament seeding tiebreaker over Kansas based on its 71 -- 63 win over the Jayhawks in Norman , OK . The teams did not meet in Kansas City , MO . In 2005 -- 06 , Texas won the Big 12 Tournament seeding tiebreaker over Kansas based on its 80 -- 55 win over the Jayhawks in Austin , TX . Kansas beat Texas 80 -- 68 in the Big 12 Tournament championship game in Dallas , TX . In 2007 -- 08 , Texas won the Big 12 Tournament seeding tiebreaker over Kansas based on its 72 -- 69 win over the Jayhawks in Austin , TX . Kansas beat Texas 84 - 74 in the Big 12 Tournament championship game in Kansas City , MO . In 2012 -- 13 , Kansas won the Big 12 Tournament seeding tiebreaker over Kansas State based on winning 59 -- 55 in Manhattan and 83 -- 62 in Lawrence . Kansas beat Kansas State for a third time 70 - 54 in the championship game in Kansas City , MO . NCAA Tournament performance ( edit ) School Appearances Final Fours Championships Baylor 11 0 Iowa State 19 0 Kansas 46 14 Kansas State 28 0 Oklahoma 31 6 0 Oklahoma State 27 6 TCU 7 0 0 Texas 34 0 Texas Tech 16 0 0 West Virginia 28 0 Reference : Totals though the end of the 2015 - 16 season . All - time records ( edit ) Team Big 12 Record Big 12 Winning % Overall Record Overall Winning % Big 12 Regular Season Championships Big 12 Tournament Championships Baylor 94 -- 157 . 375 1287 -- 1337 . 490 - - Colorado 95 - 145 . 396 - - - - Iowa State 112 -- 127 . 469 1340 - 1292 . 510 Kansas 179 -- 43 . 805 2186 - 836 . 723 16 9 Kansas State 90 -- 131 . 407 1581 - 1123 . 585 - Missouri 139 - 119 . 539 - - - Nebraska 97 - 143 . 404 - - - - Oklahoma 151 -- 100 . 602 1626 - 1035 . 613 Oklahoma State 130 -- 121 . 518 1606 - 1130 . 587 TCU 8 -- 64 . 111 1160 -- 1366 . 459 - - Texas 157 -- 94 . 626 1738 - 1035 . 627 - Texas A&M 98 - 160 . 380 - - - - Texas Tech 84 -- 167 . 335 1351 - 1080 . 556 - - West Virginia 39 -- 33 . 542 1702 - 1059 . 616 - - Reference : Totals though the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . Overall series records ( edit ) Baylor Iowa State Kansas Kansas State Oklahoma Oklahoma State TCU Texas Texas Tech West Virginia vs. Baylor -- 13 -- 16 4 -- 25 16 -- 12 7 -- 35 15 -- 28 9 -- 0 14 -- 32 21 -- 20 6 -- 3 vs. Iowa State 16 -- 13 -- 12 -- 33 22 -- 20 13 -- 17 12 -- 17 8 -- 0 11 -- 17 14 -- 13 5 -- 3 vs. Kansas 25 -- 4 33 -- 12 -- 44 -- 5 23 -- 6 22 -- 10 8 -- 1 23 -- 7 24 -- 4 6 -- 3 vs. Kansas State 12 -- 16 20 -- 22 5 -- 44 -- 12 -- 14 11 -- 17 7 -- 2 12 -- 15 15 -- 13 3 -- 5 vs. Oklahoma 35 -- 7 17 -- 13 6 -- 23 14 -- 12 -- 25 -- 19 7 -- 1 24 -- 23 28 -- 14 6 -- 3 vs. Oklahoma State 28 -- 15 17 -- 12 10 -- 22 17 -- 11 19 -- 25 -- 6 -- 2 17 -- 29 32 -- 15 4 -- 4 vs. TCU 0 -- 9 0 -- 8 1 -- 8 2 -- 7 1 -- 7 2 -- 6 -- 1 -- 8 3 -- 6 0 -- 9 vs. Texas 32 -- 14 17 -- 11 7 -- 23 15 -- 12 23 -- 24 29 -- 17 8 -- 1 -- 38 -- 6 6 -- 3 vs. Texas Tech 20 -- 21 13 -- 14 4 -- 24 13 -- 15 14 -- 28 15 -- 32 6 -- 3 6 -- 38 -- 1 -- 8 vs. West Virginia 3 -- 6 3 -- 5 3 -- 6 5 -- 3 3 -- 6 4 -- 4 9 -- 0 3 -- 6 8 -- 1 -- Total 105 -- 171 113 -- 133 208 -- 52 97 -- 148 161 -- 115 150 -- 135 10 -- 68 175 -- 111 92 -- 183 41 -- 37 Reference : Totals though the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . Baseball ( edit ) Main article : Big 12 Baseball Tournament All current Big 12 members sponsor baseball except Iowa State , which dropped the sport after the 2001 season . All former Big 12 members sponsored the sport throughout their tenures in the conference except Colorado , which never sponsored baseball during its time in the Big 12 . Baseball titles by school Team Season Regular Season Tournament Total Baylor 1997 -- present 0 Iowa State 1997 -- 2001 0 0 0 Kansas 1997 -- present 0 Kansas State 1997 -- present 0 Missouri 1997 -- 2012 0 Nebraska 1997 -- 2011 7 Oklahoma 1997 -- present 0 Oklahoma State 1997 -- present TCU 2013 -- present Texas 1997 -- present 7 5 12 Texas A&M 1997 -- 2012 7 Texas Tech 1997 -- present West Virginia 2013 -- present 0 0 0 Baseball titles by season Season Regular season Tournament 1997 Texas Tech Oklahoma 1998 Texas A&M Texas Tech 1999 Texas A&M Nebraska 2000 Baylor Nebraska 2001 Nebraska Nebraska 2002 Texas Texas 2003 Nebraska Texas Texas Oklahoma State 2005 Baylor Nebraska Nebraska 2006 Texas Kansas 2007 Texas Texas A&M 2008 Texas A&M Texas 2009 Texas Texas Texas Texas A&M 2011 Texas Texas A&M Texas A&M 2012 Baylor Missouri 2013 Kansas State Oklahoma 2014 Oklahoma State TCU 2015 TCU Texas 2016 Texas Tech TCU 2017 TCU Oklahoma State Texas Tech By school ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2017 tournament . School Appearances W-L Pct Tourney Titles Title Years Baylor 21 32 -- 37 . 464 0 Iowa State 1 -- 2 . 333 0 Kansas 9 10 -- 17 . 370 2006 Kansas State 10 14 -- 18 . 438 0 Missouri 13 22 -- 19 . 536 2012 Nebraska 10 28 -- 10 . 737 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2005 Oklahoma 21 36 -- 35 . 507 1997 , 2013 Oklahoma State 19 25 -- 35 . 417 2004 , 2017 TCU 5 12 -- 7 . 632 2014 , 2016 Texas 18 41 -- 29 . 586 5 2002 , 2003 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 Texas A&M 13 24 -- 18 . 571 2007 , 2010 , 2011 Texas Tech 17 18 -- 34 . 346 1998 West Virginia 5 8 -- 8 . 500 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Conference Biography '' . Big 12 Conference . 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Twelve Conference Inc '' . Exempt Organizations Select Check . Internal Revenue Service . Accessed on June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big 12 Conference , Inc . '' Entity Details . Division of Corporations . Delaware Department of State . Accessed on June 17 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Memorial Stadium '' . University of Oklahoma Athletics Department . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boone Pickens Stadium '' . Oklahoma State University Athletic Department . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Darrell K Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium '' . University of Texas Athletic Department . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jayhawks remember nightmare at TCU '' . KUsports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New Jones AT&T Stadium addition moving on schedule '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Demand for Tech football tickets red - hot '' . ESPN -- Dallas / Ft Worth . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Texas Tech Red Raiders Football Media Supplement ( also available embedded at http://www.texastech.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/text/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2010FBmediasupplement ) '' ( PDF ) . Texas Tech University Athletics . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech 2010 Football Game 1 Notes ( SMU ) '' . Texas Tech University Athletics . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Milan Puskar Stadium '' . West Virginia University Athletics . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WVU Coliseum '' . West Virginia University Athletics . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Ballpark '' . West Virginia University Athletics . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa State Prolongs Baseball Season '' . The Telegraph - Herald . Dubuque , Iowa . May 14 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` About Iowa State Club Baseball '' . Iowa State Club Baseball . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Summary ALL DIVISIONS / COLLEGIATE TOTAL CHAMPIONSHIPS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf Jump up ^ `` Two New Sports '' . Big12Sports.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Big 12 Championships '' . Big12Sports.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DeLassus , David . `` Kansas State University football records -- 1996 '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football Non-Conference Scheduling Requirement Announced '' . Big12Sports.com . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 approves playoff format '' . Harlan , Kentucky : Harlan Daily Enterprise , via Google News . Associated Press . June 16 , 1995 . 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-6728077266663377194	Grace Van Pelt	Grace Van Pelt - wikipedia Grace Van Pelt Jump to : navigation , search Grace Van Pelt The Mentalist character Amanda Righetti as Grace Van Pelt Rigsby First appearance Pilot Last appearance White Orchids Created by Bruno Heller Portrayed by Amanda Righetti Information Nickname ( s ) Grace , Van Pelt Gender Female Occupation Private Investigator Former Agent for the California Bureau of Investigation Title Special Agent Family Amos Van Pelt ( father ; a football coach ) Spouse ( s ) Agent Wayne Rigsby Significant other ( s ) Agent Wayne Rigsby ( coworker ; husband ) , Agent Craig O'Laughlin ( fiance , person that almost killed her ; deceased ) Children Benjamin Rigsby ( step - son ) Maddy Rigsby ( Daughter ) Relatives Yolanda ( cousin ; supposedly a psychic ) , Nationality USA Grace Van Pelt is a fictional character on the CBS crime drama The Mentalist , portrayed by Amanda Righetti. Van Pelt is a former special agent in the fictionalized California Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) . She is currently a private investigator running a private investigation agency with her husband Wayne Rigsby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character background 2 Relationship with Rigsby 3 Relationship with the team 4 References Character background ( edit ) Born on April 4 , 1983 Van Pelt is from a small farming town in Iowa . She tends to be overly sensitive at times , but is very intelligent . Van Pelt works with Rigsby and Cho most of the time , but occasionally works with Jane or Lisbon . She is the rookie of the team , having started her job in the Pilot episode . Grace 's cousin is supposedly a psychic , causing her to sometimes argue with Jane about matters of faith . In the episode `` Bloodshot '' , Jane makes a remark about Van Pelt 's character , stating , `` ... you 're deeply repressed and emotionally shut down ... because of a trauma in your past that you 've never spoken of to anyone ... ever ... even yourself ... '' which Van Pelt 's facial expression seems to confirm . In the second episode , `` Red Hair and Silver Tape '' , she is used by Jane for bait due to a killer who is killing red - haired people , leading to her being in an uncomfortable situation with a suspect ( although it is ultimately a different woman who is kidnapped by the killers , and saved by Lisbon ) . In the season 2 episode `` Throwing Fire '' , Van Pelt talks a woman out of suicide by describing the impact her sister 's own suicide had on her . Later , when questioned by Rigsby , Van Pelt quickly claims `` That just came out . I do n't have a sister '' , abruptly looking away and changing the subject -- leading the audience to believe she did in fact have a sister or a family member who committed suicide and merely did not wish to discuss the matter . Relationship with Rigsby ( edit ) A recurring subplot is Rigsby 's infatuation with Van Pelt . She is first shown to return the feelings in `` Red Scare '' . In the next episode , `` Black Gold and Red Blood '' , Van Pelt and Rigsby seem to be dating and greet each other happily at a crime scene ; however , Rigsby reveals to Van Pelt that he thinks that Jane may know about their relationship . Later , in `` Red Bulls '' , Van Pelt and Rigsby argue about him not wearing a bulletproof vest to canvass an apartment building . Van Pelt is shot multiple times in the chest while questioning a young woman but survives with a bulletproof vest on . While she is loaded onto an ambulance , Rigsby states he loves her . Van Pelt slaps Rigsby , telling him he should wear a bulletproof vest next time . In the episode `` Bleeding Heart '' , she and Rigsby announce their relationship to the team . Lisbon initially says she will take action and report their relationship to the head of the CBI , but in the episode `` Redline '' , she changes her mind and tells them to not make physical contact with each other while at the office . In the episode `` The Red Box '' , the new head of the CBI , Madeleine Hightower , discovers Van Pelt 's relationship with Rigsby and informs Lisbon about it , although Lisbon pretends she did n't know . In the episode `` Aingavite Baa '' , Hightower gives Van Pelt and Rigsby an ultimatum . They can either be in a relationship and have one of them leave the unit or end the relationship . As they walk out of Hightower 's office , they state they love each other . Rigsby , after being in a shootout , tells Van Pelt he will get another job for them to be together . At the end of the episode , Grace ends the relationship by saying she does n't want that responsibility in a relationship . Rigsby pleads with her to talk it through but she says she knows herself and walks away , leaving him heartbroken . She is later seen walking into the elevator at the office , crying and sobbing . In the third season , Van Pelt dates FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin , much to Rigsby 's displeasure . Van Pelt and O'Laughlin become engaged in the episode `` Blood for Blood '' , stunning Rigsby , who still loves her . In `` Like a Redheaded Stepchild , '' she invites Rigsby to the wedding , but he refuses the invitation , stating he still loves her and can not watch her marry another man . However , he helps them get the area they want for their wedding . In `` Strawberries and Cream '' , O'Laughlin is revealed to be a mole for Red John . Van Pelt tells him he was a suspect after another agent became the main suspect , allowing Red John to find out their plan . Grace is shocked by his actions and more so when O'Laughlin makes it clear he never truly loved her . He is shot dead by Van Pelt and Hightower after he shoots and wounds Lisbon. Van Pelt cries over his body as O'Laughlin completes his dying act of ripping off the necklace he gave her . During season four , she seems a little over the edge . In one episode , a man reacts badly to being arrested and slaps Van Pelt. Van Pelt then punches the man in the kidneys . In `` My Bloody Valentine '' , the necklace O'Laughlin gave Grace is returned to her . The necklace makes her anxious to the point that Lisbon asks if she wants her to take it away . During the remainder of the episode , Grace has visions of Craig . She and Jane then talk about the situation . In another episode , two other agents are threatened and without hesitation , she sneaks up behind the man and shoots him . She was attending therapy towards the beginning of the season , but it is presumed she no longer is . Her fellow agents all express concern for her , but she insists she 's fine . During season 5 , she is shown to still be close to Rigsby , hugging him when his father dies . In the episode `` Red in Tooth and Claw '' , Van Pelt asks Lisbon if she can take an intensive computer course which will require her to be gone for some time . Lisbon approaches Bertram , who originally says no to the request , but later changes his mind and authorizes the course . While Van Pelt is away at the computer intensive , Rigsby is shown to still have very strong feelings for her . In the episode `` Red Velvet Cupcakes '' , Van Pelt and Rigsby go undercover as a couple with relationship problems . After the case is closed , they sleep together again . Though not stated outright , it 's heavily implied that they 're back together in the following episode . In `` Wedding in Red '' , Rigsby proposes to her and she accepts ; they are married later in the same episode . In the episode `` My Blue Heaven '' , it is revealed that Rigsby and Van Pelt have a daughter named Maddy . Relationship with the team ( edit ) Van Pelt is well liked by the rest of the team ; Lisbon even lets Grace take the lead on one interview , despite the fact that she is still a rookie . She always refers to Lisbon as `` Boss '' or `` the boss '' , even when Teresa is n't around . In another episode , Grace is shot ( while wearing a kevlar vest ) and is taken to the hospital . Just before she gets into the ambulance , Lisbon is visibly upset and tells Grace sweetly : `` Do n't you do that to me again '' , indicating her fondness of her . In the opening of season four , Lisbon addresses Grace as her friend while encouraging her to get help . Jane appears to have a fondness for Grace , much as she does for him ; theirs appears to be rather like a sibling relationship , and Jane tends to favor her over Cho and Rigsby . It has been shown that Jane gets enjoyment from messing with Grace . He offers Grace more support than most people , but they tend to clash over spiritual issues such as the after - life . She seems to enjoy working with Cho ; she is open with him and considers him a friend , although she does n't always appreciate his straightforward manner . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ From personal file from the episode `` Red Dawn '' ( hide ) The Mentalist Seasons `` Strawberries and Cream '' 6 `` Red John '' 7 Characters Patrick Jane Teresa Lisbon Kimball Cho Wayne Rigsby Grace Van Pelt Red John Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Van_Pelt&oldid=784803323 '' Categories : The Mentalist characters Fictional American police detectives Fictional American people of Dutch descent Fictional characters from Iowa Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional private investigators Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2017 , at 04 : 28 . About Wikipedia	when do rigsby and van pelt get together	[]	[]
-2263191684544026799	Danny Boy	Danny Boy - wikipedia Danny Boy This article is about the folk song . For other uses , see Danny Boy ( disambiguation ) . `` Danny Boy '' Song Published 1913 Genre Folk Songwriter ( s ) Frederic Weatherly ( lyrics ) in 1910 Danny Boy ( Londonderry Air ) A piano arrangement of the tune Derry Air . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Danny Boy '' is a ballad set to an ancient Irish melody . English songwriter Frederic Weatherly wrote the lyrics , which are usually set to the Irish tune of the `` Londonderry Air '' . It is most closely associated with Irish communities . Contents 1 History 2 Meaning 3 Usage 4 Adaptation 5 Notable recordings 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) `` Danny Boy '' Ernestine Schumann - Heink ( 1917 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . 1940 recording by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra on RCA Bluebird , B - 10612 - B Initially written to a tune other than `` Londonderry Air '' , English lawyer and lyricist Frederic Weatherly wrote the words to `` Danny Boy '' in Bath , Somerset in 1910 . After his Irish - born sister - in - law Margaret ( known as Jess ) in the United States sent him a copy of `` Londonderry Air '' in 1913 ( an alternative version of the story has her singing the air to him in 1912 with different lyrics ) , Weatherly modified the lyrics of `` Danny Boy '' to fit the rhyme and meter of `` Londonderry Air '' . Weatherly gave the song to the vocalist Elsie Griffin , who made it one of the most popular songs in the new century . In 1915 , Ernestine Schumann - Heink produced the first recording of `` Danny Boy '' . Jane Ross of Limavady is credited with collecting the melody of `` Londonderry Air '' in the mid-19th century from a musician she encountered . Meaning ( edit ) Various suggestions exist as to the true meaning of `` Danny Boy '' . Some have interpreted the song to be a message from a parent to a son going off to a war or uprising ( as suggested by the reference to `` pipes calling glen to glen '' ) or leaving as part of the Irish diaspora . The 1918 version of the sheet music included alternative lyrics ( `` Eily Dear '' ) , with the instructions that `` when sung by a man , the words in italic should be used ; the song then becomes `` Eily Dear '' , so that `` Danny Boy '' is only to be sung by a lady `` . In spite of this , it is unclear whether this was Weatherly 's intent . Indeed , the song has been covered by a diverse range of male singers , including Mario Lanza , Bing Crosby , Andy Williams , Johnny Cash , Sam Cooke , Elvis Presley , Shane MacGowan , Jackie Wilson , Daniel O'Donnell , Harry Belafonte , Tom Jones , John Gary , Jacob Collier , Harry Connick Jr , and comedian Peter Kay amongst many others . All used the original lyrics . Usage ( edit ) `` Danny Boy '' is considered to be an unofficial signature song and anthem , particularly by Irish Americans and Irish Canadians . `` Danny Boy '' is considered the Anthem of Northern Ireland . Due to the complicated politics of Northern Ireland , an area governed by the United Kingdom on the island of Ireland ( and populated by people of Irish and Scottish descent ) , anthems of both of those countries are used by their respective communities to indicate allegiance . For several sporting events where Northern Ireland competes individually , such as the Commonwealth Games , the local song `` A Londonderry Air '' is used as its anthem . The song is popular for funerals ; but , as it is not liturgical , its suitability as a funeral song is sometimes contested . In 1928 , Weatherly himself suggested that the second verse would provide a fitting requiem for the actress Ellen Terry . On 13 April 2013 , the South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation released the concert album of the 2011 Girls ' Generation Asia Tour album . Girls ' Generation sang the song on CD 2 , track number 7 . Figure skating world champion Javier Fernández skated an exhibition program to Danny Boy choreographed by David Wilson , which Fernández debuted in Boston following his victory at the 2016 World Figure Skating Championships . Danny Boy , without lyrics , was the theme song for the television show Make Room for Daddy ( 1953 - 1957 ) , later The Danny Thomas Show ( 1957 - 1964 ) . Opera singer Renee Fleming sang `` Danny Boy '' at the funeral service for Senator John McCain on 1 September 2018 . Adaptation ( edit ) Southern gospel singer Dottie Rambo adapted the melody for her song , `` He Looked Beyond My Fault and Saw My Need '' , which was also notably sung by George Beverly Shea . Notable recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Danny Boy '' has been recorded multiple times by a variety of performers . Several versions performed by notable performers are listed below in chronological order . Year Artist Release Notes 1939 ( 1939 ) Gracie Fields Shipyard Sally soundtrack 1940 ( 1940 ) Judy Garland Little Nellie Kelly soundtrack Garland also sang it live at her concerts in Ireland and Scotland and most famously at her New York Palace Theatre debut in 1951 1940 ( 1940 ) Glenn Miller and His Orchestra Single only # 17 in `` Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 '' ( not from `` Billboard 's '' charts ) ; Arranged by Glenn Miller and pianist Chummy MacGregor 1941 ( 1941 ) Bing Crosby Merry Christmas Paired with `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' on its original single . Originally recorded July 5 , 1941 . 1950 ( 1950 ) Al Hibbler Single only # 9 on the R&B chart 1955 ( 1955 ) Slim Whitman Single only 1956 ( 1956 ) Ruby Murray The Voice of Ireland Released as part of her Irish songs album . 1959 ( 1959 ) Conway Twitty Saturday Night # 10 on Billboard Hot 100 and # 18 on R&B charts and # 1 in Italy ( banned by the BBC ) 1961 ( 1961 ) Jim Reeves The Blizzard / Danny Boy 7 '' 45rpm vinyl LP # 27 on RCA Victor 7855 in `` Music Vendor '' 1961 ( 1961 ) Andy Williams Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing # 15 on the U.S. adult contemporary and # 64 on the Hot 100 charts 1962 ( 1962 ) Connie Francis Connie Francis Sings Irish Favorites Released as an all - Irish album . 1964 ( 1964 ) Judith Durham / The Seekers ( numerous albums ) Judith Durham also performed it solo on many albums and TV appearances 1964 ( 1964 ) Harry James One Night Stand With Harry James on Tour in ' 64 Buddy Rich on drums 1964 ( 1964 ) Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles Sweethearts of the Apollo # 76 on Hot 100 1965 Johnny Cash Orange Blossom Special 1965 ( 1965 ) Jackie Wilson Single only # 94 on Hot 100 and # 25 on R&B charts 1967 ( 1967 ) Ray Price Danny Boy # 60 on Hot 100 and # 9 on Country charts 1967 ( 1967 ) Tom Jones 13 Smash Hits Also included in 1969 album Tom Jones Live in Las Vegas 1972 ( 1972 ) Roy Orbison Memphis 1972 ( 1972 ) Glen Campbell The Artistry of Glen Campbell 1976 ( 1976 ) Elvis Presley From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Recorded in response to a request from his father , Vernon , this is from Elvis ' penultimate studio recording session in February 1976 , recorded in the Jungle Room of Elvis ' home in Graceland . 1979 ( 1979 ) Willie Nelson One for The Road Recorded on Nelson 's 1979 collaboration album One for The Road with singer - songwriter Leon Russell 1979 ( 1979 ) Thin Lizzy Black Rose : A Rock Legend Gary Moore and Phil Lynott of Thin Lizzy had previously recorded an instrumental version , titled Dan , on their Tribute to Deep Purple album in 1972 1990 ( 1990 ) Carly Simon My Romance 1990 ( 1990 ) Frank Patterson Miller 's Crossing soundtrack Also included in 1999 album , Ireland In Song 2017 ( 2017 ) Bill Evans Empathy Recorded in 1962 featuring 3 : 41 version with the trio - bonus 10 : 43 solo piano version added to JAZZTWINS 2017 vinyl release 1991 ( 1991 ) Bill Evans Time Remembered Recorded in 1963 ; released on the CD - version of the album in 1991 1992 ( 1992 ) John McDermott Independent recording 1998 ( 1998 ) Jacintha Abisheganaden Here 's To Ben -- A Vocal Tribute To Ben Webster Groove Note 2002 ( 2002 ) Johnny Cash American IV : The Man Comes Around American Recordings , Universal 2002 ( 2002 ) Eva Cassidy Imagine Blix Street 2005 Celtic Woman Celtic Woman Performed by Méav Ní Mhaolchatha . Rereleased in the 2015 album Decade . The Songs , The Show , The Traditions , The Classics 2009 ( 2009 ) Mormon Tabernacle Choir and Orchestra Danny Boy , Live at Red Rocks Performed live at the Red Rocks Amphitheater in Colorado during the 2009 Central US Tour . Arranged by Mack Wilberg . The performance was recorded and it is available at Mormon Tabernacle Choir 's YouTube Channel 2012 ( 2012 ) BYU 's Vocal Point Danny Boy Available on the Vocal Point YouTube Channel 2013 Girls ' Generation 2011 Girls ' Generation Tour CD 2 , # 7 , the song is sung by five members ( Taeyeon , Tiffany , Seohyun , Jessica , Sunny ) 2013 ( 2013 ) The Gothard Sisters Compass # 11 2015 ( 2015 ) Damien Leith Songs from Ireland # 11 in Australia 2015 ( 2015 ) Lisa Hannigan Fargo Season 2 , Episode 7 `` Did you do this ? No , you did it ! '' 2015 Jacob Collier Maida Vale session for BBC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXIApugIuqk References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The ' Danny Boy ' Trivia Collection '' . Standingstones.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Weatherly 's own description of writing Danny Boy '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ In Sunshine And In Shadow : The family story of Danny Boy by Anthony Mann ( Weatherly 's great grandson ) ISBN 1300775017 Jump up ^ George Petrie : The Ancient Music of Ireland , 1855 ^ Jump up to : `` The true meaning of Danny Boy '' . Standingstones.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ McCourt , Malachy ( 30 Mar 2005 ) . Danny Boy : The Legend of the Beloved Irish Ballad ( Reprint ed . ) . New American Library . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 20806 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hinnesbusch , Patricia D. `` Irish Song Danny Boy Meaning and History of Irish Ballads . '' Symbol Meaning for Hundreds of Symbols & Symbol Resources . Living Arts Enterprises , LLC , 14 Sept. 2010 . Jump up ^ National Anthems `` ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry_Air Jump up ^ No byline ( 2001 - 08 - 10 ) , `` ' Danny Boy ' can not be played during Mass '' . National Catholic Reporter. 37 ( 36 ) : 11 Jump up ^ `` ( 121130 ) Danny Boy ( 2011 Girls ' Generation Tour ) '' . Youtube.com. 2012 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danny Boy ( Londonderry Air ) ( song by The Glenn Miller Orchestra ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Al Hibbler ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Murray -- The Voice Of Ireland '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Conway Twitty ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1959 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 14 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` HPI - Settimana del 26 / 03 / 60 '' . Hitparadeitalia.it. 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Spencer ( 2008 ) . This Record Is Not to Be Broadcast Vol. 2 : 50 More Records Banned by the BBC ( liner notes ) . Fantastic Voyage . FVDD 038 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Andy Williams ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1961 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1964 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Jackie Wilson ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1965 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Ray Price ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1967 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mormon Tabernacle Choir and Orchestra . Danny Boy . Arranged by Mack Wilberg . Colorado , Red Rocks Amphitheater , 2009 . Live performance recorded '' . 2009 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy - BYU Vocal Point '' . 2012 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . or the `` Music Video Hits , Vol. 1 '' album External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Danny Boy The Legend and History of the Song Danny Boy Danny Boy 1913 sheet music from Duke University Libraries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Boy&oldid=864682329 '' Categories : 1913 songs Songs written by Frederic Weatherly Irish folk songs Folk ballads Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 19 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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-3764929141618545183	Clovis, New Mexico jail break	Clovis , New Mexico jail break - wikipedia Clovis , New Mexico jail break Seven of the eight Clovis , New Mexico escapees during a KRQE news report . The Clovis , New Mexico jail break refers to an August 24 , 2008 jail escape from the Curry County Adult Detention Center . Eight inmates , all charged with violent crimes , broke out of the Clovis , New Mexico jail by climbing up plumbing pipes in a narrow space inside a wall and using handmade instruments to cut a hole in the roof near a skylight . The process took about seven hours , and the escape was the culmination of several days of planning . The inmates gained access to the pipes by stealing a key left in a door lock while jail guards were making plumbing repairs . Three inmates were recaptured within one day after the escape , and a fourth was caught on August 28 . Larry McClendon , Jr. , who had been charged with shooting a store clerk to death and was considered one of the most dangerous escapees , was captured in Texas on October 4 ; his childhood friend Michael England , was captured nine days later . One inmate , Edward Salas , was captured in October 2012 . He had been convicted of murdering a 10 - year - old boy . At least four inmates who did not escape were charged with assisting in the jailbreak by attempting to block the escaping inmates from surveillance cameras ; authorities said additional inmates may also be charged . Since the prisoners had access to cell doors that were supposed to be locked , investigators are looking into whether the inmates had any assistance from jail staff . Several family members were charged with failing to cooperate with the investigation . Security measures have been revised as a result of the jailbreak and an independent investigation at the facility was conducted . Authorities have cited a long - standing disregard for proper policies and procedures in contributing to the escape , but they do not believe any jail staff deliberately assisted in the escape . The jail break was featured on a September 6 episode of America 's Most Wanted . Many at the time noted the similarities in the escape with the hit TV series Prison Break . Contents 1 Jail break 1.1 Escape 1.2 Four inmates arrested 1.3 Additional arrests 1.4 America 's Most Wanted 1.5 Three more captures 1.6 Final capture 2 Security responses and prosecutions 2.1 Immediate security responses 2.2 Independent investigation of the jail 2.3 Criminal charges 3 External links 4 Notes and references Jail break ( edit ) Escape ( edit ) Eight inmates escaped from the Curry County Adult Detention Center in Clovis on August 24 , 2008 by cutting a hole in the roof and leaping off the building . The inmates were : Victor Apodaca , 39 , who pleaded guilty to kidnapping , aggravated battery and drug trafficking . Louis Chavez , 18 , who had been charged with aggravated burglary , tampering with evidence and extreme cruelty to animals . Michael England , 29 , who was awaiting trial on tampering with evidence and felony firearm possession , in connection with McClendon 's alleged murder . Raynaldo Jeremy Enriquez , 19 , who was indicted for burglary and assault charges . Larry McClendon , Jr. , 19 , who was charged with shooting a store clerk to death . Edward Salas , 21 , who was serving a life sentence in prison for the murder of a 10 - year - old boy . Victor Sotelo , 26 , who was awaiting trial on aggravated assault charges for an alleged stabbing . Javier Zapata , 19 , was charged with aggravated assault and child abuse for allegedly shooting at his wife while her five children were nearby . The location of Clovis , New Mexico . The escape was believed to be the culmination of several days of planning . About one week before the escape , one or more of the inmates stole a cellular phone that a nurse left on a computer table in the infirmary . Although she canceled the service immediately upon discovering it was missing , the inmates made several calls before it was disconnected , most of which between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. on August 18 . Lolo Salas , father of inmate Edward Salas , was among those called by the inmates . The phone was used by multiple inmates , including some who did not escape . Authorities would later say they believed the calls were used to coordinate parts of the escape . According to a later investigation , the inmates likely stole a key that was left hanging in the door lock of a plumbing chase while guards were making plumbing repairs , including fixing a clogged toilet . Inmates Salas , Enriquez and Chavez shared a pod on a second floor balcony , while the other five men occupied a pod on the ground floor underneath them . The inmates used the stolen key to unlock a rarely used door between the two pods , and slipped the key under the door of a neighboring pod . Those inmates unlocked their own pod door and the small door of a plumbing chute , a narrow space behind a common wall of the pods that contained plumbing pipes which led to the roof . The key was then returned to the original lock without the knowledge of the guards . Over the course of the 48 hours leading up to the escape , the inmates regularly traveled back and forth between the two pods to socialize and receive tattoos . On August 24 , the eight men slipped one at a time into a small door that led to the plumbing chute with the intention of climbing the pipes to the roof area . At least four inmates who did not escape the jail assisted the eight men in their plan , including Lawrence Kolek , 26 ; Manuel Lopez , 32 ; Kevyn Crane , 26 ; Donald Jones , 27 , police allege . Surveillance camera footage revealed the four men allegedly taking turns attempting to block Salas , Enriquez and Chavez from the view of the cameras as they entered the chute . At one point , two of them stood next to each other in an attempt to conceal the escaping inmates , with one stretching his arms out in a feigned yawn ; in another instance , a man held a large blanket behind his shoulders like a cape . No surveillance cameras monitored the lower pod or the roof . The surveillance footage of the upper pod spanned from 5 p.m. to 9 : 45 p.m. One of the three men was also observed carrying a white bag into the chute . At least two inmates not involved in the escape said they heard banging noises , but dismissed it because they believed it was construction work being done elsewhere in the building . Once the escaping inmates climbed to the top of the pipe , they used handmade instruments to cut a hole near a skylight . It took about seven hours to cut through the jail 's roof . Investigators believe the tools were fashioned from scraps of metal they found in the plumbing chase that was left behind from previous repair work . Enriquez later told police he was the one who literally cut the hole . Once they were through , some of the inmates used an evergreen near the building to break their falls as they leapt to street level . Authorities believe most of the men split up early and went different ways because discarded jail jumpsuits were found at various locations throughout Clovis . Police , however , speculated that McClendon and England stayed together due to their prior childhood associations . Four inmates arrested ( edit ) The jailbreak was first discovered by Stephen Borders , a patrol officer with the Clovis Police Department , who spotted two Hispanic males walking casually on 12th Street , two blocks from the jail , wearing orange pants and white tank top T - shirts . Borders recognized the clothing are normal jail garments and turned a spotlight on the men , who reacted with surprise . As Borders turned to drive in their direction , they disappeared into an alley . Borders called to find out if any inmates were missing , then pursued two inmates . Three minutes later , another officer subdued one of them . Dispatch had not yet responded to Borders ' inquiry about missing inmates , so he arrested the suspect , later identified as Victor Apodaca , for failing to identify himself when asked for a name . The other inmate escaped . Two more inmates were captured on Monday , August 25 as the result of tips from the public . Enriquez was found and arrested without incident in Lubbock , a Texas city about 100 miles from Clovis . Javier Zapata was captured by federal marshals late around 11 : 30 p.m. in Cactus , Texas , about 165 miles from Clovis . The five inmates remaining at large were considered very dangerous because all had been charged with violent crimes , but authorities did not know whether they had any weapons . Charges related to the escape were also filed against all eight inmates . Police said they were following several tips and leads , and motorists were stopped and questioned at roadblocks on the outskirts of Clovis . Federal agencies , including the United States Marshals Service , joined the investigation along with state police and the sheriff 's department . Officials believed some of the at - large escapees could have been in West Texas and the Lubbock area , and began to focus their searches in and around Clovis , Albuquerque and Amarillo , Texas . Federal marshals started conducting sweeps of areas the escapees were known to frequent , and began looking into families and friends of the inmates . Melody Carter , McClendon 's mother , said marshals searched her house and told her they did not know the escapees ' state of mind , so might have to use deadly force when they find them . She told reporters , `` They did inform me to be ready just in case they might have to bring him in in a body bag . '' Carter said she was surprised her son would flee from jail because she thought his innocence could be proved at trial , and made a public plea to the press : `` I love you and I could n't stand to lose you . Please turn yourself in . '' Information gathered in Curry County led Albuquerque police to find the location of a fourth inmate , Victor Sotelo . Sotelo was arrested without incident August 28 at about 11 : 45 p.m. in an Ortiz Drive duplex . Investigators traveled to Albuquerque the next day to interview him , then returned him to the Curry County Adult Detention Center along with the three other captured inmates . All four men were placed in 24 - hour isolation . Authorities did not disclose whether Sotelo provided any information of value to the investigation . Investigators said they were expanding the scope of their previous searches , and were optimistic of the direction of the search ; Curry County Undersheriff Wesley Waller said , `` We 're four down , four to go ... The investigation is going well . '' Additional arrests ( edit ) Authorities determined the escape plan was too elaborate for the inmates to have carried it out by themselves and felt it would require help from both inside and outside the jail . Investigators began looking into both the inmates and whether any jail staff had a hand in the escapes ; in particular , investigations focused on how the inmates gained access to the locked pod doors . Based on surveillance footage of the second floor pod , policed charged Kolek , Lopez , Crane and Jones with three counts each of assisting escape and three counts each of harboring or aiding a felon for their alleged assistance in the escape . Police said they expected additional arrests as the investigation continues . District Attorney Matthew Chandler stressed anyone assisting the fugitives would face criminal charges : `` They 're receiving some type of assistance . We want to make it loud and clear today that anyone that assists these fugitives will be held accountable . '' Isodoro `` Lolo '' Salas , father of fugitive Edward Salas , was arrested after authorities said he refused to cooperate with investigators ; Isodoro , an Albuquerque resident , was charged with obstruction of justice , a probation violation and resisting or obstruction of an officer . Asha Currey , of Clovis , the mother of escapee Michael England 's child , was also arrested . Sometime after the jailbreak , England 's eight - year - old son told his elementary school guidance counselor he had seen his father at his aunt 's house . The boy was interviewed by child forensic specialists , and told them he saw both England and McClendon speak to his grandmother , Hester England , and that England asked him to hand over a Wal - Mart bag so he could pack some clothes . During an initial August 25 interview with Hester England , the Clovis resident denied knowing anything about the escape or the whereabouts of any escapees . She was interviewed again on August 27 and repeated the claims , and even said she would go to the news to ask her son to contact her . She did so , telling the media , `` This is involving our whole family . Please turn yourself in . I 'll be there for you no matter what . Call me night and day , I 'm there for you . '' After her media statement , Hester England was interviewed again and told of her grandson 's confession . She then confessed that she previously lied to officers and had in fact seen the two men . Hester claimed she heard Asha Currey talking with two men outside Hester 's home , and said she came outside to find England and McClendon . Hester said she knew they escaped from jail because `` it was obvious . '' She claimed she told them to turn themselves in , but England said he was not going back to jail . He gathered clothes from the house and left . Hester said she did not tell police because she loved her son , but admitted she should have told them about McClendon , who she knew was charged with murder . On August 28 , England was arrested on charges of harboring or aiding a felon and obstructing an officer , and was released on a $6,000 bond . Hester England and Asha Currey both face up to 12 years in prison . Tiffany Wallace , McClendon 's 18 - year - old girlfriend , said she had a dresser drawer full of McClendon 's clothing in her bedroom , but that it was gone now . She expects McClendon took them , but she denied having seen him . Wallace was not charged with any crimes . America 's Most Wanted ( edit ) Producers of the hit Fox show America 's Most Wanted contacted Curry County authorities with plans to feature the eight inmates in an August 20 program . Undersheriff Waller said he expected the show to be `` a tremendous help ( because ) it always generates new tips and new information . '' District Attorney Chandler , however , added , `` Our goal is to have the show cancelled because we 've caught them . '' The show was later rescheduled to early September because the producers decided to make it a bigger production than initially planned . An in - depth segment aired September 6 focusing on the escape and the four inmates at large , particularly focusing on Salas and his role in the 2005 shooting death of 10 - year - old Carlos Perez . Show producer Jenna Naranjo said , `` He 's been convicted , he 's a killer , he 's the most dangerous and he has nothing to lose . '' Noe Torres , a fugitive also charged with the Perez shooting , was also featured briefly in the segment . A Clovis police detective was flown to the East Coast studio so he could be on - hand to take any tips or calls resulting from the broadcast . Undersheriff Waller said several promising leads generated from the show , but declined to discuss them publicly . On September 5 , Curry County officials increased the reward information leading to the arrests of Salas and McClendon to $5,000 , up from the original $3,000 and $2,500 , respectively . Reward amounts of $1,500 for England and $1,000 for Chavez were kept in place . A Major Crimes Unit of local police , state police and federal marshals continued running a 24 - hour command center into September responding to dozens of tips and calls , many of which they admitted were not fruitful . Patrols were also increased in the Curry County area , state police provided reinforcements from Quay and De Baca counties , and border patrol at the Mexico -- United States border was on `` high alert '' for the fugitives . On September 24 , 2008 , District Attorney Matt Chandler said investigators were following up on `` credible tips '' that have placed two of the four remaining jail escapees in Amarillo and Plainview , Texas , and Clovis . Investigators believe England has been traveling back and forth between the Amarillo area and Clovis , and was spotted in Clovis and Amarillo in the last week , according to phone tips . Murder suspect Larry McClendon , has been in the Amarillo and Plainview areas where he has family , Chandler said . Investigators have information placing the other two jail fugitives , Edward Salas and Louis Chavez , in Albuquerque since the August 24th escape . Salas and Chavez were overheard before the escape talking about going to Albuquerque together , according to an investigative report from the district attorney 's office released Tuesday . Undersheriff Wesley Waller said information received on Salas has pointed to several western states , including California , in addition to Albuquerque , where his parents live . Three more captures ( edit ) Larry McClendon Jr. was arrested October 4 near a West 5th Street apartment complex in Amarillo , Texas . McClendon attempted to flee on foot when he first saw the Amarillo Police Department SWAT officers , but was caught after a brief pursuit that ended in the parking lot of an Ashley Furniture store . Nobody was injured in the chase . Authorities credited a tip received through America 's Most Wanted , but McClendon 's mother , Melody Carter , said she had also called U.S. marshals and told them he was in the Amarillo area . Carter spoke to her son via phone October 3 , when he called her to ask for medication he needed and told her he would come to pick it up on Monday . Carter , who said she cooperated with authorities so that her son would not be injured during his capture , told the press , `` He was on the verge of turning himself in ... He was exhausted and he was tired and he did n't want to go through this no more . '' McClendon waived his extradition on October 7 and was to be transferred back to Clovis to face charges . Authorities learned McClendon and Michael England had been travelling together and wearing women 's attire as a disguise . Shortly after McClendon 's capture , England contacted Clovis investigators through an attorney and attempted to negotiate a conditional surrender . He asked police to drop charges against his mother , Hester England , who was arrested after she lied to police about having seen her son after the escape ; England also demanded two drug trafficking charges against his brother be dropped and that police return $3,000 seized by police during his brother 's arrest , which England planned to use for legal fees . District Attorney Chandler said authorities believed England was in Clovis or the surrounding area and would continue searching for him , but they were not interested in making such a deal with him . England was captured without incident on October 13 around 11 : 30 a.m. after a tip led Clovis police to an apartment complex in the 500 block of Pile Street . Three additional people were arrested at the apartment for helping to hide England : Asha Curry , 27 ; Robin Kirven , 37 and Samantha Wallace , 19 . All three were charged with harboring and aiding a fugitive and were held on $5,000 bonds . On December 8 , a customer at the Lowe 's grocery store in Clovis spotted who they believed to be Louis Chavez in the store and notified police . As police officers pulled into the store 's parking lot , they saw Chavez and another male enter a vehicle . They approached the vehicle and found Chavez trying to hide on the floorboard . Although he gave officers a false name , they quickly identified Chavez based on his tattoos and other physical characteristics and arrested him . During questioning , Chavez told police he had been hiding in Texas for some time and had returned to Clovis only a few hours before his capture , although police believe he had returned to the city about a week prior . Chavez claimed he and the other escapees went their separate ways after the escape and that he did not know the location of Edward Salas , the remaining escapee . But investigators said they had information that contradicted those statements , including evidence that Chavez and Sala were together for at least some time after the escape . Police charged Anthony Lanaro , 24 , the male driver of the vehicle with aiding and abetting a felon , but the driver claimed he did not personally know Chavez and was only giving him a ride after having picked him up recently in Clovis . Final capture ( edit ) One inmate , Edward Salas , remained at large long after the jail break . On December 19 , 2011 , he was placed on the U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted List . He was captured in Chihuahua , Chihuahua , Mexico on October 4 , 2012 , and was extradited back to New Mexico in 2014 . He had been working as an assassin for the Zetas cartel . Security responses and prosecutions ( edit ) Immediate security responses ( edit ) The Curry County Adult Detention Center contained 188 inmates at the time of the jailbreak , including 141 males and 47 females . County Manager Lance Pyle said he had known since early 2008 that video surveillance at the jail was in need of repairs and revamping . At the time of the jailbreak there were 24 cameras at the facility , three of which outside . Pyle said footage was only stored for a few days , visibility was poor , blind spots exist and additional cameras were needed . On August 27 , Curry County commissioners approved a bid for a $166,000 system that would increase the number of cameras to 76 , with 13 more outside . A jail management board was implemented to oversee the facility and sheriff department officials were temporarily reassigned to assist jail administrators with facility management . Visiting privileges for all inmates were suspended after the escape , but were reinstated in early September . Educational programs , along with religious and library services , were suspended in light of the escape because officials said prisoners could smuggle contraband and manipulate teachers . The programs were already under review prior to the escape , but jail officials said they would still eventually be reinstated because they were believed to curb recidivism . County commissioners began seeking an architect to review other changes at the jail after the escape . Officials said there was a need for additional security doors and were several issues with the existing doors , intercom systems and the control board that operates doors . Officials said inmates regularly found creative ways to keep their cell doors from being closed , including using dominoes and wet toilet paper . Doors that had been removed from the women 's annex cells in 2007 were reinstalled in September , and additional security and officials were installed to watch the female inmates . Officials also installed iron bars and a locked door as a boundary between detention officers and inmates , in place of what used to be a simple line on the floor . Eight new officers were hired by October and officials said the training process for new guards was improved . Officer stations were designed to allow 360 - degree visibility of the pods and windows were covered with one - way tint so the prisoners could not see outside . Routine searches by drug - sniffing dogs were also implemented at the jail . Independent investigation of the jail ( edit ) As of mid-September , police , jail and county officials had failed to address why detention officers were not aware of the escape even though it took about seven hours to complete . No detention center employees have been disciplined , fired , placed on leave or resigned . An independent assessment of the detention center by the New Mexico Association of Counties was ordered in response to the escape , and District Attorney Chandler said one of the driving factors would be whether any jail employees were criminally liable . Chandler assured the public any uncovered criminal activity would result in charges : `` I am pretty bothered by the fact that these guys we caught the first time are out , that our victims ca n't sleep comfortably and that the community ( has had to be on alert ) . '' A preliminary assessment was provided to the county commissioners at their September 3 meeting , but although they spent more than two - and - a-half hours discussing them in a closed executive session with consultants , they declined to discuss them with the public or the press . County Manager Lance Pyle said he would not discuss any preliminary findings , but would make public any policies or procedures that are changed or items that require monetary commitment . The Clovis News Journal submitted a formal public information request for the assessment , but county officials denied in on September 9 , claiming the assessment was provided to the county attorney , and that attorney -- client privilege exempted it from the Public Records Act . Leonard DeLayo , executive director of the New Mexico Foundation for Open Government , '' said the county was `` off base '' and the refusal to hand over the document `` is a serious violation of the spirit and intent of open government . '' Pyle said detention experts and state police were assessing the jail and an action plan would be put into place after the assessment was completed . Although Chandler declined to identify specifics of the preliminary assessment , he said it provided some new insights , including how the inmates were able to move freely between two pods for up to 48 hours before the escape . However , he also said it left other questions unanswered , including how the inmates obtained the instruments to cut the hole in the roof . Members of the region 's Major Crimes Unit were asked to reinterview inmates and detention officers in response to those unanswered questions . As of October , county officials continued to decline publicly commenting on the assessment , citing personnel issues . Dan Aguilar , a special agent with Chandler 's office compiled an investigative report in late September which indicated the inmates stole a key that guards left hanging in a door lock while making plumbing repairs . The detention officers interviewed did not know if the key was left in the door , but at least one said it was possible . Chandler blamed the escape on `` complacency '' and `` a failure to pay attention to detail . '' The report found pod checks scheduled every hour were not completed during the weekend leading up to the escape due to staffing shortages . It also found guards rarely entered the pods where prisoners were housed , and cell doors within the pods designed to be locked down at night did not work for several months , allowing inmates free run of the pods. Chandler said he hopes to see the jail 's issues corrected , and said procedures and policies that should have been followed `` have been thrown to the wind for quite some time . '' Chandler said the report did not find that the inmates received intentional help from jail staff , but an inmate told New Mexico State Police in a separate investigative report that at least one guard had assisted in the escape . Chandler , however , maintained all other interviews and evidence indicated the contrary , and said the inmate who made the accusation had a `` history of conflict '' with the guard . issued a separate investigative report in early October which revealed the inmates stole a cellular phone from a nurse in the jail 's infirmary and used it to place several calls in the week before the escape . Unlike phone calls made from then jail 's land lines , the cellular phone conversations were not recorded . Therefore , although authorities said they strongly believe some of the calls involved planning the escape , they were unable to determine the exact nature of the calls . The phone was later found in the possession of an inmate who did not escape . Criminal charges ( edit ) On September 25 , 2008 , Javier Zapata and Enriquez were each charged with escape from jail , conspiracy to escape from jail and criminal damage to property over $1,000 . Enriquez was committed to prison in lieu of $125,000 cash - only bail due to his history of violent crimes , and faces more than four additional years in prison for his role in the escape . Zapata pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 18 additional months in prison on March 3 , 2009 , but the sentence was suspended on March 22 . Lawrence Kolek , Manuel Lopez and Kevyn Crane were also arraigned on September 25 for their alleged roles in helping the inmates escape . The three men face a possible nine years in prison ; authorities said the penalty is steep because one of the escapees , Salas , was a convicted murderer . Bonds for Lopez and Kolek were set at $25,000 cash - only , and $15,000 cash - only for Crane . On January 14 , 2009 , Victor Apodaca pleaded guilty to one count of escape from custody . He was sentenced to two - and - a-half more years in prison , which will commence following the completion of his existing 15 - year sentence on unrelated charges . Apodaca was sentenced as a habitual offender . In January 2009 , District Attorney Matt Chandler also charged Velma Valdez , 44 , and Abundio Valdez , 34 , with two counts each of harboring a felon . Chandler said upon arresting Luiz Chavez , authorities learned Chavez and Edward Salas were transported to Friona in West Texas in the trunk of Abundio Valdez , who along with Velma gave them supplies shortly after their escape . Velma Valdez was related to Salas by marriage . The car took back roads during the escape to avoid roadblocks set by police . Abundio pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 15 years in prison on May 7 , 2009 . Ninth Judicial District Attorney Matthew Chandler announced August 3 , 2009 that Robin Kirven , age 40 , and Samantha Wallace , age 21 , was convicted of Harboring a Felon . The incident stems from August 24 , 2008 , when Michael England , along with seven other jail inmates escaped from the Curry County Detention Center . England was awaiting trial for Tampering with Evidence in a murder investigation when he escaped from jail . Michael England was apprehended by local authorities on October 13 , 2008 after Clovis Police Department received a Crime Stoppers Tip stating that England was at the apartment of Samantha Wallace . Officers responded to the call and at the apartment , spoke with Robin Kirven and Samantha Wallace , who both denied that England was at the residence . After a thorough search was conducted of the apartment , authorities found England hiding between a bed and wall in a back bedroom . Michael England was apprehended and both women were charged with Harboring a Felon . The Honorable Robert Orlik presided over the sentencing and Chief Deputy District Attorney Andrea Reeb prosecuted the case for the State . At sentencing , the Court ordered that Robin Kirven and Samantha Wallace serve one year in the Curry County Adult Detention Center , followed by six months of intensively supervised parole . External links ( edit ) Clovis News Journal 's jailbreak section Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna ( August 27 , 2008 ) . `` Jail escape sentenced to 15 years '' . Clovis News Journal . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Blaney , Betsy . `` 8 inmates escape from NM jail , including murdered . '' Associated Press , August 25 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Police believe shooting death drug - related '' . Clovis News Journal . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Annie . `` Charges filed in escape . '' KRQE , August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` Fourth escapee captured late Thursday . '' Archived January 19 , 2013 , at Archive.is Clovis News Journal , August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stabbing suspect sought '' . Clovis News Journal . June 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arrest warrant issued for Texico man '' . Clovis News Journal . June 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Blaney , Betsy . `` Arrests made in Curry County escape . '' Associated Press , August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` State police report : Escapees had access to cell phone . '' Clovis News Journal , October 9 , 2008 . Retrieved on October 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` Report : Escaped inmates had key . '' Archived January 19 , 2013 , at Archive.is Clovis News Journal , September 23 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Blaney , Betsy . `` AP : Four inmates charged with aiding escape . '' Associated Press , August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` Police arrest family , friends of escapees . '' Clovis News Journal , August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` Officials : Escape collaborative effort . '' Archived January 19 , 2013 , at Archive.is Clovis News Journal , August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` County manager : Jail changes in works . '' Clovis News Journal , August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Incident report on arrest of Victor Apodaca . '' Archived July 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Police report on escape discovery . '' Clovis News Journal , August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blaney , Betsy . `` Search on for 5 inmates who escaped from NM jail . '' Associated Press , August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Garate , Jessica . `` Inmates , relatives charged in jailbreak . '' KRQE , August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` Mother of escaped inmate arrested . '' Clovis News Journal , August 28 , 2008 . Re-retrieved on February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrest affidavit for Hester England . '' Archived July 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Arrest affidavit for escapee 's mother , Hester England . '' Clovis News Journal , August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mother of escapee arrested . '' August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry County deputies keep up search for 5 inmates . '' Archived January 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Associated Press , August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` America 's Most Wanted air date changed . '' Clovis News Journal , August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` ' America 's Most Wanted ' to air inmate escape Saturday . '' Clovis News Journal , September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` District attorney reviewing state police escape report . '' Clovis News Journal , September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Reward leading to fugitives ' capture increased . '' Clovis News Journal , September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Search for escapees ongoing . '' Clovis News Journal , September 1 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Investigators following leads on whereabouts of escapees . '' Clovis News Journal , September 24 , 2008 . Retrieved on February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Escaped inmate caught ! '' KFDA - TV , October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved on October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Jail escapee caught in Amarillo . '' Clovis News Journal , October 4 , 2008 . Re-retrieved on February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Patti . `` Inmate goes back to Clovis . '' KFDA - TV , October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved on October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Escapee attempting to negotiate surrender . '' Clovis News Journal , October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved on October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Escapee Michael England captured in Clovis . '' Clovis News Journal , October 13 , 2008 . Re-retrieved on February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Police capture escapee Louis Chavez . '' Clovis News Journal , December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved on December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Search for final escapee continues . '' Clovis News Journal , December 9 , 2008 . Re-retrieved on February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Convicted Child Killer and Prison Escapee Added to 15 Most Wanted List '' . usmarshals.gov . December 19 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKee , Chris ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` Convicted killer returned to New Mexico '' . KRQE News 13 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Contreras , Russell ( October 6 , 2012 ) . `` Convicted Child Killer Captured In Mexico '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` County officials decline comment on jail assessment . '' Clovis News Journal , September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Inmate educational programs temporarily halted . '' Clovis News Journal , September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Jail to get security boost . '' Clovis News Journal , September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Sharna . `` Sheriff 's office deploys newest drug dog . Clovis News Journal , October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved on October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` DA : Escape investigation ' progressing . ' '' Clovis News Journal , September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna . `` County declines to release jail assessment . '' Archived January 19 , 2013 , at Archive.is Clovis News Journal , September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Sharna ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Two of four jail escapees arraigned '' . Clovis News Journal . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ This information can be found by searching case number D - 905 - CR - 200800597 on the official New Mexico Courts case lookup site . This link and case number were listed in a Clovis News Journal story , which is also used as a reference in this article . Accessed May 14 , 2009 . Archived June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` March 22 , 2009 Dispositions '' Clovis News Journal , March 21 , 2009 , Re-retrieved February 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ CNJ Staff . `` Jail escapee sentenced '' Clovis News Journal , January 15 , 2009 , Re-retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Clovis couple charged with aiding escapees '' Albuquerque Journal , January 15 , 2009 , Re-retrieved February 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Clovis man sentenced 15 years for aiding escapees '' Clovis News Journal , May 7 , 2009 , Re-retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Clovis Women Sentenced to Serve One Year for Aiding in Curry County Jail Escape . '' Clovis News Journal , August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved on February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clovis,_New_Mexico_jail_break&oldid=854554789 '' Categories : Crimes in New Mexico Escapees from New Mexico detention 2008 crimes in the United States 2008 in New Mexico Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2012 Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 05 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	i almost got away with it clovis new mexico	[]	[]
6274112642990757026	Goods and Services Tax (India)	Goods and Services tax ( India ) - Wikipedia Goods and Services tax ( India ) This article is about the tax . For legislation , see One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India . Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) is an indirect tax ( or consumption tax ) levied in India on the supply of goods and services . GST is levied at every step in the production process , but is meant to be refunded to all parties in the various stages of production other than the final consumer . Goods and services are divided into five tax slabs for collection of tax - 0 % , 5 % , 12 % , 18 % and 28 % . However , Petroleum products , alcoholic drinks , electricity , are not taxed under GST and instead are taxed separately by the individual state governments , as per the previous tax regime . There is a special rate of 0.25 % on rough precious and semi-precious stones and 3 % on gold . In addition a cess of 22 % or other rates on top of 28 % GST applies on few items like aerated drinks , luxury cars and tobacco products . Pre-GST , the statutory tax rate for most goods was about 26.5 % , Post-GST , most goods are expected to be in the 18 % tax range . The tax came into effect from July 1 , 2017 through the implementation of One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India by the Indian government . The tax replaced existing multiple cascading taxes levied by the central and state governments . The tax rates , rules and regulations are governed by the GST Council which consists of the finance ministers of centre and all the states . GST is meant to replace a slew of indirect taxes with a unified tax and is therefore expected to reshape the country 's 2.4 trillion dollar economy , but not without criticism . Trucks ' travel time in interstate movement dropped by 20 % , because of no interstate check posts . Contents 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 Launch 2 Tax 2.1 Taxes subsumed 2.2 HSN code in GST no 2.3 Rates 2.4 E-Way Bill 2.4. 1 Intra-State e-Way Bill 2.5 Reverse Charge Mechanism 2.6 Goods kept outside the GST 3 GST Council 4 Goods and Services Tax Network ( GSTN ) 5 Criticism 5.1 Gabbar Singh Tax 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( gst.gov.in ) The reform of India 's indirect tax regime was started in 1986 by Vishwanath Pratap Singh , Finance Minister in Rajiv Gandhi 's government , with the introduction of the Modified Value Added Tax ( MODVAT ) . Subsequently , Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao and his Finance Minister Manmohan Singh , initiated early discussions on a Value Added Tax ( VAT ) at the state level . A single common `` Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) '' was proposed and given a go - ahead in 1999 during a meeting between the Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and his economic advisory panel , which included three former RBI governors IG Patel , Bimal Jalan and C Rangarajan . Vajpayee set up a committee headed by the Finance Minister of West Bengal , Asim Dasgupta to design a GST model . The Ravi Dasgupta committee which was also tasked with putting in place the back - end technology and logistics ( later came to be known as the GST Network , or GSTN , in 2017 ) . it later came out for rolling out a uniform taxation regime in the country . In 2002 , the Vajpayee government formed a task force under Vijay Kelkar to recommend tax reforms . In 2005 , the Kelkar committee recommended rolling out GST as suggested by the 12th Finance Commission . After the defeat of the BJP - led NDA government in the 2004 Lok Sabha election and the election of a Congress - led UPA government , the new Finance Minister P Chidambaram in February 2006 continued work on the same and proposed a GST rollout by 1 April 2010 . However , in 2011 , with the Trinamool Congress routing CPI ( M ) out of power in West Bengal , Asim Dasgupta resigned as the head of the GST committee . Dasgupta admitted in an interview that 80 % of the task had been done . In the 2014 Lok Sabha election , the Bharatiya Janata Party - led NDA government was elected into power . With the consequential dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha , the GST Bill -- approved by the standing committee for reintroduction -- lapsed . Seven months after the formation of the Modi government , the new Finance Minister Arun Jaitley introduced the GST Bill in the Lok Sabha , where the BJP had a majority . In February 2015 , Jaitley set another deadline of 1 April 2017 to implement GST . In May 2016 , the Lok Sabha passed the Constitution Amendment Bill , paving way for GST . However , the Opposition , led by the Congress , demanded that the GST Bill be again sent back for review to the Select Committee of the Rajya Sabha due to disagreements on several statements in the Bill relating to taxation . Finally in August 2016 , the Amendment Bill was passed . Over the next 15 to 20 days , 18 states ratified the Constitution amendment Bill and the President Pranab Mukherjee gave his assent to it . A 21 - member selected committee was formed to look into the proposed GST laws . After GST Council approved the Central Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 ( The CGST Bill ) , the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 ( The IGST Bill ) , the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 ( The UTGST Bill ) , the Goods and Services Tax ( Compensation to the States ) Bill 2017 ( The Compensation Bill ) , these Bills were passed by the Lok Sabha on 29 March 2017 . The Rajya Sabha passed these Bills on 6 April 2017 and were then enacted as Acts on 12 April 2017 . Thereafter , State Legislatures of different States have passed respective State Goods and Services Tax Bills . After the enactment of various GST laws , Goods and Services Tax was launched all over India with effect from 1 July 2017 . The Jammu and Kashmir state legislature passed its GST act on 7 July 2017 , thereby ensuring that the entire nation is brought under an unified indirect taxation system . There was to be no GST on the sale and purchase of securities . That continues to be governed by Securities Transaction Tax ( STT ) . Launch ( edit ) The GST was launched at midnight on 1 July 2017 by the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee , and the Government of India . The launch was marked by a historic midnight ( 30 June -- 1 July ) session of both the houses of parliament convened at the Central Hall of the Parliament . Though the session was attended by high - profile guests from the business and the entertainment industry including Ratan Tata , it was boycotted by the opposition due to the predicted problems that it was bound to lead for the middle and lower class Indians . It is one of the few midnight sessions that have been held by the parliament - the others being the declaration of India 's independence on 15 August 1947 , and the silver and golden jubilees of that occasion . After its launch , the GST rates have been modified multiple times , the latest being on 18 January 2018 , where a panel of federal and state finance ministers decided to revise GST rates on 29 goods and 53 services . Members of the Congress boycotted the GST launch altogether . They were joined by members of the Trinamool Congress , Communist Parties of India and the DMK . The parties reported that they found virtually no difference between the GST and the existing taxation system , claiming that the government was trying to merely rebrand the current taxation system . They also argued that the GST would increase existing rates on common daily goods while reducing rates on luxury items , and affect many Indians adversely , especially the middle , lower middle and poorer income groups . Tax ( edit ) Taxes subsumed ( edit ) The single GST subsumed several taxes and levies which included : central excise duty , services tax , additional customs duty , surcharges , state - level value added tax and Octroi . Other levies which were applicable on inter-state transportation of goods have also been done away with in GST regime . GST is levied on all transactions such as sale , transfer , purchase , barter , lease , or import of goods and / or services . India adopted a dual GST model , meaning that taxation is administered by both the Union and State Governments . Transactions made within a single state are levied with Central GST ( CGST ) by the Central Government and State GST ( SGST ) by the State governments . For inter-state transactions and imported goods or services , an Integrated GST ( IGST ) is levied by the Central Government . GST is a consumption - based tax / destination - based tax , therefore , taxes are paid to the state where the goods or services are consumed not the state in which they were produced . IGST complicates tax collection for State Governments by disabling them from collecting the tax owed to them directly from the Central Government . Under the previous system , a state would only have to deal with a single government in order to collect tax revenue . HSN code in GST no ( edit ) HSN ( Harmonized System of Nomenclature ) is an 8 - digit code for identifying the applicable rate of GST on different products as per CGST rules . If a company has turnover up to ₹ 1.5 Crore in the preceding financial year then they need not mention the HSN code while supplying goods on invoices . If a company has turnover more than ₹ 1.5 Crore but up to ₹ 5 Cr then they need to mention the first 2 digits of HSN code while supplying goods on invoices . If turnover crosses ₹ 5 Cr then they shall mention the first 4 digits of HSN code on invoices . Rates ( edit ) The GST is imposed at variable rates on variable items . The rate of GST is 18 % for soaps and 28 % on washing detergents . GST on movie tickets is based on slabs , with 18 % GST for tickets that cost less than Rs. 100 and 28 % GST on tickets costing more than Rs. 100 and 5 % on readymade clothes . The rate on under - construction property booking is 12 % . Some industries and products were exempted by the government and remain untaxed under GST , such as dairy products , products of milling industries , fresh vegetables & fruits , meat products , and other groceries and necessities . Checkposts across the country were abolished ensuring free and fast movement of goods . The Central Government had proposed to insulate the revenues of the States from the impact of GST , with the expectation that in due course , GST will be levied on petroleum and petroleum products . The central government had assured states of compensation for any revenue loss incurred by them from the date of GST for a period of five years . However , no concrete laws have yet been made to support such action . GST council adopted concept paper discouraging tinkering with rates . E-way Bill ( edit ) An e-Way Bill is an electronic permit for shipping goods similar to a waybill . It was made mandatory for inter-state transport of goods from 1 June 2018 . It is required to be generated for every inter-state movement of goods beyond 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) and the threshold limit of ₹ 50,000 ( US $700 ) . It is a paperless , technology solution and critical anti-evasion tool to check tax leakages and clamping down on trade that currently happens on a cash basis . The pilot started on 1 February 2018 but was withdrawn after glitches in the GST Network . The states are divided into four zones for rolling out in phases by end of April 2018 . A unique e-Way Bill Number ( EBN ) is generated either by the supplier , recipient or the transporter . The EBN can be a printout , SMS or written on invoice is valid . The GST / Tax Officers tally the e-Way Bill listed goods with goods carried with it . The mechanism is aimed at plugging loopholes like overloading , understating etc . Each e-way bill has to be matched with a GST invoice . The official Android mobile app can be used for generating an e-way bill , with powerful features for easy generation and for maintaining records . The e-way bill can also be generated or cancelled through an SMS . Transporter ID and PIN Code now compulsory from 01 - Oct - 2018 . It is a critical compliance related GSTN project under the GST , with a capacity to process 75 lakh e-way bills per day . Intra-state e-way Bill ( edit ) The five states piloting this project are Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat , Kerala , Telangana and Uttar Pradesh , which account for 61 % of the inter-state e-way bills , started mandatory intra-state e-way bill from 15 April 2018 to further reduce tax evasion . It was successfully introduced in Karnataka from 1 April 2018 . The intra-state e-way bill will pave the way for a seamless , nation - wide single e-way bill system . Six more states Jharkhand , Bihar , Tripura , Madhya Pradesh , Uttarakhand and Haryana will roll it out from 20 April 18 . All states are mandated to introduce it by May 30 , 2018 . Reverse Charge Mechanism ( edit ) Reverse Charge Mechanism ( RCM ) is a system in GST where the receiver pays the tax on behalf of unregistered , smaller material and service suppliers . The receiver of the goods is eligible for Input Tax Credit , while the unregistered dealer is not . The Payment of Tax Under RCM ( Reverse Charge Mechanism ) on Purchase from unregistered dealer is suspended due to pressure from the industry till 30 September 2019 . Goods kept outside the GST ( edit ) Alcohol for human consumption . Petrol and petroleum products ( GST will apply at a later date ) viz . Petroleum crude , High speed diesel , Motor Spirit ( petrol ) , Natural gas , Aviation turbine fuel . GST Council ( edit ) Dr. Hasmukh Adhia , IAS unveiling the plaque to inaugurate the New GST Council Office GST Council is the governing body of GST having 33 members . It is chaired by the Union Finance Minister . Goods and Services tax Network ( GSTN ) ( edit ) The GSTN software is developed by Infosys Technologies and the Information Technology network that provides the computing resources is maintained by the NIC . `` Goods and Services Tax '' Network ( GSTN ) is a nonprofit organisation formed for creating a sophisticated network , accessible to stakeholders , government and taxpayers to access information from a single source ( portal ) . The portal is accessible to the Tax authorities for tracking down every transaction , while taxpayers have the ability of connect for their tax returns . The GSTN 's authorised capital is ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) in which initially the Central Government held 24.5 percent of shares while the state government held 24.5 percent . The remaining 51 percent were held by non-Government financial institutions , HDFC and HDFC Bank hold 20 % , ICICI Bank holds 10 % , NSE Strategic Investment holds 10 % and LIC Housing Finance holds 11 % . However , later it was made a wholly owned government company having equal shares of state and central government. ( 1 ) Criticism ( edit ) Technicalities of GST implementation in India have been criticized by global financial institutions , sections of Indian media and opposition political parties in India . World Bank 's 2018 version of India Development Update described India 's version of GST as too complex , noticing various flaws compared to GST systems prevalent in other countries ; most significantly , the second highest tax rate among a sample of 115 countries at 28 % . The report further highlighted that most countries in the world have a single rate of GST ; 49 countries have a single rate , 28 have two rates , and only 5 countries including India have four or more rates . GST 's implementation in India has been further criticized by Indian businessmen for problems including tax refund delays and too much documentation and administrative effort needed . According to a partner at PWC India , when the first GST returns were filed in August 2017 , the system crashed under the weight of filings . Gabbar Singh tax ( edit ) The opposition Congress party has consistently been among the most vocal opponents of GST implementation in India with party President , and leader of the opposition , Rahul Gandhi , slamming BJP for allegedly `` destroying small businessmen and industries '' in the country . He went on to pejoratively dub GST as `` Gabbar Singh Tax '' after an ill - famed , fictional dacoit in Bollywood films . Blaming the implementation of alleged Gabbar Singh Tax as a `` way of removing money from the pockets of the poor '' , Rahul has lamented it as a `` big failure '' while declaring that if Congress Party is elected to power , it will implement a single slab GST instead of different slabs . In the run - up to the elections in various states of India , Rahul has intensified his `` Gabbar Singh '' jibes on Modi government . See also ( edit ) Goods and Services Tax ( Australia ) Goods and Services Tax ( Canada ) Goods and Services Tax ( Hong Kong ) Goods and Services Tax ( Malaysia ) Goods and Services Tax ( Singapore ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All your queries on GST answered '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` GST : Cars , durables face 28 % rate ; luxury vehicles to attract 15 % cess '' , Business Standard , 18 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Film theatres in Tamil Nadu to begin indefinite strike against GST '' . The Hindu . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gst-impact-trucks-travel-time-in-interstate-20-says-govt-117073000276_1.html Jump up ^ `` Looking back at GST 's journey : How an idea is now near reality '' , Indian Express , 31 March 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` GST : A 17 - year - old dream , 17 phases towards creating history '' , India Today , 29 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Goods and Services Tax : History of India 's biggest tax reform and people who made it possible '' , India TV , 29 Jun 2017 Jump up ^ `` GST : Meet the men behind India 's biggest tax reform that 's been in making for 17 years '' , India Today , June 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ Nair , Remya ( 8 June 2015 ) , `` Rajya Sabha panel to hear GST concerns on 16 June '' , Live Mint Jump up ^ `` GST rollout : All except J-K pass State GST legislation '' , The Indian Express , 22 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` GST draft makes it must for companies to pass tax benefit to consumers '' , The Times of India , 27 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` GST Rollout Attendees '' , Financial Express , June 30 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` GST launch : Times when the Parliament convened for a session at midnight '' , The Hindustan Times , 30 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Latest GST Cuts : Complete List Of What Just Got Cheaper '' , NDTV Jump up ^ PTI ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) . `` GST launch divides opposition '' . livemint.com/ . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Congress To Boycott GST Launch , Arun Jaitley Suggests Broader Shoulders '' , NDTV , 29 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` What is GST , how is it different from now : Decoding the indirect tax regime '' , Business Standard , 17 April 2017 Jump up ^ `` GST may swallow all taxes but cess '' , Business Standard , 20 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` On Notes Ban , Firm Warning From West Bengal To Centre : GST Now At Risk '' , NDTV , 30 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` Finance minister Arun Jaitley may hike service tax to 16 - 18 % in Budget '' , The Times of India , 30 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` GST : The illustrative guide to how transactions will take place after tax reform '' . Money Control . Jump up ^ `` Understanding HSN Codes Under GST '' . Masters India . Jump up ^ Mehra , Puja ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` GST , an old new tax '' . The Hindu - Opinion . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is the GST impact on real estate ? '' , The Indian Express , 5 July 2017 Jump up ^ `` GST rollout : List of items exempted from taxation '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 22 states scrap checkposts for smooth GST rollout '' , The Times of India , 4 July 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' States on Board , GST Launch from April ' 16 ' '' . newindianexpress.com . Jump up ^ Sikarwar , Deepshikha ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) . `` GST council adopts concept paper discouraging tinkering with rates '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Businesses , govt gear up for E-Way Bill '' , The Hindu Business Line , 25 January 2018 ^ Jump up to : https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/after-e-way-bill-govt-eyes-tools-to-check-gst-evasion/articleshow/63706581.cms Jump up ^ http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/interstate-e-way-bill-phased-roll-out-from-april-15/1128842/ Jump up ^ https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/why-many-registered-taxpayers-are-not-filing-gst-returns/story/271554.html Jump up ^ `` About Us -- GSTN '' . www.gstn.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/gst-pivot-faces-nationalise-call-223685 ^ Jump up to : https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/is-the-world-simpler-than-it-was-before-gst-this-jury-is-in/articleshow/64359881.cms ^ Jump up to : https://www.accaglobal.com/vn/en/member/member/accounting-business/2018/07/insights/indias-introduction.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gst-is-gabbar-singh-tax-says-rahul-gandhi/article19907042.ece Jump up ^ https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/gst-is-gabbar-singh-tax-rahul/article9920165.ece Jump up ^ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/if-elected-we-will-give-you-gst-not-gabbar-singh-tax-rahul-gandhi-1899966 Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gabbar-singh-tax-now-globally-acclaimed-rahul-gandhi-mocks-pm-modi/articleshow/63354146.cms External links ( edit ) Official website CBIC GST Law GST Council Economy of India Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Currency Indian rupee Sign History Historical exchange rates Coinage Indian paisa Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Inflation Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money Stock exchanges History Economic development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Pulp and paper Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Category Commons Wikiquotes Taxation in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Category Asia portal Taxation in India Taxes Central Excise Duty Goods and Services Tax Income tax in India Securities Transaction Tax Service Tax Value - added taxation Bodies CBDT Chairperson , Central Board of Direct Taxes Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes Central Board of Excise and Customs Chairperson Central Board of Excise & Customs Income Tax Department Central Economic Intelligence Bureau Directorate of Revenue Intelligence Tax Administration Reform Commission Legislations Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) The Finance Act , 2016 Gift Tax Act , 1958 Interest Tax Act , 1974 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Schemes Income declaration scheme , 2016 Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme Compliance Income Tax Returns ITR - 2 SUGAM ITR - 4S Indian tax forms Tax Collected at Source Tax Deducted at Source Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goods_and_Services_Tax_(India)&oldid=866434832 '' Categories : 2017 in Indian economy 2017 in Indian politics Taxation in India Value added taxes Modi administration Economic history of India ( 1991 -- present ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 09 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	india's gst is based on which country	[]	[]
-2889352353159378102	Nimbostratus cloud	Nimbostratus cloud - wikipedia Nimbostratus cloud Jump to : navigation , search Nimbostratus cloud Nimbostratus with fractus Abbreviation Ns Symbol Genus Nimbostratus ( rain , layered ) Species none Variety none Altitude below 3,000 m ( below 10,000 ft ) Appearance Dark , widespread , formless layer Precipitation cloud ? Yes , but may be virga Nimbostratus is a stratiform genus formerly classified as `` Family C '' low - level , but now considered by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) to be a middle - or multi-level stratus type. . Although it is usually a low - based cloud , it actually forms most commonly in the middle level of the troposphere and then spreads vertically into the low and high levels . This change in classification would once have made it a `` Family D '' cloud , but this style of nomenclature was discontinued by the WMO in 1956 . Nimbostratus usually produces precipitation over a wide area . Nimbo - is from the Latin word nimbus , which denotes precipitation . It has a diffuse cloud base generally found anywhere from near surface in the low levels to about 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) in the middle level of the troposphere . Although usually dark at its base , it often appears illuminated from within to a surface observer . Nimbostratus usually has a thickness of about 2000 m . Though found worldwide , nimbostratus occurs more commonly in the middle latitudes . It is coded C 2 on the SYNOP report . Downward - growing nimbostratus can have the same vertical extent as most large upward - growing cumulus , but its horizontal extent tends to be even greater . This sometimes leads to the exclusion of nimbostratus from the group of vertical clouds by some independent meteorologists and educators . Classifications that follow this approach usually show nimbostratus as low - level based on its normal base height range . Species and varieties : Nimbostratus is very thick , opaque , and featureless , so this genus type is not subdivided into species or varieties . Precipitation - based supplementary features : Nimbostratus is a major precipitation cloud and produces the virga or praecipitatio features . The latter can achieve heavy intensity due to the cloud 's vertical depth . Accessory cloud : Pannus frequently forms in precipitation and is coded C 7 . Genitus mother clouds : This genus type can form from cumulus and cumulonimbus . Mutatus mother clouds : Nimbostratus can form due to the complete transformation of altocumulus , altostratus and stratocumulus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Forecast 3 Origin of name 4 References 5 External links Formation ( edit ) Nimbostratus occurs along a warm front or occluded front where the slowly rising warm air mass creates nimbostratus along with shallower stratus clouds producing less rain , these clouds being preceded by higher - level clouds such as cirrostratus and altostratus . Often , when an altostratus cloud thickens and descends into lower altitudes , it will become nimbostratus . Nimbostratus , unlike cumulonimbus , is not associated with thunderstorms , however at an unusually unstable warm front caused as a result of the advancing warm air being hot , humid and unstable , cumulonimbus clouds may be embedded within the usual nimbostratus . Lightning from an embedded cumulonimbus cloud may interact with the nimbostratus but only in the immediate area around it . In this situation with lightning and rain occurring it would be hard to tell which type of cloud was producing the rain from the ground , however cumulonimbus tend to produce larger droplets and more intense downpours . The occurrence of cumulonimbus and nimbostratus together is uncommon , and usually only nimbostratus is found at a warm front . Nimbostratus pannus is an accessory cloud of nimbostratus that forms as a ragged layer in precipitation below the main cloud deck . Forecast ( edit ) Nimbostrati often have very few visual features . Usually , nimbostratus is a sign of easily steady to powerful precipitation , as opposed to the shorter period of typically heavier precipitation released by a cumulonimbus cloud . However , precipitation does not occur at ground level in case of virga and accompanies other cloud types . Precipitation may last for several days , depending on the speed of the warm or occluded front it accompanies . A nimbostratus virga cloud is the same as a normal nimbostratus cloud , but the precipitation is virga and it never reaches the ground . Stratus or stratocumulus ( comprising the warm sector of a frontal system ) usually forms when it clears . Origin of name ( edit ) Further information : Cloud § History of cloud science and nomenclature Under Luke Howard 's first systematized study of clouds , carried out in France in 1802 , three general cloud forms were established based on appearance and characteristics of formation : cirriform , cumiliform and stratiform . These were further divided into upper and lower types depending on altitude . In addition to these three main types , Howard added two names to designate multiple cloud types joined together : cumulostratus , a blending of cumulus clouds and stratus layers , and nimbus , a complex blending of cirriform , cumuliform , and stratiform clouds with sufficient vertical development to produce significant precipitation . Later , in the 20th Century , an IMC commission for the study of clouds put forward a refined and more restricted definition of the genus nimbus , effectively reclassifying it as a stratiform cloud type . It was then renamed nimbostratus , and published with the new name in the 1932 edition of the International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky . This left cumulonimbus as the only nimbiform type as indicated by its root - name . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ JetStream ( 5 January 2010 ) . `` Cloud Classifications '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ World Meteorological Organization , ed. ( 1975 ) . Nimbostratus , International Cloud Atlas ( PDF ) . I . pp. 37 -- 39 . ISBN 92 - 63 - 10407 - 7 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pretor - Pinney , Gavin ( 2007 ) . The Cloudspotter 's Guide : The Science , History , and Culture of Clouds . Perigee . ISBN 0 - 399 - 53345 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` cloud : Classification of Clouds '' . Infoplease.com . Jump up ^ Hatheway , Becca ( 2009 ) . `` Cloud Types '' . Windows to the Universe , US National Earth Science Teachers Association ( NESTA ) . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ UXL , ed. ( 2002 ) . `` clouds . UXL Encyclopedia of Science '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ World Meteorological Organization , ed. ( 1975 ) . Species , International Cloud Atlas ( PDF ) . pp. 18 -- 20 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ World Meteorological Organization , ed. ( 1975 ) . Varieties , International Cloud Atlas ( PDF ) . pp. 20 -- 22 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlop , Storm ( 2003 ) . Weather Identification Handbook : The Ultimate Guide for Weather Watchers . Guilford , Connecticut : Globe Pequot . ISBN 1 - 58574 - 857 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Graham ; Turk , Jonathan ( 1993 ) . Earth Science and the Environment . Fort Worth : Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 0 - 03 - 075446 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lankford , Terry ( 2000 ) . Aviation Weather Handbook . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 136103 - 3 . Jump up ^ World Meteorological Organization , ed. ( 1975 ) . Features , International Cloud Atlas ( PDF ) . I . pp. 22 -- 24 . ISBN 92 - 63 - 10407 - 7 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nimbostratus clouds . National Science Digital Library - Nimbostratus Nimbostratus and Other Low Clouds ( hide ) Cloud genera and selected species , supplementary features , and other airborne hydrometeors - WMO Latin terminology except where indicated Extreme - level Polar mesospheric cirriform type Noctilucent Very high - level Polar stratospheric cirriform type Nacreous High - level Tropospheric cirriform , stratiform , and stratocumuliform genera Cirrus ( Ci ) Cirrostratus ( Cs ) Cirrocumulus ( Cc ) General type ( non-WMO terminology ) Aviaticus cloud ( Contrail ) Medium - level Tropospheric stratiform and stratocumuliform genera Altostratus ( As ) Altocumulus ( Ac ) Stratocumuliform species Altocumulus castellanus ( Ac cas ) Low - level Tropospheric stratiform , stratocumuliform and cumuliform genera Stratus ( St ) Stratocumulus ( Sc ) Cumulus ( Cu ) Stratiform and cumuliform species Fractus Cumulus humilis ( Cu hum ) Stratocumulus variants ( non-WMO terminology ) Actinoform cloud Asperitas Moderate vertical Tropospheric stratiform and cumuliform genera Nimbostratus ( Ns ) Cumulus ( Cu ) Cumuliform species Cumulus mediocris ( Cu med ) Cumuliform supplementary features Cumulus Pileus Cumulus Volutus Towering vertical Tropospheric cumulonimbiform genus Cumulonimbus ( Cb ) Cumuliform species Cumulus congestus ( ICAO term Towering cumulus ( Tcu ) ) Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform supplementary features mamma Tuba ( Funnel cloud ) Pileus Arcus ( Shelf ) Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform variants ( non-WMO terminology ) Wall cloud Cumulonimbuus Overshooting top Hot tower Surface based General type Fog Non-height specific General types Accessory cloud Kelvin -- Helmholtz cloud Special Special modifiers Flammagenitus ( cloud ) Homogenitus ( cloud ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimbostratus_cloud&oldid=785786844 '' Categories : Stratus Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2017 , at 12 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is meant by the term nimbus regarding clouds	[ "Nimbostratus is a stratiform genus formerly classified as \"Family C\" low-level, but now considered by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to be a middle- or multi-level stratus type.[1]. Although it is usually a low-based cloud, it actually forms most commonly in the middle level of the troposphere and then spreads vertically into the low and high levels. This change in classification would once have made it a \"Family D\" cloud, but this style of nomenclature was discontinued by the WMO in 1956. Nimbostratus usually produces precipitation over a wide area. Nimbo- is from the Latin word nimbus, which denotes precipitation. It has a diffuse cloud base generally found anywhere from near surface in the low levels to about 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in the middle level of the troposphere. Although usually dark at its base, it often appears illuminated from within to a surface observer.[2] Nimbostratus usually has a thickness of about 2000 m. Though found worldwide, nimbostratus occurs more commonly in the middle latitudes.[3] It is coded CM2 on the SYNOP report." ]	[ "precipitation" ]
-229187789861935307	Visual impairment	Visual impairment - wikipedia Visual impairment `` Blindness '' redirects here . For other uses , see Blindness ( disambiguation ) . Visual impairment Synonyms Vision impairment , vision loss A white cane , the international symbol of blindness Specialty Ophthalmology Symptoms Decreased ability to see Causes Uncorrected refractive errors , cataracts , glaucoma Diagnostic method Eye examination Treatment Vision rehabilitation , changes in the environment , assistive devices Frequency 940 million / 13 % ( 2015 ) Visual impairment , also known as vision impairment or vision loss , is a decreased ability to see to a degree that causes problems not fixable by usual means , such as glasses . Some also include those who have a decreased ability to see because they do not have access to glasses or contact lenses . Visual impairment is often defined as a best corrected visual acuity of worse than either 20 / 40 or 20 / 60 . The term blindness is used for complete or nearly complete vision loss . Visual impairment may cause people difficulties with normal daily activities such as driving , reading , socializing , and walking . The most common causes of visual impairment globally are uncorrected refractive errors ( 43 % ) , cataracts ( 33 % ) , and glaucoma ( 2 % ) . Refractive errors include near sighted , far sighted , presbyopia , and astigmatism . Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness . Other disorders that may cause visual problems include age related macular degeneration , diabetic retinopathy , corneal clouding , childhood blindness , and a number of infections . Visual impairment can also be caused by problems in the brain due to stroke , premature birth , or trauma among others . These cases are known as cortical visual impairment . Screening for vision problems in children may improve future vision and educational achievement . Screening adults without symptoms is of uncertain benefit . Diagnosis is by an eye exam . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimates that 80 % of visual impairment is either preventable or curable with treatment . This includes cataracts , the infections river blindness and trachoma , glaucoma , diabetic retinopathy , uncorrected refractive errors , and some cases of childhood blindness . Many people with significant visual impairment benefit from vision rehabilitation , changes in their environment , and assistive devices . As of 2015 there were 940 million people with some degree of vision loss . 246 million had low vision and 39 million were blind . The majority of people with poor vision are in the developing world and are over the age of 50 years . Rates of visual impairment have decreased since the 1990s . Visual impairments have considerable economic costs both directly due to the cost of treatment and indirectly due to decreased ability to work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 1.1 United Kingdom 1.2 United States 1.3 Other 2 Health effects 2.1 Associated problems 3 Cause 3.1 Cataracts 3.2 Glaucoma 3.3 Infections 3.4 Injuries 3.5 Genetic defects 3.6 Poisoning 3.7 Other 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 6.1 Mobility 6.2 Reading and magnification 6.3 Computers and mobile technology 6.4 Other aids and techniques 6.5 Communication 6.5. 1 Adjusting attitude 6.5. 2 Surroundings 6.5. 2.1 Sound 6.5. 2.2 Touch 6.5. 2.3 Smell 6.5. 3 Communication development 6.5. 3.1 Social development 6.5. 3.2 Language development 6.6 Healthcare access 7 Epidemiology 8 Society and culture 8.1 Legal definition 8.2 Literature and art 8.2. 1 Antiquity 8.2. 2 Modern times 8.3 Sports 8.4 Metaphorical uses 9 Research 10 Other animals 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Classification ( edit ) A typical Snellen chart that is frequently used for visual acuity testing . The definition of visual impairment is reduced vision not corrected by glasses or contact lenses . The World Health Organization uses the following classifications of visual impairment . When the vision in the better eye with best possible glasses correction is : 20 / 30 to 20 / 60 : is considered mild vision loss , or near - normal vision 20 / 70 to 20 / 160 : is considered moderate visual impairment , or moderate low vision 20 / 200 to 20 / 400 : is considered severe visual impairment , or severe low vision 20 / 500 to 20 / 1,000 : is considered profound visual impairment , or profound low vision More than 20 / 1,000 : is considered near - total visual impairment , or near total blindness No light perception : is considered total visual impairment , or total blindness Blindness is defined by the World Health Organization as vision in a person 's best eye with best correction of less than 20 / 500 or a visual field of less than 10 degrees . This definition was set in 1972 , and there is ongoing discussion as to whether it should be altered to officially include uncorrected refractive errors . United Kingdom ( edit ) Severely sight impaired Defined as having central visual acuity of less than 3 / 60 with normal fields of vision , or gross visual field restriction . Unable to see at 3 metres what the normally sighted person sees at 60 m . Sight impaired Able to see at 3 m , but not at 6 m , what the normally sighted person sees at 60 m Less severe visual impairment is not captured by registration data , and its prevalence is difficult to quantify Low vision A visual acuity of less than 6 / 18 but greater than 3 / 60 . Not eligible to drive and may have difficulty recognising faces across a street , watching television , or choosing clean , unstained , co-ordinated clothing . In the UK , the Certificate of Vision Impairment ( CVI ) is used to certify patients as severely sight impaired or sight impaired . The accompanying guidance for clinical staff states : `` The National Assistance Act 1948 states that a person can be certified as severely sight impaired if they are `` so blind as to be unable to perform any work for which eye sight is essential '' . The test is whether a person can not do any work for which eyesight is essential , not just his or her normal job or one particular job . '' In practice , the definition depends on individuals ' visual acuity and the extent to which their field of vision is restricted . The Department of Health identifies three groups of people who may be classified as severely visually impaired . Those below 3 / 60 ( equivalent to 20 / 400 in US notation ) Snellen ( most people below 3 / 60 are severely sight impaired ) . Those better than 3 / 60 but below 6 / 60 Snellen ( people who have a very contracted field of vision only ) . Those 6 / 60 Snellen or above ( people in this group who have a contracted field of vision especially if the contraction is in the lower part of the field ) . The Department of Health also state that a person is more likely to be classified as severely visually impaired if their eyesight has failed recently or if they are an older individual , both groups being perceived as less able to adapt to their vision loss . United States ( edit ) In the United States , any person with vision that can not be corrected to better than 20 / 200 in the best eye , or who has 20 degrees ( diameter ) or less of visual field remaining , is considered legally blind or eligible for disability classification and possible inclusion in certain government sponsored programs . In the United States , the terms partially sighted , low vision , legally blind and totally blind are used by schools , colleges , and other educational institutions to describe students with visual impairments . They are defined as follows : Partially sighted indicates some type of visual problem , with a need of person to receive special education in some cases . Low vision generally refers to a severe visual impairment , not necessarily limited to distance vision . Low vision applies to all individuals with sight who are unable to read the newspaper at a normal viewing distance , even with the aid of eyeglasses or contact lenses . They use a combination of vision and other senses to learn , although they may require adaptations in lighting or the size of print , and , sometimes , Braille . Myopic -- unable to see distant objects clearly , commonly called near - sighted or short - sighted . Hyperopic -- unable to see close objects clearly , commonly called far - sighted or long - sighted . Legally blind indicates that a person has less than 20 / 200 vision in the better eye after best correction ( contact lenses or glasses ) , or a field of vision of less than 20 degrees in the better eye . Totally blind students learn via Braille or other non-visual media . In 1934 , the American Medical Association adopted the following definition of blindness : Central visual acuity of 20 / 200 or less in the better eye with corrective glasses or central visual acuity of more than 20 / 200 if there is a visual field defect in which the peripheral field is contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye . The United States Congress included this definition as part of the Aid to the Blind program in the Social Security Act passed in 1935 . In 1972 , the Aid to the Blind program and two others combined under Title XVI of the Social Security Act to form the Supplemental Security Income program which states : An individual shall be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he has central visual acuity of 20 / 200 or less in the better eye with the use of a correcting lens . An eye which is accompanied by a limitation in the fields of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees shall be considered for purposes of the first sentence of this subsection as having a central visual acuity of 20 / 200 or less . An individual shall also be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he is blind as defined under a State plan approved under title X or XVI as in effect for October 1972 and received aid under such plan ( on the basis of blindness ) for December 1973 , so long as he is continuously blind as so defined . Other ( edit ) Kuwait is one of many nations that share the 6 / 60 criteria for legal blindness . Health effects ( edit ) Visual impairments may take many forms and be of varying degrees . Visual acuity alone is not always a good predictor of the degree of problems a person may have . Someone with relatively good acuity ( e.g. , 20 / 40 ) can have difficulty with daily functioning , while someone with worse acuity ( e.g. , 20 / 200 ) may function reasonably well if their visual demands are not great . The American Medical Association has estimated that the loss of one eye equals 25 % impairment of the visual system and 24 % impairment of the whole person ; total loss of vision in both eyes is considered to be 100 % visual impairment and 85 % impairment of the whole person . Some people who fall into this category can use their considerable residual vision -- their remaining sight -- to complete daily tasks without relying on alternative methods . The role of a low vision specialist ( optometrist or ophthalmologist ) is to maximize the functional level of a patient 's vision by optical or non-optical means . Primarily , this is by use of magnification in the form of telescopic systems for distance vision and optical or electronic magnification for near tasks . People with significantly reduced acuity may benefit from training conducted by individuals trained in the provision of technical aids . Low vision rehabilitation professionals , some of whom are connected to an agency for the blind , can provide advice on lighting and contrast to maximize remaining vision . These professionals also have access to non-visual aids , and can instruct patients in their uses . The subjects making the most use of rehabilitation instruments , who lived alone , and preserved their own mobility and occupation were the least depressed , with the lowest risk of suicide and the highest level of social integration . Those with worsening sight and the prognosis of eventual blindness are at comparatively high risk of suicide and thus may be in need of supportive services . These observations advocate the establishment and extension of therapeutic and preventative programs to include patients with impending and current severe visual impairment who do not qualify for services for the blind . Ophthalmologists should be made aware of these potential consequences and incorporate a place for mental health professionals in their treatment of these types of patients , with a view to preventing the onset of depressive symptomatology , avoiding self - destructive behavior , and improving the quality of life of these patients . Such intervention should occur in the early stages of diagnosis , particularly as many studies have demonstrated how rapid acceptance of the serious visual handicap has led to a better , more productive compliance with rehabilitation programs . Moreover , psychological distress has been reported ( and is exemplified by our psychological autopsy study ) to be at its highest when sight loss is not complete , but the prognosis is unfavorable. 10 Therefore , early intervention is imperative for enabling successful psychological adjustment . Associated problems ( edit ) Blindness can occur in combination with such conditions as intellectual disability , autism spectrum disorders , cerebral palsy , hearing impairments , and epilepsy . Blindness in combination with hearing loss is known as deafblindness . It has been estimated that over half of completely blind people have non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder , a condition in which a person 's circadian rhythm , normally slightly longer than 24 hours , is not entrained ( synchronized ) to the light / dark cycle . Cause ( edit ) The most common causes of visual impairment globally in 2010 were : Refractive error ( 42 % ) cataract ( 33 % ) glaucoma ( 2 % ) age related macular degeneration ( 1 % ) corneal opacification ( 1 % ) diabetic retinopathy ( 1 % ) childhood blindness trachoma ( 1 % ) undetermined ( 18 % ) The most common causes of blindness in 2010 were : cataracts ( 51 % ) glaucoma ( 8 % ) age related macular degeneration ( 5 % ) corneal opacification ( 4 % ) childhood blindness ( 4 % ) refractive errors ( 3 % ) trachoma ( 3 % ) diabetic retinopathy ( 1 % ) undetermined ( 21 % ) About 90 % of people who are visually impaired live in the developing world . Age - related macular degeneration , glaucoma , and diabetic retinopathy are the leading causes of blindness in the developed world . Among working age adults who are newly blind in England and Wales the most common causes in 2010 were : Hereditary retinal disorders ( 20.2 % ) Diabetic retinopathy ( 14.4 % ) Optic atrophy ( 14.1 % ) Glaucoma ( 5.9 % ) Congenital abnormalities ( 5.1 % ) Disorders of the visual cortex ( 4.1 % ) Cerebrovascular disease ( 3.2 % ) Degeneration of the macula and posterior pole ( 3.0 % ) Myopia ( 2.8 % ) Corneal disorders ( 2.6 % ) Malignant neoplasms of the brain and nervous system ( 1.5 % ) Retinal detachment ( 1.4 % ) Cataracts ( edit ) Of these , cataract is responsible for > 65 % , or more than 22 million cases of blindness , and glaucoma is responsible for 6 million cases . Cataracts : is the congenital and pediatric pathology that describes the greying or opacity of the crystalline lens , which is most commonly caused by intrauterine infections , metabolic disorders , and genetically transmitted syndromes . Cataracts are the leading cause of child and adult blindness that doubles in prevalence with every ten years after the age of 40 . Consequently , today cataracts are more common among adults than in children . That is , people face higher chances of developing cataracts as they age . Nonetheless , cataracts tend to have a greater financial and emotional toll upon children as they must undergo expensive diagnosis , long term rehabilitation , and visual assistance . Also , according to the Saudi Journal for Health Sciences , sometimes patients experience irreversible amblyopia after pediatric cataract surgery because the cataracts prevented the normal maturation of vision prior to operation . Despite the great progress in treatment , cataracts remain a global problem in both economically developed and developing countries . At present , with the variant outcomes as well as the unequal access to cataract surgery , the best way to reduce the risk of developing cataracts is to avoid smoking and extensive exposure to sun light ( i.e. UV - B rays ) . Glaucoma ( edit ) Glaucoma is a congenital and pediatric eye disease characterized by increased pressure within the eye or intraocular pressure ( IOP ) . Glaucoma causes visual field loss as well as severs the optic nerve . Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma in patients is imperative because glaucoma is triggered by non-specific levels of IOP . Also , another challenge in accurately diagnosing glaucoma is that the disease has four causes : 1 ) inflammatory ocular hypertension syndrome ( IOHS ) ; 2 ) severe uveitic angle closure ; 3 ) corticosteroid - induced ; and 4 ) a heterogonous mechanism associated with structural change and chronic inflammation . In addition , often pediatric glaucoma differs greatly in cause and management from the glaucoma developed by adults . Currently , the best sign of pediatric glaucoma is an IOP of 21 mm Hg or greater present within a child . One of the most common causes of pediatric glaucoma is cataract removal surgery , which leads to an incidence rate of about 12.2 % among infants and 58.7 % among 10 - year - olds . Infections ( edit ) The burden of onchocerciasis : children leading blind adults in Africa Childhood blindness can be caused by conditions related to pregnancy , such as congenital rubella syndrome and retinopathy of prematurity . Leprosy and onchocerciasis each blind approximately 1 million individuals in the developing world . The number of individuals blind from trachoma has decreased in the past 10 years from 6 million to 1.3 million , putting it in seventh place on the list of causes of blindness worldwide . Central corneal ulceration is also a significant cause of monocular blindness worldwide , accounting for an estimated 850,000 cases of corneal blindness every year in the Indian subcontinent alone . As a result , corneal scarring from all causes is now the fourth greatest cause of global blindness . Injuries ( edit ) Re-educating wounded . Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets , World War I . Eye injuries , most often occurring in people under 30 , are the leading cause of monocular blindness ( vision loss in one eye ) throughout the United States . Injuries and cataracts affect the eye itself , while abnormalities such as optic nerve hypoplasia affect the nerve bundle that sends signals from the eye to the back of the brain , which can lead to decreased visual acuity . Cortical blindness results from injuries to the occipital lobe of the brain that prevent the brain from correctly receiving or interpreting signals from the optic nerve . Symptoms of cortical blindness vary greatly across individuals and may be more severe in periods of exhaustion or stress . It is common for people with cortical blindness to have poorer vision later in the day . Blinding has been used as an act of vengeance and torture in some instances , to deprive a person of a major sense by which they can navigate or interact within the world , act fully independently , and be aware of events surrounding them . An example from the classical realm is Oedipus , who gouges out his own eyes after realizing that he fulfilled the awful prophecy spoken of him . Having crushed the Bulgarians , the Byzantine Emperor Basil II blinded as many as 15,000 prisoners taken in the battle , before releasing them . Contemporary examples include the addition of methods such as acid throwing as a form of disfigurement . Genetic defects ( edit ) People with albinism often have vision loss to the extent that many are legally blind , though few of them actually can not see . Leber 's congenital amaurosis can cause total blindness or severe sight loss from birth or early childhood . Recent advances in mapping of the human genome have identified other genetic causes of low vision or blindness . One such example is Bardet - Biedl syndrome . Poisoning ( edit ) Rarely , blindness is caused by the intake of certain chemicals . A well - known example is methanol , which is only mildly toxic and minimally intoxicating , and breaks down into the substances formaldehyde and formic acid which in turn can cause blindness , an array of other health complications , and death . When competing with ethanol for metabolism , ethanol is metabolized first , and the onset of toxicity is delayed . Methanol is commonly found in methylated spirits , denatured ethyl alcohol , to avoid paying taxes on selling ethanol intended for human consumption . Methylated spirits are sometimes used by alcoholics as a desperate and cheap substitute for regular ethanol alcoholic beverages . Other ( edit ) Amblyopia : is a category of vision loss or visual impairment that is caused by factors unrelated to refractive errors or coexisting ocular diseases . Amblyopia is the condition when a child 's visual systems fail to mature normally because the child either suffers from a premature birth , measles , congenital nubella syndrome , vitamin A deficiency , or meningitis . If left untreated during childhood , amblyopia is currently incurable in adulthood because surgical treatment effectiveness changes as a child matures . Consequently , amblyopia is the world 's leading cause of child monocular vision loss , which is the damage or loss of vision in one eye . In the best case scenario , which is very rare , properly treated amblyopia patients can regain 20 / 40 acuity . Corneal opacification Degenerative myopia Diabetic retinopathy : is one of the manifestation microvascular complications of diabetes , which is characterized by blindness or reduced acuity . That is , diabetic retinopathy describes the retinal and vitreous hemorrhages or retinal capillary blockage caused by the increase of A1C , which a measurement of blood glucose or sugar level . In fact , as A1C increases , people tend to be at greater risk of developing diabetic retinopathy than developing other microvascular complications associated with diabetes ( e.g. chronic hyperglycemia , diabetic neuropathy , and diabetic nephropathy ) . Despite the fact that only 8 % of adults 40 years and older experience vision - threatening diabetic retinopathy ( e.g. nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy or NPDR and proliferative diabetic retinopathy or PDR ) , this eye diseased accounted for 17 % of cases of blindness in 2002 . Retinitis pigmentosa Retinopathy of prematurity : The most common cause of blindness in infants worldwide . In its most severe form , ROP causes retinal detachment , with attendant visual loss . Treatment is aimed mainly at prevention , via laser or Avastin therapy . Stargardt 's disease Uveitis : is a group of 30 intraocular inflammatory diseases caused by infections , systemic diseases , organ - specific autoimmune processes , cancer or trauma . That is , uveitis refers to a complex category of ocular diseases that can cause blindness if either left untreated or improperly diagnosed . The current challenge of accurately diagnosing uveitis is that often the cause of a specific ocular inflammation is either unknown or multi-layered . Consequently , about 3 -- 10 % uveitis victims in developed countries , and about 25 % of victims in the developing countries , become blind from incorrect diagnosis and from ineffectual prescription of drugs , antibiotics or steroids . In addition , uveitis is a diverse category of eye diseases that are subdivided as granulomatous ( or tumorous ) or non-granulomatous anterior , intermediate , posterior or pan uveitis . In other words , uveitis diseases tend to be classified by their anatomic location in the eye ( e.g. uveal tract , retina , or lens ) , as well as can create complication that can cause cataracts , glaucoma , retinal damage , age - related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy . Xerophthalmia , often due to vitamin A deficiency , is estimated to affect 5 million children each year ; 500,000 develop active corneal involvement , and half of these go blind . Diagnosis ( edit ) Play media Scientists track eye movements in glaucoma patients to check vision impairment while driving It is important that people be examined by someone specializing in low vision care prior to other rehabilitation training to rule out potential medical or surgical correction for the problem and to establish a careful baseline refraction and prescription of both normal and low vision glasses and optical aids . Only a doctor is qualified to evaluate visual functioning of a compromised visual system effectively . The American Medical Association provides an approach to evaluating visual loss as it affects an individual 's ability to perform activities of daily living . Screening adults who have no symptoms is of uncertain benefit . Prevention ( edit ) The World Health Organization estimates that 80 % of visual loss is either preventable or curable with treatment . This includes cataracts , onchocerciasis , trachoma , glaucoma , diabetic retinopathy , uncorrected refractive errors , and some cases of childhood blindness . The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that half of blindness in the United States is preventable . Treatment ( edit ) Tommy Edison , a blind film critic , demonstrates for his viewers how a blind person can cook alone . Aside from medical help , various sources provide information , rehabilitation , education , and work and social integration . Mobility ( edit ) Folded long cane A blind man is assisted by a guide dog in Brasília , Brazil Blind girl feels shape of vehicle near Mana village , Uttarakhand Visually impaired girl negotiating a rock while rock climbing Many people with serious visual impairments can travel independently , using a wide range of tools and techniques . Orientation and mobility specialists are professionals who are specifically trained to teach people with visual impairments how to travel safely , confidently , and independently in the home and the community . These professionals can also help blind people to practice travelling on specific routes which they may use often , such as the route from one 's house to a convenience store . Becoming familiar with an environment or route can make it much easier for a blind person to navigate successfully . Tools such as the white cane with a red tip -- the international symbol of blindness -- may also be used to improve mobility . A long cane is used to extend the user 's range of touch sensation . It is usually swung in a low sweeping motion , across the intended path of travel , to detect obstacles . However , techniques for cane travel can vary depending on the user and / or the situation . Some visually impaired persons do not carry these kinds of canes , opting instead for the shorter , lighter identification ( ID ) cane . Still others require a support cane . The choice depends on the individual 's vision , motivation , and other factors . A small number of people employ guide dogs to assist in mobility . These dogs are trained to navigate around various obstacles , and to indicate when it becomes necessary to go up or down a step . However , the helpfulness of guide dogs is limited by the inability of dogs to understand complex directions . The human half of the guide dog team does the directing , based upon skills acquired through previous mobility training . In this sense , the handler might be likened to an aircraft 's navigator , who must know how to get from one place to another , and the dog to the pilot , who gets them there safely . GPS devices can also be used as a mobility aid . Such software can assist blind people with orientation and navigation , but it is not a replacement for traditional mobility tools such as white canes and guide dogs . Some blind people are skilled at echolocating silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes . It has been shown that blind echolocation experts use what is normally the `` visual '' part of their brain to process the echoes . Government actions are sometimes taken to make public places more accessible to blind people . Public transportation is freely available to the blind in many cities . Tactile paving and audible traffic signals can make it easier and safer for visually impaired pedestrians to cross streets . In addition to making rules about who can and can not use a cane , some governments mandate the right - of - way be given to users of white canes or guide dogs . Reading and magnification ( edit ) Braille watch Most visually impaired people who are not totally blind read print , either of a regular size or enlarged by magnification devices . Many also read large - print , which is easier for them to read without such devices . A variety of magnifying glasses , some handheld , and some on desktops , can make reading easier for them . Others read Braille ( or the infrequently used Moon type ) , or rely on talking books and readers or reading machines , which convert printed text to speech or Braille . They use computers with special hardware such as scanners and refreshable Braille displays as well as software written specifically for the blind , such as optical character recognition applications and screen readers . Some people access these materials through agencies for the blind , such as the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in the United States , the National Library for the Blind or the RNIB in the United Kingdom . Closed - circuit televisions , equipment that enlarges and contrasts textual items , are a more high - tech alternative to traditional magnification devices . There are also over 100 radio reading services throughout the world that provide people with vision impairments with readings from periodicals over the radio . The International Association of Audio Information Services provides links to all of these organizations . Computers and mobile technology ( edit ) Access technology such as screen readers , screen magnifiers and refreshable Braille displays enable the blind to use mainstream computer applications and mobile phones . The availability of assistive technology is increasing , accompanied by concerted efforts to ensure the accessibility of information technology to all potential users , including the blind . Later versions of Microsoft Windows include an Accessibility Wizard & Magnifier for those with partial vision , and Microsoft Narrator , a simple screen reader . Linux distributions ( as live CDs ) for the blind include Vinux and Adriane Knoppix , the latter developed in part by Adriane Knopper who has a visual impairment . macOS and iOS also come with a built - in screen reader called VoiceOver , while Google TalkBack is built in to most Android devices . The movement towards greater web accessibility is opening a far wider number of websites to adaptive technology , making the web a more inviting place for visually impaired surfers . Experimental approaches in sensory substitution are beginning to provide access to arbitrary live views from a camera . Modified visual output that includes large print and / or clear simple graphics can be of benefit to users with some residual vision . Other aids and techniques ( edit ) A tactile feature on a Canadian banknote Blind people may use talking equipment such as thermometers , watches , clocks , scales , calculators , and compasses . They may also enlarge or mark dials on devices such as ovens and thermostats to make them usable . Other techniques used by blind people to assist them in daily activities include : Adaptations of coins and banknotes so that the value can be determined by touch . For example : In some currencies , such as the euro , the pound sterling and the Indian rupee , the size of a note increases with its value . On US coins , pennies and dimes , and nickels and quarters are similar in size . The larger denominations ( dimes and quarters ) have ridges along the sides ( historically used to prevent the `` shaving '' of precious metals from the coins ) , which can now be used for identification . Some currencies ' banknotes have a tactile feature to indicate denomination . For example , the Canadian currency tactile feature is a system of raised dots in one corner , based on Braille cells but not standard Braille . It is also possible to fold notes in different ways to assist recognition . Labeling and tagging clothing and other personal items Placing different types of food at different positions on a dinner plate Marking controls of household appliances Most people , once they have been visually impaired for long enough , devise their own adaptive strategies in all areas of personal and professional management . For the blind , there are books in braille , audio - books , and text - to - speech computer programs , machines and e-book readers . Low vision people can make use of these tools as well as large - print reading materials and e-book readers that provide large font sizes . Computers are important tools of integration for the visually impaired person . They allow , using standard or specific programs , screen magnification and conversion of text into sound or touch ( Braille line ) , and are useful for all levels of visual handicap . OCR scanners can , in conjunction with text - to - speech software , read the contents of books and documents aloud via computer . Vendors also build closed - circuit televisions that electronically magnify paper , and even change its contrast and color , for visually impaired users . For more information , consult Assistive technology . In adults with low vision there is no conclusive evidence supporting one form of reading aid over another . In several studies stand - based closed - circuit television and hand - held closed - circuit television allowed faster reading than optical aids . While electronic aids may allow faster reading for individuals with low vision , portability , ease of use , and affordability must be considered for people . Children with low vision sometimes have reading delays , but do benefit from phonics - based beginning reading instruction methods . Engaging phonics instruction is multisensory , highly motivating , and hands - on . Typically students are first taught the most frequent sounds of the alphabet letters , especially the so - called short vowel sounds , then taught to blend sounds together with three - letter consonant - vowel - consonant words such as cat , red , sit , hot , sun . Hands - on ( or kinesthetically appealing ) VERY enlarged print materials such as those found in `` The Big Collection of Phonics Flipbooks '' by Lynn Gordon ( Scholastic , 2010 ) are helpful for teaching word families and blending skills to beginning readers with low vision . Beginning reading instructional materials should focus primarily on the lower - case letters , not the capital letters ( even though they are larger ) because reading text requires familiarity ( mostly ) with lower - case letters . Phonics - based beginning reading should also be supplemented with phonemic awareness lessons , writing opportunities , and lots of read - alouds ( literature read to children daily ) to stimulate motivation , vocabulary development , concept development , and comprehension skill development . Many children with low vision can be successfully included in regular education environments . Parents may need to be vigilant to ensure that the school provides the teacher and students with appropriate low vision resources , for example technology in the classroom , classroom aide time , modified educational materials , and consultation assistance with low vision experts . Communication ( edit ) Communication with the visually impaired can be more difficult than communicating with someone who does n't have vision loss . However , many people are uncomfortable with communicating with the blind , and this can cause communication barriers . One of the biggest obstacles in communicating with visually impaired individuals comes from face - to - face interactions . There are many factors that can cause the sighted to become uncomfortable while communicating face to face . There are many non-verbal factors that hinder communication between the visually impaired and the sighted , more often than verbal factors do . These factors , which Rivka Bialistock mentions in her article , include : Lack of facial expressions , mimics , or body gestures / responses Non-verbal gestures that could imply the visually impaired individual not appearing interested Speaking when not anticipated or not speaking when anticipated Fear of offending the visually impaired Standing too close and invading the personal comfort level Having to exercise or ignore feelings of pity Being uncomfortable with touching objects or people A look of detachment or disengagement Dependency Being reminded of the fear of becoming blind The blind person sends these signals or types of non-verbal communication without being aware that they are doing so . These factors can all affect the way an individual would feel about communicating with the visually impaired . This leaves the visually impaired feeling rejected and lonely . Adjusting attitude ( edit ) In the article Towards better communication , from the interest point of view . Or -- skills of sight - glish for the blind and visually impaired , the author , Rivka Bialistock comes up with a method to reduce individuals being uncomfortable with communicating with the visually impaired . This method is called blind - glish or sight - glish , which is a language for the blind , similar to English . For example , babies , who are not born and able to talk right away , communicate through sight - glish , simply seeing everything and communicating non-verbally . This comes naturally to sighted babies , and by teaching this same method to babies with a visual impairment can improve their ability to communicate better , from the very beginning . To avoid the rejected feeling of the visually impaired , people need to treat the blind the same way they would treat anyone else , rather than treating them like they have a disability , and need special attention . People may feel that it is improper to , for example , tell their blind child to look at them when they are speaking . However , this contributes to the sight - glish method . It is important to disregard any mental fears or uncomfortable feelings people have while communicating ( verbally and non-verbally ) face - to - face . Surroundings ( edit ) Individuals with a visual disability not only have to find ways to communicate effectively with the people around them , but their environment as well . The blind or visually impaired rely largely on their other senses such as hearing , touch , and smell in order to understand their surroundings . Sound ( edit ) Sound is one of the most important senses that the blind or visually impaired use in order to locate objects in their surroundings . A form of echolocation is used , similarly to that of a bat . Echolocation from a person 's perspective is when the person uses sound waves generated from speech or other forms of noise such as cane tapping , which reflect off of objects and bounce back at the person giving them a rough idea of where the object is . This does not mean they can depict details based on sound but rather where objects are in order to interact , or avoid them . Increases in atmospheric pressure and humidity increase a person 's ability to use sound to their advantage as wind or any form of background noise impairs it . Touch ( edit ) Touch is also an important aspect of how blind or visually impaired people perceive the world . Touch gives immense amount of information in the person 's immediate surrounding . Feeling anything with detail gives off information on shape , size , texture , temperature , and many other qualities . Touch also helps with communication ; braille is a form of communication in which people use their fingers to feel elevated bumps on a surface and can understand what is meant to be interpreted . There are some issues and limitations with touch as not all objects are accessible to feel , which makes it difficult to perceive the actual object . Another limiting factor is that the learning process of identifying objects with touch is much slower than identifying objects with sight . This is due to the fact the object needs to be approached and carefully felt until a rough idea can be constructed in the brain . Smell ( edit ) Certain smells can be associated with specific areas and help a person with vision problems to remember a familiar area . This way there is a better chance of recognizing an areas layout in order to navigate themselves through . The same can be said for people as well . Some people have their own special odor that a person with a more trained sense of smell can pick up . A person with an impairment of their vision can use this to recognize people within their vicinity without them saying a word . Communication development ( edit ) Visual impairment can have profound effects on the development of infant and child communication . The language and social development of a child or infant can be very delayed by the inability to see the world around them . Social development ( edit ) Social development includes interactions with the people surrounding the infant in the beginning of its life . To a child with vision , a smile from a parent is the first symbol of recognition and communication , and is almost an instant factor of communication . For a visually impaired infant , recognition of a parent 's voice will be noticed at approximately two months old , but a smile will only be evoked through touch between parent and baby . This primary form of communication is greatly delayed for the child and will prevent other forms of communication from developing . Social interactions are more complicated because subtle visual cues are missing and facial expressions from others are lost . Due to delays in a child 's communication development , they may appear to be disinterested in social activity with peers , non-communicative and un-education on how to communicate with other people . This may cause the child to be avoided by peers and consequently over protected by family members . Language development ( edit ) With sight , much of what is learned by a child is learned through imitation of others , where as a visually impaired child needs very planned instruction directed at the development of postponed imitation . A visually impaired infant may jabber and imitate words sooner than a sighted child , but may show delay when combining words to say themselves , the child may tend to initiate few questions and their use of adjectives is infrequent . Normally the child 's sensory experiences are not readily coded into language and this may cause them to store phrases and sentences in their memory and repeat them out of context . The language of the blind child does not seem to mirror their developing knowledge of the world , but rather their knowledge of the language of others . A visually impaired child may also be hesitant to explore the world around them due to fear of the unknown and also may be discouraged from exploration by overprotective family members . Without concrete experiences , the child is not able to develop meaningful concepts or the language to describe or think about them . Healthcare access ( edit ) Visual impairment has the ability to create consequences for health and well being . Visual impairment is increasing especially among older people . It is recognized that those individuals with visual impairment are likely to have limited access to information and healthcare facilities , and may not receive the best care possible because not all health care professionals are aware of specific needs related to vision . A prerequisite of effective health care could very well be having staff that are aware that people may have problems with vision . Communication and different ways of being able to communicate with visually impaired clients must be tailored to individual needs and available at all times . Epidemiology. ( edit ) The WHO estimates that in 2012 there were 285 million visually impaired people in the world , of which 246 million had low vision and 39 million were blind . Of those who are blind 90 % live in the developing world . Worldwide for each blind person , an average of 3.4 people have low vision , with country and regional variation ranging from 2.4 to 5.5 . By age : Visual impairment is unequally distributed across age groups . More than 82 % of all people who are blind are 50 years of age and older , although they represent only 19 % of the world 's population . Due to the expected number of years lived in blindness ( blind years ) , childhood blindness remains a significant problem , with an estimated 1.4 million blind children below age 15 . By gender : Available studies consistently indicate that in every region of the world , and at all ages , females have a significantly higher risk of being visually impaired than males . By geography : Visual impairment is not distributed uniformly throughout the world . More than 90 % of the world 's visually impaired live in developing countries . Since the estimates of the 1990s , new data based on the 2002 global population show a reduction in the number of people who are blind or visually impaired , and those who are blind from the effects of infectious diseases , but an increase in the number of people who are blind from conditions related to longer life spans . In 1987 , it was estimated that 598,000 people in the United States met the legal definition of blindness . Of this number , 58 % were over the age of 65 . In 1994 -- 1995 , 1.3 million Americans reported legal blindness . Society and culture ( edit ) See also : List of blind people and Blind musicians Legal definition ( edit ) To determine which people qualify for special assistance because of their visual disabilities , various governments have specific definitions for legal blindness . In North America and most of Europe , legal blindness is defined as visual acuity ( vision ) of 20 / 200 ( 6 / 60 ) or less in the better eye with best correction possible . This means that a legally blind individual would have to stand 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) from an object to see it -- with corrective lenses -- with the same degree of clarity as a normally sighted person could from 200 feet ( 61 m ) . In many areas , people with average acuity who nonetheless have a visual field of less than 20 degrees ( the norm being 180 degrees ) are also classified as being legally blind . Approximately fifteen percent of those deemed legally blind , by any measure , have no light or form perception . The rest have some vision , from light perception alone to relatively good acuity . Low vision is sometimes used to describe visual acuities from 20 / 70 to 20 / 200 . Literature and art ( edit ) See also : Blindness in literature Antiquity ( edit ) The Moche people of ancient Peru depicted the blind in their ceramics . In Greek myth , Tiresias was a prophet famous for his clairvoyance . According to one myth , he was blinded by the gods as punishment for revealing their secrets , while another holds that he was blinded as punishment after he saw Athena naked while she was bathing . In the Odyssey , the one - eyed Cyclops Polyphemus captures Odysseus , who blinds Polyphemus to escape . In Norse mythology , Loki tricks the blind god Höðr into killing his brother Baldr , the god of happiness . The New Testament contains numerous instances of Jesus performing miracles to heal the blind . According to the Gospels , Jesus healed the two blind men of Galilee , the blind man of Bethsaida , the blind man of Jericho and the man who was born blind . The parable of the blind men and an elephant has crossed between many religious traditions and is part of Jain , Buddhist , Sufi and Hindu lore . In various versions of the tale , a group of blind men ( or men in the dark ) touch an elephant to learn what it is like . Each one feels a different part , but only one part , such as the side or the tusk . They then compare notes and learn that they are in complete disagreement . `` Three Blind Mice '' is a medieval English nursery rhyme about three blind mice whose tails are cut off after chasing the farmer 's wife . The work is explicitly incongruous , ending with the comment Did you ever see such a sight in your life , As three blind mice ? Modern times ( edit ) Blind Woman by Diego Velázquez The Sense of Touch by Jusepe de Ribera depicts a blind man holding a marble head in his hands . Poet John Milton , who went blind in mid-life , composed On His Blindness , a sonnet about coping with blindness . The work posits that ( those ) who best Bear ( God ) 's mild yoke , they serve him best . The Dutch painter and engraver Rembrandt often depicted scenes from the apocryphal Book of Tobit , which tells the story of a blind patriarch who is healed by his son , Tobias , with the help of the archangel Raphael . Slaver - turned - abolitionist John Newton composed the hymn Amazing Grace about a wretch who `` once was lost , but now am found , Was blind , but now I see . '' Blindness , in this sense , is used both metaphorically ( to refer to someone who was ignorant but later became knowledgeable ) and literally , as a reference to those healed in the Bible . In the later years of his life , Newton himself would go blind . H.G. Wells ' story `` The Country of the Blind '' explores what would happen if a sighted man found himself trapped in a country of blind people to emphasise society 's attitude to blind people by turning the situation on its head . Bob Dylan 's anti-war song `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' twice alludes to metaphorical blindness : How many times can a man turn his head / / and pretend that he just does n't see ... How many times must a man look up / / Before he can see the sky ? Contemporary fiction contains numerous well - known blind characters . Some of these characters can `` see '' by means of fictitious devices , such as the Marvel Comics superhero Daredevil , who can `` see '' via his super-human hearing acuity , or Star Trek 's Geordi La Forge , who can see with the aid of a VISOR , a fictitious device that transmits optical signals to his brain . Sports ( edit ) Blind and partially sighted people participate in sports , such as swimming , snow skiing and athletics . Some sports have been invented or adapted for the blind , such as goalball , association football , cricket , golf , and tennis . The worldwide authority on sports for the blind is the International Blind Sports Federation . People with vision impairments have participated in the Paralympic Games since the 1976 Toronto summer Paralympics . Metaphorical uses ( edit ) The word `` blind '' ( adjective and verb ) is often used to signify a lack of knowledge of something . For example , a blind date is a date in which the people involved have not previously met ; a blind experiment is one in which information is kept from either the experimenter or the participant to mitigate the placebo effect or observer bias . The expression `` blind leading the blind '' refers to incapable people leading other incapable people . Being blind to something means not understanding or being aware of it . A `` blind spot '' is an area where someone can not see : for example , where a car driver can not see because parts of his car 's bodywork are in the way ; metaphorically , a topic on which an individual is unaware of their own biases , and therefore of the resulting distortions of their own judgements ( see Bias blind spot ) . Research ( edit ) Main article : Visual prosthesis A 2008 study tested the effect of using gene therapy to help restore the sight of patients with a rare form of inherited blindness , known as Leber 's congenital amaurosis or LCA . Leber 's Congenital Amaurosis damages the light receptors in the retina and usually begins affecting sight in early childhood , with worsening vision until complete blindness around the age of 30 . The study used a common cold virus to deliver a normal version of the gene called RPE65 directly into the eyes of affected patients . Remarkably , all 3 patients , aged 19 , 22 and 25 , responded well to the treatment and reported improved vision following the procedure . Due to the age of the patients and the degenerative nature of LCA , the improvement of vision in gene therapy patients is encouraging for researchers . It is hoped that gene therapy may be even more effective in younger LCA patients who have experienced limited vision loss , as well as in other blind or partially blind individuals . Two experimental treatments for retinal problems include a cybernetic replacement and transplant of fetal retinal cells . Other animals ( edit ) Main article : Blind animals Statements that certain species of mammals are `` born blind '' refers to them being born with their eyes closed and their eyelids fused together ; the eyes open later . One example is the rabbit . In humans , the eyelids are fused for a while before birth , but open again before the normal birth time ; however , very premature babies are sometimes born with their eyes fused shut , and opening later . Other animals , such as the blind mole rat , are truly blind and rely on other senses . The theme of blind animals has been a powerful one in literature . Peter Shaffer 's Tony Award - winning play , Equus , tells the story of a boy who blinds six horses . Theodore Taylor 's classic young adult novel , The Trouble With Tuck , is about a teenage girl , Helen , who trains her blind dog to follow and trust a seeing - eye dog . See also ( edit ) Disability portal Blindness and education Color blindness Diplopia Nyctalopia Recovery from blindness Stereoblindness Tactile alphabet Tactile graphic Tangible symbol systems Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure World Blind Union References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Change the Definition of Blindness '' ( PDF ) . 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Shape - specific activation of occipital cortex in an early blind echolocation expert '' Neuropsychologia 51 ( 5 ) , 938 -- 949 . Jump up ^ Sadato , N. ( 2005 ) . How the blind `` see '' Braille : lessons from functional magnetic resonance imaging . The Neuroscientist : A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology , Neurology And Psychiatry , 11 ( 6 ) , 577 -- 582 . Jump up ^ Strickling , C. , ( 2010 , October 6 ) . Impact Of Visual Impairment On Development . Texas , USA Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired ^ Jump up to : Bosanquet N , Mehta P. , P. Evidence base to support the UK Vision Strategy. RNIB and The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization ^ Jump up to : Kirchner , C. , Stephen , G. & Chandu , F. ( 1987 ) . `` Estimated 1987 prevalence of non-institutionalized ' severe visual impairment ' by age base on 1977 estimated rates : U.S. '' , 1987 . AER Yearbook . Jump up ^ `` Statistics and Sources for Professionals . '' American Foundation for the Blind Archived 2008 - 08 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Defining the Boundaries of Low Vision Patients '' . SSDI Qualify . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Low Vision and Legal Blindness Terms and Descriptions '' . American Foundation for the Blind . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Berrin , Katherine & Larco Museum . The Spirit of Ancient Peru : Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera . New York : Thames and Hudson , 1997 . Jump up ^ Julius Held , Rembrandt and the Book of Tobit , Gehenna Press , Northampton MA , 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Sports Victoria '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` IBSA General Assembly Elects New Leadership '' . The Paralympian . International Paralympic Committee . April 2001 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lin , Thomas ( 4 June 2012 ) . `` Hitting the Court , With an Ear on the Ball '' . Science . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The history of people with disabilities in Australia -- 100 years '' . Disability Services Australia . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bainbridge JW , Smith AJ , Barker SS , et al. ( May 2008 ) . `` Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber 's congenital amaurosis '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 358 ( 21 ) : 2231 -- 9 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0802268 . PMID 18441371 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bionic Eye Opens New World Of Sight For Blind Archived 2015 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . by Jon Hamilton . All Things Considered , National Public Radio . 20 October 2009 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : H54. 0 , H54. 1 , H54. 4 ICD - 9 - CM : 369 DiseasesDB : 28256 External resources MedlinePlus : 003040 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visual impairment . Blindness at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Blindness '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Eye Conditions ( RNIB ) Center for the Partially Sighted Low Vision Information and Resources hide Diseases of the human eye ( H00 -- H59 360 -- 379 ) Adnexa Eyelid Inflammation Stye Chalazion Blepharitis Entropion Ectropion Lagophthalmos Blepharochalasis Ptosis Blepharophimosis Xanthelasma Eyelash Trichiasis Madarosis Lacrimal apparatus Dacryoadenitis Epiphora Dacryocystitis Xerophthalmia Orbit Exophthalmos Enophthalmos Orbital cellulitis Orbital lymphoma Periorbital cellulitis Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis allergic Pterygium Pinguecula Subconjunctival hemorrhage Globe Fibrous tunic Sclera Scleritis Episcleritis Cornea Keratitis herpetic acanthamoebic fungal Corneal ulcer Photokeratitis Thygeson 's superficial punctate keratopathy Corneal dystrophy Fuchs ' Meesmann Corneal ectasia Keratoconus Pellucid marginal degeneration Keratoglobus Terrien 's marginal degeneration Post-LASIK ectasia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Corneal neovascularization Kayser -- Fleischer ring Haab 's striae Arcus senilis Band keratopathy Vascular tunic Iris Ciliary body Uveitis Intermediate uveitis Hyphema Rubeosis iridis Persistent pupillary membrane Iridodialysis Synechia Choroid Choroideremia Choroiditis Chorioretinitis Lens Cataract Congenital cataract Childhood cataract Aphakia Ectopia lentis Retina Retinitis Chorioretinitis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Retinal detachment Retinoschisis Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Retinopathy diabetic hypertensive Purtscher 's of prematurity Bietti 's crystalline dystrophy Coats ' disease Macular degeneration Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal haemorrhage Central serous retinopathy Macular edema Epiretinal membrane ( Macular pucker ) Vitelliform macular dystrophy Leber 's congenital amaurosis Birdshot chorioretinopathy Other Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma Floater Leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy Red eye Globe rupture Keratomycosis Phthisis bulbi Persistent fetal vasculature / Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy Pathways Optic nerve Optic disc Optic neuritis optic papillitis Papilledema Foster Kennedy syndrome Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic neuropathy Ischemic anterior ( AION ) posterior ( PION ) Kjer 's Leber 's hereditary Toxic and nutritional Strabismus Extraocular muscles Binocular vision Accommodation Paralytic strabismus Ophthalmoparesis Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Kearns -- Sayre syndrome palsies Oculomotor ( III ) Fourth - nerve ( IV ) Sixth - nerve ( VI ) Other strabismus Esotropia / Exotropia Hypertropia Heterophoria Esophoria Exophoria Cyclotropia Brown 's syndrome Duane syndrome Other binocular Conjugate gaze palsy Convergence insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia Vision disorders Blindness Amblyopia Leber 's congenital amaurosis Diplopia Scotoma Color blindness Achromatopsia Dichromacy Monochromacy Nyctalopia Oguchi disease Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment Anopsia Hemianopsia binasal bitemporal homonymous Quadrantanopia subjective Asthenopia Hemeralopia Photophobia Scintillating scotoma Pupil Anisocoria Argyll Robertson pupil Marcus Gunn pupil Adie syndrome Miosis Mydriasis Cycloplegia Parinaud 's syndrome Other Nystagmus Childhood blindness Infections Trachoma Onchocerciasis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_impairment&oldid=845557864 '' Categories : Blindness Diseases of the eye and adnexa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing more detailed references Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing video clips RTT RTTNEURO Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Lingála Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Patois Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 डोटेली 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 15 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	legal blindness in the united states is defined as severe or profound impairment in both eyes	[]	[]
-8129410046679363279	Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)	Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) - wikipedia Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' Single by Cher from the album The Sonny Side of Chér B - side `` Needles and Pins '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Released 1966 Format 7 '' Recorded 1966 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 44 Label Imperial Songwriter ( s ) Sonny Bono Producer ( s ) Sonny Bono Cher singles chronology `` Where Do You Go '' ( 1965 ) `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( 1966 ) `` Alfie '' ( 1966 ) `` Where Do You Go '' ( 1965 ) `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( 1966 ) `` Alfie '' ( 1966 ) `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' is the second single by American singer - actress Cher from her second album , The Sonny Side of Chér . Written by her then - husband Sonny Bono and released in 1966 , the song reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a single week ( behind `` ( You 're My ) Soul and Inspiration '' by The Righteous Brothers ) , eventually becoming one of Cher 's biggest - selling singles of the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions 3.1 Nancy Sinatra 3.2 Others 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The single proved successful , charting high in several countries worldwide . It became Cher 's first million - selling single and her first top 3 hit in the UK ( and her last until `` The Shoop - Shoop Song '' reached No. 1 in 1991 ) . Critic Tim Sendra , in his album review of The Sonny Side of Cher , gave the song a mixed review : `` The only track that has any real zest is the Bono - written novelty ' Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) , ' the kind of dramatic song Cher could knock out in her sleep but also a song with no real heart . '' In 1987 , Cher recorded a rock version of the song for her 1987 Platinum - certified comeback album Cher . Produced by Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora , and Desmond Child , the song featured backing vocals by Jon Bon Jovi and Michael Bolton , among others , and was released as a promotional single in 1988 . Cher performed this version on her Heart of Stone Tour and on Living Proof : The Farewell Tour , and it was played instrumentally on the Dressed to Kill Tour in 2014 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 11 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Position German Singles Chart 114 Italian Singles Chart 35 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 53 US Billboard Hot 100 60 Cover versions ( edit ) Nancy Sinatra ( edit ) Nancy Sinatra recorded one of the best - known covers of the song , for her 1966 album How Does That Grab You ? Her version features tremolo guitar , played by her arranger , Billy Strange ; and had a resurgence in popularity when it was used in the opening credits of the 2003 Quentin Tarantino film Kill Bill Volume 1 . In the sequence preceding the credits , Tarantino creates a literal , bloody interpretation of the song 's chorus and the third verse , about a wedding day . Her version also was the theme for BBC coverage of the 2005 Wimbledon tennis championships , and has been sampled on several hip - hop recordings , including the Audio Bullys ( featuring Nancy Sinatra ) top 3 UK hit `` Shot You Down '' in 2005 . Besides Sinatra , artists who covered the song in 1966 include Stevie Wonder on his album Down to Earth , The Beau Brummels on Beau Brummels ' 66 ; Petula Clark on her album I Could n't Live Without Your Love ; and Gábor Szabó on his album Spellbinder . Sheila 's version ( with French lyrics ) became a big hit in France in the summer of 1966 ; Claire Lepage 's French - language cover was released in Canada ( as `` Bang ! Bang ! '' ) The song was also very popular in Italy in the ' 60s and was covered in Italian by Dalida , Mina , and the psychedelic bands Equipe 84 and I Corvi . Others ( edit ) Other notable cover versions include the following : Vanilla Fudge in 1967 ; the version from the album Vanilla Fudge was used in David Fincher 's 2007 film Zodiac and season 2 episode 8 of Lilyhammer . Jamaican group Tomorrow 's Children , as `` Bang Bang Rock Steady '' in 1967 . Dalida on her 1967 album `` Piccolo Ragazzo '' . Terry Reid on his 1968 album Bang , Bang You 're Terry Reid . Cliff Richard 's version , recorded in October 1968 , appears on his 1970 album Tracks ' n Grooves . Hong Kong actress Betty Chung , a funk / soul version with Mandarin vocals on her 1968 Mini Mini EP . The Bonzo Dog Band , recorded sometime in 1968 ; it appeared as a bonus track on the 2007 reissue of The Doughnut in Granny 's Greenhouse . Frank Sinatra , Nancy 's father , for his 1981 album She Shot Me Down . Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet , an instrumental version on their 1991 album Dim The Lights , Chill The Ham . Paul Weller , on his 2003 compilation Fly on the Wall : B Sides & Rarities . Isobel Campbell , on her 2004 EP Time Is Just the Same . Carla Bruni , in a Lancia Musa TV advertisement broadcast in Europe in January 2008 . Welsh classical crossover singer Charlotte Church , on her 2010 album Back to Scratch . Alternative rock group Nico Vega for their album Lead To Light . Used for the TV advertisements for the 2013 cable TV miniseries Bonnie & Clyde . 8 - year - old Angelina Jordan Astar ( b . Jan. 10 , 2006 ) , on the semi-finals of Norske Talenter ( Norway 's Got Talent ) on April 12 , 2014 . The talent show 's judges voted her into the finals , which she won the following month . Lady Gaga in July 2014 at Jazz at Lincoln Center , for the TV special `` Cheek to Cheek : LIVE '' . The song appeared as an iTunes bonus track with her jazz album with Tony Bennett , Cheek to Cheek , and debuted at No. 1 on Billboard 's Jazz Digital Songs Chart . Beyoncé , singing to her husband Jay Z in an August 2014 commercial for an HBO tour special . The Monophonics , a funk band from San Francisco on the album In Your Brain The famous Cambodian singer and songwriter Pan Ron , as `` Snaeha '' . The Raconteurs , a rock group consisting of Jack White , Brendan Benson , Jack Lawrence and Patrick Keeler , covered the song during many of their live shows . A French disk jockey Arnold Toutain , a.k.a. Arnold T ( acoustic version ) Pharmakon_ ( noise_project ) , bonus track on 2014 release `` Bestial Burden , '' and on Sacred Bones Record Store Day release 2Cellos on their album In2ition with Sky Ferreira providing vocals The UK singer Dua Lipa covered the song in 2017 for a fashion brand TV commercial . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cher -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- Week of April 23 , 1966 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Sonny Side of Cher - Cher Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards AllMusic Jump up ^ David Kent Australian Chart Book 1940 - 1969 Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5727 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Annuali Single : 1966 '' ( in Italian ) . www.hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts : 1966 -- 2006 . Wellington : Dean Scapolo and Maurienne House . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Cher : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cher -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Cher . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart ( 1966 ) . `` German Singles Chart ; End of year charts '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 1966 - Year End '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1966 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Guitarist Billy Strange Talks About Nancy Sinatra 's ' Bang Bang ' `` Lost & Sound '' . Lostandsound.wordpress.com. 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bang Bang : Pop ! Goes the Murder Ballad '' . Murder Ballad Monday . Sing Out ! . March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Corvi - Bang bang ( 1966 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Digital Songs : Oct 11 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Watch Beyoncé Sing `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' To Jay Z `` . BuzzFeed . Jump up ^ `` Pan Ron - Snaeha '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ uncnick157 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) , Raconteurs Bang Bang , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 External links ( edit ) Official Cher site Cher on IMDb ( hide ) Cher singles 1960s `` All I Really Want to Do '' `` Where Do You Go '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' `` Alfie '' `` I Feel Something in the Air '' `` Sunny '' `` Hey Joe '' `` You Better Sit Down Kids '' `` For What It 's Worth '' 1970s `` Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves '' `` The Way of Love '' `` Living in a House Divided '' `` Do n't Hide Your Love '' `` Am I Blue '' `` Half - Breed '' `` Dark Lady '' `` Train of Thought '' `` Take Me Home '' `` Was n't It Good '' `` Hell on Wheels '' 1980s `` Rudy '' `` I Paralyze '' `` I Found Someone '' `` We All Sleep Alone '' `` Skin Deep '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Main Man '' `` After All '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' `` Just Like Jesse James '' 1990s `` Heart of Stone '' `` You Would n't Know Love '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' `` Love and Understanding '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Could 've Been You '' `` When Lovers Become Strangers '' `` Oh No Not My Baby '' `` Whenever You 're Near '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Walking in Memphis '' `` One by One '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine Anymore '' `` Paradise Is Here '' `` Believe '' `` Strong Enough '' `` All or Nothing '' `` Dov'è l'amore '' 2000s `` The Music 's No Good Without You '' `` Song for the Lonely '' `` Alive Again '' `` A Different Kind of Love Song '' `` When the Money 's Gone '' `` Love One Another '' 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' `` Woman 's World '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Take It Like a Man '' `` I Walk Alone '' Guest singles `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' `` Più che puoi '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bang_Bang_(My_Baby_Shot_Me_Down)&oldid=802292534 '' Categories : 1966 singles 1966 songs 1988 singles Cher songs Imperial Records singles Nancy Sinatra songs Petula Clark songs Songs written by Sonny Bono Anita Lindblom songs Lady Gaga songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Mirandés 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 06 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bang bang song my baby shot me down	[]	[]
-6257009523147422535	Drug test	Drug test - wikipedia Drug test For other uses , see Drug testing ( disambiguation ) . Drug test Medical diagnostics MeSH D015813 ( edit on Wikidata ) A drug test is a technical analysis of a biological specimen , for example urine , hair , blood , breath , sweat , and / or oral fluid / saliva -- to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites . Major applications of drug testing include detection of the presence of performance enhancing steroids in sport , employers and parole / probation officers screening for drugs prohibited by law ( such as cannabis , cocaine , methamphetamine , and heroin ) and police officers testing for the presence and concentration of alcohol ( ethanol ) in the blood commonly referred to as BAC ( blood alcohol content ) . BAC tests are typically administered via a breathalyzer while urinalysis is used for the vast majority of drug testing in sports and the workplace . Numerous other methods with varying degrees of accuracy , sensitivity ( detection threshold / cutoff ) , and detection periods exist . A drug test may also refer to a test that provides quantitative chemical analysis of an illegal drug , typically intended to help with responsible drug use . Contents 1 Detection periods 2 Types 2.1 Urine drug screen 2.2 Breath test 2.3 Hair testing 2.3. 1 Alcohol 2.4 Presumptive substance testing 2.5 Saliva drug screen / Oral fluid - based drug screen 2.6 Sweat drug screen 2.7 Blood 2.8 Anabolic steroids 2.9 Random drug testing 2.10 Diagnostic screening 3 Methodologies 3.1 Urine drug testing 3.2 Spray drug testing 3.3 Hair drug testing 4 Legality , ethics and politics 4.1 United Kingdom 4.2 United States 4.3 Australia 5 Refusal 5.1 Historical cases 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Detection periods ( edit ) The following chart gives approximate detection periods for each substance by test type . The detection windows depend upon multiple factors : drug class , amount and frequency of use , metabolic rate , body mass , age , overall health , and urine pH . For ease of use , the detection times of metabolites have been incorporated into each parent drug . For example , heroin and cocaine can only be detected for a few hours after use , but their metabolites can be detected for several days in urine . The chart depicts the longer detection times of the metabolites . Oral fluid or saliva testing results for the most part mimic that of blood . The only exceptions are THC ( tetrahydrocannabinol ) and benzodiazepines . Oral fluid will likely detect THC from ingestion up to a maximum period of 6 -- 12 hours . This continues to cause difficulty in oral fluid detection of THC and benzodiazepines . Breath air for the most part mimics blood tests as well . Due to the very low levels of substances in the breath air , liquid chromatography -- mass spectrometry has to be used to analyze the sample according to a recent publication wherein 12 analytes were investigated . Rapid oral fluid products are not approved for use in workplace drug testing programs and are not FDA cleared . Using rapid oral fluid drug tests in the workplace is prohibited in only : California Kansas Maine Minnesota New York Vermont Approximate values for detection periods Substance Urine Hair Blood / Oral Fluid Alcohol 6 -- 24 hours Note : Alcohol tests may measure ethyl glucuronide , which can stay in urine for up to 80 hours up to 90 days 12 to 24 hours Amphetamines ( except methamphetamine ) 1 to 3 days up to 90 days 12 hours Methamphetamine 3 to 5 days up to 90 days 1 to 3 days MDMA ( Ecstasy ) 3 to 4 days up to 90 days 3 to 4 days Barbiturates ( except phenobarbital ) 1 day up to 90 days 1 to 2 days Phenobarbital 2 to 3 weeks up to 90 days 4 to 7 days Benzodiazepines Therapeutic use : up to 7 days . Chronic use ( over one year ) : 4 to 6 weeks up to 90 days 6 to 48 hours Cannabis Passive inhalation : up to 22 minutes * * Infrequent users : 7 - 10 Days ; Heavy users : 30 to 100 days ; up to 90 days 2 to 3 days in blood , up to 2 weeks in blood of heavy users However , it depends on whether actual THC or THC metabolites are being tested for , the latter having a much longer detection time than the former . THC ( found in marijuana ) may only be detectable in saliva / oral fluid for 2 to 24 hours in most cases . Cocaine 2 to 5 days ( with exceptions for heavy users who can test positive up to 7 -- 10 days , and individuals with certain kidney disorders ) up to 90 days 2 to 10 days Codeine 2 to 3 days up to 90 days 1 to 4 days Cotinine ( a breakdown product of nicotine ) 2 to 4 days up to 90 days 2 to 4 days Morphine 2 to 4 days up to 90 days 1 to 3 days Tricyclic antidepressants ( TCA 's ) 7 to 10 days Undetectable Detectable but dose relationship not established LSD 2 -- 24 hours up to 4 days 2 to 4 days Methadone 7 to 10 days up to 90 days 24 hours Steroids 3 to 30 days PCP 3 to 7 days for single use ; up to 30 days in chronic users up to 90 days 1 to 3 days Types ( edit ) Urine drug screen ( edit ) Main article : Urinalysis Urine analysis is primarily used because of its low cost . Urine drug testing is one of the most common testing methods used . The enzyme - multiplied immune test is the most frequently used urinalysis . Complaints have been made about the relatively high rates of false positives using this test . Urine drug tests screen the urine for the presence of a parent drug or its metabolites . The level of drug or its metabolites is not predictive of when the drug was taken or how much the patient used . Rather , it is simply a confirmatory report indicating the presence of the parent drug or its metabolites . Urine drug testing is an immunoassay based on the principle of competitive binding . Drugs which may be present in the urine specimen compete against their respective drug conjugate for binding sites on their specific antibody . During testing , a urine specimen migrates upward by capillary action . A drug , if present in the urine specimen below its cut - off concentration , will not saturate the binding sites of its specific antibody . The antibody will then react with the drug - protein conjugate and a visible colored line will show up in the test line region of the specific drug strip . When an employer requests a drug test from an employee , or a physician requests a drug test from a patient , the employee or patient is typically instructed to go to a collection site or their home . The urine sample goes through a specified ' chain of custody ' to ensure that it is not tampered with or invalidated through lab or employee error . The patient or employee 's urine is collected at a remote location in a specially designed secure cup , sealed with tamper - resistant tape , and sent to a testing laboratory to be screened for drugs ( typically the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 5 panel ) . The first step at the testing site is to split the urine into two aliquots . One aliquot is first screened for drugs using an analyzer that performs immunoassay as the initial screen . To ensure the specimen integrity and detecting possible adulterant , some other parameters such as , urine creatinine , pH , and specific gravity are tested along in this initial test . If the urine screen is positive then another aliquot of the sample is used to confirm the findings by gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry ( GC - MS ) or liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry methodology . If requested by the physician or employer , certain drugs are screened for individually ; these are generally drugs part of a chemical class that are , for one of many reasons , considered more abuse - prone or of concern . For instance , oxycodone and diamorphine may be tested , both sedative analgesics . If such a test is not requested specifically , the more general test ( in the preceding case , the test for opiates ) will detect the drugs , but the employer or physician will not have the benefit of the identity of the drug . Employment - related test results are relayed to a medical review office ( MRO ) where a medical physician reviews the results . If the result of the screen is negative , the MRO informs the employer that the employee has no detectable drug in the urine , typically within 24 hours . However , if the test result of the immunoassay and GC - MS are non-negative and show a concentration level of parent drug or metabolite above the established limit , the MRO contacts the employee to determine if there is any legitimate reason -- such as a medical treatment or prescription . On - site instant drug testing is a more cost - efficient method of effectively detecting drug abuse amongst employees , as well as in rehabilitation programs to monitor patient progress . These instant tests can be used for both urine and saliva testing . Although the accuracy of such tests varies with the manufacturer , some kits boast extremely high rates of accuracy , correlating closely with laboratory test results . Breath test ( edit ) Main article : Breathalyzer Breath test being used on a volunteer . Breath test is a widespread method for quickly determining alcohol intoxication . A breath test measures the alcohol concentration in the body by a deep - lung breath . There are different instruments used for measuring the alcohol content of an individual though their breath . Breathalyzer is a widely known instrument which was developed in 1954 and contained chemicals unlike other breath - testing instruments . More modernly used instruments are the infrared light - absorption devices and fuel cell detectors , these two testers are microprocessor controlled meaning the operator only has to press the start button . To get accurate readings on a breath - testing device the individual must blow for approximately 6 seconds and need to contain roughly 1.1 to 1.5 liters of breath . For a breath - test to result accurately and truly an operator must take steps such as avoiding measuring `` mouth alcohol '' which is a result from regurgitation , belching , or recent intake of an alcoholic beverage . To avoid measuring `` mouth alcohol '' the operator must not allow the individual that 's taking the test to consume any materials for at least fifteen minutes before the breath test . When pulled over for a driving violation if an individual in the United States refuses to take a breath test that individual 's driver 's license can be suspend for a 6 to 12 months time period . Hair testing ( edit ) Main article : Hair analysis Hair analysis to detect drugs of abuse has been used by court systems in the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , and other countries worldwide . In the United States , hair testing has been accepted in court cases as forensic evidence following the Frye Rule , the Federal Rules of Evidence , and the Daubert Rule . As such , hair testing results are legally and scientifically recognized as admissible evidence . Although some lower courts may have accepted hair test evidence , there is no controlling judicial ruling in either the federal or any state system declaring any type of hair test as reliable . Hair testing is now recognized in both the UK and US judicial systems . There are guidelines for hair testing that have been published by the Society of Hair Testing ( a private company in France ) that specify the markers to be tested for and the cutoff concentrations that need to be tested . Drugs of abuse that can be detected include Cannabis , Cocaine , Amphetamines and drugs new to the UK such as Mephedrone . Alcohol ( edit ) In contrast to other drugs consumed , alcohol is deposited directly in the hair . For this reason the investigation procedure looks for direct products of ethanol metabolism . The main part of alcohol is oxidized in the human body . This means it is released as water and carbon dioxide . One part of the alcohol reacts with fatty acids to produce esters . The sum of the concentrations of four of these fatty acid ethyl esters ( FAEEs : ethyl myristate , ethyl palmitate , ethyl oleate and ethyl stearate ) are used as indicators of the alcohol consumption . The amounts found in hair are measured in nanograms ( one nanogram equals only one billionth of a gram ) , however with the benefit of modern technology , it is possible to detect such small amounts . In the detection of ethyl glucuronide , or EtG , testing can detect amounts in picograms ( one picogram equals 0.001 nanograms ) . However , there is one major difference between most drugs and alcohol metabolites in the way in which they enter into the hair : on the one hand like other drugs FAEEs enter into the hair via the keratinocytes , the cells responsible for hair growth . These cells form the hair in the root and then grow through the skin surface taking any substances with them . On the other hand , the sebaceous glands produce FAEEs in the scalp and these migrate together with the sebum along the hair shaft ( Auwärter et al. , 2001 , Pragst et al. , 2004 ) . So these glands lubricate not only the part of the hair that is just growing at 0.3 mm per day on the skin surface , but also the more mature hair growth , providing it with a protective layer of fat . FAEEs ( nanogram = one billionth of a gram ) appear in hair in almost one order of magnitude lower than ( the relevant order of magnitude of ) EtG ( picogram = one trillionth of a gram ) . It has been technically possible to measure FAEEs since 1993 , and the first study reporting the detection of EtG in hair was done by Sachs in 1993 . In practice , most hair which is sent for analysis has been cosmetically treated in some way ( bleached , permed etc . ) . It has been proven that FAEEs are not significantly affected by such treatments ( Hartwig et al. , 2003a ) . FAEE concentrations in hair from other body sites can be interpreted in a similar fashion as scalp hair ( Hartwig et al. , 2003b ) . Presumptive substance testing ( edit ) Presumptive substance tests identify a suspicious substance , material or surface where traces of drugs are thought to be , instead of testing individuals through biological methods such as urine or hair testing . The test involves mixing the suspicious material with a chemical in order to trigger a color change to indicate if a drug is present . Most are now available over-the - counter , and do not require a lab to read results . Duquenois reagent Benefits to this method include that the person who is suspected of drug use does not need to be confronted or aware of testing . Only a very small amount of material is needed to obtain results , and can be used to test powder , pills , capsules , crystals , or organic material . There is also the ability to detect illicit material when mixed with other non-illicit materials . The tests are used for general screening purposes , offering a generic result for the presence of a wide range of drugs , including Heroin , Cocaine , Methamphetamine , Amphetamine , Ecstasy / MDMA , Methadone , Ketamine , PCP , PMA , DMT , MDPV , and may detect rapidly evolving synthetic designer drugs . Separate tests for Marijuana / Hashish are also available . There are five primary color - tests reagents used for general screening purposes . The Marquis reagent turns into a variety of colors when in the presence of different substances . Dille - Koppanyi reagent uses two chemical solutions which turns a violet - blue color in the presence of barbiturates . Duquenois - Levine reagent is a series of chemical solutions that turn to the color of purple when the vegetation of marijuana is added . Van Urk reagent turns blue - purple when in the presence of LSD . Scott Test 's chemical solution shows up as a faint blue for cocaine base . Saliva drug screen / oral fluid - based drug screen ( edit ) Saliva / oral fluid - based drug tests can generally detect use during the previous few days . Is better at detecting very recent use of a substance . THC may only be detectable for 2 -- 24 hours in most cases . On site drug tests are allowed per the Department of Labor . Detection in saliva tests begins almost immediately upon use of the following substances , and lasts for approximately the following times : Alcohol : 6 - 12 h Marijuana : 1 - 24h A disadvantage of saliva based drug testing is that it is not approved by FDA or SAMHSA for use with DOT / Federal Mandated Drug Testing . Oral fluid is not considered a bio-hazard unless there is visible blood ; however , it should be treated with care . Sweat drug screen ( edit ) Sweat patches are attached to the skin to collect sweat over a long period of time ( up to 14 days ) . These are used by child protective services , parole departments , and other government institutions concerned with drug use over long periods , when urine testing is not practical . There are also surface drug tests that test for the metabolite of parent drug groups in the residue of drugs left in sweat . Blood ( edit ) Drug - testing a blood sample measures whether or not a drug or a metabolite is in the body at a particular time . These types of tests are considered to be the most accurate way of telling if a person is intoxicated . Blood drug tests are not used very often because they need specialized equipment and medically trained administrators . Depending on how much marijuana was consumed , it can usually be detected in blood tests within six hours of consumption . After six hours has passed , the concentration of marijuana in the blood decreases significantly . It generally disappears completely within 30 days . Anabolic steroids ( edit ) Anabolic steroids are used to enhance performance in sports and as they are prohibited in most high - level competitions drug testing is used extensively in order to enforce this prohibition . This is particularly so in individual ( rather than team ) sports such as athletics and cycling . Random drug testing ( edit ) Can occur at any time , usually when the investigator has reason to believe that a substance is possibly being abused by the subject by behavior or immediately after an employee - related incident occurs during work hours . Testing protocol typically conforms to the national medical standard , candidates are given up to 120 minutes to reasonably produce a urine sample from the time of commencement ( in some instances this time frame may be extended at the examiners discretion ) . Diagnostic screening ( edit ) In the case of life - threatening symptoms , unconsciousness , or bizarre behavior in an emergency situation , screening for common drugs and toxins may help find the cause , called a toxicology test or tox screen to denote the broader area of possible substances beyond just self - administered drugs . These tests can also be done post-mortem during an autopsy in cases where a death was not expected . The test is usually done within 96 hours ( 4 days ) after the desire for the test is realized . Both a urine sample and a blood sample may be tested . A blood sample is routinely used to detect ethanol / methanol and ASA / paracetamol intoxication . Various panels are used for screening urine samples for common substances , e.g. triage 8 that detects amphetamines , benzodiazepines , cocaine , methadone , opiates , cannabis , barbiturates and tricyclic antidepressants . Results are given in 10 -- 15 min . Similar screenings may be used to evaluate the possible use of date rape drugs . This is usually done on a urine sample . Methodologies ( edit ) Before testing samples , the tamper - evident seal is checked for integrity . If it appears to have been tampered with or damaged , the laboratory rejects the sample and does not test it . Next , the sample must be made testable . Urine and oral fluid can be used `` as is '' for some tests , but other tests require the drugs to be extracted from urine . Strands of hair , patches , and blood must be prepared before testing . Hair is washed in order to eliminate second - hand sources of drugs on the surface of the hair , then the keratin is broken down using enzymes . Blood plasma may need to be separated by centrifuge from blood cells prior to testing . Sweat patches are opened and the sweat collection component is removed and soaked in a solvent to dissolve any drugs present . Laboratory - based drug testing is done in two steps . The first step is the screening test , which is an immunoassay based test applied to all samples . The second step , known as the confirmation test , is usually undertaken by a laboratory using highly specific chromatographic techniques and only applied to samples that test positive during the screening test . Screening tests are usually done by immunoassay ( EMIT , ELISA , and RIA are the most common ) . A `` dipstick '' drug testing method which could provide screening test capabilities to field investigators has been developed at the University of Illinois . After a suspected positive sample is detected during screening , the sample is tested using a confirmation test . Samples that are negative on the screening test are discarded and reported as negative . The confirmation test in most laboratories ( and all SAMHSA certified labs ) is performed using mass spectrometry , and is precise but expensive . False positive samples from the screening test will almost always be negative on the confirmation test . Samples testing positive during both screening and confirmation tests are reported as positive to the entity that ordered the test . Most laboratories save positive samples for some period of months or years in the event of a disputed result or lawsuit . For workplace drug testing , a positive result is generally not confirmed without a review by a Medical Review Officer who will normally interview the subject of the drug test . Urine drug testing ( edit ) Urine drug test kits are available as on - site tests , or laboratory analysis . Urinalysis is the most common test type and used by federally mandated drug testing programs and is considered the Gold Standard of drug testing . Urine based tests have been upheld in most courts for more than 30 years . However , urinalysis conducted by the Department of Defense has been challenged for reliability of testing the metabolite of cocaine . There are two associated metabolites of cocaine , benzoylecgonine ( BZ ) and ecgonine methyl ester ( EME ) , the first ( BZ ) is created by the presence of cocaine in an aqeous solution with a pH greater than 7.0 , while the second ( EME ) results from the actual human metabolic process . The presence of EME confirms actual ingestion of cocaine by a human being , while the presence of BZ is indicative only . BZ without EME is evidence of sample contamination , however , the US Department of Defense has chosen not to test for EME in its urinalysis program . A number of different analyses ( defined as the unknown substance being tested for ) are available on Urine Drug Screens . Spray drug testing ( edit ) Spray ( sweat ) drug test kits are non-invasive . It is a simple process to collect the required specimen , no bathroom is needed , no laboratory is required for analysis , and the tests themselves are difficult to manipulate and relatively tamper - resistant . The detection window is long and can detect recent drug use within several hours . There are also some disadvantages to spray or sweat testing . There is not much variety in these drug tests , only a limited number of drugs can be detected , prices tend to be higher , and inconclusive results can be produced by variations in sweat production rates in donors . They also have a relatively long specimen collection period and are more vulnerable to contamination than other common forms of testing . Hair drug testing ( edit ) Hair drug testing is a method that can detect drug use over a much longer period of time , and is often used for highly safety - critical positions where there is zero tolerance of illegal drug use . Standard hair follicle screen covers a period of 30 to 90 days . The growth of hair is usually at the rate of 0.5 inches per month . The hair sample is cut close to the scalp and 80 to 120 strands of hair are needed for the test . In the absence of hair on the head , body hair can be used as an acceptable substitute . This includes facial hair , the underarms , arms , and legs or even pubic hair . Because body hair grows at a different rate than head hair , the timeframe changes , with scientists estimating that drug use can be detected in body hair for up to 12 months . Currently , most entities that use hair testing have prescribed consequences for individuals removing hair to avoid a hair drug test . The claim that a hair test can not be tampered with has been shown to be debatable . One study has shown that THC does not readily deposit inside epithelial cells so it is possible for cosmetic and other forms of adulteration to reduce the amount of testable cannabinoids within a hair sample . Legality , ethics and politics ( edit ) The results of federally mandating drug testing were similar to the effects of simply extending to the trucking industry the right to perform drug tests , and it has been argued that the latter approach would have been as effective at lower cost . Psychologist Tony Buon has criticized the use of workplace drug testing on a number of grounds , including : Flawed Technology : The real world performance of testing is much lower than that claimed by its promoters . Buon suggest that tests are probably adequate for rehabilitation and treatment situations , possibly adequate for pre-employment situations , but not for dismissing employees . Ethical Issues : Because of the fairly simple ways that an employee can invalidate the test , drug testing must be strictly monitored . This means that the specimen must be observed leaving the body . Many legal objections currently being raised in the courts about drug testing are pointing to legal requirements of prior notice , consent , due process , and cause . Wrong focus : As has been shown with Employee Assistance Programs , the focus of management concern should be on work performance decline . Buon suggests effective management practices are an infinitely better approach to managing workplace alcohol and other drug issues . Tony Buon has also reported by the CIPD as stating that `` drug testing captures the stupid -- experienced drug users know how to beat the tests '' . United Kingdom ( edit ) A study in 2004 by the Independent Inquiry into Drug Testing at Work found that attempts by employers to force employees to take drug tests could potentially be challenged as a violation of privacy under the Human Rights Act 1998 and Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights . However , this does not apply to industries where drug testing is a matter of personal and public safety or security rather than productivity . United States ( edit ) In consultation with Dr. Carlton Turner , President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12564 . In doing so , he instituted mandatory drug - testing for all safety - sensitive executive - level and civil - service Federal employees . This was challenged in the courts by the National Treasury Employees Union . In 1988 , this challenge was considered by the US Supreme Court . A similar challenge resulted in the Court extending the drug - free workplace concept to the private sector . These decisions were then incorporated into the White House Drug Control Strategy directive issued by President George H.W. Bush in 1989 . All defendants serving on federal probation or federal supervised release are required to submit to at least three drug tests . Failing a drug test can be construed as possession of a controlled substance , resulting in mandatory revocation and imprisonment . There have been inconsistent evaluation results as to whether continued pretrial drug testing has beneficial effects . Testing positive can lead to bail not being granted , or if bail has already been granted , to bail revocation or other sanctions . Arizona also adopted a law in 1987 authorizing mandatory drug testing of felony arrestees for the purpose of informing the pretrial release decision , and the District of Columbia has had a similar law since the 1970s . It has been argued that one of the problems with such testing is that there is often not enough time between the arrest and the bail decision to confirm positive results using GC / MS technology . It has also been argued that such testing potentially implicates the Fifth Amendment privilege against self - incrimination , the right to due process ( including the prohibition against gathering evidence in a manner that shocks the conscience or constitutes outrageous government conduct ) , and the prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures contained in the Fourth Amendment . According to Henriksson , the anti-drug appeals of the Reagan administration `` created an environment in which many employers felt compelled to implement drug testing programs because failure to do so might be perceived as condoning drug use . This fear was easily exploited by aggressive marketing and sales forces , who often overstated the value of testing and painted a bleak picture of the consequences of failing to use the drug testing product or service being offered . '' On March 10 , 1986 , the Commission on Organized Crime asked all U.S. companies to test employees for drug use . By 1987 , nearly 25 % of the Fortune 500 companies used drug tests . According to an uncontrolled self - report study done by DATIA and Society for Human Resource Management in 2012 ( sample of 6,000 randomly selected human resource professionals ) , human resource professionals reported the following results after implementing a drug testing program : 19 % of companies reported a subjective increase in employee productivity , 16 % reported a decrease in employee turnover ( 8 % reported an increase ) , and unspecified percentages reported decreases in absenteeism and improvement of workers ' compensation incidence rates . According to US Chamber of Commerce 70 % of all illicit drug users are employed . Some industries have high rates of employee drug use such as construction ( 12.8 % ) , repair ( 11.1 % ) , and hospitality ( 7.9 - 16.3 % ) . Australia ( edit ) A person conducting a business or undertaking ( PCBU -- the new term that includes employers ) has duties under the work health and safety ( WHS ) legislation to ensure a worker affected by alcohol or other drugs does not place themselves or other persons at risk of injury while at work . Workplace policies and prevention programs can help change the norms and culture around substance abuse . All organisations -- large and small -- can benefit from an agreed policy on alcohol and drug misuse that applies to all workers . Such a policy should form part of an organisations overall health and safety management system . PCBUs are encouraged to establish a policy and procedure , in consultation with workers , to constructively manage alcohol and other drug related hazards in their workplace . A comprehensive workplace alcohol and other drug policy should apply to everyone in the workplace and include prevention , education , counselling and rehabilitation arrangements . In addition , the roles and responsibilities of managers and supervisors should be clearly outlined . All Australian workplace drug testing must comply with Australian standard AS / NZS4308 : 2008 . In Victoria , roadside saliva tests detect drugs that contain : THC ( Delta - 9 tetrahydrocannabinol ) , the active component in cannabis methamphetamine , which is found in drugs such as `` speed '' , `` base '' , `` ice '' , and `` crystal meth '' MDMA ( Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ) , which is known as ecstasy In February 2016 a New South Wales magistrate `` acquitted a man who tested positive for cannabis '' . He had been arrested and charged after testing positive during a roadside drug test , despite not having smoked for nine days . He was relying on advice previously given to him by police . Refusal ( edit ) In the United States federal criminal system , refusing to take a drug test triggers an automatic revocation of probation or supervised release . In Victoria , Australia the driver of the car has the option to refuse the drug test . Refusing to undergo a drug test or refusing to undergo a secondary drug test after the first one , triggers an automatic suspension and disqualification for a period of 2 years and a fine of AUD $1000 . The second refusal triggers an automatic suspension and disqualification for a period of 4 years and an even larger fine . Historical cases ( edit ) In 1993 Meritorious Marine Sergeant Steve Steinmetz refused to submit to further drug screening on the grounds that it violated his 4th and 5th Amendment Rights against unwarranted search and self - incrimination . He was court - martialed and given a Bad Conduct Discharge from the United States Marine Corps in 1994 for refusing to obey a `` lawful order '' . He was threatened with forced medical procedures to obtain a sample if he was imprisoned . Said Marine stated , `` That wo n't happen '' . He was discharged without being imprisoned . In 2000 , an Australian Mining Company South Blackwater Coal Ltd with 400 employees , imposed drug - testing procedures , and the trade unions advised their members to refuse to take the tests , partly because a positive result does not necessarily indicate present impairment ; the workers were stood - down by the company without pay for a week . In 2003 , sixteen members of the Chicago White Sox considered refusing to take a drug test , in hopes of making steroid testing mandatory . In 2006 , Levy County , Florida , volunteer librarians resigned en masse rather than take drug tests . In 2010 , Iranian super heavyweight class weightlifters refused to submit to a drug test authorized by the Iran Weightlifting League . 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Henriksson ( June 1991 ) . `` The Unconvincing Case for Drug Testing '' . Canadian Public Policy . 17 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 196 . doi : 10.2307 / 3551028 . JSTOR 3551028 . Jump up ^ Deborah F. Crown ; Joseph G. Rosse ( Fall 1988 ) . `` A Critical Review of the Assumptions Underlying Drug Testing '' . Journal of Business and Psychology . 3 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 41 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01016746 . Jump up ^ `` Employee Drug Testing Study '' ( PDF ) . Global Drug Policy . Jump up ^ `` EAP Employee and Supervisor Drug Education '' ( PDF ) . USUHS.mil . Jump up ^ `` Substance Abuse in the hospitality industry '' . Arkansas Small Business Development Center . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roadside drug testing '' . www.adf.org.au . Alcohol and Drug Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Lorna ; Branley ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` Acquittal of man caught drug - driving nine days after smoking cannabis throws NSW drug laws into doubt '' . abc.net.au . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . A spokeswoman for NSW Roads Minister Duncan Gay said roadside tests were followed up with lab tests and 97 per cent of tests matched . She said the research they had indicated drugs were only detected in a person 's saliva for 12 hours after being ingested . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3565 ( b ) ( 5 ) Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3583 ( g ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Holland , Peter . `` Case - Study . Drug Testing in the Australian Mining Industry '' ( PDF ) . Surveillance and Society : 204 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox Players Almost Refused Drug Test '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . March 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Voyles , Karen ( October 6 , 2006 ) . `` Library volunteers just say no to drug testing '' . Gainesville Sun . Jump up ^ `` Iranian weightlifters refuse drug testing '' . 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-3954972910602210178	Star Trek Into Darkness	Star Trek Into Darkness - wikipedia Star Trek Into Darkness Star Trek Into Darkness Theatrical release poster Directed by J.J. Abrams Produced by J.J. Abrams Bryan Burk Damon Lindelof Alex Kurtzman Roberto Orci Written by Roberto Orci Alex Kurtzman Damon Lindelof Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring John Cho Benedict Cumberbatch Alice Eve Bruce Greenwood Simon Pegg Chris Pine Zachary Quinto Zoe Saldana Karl Urban Peter Weller Anton Yelchin Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Dan Mindel Edited by Mary Jo Markey Maryann Brandon Production company Bad Robot Productions Skydance Productions K / O Paper Products Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 23 ) ( Sydney ) May 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 17 ) ( United States and Canada ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $185 million Box office $467.4 million Star Trek Into Darkness is a 2013 American space opera film directed by J.J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci , Alex Kurtzman , and Damon Lindelof . It is the twelfth installment in the Star Trek film franchise and the sequel to the 2009 film Star Trek , as the second in a rebooted film series . The film features Chris Pine reprising his role as Captain James T. Kirk , with Zachary Quinto , Simon Pegg , Karl Urban , Zoe Saldana , John Cho , Anton Yelchin , Bruce Greenwood , and Leonard Nimoy reprising their roles from the previous film . Benedict Cumberbatch , Alice Eve and Peter Weller are also credited in the film 's principal cast . It was the last time Nimoy would portray the character of Spock before his death in 2015 . Set in the 23rd century , Kirk and the crew of USS Enterprise are sent to the Klingon homeworld seeking former Starfleet member - turned terrorist John Harrison . After the release of Star Trek , Abrams , Burk , Lindelof , Kurtzman , and Orci agreed to produce its sequel . Filming began in January 2012 . Into Darkness 's visual effects were primarily created by Industrial Light & Magic . The film was converted to 3D during its post-production stage . Star Trek Into Darkness premiered at Event Cinemas in Sydney , Australia , on April 23 , 2013 , and was released on May 9 in Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Europe , and Peru , with other countries following . The film was released on May 17 in the United States and Canada , opening at IMAX cinemas a day earlier . Into Darkness was a financial success and received positive reviews from critics . Its gross earnings of over $467 million worldwide have made it the highest - grossing entry in the Star Trek franchise . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was followed by Star Trek Beyond in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Supporting cast and cameos 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Title 3.4 Music 4 Themes 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Promotional tours 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 2259 , Captain James T. Kirk is removed from command of the starship USS Enterprise for violating the Prime Directive after exposing the ship to the primitive inhabitants of the planet Nibiru in order to save them , and Spock , from a cataclysmic volcanic eruption . Admiral Christopher Pike is reinstated as commanding officer with Kirk demoted to the rank of Commander and first officer . Commander Spock is transferred to another ship . Shortly after , the Section 31 installation in London is bombed by renegade Starfleet operative John Harrison . Harrison attacks Starfleet Headquarters in a jumpship during an emergency meeting about the situation , killing Pike and other senior officers . Kirk disables the jumpship , but Harrison transports to Kronos , homeworld of the hostile Klingons . Admiral Alexander Marcus reinstates Kirk and Spock to Enterprise with orders to kill Harrison using a new long range stealth photon torpedo . Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott objects to allowing untested torpedoes on board the ship without knowing their specifications ; when he is overruled , he resigns . Kirk assigns Pavel Chekov to replace Scotty . En route to Kronos , Enterprise 's warp capabilities become disabled . Kirk leads a team with Spock and Uhura onto the planet in a small landing craft , where they are ambushed by Klingon patrols who order them to land . Uhura leaves the landing craft to talk to the Klingons . They decide to kill Uhura , but Harrison kills them . After the battle , Harrison demands that Kirk tell him the number of torpedoes on board the Enterprise , surrendering when Spock tells him . Dr. Leonard McCoy and Marcus 's daughter , Dr. Carol Marcus , open a torpedo at Harrison 's behest , revealing a man in cryogenic stasis . Upon further investigation , all the other experimental torpedoes are revealed to similarly contain cryogenically frozen humans . Harrison is taken to the ship 's brig , where he reveals his true identity as Khan , a genetically engineered superhuman awoken by Admiral Marcus from centuries of suspended animation to develop advanced weapons . Khan reveals that Marcus sabotaged Enterprise 's warp drive , intending for the Klingons to destroy the ship after it fired on Kronos , creating an act of war by the Klingon Empire . Khan also gives Kirk a set of coordinates . Kirk contacts Scotty on Earth and asks him to investigate . Scotty discovers the coordinates lead to a covert Starfleet facility near Jupiter . Enterprise is intercepted by a much larger Starfleet warship , USS Vengeance , commanded by Admiral Marcus . Marcus demands that Kirk deliver Khan , but Enterprise flees to Earth to expose him . After Vengeance disables Enterprise near the Moon , Carol reveals her presence aboard the ship . Marcus forcibly transports Carol to Vengeance before ordering Enterprise 's destruction . Kirk offers Khan and himself for the lives of his crew , but Marcus rejects Kirk 's offer , revealing he never intended to spare them and ordering Vengeance to attack . Vengeance suddenly loses power after being sabotaged by Scotty , who infiltrated the ship . With transporters down , Kirk and Khan , with the latter 's knowledge of the warship 's design , space - jump to Vengeance . Spock contacts his older self , who warns that Khan is ruthless and untrustworthy and that Khan 's older self was only defeated at a terrible cost . After capturing the bridge , Khan overpowers Kirk , Scott and Carol , kills Marcus , and takes control of Vengeance . Khan demands that Spock return his crew in exchange for the Enterprise officers . Spock complies but surreptitiously removes Khan 's frozen crew from the torpedoes and arms the warheads . Khan beams Kirk , Scott and Carol aboard Enterprise , but betrays their agreement by attacking Enterprise ; however , Vengeance is disabled when the torpedoes detonate . With both starships caught in Earth 's gravity , they plummet toward the surface . Kirk enters the radioactive reactor chamber to realign the warp core , sacrificing himself to save the ship . Khan crashes the Vengeance into downtown San Francisco in an attempt to destroy Starfleet headquarters . Khan escapes the wreckage so Spock transports down in pursuit . McCoy discovers that Khan 's blood has regenerative properties that may save Kirk . Spock pursues Khan through the city and is about to kill him , but Uhura stops him . Khan 's blood revives Kirk . One year later , Kirk speaks at Enterprise 's re-dedication ceremony . Khan is sealed in his cryogenic pod and stored with his compatriots . The Enterprise crew embarks on a five - year exploratory mission . Cast ( edit ) Chris Pine as Captain James T. Kirk , commanding officer of the starship Enterprise Zachary Quinto as Commander Spock , first officer and science officer Benedict Cumberbatch as John Harrison / Khan , a superhuman genetically engineered during the Eugenics Wars Simon Pegg as Lieutenant Commander Montgomery `` Scotty '' Scott , second officer and chief engineer Karl Urban as Lieutenant Commander Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy M.D. , chief medical officer Zoe Saldana as Lieutenant Nyota Uhura , communications officer Alice Eve as Lieutenant Carol Marcus , a science officer who uses the pseudonym `` Carol Wallace '' to board Enterprise John Cho as Lieutenant Hikaru Sulu , third officer and helmsman Peter Weller as Fleet Admiral Alexander Marcus , Carol 's father , commander - in - chief of Starfleet , and a secret warmonger Anton Yelchin as Ensign Pavel Chekov , navigator and Scott 's temporary replacement as chief engineer Bruce Greenwood as Admiral Christopher Pike , Kirk 's mentor and previous captain of Enterprise Supporting cast and cameos ( edit ) Leonard Nimoy as the original incarnation of Spock . This would be Nimoy 's final acting performance ; he died nearly two years after its release , aged 83 . Noel Clarke as Thomas Harewood , a Starfleet officer working in Section 31 , who is extorted by Khan into bombing the facility Nazneen Contractor as Rima Harewood , Thomas 's wife Christopher Doohan ( son of James Doohan ) as Transporter officer Amanda Foreman as Ensign Brackett Jay Scully as Lieutenant Chapin Jonathan Dixon as Ensign Froman Aisha Hinds as Navigation Officer Darwin Joseph Gatt as Science Officer 0718 Bill Hader as the computer of USS Vengeance ( voice ) Deep Roy as Keenser , Scotty 's assistant Sean Blakemore as a Klingon Anjini Taneja Azhar as Lucille Harewood , Thomas 's terminally ill daughter Nolan North as a Vengeance helmsman Heather Langenkamp as Moto Chris Hemsworth and Jennifer Morrison were credited for their archive footage of George Kirk and Winona Kirk . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In June 2008 , it was reported that Paramount Pictures was interested in signing producers of the 2009 Star Trek J.J. Abrams , Bryan Burk , Damon Lindelof , Alex Kurtzman , and Roberto Orci for a sequel . In March 2009 , it was reported that these five producers had agreed to produce the film , with a script again written by Orci and Kurtzman ( with the addition of Lindelof ) . A preliminary script was said to be completed by Christmas 2009 for a 2011 release . Kurtzman and Orci began writing the script in June 2009 , originally intending to split the film into two parts . Leonard Nimoy , the original Spock who plays an older version of the character in the 2009 film , said he would not appear in the film . Abrams was reportedly considering William Shatner for the sequel . By 2010 , a release date of June 29 , 2012 , was set , with Lindelof announcing he had begun working on the script with Kurtzman and Orci . Pre-production was set for January 2011 , although Burk said actual filming would probably begin during the spring or summer . Actor Zachary Quinto later said that these reports were untrue . Lindelof compared the sequel to The Dark Knight . Abrams , Kurtzman , and Orci said that selecting a villain was difficult ; according to Abrams , `` the universe Roddenberry created is so vast that it 's hard to say one particular thing stands out '' . They also discussed the possibility of Khan Noonien Singh and Klingons . Kurtzman and Lindelof said they had `` broken '' the story ( created an outline ) ; instead of a sequel , it will be a stand - alone film . Abrams admitted in December 2010 that there was still no script . Cast members at the film 's Australian premiere in April 2013 ( left to right : Karl Urban , Zachary Quinto , director J.J. Abrams , and Chris Pine ) In January 2011 , Abrams said he had not decided whether or not he would direct , since he had not yet seen a script . Paramount Pictures then approached him , asking that the sequel be in 3D . Abrams said that the film would not be shot in 3D , but filmed in 2D and converted during post-production . He was also interested in filming in IMAX : `` IMAX is my favorite format ; I 'm a huge fan . '' In February , Orci tweeted that he ( with Lindelof and Kurtzman ) planned to deliver the script in March 2011 . Although the script was not finished on schedule , Paramount began financing pre-production ; similar circumstances on the next Jack Ryan film meant that Chris Pine would film the Star Trek sequel first . By April , Orci said at WonderCon that the script 's first draft had been completed . Abrams told MTV that when he finished his film , Super 8 , he would turn his full attention to the Trek sequel . Although a script was completed , uncertainty regarding the extent of Abrams 's involvement led to the film 's being pushed back six months from its scheduled June 2012 release . Other factors which precluded the release , ending up pushing it further back were the high budget and overall difficulty of finding actors to fit the roles . In June , Abrams confirmed that his next project would be the sequel , noting that he would rather the film be good than ready by its scheduled release date . Simon Pegg , who played Scotty , said in an interview that he thought filming would begin during the latter part of the year . Abrams stated he would prioritize the film 's story and characters over an early release date . In September , Abrams agreed to direct the film , with the cast from the previous film reprising their respective roles for a winter 2012 or summer 2013 release . In October , Orci said that location scouting was underway , and a comic book series ( of which Orci would be creative director ) would `` foreshadow '' the film . Into Darkness was given a revised release date of 2013 , and Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to write the score . Lindelof said that Khan was considered a character they needed to use at some point , given that `` he has such an intense gravity in the Trek universe , we likely would have expended more energy NOT putting him in this movie than the other way around . '' References to Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan were eventually added to the script , but Lindelof , Orci , and Kurtzman `` were ever wary of the line between ' reimagined homage ' and ' direct ripoff ' . '' Orci and Kurtzman said they wanted a film which would work on its own and as a sequel , not using ideas from previous Star Trek works simply `` because you think people are going to love it '' . Orci noted that when trying to create the `` gigantic imagery '' required by a summer blockbuster , Kurtzman suggested a scene where Enterprise rose from the ocean . With that as a starting point they ( and Lindelof ) came up with the cold open in Nibiru , which blended action and comedy and was isolated from the main story in an homage to Raiders of the Lost Ark . Actor Benicio del Toro had reportedly been sought as the villain , and had met with Abrams to discuss the role ; however , he later bowed out . In 2011 , Alice Eve and Peter Weller agreed to their roles . Doctor Who actor Noel Clarke agreed to an unknown role , reported to be `` a family man with a wife and young daughter '' . Demián Bichir auditioned for the villain role , but as reported by Variety on January 4 , 2012 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast . Filming ( edit ) Into Darkness began principal photography on January 12 , 2012 , with a scheduled release date of May 16 , 2013 . Cinematographer Dan Mindel shot the film using a combination of anamorphic 35mm film and 15 perforation IMAX cameras . About 30 minutes of the film is shot in the IMAX format , while some other scenes were also shot on 8 perforation 65mm . Into Darkness was released in 3D . On February 24 , 2012 , images from the set surfaced of Benedict Cumberbatch 's character in a fight with Spock . Edgar Wright directed one shot in the film . Production ended in May 2012 . Filming was done on location in Los Angeles , California , and around the area at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore . Additional locations included Paramount Studios in Hollywood , Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove , and the Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills . Some shots were made in Iceland . Marc Okrand , the developer of the Klingon language , provided the Klingon dialogues with on - set coaching from constructed language experts . The dialogue did not make cohesive sense following editing and so new dialogue was constructed and dubbed during post production . Title ( edit ) On September 10 , 2012 , Paramount confirmed the film 's title as Star Trek Into Darkness . Abrams had indicated that unlike some of the earlier films in the franchise , his second Star Trek would not include a number in its title . This decision was made to avoid repeating the sequel numbering which began with Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , or making a confusing jump from Star Trek to Star Trek 12 . Lindelof addressed the team 's struggle to agree on a title : `` There have been more conversations about what we 're going to call it than went into actually shooting it ... There 's no word that comes after the colon after Star Trek that 's cool . Not that Star Trek : Insurrection or First Contact are n't good titles , it 's just that everything that people are turned off about when it comes to Trek is represented by the colon '' . Of the titles proposed , he joked that he preferred Star Trek : Transformers 4 best because the title is `` technically available '' . Music ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek Into Darkness ( soundtrack ) Composer Michael Giacchino composed the film 's incidental music . Into Darkness was Giacchino 's fourth film collaboration with Abrams , which included Star Trek ( 2009 ) . The film score was recorded at the Sony Scoring Stage in Culver City , California from March 5 to April 3 , 2013 . Its soundtrack album was released digitally on May 14 , 2013 , and was made available on May 28 through Varèse Sarabande . The score contains the original Star Trek theme by Alexander Courage . On April 24 , 2013 , it was announced that British singer Bo Bruce and Irish songwriter Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol had collaborated on a song for the film 's soundtrack entitled `` The Rage That 's In Us All '' . Australian songwriter and producer Robert Conley co-wrote a track with Penelope Austin , `` The Dark Collide '' . An expanded soundtrack album was released on July 28 , 2014 , limited to 6,000 copies . Themes ( edit ) On May 10 , 2013 , Cho , Pegg , and Eve were interviewed on The Bob Rivers Show to promote the film . Rivers asked about the title : `` The title Star Trek Into Darkness indicates some sort of ominous turn , obviously '' . Eve suggested that Pegg discuss the theme of terrorism , and Pegg obliged : `` I think it 's a very current film , and it reflects certain things that are going on in our own heads at the moment ; this idea that our enemy might be walking among us , not necessarily on the other side of an ocean , you know . John Harrison , Benedict Cumberbatch 's character , is ambiguous , you know ? We ( the characters in the film ) do n't know who to support . Sometimes , Kirk , he seems to be acting in exactly the same way as him ( Harrison ) . They 're both motivated by revenge . And the Into Darkness in the title is less an idea of this new trend of po - faced , kind of , everything 's - got - to - be-a - bit - dour treatments of essentially childish stories . It 's more about Kirk 's indecision . '' Cho agreed about the characterization of Captain Kirk : `` It 's his crisis of leadership . '' The pivotal scene near the end when Kirk enters the reactor chamber serves as a role reversal of a similar pivotal scene in Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan . Originally conceived as a retelling of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad , Kurtzman and Orci defined the main theme of Into Darkness as `` how far will we go to exact vengeance and justice on an enemy that scares us . How far should we go from our values ? '' They added that running from personal values is a personal struggle , where `` the enemy 's blood is within us ; we are the enemy . We must not succumb to it ; we are the same . '' Distribution ( edit ) Dolby Laboratories and Paramount announced that Star Trek Into Darkness would be released in Dolby Atmos , with Andy Nelson and Anna Behlmer handling the mix with supervision from Ben Burtt and Matthew Wood . The film was released on May 9 , 2013 , in international markets and May 16 , 2013 , in the United States . Marketing ( edit ) As part of a contest Abrams designed after the release of Super 8 ( 2011 ) , the prize for answering a series of questions would be walk - on roles for two people in Into Darkness . He debuted three frames of the film on Conan on October 4 , 2012 , showing what he described as Spock `` in a volcano , in this crazy suit '' . The official poster for the film was released two months later on December 3 , 2012 , showing a mysterious figure ( thought to be Benedict Cumberbatch 's villain ) standing on a pile of burning rubble looking over what appears to be a damaged London ; he is standing in a hole in the shape of the Starfleet insignia , blown out of the side of a building . About nine minutes of the opening sequence was shown before IMAX presentations of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , which was released in the United States on December 14 , 2012 . Alice Eve , Cumberbatch , and Burk unveiled the IMAX prologue in London , England on December 14 . A two - minute teaser was released in iTunes Movie Trailers on December 17 . The teaser marked the beginning of a viral marketing campaign , with a hidden link directing fans to a movie - related website . A 30 - second teaser premiered February 3 , 2013 during the stadium blackout of Super Bowl XLVII . The same day , Paramount released apps for Android , iPhone , and Windows Phone which enabled users to unlock tickets for showtimes two days before the film 's release date . An international trailer was released on March 21 , 2013 , with an embedded URL revealing an online - only international poster . On April 8 , Paramount released the final international one - sheet featuring solely Benedict Cumberbatch 's character . On March 24 , 2013 , at 9 : 30 pm a swarm of 30 mini-quadrotors equipped with LED lights drew the Star Trek logo over London . This choreography marked the beginning of the Paramount UK marketing campaign for Star Trek Into Darkness . It was coordinated with the World Wildlife Fund ( WWF ) Earth Hour event and was performed and developed by Ars Electronica Futurelab from Linz ( Austria ) in cooperation with Ascending Technologies from Munich ( Germany ) . On April 12 , 2013 , iTunes Movie Trailers revealed the final domestic one - sheet featuring USS Enterprise , and announced that the final US domestic trailer would be released on April 16 . In the days leading up to the trailer release , character posters featuring Kirk , Spock , Uhura , and Harrison were released on iTunes . Paramount attempted to broaden the film 's appeal to international audiences , an area where Star Trek and other science - fiction films had generally performed poorly . Into Darkness was dedicated to post-9 / 11 veterans . J.J. Abrams is connected with The Mission Continues , and a section of the film 's website is dedicated to that organization . Promotional tours ( edit ) The cast ( except for Anton Yelchin , Bruce Greenwood , and Peter Weller ) participated in May 2013 press junkets . On May 7 , Pegg appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . On May 8 , Quinto was interviewed on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . He was followed on May 10 by Cumberbatch ( who told Fallon that his fans are called `` Cumberbitches '' ; Fallon countered that his are called `` FalPals '' ) and on May 17 by Saldana . Saldana said that she lobbied Abrams for four years : `` If we make a sequel , Uhura needs to kick ass '' . On May 9 , Cumberbatch appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman . On May 10 , Cho , Pegg , and Eve had a radio interview on The Bob Rivers Show . They discussed approaching a body of work already mastered by an earlier generation of actors , agreeing that they would remain with the franchise as long as it lasted . That night , Chris Pine appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman ; Letterman showed a gag reel of robots in a black - and - white film before showing a clip from Into Darkness . Pine said that he had to gain weight for the role of Captain Kirk . One story told by cast members during the promotion concerned an on - set prank initially devised by Pegg , which he later noted grew out of proportion . While filming at the National Ignition Facility , Pegg and Pine ( with the crew 's help ) tricked the arriving actors into believing there was `` ambient radiation '' at the location and they had to wear `` neutron cream '' to avoid being burned by it . Cumberbatch was tricked into signing a release ( which was meant to give the joke away , but he signed it without reading it ) , while Urban and Cho were tricked into recording a public service announcement about the necessity for neutron cream . On May 13 , Abrams appeared on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , and on May 16 , Pine appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . On May 14 , Abrams , Zachary Quinto , Pine , and Alice Eve appeared on The Urgant Show ( Russian : Вечерний Ургант ) in Russia . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Into Darkness earned $13.5 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada , lower than Star Trek 's $30.9 million . The film earned $22 million the following Friday , also lower than its predecessor 's earnings four years earlier ( $26 million ) . It earned $70.6 million during its opening weekend , finishing in the US box - office top spot ( above The Great Gatsby and Iron Man 3 ) . Total weekend earnings were $84.1 million , including the early - showing grosses . Although these were lower than Paramount 's projected box - office earnings , studio vice-chairman Rob Moore said he was `` extremely pleased '' with the sequel 's performance . Several weeks after release , the film grossed $147 million at the foreign box office , surpassing the lifetime international earnings of its predecessor . Into Darkness reached the top spot of China 's box office with a $25.8 million gross , tripling the overall earnings of the previous film during its opening weekend . Star Trek Into Darkness ended its North American theatrical run on September 12 , 2013 , with a box office total of $228,778,661 , which places it as the 11th highest - grossing film for 2013 . It earned $467,365,246 worldwide , ranking it in 14th place for 2013 , and making it the highest - grossing film of the franchise . Scott Mendelson of Forbes contends that the film 's box office performance was the result of Paramount 's inability to sell the basic components of the film 's story , and inclusion of Khan `` for little reason other than marketability and then spent the next year or so lying to everyone and claiming said villain was n't in the picture ... With no added value elements to sell , Paramount was forced to craft a generic campaign based around Benedict Cumberbatch as `` Generic Bad Guy '' , so the excitement never took hold ... This was adding to the idea that merely withholding basic story elements is tantamount to promising stunning plot twists ... and it made fans and general moviegoers less excited about Star Trek 2 than they were four , three , or even two years ago . '' Calculating in all expenses , Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $29.9 million . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 86 % , based on 271 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Visually spectacular and suitably action packed , Star Trek Into Darkness is a rock - solid installment in the venerable sci - fi franchise , even if it 's not as fresh as its predecessor . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 72 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . It received an average grade of `` A '' from market - research firm CinemaScore . Critics called it a `` rousing adventure '' and `` a riveting action - adventure in space '' . Cumberbatch 's performance attracted praise from critics , with Peter Travers of Rolling Stone calling it a `` tour de force to reckon with '' and his character `` a villain for the ages '' . Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News wrote that Cumberbatch delivered `` one of the best blockbuster villains in recent memory '' . Jonathan Romney of The Independent noted Cumberbatch 's voice , saying it was `` so sepulchrally resonant that it could have been synthesised from the combined timbres of Ian McKellen , Patrick Stewart , and Alan Rickman holding an elocution contest down a well '' . The New York Times praised his screen presence : `` He fuses Byronic charisma with an impatient , imperious intelligence that seems to raise the ambient I.Q. whenever he 's on screen '' . However , not all of reviews were positive ; The Independent said the film would `` underwhelm even the Trekkies '' . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one - and - a-half stars ( out of four ) , saying it had a `` limp plot '' and the `` special effects are surprisingly cheesy for a big - budget event movie '' . A.O. Scott dismissed the film in The New York Times : `` It 's uninspired hackwork , and the frequent appearance of blue lens flares does not make this movie any more of a personal statement '' . The film was criticized for a scene with actress Alice Eve 's character Carol Marcus in her underwear , which was called `` wholly unnecessary '' and `` gratuitous '' . Screenwriter and producer Damon Lindelof apologized on Twitter for the scene : `` I take responsibility and will be more mindful in the future '' . On Conan , Abrams addressed the matter by debuting a deleted scene of actor Benedict Cumberbatch 's character Khan taking a shower . Eve addressed the underwear controversy at a 2013 Las Vegas Star Trek Convention and said , `` I did n't know it would cause such a ruckus . I did n't feel exploited . '' The second one , where Benedict Cumberbatch played Khan , I thought was unfortunate . Benedict Cumberbatch is a wonderful actor . I love everything that he 's done , but if he was going to be playing that character , J.J. should have made him an original character that 's singular to him . Because the Khan character first appeared in our TV series , `` Space Seed '' and Ricardo Montalbán was sensational in our second movie -- he was the title character , The Wrath of Khan , you know ! The other thought that Gene Roddenberry always had in the back of his mind -- and that was his philosophy -- was to embrace the diversity of this planet . -- George Takei , who originated the role of Hikaru Sulu and appeared in Star Trek films and TV episodes Despite an acclaimed performance from Cumberbatch , Christian Blauvelt of Hollywood.com criticized the casting of the actor as Khan Noonien Singh , saying that the character had been `` whitewashed into oblivion '' , since Khan is an explicitly non-white character Star Trek canon ( introduced as a Sikh and former ruler of much of eastern Eurasia ) . There have been similar accusations of whitewashing by fans and American Sikhs , with Star Trek : Voyager actor Garrett Wang tweeting `` The casting of Cumberbatch was a mistake on the part of the producers . I am not being critical of the actor or his talent , just the casting '' . George Takei , the original Hikaru Sulu , was also disappointed with the casting , as he thought it would have been better to cast Cumberbatch not as an established villain like Khan but as a new character . On Trekmovie.com , co-producer and co-screenwriter Bob Orci addressed Khan 's casting : `` Basically , as we went through the casting process and we began honing in on the themes of the movie , it became uncomfortable for me to support demonizing anyone of color , particularly any one of Middle Eastern descent or anyone evoking that . One of the points of the movie is that we must be careful about the villain within US , not some other race '' . An in - canon comic book has subsequently been created to retcon Khan 's hitherto unexplained change in ethnicity in the film . In an interview with Buzzfeed two years after the film 's release , Abrams addressed some of the film 's shortcomings . He thought that the dynamic for Kirk and Spock 's relationship in the film `` was n't really clear . '' For keeping the identity of Khan a secret prior to the film 's release , Abrams felt he `` was trying to preserve the fun for the audience , and not just tell them something that the characters do n't learn for 45 minutes into the movie , so the audience would n't be so ahead of it . '' In the end , Abrams recognized that `` there were certain things I was unsure of ... Any movie ... has a fundamental conversation happening during it . And ( for Into Darkness , ) I did n't have it ... ( The problems with the plot ) was not anyone 's fault but mine , or , frankly , anyone 's problem but mine . ( The script ) was a little bit of a collection of scenes that were written by my friends ... And yet , I found myself frustrated by my choices , and unable to hang my hat on an undeniable thread of the main story . So then I found myself on that movie basically tap - dancing as well as I could to try and make the sequences as entertaining as possible ... I would never say that I do n't think that the movie ended up working . But I feel like it did n't work as well as it could have had I made some better decisions before we started shooting . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Star Trek Into Darkness Home Media ( edit ) Star Trek Into Darkness was released as a digital download on August 20 , 2013 . It was first released on DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D in the United Kingdom on September 2 and in the United States and Canada on September 10 . The British retailer Sainsbury 's has an exclusive edition with a second bonus DVD disc containing 33 minutes of extra features . There is also a Special Limited Edition Blu - ray set available with a model on a stand of USS Vengeance as seen in this movie . In North America , the release is split into various retailer exclusives . Retailer Best Buy has an exclusive Blu - ray edition with 30 minutes of additional content , available on disc in Canada , and via streaming service CinemaNow in the United States . Target 's Blu - ray edition also has 30 minutes of additional content that is different from Best Buy 's . Online retailer iTunes ' version comes with audio commentary for the film not available in the retailer exclusives . A collection of deleted scenes is available exclusively via the Xbox SmartGlass second - screen app paired with the Xbox Video release of the film . The split of the special features between various retailers has attracted criticism from fans . In particular , The Digital Bits ' editor Bill Hunt remarked that `` taking fully half or more of the disc - based special features created for a major Blu - ray release and casting them to the winds as retailer exclusives , thus forcing your customers to go on an expensive scavenger hunt is , I 'm sorry , absolutely outrageous . Seriously , if Paramount is going to treat its Blu - ray customers like this , they should just get out of the business altogether . Or better yet , farm all their titles out to third party licensees who will treat these films and Blu - ray customers in general with greater care and respect . '' Weeks after posting his article , Hunt himself was invited by Paramount to discuss about the issue of giving away the film 's special features to different retail partners . He suggested `` ( putting ) together the true special edition that should have been delivered from the start , with all of the extras that got scattered around to different retailers , including the enhanced audio commentary , plus all - new content just for this release ... ( and ) to consider offering the IMAX version of the film ... '' This eventually resulted with the release of Star Trek : The Compendium , a box set that includes all of the previously retailer exclusive special features , plus additional features for such as a gag reel , alongside both the theatrical release of Star Trek ( 2009 ) and the IMAX 2D version of Star Trek Into Darkness . Both of Abrams ' Star Trek films were among the first titles released by Paramount Home Media Distribution for the Ultra HD Blu - ray format , and were widely praised as reference quality titles . See also ( edit ) Star Trek film series List of adventure films of the 2010s List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of science fiction films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Into Darkness official site '' . Paramount Pictures . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` STAR TREK INTO DARKNESS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Feature Film Production Report '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. March 6 , 2014 . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ong , Thuy ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` New Star Trek boldly voyages to Australia for premiere '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . 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Abrams Says Star Trek Sequel Will Shoot in 2D and Possibly IMAX ; Will Post-Convert to 3D '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orci , Bob ( February 12 , 2011 ) . `` boborci '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 : Paramount Has n't Seen Script ; Already Financing Pre-Production '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ryan Reboot Crawling Through Development ; Chris Pine Likely to Be Seen First in Star Trek 2 '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Star Trek 2 writer offers update on the sequel '' . Totalfilm.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 Update : J. J. Abrams Returning To Star Fleet Once Super 8 Wraps '' . MTV . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek 2 ' Delayed Until Holidays 2012 with J.J. Abrams Set to Direct ? '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . 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Female First . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rudd , Andy ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness : 50 things you did n't know about Star Trek '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 things you did n't know about Star Trek '' . Virgin Media . May 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Litaer , Lieven . `` Marc Okrand about Star Trek Into Darkness '' . qepHom.de . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony . `` Exclusive : Star Trek Sequel Title Confirmed '' . Trekmovie.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount confirms ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' as official sequel title '' . HitFix . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wales , George . `` Star Trek 2 gets an official title '' . TotalFilm . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.J. Abrams y la reinvención de ' Star Trek ' '' ( in Spanish ) . ElImparcial.com . June 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2012 . 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Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Korman , Arik ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Simon Pegg , John Cho and Alice Eve from Star Trek ( Video ) '' . The Bob Rivers Show . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Boldly Goes Where We 've Already Been '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Matt ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Star Trek into Darkness will be in Dolby 's new Atmos sound format '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dolby and Paramount Pictures Embark on New Frontiers for J.J. Abrams ' Star Trek into Darkness '' . Dolby Laboratories . November 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Win a Walk - On Role in Star Trek 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams Reveals Three Frames of Star Trek Into Darkness '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Worgan , Mark . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' Poster Revealed : Will Aliens Invade London ? '' . Entertainment Wise . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' trailer : Benedict Cumberbatch wreaks havoc '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 synopsis , poster unveiled '' . 3 News NZ . December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' unveiling nine minutes of IMAX 3D footage '' . MSN . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Super Bowl XLVII To Air 6 Studio Film Ads '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness App Unveils New Release Date '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live long and prosper with the Star Trek App for Windows Phone 8 '' . Windows Phone Central . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Star Trek Into Darkness International One - Sheet Poster + More Details On UK / Ireland Tues . Tix Sales '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sam ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness -- Now THAT 'S a star sign : How did London 's night sky come to be lit up with Star Trek symbol ? '' . Daily M. Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ascending Technologies news release about the Earth Hour event with information and related links '' . Ascending Technologies . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Domestic Poster Has Arrived + Trailer Online Next Tuesday '' . trekmovie.com. April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Paramount Hopes New ' Star Trek ' Is a Global Crowd - Pleaser '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Pine , Chris ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pine 's Trouble with Dribbles '' . Late Show with David Letterman . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch Explains How Chris Pine Got Him to Put Neutron Cream All Over His Face '' . E !. May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness villain Benedict Cumberbatch admits falling for ' neutron cream ' prank to protect him from lasers during filming '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Play Presents Star Trek Into Darkness : Behind the Scenes with Benedict Cumberbatch '' ( video ) . Google Play . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Urban : Dredd , Star Trek & The Story of ' Neutron Cream ' -- The Most Elaborate Film Prank Ever '' . PopcornTaxi . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Jon ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Daily Show , May 13 , 2013 - J.J. Abrams '' . The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Zayda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness ' star Chris Pine on ' Ellen ' : My fans call themselves ' Pine Nuts ' '' . Daily News . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Suders , Ray ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Forecast : ' Star Trek ' Sequel Targets $100 Million Four - Day Start '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' boldly goes to $84 million at box office '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Fast ' Falls , Magicians Make Will Smith Disappear '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Clarence ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' Debuts at No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` The Best - And Worst - Marketed Movies Of Summer 2013 '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 6 ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Vs. # 11 ' The Croods ' ; # 3 ' Despicable Me 2 ′ Vs. # 14 Star Trek Into Darkness ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' prospers at box office on Thursday bow '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard , Blake ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` REVIEW : Star Trek Into Darkness '' . Graffiti With Punctuation . Jump up ^ Farrier , David ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness review '' . 3 News . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' movie review '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Jonathan Romney on Star Trek Into Darkness : Benedict Cumberbatch , a supervillain worlds apart '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Kirk and Spock , in Their Roughhousing Days '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Anthony ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Film review : Star Trek Into Darkness - JJ Abrams ' Starfleet return will underwhelm even the Trekkies '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Lost in space : `` Star Trek '' movie review `` . New York Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . What the ' Trek ' ! The limp plot of this silly new sequel has its phasers set to dumb . Jump up ^ Wright , Eddie ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Daily Geek : Quicksilver Is Everywhere , Cumberbatch Showering Into Darkness , And More '' . MTV Geek ! . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pantozzi , Jill ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Damon Lindelof Tweets Apology For Star Trek Female Criticism '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams Shows a Deleted `` Star Trek Into Darkness '' Scene `` . Teamcoco.com . May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com staff . `` Star Trek Las Vegas 2013 : Day 2 Recap '' , StarTrek.com . August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Takei on His YouTube Series , Takei 's Take , His Thoughts on Trolling and J.J. Abrams ' Star Trek Films '' . IGN . December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` A ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' Fan Review : Your ' Star Wars ' Prequel Anger Is What I Feel Now '' . 2 . Khan . Hollywood.com . p. 1 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fratangelo , Jennifer ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness Boldly Goes '' . The Alternative Press.com . p. 1 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sammy , Marissa ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek : Into Whiteness '' . sikhnet.com . p. 1 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wang , Garrett ( May 19 , 2013 ) . `` The casting of Cumberbatch '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Into Darkness Open Week Thread + Polls '' . TrekMovie.com . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' STAR TREK : KHAN ' FINALLY ANSWERS WHY BENEDICT CUMBERBATCH WAS SO WHITE IN ' DARKNESS ' '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Triumphs And Mistakes That Got J.J. Abrams Ready For `` Star Wars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' hits Blu - ray and DVD on ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 Into Darkness DVD Release Date '' . OnDVDReleases.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Coming to DVD and Blu - ray on September 10 '' . ComingSoon.net . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness home release with SteelBook case and ship miniature '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IGN Movies ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness Blu - ray Retail Exclusive Preview '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Jump up ^ `` '' Into Darkness '' Exclusives , Part I : Video VAM `` . TrekCore.com . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE ! ' Into Darkness ' Deleted Scenes , Part I TrekCore Blog '' . Trekcore.com . February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount has a blu - ray problem '' . The Digital Bits . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount finally makes the Trek Into Darkness BD right with Star Trek : The Compendium '' . The Digital Bits . June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Trek Into Darkness . 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Abrams Films Director Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 , also wrote ) Star Trek ( 2009 , also produced ) Super 8 ( 2011 , also wrote , produced ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 , also produced ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 , also wrote , produced ) Writer Taking Care of Business ( 1990 ) Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) Forever Young ( 1992 ) Gone Fishin ' ( 1997 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Joy Ride ( 2001 , also produced ) Producer The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) The Suburbans ( 1999 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Morning Glory ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) The Cloverfield Paradox ( 2018 ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ( 2018 ) Overlord ( 2018 ) Television Felicity ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Alias ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Lost ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Undercovers ( 2010 ) Demimonde ( TBA ) Related Bad Robot Productions Damon Lindelof Creator Lost ( 2004 -- 10 ) The Leftovers ( 2014 -- 17 ) Writer and Producer Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) World War Z ( 2013 ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) Tomorrowland ( 2015 ) Producer Star Trek ( 2009 ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Star Trek portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek_Into_Darkness&oldid=849968593 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films Paramount Pictures films American films 2013 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films American science fiction films American space adventure films American adventure films American sequel films Cryonics in fiction Films about terrorism Films set in the 23rd century Films set in the future Films set in London Films set in San Francisco Films shot in Iceland Films shot in Los Angeles IMAX films Science fiction adventure films Star Trek ( film franchise ) Bad Robot Productions films Skydance Media films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films directed by J.J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the doctor in star trek into darkness	[ "Chris Pine as Captain James T. Kirk, commanding officer of the starship Enterprise\nZachary Quinto as Commander Spock, first officer and science officer\nBenedict Cumberbatch as John Harrison / Khan, a superhuman genetically engineered during the Eugenics Wars\nSimon Pegg as Lieutenant Commander Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, second officer and chief engineer\nKarl Urban as Lieutenant Commander Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy M.D., chief medical officer\nZoe Saldana as Lieutenant Nyota Uhura, communications officer\nAlice Eve as Lieutenant Carol Marcus,[9] a science officer who uses the pseudonym \"Carol Wallace\" to board Enterprise\nJohn Cho as Lieutenant Hikaru Sulu, third officer and helmsman\nPeter Weller as Fleet Admiral Alexander Marcus, Carol's father, commander-in-chief of Starfleet, and a secret warmonger\nAnton Yelchin as Ensign Pavel Chekov, navigator and Scott's temporary replacement as chief engineer\nBruce Greenwood as Admiral Christopher Pike, Kirk's mentor and previous captain of Enterprise[10]" ]	[ "Karl Urban" ]
9140427013516452530	Sulphur Springs, Texas	Sulphur Springs , Texas - wikipedia Sulphur Springs , Texas For the fishing resort and former spa in San Saba County , see Bend , Texas § Sulphur Springs . City in Texas , United States Sulphur Springs , Texas City Sulphur Springs in 2015 Motto ( s ) : `` Just Play . Have Fun . Celebrate . '' Location of Sulphur Springs , Texas Coordinates : 33 ° 8 ′ 3 '' N 95 ° 36 ′ 7 '' W / 33.13417 ° N 95.60194 ° W / 33.13417 ; - 95.60194 Coordinates : 33 ° 8 ′ 3 '' N 95 ° 36 ′ 7 '' W / 33.13417 ° N 95.60194 ° W / 33.13417 ; - 95.60194 Country United States State Texas County Hopkins Government Type Council - Manager City Council Mayor John A. Sellers Mayor Pro Tem Oscar Aguilar Craig Johnson Clay Walker Freddie Taylor Emily Glass Dan Froneberger City Manager Marc Maxwell Area Total 23.6 sq mi ( 61.2 km ) Land 20.2 sq mi ( 52.4 km ) Water 3.4 sq mi ( 8.8 km ) Elevation 502 ft ( 153 m ) Population ( 2017 ) Total 16,029 Density 680 / sq mi ( 260 / km ) Time zone Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 75482 - 75483 Area code ( s ) 903 FIPS code 48 - 70904 GNIS feature ID 1348056 Website www.sulphurspringstx.org Sulphur Springs is a city in Hopkins County , Texas , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 15,449 . It is the county seat of Hopkins County . Sulphur Springs is located along the western edge of Northeast Texas . Contents 1 History 2 Sites of interest 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Transportation 5.1 Intercity 5.2 Highways 5.3 Airport 5.4 Railroad 6 Top employers 7 Education 8 Notable people 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Sulphur Springs derives its name from the fact that when the area was first settled , springs of sulfur water were abundant . Long before the first European - American settlers arrived , Native American tribes had occupied the areas around the springs and used them for their therapeutic value . The settlers also gathered around the springs , and the town developed around this area from the late 1840s . Eli Bib , one of the first European - American settlers , ran a store from his cabin , selling staples , whiskey , persimmon beer , and slabs of ginger cake . In 1849 , Dr. and Mrs. Davis moved into the area . Dr. Davis envisioned the spot as a future city . In 1850 the residents organized the area 's first church , the Methodist Episcopal . Construction of the church was completed in 1853 . In 1852 , the Presbyterian Church was organized . At that time , the population of the village was 441 . In order to serve the growing group of people , commodities began to be brought in from nearby Jefferson . New stores were established . The village became a city in 1854 when the first post office was established . The city 's name was originally `` Bright Star '' . Mail to and from the city was delivered by the Pony Express . On May 18 , 1871 , the legislature moved the county seat of Hopkins county from Tarrant to Sulphur Springs , and the name `` Bright Star '' was removed from the postal directory . Sulphur Springs Veterans ' Memorial at the downtown courthouse Local government organized slowly . The first known mayor was William A. Wortham . In 1854 , Wortham had bought the Texas Star press and moved to Sulphur Springs . He , his brother - in - law , and Bill Davis established the city 's first newspaper . Building being rehabilitated as the new City Hall The county seat had numerous newspapers . Echo Publishing Company was founded in 1897 . It was the first steam - powered press in Sulphur Springs . After the first plant was lost to a fire , a new plant was constructed which used gasoline as fuel . In 1884 the Sulphur Springs Enterprise was founded . In the same year , James Harvey `` Cyclone '' Davis , a Populist ( People 's Party ) US congressman , founded the Alliance Vindicator ; it was published until 1901 . John S. Bagwell bought the Hopkins County Echo in 1916 . In 1924 , the Texas Star was merged into the Daily News Telegram . The Daily News Telegram later was renamed the Daily Gazette and still later the Weekly Gazette . Eventually , all these newspapers were merged into the Sulphur Springs News - Telegram and the Hopkins County Echo , both of which still operate . In 1857 the city set aside 10 acres ( 40,000 m ) of land for Bright Star University . The Sulphur Springs District Conference High School began in 1877 , established on Bright Star University land on College Street . In December 1882 , the school became known as Central College . It was owned by the Methodist Episcopal Church . It was later renamed Eastman College and Conservatory of Music and Art under a new charter and after the leading professor . Before the year 1900 , the college burned and Professor Eastman left the area . The First National Bank of Sulphur Springs received its national charter in 1855 . It is now known as City National Bank . In 1857 the area 's first steam - powered factory was established by the Bell brothers . In the same year , the Morro Castle was built on North Street . Its builders remain unknown . C. Denton was elected to lead the new city government , which was incorporated during the Reconstruction Era . During the Civil War , the town had lost its charter and had to be incorporated again by the state legislature . In 1868 , federal troops moved into Sulphur Springs and occupied the city for a period of two years during Reconstruction , in an effort to protect freedmen after emancipation . Upon their departure and the end of the military occupation , A.J. Bridges was elected as mayor . The construction of a railroad line from Mineola , Texas , in 1872 stimulated growth in the city . Settlers were drawn by tales of the healing powers of the city 's sulphur baths . Due to population growth , the springs of sulphur were gradually covered . None are active today . A rail was run from Jefferson to Sulphur Springs in 1879 . The St. Louis , Arkansas & Texas Railroad ( Cotton Belt ) was built through Sulphur Springs in 1887 on its way to Commerce and Sherman . The next year the line was completed to Fort Worth , connecting the city to a major market . In 1891 the bankrupt railroad was sold to Jay Gould interests and renamed the St. Louis Southwestern Railway . Hopkins County Courthouse in downtown Sulphur Springs An ice plant was built in 1887 . The city 's courthouse , which is still used today , was constructed in 1895 . In 1904 , wells were dug to supply the city with water . In the same year , a long distance telephone line was run to nearby Greenville . In 1889 , the City National Bank was organized . After World War II , the city adopted a new council - manager type of government . It stimulated new programs . Industrialization brought new plants and factories to the city . The population has grown as a result . In 2016 it was estimated at over 16,000 . The dairy industry was a major component of the local economy from the late 1940s through 1995 . The Southwest Dairy Museum in the city features artifacts on the history of the dairy industry . The industry began to shrink largely because of declining milk prices , higher labor costs , and large corporations operating industrial - scale dairies . Large industries in the area today include Pinnacle , Ocean Spray , Grocery Supply , Jeld - Wen , Clayton Home Mfg. , Flowserve , and others . For several months in 2012 , Hopkins County enjoyed a very low unemployment rate at approximately 4.5 % and 500 + jobs added . Courthouse Square - ground view of plaza Splash Pad in Downtown Sulphur Springs Sites of interest ( edit ) The city public library has two unique collections : the Leo St. Clair Music Box Collection includes more than 150 unique music boxes , and the Sinclair World War II Collection displays letters , pictures , and other World War II artifacts . The Southwest Dairy Museum and Learning Center depicts all facets of milk production and the history of the dairy industry . Its old - fashioned soda bar sells ice cream , sodas and light lunches to visitors . The Farm and Art Market is located downtown from May through October during the evening . In 2012 , American Farmland Trust voted the market `` America 's Favorite Farmers Market '' . There are several parks in the city that feature recreational opportunities : Coleman Lake and Park is a 186 - acre ( 75 ha ) park with waterfalls , trails , and tournament - rated ball parks . Imagination Mountain has a waterfall , with tunnels , slides and sandpits . Buford Park is a one - acre park with castle playground known as Kid 's Kingdom . The local walking trail crosses Pea Vine Pinion pond . Hopkins County Museum and Heritage Park features 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) of historical buildings which have been relocated to the park for restoration and preservation . Activities at the park include people churning butter , blacksmithing , and cooking with a Dutch oven . Farther afield , Cooper Lake State Park , 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of Sulphur Springs , has more than 2,500 acres ( 1,000 ha ) of terrain and 19,300 acres ( 7,800 ha ) of lake . Lake Fork Reservoir , renowned for champion bass fishing , is 15 miles south of Sulphur Springs . Geography ( edit ) Sulphur Springs is at the center of Hopkins County , roughly halfway between Dallas and Texarkana . Interstate 30 passes through the south side of the city , with access from exits 120 through 127 . I - 30 leads east 38 miles ( 61 km ) to Mount Pleasant and 100 miles ( 160 km ) to Texarkana , while to the west it leads 30 miles ( 48 km ) to Greenville and 79 miles ( 127 km ) to Dallas . Texas State Highway 19 runs through the western side of Sulphur Springs , leading north 37 miles ( 60 km ) to Paris and southwest 44 miles ( 71 km ) to Canton . Texas State Highway 11 passes through the southern and western sides of Sulphur Springs , leading southeast 23 miles ( 37 km ) to Winnsboro and northwest 20 miles ( 32 km ) to Commerce . Texas State Highway 154 runs through the center of Sulphur Springs as Gilmer Street and Church Street , leading north 21 miles ( 34 km ) to Cooper and south 27 miles ( 43 km ) to Quitman . According to the United States Census Bureau , Sulphur Springs has a total area of 23.6 square miles ( 61.2 km ) , of which 20.2 square miles ( 52.4 km ) are land and 3.4 square miles ( 8.8 km ) , or 14.38 % , are water . The city is part of the Rock Creek ( White Oak Creek ) watershed , which flows east to the Sulphur River , a tributary of the Red River . Climate ( edit ) Sulphur Springs is considered to be part of the humid subtropical area . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 621 -- 1870 921 48.3 % 1880 1,854 101.3 % 1890 3,038 63.9 % 1900 3,635 19.7 % 1910 5,151 41.7 % 1920 5,558 7.9 % 1930 5,417 − 2.5 % 1940 6,742 24.5 % 1950 8,991 33.4 % 1960 9,160 1.9 % 1970 10,642 16.2 % 1980 12,804 20.3 % 14,062 9.8 % 2000 14,551 3.5 % 15,449 6.2 % Est. 2017 16,029 3.8 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010 , there were 15,449 people , 5,959 households , and 3,987 families residing in the city . The population density was 867 people per square mile ( 314.6 / km2 ) . There were 6,654 housing units at an average density of 372.8 per square mile ( 140.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 68.4 % White , 12.6 % African American , 0.4 % Native American , 0.5 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , . 08 % from other races , and 2.1 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.9 % of the population . There were 5,959 households out of which 30.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 46.1 % were married couples living together , 15.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 33.1 % were non-families. 28.4 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.1 people . In the city , the population was spread out with 28.8 % under the age of 19 , 6.7 % from 20 to 24 , 25.3 % from 25 to 44 , 23.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 15.5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36.2 years . For every 100 females , there were 92 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 88 males . The median income for a household in the city was $42,701 , and the median income for a family was $36,802 . Males had a median income of $32,022 versus $20,325 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,967 . About 12.6 % of families and 16.4 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.5 % of those under age 18 and 14.3 % of those age 65 or over . Transportation ( edit ) Intercity ( edit ) Greyhound provides daily service to Dallas and points west , and Texarkana , Arkansas , and all points east . There is no bus depot in Sulphur Springs proper . The Greyhound buses stop at the Pilot truck stop . Amtrak does not directly serve Sulphur Springs . Its Texas Eagle train stops in Mineola , 36 miles ( 58 km ) south of Sulphur Springs , with daily service to San Antonio and Chicago , and thrice - weekly service to Los Angeles . Highways ( edit ) Sulphur Springs is served by the following highways that run through the city : Interstate 30 U.S. Highway 67 ( runs concurrent with Interstate 30 ) State Highway 11 State Highway 19 State Highway 154 State Loop 301 Airport ( edit ) The city is served by a municipal airport . It was named Texas Airport of the Year for 2003 by the Federal Aviation Administration . Railroad ( edit ) Railroad service is provided by the Kansas City Southern Railroad , and the shortline Blacklands Railroad is based in Sulphur Springs . Top employers ( edit ) # Employer # of Employees Sulphur Springs Independent School District 634 Grocery Supply Company 450 Walmart 400 Hopkins County Hospital 357 5 Saputo Foods Inc . 320 6 Owen Sausage 242 7 CMH Manufacturing 218 8 Flowserve 200 9 Hopkins County 160 10 City of Sulphur Springs 150 Education ( edit ) The city is served by the Sulphur Springs Independent School District . Sulphur Springs High School has the Wildcats as its sports mascot . The Paris Junior College location in Sulphur Springs Sulphur Springs Center Paris Junior College is a post-secondary educational institution located in the city , offering two - year college courses . Texas A&M University -- Commerce , a major university of over 12,000 students , has a campus in the city of Commerce , 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of Sulphur Springs . Notable people ( edit ) Earl Black and Merle Black , noted political scientists Kaci Brown , pop singer Erwin Cain , attorney and Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives Jim Chapman , congressman Mandy Clark , birthname Amanda Barney , voice actress Keenan Clayton , NFL linebacker Fair to Midland , progressive metal band Steve George , NFL defensive tackle Forrest Gregg , SMU football , all Southwest Conference , All - Pro Green Bay Packers , Dallas Cowboys , NFL Coach -- Cincinnati Bengals , NFL Hall of Famer Tyreo Harrison , NFL linebacker Colleen Hoover , New York Times best - selling author Damione Lewis , NFL defensive tackle Gerald Mann , Texas Attorney General and SMU quarterback Caleb Miller , NFL linebacker Gary Panter , artist , illustrator , musician Grover Sellers , Texas Attorney General References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Census Summary File 1 ( G001 ) : Sulphur Springs city , Texas '' . American Factfinder . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kelsey , Mavis Parrott ; Dyal , Donald H. ; Thrower , Frank ( 2007 ) . The Courthouses of Texas . Texas A&M University Press . p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.sulphurspringstx.org/2014_FINAL__2___1_.pdf Jump up ^ Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 1987 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 1988 . National Journal . p. 1138 . External links ( edit ) Texas portal United States portal City of Sulphur Springs official website Sulphur Springs Department of Tourism Sulphur Springs Independent School District Municipalities and communities of Hopkins County , Texas , United States County seat : Sulphur Springs Cities Cumby Sulphur Springs Towns Como Tira Unincorporated communities Addran Birthright Brashear Dike Gafford Pickton Saltillo Sulphur Bluff Ghost towns Dillon Who 'd Thought It State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas County seats of Texas Abilene Albany Alice Alpine Amarillo Anahuac Anderson Andrews Angleton Anson Archer City Aspermont Athens Austin Baird Ballinger Bandera Bastrop Bay City Beaumont Beeville Bellville Belton Benjamin Big Lake Big Spring Boerne Bonham Boston Brackettville Brady Breckenridge Brenham Brownfield Brownsville Brownwood Bryan Burnet Caldwell Cameron Canadian Canton Canyon Carrizo Springs Carthage Center Centerville Channing Childress Clarendon Clarksville Claude Cleburne Coldspring Coleman Colorado City Columbus Comanche Conroe Cooper Corpus Christi Corsicana Cotulla Crane Crockett Crosbyton Crowell Crystal City Cuero Daingerfield Dalhart Dallas Decatur Del Rio Denton Dickens Dimmitt Dumas Eagle Pass Eastland Edinburg El Paso Eldorado Emory Fairfield Falfurrias Farwell Floresville Floydada Fort Davis Fort Stockton Fort Worth Franklin Fredericksburg Gail Gainesville Galveston Garden City Gatesville George West Georgetown Giddings Gilmer Glen Rose Goldthwaite Goliad Gonzales Graham Granbury Greenville Groesbeck Groveton Guthrie Hallettsville Hamilton Haskell Hebbronville Hemphill Hempstead Henderson Henrietta Hereford Hillsboro Hondo Houston Huntsville Jacksboro Jasper Jayton Jefferson Johnson City Jourdanton Junction Karnes City Kaufman Kermit Kerrville Kingsville Kountze La Grange Lamesa Lampasas Laredo Leakey Levelland Liberty Linden Lipscomb Littlefield Livingston Llano Lockhart Longview Lubbock Lufkin Madisonville Marfa Marlin Marshall Mason Matador McKinney Memphis Menard Mentone Meridian Mertzon Miami Midland Monahans Montague Morton Mount Pleasant Mount Vernon Muleshoe Nacogdoches New Braunfels Newton Odessa Orange Ozona Paducah Paint Rock Palestine Palo Pinto Pampa Panhandle Paris Pearsall Pecos Perryton Pittsburg Plains Plainview Port Lavaca Post Q Quanah Quitman Rankin Raymondville Refugio Richmond Rio Grande City Robert Lee Roby Rockport Rocksprings Rockwall Rusk San Angelo San Antonio San Augustine San Diego San Marcos San Saba Sanderson Sarita Seguin Seminole Seymour Sherman Sierra Blanca Silverton Sinton Snyder Sonora Spearman Stanton Stephenville Sterling City Stinnett Stratford Sulphur Springs Sweetwater Tahoka Throckmorton Tilden Tulia Tyler U Uvalde V Van Horn Vega Vernon Victoria Waco Waxahachie Weatherford Wellington Wharton Wheeler Wichita Falls Woodville Z Zapata Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulphur_Springs,_Texas&oldid=844249325 '' Categories : Cities in Hopkins County , Texas Cities in Texas County seats in Texas Micropolitan areas of Texas Hidden categories : Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 17 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did sulphur springs texas get its name	[]	[]
-3780544508237188515	Guinness World Records	Guinness World Records - wikipedia Guinness World Records Guinness World Records Editor Craig Glenday ( ed . ) Cover artist Simon Jones Language English , Arabic , Azerbaijani , Bulgarian , Chinese , Croatian , Czech , Danish , Dutch , Estonian , Fijian , Filipino , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Icelandic , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Latvian , Lithuanian , Norwegian , Persian , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Slovene , Spanish , Swedish and Turkish Subject World Records Genre Reference Publisher Jim Pattison Group Publication date 10 November 1951 -- present Published in English 27 August 1955 -- present Media type Book , television Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best - selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2017 edition , it is now in its 62nd year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records ; the organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Evolution 3 Defining records 3.1 Ethical and safety issues 3.2 Difficulty in defining records 4 Verifying existing records 5 Museums 6 Television series 7 Gamer 's edition 8 British pop music volume 9 Other media 9.1 Video games 9.2 Film 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) On 10 November 1951 , Sir Hugh Beaver , then the managing director of the Guinness Breweries , went on a shooting party in the North Slob , by the River Slaney in County Wexford , Ireland . After missing a shot at a golden plover , he became involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe , the golden plover or the red grouse ( it is the plover ) . That evening at Castlebridge House , he realized that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe 's fastest game bird . Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad , but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records . He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful . Beaver 's idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter , who had been running a fact - finding agency in London . The twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954 . A thousand copies were printed and given away . After the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street , London , the first 198 - page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas . The following year , it launched in the US , and sold 70,000 copies . Since then , Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records . The book has gone on to become a record breaker in its own right ; with sales of more than 100 million copies in 100 different countries and 37 languages , Guinness World Records is the world 's best selling copyright book ever . Japanese competitive eater Takeru Kobayashi with two Guinness World Record certificates The North Beach ( Nazaré , Portugal ) listed on the Guinness World Records for the biggest waves ever surfed . Because the book became a surprise hit , many further editions were printed , eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year , published in September / October , in time for Christmas . The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years . Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory ; on the TV series Record Breakers , based upon the book , they would take questions posed by children in the audience on various world records and were able to give the correct answer . Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975 . Following Ross ' assassination , the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot . Guinness Superlatives ( later Guinness World Records ) Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book . Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades . The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001 , when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment . Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002 . In 2006 , Apax Partners purchased HiT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to the Jim Pattison Group , the parent company of Ripley Entertainment , which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records ' Attractions . With offices in New York City and Tokyo , Guinness World Records ' global headquarters remain in London , while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando , Florida , US . Evolution ( edit ) Lucky Diamond Rich is `` the world 's most tattooed person '' , and has tattoos covering his entire body . He holds the Guinness world record as of 2006 , being 100 percent tattooed . Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors . Competitions range from obvious ones such as Olympic weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distances , or for longest time spent playing Grand Theft Auto IV or the number of hot dogs that can be consumed in ten minutes , although eating and alcohol consumption entries are no longer accepted , possibly for fear of litigation . Besides records about competitions , it contains such facts as the heaviest tumour , the most poisonous plant , the shortest river ( Roe River ) , the two longest - running dramas ( General Hospital and Guiding Light ) in the US , and the world 's most successful salesman ( Joe Girard ) , among others . Many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something , such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world , being Maurizio Giuliano . Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database , as well as select new records ; the criteria for inclusion having changed over the years . The ousting of Norris McWhirter from his consulting role in 1995 and the subsequent decision by Diageo Plc to sell the Guinness World Records brand have shifted it from a text - oriented to an illustrated reference book ( `` style over substance '' ) . The majority of world records are no longer listed in the book or on the website , and can only be determined by a written application to Guinness to ' break ' the record . For those unable to wait the 4 -- 6 weeks for a reply , Guinness will process a ' fast - track ' application for £ 300 ( US $450 ) ( EU300 ) . The Guinness Book of Records is the world 's most sold copyrighted book , earning it an entry within its own pages . A number of spin - off books and television series have also been produced . Guinness World Records bestowed the record of `` Person with the most records '' on Ashrita Furman of Queens , NY in April 2009 . At that time , he held 100 records . In 2005 , Guinness designated 9 November as International Guinness World Records Day to encourage breaking of world records . In 2006 , an estimated 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries . Guinness reported 2,244 new records in 12 months , which was a 173 % increase over the previous year . In February 2008 , NBC aired The Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time and Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website . Defining Records ( edit ) Sultan Kösen ( Turkey ) is the tallest living person since 17 September 2009 , as verified by Guinness World Records . Play media Cracking open a wheel of Parmigiano - Reggiano cheese as a part of a 2013 world record by Whole Foods Market . For many records , Guinness World Records is the effective authority on the exact requirements for them and with whom records reside , the company providing adjudicators to events to determine the veracity of record attempts . The list of records which the Guinness World Records covers is not fixed ; records may be added and also removed for various reasons . The public are invited to submit applications for records , which can be either the bettering of existing records or substantial achievements which could constitute a new record . The company also provides corporate services for companies to `` harness the power of record - breaking to deliver tangible success for their businesses . '' Ethical and safety issues ( edit ) Steven Petrosino drinking 1 litre of beer in 1.3 seconds in June 1977 . Petrosino set record times for 250 ml , 500 ml and 1.5 litres as well , but Guinness accepted only the record for one litre . They later dropped all beer and alcohol records from their compendium in 1991 , and reinstated the records in 2008 . Guinness World Records states several types of records it will not accept for ethical reasons , such as those related to the killing or harming of animals . Several world records that were once included in the book have been removed for ethical reasons , including concerns for the well being of potential record breakers . For example , following publication of a `` heaviest fish '' record , many fish owners overfed their pets beyond the bounds of what was healthy , and therefore such entries were removed . The Guinness Book also dropped records within their `` eating and drinking records '' section of Human Achievements in 1991 over concerns that potential competitors could harm themselves and expose the publisher to potential litigation . These changes included the removal of all spirit , wine , and beer drinking records , along with other unusual records for consuming such unlikely things as bicycles and trees . Other records , such as sword swallowing and rally driving ( on public roads ) , were closed from further entry as the current holders had performed beyond what are considered safe human tolerance levels . There have been instances of closed records being reopened . For example , the sword swallowing record was listed as closed in the 1990 Guinness Book of World Records , but the Guinness World Records Primetime TV show , which started in 1998 , accepted three sword swallowing challenges ( and so did the 2007 edition of the Guinness World Records onwards ) . Similarly , the speed beer drinking records which were dropped from the book in 1991 , reappeared 17 years later in the 2008 edition , but were moved from the `` Human Achievements '' section of the older book to the `` Modern Society '' section of the newer edition . As of 2011 , it is required in the guidelines of all `` large food '' type records that the item be fully edible , and distributed to the public for consumption , to prevent food wastage . Chain letters are also not allowed : `` Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters , sent by post or e-mail . If you receive a letter or an e-mail , which may promise to publish the names of all those who send it on , please destroy it , it is a hoax . No matter if it says that Guinness World Records and the postal service are involved , they are not . '' Difficulty in defining Records ( edit ) For some potential categories , Guinness World Records has declined to list some records that are too difficult or impossible to determine . For example , its website states : `` We do not accept any claims for beauty as it is not objectively measurable . '' On 10 December 2010 , Guinness World Records stopped its new `` dreadlock '' category after investigation of its first and only female title holder , Asha Mandela , determining it was impossible to judge this record accurately . Verifying existing Records ( edit ) Guinness World Records website publishes selected records and is not supposed to be used for the record verification purposes , as it explains : `` There are more than 40,000 current records in our database and we try our best to feature as many as possible online . We currently include over 15,000 records online which we update every week , so make sure to check the site regularly ! '' The book printed annually contains only 4,000 records . The only way to verify a record is to contact Guinness , and the average response time is twelve weeks . Museums ( edit ) Guinness Museum in Hollywood In 1976 , a Guinness Book of World Records museum opened in the Empire State Building . Speed shooter Bob Munden then went on tour promoting The Guinness Book of World Records by performing his record fast draws with a standard weight single - action revolver from a western movie type holster . His fastest time for a draw was 0.02 seconds . Among exhibits were life - size statues of the world 's tallest man ( Robert Wadlow ) and world 's largest earth worm , an X-ray photo of a sword swallower , repeated lightning strike victim Roy Sullivan 's hat complete with lightning holes and a pair of gem - studded golf shoes on sale for $6500 . The museum closed in 1995 . In more recent years , the Guinness company has permitted the franchising of small museums with displays based on the book , all currently ( as of 2010 ) located in towns popular with tourists : Tokyo , Copenhagen , San Antonio . There were once Guinness World Records museums and exhibitions at the London Trocadero , Bangalore , San Francisco , Myrtle Beach , Orlando , Atlantic City , New Jersey , and Las Vegas , Nevada . The Orlando museum , which closed in 2002 , was branded The Guinness Records Experience ; the Hollywood , Niagara Falls , Copenhagen , and Gatlinburg , Tennessee museums also previously featured this branding . Television series ( edit ) Guinness World Records has commissioned various television series documenting world record breaking attempts , including : Country Name Network Broadcast Host ( s ) Australia Australia 's Guinness World Records Seven Network 2005 Grant Denyer Shelley Craft Australia Smashes Guinness World Records James Kerley Bulgaria Световните рекорди Гинес bTV 2006 -- 2007 Krasimir Vankov China The Night of Guinness in China CCTV 2006 -- Wang Xuechun Zhu Xun Lin Hai France L'émission des records ( 1999 -- 2002 ) L'été des records ( 2001 ) TF1 1999 -- 2002 Vincent Perrot L'été de tous les records ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 50 ans , 50 records ( 2004 ) France 3 2003 -- 2005 Pierre Sled La nuit des records France 2 2006 Olivier Minne Adriana Karembeu Le monde des records W9 2008 -- 2010 Alexandre Devoise Karine Ferri Les trésors du livre des records Gulli 2015 Fauve Hautot Willy Rovelli Germany Guinness World Records - Die größten Weltrekorde RTL Television 2004 -- 2008 Oliver Welke ( 2004 ) Oliver Geissen ( 2005 -- 2008 ) India Guinness World Records -- Ab India Todega Colors TV 2011 Preity Zinta Shabbir Ahluwalia Italy Lo show dei record Canale 5 2006 ( pilot ) 2008 -- 2012 2015 Barbara d'Urso ( 1 -- 2 ) Paola Perego ( 3 ) Gerry Scotti ( 4 , 6 ) Teo Mammucari ( 5 ) New Zealand NZ Smashes Guinness World Records TV2 2009 Marc Ellis Philippines Guinness Book of World Records Philippine Edition ABC Cookie Calabig Poland Światowe Rekordy Guinnessa Polsat 2009 -- 2011 Maciej Dowbor Portugal Guinness World Records Portugal SIC 2014 Rita Andrade João Ricardo Spain El show de los récords Antena 3 2001 -- 2002 Mar Saura Manu Carreño Mónica Martínez Guinness World Records Telecinco 2009 Carmen Alcayde Luis Alfonso Muñoz Sweden Guinness rekord - TV TV3 1999 -- 2000 Mårten Andersson ( 1999 ) Linda Nyberg ( 1999 ) Harald Treutiger ( 2000 ) Suzanne Sjögren ( 2000 ) United Kingdom Record Breakers BBC1 1972 -- 2001 Roy Castle ( 1972 -- 1993 ) Norris McWhirter ( 1972 -- 85 ) Ross McWhirter ( 1972 -- 75 ) Guinness World Records ( UK ) ITV 1999 -- 2001 Ian Wright Kate Charman Ultimate Guinness World Records Challenge Jamie Rickers Guinness World Records Smashed Sky1 2008 -- 2009 Steve Jones Konnie Huq Totally Bonkers Guinness Book of Records ITV2 2012 -- 2015 Matt Edmondson Officially Amazing CBBC 2013 -- Ben Shires United States The Guinness Game Syndicated 1979 -- 1980 Bob Hilton Don Galloway Guinness World Records Primetime Fox 1998 -- 2001 Cris Collinsworth Mark Thompson Guinness World Records Unleashed / Gone Wild truTV 2013 -- 2014 Dan Cortese Specials : Guinness World Records : 50 Years , 50 Records - on ITV ( UK ) , 11 September 2004 With the popularity of reality television , Guinness World Records began to market itself as the originator of the television genre , with slogans such as we wrote the book on Reality TV . Suresh Joachim Arulanantham is a Tamil Canadian film actor and producer and multiple - Guinness World Record holder who has broken over 50 world records set in several countries in attempts to benefit the underprivileged children around the world . Some world record attempts are more unusual than others : he is pictured here minutes away from breaking the ironing world record at 55 hours and 5 minutes , at Shoppers World , Brampton . Gamer 's edition ( edit ) Not to be confused with Guinness World Records : The Videogame . In 2008 , Guinness World Records released its gamer 's edition , a branch that keeps records for popular video game high scores , code , and feats in association with Twin Galaxies . The Gamer 's Edition contains 258 pages , over 1236 video game related world records and four interviews including one with Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day . The most recent edition is the Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition , 2018 , which was released August 29 , 2017 . British pop music volume ( edit ) Main article : British Hit Singles & Albums The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums was published from 2003 to 2006 , based on two earlier , separate HiT publications , British Hit Singles and British Hit Albums , which began in 1977 . It was effectively replaced ( in singles part ) by the Virgin Book of British Hit Singles from 2007 onward . Other media ( edit ) Video games ( edit ) A video game , Guinness World Records : The Video Game , was developed by TT Fusion and released for Nintendo DS , Wii and iOS in November 2008 . Film ( edit ) In 2012 , Warner Bros. announced the development of a live - action film version of Guinness World Records with Daniel Chun as scriptwriter . The film version will apparently use the heroic achievements of record holders as the basis for a narrative that should have global appeal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Corporate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 19 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Book '' . Guinness Record Book Collecting . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Fionn Davenport ( 2010 ) . Ireland . Lonely Planet . p. 193 . ISBN 9781742203508 . Jump up ^ `` Early history of Guinness World Records '' . 2005 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Richard ( August 2005 ) . `` Publication of the Guinness Book of Records : 27 August 1955 '' . History Today . 55 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2005 . Guinness ; 50th Anniversary edition . 2004 . p. 6 . ISBN 1892051222 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book History 1950 - Present '' . spyhunter007.com . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corporate - Home '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record Breakers ' McWhirter dies '' . BBC News . 20 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of World Records ( UK ed . ) . 2006 . p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records honors one man 's historic milestone -- 100 Records Broken ! -- Guinness World Records Blog post '' . community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records Shatter Across the Globe in Honor of Guinness World Records Day 2006 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Live : Top 100 . Guinness World Records . Retrieved on 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Whey to go : Whole Foods Market ® cracks Parmigiano Reggiano Guinness World Records ® Title '' . Yahoo Finance . 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corportate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Beer Record '' . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video clip '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` IS YOUR PROPOSAL A POTENTIAL GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS TM ACHIEVEMENT ? '' . `` Guinness World Records '' . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fish World Records . Fish - World . Retrieved on 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Guinness Book of World Records . 1990 . p. 464 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry 2008 '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Dreadlock Record -- Rested -- Guinness World Records Blog post -- Home of the Longest , Shortest , Fastest , Tallest facts and feats '' . Community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Munden Six - Gun Magic Custom Gunsmithing - Bob & Becky Munden - Six - Gun Magic Gunwork '' . bobmunden.com . Jump up ^ In Praise of Facts , by John Leonard , the introduction to the New York Times Desk Reference Jump up ^ `` Travel & Outdoors - The Good , The Bad , The Ugly : A 1995 Travel Retrospective - Seattle Times Newspaper '' . nwsource.com . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Robert H. `` The Guinness World Records Experience : one of Florida 's Lost Tourist Attractions '' . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ripley Entertainment , Inc . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ripley Entertainment , Inc. ( 20 November 2002 ) . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Internet Archive Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on 20 November 2002 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon page for VBBHS '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book of World Records could be next big brand name to hit cinemas '' . Guardian . 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guinness World Records . Official website Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms hide Jim Pattison Group People Jim Pattison ( President and CEO ) Jim Pattison Media Group Broadcast television stations CFJC CHAT CKPG Great West Television ( Joint venture with Bell Media ) Radio stations ( by call sign ) CFDV CFMY CFQX CHAT CHBW CHBZ CHDR CHIQ CHLB CHPQ CHUB CHWF CIBH CIBW CIFM CIUP CJAV CJBZ CJDR CJJR CJXX CJZN CKBZ CKCE CKDV CJIB CKKN CKKQ CKLR CKLZ CKPK CKQQ CKWV Outdoor signs Pattison Outdoor Advertising Overwaitea Food Group Overwaitea Foods PriceSmart Foods Save - On - Foods Urban Fare Entertainment Ripley Entertainment Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Attractions Ripley Publishing Ltd Guinness World Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinness_World_Records&oldid=845924040 '' Categories : Guinness World Records Publications established in 1955 Trivia books World record databases Reference publishers Records Annual publications 1955 books 1955 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Use British English from August 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles with dead external links from October 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语粵語中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owns the guinness book of world records	[ "Guinness Superlatives (later Guinness World Records) Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades. The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002. In 2006, Apax Partners purchased HiT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to the Jim Pattison Group, the parent company of Ripley Entertainment, which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records' Attractions. With offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records' global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US." ]	[ "Jim Pattison Group" ]
4434061202742312426	List of highest paid American television stars	List of Highest paid American television stars - wikipedia List of Highest paid American television stars Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of people starring on American television that are the highest paid , based on various sources . This list includes the top paid TV stars by name and their network primetime salaries per episode , which includes stars from past series like Two and a Half Men and current series like Game of Thrones . It also includes hosts and news presenters with the highest annual salaries , which include Tyra Banks , Maury Povich , Ellen DeGeneres , and some talent from the Today Show and the CBS Evening News . Charlie Sheen Ray Romano Kelsey Grammer Tim Allen Lena Headey Contents ( hide ) 1 Network primetime salaries per episode 2 Network primetime salaries per season 3 Morning annual salaries 4 News presenter annual salaries 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Network primetime salaries per episode ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Charlie Sheen Two and a Half Men Charlie Harper $1.8 million 2010 -- 2011 Ray Romano Everybody Loves Raymond Raymond Barone $1.7 million 2003 -- 2005 Kelsey Grammer Frasier Frasier Crane $1.6 million 2002 -- 2004 Tim Allen Home Improvement Tim Taylor $1.25 million 1998 -- 1999 Peter Dinklage Game of Thrones Tyrion Lannister $1.1 million 2017 -- 2018 Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington Jon Snow Johnny Galecki The Big Bang Theory Leonard Hofstadter $1 million 2014 -- 2017 Jim Parsons Sheldon Cooper Kaley Cuoco Penny James Gandolfini The Sopranos Tony Soprano $1 million 2006 -- 2007 Jennifer Aniston Friends Rachel Green $1 million 2002 -- 2004 Courteney Cox Monica Geller Lisa Kudrow Phoebe Buffay Matt LeBlanc Joey Tribbiani David Schwimmer Ross Geller Matthew Perry Chandler Bing Helen Hunt Mad About You Jamie Buchman $1 million 1998 -- 99 Paul Reiser Paul Buchman Jerry Seinfeld Seinfeld Jerry Seinfeld $1 million 1997 -- 1998 Ashton Kutcher Two and a Half Men Walden Schmidt $755,000 Drew Carey The Drew Carey Show Drew Carey $750,000 2001 -- 2004 Lauren Graham Gilmore Girls Lorelai Gilmore $750,000 2016 Alexis Bledel Rory Gilmore Kunal Nayyar The Big Bang Theory Rajesh Koothrapalli $750,000 2014 -- 2017 Simon Helberg Howard Wolowitz David Hyde Pierce Frasier Niles Crane $750,000 Hugh Laurie House Dr. Gregory House $700,000 Andrew Lincoln The Walking Dead Rick Grimes $650,000 2017 -- 2018 Jon Cryer Two and a Half Men Alan Harper $620,000 2013 -- 2015 Julia Louis - Dreyfus Seinfeld Elaine Benes $600,000 1997 -- 1998 Jason Alexander George Costanza Michael Richards Cosmo Kramer Norman Reedus The Walking Dead Daryl Dixon $550,000 2017 -- 2018 Network primetime salaries per season ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Simon Cowell The X Factor Judge $75 million 2012 -- 13 Katy Perry American Idol $25 million 2017 -- 18 Jennifer Lopez $20 million 2011 -- 12 Mariah Carey $18 million 2012 -- 13 Hugh Laurie House Gregory House $15 million 2013 Ryan Seacrest American Idol Host 2013 -- 16 Britney Spears The X Factor Judge 2012 Miley Cyrus The Voice Coach $13 million 2016 -- 17 Adam Levine 2016 -- 18 Blake Shelton 2016 -- 18 Christina Aguilera $12.5 million 2013 Kelly Clarkson $12 million 2018 Nicki Minaj American Idol Judge 2012 -- 13 Shakira The Voice Coach 2013 Gwen Stefani 2017 Morning annual salaries ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Judith Sheindlin Judge Judy Judge $47 million 2013 Barbara Walters The View Host $13 million 2007 Bob Barker The Price Is Right Game show host $10 million Ellen DeGeneres The Ellen DeGeneres Show Host $5 million 2007 Jerry Springer The Jerry Springer Show Host $3 -- 4 million 1999 Tyra Banks The Tyra Banks Show Host $3.5 million News presenter annual salaries ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Matt Lauer Today Anchor $21 million Meredith Vieira Today Anchor $15 million Katie Couric CBS Evening News News anchor $15 million Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The ' ' Daily Express gives a £ 2 million figure , though sources differ . This figure possibly includes the percentage the cast makes from reruns and overseas syndications . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Highest Paid TV Actors Of All Time Per Per Episode - UPROXX '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ `` For $50 Mil , Producers Love Raymond '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ `` Kelsey Grammer : NBC 's $1.6 Million Man '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones stars reportedly sign biggest pay - per - episode deal in TV history '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Big Bang Theory Actors Set to Earn $1 Million an Episode '' . People . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sopranos actors end pay dispute '' . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( February 12 , 2002 ) . `` ' Friends ' Deal Will Pay Each Of Its 6 Stars $22 Million '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( April 10 , 1998 ) . `` Mad Money '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mark ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Seinfeld 's per - line payday '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Salaries of TV 's Top Talent Revealed '' . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` The Highest - Paid Actors On TV This Fall '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Balloni , Matthew ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Two and a Half Men ' : Jon Cryer Gets a Raise , Ashton Kutcher Does n't '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britney Spears signs onto ' X-Factor ' : Highest paid stars on TV '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Paying Katy Perry Top Dollar Does n't Make Sense for ' American Idol ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Hannah ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` The Real American Idol : How J. Lo Got Her Mojo Back '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Devon ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey 's $18 Million ' Idol ' Deal : How Does it Measure Up to Stars ' TV Paydays ? '' . Spin . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maglio , Tony ; Waxman , Sharon ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' Judge Shakeup : Miley Cyrus and Alicia Keys to Join , Pharrell Williams to Exit Next Season ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Etkin , Jamie ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` How J. Lo 's New $17.5 Million `` Idol '' Contract Compares To Other Reality Judges ' `` . Buzzfeed . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rushfield , Ricchard . `` Idol Terror - Is Seacrest Out ? An Ankler Special Report '' . The Ankler . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerencer , Tommy ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` How Much Money Do The Voice Coaches Make ? '' . MoneyNation . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TVs Highest Paid Star ? Judge Judy ( by a mile ) '' . newser.com . Aug 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Walters '' . Forbes.com . June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlights Monologues extended '' . Toronto Star . January 30 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah 's $260 M salary proves talk is n't cheap '' . CBC News . July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Springer 's denies knowledge about show 's business details '' . June 5 , 1999 . Jump up ^ http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-3216709/Everybody-loves-raises-LIFE-ARTS.html Jump up ^ http://www.thestreet.com/p/newsanalysis/sbmanagement/10380979_2.html Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( May 2 , 2002 ) . `` Matt Lauer Stays for Another ' Day ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Durden , Douglas ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` ' Today ' gives new host a very warm welcome '' . Richmond Times . Jump up ^ `` Vieira chosen as Couric 's ' Today ' successor '' . NBC . April 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( December 20 , 2001 ) . `` Katie Couric Signs NBC Contract Said to Be Largest in TV News '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_paid_American_television_stars&oldid=798792639 '' Categories : American television personalities American television - related lists United States - related lists of superlatives Wages and salaries Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2014 Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 21 : 06 . About Wikipedia	who is the highest paid actor on big bang theory	[ "\n\nName\nProgram\nRole\nSalary\nYear\nRef.\n\n\nCharlie Sheen\nTwo and a Half Men\nCharlie Harper\n$1.8 million\n2010–2011\n[1]\n\n\nRay Romano\nEverybody Loves Raymond\nRaymond Barone\n$1.7 million\n2003–2005\n[2]\n\n\nKelsey Grammer\nFrasier\nFrasier Crane\n$1.6 million\n2002–2004\n[3]\n\n\nTim Allen\nHome Improvement\nTim Taylor\n$1.25 million\n1998–1999\n[1]\n\n\nPeter Dinklage\nGame of Thrones\nTyrion Lannister\n$1.1 million[a]\n2017–2018\n[5]\n\n\nNikolaj Coster-Waldau\nJaime Lannister\n\n\nLena Headey\nCersei Lannister\n\n\nEmilia Clarke\nDaenerys Targaryen\n\n\nKit Harington\nJon Snow\n\n\nJohnny Galecki\nThe Big Bang Theory\nLeonard Hofstadter\n$1 million\n2014–2017\n[6]\n\n\nJim Parsons\nSheldon Cooper\n\n\nKaley Cuoco\nPenny\n\n\nJames Gandolfini\nThe Sopranos\nTony Soprano\n$1 million\n2006–2007\n[7]\n\n\nJennifer Aniston\nFriends\nRachel Green\n$1 million\n2002–2004\n[8]\n\n\nCourteney Cox\nMonica Geller\n\n\nLisa Kudrow\nPhoebe Buffay\n\n\nMatt LeBlanc\nJoey Tribbiani\n\n\nDavid Schwimmer\nRoss Geller\n\n\nMatthew Perry\nChandler Bing\n\n\nHelen Hunt\nMad About You\nJamie Buchman\n$1 million\n1998–99\n[9]\n\n\nPaul Reiser\nPaul Buchman\n\n\nJerry Seinfeld\nSeinfeld\nJerry Seinfeld\n$1 million\n1997–1998\n[10]\n\n\nAshton Kutcher\nTwo and a Half Men\nWalden Schmidt\n$755,000\n\n[1]\n\n\nDrew Carey\nThe Drew Carey Show\nDrew Carey\n$750,000\n2001–2004\n[1]\n\n\nLauren Graham\nGilmore Girls\nLorelai Gilmore\n$750,000\n2016\n[11]\n\n\nAlexis Bledel\nRory Gilmore\n\n\nKunal Nayyar\nThe Big Bang Theory\nRajesh Koothrapalli\n$750,000\n2014–2017\n[1]\n\n\nSimon Helberg\nHoward Wolowitz\n\n\nDavid Hyde Pierce\nFrasier\nNiles Crane\n$750,000\n\n[12]\n\n\nHugh Laurie\nHouse\nDr. Gregory House\n$700,000\n\n\n\nAndrew Lincoln\nThe Walking Dead\nRick Grimes\n$650,000\n2017–2018\n[5]\n\n\nJon Cryer\nTwo and a Half Men\nAlan Harper\n$620,000\n2013–2015\n[13]\n\n\nJulia Louis-Dreyfus\nSeinfeld\nElaine Benes\n$600,000\n1997–1998\n[1]\n\n\nJason Alexander\nGeorge Costanza\n\n\nMichael Richards\nCosmo Kramer\n\n\nNorman Reedus\nThe Walking Dead\nDaryl Dixon\n$550,000\n2017–2018\n[5]\n\n" ]	[ "Jim Parsons" ]
-7226077861723129537	The Secret Life of Walter Mitty	The Secret Life of Walter Mitty - wikipedia The Secret Life of Walter Mitty This article is about the original short story . For the 1947 film , see The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 film ) . For the 2013 film , see The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 2013 film ) . `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' Author James Thurber Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) short story Published in The New Yorker Publication type Magazine Publisher Harcourt , Brace and Company Media type Print ( Periodical , Hardback & Paperback ) Publication date 1939 ( magazine ) , 1942 ( book ) Preceded by `` Death in the Zoo '' Followed by `` Interview with a Lemming '' `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' ( 1939 ) is a short story by James Thurber . The most famous of Thurber 's stories , it first appeared in The New Yorker on March 18 , 1939 , and was first collected in his book My World and Welcome to It ( Harcourt , Brace and Company , 1942 ) . It has since been reprinted in James Thurber : Writings and Drawings ( The Library of America , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 883011 - 22 - 1 ) , is available on - line on the New Yorker website , and is one of the most anthologized short stories in American literature . The story is considered one of Thurber 's `` acknowledged masterpieces '' . It was made into a 1947 movie of the same name , with Danny Kaye in the title role , though the movie is very different from the original story . It was also adapted into a 2013 film , which is again very different from the original . The name Walter Mitty and the derivative word `` Mittyesque '' have entered the English language , denoting an ineffectual person who spends more time in heroic daydreams than paying attention to the real world , or more seriously , one who intentionally attempts to mislead or convince others that he is something that he is not . The story had an influence on other humorists , notably Mad founder Harvey Kurtzman ( who borrowed the story 's sound effects ) , playwright George Axelrod ( who employed Mitty - like fantasies in The Seven Year Itch ) and animation director Chuck Jones ( who created a Mitty - like child character for Warner Bros. cartoons ) . Warner Brothers studio head Jack L. Warner in his autobiography My First Hundred Years in Hollywood , described the actor Errol Flynn in the following way : `` To the Walter Mittys of the world he was all the heroes in one magnificent , sexy , animal package '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Analysis 3 1947 film 4 2013 film 5 Stage adaptations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The short story deals with a vague and mild - mannered man who drives into Waterbury , Connecticut , with his wife for their regular weekly shopping and his wife 's visit to the beauty parlor . During this time he has five heroic daydream episodes . The first is as a pilot of a U.S. Navy flying boat in a storm , then he is a magnificent surgeon performing a one - of - a-kind surgery , then as a deadly assassin testifying in a courtroom , and then as a Royal Air Force pilot volunteering for a daring , secret suicide mission to bomb an ammunition dump . As the story ends , Mitty imagines himself facing a firing squad , `` inscrutable to the last . '' Each of the fantasies is inspired by some detail of Mitty 's mundane surroundings : The powering up of the `` Navy hydroplane '' in the opening scene is followed by Mrs. Mitty 's complaint that Mitty is `` driving too fast '' , which suggests that his driving is an action of the daydreaming and he has lost touch with the actual world . Mitty 's turn as a brilliant surgeon immediately follows his taking off and putting on his gloves ( as a surgeon dons surgical gloves ) and driving past a hospital . The courtroom drama cliché `` Perhaps this will refresh your memory , '' which begins the third fantasy , follows Mitty 's attempt to remember what his wife told him to buy , when he hears a newsboy shouting about `` the Waterbury Trial '' ( `` You miserable cur '' are the last words mentioned in the fantasy . Mitty was supposed to buy puppy biscuits . ) Mitty 's fourth daydream comes as he waits for his wife and picks up an old copy of Liberty , reading `` Can Germany Conquer the World Through the Air ? '' , and envisions himself fighting Germany while volunteering to pilot a plane normally piloted by two people . The closing firing - squad scene comes when Mitty is standing against a wall , smoking . Analysis ( edit ) Mitty is very much a Thurber protagonist , so much so that he has been called `` the archetype for dreamy , hapless , Thurber Man '' . Like many of his male characters , such as the husband in `` The Unicorn in the Garden '' and the physically unimposing men Thurber often paired with larger women in his cartoons , Mitty is dominated and put upon by his wife . Like the man who saw the unicorn , he escapes via fantasies . A similar dynamic is found in the Thurber story `` The Curb in the Sky '' , in which a man starts recounting his own dreams as anecdotes as an attempt to stop his wife from constantly correcting him on the details . In his 2001 book The Man Who Was Walter Mitty : The Life and Work of James Thurber ( ISBN 0 - 930751 - 13 - 2 ) , author Thomas Fensch suggests that the character was largely based on Thurber himself . This is consistent with Thurber 's self - described imaginative interpretations of shapes seen with his `` two - fifths vision '' in his essay `` The Admiral on the Wheel '' . Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran suggests that Thurber may have had Charles Bonnet syndrome , a neurological condition that causes vivid and bizarre hallucinations even in blind patients . Thurber 's love of wordplay can be seen in his coining of several nonsense terms in the story , including the pseudo-medical jargon `` obstreosis of the ductal tract '' , `` streptothricosis '' , and the recurring onomatopoeia of `` ta - pocketa - pocketa - pocketa . '' The medical nonsense that `` coreopsis has set in '' uses the name of a flower which sounds vaguely like a horrible medical condition . 1947 film ( edit ) Main article : The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 film ) The story was made into a 1947 movie starring Danny Kaye as a young daydreaming editor of pulp magazines . The film was adapted for the screen by Ken Englund , Everett Freeman , and Philip Rapp , and directed by Norman Z . McLeod . It was filmed in Technicolor . Thurber was repeatedly consulted about the film 's script , but his suggestions were largely ignored by producer Samuel Goldwyn , who had the writers alter the original story to showcase Kaye 's talents . In a letter to Life magazine , Thurber expressed his considerable dissatisfaction with the script , even as Goldwyn insisted in another letter that Thurber approved of it . A 1947 radio adaptation of the movie , with Danny Kaye and Virginia Mayo reprising their roles , was performed on The Screen Guild Theater . Because the show was a half hour , including commercials , Kaye 's extraneous routines are minimized , making it more like the original story . Even closer to the original story is a 1944 radio adaptation from This Is My Best , with Robert Benchley as the daydreaming Mitty . 2013 film ( edit ) Main article : The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 2013 film ) 20th Century Fox produced and Ben Stiller directed an adaptation of the book in 2013 , with Stiller starring as Mitty . Kristen Wiig , Shirley MacLaine , Patton Oswalt , Adam Scott , Kathryn Hahn , and Sean Penn also appear in the film . Filming took place in Manhattan and the Bronx in May 2012 and in Iceland from July to September 2012 . The film was released on December 25 , 2013 in the US and in other countries . The film had a production budget of $90 million . Stage adaptations ( edit ) `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' was adapted for the stage by Thurber as part of the 1960 Broadway theater revue A Thurber Carnival . The sketch , which closed the show except for `` Word Dance Part II '' , was nearly identical to the short story , except that at the end he cleverly avoids being shot . The original cast for the sketch was as follows : Peggy Cass as Mrs. Mitty Tom Ewell as Walter Mitty Paul Ford as Mr. Pritchard - Mitford and The Leader John McGiver as Dr. Renshaw Wynne Miller as Nurse Peter Turgeon as Narrator , Lt. Berg , and Dr. Remington Charles Braswell as Dr. Benbow The story was again adapted for the stage in 1964 , this time by Joe Manchester . This musical version of The Secret Life of Walter Mitty depicts Mitty at age 40 , tempted by `` would - be chanteuse '' Willa De Wisp to leave his wife Agnes and really live `` the Secret Life '' . It features 17 songs , with lyrics by Earl Shuman and music by Leon Carr . The musical opened off - Broadway at the Players Theatre on October 26 , 1964 , and ran for 96 performances . Time magazine referred to the musical 's plot as having been `` boldly extrapolated '' from the short story , and called the result `` a thoroughly pleasant musical evening '' . Columbia Records issued an original cast recording on LP , also dated 1964 . See also ( edit ) Literary fiction Mr Benn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Napierkowski , Marie Rose ( editor ) ( January 2006 ) . `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty : Introduction '' . Short Stories for Students , Vol. 1 . eNotes.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Note on the Texts '' , James Thurber : Writings and Drawings ( The Library of America , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 883011 - 22 - 1 ) Jump up ^ James Thurber ( 18 March 1939 ) . `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : `` Thurber : Mitty and Dangerous '' . Today in Literature . todayinliterature.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dust jacket introduction , James Thurber : Writings and Drawings ( The Library of America , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 883011 - 22 - 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Walter Mitty '' ( http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-mitty ) . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ V.S. Ramachandran ; Sandra Blakeslee ( 1988 ) . Phantoms in the Brain . HarperCollins . pp. 85 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Man Who Was Walter Mitty : The Life and Work of James Thurber . New York : New Century Books . p. 267 . ISBN 0 - 930751 - 13 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Notes for The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 ) '' . TCM Movie Database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ^ Jump up to : https://archive.org/download/ScreenGuildTheater/Sgt_47-11-03_ep360_The_Secret_Life_of_Walter_Mitty.mp3 Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Official Trailer + Trailer Review : HD PLUS '' . YouTube . 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo - Movie Index , A-Z '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ Thurber , James ( 1962 ) . A Thurber Carnival . New York : Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 573 - 61668 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` A Thurber Carnival '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Manchester , Joe ; James Thurber ( 1968 ) . The Secret Life of Walter Mitty . New York : Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 0 - 573 - 68050 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lewis , David . `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' . The Guide to Musical Theatre . David Lewis . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Time Listings '' . Time . Time Inc . November 13 , 1964 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 . External links ( edit ) The original short story from The New Yorker Thurber House A Thurber Carnival in the Internet Broadway Database ( IBDB ) The Secret Life of Walter Mitty study guide , teaching guide , themes , quotes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_Walter_Mitty&oldid=847420416 '' Categories : 1939 short stories Connecticut in fiction Works by James Thurber Works originally published in The New Yorker Short stories adapted into films Works about photojournalism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : missing author or editor All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Македонски Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 07 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the secret life of walter mitty james summary	[]	[]
-3100208537926067612	Nationals Park	Nationals Park - wikipedia Nationals Park Jump to : navigation , search Nationals Park The Sea of Red Address 1500 South Capitol Street SE Location Washington , D.C. Coordinates 38 ° 52 ′ 22 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 27 '' W / 38.87278 ° N 77.00750 ° W / 38.87278 ; - 77.00750 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 22 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 27 '' W / 38.87278 ° N 77.00750 ° W / 38.87278 ; - 77.00750 Public transit Washington Metro at Navy Yard -- Ballpark Parking 14 sanctioned parking lots or garages Owner Events DC Operator Washington Nationals Baseball Club LLC . Capacity 41,339 Record attendance 45,966 , October 12 , 2012 vs ( Cardinals ) Field size Left Field - 337 feet ( 103 m ) Left - Center - 377 feet ( 115 m ) Center Field - 402 feet ( 123 m ) Right - Center - 370 feet ( 113 m ) Right Field - 335 feet ( 102 m ) Surface Kentucky Bluegrass Construction Broke ground May 4 , 2006 Opened March 22 , 2008 ( college game ) March 29 , 2008 ( exhibition game ) March 30 , 2008 ( Opening Day ) Construction cost $ 693 million ( $788 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect Populous Devrouax & Purnell Architects - Planners Project manager Turner / Brailsford & Dunlavey / McKissack & McKissack Structural engineer ReStl / Thornton Tomasetti Services engineer M-E Engineers / JVP Engineers / SIM - G Technologies General contractor Clark / Hunt / Smoot Joint Venture Tenants Washington Nationals ( MLB ) ( 2008 -- present ) Nationals Park is a baseball park along the Anacostia River in the Navy Yard neighborhood of Washington , D.C. It is the home ballpark for the Washington Nationals , the city 's Major League Baseball franchise . When the Nationals franchise relocated to Washington , D.C. , they temporarily played at RFK Stadium until Nationals Park was completed . It is the first LEED - certified green major professional sports stadium in the United States . The ballpark , designed by HOK Sport and Devrouax & Purnell Architects and Planners , cost $ 693 million to build , with an additional $84.2 million spent on transportation , art , and infrastructure upgrades to support the stadium for a total cost of $783.9 million . The stadium has a capacity to 41,418 . The Washington Monument and the Capitol building are visible from the upper decks on the first base side of the field . Nationals Park , Washington , D.C. The park 's name echoes that of the early - 1900s ballpark used by the Washington Senators , National Park , until it was rebuilt and renamed Griffith Stadium . Nationals Park in May 2013 Nationals Park will host the 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , the first All - Star Game to be played in Washington , D.C. since 1969 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location and transportation 2 History 2.1 Site selection and design 2.2 Construction 2.3 Opening 2.4 Seasons and changes 2.4. 1 2009 season 2.4. 2 2010 season 2.4. 3 2011 season 2.4. 4 2012 season 2.4. 5 2013 season 2.4. 6 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2.4. 7 2015 season 2.4. 8 2017 season 2.5 Average attendance 3 Features 3.1 Seating 3.2 Organ 4 Non-baseball events 4.1 Hockey 4.2 Concerts 4.3 Other events 5 References 6 External links Location and transportation ( edit ) Nationals Park is located in the Southeast quadrant of Washington , D.C. on South Capitol Street ( a main artery separating Southeast from Southwest Washington ) at the Anacostia River waterfront . The ballpark is accessible from I - 395 via the Southwest Freeway , and from I - 295 via the Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge , which carries South Capitol Street across the Anacostia River . The Douglass Bridge was renovated so that South Capitol Street could continue at ground level past the stadium ( it was previously 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) above ground level ) . The main method of transportation to the stadium is on the Washington Metro system . The stadium is one block from the Navy Yard -- Ballpark station on the Green Line . The station is located near the park 's center field entrance ( on the opposite side of Capitol Street SE from the main entrance ) and is heavily used by fans on game day . Prior to the ballpark 's opening , the station 's ballpark entrance underwent a major expansion , with the relocation of the farecard mezzanine to street level , along with the addition of an extra escalator and elevator to handle the crowds . Parking near the stadium is limited . There are a total of 14 Nationals Park - sanctioned parking lots or garages , with a small number of third - party lots also in the vicinity of the stadium . During the 2008 and 2009 seasons , the Nationals ran a free shuttle service ( dubbed the `` Nats Express '' ) from parking lots at RFK Stadium to Nationals Park on game days . However , the team canceled the service after the 2009 season . Several Metrobus routes and the DC Circulator 's Union Station - Navy Yard Route serve the park . Various other transit options include a water taxi service from Alexandria , Virginia and Georgetown . Cyclists are encouraged to ride to the stadium and are offered free valet bicycle parking . Garage C , located next to the ticket windows at the corner of 1st and N Street , houses a free bike valet service where fans are invited to store their bikes for the duration of the game . There are also 110 red bike racks on the sidewalks that create the perimeter of the ballpark . History ( edit ) Site selection and design ( edit ) After it was announced that the Expos would leave Montreal , Washington , DC began looking for a site for a baseball stadium to lure the team to Washington . After considering sites near RFK Stadium , in NoMA and straddling I - 395 at Banneker Park the District announced on September 21 , 2004 that they had chosen a site near the SE Anacostia waterfront . Construction ( edit ) Nationals Park , under construction in September 2007 , with the U.S. Capitol seen in the background Financing for the stadium was expected to be provided by a banking syndicate led by Deutsche Bank . However , finalization of the financing deal stalled due to complex negotiations among the city government , MLB as owner of the team , and the bank . The bank requested a letter of credit or comparable financial guarantee against stadium rent to cover risks such as poor attendance or terrorism . The requested guarantee was $24 million , with the city requesting that MLB provide the guarantee . The financing situation was since solved and construction began in May 2006 . The site of Nationals Park was chosen by Mayor Anthony Williams as the most viable of four possibilities for a ballpark . The ballpark 's design was released to the public at a press conference on March 14 , 2006 . Ground breaking was in early 2006 . With an ambitious construction schedule of fewer than two years to complete the stadium , a design - build approach was selected to allow the architects and builders to work in concert with one another . Ronnie Strompf , the project superintendent , coordinated the efforts of numerous subcontractors on a daily basis . Opening ( edit ) The 2008 Washington Nationals season was the team 's first in Nationals Park . The George Washington University ( GW ) and the Nationals announced in February 2008 that the GW Colonials baseball team would play the first game in Nationals Park on March 22 , 2008 . GW played Saint Joseph 's University in an afternoon game and the hometown Colonials had a 9 -- 4 victory over Saint Joseph 's . The Washington Nationals defeated the Baltimore Orioles , 3 -- 0 , in an exhibition game on March 29 , 2008 , in their first game in the ballpark . The Nationals opened the 2008 MLB season in Nationals Park with a rare one - game series against the Atlanta Braves on March 30 , which served as the first official MLB game at the park . True to tradition , President George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . The Nationals defeated the Braves 3 -- 2 with a walk - off home run from Ryan Zimmerman , giving the Nationals their first opening day win since moving to Washington . Chipper Jones of the Braves hit the first batted ball and first home run , while the Nationals ' Cristian Guzman got the first base hit . According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Zimmerman 's game - winning home run was the third walk - off home run in major - league history to be hit in the first MLB game played at a stadium . The game was the most - watched MLB opening night in the history of ESPN . In their first season at Nationals Park , the Nationals finished with a league - worst record of 59 - 102 . At home , they drew 29,005 fans per game , placing their average attendance at 19th in MLB . Opening Night , March 30 , 2008 Seasons and changes ( edit ) 2009 season ( edit ) Several ballpark improvement projects were completed by the Nationals during the off - season , including : Expansion of the Red Porch restaurant in center field to include additional tables on both the concourse and field side . Glass windows on the concourse side were replaced with slidable garage doors , opening to a fenced outdoor patio . On the field side , the rear-most row of Center Field Lounge seats were removed , with an outdoor deck featuring tables and chairs installed in its place . New signage was added on the concourse side . Installation of three statues in the ballpark honoring Walter Johnson of the original Washington Senators , Frank Howard of the expansion Senators , and Josh Gibson of the Negro League Homestead Grays , which played many of its games in Washington . A large Washington Nationals hat was added above the entrance to the team store near the center field plaza . New LED message boards were added over the roof of the Center Field gate , providing information and instructions to fans entering the ballpark . New advertisement panels were attached to the face of the two garages in center field , with green panels being replaced by white panels . Additional panels showing the team 's 2009 promotions and the current lineup were added to the western garage , facing the plaza . Concessionaire Levy Restaurants replaced Centerplate as the provider of food and beverage at Nationals Park beginning with the 2009 season . Before the Nationals 2009 home opener on April 13 , 2009 at 3 PM , longtime Philadelphia Phillies announcer Harry Kalas was found unconscious in the Nationals Park press box at 12 : 20 PM . Kalas was rushed to George Washington University Hospital and pronounced dead at 1 : 20 PM . A moment of silence was held before the game , followed by both Nationals and Phillies fans applauding Kalas in tribute . The Phillies played with a picture of Kalas in their dugout . On June 4 , 2009 , Randy Johnson became the 24th pitcher in MLB history to reach 300 wins when the San Francisco Giants beat the Nationals 5 -- 1 at Nationals Park . The game was scheduled to be played the night before , but was delayed due to heavy rain in the DC - area . On July 4 , 2009 , Adam Dunn became the 123rd player to hit 300 career home runs . The home run came in the 7th inning in a 5 - 3 win versus the Atlanta Braves . 2010 season ( edit ) During the All - Star break , the press box was repainted blue to match the color of the seats . On June 8 , 2010 , pitcher Stephen Strasburg , called the `` most hyped and closely watched pitching prospect in the history of baseball '' , made his first major league appearance , starting a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates before a sold - out crowd at Nationals Park . Strasburg pitched 7 innings , giving up two runs and striking out 14 batters , a new team strikeout record . 2011 season ( edit ) Minor changes prior to the start of the 2011 season include the removal of the party tent on top of the LF parking garage to improve views of the U.S. Capitol from upper sections , chrome baseball decorations adorning the outside the stadium , and various signage and concession changes including the departure of Five Guys . Nationals Park also became home of the D.C. Sports Hall of Fame . In June 2011 four new concession stands opened , owned by Danny Meyer 's Union Square Hospitality Group : Blue Smoke ( barbecue ) , Box Frites ( `` Belgian - style fries and dipping sauces '' ) , El Verano Taqueria ( Mexican ) and Shake Shack ( hamburgers , hot dogs , frozen custard ) . The team has also ended Friday night firework shows and fireworks after home runs and team victories . 2012 season ( edit ) On May 4 for the series against Philadelphia , the Nationals renamed the park `` Natitude Park '' . This was following their `` Take Back the Park '' plan , first selling advance tickets to fans in the Washington D.C. area before opening up ticket sales to other states . This marked a shift from recent years where Phillies fans had flooded the park , as the crowd was predominantly Nationals fans and the team took two of three from their division rivals . The Nationals made the playoffs for the first time since relocating to Washington in the 2012 season , with Games 3 , 4 , and 5 of the NLDS against the St. Louis Cardinals being played in Nationals Park . Washington lost the NLDS 3 games to 2 . 2013 season ( edit ) Team owner Theodore N. Lerner approached D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray and other city officials in mid-July 2013 and asked if the city would pay to have a retractable roof built over Nationals Park . After seeing sketches , Gray rejected the proposal at the same meeting . No cost analyses were done prior to the meeting , although team architects speculated it would cost $300 million . City officials noted that the stadium was not designed for a roof . 2015 NHL Winter Classic ( edit ) On January 1 , 2015 , Nationals Park hosted the 2015 NHL Winter Classic before a crowd of 42,832 spectators . The Washington Capitals defeated the Chicago Blackhawks 3 - 2 after former Blackhawk Troy Brouwer scored the go - ahead goal with 13 seconds remaining in regulation play . This made the Capitals only the second home team to win a Winter Classic , and the first to win two Winter Classics , having won in Pittsburgh in 2011 . 2015 season ( edit ) On July 17 , 2015 , during a regular - season game between the Nationals and the Los Angeles Dodgers , a series of three power outages affected a bank of lights along the park 's third base line . The first power outage , which occurred in the bottom of the 4th inning , resulted in a delay of 1 hour and 22 minutes . Play was later resumed as the pitchers retired the next 5 batters . In the middle of the 5th inning , another power outage occurred , which resulted in a 40 - minute delay . The bottom of the 5th inning was later played ; at the end of the inning , a third power outage occurred . Due to the power outages , the game was suspended in the top of the 6th inning , with the Nationals leading the Dodgers 3 - 2 at that point . The game was resumed the next afternoon , with the Nationals winning against the Dodgers , 5 - 3 . 2017 season ( edit ) Prior to the 2017 season , the Nationals added the MGM National Harbor Dugout Club , named for the nearby Maryland casino which opened in December 2016. ( 1 ) These seats were added near the first base dugout , in the approximate location where the tarp was stored in previous seasons . The tarp has been moved to the third - base side . Average attendance ( edit ) Average regular season attendance Season Average attendance 2008 29,005 2009 22,435 22,569 2011 24,256 2012 29,269 2013 32,746 2014 31,844 2015 32,344 2016 30,641 Features ( edit ) The exterior of Nationals Park See also : Washington Hall of Stars As of the 2017 season , the ballpark has 41,339 seats and features 79 suites on three levels , all around the infield . Team President Stan Kasten also said that the team might sell the naming rights to the levels of the luxury suites , which currently bear the names of presidents Washington , Jefferson and Lincoln . While the city agreed to spend up to $611 million , Kasten has stated that the principal owners , the Lerner family , spent tens of millions of dollars more on `` jazzing up the park '' . The park has an out - of - town scoreboard , which is 102 feet ( 31 m ) long , installed in the right field wall . The main scoreboard , at 101 feet ( 31 m ) long and 47 feet ( 14 m ) high , is more than five times the size of the one at RFK Stadium . Aerial view of Nationals Park . The Nationals ' previous stadium , RFK Stadium , is barely visible near the top of the picture . On March 13 , 2007 , Kasten announced that there would be a grove of cherry blossoms located just beyond the left field bleachers . Kasten stated that the cherry blossoms will provide a look that Americans associate with the nation 's capital . Other distinctive features of the ballpark are the views of the U.S. Capitol from the upper deck . Fans in the upper deck sitting down the right field line near the foul pole , during all day games , fans can get a glimpse of the Washington Monument and the National Cathedral . Several area - based food establishments have concession stands : Ben 's Chili Bowl hot dogs , Dogfish Head and Flying Dog Brewery beer . Another feature , The Budweiser Brew House , is a full service sit - down restaurant located in center field . It offers some amenities unusual in a ballpark such as salads , along with regular ballpark fare such as burgers and hot dogs . When the stadium first opened in 2008 , the restaurant was enclosed by glass windows with a view of the field which were soon made retractable . The restaurant was eventually expanded to outside the interior , with tables being placed in three rows outside . In 2010 , the stadium added the Ring of Honor , celebrating players from the Washington Senators ( Joe Cronin , Rick Ferrell , Goose Goslin , Clark Griffith , Bucky Harris , Walter Johnson , Harmon Killebrew , Heinie Manush , Sam Rice , and Early Wynn ) , Negro League Homestead Grays ( Cool Papa Bell , Ray Brown , Josh Gibson , Buck Leonard , Cumberland Posey , and Jud Wilson ) , and the Nationals franchise 's previous incarnation , the Montreal Expos ( Gary Carter and Andre Dawson ) who have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . Since 2011 , a submarine dive horn has blared after every Nationals home run and win -- a nod to the park 's location in the Navy Yard neighborhood . Panoramic image of Nationals Park during a home game against the San Francisco Giants , May 2 , 2011 . Seating ( edit ) Screech , the Washington Nationals mascot before his 2009 `` growth spurt '' . Some fans in the upper level can see the Capitol . Seating in Nationals Park is divided into over a dozen different pricing zones . There are four seating levels : the field level , mezzanine level , gallery level , and upper gallery level . The Grandstand is composed of sections 401 and 402 , in the corner of the upper deck in left field , in which seats are $5 for all games . Tickets go on sale 21⁄2 hours before the first pitch on the day of the game and can not be ordered in advance . The stadium features three levels of upscale luxury seating . The largest of the three , the Norfolk Southern Club , is a two - story indoor lounge exclusively for fans with tickets in sections 206 - 221 . The lounge is 33,000 square feet ( 3,100 m ) and features various food entities , live television broadcasts of the game on dozens of TVs , and views of the Anacostia River . It was previously named the Stars and Stripes Club until the naming rights were purchased by Norfolk Southern Railway in 2014 . The PNC Diamond Club , the naming rights of which were purchased by PNC Bank , is on the field level between the two dugouts . It was remodeled and expanded into two floors prior to the 2016 season . The Delta Sky360 Club seats are located right behind home plate and are the most expensive seats in the stadium and include access to an indoor lounge . It was previously named the Lexus Presidents Club until Delta Airlines purchased the naming rights in 2016 . As features were changed , added , or removed , seating capacity has changed repeatedly since the stadium opened ; the number of seats has dropped slightly several times since it opened in 2008 . In the inaugural 2008 season , seating capacity was 41,888 ; as of 2016 , the seating capacity is 41,313 . The seating capacity increased to 41,339 in 2017 . Organ ( edit ) In late September 2017 , a new organ was installed at Nationals Park , fulfilling the Washington Nationals organization 's long - held goal of upgrading the stadium 's organ . The Viscount Sonus 60 , priced at $20,000 on European Web sites , was manufactured in Mondaino , Italy , and tuned in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania . It was installed in a former radio booth on the second floor of the stadium ′ s press box , replacing a less - capable portable Hammond organ that had been located in a corner of the stadium ′ s sound effects control room . The new location gave the organist a private room for the first time , as well as a better view of the field and crowd . Non-baseball events ( edit ) Nationals Park has hosted a number of non-baseball events , such as concerts and business meetings . Hockey ( edit ) On January 1 , 2015 , the National Hockey League held its `` Winter Classic '' - the New Year 's Day traditional outdoor game - at Nationals Park . A hockey rink was constructed on the field where the home team Washington Capitals hosted the 2014 Stanley Cup Champions , the Chicago Blackhawks . The Capitals scored the game - winning goal with 13 seconds left in the 3rd period , defeating the reigning champions 3 - 2 . Concerts ( edit ) Performers who have held concerts at Nationals Park include Billy Joel , Taylor Swift , and Paul McCartney , among others . Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes July 11 , 2009 Billy Joel Elton John -- Face to Face 2009 38,617 / 38,617 $4,638,645 September 14 , 2012 Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band -- Wrecking Ball World Tour 36,525 / 36,525 $3,305,920 July 12 , 2013 Paul McCartney -- Out There Tour 39,515 / 39,515 $4,452,036 July 25 , 2014 Jason Aldean Florida Georgia Line Tyler Farr Burn It Down Tour 32,263 / 36,948 $2,188,891 July 26 , 2014 Billy Joel -- Billy Joel in Concert 38,487 / 38,487 $4,200,480 August 16 , 2014 Martina McBride -- Everlasting Tour -- -- July 13 , 2015 Taylor Swift Vance Joy Shawn Mendes Haim The 1989 World Tour 85,014 / 85,014 $9,730,596 Lorde was the special guest . July 14 , 2015 Jason Derulo was the special guest . August 14 , 2015 Zac Brown Band The Avett Brothers Jekyll and Hyde Tour -- -- July 30 , 2016 Billy Joel -- Billy Joel in Concert 37,807 / 37,807 $4,031,634 September 1 , 2016 Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band -- The River Tour 2016 36,463 / 36,463 $4,627,705 Other events ( edit ) On April 17 , 2008 , Pope Benedict XVI celebrated Mass at Nationals Park for 47,000 people during his visit to the United States . There were 200,000 requests submitted for tickets to the Mass . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 2017 Washington Nationals Official Media Guide . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . March 19 , 2017 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` New Nationals Park : Quick Facts '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballpark 's Final Tag : $693 million '' . Washington Times . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Park -- MLB Washington Nationals '' . Brailsford & Dunlavey . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Capital Improvements . Modern Steel Construction Jump up ^ Project Profile - Nationals Park ^ Jump up to : `` George Washington University Baseball Team to Play First Game at Nationals Park '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . February 29 , 2008 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ladson , Bill ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` All Eyes on Nationals to Open Season '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Lisa ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Washington DC Home to First `` Green '' Stadium in U.S `` . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidel , Jeff ( March 14 , 2006 ) . `` New Ballpark Design Unveiled : Nationals Aiming to Begin Play in New Stadium in 2008 '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved March 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Paying for the Ballpark '' . Washington Post . March 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Park Facts & Figures '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals '' . Forbes . March 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Park '' . Washington Convention and Sports Authority . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washington Nationals on the Forbes MLB Team Valuations List Jump up ^ Ladson , Bill ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Nationals awarded 2018 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kovaleski , Serge F. ; Heath , Thomas ( 22 September 2004 ) . `` DC Offers Waterfront Baseball Stadium '' . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Stadium '' . Build It Bigger . Season 1 . Episode 14 . October 17 , 2007 . Discovery Channel . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( March 22 , 2008 ) . `` GW , St. Joseph 's Honored to Open Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( March 29 , 2008 ) . `` Nationals Victorious in Stadium Debut '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` Nats ' Zimmerman Plays Hero With Game - Winning Shot in Opener '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ More on Zim . The Washington Times . April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Svrluga , Barry ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Nationals Park Debut Sets ESPN Record '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2008 Washington Nationals Statistics and Roster Jump up ^ 2008 Major League Baseball Attendance Jump up ^ Mathis , Sommer ( April 9 , 2004 ) . `` Click Click : New Artwork at Nationals Park '' . DCist.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Jim ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` Phils Announcer Harry Kalas Dies '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidel , Jeff ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` Phils Pull Out Emotional Win Over Nats '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Big Unit Gets 300th Win on First Try '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ladson , Bill ( July 4 , 2009 ) . `` Dunn Belts 300th Career Homer '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Nationals Taking Safe Road With Strasburg But Is It Right One ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klein , Allison ( March 19 , 2011 ) . `` DC Reviving Hall of Fame for Stars of Its Sports World '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Unveil New Culinary Offerings from Union Square Hospitality Group at Miller Lite Scoreboard Walk on Tuesday , June 14 '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Nationals Launch ' Take Back the Park ' Campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Calcaterra , Craig ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Nats Beat the Phillies ... With Natitude '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ; Wagner , James ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Nationals sought a retractable roof with taxpayer money . District mayor Vincent Gray said no '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washington Nationals Attendance , Stadiums , and Park Factors Jump up ^ Washington Nationals - Seats3d.com Jump up ^ LeDuc , Daniel ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Giving You the Score , Plus a Whole Lot More '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ What 's new at Nationals Park for 2014 MASN Jump up ^ Muret , Don ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` PNC Bank Buys Naming Rights for Nationals Seats '' . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Checking out what 's new at Nationals Park in 2016 Jump up ^ LeDuc , Daniel ; Duggan , Paul ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Built at the Speed of a Fastball , Stadium Is Ready for Nationals '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals on the Forbes MLB Team Valuations List '' . Forbes . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hendrix , Steve , `` , '' washingtonpost.com , October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CONCERT REVIEW : Paul McCartney at Nationals Park Washington Times Jump up ^ `` Lorde flies for 19 hours to surprise Taylor Swift fans '' . The New Zealand Herald . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ It 's Tay days at Nationals Park , as Taylor Swift takes over Jump up ^ Weiner , Natalie ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift & Shirtless Jason Derulo Duet on ' Want to Want Me ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billy Joel returning to Nationals Park for July stadium concert WTOP Jump up ^ Elsibai , Nadine ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Pope Benedict Says Mass Before 47,000 in New Washington Stadium '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal District of Columbia portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nationals Park . Stadium site on nationals.com Near Southeast DC Redevelopment - Nationals Park Nationals Park page on Ballparks.com Nationals Park at Stadium Journey Structures Demolished for Nationals Park Construction ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by RFK Stadium Home of the Washington Nationals 2008 -- present Succeeded by Current Preceded by RFK Stadium Home of the United States Congressional Baseball Game 2008 -- present Succeeded by Current Preceded by Michigan Stadium Host of the NHL Winter Classic 2015 Succeeded by Gillette Stadium Preceded by Marlins Park ( Miami Marlins ) Host of the Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2018 Succeeded by Progressive Field ( Cleveland Indians ) Washington Nationals Formerly the Montreal Expos Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise History in Washington , D.C. Seasons Records No - hitters Owners and executives Managers Players Broadcasters First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Nationals Park Spring training : Space Coast Stadium Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Culture and lore Presidential first pitch Presidents Race Screech How Do You Know Rubber Chicken Man Bustin ' Loose Key personnel Owner : Ted Lerner General Manager : Mike Rizzo Manager : Dave Martinez Rivalries Baltimore Orioles Retired numbers 42 Division titles ( 4 ) 2012 2014 2016 2017 Minor league affiliates AAA : Syracuse Chiefs AA : Harrisburg Senators A Adv. : Potomac Nationals A : Hagerstown Suns Short A : Auburn Doubledays Rookie : GCL Nationals DSL Nationals Broadcasting Television Mid-Atlantic Sports Network ( MASN ) Radio 106.7 The Fan Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Bob Carpenter F.P. Santangelo Johnny Holliday Ray Knight Charlie Slowes Dave Jageler Seasons ( 14 ) 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Current ballparks in Major League Baseball American League East Fenway Park Oriole Park at Camden Yards Rogers Centre Tropicana Field Yankee Stadium Central Comerica Park Guaranteed Rate Field Kauffman Stadium Progressive Field Target Field West Angel Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Minute Maid Park Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Safeco Field National League East Citi Field Citizens Bank Park Marlins Park Nationals Park SunTrust Park Central Busch Stadium Great American Ball Park Miller Park PNC Park Wrigley Field West AT&T Park Chase Field Coors Field Dodger Stadium Petco Park Retro - modern baseball parks Major League Baseball American League Angel Stadium Angels ; Anaheim , California Kauffman Stadium Royals ; Kansas City , Missouri Minute Maid Park Astros ; Houston , Texas Progressive Field Indians ; Cleveland , Ohio Safeco Field Mariners ; Seattle , Washington Target Field Twins ; Minneapolis , Minnesota National League Chase Field Diamondbacks ; Phoenix , Arizona Great American Ball Park Reds ; Cincinnati , Ohio Miller Park Brewers ; Milwaukee , Wisconsin Nationals Park Nationals ; Washington , D.C. Petco Park Padres ; San Diego , California SunTrust Park Braves ; Cumberland , Georgia Music venues of Washington , D.C. Outdoor venues Carter Barron Amphitheatre Fort Reno Park National Sylvan Theater Nationals Park Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Theaters and clubs 9 : 30 Club The Anthem Atlas Performing Arts Center Black Cat BloomBars Blues Alley DAR Constitution Hall Echostage Harold and Sylvia Greenberg Theatre Howard Theatre John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Lincoln Theatre Lisner Auditorium Madam 's Organ Blues Bar National Theatre Republic Gardens Sixth & I Historic Synagogue U Street Music Hall Warner Theatre Arenas Capital One Arena Charles E. Smith Center Historic venues The Bayou Bohemian Caverns The Cellar Door Washington Coliseum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationals_Park&oldid=814530940 '' Categories : Washington Nationals stadiums Baseball venues in Washington , D.C. 2008 establishments in Washington , D.C. Major League Baseball venues Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design basic silver certified buildings Sports venues completed in 2008 Sports venues in Washington , D.C. Washington Navy Yard Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox venue with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 10 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the washington nationals baseball stadium located	[]	[]
5464391160720109415	Main Tera Boyfriend	Main tera Boyfriend - Wikipedia Main tera Boyfriend `` Main Tera Boyfriend '' Song by J Star ( Original Version ) . Arijit Singh , Meet Bros , Neha Kakkar ( Revamped version ) from the album Raabta Genre Dance music Composer ( s ) Sohrabbudin ( Original ) Sourav Roy ( Revamped ) . Lyricist ( s ) Jitendra Raghuvanshi ( Original Version ) Kumaar ( Revamped version ) Music video `` Main Tera Boyfriend '' on YouTube `` Main Tera Boyfriend '' is a dance song recorded by Meet Bros , Arijit Singh , and Neha Kakkar . The music video of the song stars Kriti Sanon and Sushant Singh Rajput . The song is from the Indian film Raabta . The choreography was done by Ahmed Khan . It is a revamped version of J Star 's 2015 chartbuster track `` Na Na Na Na '' . Media coverage ( edit ) India 's leading newspaper and portal , the Daily News and Analysis 's Prachita Pandey wrote : `` It 's so refreshing to hear Arijit Singh crooning something fun and peppy after a series of heartbreaking / slow / soft romantic numbers . He proves yet again that he can sing any song with utmost perfection . Neha Kakkar complements him well , but we felt her vocals to be a bit toned down in terms of energy . Meet brothers too have sung some additional portions in the song . '' `` CNN - News18 , described the song as the `` Party Anthem of the Season '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Prachita Pandey ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Sushant Singh Rajput and Kriti sanon are slaying it with their hot bod and killer moves in main tera boyfriend '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance to Raabtas new song main tera boyfriend '' . Komoi.com Team . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ RnB Team . `` Review : Main tera Boyfriend recreation na na na '' . Radioandmusic.com . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raabtas New song Main Tera Boyfriend is the Party Anthem of the season '' . news18.com . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Arijit Singh Awards and nominations Discography Television Fame Gurukul MTV Unplugged Related albums A Foreign Affair Hindi songs 2012 `` Raabta '' `` Duaa '' `` Phir Le Aya Dil ( Reprise ) '' 2013 `` Tum Hi Ho '' `` Kabhi Jo Baadal Barse '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Kabira ( Encore ) '' `` Dilliwaali Girlfriend '' `` Ilahi '' `` Main Rang Sharbaton Ka ( Reprise ) '' `` Har Kisi Ko ( Duet ) '' 2014 `` Muskurane '' `` Samjhawan '' `` Suno Na Sangemarmar '' `` Mast Magan '' `` Sawan Aaya Hai '' `` Manwa Laage '' `` Raat Bhar '' `` Palat -- Tera Hero Idhar Hai '' `` Besharmi Ki Height '' 2015 `` Sooraj Dooba Hain '' `` Judaai '' `` Aayat '' `` Tu Chale '' `` Gerua '' `` Janam Janam '' 2016 `` Channa Mereya '' `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' `` Soch Na Sake '' `` Bolna '' `` Naina '' `` Nashe Si Chadh Gayi '' 2017 `` Zaalima '' `` Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga '' `` Phir Wahi '' Portal This Dance song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Tera_Boyfriend&oldid=813153625 '' Categories : 2017 songs Songs written for films Hindi film songs Arijit Singh songs Songs with lyrics by Kumaar Dance song stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 03 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	main tera boyfriend tu meri girlfriend song movie name	[ "\"Main Tera Boyfriend\" is a dance song recorded by Meet Bros, Arijit Singh, and Neha Kakkar. The music video of the song stars Kriti Sanon and Sushant Singh Rajput. The song is from the Indian film Raabta.\n" ]	[ "Raabta" ]
-5611964571134938395	I'm Lovin' It (song)	I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) - wikipedia I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Single by Justin Timberlake from the album Live From London B - side `` Last Night '' Released November 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 20 ) Format Digital download maxi single Recorded 2003 Length 3 : 42 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Pusha T Pharrell Williams Stars Hollow Andreas Forberger Franco Tortora Producer ( s ) The Neptunes Justin Timberlake singles chronology `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Justin Timberlake . It was written by Pusha T and produced by The Neptunes . The song was written as a jingle for McDonald 's commercials , based on a pre-existing German campaign originally developed as `` Ich Liebe Es . '' Timberlake was paid $6 million to sing the jingle . Soon thereafter , the Neptunes produced a song based on the jingle and released it ( along with an instrumental version ) as part of a three - track EP in November 2003 . A digital download EP with the same name was also released through the iTunes Store on December 16 , 2003 . The extended play included the title - track and a remix for all of the singles from Timberlake 's first solo studio album , Justified . The song was also included on the bonus audio CD of Timberlake 's first live DVD , Live From London . A music video to promote the single was released in late 2003 and was directed by Paul Hunter . Rapper Pusha T revealed his involvement with the song in June 2016 and claimed that he had created the `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' jingle . However , co-writers Batoy and Tortora , as well as several others involved with the jingle 's creation , have disputed his claim . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 Release history 4 References Track listing ( edit ) Maxi single `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 42 `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 42 `` Last Night '' -- 4 : 47 Digital download EP `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 48 `` Rock Your Body '' ( Sander Kleinenberg Just in The Club Mix ) -- 9 : 42 `` Cry Me a River '' ( Dirty Vegas Vocal Mix ) -- 8 : 21 `` Like I Love You '' ( Basement Jaxx Vocal Mix ) -- 6 : 12 `` Señorita '' ( Num Club Mix ) -- 7 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Spain November 20 , 2003 Digital download Sony Music Entertainment Singapore Germany December 1 , 2003 Digital download Maxi single Luxembourg Digital download France December 9 , 2003 United States December 16 , 2003 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moran , Alec . `` Five Things You Never Knew About ' I 'm Lovin ' It ' '' . Chicago magazine ( 14 October 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Lovin ' It -- EP by Justin Timberlake '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Marc . `` The Contentious Tale of the McDonald 's `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Jingle Pitchfork `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Maxi single liner notes ) . Justin Timberlake . New York City : Jive Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment . 2003 . 82876 58172 2 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 50 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Timberlake search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . ( hide ) Justin Timberlake songs Discography Justified `` Like I Love You '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' Live from London `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' FutureSex / LoveSounds `` FutureSex / LoveSound '' `` SexyBack '' `` My Love '' `` LoveStoned '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Summer Love '' `` Until the End of Time '' The 20 / 20 Experience `` Pusher Love Girl '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Do n't Hold the Wall '' `` Strawberry Bubblegum '' `` Tunnel Vision '' `` Let the Groove Get In '' `` Mirrors '' `` Blue Ocean Floor '' The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 `` Gimme What I Do n't Know ( I Want ) '' `` Cabaret '' `` TKO '' `` Take Back the Night '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Not a Bad Thing '' Trolls Soundtrack `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` Hair Up '' `` What U Workin ' With ? '' Collaborations `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Ayo Technology '' `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Carry Out '' `` Dead and Gone '' `` Dick in a Box '' `` Give It to Me '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Heaven '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Love Dealer '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Love Sex Magic '' `` Motherlover '' `` The Only Promise That Remains '' `` Release '' `` Rehab '' `` Signs '' `` Work It '' `` Winner '' Book Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Lovin%27_It_(song)&oldid=813552220 '' Categories : 2003 singles Justin Timberlake songs McDonald 's advertising Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Song recordings produced by The Neptunes Songs written by Pharrell Williams 2003 songs Jive Records singles Songs used as jingles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 01 : 20 . About Wikipedia	who came up with the slogan i'm lovin it	[ "\n\n\"I'm Lovin' It\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Justin Timberlake\n\n\nfrom the album Live From London\n\n\nB-side\n\"Last Night\"\n\n\nReleased\nNovember 20, 2003 (2003-11-20)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nDigital download\nmaxi single\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n2003\n\n\nLength\n3:42\n\n\nLabel\nJive\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nPusha T\nPharrell Williams\nStars Hollow\nAndreas Forberger\nFranco Tortora\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nThe Neptunes\n\n\nJustin Timberlake singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Señorita\"\n(2003)\n\"I'm Lovin' It\"\n(2003)\n\"Signs\"\n(2005)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Señorita\"\n(2003)\n\"I'm Lovin' It\"\n(2003)\n\"Signs\"\n(2005)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Justin Timberlake" ]
960702401273908867	History of the Caribbean	History of the Caribbean - wikipedia History of the Caribbean Political evolution of Central America and the Caribbean from 1700 to present The history of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since the 15th century . In 1492 , Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean and claimed the region for Spain . The First Spanish settlements were established in the Caribbean starting in 1493 . Although the Spanish conquests of the Aztec empire and the Inca empire in the early sixteenth century made Mexico and Peru more desirable places for Spanish exploration and settlement , the Caribbean remained strategically important . Beginning in the 1620s and 1630s , non-Hispanic privateers , traders , and settlers established permanent colonies and trading posts on islands neglected by Spain . Such colonies spread throughout the Caribbean , from the Bahamas in the North West to Tobago in the South East . In addition , beginning in the 1620s , French and English buccaneers settled in places like the island of Tortuga , the northern and western coasts of Hispaniola , and later in Jamaica . After the Spanish American wars of independence in the early 19th century , only the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico remained part of the Spanish Empire in the New World . In the 20th century the Caribbean was again important during World War II , in the decolonization wave after the war , and in the tension between Communist Cuba and the United States . Genocide , slavery , immigration , and rivalry between world powers have given Caribbean history an impact disproportionate to its size . Contents 1 Before European contact 2 Early colonial history 2.1 Spanish conquest 2.2 Other European powers 2.3 Huguenot corsairs 2.4 Wars of Religion 2.5 Slavery 2.5. 1 Marriage , separation , and sale together 2.6 Colonial laws 3 Impact of colonialism on the Caribbean 3.1 Economic exploitation 3.2 Wars 3.3 Slave rebellions 3.3. 1 Caribbean slave uprisings ( 1522 -- 1844 ) 4 Independence 5 Islands currently under European or U.S. administration 6 History of U.S. relations 7 Economic change in the 20th century 7.1 Tourism 7.2 Financial services 7.3 Shipping 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Before European contact ( edit ) An Arawak stone carving uncovered in Guadeloupe . The oldest evidence of human settlement in the Caribbean has been found at Ortoiroid sites on Trinidad dating to the mid-6th millennium BC . They had reached Hispaniola and Cuba by the mid-5th millennium BCE , where their society is also known as the Casirimoid . The hunter - gatherer Guanahatabey present in western Cuba at the time of Columbus 's arrival may have represented a continuation of their culture or more recent arrivals from southern Florida or the Yucatan . The islands were then repopulated by successive waves of invaders travelling south to north from initial bases in the Orinoco River valley . Between 400 and 200 BC , the Saladoid spread north from Trinidad , introducing agriculture and ceramic pottery . Sometime after AD 250 , the Barrancoid followed and replaced them on Trinidad . This society 's settlements in the Orinoco collapsed around 650 and another group , the Arauquinoid ( the later `` Taíno '' or `` Arawaks '' ) , expanded into the area and northward along the island chain . Around 1200 or 1300 , a fourth group , the Mayoid ( the later `` Caribs '' ) , entered Trinidad . They remained dominant until the Spanish conquest . At the time of the European arrival , three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands : the Taíno in the Greater Antilles , The Bahamas and the Leeward Islands ; the Island Caribs and Galibi in the Windward Islands ; and the Ciboney in western Cuba . The Taínos are subdivided into Classic Taínos , who occupied Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , Western Taínos , who occupied Cuba , Jamaica , and the Bahamian archipelago , and the Eastern Taínos , who occupied the Leeward Islands . Trinidad was inhabited by both Carib speaking and Arawak - speaking groups . New scientific DNA studies have changed some of the traditional beliefs about pre-Columbian indigenous history . Juan Martinez Cruzado , a geneticist from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez designed an island - wide DNA survey of Puerto Rico 's people . According to conventional historical belief , Puerto Ricans have mainly Spanish ethnic origins , with some African ancestry , and distant and less significant indigenous ancestry . Cruzado 's research revealed surprising results in 2003 . It found that , in fact , 61 % of all Puerto Ricans have Amerindian mitochondrial DNA , 27 % have African and 12 % Caucasian . Early colonial History ( edit ) 1536 map of the Caribbean Soon after the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas , both Portuguese and Spanish ships began claiming territories in Central and South America . These colonies brought in gold , and other European powers , most specifically England , the Netherlands , and France , hoped to establish profitable colonies of their own . Imperial rivalries made the Caribbean a contested area during European wars for centuries . In the Spanish American wars of independence in the early nineteenth century , most of Spanish America broke away from the Spanish Empire , but Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under the Spanish crown until the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . Spanish conquest ( edit ) See also : Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties 1600 . The Piazza ( or main square ) in central Havana , Cuba , in 1762 , during the Seven Years ' War . During the first voyage of the explorer Christopher Columbus contact was made with the Lucayans in the Bahamas and the Taíno in Cuba and the northern coast of Hispaniola , and a few of the native people were taken back to Spain . Small amounts of gold were found in their personal ornaments and other objects such as masks and belts . The Spanish , who came seeking wealth , enslaved the native population and rapidly drove them to near - extinction . To supplement the Amerindian labor , the Spanish imported African slaves . ( See also Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies . ) Although Spain claimed the entire Caribbean , they settled only the larger islands of Hispaniola ( 1493 ) , Puerto Rico ( 1508 ) , Jamaica ( 1509 ) , Cuba ( 1511 ) , and Trinidad ( 1530 ) . The Spanish made an exception in the case of the small ' pearl islands ' of Cubagua and Margarita off the Venezuelan coast because of their valuable pearl beds , which were worked extensively between 1508 and 1530 . Other European powers ( edit ) The other European powers established a presence in the Caribbean after the Spanish Empire declined , partly due to the reduced native population of the area from European diseases . The Dutch , the French , and the British followed one another to the region and established a long - term presence . They brought with them millions of slaves imported from Africa to support the tropical plantation system that spread through the Caribbean islands . Francis Drake was an English privateer who attacked many Spanish settlements . His most celebrated Caribbean exploit was the capture of the Spanish Silver Train at Nombre de Dios in March , 1573 . British colonization of Bermuda began in 1612 . British West Indian colonisation began with St. Kitts in 1623 and Barbados in 1627 . The former was used as a base for British colonisation of neighbouring Nevis ( 1628 ) , Antigua ( 1632 ) , Montserrat ( 1632 ) , Anguilla ( 1650 ) and Tortola ( 1672 ) . French colonization too began on St. Kitts , the British and the French splitting the island amongst themselves in 1625 . It was used as a base to colonise the much larger Guadeloupe ( 1635 ) and Martinique ( 1635 ) , St. Martin ( 1648 ) , St Barts ( 1648 ) , and St Croix ( 1650 ) , but was lost completely to Britain in 1713 . From Martinique the French colonised St. Lucia ( 1643 ) , Grenada ( 1649 ) , Dominica ( 1715 ) , and St. Vincent ( 1719 ) . The English admiral William Penn seized Jamaica in 1655 and it remained under British rule for over 300 years . Piracy in the Caribbean was widespread during the early colonial era , especially between 1640 and 1680 . The term `` buccaneer '' is often used to describe a pirate operating in this region . In 1625 French buccaneers established a settlement on Tortuga , just to the north of Hispaniola , that the Spanish were never able to permanently destroy despite several attempts . The settlement on Tortuga was officially established in 1659 under the commission of King Louis XIV . In 1670 Cap François ( later Cap Français , now Cap - Haïtien ) was established on the mainland of Hispaniola . Under the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick , Spain officially ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France . The Dutch took over Saba , Saint Martin , Sint Eustatius , Curaçao , Bonaire , Aruba , Tobago , St. Croix , Tortola , Anegada , Virgin Gorda , Anguilla and a short time Puerto Rico , together called the Dutch West Indies , in the 17th century . Denmark - Norway first ruled part , then all of the present U.S. Virgin Islands since 1672 , Denmark sold sovereignty over the Danish West Indies in 1917 to the United States , which still administers them . Huguenot corsairs ( edit ) During the first three - quarters of the sixteenth century , matters of balance of power and dynastic succession weighed heavily on the course of European diplomacy and war . Europe 's largest and most powerful kingdoms , France and Spain , were the continent 's staunchest rivals . Tensions increased after 1516 , when the kingdoms of Castile , León , and Aragon were formally unified under Charles I of Spain , who three years later expanded his domains after his election as Holy Roman Emperor . Now he ruled over the continent 's largest and most powerful confederation of kingdoms , whose territories menacingly surrounded France , like a wide - open mouth about to devour it . In 1521 , France went to war with the Holy Roman Empire . Spanish troops routed French armies in France , the Italian Peninsula , and elsewhere , forcing the French Crown to surrender in 1526 and again in 1529 . The Italian Wars , as the French - Spanish wars came to be known , reignited in 1536 and again in 1542 . Intermittent warring between the Valois monarchy and the Habsburg Empire continued until 1559 . French corsair attacks began in the early 1520s , as soon as France declared war on Spain in 1521 . At the time , prodigious treasures from Mexico began to cross the Atlantic en route to Spain . French monarch Francis I challenged Spain 's exclusivist claims to the New World and its wealth , demanding to see `` the clause in Adam 's will which excluded me from my share when the world was being divided . '' Giovanni da Verrazzano ( aka Jean Florin ) led the first recorded French corsair attack against Spanish vessels carrying treasures from the New World . In 1523 , off the Cape of St. Vincent , Portugal , his vessels captured two Spanish ships laden with a fabulous treasure consisting of 70,000 ducats worth of gold , large quantities of silver and pearls , and 25,000 pounds of sugar , a much - treasured commodity at the time . The first recorded incursion in the Caribbean happened in 1528 , when a lone French corsair vessel appeared off the coast of Santo Domingo and its crew sacked the village of San Germán on the western coast of Puerto Rico . In the mid-1530s , corsairs , some Catholic but most of them Protestant ( Huguenot ) , began routinely attacking Spanish vessels and raiding Caribbean ports and coastal towns ; the most coveted were Santo Domingo , Havana , Santiago , and San Germán . Corsair port raids in Cuba and elsewhere in the region usually followed the rescate ( ransom ) model , whereby the aggressors seized villages and cities , kidnapped local residents , and demanded payment for their release . If there were no hostages , corsairs demanded ransoms in exchange for sparing towns from destruction . Whether ransoms were paid or not , corsairs looted , committed unspeakable violence against their victims , desecrated churches and holy images , and left smoldering reminders of their incursions . In 1536 , France and Spain went to war again and French corsairs launched a series of attacks on Spanish Caribbean settlements and ships . The next year , a corsair vessel appeared in Havana and demanded a 700 - ducat rescate . Spanish men - of - war arrived soon and scared off the intruding vessel , which returned soon thereafter to demand yet another rescate . Santiago was also victim of an attack that year , and both cities endured raids yet again in 1538 . The waters off Cuba 's northwest became particularly attractive to pirates as commercial vessels returning to Spain had to squeeze through the 90 - mile - long strait between Key West and Havana . In 1537 -- 1538 , corsairs captured and sacked nine Spanish vessels . While France and Spain were at peace until 1542 , beyond - the - line corsair activity continued . When war erupted again , it echoed once more in the Caribbean . A particularly vicious French corsair attack took place in Havana in 1543 . It left a gory toll of 200 killed Spanish settlers . In all , between 1535 and 1563 , French corsairs carried out around sixty attacks against Spanish settlements and captured over seventeen Spanish vessels in the region ( 1536 -- 1547 ) . Wars of religion ( edit ) While Frenchmen and Spaniards fought one another in Europe and the Caribbean , England sided with Spain , largely because of dynastic alliances . In 1509 , Prince Henry of England married Princess Catherine of Aragon and soon thereafter they were crowned king and queen . It was a tortuous marriage , to say the least , and Henry VIII began to separate from Catherine in 1527 . When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage , Henry VIII pushed the English Catholic Church to separate from Rome and become the Church of England , free from the pope 's authority . Following Henry VIII 's death in 1547 , yet another Anglo - Spanish dynastic marriage was arranged , this time between Spain 's Prince Phillip and Queen Mary I , the Catholic daughter of Anglican Henry VIII . During their brief reign , the Church of England was again subject to the pope 's authority . When Mary I died in 1558 , Phillip II ceased to be king of England and England broke from Rome again . Her successor , Elizabeth , actually rejected a plan to continue the Anglo - Spanish dynastic union when she refused to consider marrying Philip ; she was to remain virgin and Protestant . As Protestantism spread further in European kingdoms such as England and France and it became predominant in other formerly Catholic nations , religious antagonisms played an increasingly important role in determining war and peace among the nations of Europe . Tensions increased between England and Spain , particularly following the ascent of Anglican Queen Elizabeth to the throne in 1558 . The new English monarch 's anti-Catholic zeal mirrored Philip II 's trenchant hatred of the Protestant faith . Protestantism also spread in France and throughout parts of the Holy Roman Empire . By the mid-1560s , two discernible opposing blocs had taken shape : a southern European Catholic bloc led by Spain and a northern European bloc led by England . One of the most valuable ideological weapons of the Reformation and wars against Catholic Spain was the `` Black Legend , '' the systematic denigration of Spain and its people , culture , and religion . Largely fed by the works of Bartolomé de las Casas , English and Dutch Protestants portrayed Spaniards as backward , dishonest , fanatical , cruel , and lazy . Dutch , English , and German editions of las Casas ' Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies circulated throughout Europe beginning in 1578 with titles such as `` Spanish cruelties and tyrannies . '' Theodore De Bry , a Protestant , edited , illustrated , and published editions of las Casas ' book and others on related topics and included gruesome engravings depicting Spanish cruelty . Spain 's relations with England further soured upon the crowning of Elizabeth in 1558 . She openly supported the Dutch insurrection and aided Huguenot forces in France . After decades of increasing tensions and confrontations in the northern Atlantic and the Caribbean , Anglo - Spanish hostilities broke out in 1585 , when the English Crown dispatched over 7,000 troops to the Netherlands and Queen Elizabeth liberally granted licenses for privateers to carry out piracy against Spain 's Caribbean possessions and vessels . Tensions further intensified in 1587 , when Elizabeth I ordered the execution of Catholic Mary Queen of Scotts after twenty years of captivity and gave the order for a preemptive attack against the Spanish Armada stationed in Cadiz . In retaliation , Spain organized the famous naval attack that ended tragically for Spain with the destruction of the `` invincible '' Armada in 1588 . Spain rebuilt its naval forces , largely with galleons built in Havana , and continued to fight England until Elizabeth 's death in 1603 . Spain , however , had received a near - fatal blow that ended its standing as Europe 's most powerful nation and virtually undisputed master of the Indies . Following the Franco - Spanish peace treaty of 1559 , crown - sanctioned French corsair activities subsided , but piratical Huguenot incursions persisted and in at least one instance led to the formation of a temporary Huguenot settlement in the Isle of Pines , off Cuba . English piracy increased during the reign of Charles I , King of England , Scotland , and Ireland ( 1625 -- 1649 ) and became more aggressive as Anglo - Spanish relations tensed up further during the Thirty Years ' War . Although Spain and the Netherlands had been at war since the 1560s , the Dutch were latecomers , appearing in the region only after the mid-1590s , when the Dutch Republic was no longer on the defensive in its long conflict against Spain . Dutch privateering became more widespread and violent beginning in the 1620s . English incursions in the Spanish - claimed Caribbean boomed during Queen Elizabeth 's rule . These actions originally took the guise of well - organized , large - scale smuggling expeditions headed by piratical smugglers the likes of John Hawkins , John Oxenham , and Francis Drake ; their primary objectives were smuggling African slaves into Spain 's Caribbean possessions in exchange for tropical products . The first instances of English mercantile piracy took place in 1562 -- 63 , when Hawkins ' men raided a Portuguese vessel off the coast of Sierra Leone , captured the 300 slaves on board , and smuggled them into Santo Domingo in exchange for sugar , hides , and precious woods . Hawkins and his contemporaries mastered the devilish art of maximizing the number of slaves that could fit into a ship . He and other slave traders methodically packed slaves by having them lay on their sides , spooned against one another . Such was the case of the slave - trading vessel bearing the sub-lime name Jesus of Lübeck , into whose pestilent bowels , in partnership with Elizabeth I , Hawkins jammed 400 African slaves . In 1567 and 1568 , Hawkins commanded two piratical smuggling expeditions , the last of which ended disastrously ; he lost almost all of his ships and three - fourths of his men were killed by Spanish soldiers at San Juan de Ulúa , off the coast of Veracruz , the point of departure of the fleet of New Spain . Hawkins and Drake barely escaped but Oxenham was captured , convicted of heresy by the Inquisition and burned alive . Many of the battles of the Anglo - Spanish war were fought in the Caribbean , not by regular English troops but rather by privateers whom Queen Elizabeth had licensed to carry out attacks on Spanish vessels and ports . These were former pirates who now held a more venerable status as privateers . During those years , over seventy - five documented English privateering expeditions targeted Spanish possessions and vessels . Drake terrorized Spanish vessels and ports . Early in 1586 , his forces seized Santo Domingo , retaining control over it for around a month . Before departing they plundered and destroyed the city , taking a huge bounty . Drake 's men destroyed church images and ornaments and even erected a defensive palisade with wooden images of saints in the hope that the Spanish soldiers ' Catholic fervor would keep them from firing saints as human shields of sorts . Slavery ( edit ) Further information : Afro - Caribbean history A 19th century lithograph by Theodore Bray showing a sugarcane plantation . On right is `` white officer '' , the European overseer , watching plantation workers . To the left is a flat - bottomed vessel for cane transportation . The slaves brought to the Caribbean lived in inhumane conditions . Above are examples of slave huts in Bonaire provided by Dutch colonialists . About 5 feet tall and 6 feet wide , between 2 and 3 slaves slept in these after working in nearby salt mines . The development of agriculture in the Caribbean required a large workforce of manual labourers , which the Europeans found by taking advantage of the slave trade in Africa . The Atlantic slave trade brought African slaves to British , Dutch , French , Portuguese and Spanish colonies in the Americas , including the Caribbean . Slaves were brought to the Caribbean from the early 16th century until the end of the 19th century . The majority of slaves were brought to the Caribbean colonies between 1701 and 1810 . Also in 1816 there was a slave revolution in the colony of Barbados . The following table lists the number of slaves brought into some of the Caribbean colonies : Caribbean colonizer 1492 -- 1700 1701 -- 1810 1811 -- 1870 Total number of slaves imported British Caribbean 263,700 1,401,300 -- 1,665,000 Dutch Caribbean 40,000 460,000 -- 500,000 French Caribbean 155,800 1,348,400 96,000 1,600,200 Abolitionists in the Americas and in Europe became vocal opponents of the slave trade throughout the 19th century . The importation of slaves to the colonies was often outlawed years before the end of the institution of slavery itself . It was well into the 19th century before many slaves in the Caribbean were legally free . The trade in slaves was abolished in the British Empire through the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act in 1807 . Men , women and children who were already enslaved in the British Empire remained slaves , however , until Britain passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833 . When the Slavery Abolition Act came into force in 1834 , roughly 700,000 slaves in the British West Indies immediately became free ; other enslaved workers were freed several years later after a period of forced apprenticeship . Slavery was abolished in the Dutch Empire in 1814 . Spain abolished slavery in its empire in 1811 , with the exceptions of Cuba , Puerto Rico , and Santo Domingo ; Spain ended the slave trade to these colonies in 1817 , after being paid ₤ 400,000 by Britain . Slavery itself was not abolished in Cuba until 1886 . France abolished slavery in its colonies in 1848 . Marriage , separation , and sale together ( edit ) `` The official plantocratic view of slave marriage sought to deny the slaves any loving bonds or long - standing relationships , thus conveniently rationalising the indiscriminate separation of close kin through sales . '' `` From the earliest days of slavery , indiscriminate sales and separation severely disrupted the domestic life of individual slaves . '' Slaves could be sold so that spouses could be sold separately . `` Slave couples were sometimes separated by sale ... They lived as single slaves or as part of maternal or extended families but considered themselves ' married . ' '' Sale of estates with `` stock '' to pay debts , more common in the late period of slavery , was criticized as separating slave spouses . William Beckford argued for `` families to be sold together or kept as near as possible in the same neighbourhood '' and `` laws were passed in the late period of slavery to prevent the breakup of slave families by sale , ... ( but ) these laws were frequently ignored '' . `` Slaves frequently reacted strongly to enforced severance of their emotional bonds '' , feeling `` sorrow and despair '' , sometimes , according to Thomas Cooper in 1820 , resulting in death from distress . John Stewart argued against separation as leading slave buyers to regret it because of `` despair ( , ) ... utter despondency ( , ) or ' put ( ting ) period to their lives ' '' . Separated slaves often used free time to travel long distances to reunite for a night and sometimes runaway slaves were married couples . However , `` sale of slaves and the resulting breakup of families decreased as slave plantations lost prosperity . '' Colonial laws ( edit ) European plantations required laws to regulate the plantation system and the many slaves imported to work on the plantations . This legal control was the most oppressive for slaves inhabiting colonies where they outnumbered their European masters and where rebellion was persistent such as Jamaica . During the early colonial period , rebellious slaves were harshly punished , with sentences including death by torture ; less serious crimes such as assault , theft , or persistent escape attempts were commonly punished with mutilations , such as the cutting off of a hand or a foot . Under British rule , slaves could only be freed with the consent of their master , and therefore freedom for slaves was rare . British colonies were able to establish laws through their own legislatures , and the assent of the local island governor and the Crown . British law considered slaves to be property , and thus did not recognize marriage for slaves , family rights , education for slaves , or the right to religious practices such as holidays . British law denied all rights to freed slaves , with the exception of the right to a jury trial . Otherwise , freed slaves had no right to own property , vote or hold office , or even enter some trades . The French Empire regulated slaves under the Code Noir ( Black Code ) which was in force throughout the empire , but which was based upon French practices in the Caribbean colonies . French law recognized slave marriages , but only with the consent of the master . French law , like Spanish law , gave legal recognition to marriages between European men and black or Creole women . French and Spanish laws were also significantly more lenient than British law in recognizing manumission , or the ability of a slave to purchase their freedom and become a `` freeman '' . Under French law , free slaves gained full rights to citizenship . The French also extended limited legal rights to slaves , for example the right to own property , and the right to enter contracts . Impact of colonialism on the Caribbean ( edit ) A medallion showing the Capture of Trinidad and Tobago by the British in 1797 . Sir Ralph Abercromby , Commander of the British forces that captured Trinidad and Tobago . Economic exploitation ( edit ) The exploitation of the Caribbean landscape dates back to the Spanish conquistadors starting in the 1490s , who forced indigenous peoples held by Spanish settlers in encomienda to mine for gold . The more significant development came when Christopher Columbus wrote back to Spain that the islands were made for sugar development . The history of Caribbean agricultural dependency is closely linked with European colonialism which altered the financial potential of the region by introducing a plantation system . Much like the Spanish exploited indigenous labor to mine gold , the 17th century brought a new series of oppressors in the form of the Dutch , the English , and the French . By the middle of the 18th century sugar was Britain 's largest import which made the Caribbean that much more important as a colony . Sugar was a luxury in Europe prior to the 18th century . It became widely popular in the 18th century , then graduated to becoming a necessity in the 19th century . This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes . Caribbean islands with plentiful sunshine , abundant rainfalls and no extended frosts were well suited for sugarcane agriculture and sugar factories . Following the emancipation of slaves in 1833 in the United Kingdom , many liberated Africans left their former masters . This created an economic chaos for British owners of Caribbean sugar cane plantations . The hard work in hot , humid farms required a regular , docile and low - waged labour force . The British looked for cheap labour . This they found initially in China and then mostly in India . The British crafted a new legal system of forced labour , which in many ways resembled enslavement . Instead of calling them slaves , they were called indentured labour . Indians and southeast Asians began to replace Africans previously brought as slaves , under this indentured labour scheme to serve on sugarcane plantations across the British empire . The first ships carrying indentured labourers for sugarcane plantations left India in 1836 . Over the next 70 years , numerous more ships brought indentured labourers to the Caribbean , as cheap and docile labor for harsh inhumane work . The slave labor and indentured labor - both in millions of people - were brought into Caribbean , as in other European colonies throughout the world . Cane cutters in Jamaica , 1880s . The New World plantations were established in order to fulfill the growing needs of the Old World . The sugar plantations were built with the intention of exporting the sugar back to Britain which is why the British did not need to stimulate local demand for the sugar with wages . A system of slavery was adapted since it allowed the colonizer to have an abundant work force with little worry about declining demands for sugar . In the 19th century wages were finally introduced with the abolition of slavery . The new system in place however was similar to the previous as it was based on white capital and colored labor . Large numbers of unskilled workers were hired to perform repeated tasks , which made if very difficult for these workers to ever leave and pursue any non farming employment . Unlike other countries , where there was an urban option for finding work , the Caribbean countries had money invested in agriculture and lacked any core industrial base . The cities that did exist offered limited opportunities to citizens and almost none for the unskilled masses who had worked in agriculture their entire lives . The products produced brought in no profits for the countries since they were sold to the colonial occupant buyer who controlled the price the products were sold at . This resulted in extremely low wages with no potential for growth since the occupant nations had no intention of selling the products at a higher price to themselves . The result of this economic exploitation was a plantation dependence which saw the Caribbean nations possessing a large quantity of unskilled workers capable of performing agricultural tasks and not much else . After many years of colonial rule the nations also saw no profits brought into their country since the sugar production was controlled by the colonial rulers . This left the Caribbean nations with little capital to invest towards enhancing any future industries unlike European nations which were developing rapidly and separating themselves technologically and economically from most impoverished nations of the world . Wars ( edit ) Battle of the Saintes by Thomas Mitchell . This 1782 battle between the British and French navies took place near Guadeloupe . The Caribbean region was war - torn throughout much of colonial history , but the wars were often based in Europe , with only minor battles fought in the Caribbean . Some wars , however , were borne of political turmoil in the Caribbean itself . Thirty Years ' War between the Netherlands and Spain . The First , Second , and Third Anglo - Dutch Wars were battles for supremacy . Nine Years ' War between the European powers . The War of Spanish Succession ( European name ) or Queen Anne 's War ( American name ) spawned a generation of some of the most infamous pirates . The War of Jenkins ' Ear ( American name ) or The War of Austrian Succession ( European name ) Spain and Britain fought over trade rights ; Britain invaded Spanish Florida and attacked the citadel of Cartagena de Indias in present - day Colombia . The Seven Years ' War ( European name ) or the French and Indian War ( American name ) was the first `` world war '' between France , her ally Spain , and Britain ; France was defeated and was willing to give up all of Canada to keep a few highly profitable sugar - growing islands in the Caribbean . Britain seized Havana toward the end , and traded that single city for all of Florida at the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . In addition France ceded Grenada , Dominica , and Saint Vincent ( island ) to Britain . The American Revolution saw large British and French fleets battling in the Caribbean again . American independence was assured by French naval victories in the Caribbean , but all the British islands that were captured by the French were returned to Britain at the end of the war . The French Revolutionary War enabled the creation of the newly independent Republic of Haiti . In addition , in the Treaty of Amiens in 1802 , Spain ceded Trinidad to Britain . Following the end of the Napoleonic War in 1814 France ceded Saint Lucia to Britain . The Spanish -- American War ended Spanish control of Cuba ( which soon became independent ) and Puerto Rico ( which became a US colony ) , and heralded the period of American dominance of the islands . Piracy in the Caribbean was often a tool used by the European empires to wage war unofficially against one another . Gold plundered from Spanish ships and brought to Britain had a pivotal effect on European interest in colonizing the region . Slave rebellions ( edit ) Illustration circa 1815 showing `` Incendie du Cap '' ( Burning of Cape Francais ) during the Haitian Revolution . The caption reads : `` General revolt of the Blacks . Massacre of the Whites '' . The plantation system and the slave trade that enabled its growth led to regular slave resistance in many Caribbean islands throughout the colonial era . Resistance was made by escaping from the plantations altogether , and seeking refuge in the areas free of European settlement . Communities of escaped slaves , who were known as Maroons , banded together in heavily forested and mountainous areas of the Greater Antilles and some of the islands of the Lesser Antilles . The spread of the plantations and European settlement often meant the end of many Maroon communities , although they survived on Saint Vincent and Dominica , and in the more remote mountainous areas of Jamaica , Hispaniola , Guadeloupe and Cuba . Violent resistance broke out periodically on the larger Caribbean islands . Many more conspiracies intended to create rebellions were discovered and ended by Europeans before they could materialize . Actual violent uprisings , involving anywhere from dozens to thousands of slaves , were regular events , however . Jamaica and Cuba in particular had many slave uprisings . Such uprisings were brutally crushed by European forces . Caribbean slave uprisings ( 1522 -- 1844 ) ( edit ) The following table lists slave rebellions that resulted in actual violent uprisings : Caribbean island Year of slave uprising Antigua 1701 , 1831 Bahamas 1830 , 1832 -- 34 Barbados 1816 Cuba 1713 , 1729 , 1805 , 1809 , 1825 , 1826 , 1830 -- 31 , 1833 , 1837 , 1840 , 1841 , 1843 Curaçao 1795 Dominica 1785 - 90 , 1791 , 1795 , 1802 , 1809 - 14 Grenada 1765 , 1795 Guadeloupe 1656 , 1737 , 1789 , 1802 Jamaica 1673 , 1678 , 1685 , 1690 , 1730 -- 40 , 1760 , 1765 , 1766 , 1791 -- 92 , 1795 -- 96 , 1808 , 1822 -- 24 , 1831 -- 32 Marie Galante 1789 Martinique 1752 , 1789 -- 92 , 1822 , 1833 Montserrat 1776 Puerto Rico 1527 Domingue 1791 Saint John 1733 - 34 Saint Kitts 1639 Saint Lucia 1795 - 96 Saint Vincent 1769 - 73 , 1795 -- 96 Santo Domingo 1522 Tobago 1770 , 1771 , 1774 , 1807 Tortola 1790 , 1823 , 1830 Trinidad 1837 Independence ( edit ) Map of Antilles / Caribbean in 1843 . Haiti , the former French colony of Saint - Domingue on Hispaniola , was the first Caribbean nation to gain independence from European powers in 1804 . This followed 13 years of war that started as a slave uprising in 1791 and quickly turned into the Haitian Revolution under the leadership of Toussaint l'Ouverture , where the former slaves defeated the French army ( twice ) , the Spanish army , and the British army , before becoming the world 's first and oldest black republic , and also the second - oldest republic in the Western Hemisphere after the United States . This is additionally notable as being the only successful slave uprising in history . The remaining two - thirds of Hispaniola were conquered by Haitian forces in 1821 . In 1844 , the newly formed Dominican Republic declared its independence from Haiti . The nations bordering the Caribbean in Central America gained independence with the 1821 establishment of the First Mexican Empire -- which at that time included the modern states of Mexico , Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica . The nations bordering the Caribbean in South America also gained independence from Spain in 1821 with the establishment of Gran Colombia -- which comprised the modern states of Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , and Panama . Cuba and Puerto Rico remained as Spanish colonies until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , after which Cuba attained its independence in 1902 , and Puerto Rico became an unincorporated territory of the United States , being the last of the Greater Antilles under colonial control . Between 1958 and 1962 most of the British - controlled Caribbean was integrated as the new West Indies Federation in an attempt to create a single unified future independent state -- but it failed . The following former British Caribbean island colonies achieved independence in their own right ; Jamaica ( 1962 ) , Trinidad & Tobago ( 1962 ) , Barbados ( 1966 ) , Bahamas ( 1973 ) , Grenada ( 1974 ) , Dominica ( 1978 ) , St. Lucia ( 1979 ) , St. Vincent ( 1979 ) , Antigua & Barbuda ( 1981 ) , St. Kitts & Nevis ( 1983 ) . In addition British Honduras in Central America became independent as Belize ( 1981 ) , British Guiana in South America became independent as Guyana ( 1966 ) , and Dutch Guiana also in South America became independent as Suriname ( 1975 ) . Islands currently under European or US administration ( edit ) A carriage on a street in Martinique , one of the Caribbean islands that has not become independent . It is an overseas region of France , and its citizens are full French citizens . It should be noted that as of the early 21st century , not all Caribbean islands have become independent . Several islands continue to have government ties with European countries , or with the United States . French overseas departments and territories include several Caribbean islands . Guadeloupe and Martinique are French overseas regions , a legal status that they have had since 1946 . Their citizens are considered full French citizens with the same legal rights . In 2003 , the populations of St. Martin and St. Barthélemy voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form separate overseas collectivities of France . After a bill was passed in the French Parliament , the new status took effect on 22 February 2007 . Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are officially insular areas of the United States , but are sometimes referred to as `` protectorates '' of the United States . They are administered by the Office of Insular Affairs ( OIA ) within the United States Department of Interior . British overseas territories in the Caribbean include : Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Aruba , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten are all presently separate constituent countries , formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles . Along with Netherlands , they form the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Citizens of these islands have full Dutch citizenship . History of US relations ( edit ) United States ' rescue effort at St. Vincent , 1902 , following an eruption of the volcano at La Soufrière . Since the Monroe Doctrine , the United States gained a major influence on most Caribbean nations . In the early part of the twentieth century this influence was extended by participation in The Banana Wars . Areas outside British or French control became known in Europe as `` America 's tropical empire '' . Victory in the Spanish -- American War and the signing of the Platt amendment in 1901 ensured that the United States would have the right to interfere in Cuban political and economic affairs , militarily if necessary . After the Cuban revolution of 1959 relations deteriorated rapidly leading to the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Cuban Missile Crisis and successive US attempts to destabilise the island . The US invaded and occupied Hispaniola ( present day Dominican Republic and Haiti ) for 19 years ( 1915 -- 34 ) , subsequently dominating the Haitian economy through aid and loan repayments . The United States invaded Haiti again in 1994 and in 2004 were accused by CARICOM of arranging a coup d'état to remove elected Haitian leader Jean - Bertrand Aristide . In 1965 , 23,000 U.S. troops landed in the Dominican Republic to quash a military coup in what was the first U.S. military intervention in Latin America in more than 30 years . President Lyndon Johnson had ordered the invasion to stem what he claimed to be a `` Communist threat '' , but the mission appeared ambiguous and was condemned throughout the hemisphere as a return to gunboat diplomacy . In 1983 the United States invaded Grenada to remove populist left - wing leader Maurice Bishop . The United States maintains a naval military base in Cuba at Guantanamo Bay . The base is one of five unified commands whose `` area of responsibility '' is Latin America and the Caribbean . The command is headquartered in Miami , Florida . As an arm of the economic and political network of the Americas , the influence of the United States stretches beyond a military context . In economic terms , the United States represents a primary market for the export of Caribbean goods . Notably , this is a recent historical trend . The post-war era reflects a time of transition for the Caribbean basin when , as colonial powers sought to disentangle from the region ( as part of a larger trend of decolonization ) , the US began to expand its hegemony throughout the region . This pattern is confirmed by economic initiatives such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative ( CBI ) , which sought to congeal alliances with the region in light of a perceived Soviet threat . The CBI marks the emergence of the Caribbean basin as a geopolitical area of strategic interest to the US . This relationship has carried through to the 21st century , as reflected by the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act . The Caribbean Basin is also of strategic interest in regards to trade routes ; it has been estimated that nearly half of US foreign cargo and crude oil imports are brought via Caribbean seaways . During wartime , these figures only stand to increase . It is important to note that the United States is also of strategic interest to the Caribbean . Caribbean foreign policy seeks to strengthen its participation in a global free market economy . As an extension of this , Caribbean states do not wish to be excluded from their primary market in the United States , or be bypassed in the creation of `` wider hemispheric trading blocs '' that stand to drastically alter trade and production in the Caribbean Basin . As such , the US has played an influential role in shaping the Caribbean 's role in this hemispheric market . Likewise , building trade relationships with the US has always figured in strongly with the political goal of economic security in post-independence Caribbean states . Economic change in the 20th century ( edit ) The mainstay of the Caribbean economy , sugar , has declined gradually since the beginning of the 20th century , although it is still a major crop in the region . Caribbean sugar production became relatively expensive in comparison to other parts of the world that developed their own sugar cultivation industries , making it difficult for Caribbean sugar products to compete . Caribbean economic diversification into new activities became essential to the islands . Tourism ( edit ) A 1906 advertisement in the Montreal Medical Journal , showing the United Fruit Company selling trips to Jamaica . By the beginning of the 20th century , the Caribbean islands enjoyed greater political stability . Large - scale violence was no longer a threat after the end of slavery in the islands . The British - controlled islands in particular benefited from investments in the infrastructure of colonies . By the beginning of World War I , all British - controlled islands had their own police force , fire department , doctors and at least one hospital . Sewage systems and public water supplies were built , and death rates in the islands dropped sharply . Literacy also increased significantly during this period , as schools were set up for students descended from African slaves . Public libraries were established in large towns and capital cities . These improvements in the quality of life for the inhabitants also made the islands a much more attractive destination for visitors . Tourists began to visit the Caribbean in larger numbers by the beginning of the 20th century , although there was a tourist presence in the region as early as the 1880s . The U.S. - owned United Fruit Company operated a fleet of `` banana boats '' in the region that doubled as tourist transportation . The United Fruit Company also developed hotels for tourist accommodations . It soon became apparent , however , that this industry was much like a new form of colonialism ; the hotels operated by the company were fully staffed by Americans , from chefs to waitresses , in addition to being owned by Americans , so that the local populations saw little economic benefit . The company also enforced racial discrimination in many policies for its fleet . Black passengers were assigned to inferior cabins , were sometimes denied bookings , and were expected to eat meals early before white passengers . The most popular early destinations were Jamaica and the Bahamas ; the Bahamas remains today the most popular tourist destination in the Caribbean . Post-independence economic needs , particularly in the aftermath of the end of preferential agricultural trade ties with Europe , led to a boom in the development of the tourism industry in the 1980s and thereafter . Large luxury hotels and resorts have been built by foreign investors in many of the islands . Cruise ships are also regular visitors to the Caribbean . Some islands have gone against this trend , such as Cuba and Haiti , whose governments chose not to pursue foreign tourism , although Cuba has developed this part of the economy very recently . Other islands lacking sandy beaches , such as Dominica , missed out on the 20th - century tourism boom , although they have recently begun to develop eco-tourism , diversifying the tourism industry in the Caribbean . Financial services ( edit ) The development of offshore banking services began during the 1920s . The close proximity of the Caribbean islands to the United States has made them an attractive location for branches of foreign banks . Clients from the United States take advantage of offshore banking services to avoid U.S. taxation . The Bahamas entered the financial services industry first , and continues to be at the forefront of financial services in the region . The Cayman Islands , the British Virgin Islands , and the Netherlands Antilles have also developed competitive financial services industries . Shipping ( edit ) A container ship docked in the deep water harbour of Bridgetown , Barbados , which opened in 1961 . Ports both large and small were built throughout the Caribbean during the colonial era . The export of sugar on a large scale made the Caribbean one of the world 's shipping cornerstones , as it remains today . Many key shipping routes still pass through the region . The development of large - scale shipping to compete with other ports in Central and South America ran into several obstacles during the 20th century . Economies of scale , high port handling charges , and a reluctance by Caribbean governments to privatize ports put Caribbean shipping at a disadvantage . Many locations in the Caribbean are suitable for the construction of deepwater ports for commercial ship container traffic , or to accommodate large cruise ships . The deepwater port at Bridgetown , Barbados , was completed by British investors in 1961 . A more recent deepwater port project was completed by Hong Kong investors in Grand Bahama in the Bahamas . Some Caribbean islands take advantage of flag of convenience policies followed by foreign merchant fleets , registering the ships in Caribbean ports . The registry of ships at `` flag of convenience '' ports is protected by the Law of the Sea and other international treaties . These treaties leave the enforcement of labour , tax , health and safety , and environmental laws under the control of the registry , or `` flag '' country , which in practical terms means that such regulations seldom result in penalties against the merchant ship . The Cayman Islands , Bahamas , Antigua , Bermuda , and St. Vincent are among the top 11 flags of convenience in the world . However , the flag of convenience practice has been a disadvantage to Caribbean islands as well , since it also applies to cruise ships , which register outside the Caribbean and thus can evade Caribbean enforcement of the same territorial laws and regulations . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plantocratic , of a political order dominated by plantation owners See also ( edit ) History of Latin America Spanish Empire Territorial evolution of the Caribbean Influx of disease in the Caribbean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rouse , Irving . The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People who Greeted Columbus , p. 63 . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05181 - 0 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Nicholas . The Peoples of the Caribbean : an Encyclopedia of Archeology and Traditional Culture , p. 13 . ABC - CLIO , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 701 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Caribbean '' . www.caribbeanhouserecords.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rouse , Irving . The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus ISBN 0 - 300 - 05696 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kearns , Rick ( Jun 2003 -- Jun 2004 ) . `` Indigenous Puerto Rico : DNA evidence upsets established history '' . Issues in Caribbean Amerindian Studies . V ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Huxtable Elliott , Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America , 1492 -- 1830 ( Yale University Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Molly Warsh , American Baroque : Pearls and the Nature of Empire , 1492 - 1700 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press 2018 . Jump up ^ Tony Martin , Caribbean History : From Pre-colonial Origins to the Present ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Adapted from the works of Colville Petty O.B.E and Nik Douglas . ( 2009 ) . `` History & Culture '' . anguilla-vacation.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . The government of the Cayman Islands . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic 2014 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Haggerty , Richard A. ( 1989 ) . `` Haiti , A Country Study : French Settlement and Sovereignty '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Aruba - History and Heritage '' . Smithsonian.com . November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Martínez - Fernández , Luis ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Far beyond the Line : Corsairs , Privateers , Buccaneers , and Invading Settlers in Cuba and the Caribbean ( 1529 - 1670 ) '' . Revista de Indias. 75 ( 263 ) : 7 -- 38 . doi : 10.3989 / revindias. 2015.002 . Material was copied from this source , which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Jump up ^ Herbert S. Klein and Ben Vinson , African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean ( Oxford University Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Hilary Beckles , Black rebellion in Barbados : The struggle against slavery , 1627 - 1838 ( Antilles Publishing , 1984 ) Jump up ^ King , Russell ( 2010 ) . People on the Move : An Atlas of Migration . Berkeley , Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 26151 - 8 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Wesley , `` The Negro in the West Indies , slavery and freedom . '' Journal of Negro History ( 1932 ) : 51 - 66 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bush , Barbara ( 1990 ) , Slave Women in Caribbean Society : 1650 -- 1838 , Bloomington , Ind. : Indiana University Press ( ISBN 0 - 85255 - 057 - X & 0 - 253 - 21251 - 0 ) , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Bush ( 1990 ) , Slave Women in Caribbean Society , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Morrissey , Marietta ( 1989 ) , Slave Women in the New World : Gender Stratification in the Caribbean , Lawrence , Kans. : University Press of Kansas ( ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0394 - 8 ) , p. 85 and see p. 99 ( author assoc . prof . sociology , Univ. of Toledo ) . ^ Jump up to : Bush ( 1990 ) , Slave Women in Caribbean Society , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bush ( 1990 ) , Slave Women in Caribbean Society , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Morrissey ( 1989 ) , Slave Women in the New World , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Rogozinski , Jan ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . London : Penguin . pp. 132 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28193 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . p. 133 . Jump up ^ Cross , Malcolm ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , New York : Cambridge University Press , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Sidney Mintz ( 1986 ) . Sweetness and Power : The Place of Sugar in Modern History . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 009233 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hugh Tinker ( 1993 ) . `` New System of Slavery '' . London : Hansib Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 870518 - 18 - 5 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Forced Labour '' . The National Archives , Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 . Jump up ^ K. Laurence ( 1994 ) . `` A Question of Labour : Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana , 1875 -- 1917 '' . St Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 12172 - 3 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` St. Lucia 's Indian Arrival Day '' . Caribbean Repeating Islands . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indian indentured labourers '' . The National Archives , Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . pp. 159 -- 160 . ^ Jump up to : Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . pp. 161 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Gleijeses , Piero ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` The United States Invasion of the Dominican Republic , 1961 -- 1966 '' . Oxford Bibliographies Online . doi : 10.1093 / OBO / 9780199766581 - 0071 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. troops land in the Dominican Republic '' . History.com. 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . p. 349 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . p. 197 . Jump up ^ Duval , David Timothy ( 2004 ) . Tourism in the Caribbean : trends , development , prospects . Psychology Press . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30362 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . pp. 343 -- 344 . Jump up ^ Jessen , Anneke ; Ennio Rodríguez Céspedes ; Inter-American Development Bank . Integration , Trade , and Hemispheric Issues Division ( 1999 ) . The Caribbean Community : Facing the Challenges of Regional and Global Integration . BID - INTAL . pp. 35 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 950 - 738 - 080 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Duval , David Timothy ( 2004 ) . Tourism in the Caribbean : Trends , Development , Prospects . Psychology Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30362 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Altman , Ida . `` The Revolt of Enriquillo and the Historiography of Early Spanish America , '' The Americas vol. 63 ( 4 ) 2007 , 587 - 614 . Altman , Ida . `` Marriage , Family , and Ethnicity in the Early Spanish Caribbean , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd ser. 70 : 2 ( 2013 ) : 226 - 250 . Altman , Ida. `` Key to the Indies : Port Cities in the Spanish Caribbean : 1493 - 1550 . '' The Americas 74 : 1 ( Jan. 2017 ) : 5 - 26 . Anderson - Córdova , Karen F. Surviving Spanish Conquest : Indian Fight , Flight , and Cultural Transformation in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press 2017 . Andrews , Kenneth R . The Spanish Caribbean : Trade and Plunder , 1530 - 1630 . New Haven : Yale University Press 1978 . Bush , Barbara . Slave Women in Caribbean Society : 1650 -- 1838 ( 1990 ) Cromwell , Jesse . `` More than Slaves and Sugar : Recent Historiography of the Trans - imperial Caribbean and Its Sinew Populations . '' History Compass ( 2014 ) 12 # 10 pp 770 -- 783 . Cox , Edward Godfrey ( 1938 ) . `` West Indies '' . Reference Guide to the Literature of Travel . 2 : New World . Seattle : University of Washington -- via Hathi Trust . de Kadt , Emanuel ( editor ) , 1972 . Patterns of foreign influence in the Caribbean , London , New York , published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford University Press . Dunn , Richard . Sugar and Slaves : The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies , 1624 -- 1713 1972 ) . Emmer , Pieter C. , ed . General History of the Caribbean . London : UNESCO Publishing 1999 . Floyd , Troy S . The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean , 1492 - 1526 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1973 . Higman , Barry W. A Concise History of the Caribbean . ( 2011 ) Hoffman , Paul E. The Spanish Crown and the Defense of the Caribbean , 1535 - 1585 : Precedent , Patrimonialism , and Royal Parsimony . Baton Rouge : LSU Press 1980 . Keegan , William F. Taíno Myth and Practice : the Arrival of the Stranger King . Gainesville : University of Florida Press 2007 . Klooster , Wim , 1998 . Illicit riches . Dutch trade in the Caribbean , 1648 - 1795 , KITLV . Kurlansky , Mark . 1992 . A Continent of Islands : Searching for the Caribbean Destiny . Addison - Wesley Publishing . Martin , Tony , Caribbean History : From Pre-colonial Origins to the Present ( 2011 ) Morse , J. ( 1797 ) . `` West Indies '' . The American Gazetteer . Boston , Massachusetts : S. Hall , and Thomas & Andrews . Moya Pons , F. History of the Caribbean : Plantations , Trade , and War in the Atlantic World ( 2007 ) Palmié , Stephan and Francisco Scarano , eds . The Caribbean : A History of the Region and Its Peoples ( U of Chicago Press , 2011 ) 660 pp Ratekin , Mervyn . `` The Early Sugar Industry in Española , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 34 : 2 ( 1954 ) : 1 - 19 . Rogozinski , Jan . A Brief History of the Caribbean ( 2000 ) . Sauer , Carl O ... The Early Spanish Main . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press 1969 . Sheridan , Richard . Sugar and Slavery : An Economic History of the British West Indies , 1623 -- 1775 ( 1974 ) Stinchcombe , Arthur . Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment : The Political Economy of the Caribbean World ( 1995 ) Tibesar , Antonine S . `` The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Española , '' The Americas 13 : 4 ( 1957 ) : 377 - 389 . Wilson , Samuel M. The Indigenous People of the Caribbean . Gainesville : University of Florida Press 1997 . 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4755013142331077732	Dallas Cowboys	Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy blue , metallic silver , royal blue , white Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they missed the playoffs only twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 touchdowns ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo , who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . The season also featured second - year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league 's conduct policy . The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed back to November . The Cowboys finished the year at 9 - 7 without making the playoffs . Following the season Dez Bryant was released after eight seasons in Dallas and Jason Witten retired after 15 seasons , ending an era . The Dallas Cowboys ' 2017 season was the subject of the third season of Amazon 's sports documentary series All or Nothing . The series is produced by NFL Films. . Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only . ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey . ) In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 , 2007 , 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush 3 Mike White Running backs 46 Jordan Chunn 21 Ezekiel Elliott 44 Darius Jackson 49 Jamize Olawale FB 36 Bo Scarbrough 45 Rod Smith 34 Trey Williams Wide receivers 18 Dres Anderson 10 Tavon Austin RB 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 81 K.D. Cannon 16 Darren Carrington 13 Michael Gallup 17 Allen Hurns 14 Lance Lenoir 19 Mekale McKay 15 Deonte Thompson 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 89 Blake Jarwin 86 Dalton Schultz 87 Geoff Swaim 84 David Wells Offensive linemen -- Kyle Bosch G 63 Jake Campos T 71 La'el Collins T / G -- Matthew Diaz T 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 75 Cameron Fleming T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 73 Joe Looney C / G 69 Damien Mama G / C 70 Zack Martin G 62 Jacob Ohnesorge C 77 Tyron Smith T 52 Connor Williams G / T Defensive linemen 74 Dorance Armstrong Jr . DE 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DT / DE 76 Kony Ealy DE / DT 94 Randy Gregory DE 56 Datone Jones DT / DE 65 Austin Larkin DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 92 Brian Price DT 93 Caraun Reid DT 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE 51 Jihad Ward DT 64 Antwaun Woods DT Linebackers 59 Chris Covington OLB 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 43 Joel Lanning MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 42 Eric Pinkins OLB / SS 41 Kyle Queiro OLB / SS 54 Jaylon Smith OLB / MLB 48 Joe Thomas MLB 55 Leighton Vander Esch MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 20 Marqueston Huff FS 29 Jeron Johnson SS 31 Byron Jones CB 37 Kam Kelly FS / CB 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Donovan Olumba CB 23 Tyree Robinson SS / FS 33 Dominick Sanders FS / SS 26 Duke Thomas CB 40 Charvarius Ward CB 39 Marquez White CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / CB Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 47 Scott Daly LS 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 2 Brett Maher K / P Reserve lists 95 David Irving DT / DE ( Did Not Report ) 61 Korren Kirven T ( Waived / injured ) 60 Marcus Martin G / C ( IR ) 28 Jameill Showers SS / FS ( IR ) 67 Dustin Stanton G ( Waived / injured ) -- Cedrick Wilson Jr . WR ( IR ) Rookies in italics Roster updated August 28 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 89 Active , 6 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 74 Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 20 Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 22 Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Seasons Inducted Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front office Owner / president / general manager -- Jerry Jones COO / executive vice president / director of player personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior director of football operations / football administration -- Todd Williams Director of salary cap & player contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice president player personnel -- Will McClay Senior executive , college scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of college scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of pro scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant director of college scouting -- Chris Hall Director of football research -- Tom Robinson Head coaches Head coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive coaches Offensive coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running backs -- Gary Brown Wide receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant wide receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive line -- Paul Alexander Assistant offensive line -- Marc Colombo Offensive assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive coaches Defensive coordinator / defensive line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive backs / passing game coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive assistant -- Ken Amato Special teams coaches Special teams coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant special teams -- Doug Colman Support staff Director of advance scouting & special projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and conditioning Director of strength and conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant strength and conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching staff and management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for him and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scales , Kristi ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Why the Cowboys Are Wearing a New Uniform Color - Combination on Sunday '' . 5PointsBlue.com . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . The Cowboys do not have an all - blue set of Color Rush . But they do have their navy jerseys ( PMS 289 C ) which are normally worn with silver pants ( Metallic Silver PMS 8180 C ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . NFL Enterprises , LLC . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . NFL Enterprises , LLC . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . NFL Enterprises , LLC . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . Jump up ^ `` ' All or Nothing ' series to showcase Cowboys ' 2017 season '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Rob ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Open & Shut '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Dallas SLPB Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes USACHL Laredo Bucks Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees Texas Lawmen Wichita Falls Force NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . 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Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Dallas History Mayors People Culture Climate Transportation Education Landmarks Neighborhoods Asian Trade District Bishop Arts District Casa Linda Cedars Deep Ellum Design District Downtown Exposition Park Fair Park Kessler Park Knox - Henderson Lake Highlands Lakewood Lower Greenville `` M '' Streets Oak Cliff Oak Lawn Park Cities Preston Hollow Trinity Groves Turtle Creek Uptown Victory Park West End Professional sports teams Dallas Cowboys Dallas Mavericks Dallas Stars FC Dallas Texas Rangers Dallas Rattlers All Dallas articles Dallas Portal Texas Portal State of Texas American football portal National Football League portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Texas portal MusicBrainz : 54baf951 - 5008 - 443b - b692 - 8e66ccedd64d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Cowboys&oldid=857038412 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1960 1960 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles that may be too long from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 04 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time the dallas cowboys won the super bowl	[ "Dallas Cowboys\n Current season\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]First season: 1960Play in AT&T StadiumArlington, TexasHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The StarFrisco, Texas\n\n \nLogoWordmarkLeague/conference affiliations\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\nCurrent uniform\nTeam colors\nNavy blue, metallic silver, royal blue, white[2][3][4]\n\n Mascot\nRowdyPersonnelOwner(s)\nJerry JonesCEO\nStephen JonesPresident\nJerry JonesGeneral manager\nJerry JonesHead coach\nJason GarrettTeam history\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\nTeam nicknames\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\nChampionships\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\nPlayoff appearances (32)\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\nHome fields\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n" ]	[ "1995" ]
-9216925078193896149	Haute couture	Haute couture - wikipedia Haute couture Jump to : navigation , search Pierre Balmain adjusting a dress on model Ruth Ford in 1947 ( photographed by Carl Van Vechten ) A model wearing a haute couture gown by Georges Chakra in 2010 Haute couture ( / ˌoʊt kuːˈtjʊər / ; French pronunciation : ( ot kuˈtyʁ ) ; French for `` high sewing '' or `` high dressmaking '' or `` high fashion '' ) is the creation of exclusive custom - fitted clothing . Haute couture is high - end fashion that is constructed by hand from start to finish , made from high - quality , expensive , often unusual fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most experienced and capable sewers , often using time - consuming , hand - executed techniques . Couture translates literally from French as `` dressmaking '' but may also refer to fashion , sewing , or needlework and is also used as a common abbreviation of haute couture and refers to the same thing in spirit . Haute translates literally to `` high '' . A haute couture garment is often made for a client , tailored specifically for the wearer 's measurements and body stance . Considering the amount of time , money , and skill allotted to each completed piece , haute couture garments are also described as having no price tag : budget is not relevant . The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worth 's work , produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century . The Dapifer notes that Worth would allow his clients to select colors , fabrics and other details before ever beginning his design process which was unheard of at the time . In modern France , haute couture is a protected name that may not be used except by firms that meet certain well - defined standards . However , the term is also used loosely to describe all high - fashion custom - fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London , Milan , New York City or Tokyo . In either case , the term can refer to the fashion houses or fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend - setting fashions or to the fashions created . Contents ( hide ) 1 French legal status of term 2 Other uses of the term 3 History 4 Members of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture 4.1 Official members 4.2 Correspondent members ( foreign ) 4.3 Guest members 4.4 Jewelry 4.5 Accessories 4.6 Former members 5 Public and private collections 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links French legal status of term ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In France , the term haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Paris based in Paris . The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as `` the regulating commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses '' . Their rules state that only `` those companies mentioned on the list drawn up each year by a commission domiciled at the Ministry for Industry are entitled to avail themselves '' of the label haute couture . The Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne is an association of Parisian couturiers founded in 1868 as an outgrowth of medieval guilds that regulate its members in regard to counterfeiting of styles , dates of openings for collections , number of models presented , relations with press , questions of law and taxes , and promotional activities . Formation of the organization was brought about by Charles Frederick Worth . An affiliated school was organized in 1930 called L'Ecole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture . The school helps bring new designers to help the `` couture '' houses that are still present today . Since 1975 , this organization has worked within the Federation Francaise , de couture , du Prêt - à - Porter des Couturiers et des Createurs de Mode . More rigorous criteria for haute couture were established in 1945 . To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term haute couture in its advertising and any other way , members of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture must follow specific rules : design made - to - order for private clients , with one or more fittings ; have a workshop ( atelier ) in Paris that employs at least fifteen staff members full - time ; have at least twenty full - time technical people , in at least one workshop ( atelier ) ; and present a collection of at least fifty original designs to the public every fashion season ( twice , in January and July of each year ) , of both day and evening garments . Other uses of the term ( edit ) The term `` haute couture '' has taken on further popular meanings referring to non-dressmaking activities , such as production of fine art , music , etc . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chanel Haute Couture Fall - Winter 2011 -- 2012 Fashion Show by Karl Lagerfeld Haute couture can be referenced back as early as the 17th Century . Rose Bertin , the French fashion designer to Queen Marie Antoinette , can be credited for bringing fashion and haute couture to French culture . Visitors to Paris brought back clothing that was then copied by local dressmakers . Stylish women also ordered dresses in the latest Parisian fashion to serve as models . As railroads and steamships made European travel easier , it was increasingly common for wealthy women to travel to Paris to shop for clothing and accessories . French fitters and dressmakers were commonly thought to be the best in Europe , and real Parisian garments were considered better than local imitations . A couturier ( French : ( ku. ty. ʁje ) ) is an establishment or person involved in the clothing fashion industry who makes original garments to order for private clients . A couturier may make what is known as haute couture . Such a person usually hires patternmakers and machinists for garment production , and is either employed by exclusive boutiques or is self - employed . The couturier Charles Frederick Worth ( October 13 , 1826 -- March 10 , 1895 ) , is widely considered the father of haute couture as it is known today . Although born in Bourne , Lincolnshire , England , Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry . Revolutionizing how dressmaking had been previously perceived , Worth made it so the dressmaker became the artist of garnishment : a fashion designer . While he created one - of - a-kind designs to please some of his titled or wealthy customers , he is best known for preparing a portfolio of designs that were shown on live models at the House of Worth . Clients selected one model , specified colors and fabrics , and had a duplicate garment tailor - made in Worth 's workshop . Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready - to - wear clothing industry , which was also developing during this period . Following in Worth 's footsteps were Callot Soeurs , Patou , Poiret , Vionnet , Fortuny , Lanvin , Chanel , Mainbocher , Schiaparelli , Balenciaga , and Dior . Some of these fashion houses still exist today , under the leadership of modern designers . In the 1960s , a group of young designers who had trained under men like Dior and Balenciaga left these established couture houses and opened their own establishments . The most successful of these young designers were Yves Saint Laurent , Pierre Cardin , André Courrèges , Ted Lapidus , and Emanuel Ungaro . Japanese native and Paris - based Hanae Mori was also successful in establishing her own line . Lacroix is one of the fashion houses to have been started in the late 20th century . Other new houses have included Jean - Paul Gaultier and Thierry Mugler . Due to the high expenses of producing haute couture collections , Lacroix and Mugler have since ceased their haute couture activities . Modernized haute couture shows are not designed and made to be sold , rather they are exactly what they are displayed for -- for show . Instead of being constructed for the purpose of selling and making money , they are made to further the publicity , as well as perception and understanding of brand image . For all these fashion houses , custom clothing is no longer the main source of income , often costing much more than it earns through direct sales ; it only adds the aura of fashion to their ventures in ready - to - wear clothing and related luxury products such as shoes and perfumes , and licensing ventures that earn greater returns for the company . Excessive commercialization and profit - making can be damaging , however . Cardin , for example , licensed with abandon in the 1980s and his name lost most of its fashionable cachet when anyone could buy Cardin luggage at a discount store . It is their ready - to - wear collections that are available to a wider audience , adding a splash of glamour and the feel of haute couture to more wardrobes . Fashion houses still create custom clothing for publicity , for example providing items to the television show Gossip Girl . The 1960s also featured a revolt against established fashion standards by mods , rockers , and hippies , as well as an increasing internationalization of the fashion scene . Jet travel had spawned a jet set that partied -- and shopped -- just as happily in New York as in Paris . Rich women no longer felt that a Paris dress was necessarily better than one sewn elsewhere . While Paris is still pre-eminent in the fashion world , it is no longer the sole arbiter of fashion . Members of the Chambre Syndicale de la haute couture ( edit ) For the Spring 2017 season the official list of members are : Official members ( edit ) Adeline André -- Alexandre Vauthier -- Alexis Mabille -- Chanel -- Christian Dior -- Franck Sorbier -- Giambattista Valli -- Givenchy -- Jean Paul Gaultier -- Julien Fournié -- Maison Margiela -- Schiaparelli -- Stéphane Rolland -- Yiqing Yin Correspondent members ( foreign ) ( edit ) Armani Privé -- Atelier Versace -- Elie Saab -- Valentino -- Viktor & Rolf Guest members ( edit ) Aouadi -- Dice Kayek -- Georges Hobeika -- Guo Pei -- Ilja -- Ralph & Russo -- Ulyana Sergeenko -- Zuhair Murad -- J. Mendel Jewelry ( edit ) Boucheron -- Chanel Joaillerie -- Chaumet -- Dior Joaillerie -- Van Cleef & Arpels Accessories ( edit ) Loulou de la Falaise -- Massaro -- On aura tout vu Recent guest members have included the fashion houses of Boudicca , Cathy Pill , Richard René and Udo Edling , as well as Eymeric François , Gerald Watelet ( fr ) , Nicolas Le Cauchois ( fr ) and Ma Ke ( Wuyong ) . In the 2008 / 2009 Fall / Winter Haute Couture week , Emanuel Ungaro showed as an Official Member . Former members ( edit ) Anna May Anne Valérie Hash Balenciaga Callot Soeurs Carven ( fr ) Christian Lacroix Ektor Von Hoffmeister Emilio Pucci Erica Spitulski Erik Tenorio Escada Fred Sathal Gai Mattiolo Germaine Lecomte Grès Guy Laroche Hanae Mori Jacques Fath Jacques Griffe ( fr ) Jacques Heim Jean Patou Jean - Louis Scherrer Jeanne Lafaurie Joseph Lanvin Lecoanet Hemant ( fr ) Lefranc Ferrant Loris Azzaro Louis Féraud Lucien Lelong Lucile Manguin Louise Chéruit Mad Carpentier Madeleine Vionnet Madeleine Vramant Maggy Rouff Mainbocher Mak Shoe Marcel Rochas Marcelle Chaumont Marcelle Dormoy Martial et Armand Nina Ricci Paco Rabanne Paul Poiret Philippe et Gaston Pierre Balmain Pierre Cardin Rabih Kayrouz Ralph Rucci Seraglio Robert Piguet Ted Lapidus Thierry Mugler Sophie Torrente ( fr ) Vera Borea Yves Saint Laurent Public and private collections ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : sourced information on publicly and privately held collections , to expand what appears to be a stray added fact into encyclopedic content . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2015 ) The largest private collection of haute couture may be that of Mouna Ayoub , whose collection is estimated to encompass more than 1,600 items . See also ( edit ) Fashion portal Bespoke Business cluster Designer label Fashion Fashion design Fashion week Fédération française de la couture List of fashion designers List of grands couturiers Luxury brand Prêt - à - porter References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` What Does Couture Mean - Definition and French Translation -- The Dapifer '' . THE DAPIFER. 2017 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` What is Haute Couture made easy -- The Odd Portrait '' . 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is Haute Couture ? '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Claire B. Shaeffer ( 2001 ) . Couture sewing techniques `` Originating in mid - 19th - century Paris with the designs of an Englishman named Charles Frederick Worth , haute couture represents an archaic tradition of creating garments by hand with painstaking care and precision '' . Taunton Press , 2001 Jump up ^ Pauline Thomas . `` Chambre Syndicale History and Development -- Fashion History '' . Fashion-era.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Calasibetta , C. , Tortora , P. , & Abling , B. ( 2002 ) . The fairchild dictionary of fashion . ( 3rd ed . ) . New York , NY : Fairchild Books . Jump up ^ `` Bloomsbury Fashion Central - '' . www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wuyong -- Dancing In A Haute Couture Debut The Fashion Blog '' . Fashion-blog.us . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Steele , Valerie ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Berg companion to fashion . Oxford ( etc. : Berg . ISBN 9781847885630 . Jump up ^ Nudelman , Z ( 2009 ) . The art of couture sewing . London : Bloomsbury Academic . p. 2 . ISBN 1563675390 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster '' . Jump up ^ Jacqueline C. Kent ( 2003 ) . Business Builders in Fashion -- Charles Frederick Worth -- The Father of Haute Couture The Oliver Press , Inc. , 2003 Jump up ^ End of a fairytale : Christian Lacroix fashion house to strip down - The Guardian . Retrieved 21 October 2014 Jump up ^ Chevalier , Michel ( 2012 ) . Luxury Brand Management . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 17176 - 9 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Marisa ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Get Me Wardrobe ! '' . The New York Times . p . E1 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Spring Summer 2017 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Calendriers '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` SS2012 Haute Couture Fashion week designers '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Fall Winter 2009 / 2010 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Spring Summer 2008 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Fall Winter 2008 / 2009 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Spring Summer 2011 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Thomas ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Cinderella to Couture Queen : Meet Mouna Ayoub '' . Associated Press . Gennevilliers , France . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . `` The Golden Age of Couture '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . `` Interactive timeline of couture houses and couturier biographies '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Fédération française de la couture Christian Dior , an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art ( fully available online as PDF ) Madame Grès , an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art ( fully available online as PDF ) Further reading ( edit ) Nudelman , Z. ( 2009 ) The Art of Couture Sewing , London , LND , GBR : Bloomsbury Academic , ISBN 1563675390 Shaeffer , Claire B. ( 2011 ) Couture Sewing Techniques , Newtown , CT , USA : Taunton Press , ISBN 1600853358 External links ( edit ) Look up haute couture or couturier in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haute couture . `` Haute Couture '' from Label France , a magazine of the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs Haute Couture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's Timeline of Art History Clothing Historical clothing Traditional and national clothing Tops Blouse Cache - cœur Cardigan Crop top Dress shirt Guayabera Guernsey Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater Sweater vest T - shirt Tube top Turtleneck Twinset Trousers Bell - bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Capri pants Cargo pants Chaps Cycling shorts Dress pants High water pants Hotpants Lowrise pants Jeans Jodhpurs Leggings Overall Palazzo pants Parachute pants Pedal pushers Phat pants Shorts Slim - fit pants Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Skirts A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Denim skirt Men 's skirts Miniskirt Pencil skirt Prairie skirt Rah - rah skirt Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Dresses Ball gown Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail dress Débutante dress Formal wear Frock Evening gown Gown House dress Jumper Little black dress Princess line Sheath dress Shirtdress Slip dress Strapless dress Sundress Wedding dress Wrap dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress Ball dress Black tie Boilersuit Cleanroom suit Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Hazmat suit Jumpsuit Kasaya Lab coat Military uniform Morning dress Onesie Pantsuit Red Sea rig Romper suit School uniform Scrubs Stroller Tuxedo Vestment White tie Outerwear Apron Blazer British Warm Cagoule Cape Chesterfield Coat Covert coat Cut - off Duffel coat Flight jacket Gilet Goggle jacket Guards coat Harrington jacket Hoodie Jacket Jerkin Leather jacket Mess jacket Opera coat Overcoat Parka Paletot Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Robe Safari jacket Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Smoking jacket Sport coat Trench coat Ulster coat Waistcoat Windbreaker Underwear ( lingerie ) Top Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Midway briefs Briefs Full Adult bodysuit Infant bodysuit Long underwear Playsuit Teddy Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress shoe Flip - flops Hosiery Sandal Shoe Spats Slipper Sneakers Sock Stocking Tights Headwear Baseball cap Beret Cap Fedora Hat Helmet Hood Kerchief Knit cap Toque Turban Veil Neckwear Ascot tie Bow tie Cravat Neckerchief Necktie Scarf Nightwear Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One - piece Rash guard Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Accessories Belt Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Wristwatch See also Activewear Clothing fetish Clothing terminology Costume Cross-dressing Dress code Fashion Haute couture History of clothing See - through clothing Members of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture Members Adeline André Anne Valérie Hash Carlota Alfaro Chanel Christian Dior Dominique Sirop Franck Sorbier Givenchy Jean Paul Gaultier Maurizio Galante Stéphane Rolland Yiqing Yin Invited , foreign and guest members See : List of grands couturiers Design Outline Portal Designer Disciplines Communication design Advertising Book design Corporate design Exhibit design Film title design Graphic design Motion Postage stamp design Print design Illustration Information design Instructional design News design Photography Retail design Signage / Traffic sign design Typography / Type design Video design Visual merchandising Environmental design Architecture Architectural lighting design Building design Passive solar Ecological design Environmental impact design Garden design Computer - aided Healthy community design Hotel design Interior architecture Interior design EID Keyline design Landscape architecture Sustainable Landscape design Spatial design Urban design Industrial design Automotive design Automotive suspension design CMF design Corrugated box design Electric guitar design Furniture design Sustainable Hardware interface design Motorcycle design Packaging and labeling Photographic lens design Product design Production design Sensory design Service design Interaction design Experience design EED Game design Level design Video game design Hardware interface design Icon design Immersive design Information design Sonic interaction design User experience design User interface design Web design Other applied arts Public art design Ceramic / glass design Fashion design Costume design Jewelry design Floral design Game art design Property design Scenic design Sound design Stage / set lighting design Textile design Other design & engineering Algorithm design Boiler design Conceptual design Database design Drug design Electrical system design Experimental design Filter design Job design Integrated circuit design Circuit design Physical design Power network design Mechanism design Nuclear weapon design Nucleic acid design Organization design Process design Processor design Protein design Research design Social design Software design Spacecraft design Strategic design Systems design Approaches Activity - centered Adaptive web Affective Brainstorming By committee By contract C-K theory Closure Co-design Concept - oriented Contextual Continuous Cradle - to - cradle Creative problem - solving Creativity techniques Critical Design fiction Defensive Design -- bid -- build Design -- build architect - led Domain - driven Ecodesign Energy neutral Engineering design process Probabilistic design Error - tolerant Fault - tolerant Framework - oriented For assembly For behaviour change For manufacturability For Six Sigma For testing For X Functional Generative Geodesign High - level Integrated Integrated topside Intelligence - based Iterative KISS principle Low - level Metadesign Mind mapping Modular New Wave Object - oriented Open Parametric Participatory Platform - based Policy - based Process - centered Public interest Rational Regenerative Reliability engineering Research - based Responsibility - driven RWD Safe - life Sustainable Systemic SOD Tableless web Theory of constraints Top - down and bottom - up Transformation Transgenerational TRIZ Universal Design for All Usage - centered Use - centered User - centered Empathic User innovation Value - driven Value sensitive Privacy by Design choice computing controls flow leadership management marker methods pattern research science strategy theory thinking Tools Intellectual property Organizations Awards Tools AAD Architectural model Blueprint Comprehensive layout CAD CAID Virtual home design software CAutoD Design quality indicator Electronic design automation Flowchart Mockup Product design specification Prototype Sketch Storyboard Technical drawing Web design program Website wireframe Intellectual property Community design Design around Design patent Fashion design copyright Geschmacksmuster Industrial design rights European Union Organizations AIGA Chartered Society of Designers Design and Industries Association Design Council International Forum Design The Design Society Design Research Society Awards European Design Award German Design Award Good Design Award ( Chicago ) Good Design Award ( Japan ) Graphex IF product design award James Dyson Award Prince Philip Designers Prize Related topics Aesthetics Agile Concept art Creative industries Cultural icon . design Enterprise architecture Futures studies Innovation Management Intelligent design Lean Startup New product development OODA Loop Philosophy of design Process simulation Slow design STEAM fields Unintelligent design Visualization Wicked problem Design brief change classic director education elements and principles engineer firm history knowledge language life load museum paradigm rationale review specification studio technology Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haute_couture&oldid=817735283 '' Categories : Haute couture Fashion design Formal wear History of clothing ( Western fashion ) History of fashion High fashion brands Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Interlanguage link template link number Articles to be expanded from July 2015 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Tools Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 07 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the person who is considered to be the founder of the paris haute couture was	[ "The couturier Charles Frederick Worth (October 13, 1826 – March 10, 1895), is widely considered the father of haute couture as it is known today.[4][12] Although born in Bourne, Lincolnshire, England, Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry[1]. Revolutionizing how dressmaking had been previously perceived, Worth made it so the dressmaker became the artist of garnishment: a fashion designer. While he created one-of-a-kind designs to please some of his titled or wealthy customers, he is best known for preparing a portfolio of designs that were shown on live models at the House of Worth. Clients selected one model, specified colors and fabrics, and had a duplicate garment tailor-made in Worth's workshop. Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready-to-wear clothing industry, which was also developing during this period." ]	[ "Charles Frederick Worth" ]
6944037019276170642	Grey's Anatomy	Grey 's Anatomy - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the textbook , see Gray 's Anatomy . For other uses , see Grey 's Anatomy ( disambiguation ) . `` Grey 's '' redirects here . For other uses , see Greys ( disambiguation ) . Grey 's Anatomy Genre Medical drama Romantic drama Created by Shonda Rhimes Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Chyler Leigh Brooke Smith Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Kim Raver Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Camilla Luddington Gaius Charles Jerrika Hinton Tessa Ferrer Caterina Scorsone Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Narrated by Ellen Pompeo Theme music composer Psapp Opening theme `` Cosy in the Rocket '' ( seasons 1 -- 2 , 14 ) Ending theme `` Cosy in the Rocket '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Danny Lux Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 310 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Shonda Rhimes Allan Heinberg Betsy Beers Debbie Allen James D. Parriott Jeannine Renshaw Jeff Rafner Joan Rater Kent Hodder Krista Vernoff Mark Gordon Mark Wilding Marti Noxon Nancy Bordson Peter Horton Rob Corn Stacy McKee Steve Mulholland Tony Phelan William Harper Zoanne Clack Producer ( s ) Ann Kindberg Austin Guzman Ellen Pompeo Elisabeth R. Finch Gabrielle G. Stanton Harry Werksman Jeff Rafner Linda Klein Lisa Taylor Mark Foreman Meg Marinis Mimi Schmir Peter Nowalk Sara E. White Stacy McKee Tammy Ann Casper Tia Napolitano William Harper Zoanne Clack Cinematography Herbert Davis Editor ( s ) Susan Vaill David Greenspan Edward Ornelas Justin Chinn Briana London Sarah Boyd Stacy Katzman Brandi Bradburn Bjorn Myrholt Camera setup Single - camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Shondaland ( 2005 - present ) ( season 2 - present ) The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 - 2007 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 - present ) ( season 4 - present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Followed by Private Practice Station 19 External links Official website The cover of the book after which Grey 's Anatomy was named . Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27 , 2005 , on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement . The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns , residents , and attending physicians , as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is a play on Gray 's Anatomy , a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray . Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series ; she is also one of the executive producers , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the series is set in Seattle ( at the fictional Seattle Grace , later known as the Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital ) , it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles , California . The show was originally titled Complications , a double - edged reference to both the complicated medical procedures and personal lives of the characters . The series was designed to be racially diverse and used color - blind casting . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo , first featured as an intern . The original cast consisted of nine star - billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T.R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the series ' run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its twelfth season , the show had a large ensemble of sixteen actors , including four characters from the original cast ( Meredith Grey , Alex Karev , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber ) . On February 10 , 2017 , ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourteenth season , which premiered on September 28 , 2017 . The series ' success catapulted such long - running cast members as Pompeo , Dempsey , and Oh to worldwide recognition ; they were among the top five highest - earning television actors in 2013 . While the show 's ratings have fallen over the course of its run ( it was once among the overall top 10 shows in the United States ) , it is still one of the highest - rated shows among the 18 -- 49 demographic , and the No. 3 drama on all of broadcast television . The series was the highest revenue - earning show on television , in terms of advertising , in the 2007 - 08 season ; in 2017 , it was ranked tenth on the list . Grey 's Anatomy ranks as ABC 's highest - rated drama in its fourteenth season . Grey 's Anatomy has been well received by critics throughout much of its run , and has been included in various critics ' year - end top ten lists . Since its inception , the show has been described by the media outlets as a television `` phenomenon '' or a `` juggernaut '' , owing to its longevity and dominant ratings . It is considered to have had a significant effect on popular culture and has received numerous awards , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama . It has received thirty - eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including two for Outstanding Drama Series . The cast members have also received several accolades for their respective performances . Grey 's Anatomy is the longest - running scripted primetime show currently airing on ABC , the second - longest scripted primetime ABC show ever , and the second - longest primetime medical drama , after ER . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and development 2.1 Conception 2.2 Production team 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming locations and technique 3 Series synopsis 3.1 Overview 4 Cast 4.1 Main characters 4.2 Recurring characters 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 5.2 Impact 5.3 U.S. television ratings 5.4 Awards and accolades 6 Broadcast history 6.1 Spin - offs 6.1. 1 Private Practice 6.1. 2 Station 19 6.1. 3 Grey 's Anatomy : B - Team 7 Distribution 8 Merchandise 9 International adaptation 10 Footnotes 11 Citations 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) The series follows Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , the daughter of an esteemed general surgeon named Ellis Grey , following her acceptance into the residency program at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . During her time as a resident , Grey works alongside her fellow doctors Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , and George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , who each struggle to balance personal lives with the hectic work and training schedules . They are overseen during their internship by Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , a senior resident who works for attending Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , the head of neurosurgery and Meredith 's love interest ; Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) , the head of cardio , who becomes Yang 's fiancé ; and Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the Chief of Surgery and attending general surgeon , and lover of Ellis Grey decades before . In the sixth season , these residents are joined by Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) , former Mercy - West residents who join Seattle Grace following an administrative merger . During the first six seasons , Burke , O'Malley and Stevens all depart the series . In addition to Webber , Burke , and Shepherd , the surgical wing is primarily supervised by Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , as head of OB / GYN , neonatal , and fetal surgery ; Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , a resident who later becomes head of orthopedic surgery , who left Seattle at the end of the twelfth season ; Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , as head of plastics ; Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , as head of trauma ; Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , as head of pediatric surgery , and later head of fetal surgery ; Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , as head of cardio ; Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , as head of cardio ; and Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) , Derek 's sister , who is hired to replace him as head of neuro . New young doctors in the residency program include Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half - sister . She is killed with Mark Sloan in the season eight finale . Other additions include Leah Murphy ( Tessa Ferrer ) , who departs near the end of the tenth season , but returns during the thirteenth ; Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) , who departs with Yang in the tenth - season finale ; Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , who resigns during season thirteen ; Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , a doctor who begins a romantic relationship with Karev ; Andrew Deluca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) , the love - interest of Meredith 's half - sister Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) , who also serves as head of cardio ; and Benjamin Warren ( Jason George ) , an anesthesiologist - turned - resident , who has to balance his own desire to succeed with his wife Miranda Bailey 's new role as Chief of Surgery . In Season twelve attending cardio surgeon Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) joins the show . In season thirteen , the hospital sees a shakeup when attending sports medicine / orthopedic surgeon Eliza Minnick ( Marika Dominczyk ) is hired as an educational consultant to revamp the residency program . She is fired following an explosion at the hospital . Production and development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Shonda Rhimes wanted to make a show that she would enjoy watching , and thought it would be interesting to create a show about `` smart women competing against one another '' . When asked how she decided to develop a medical drama , Rhimes responded : `` I was obsessed with the surgery channels . ( ... ) My sisters and I would call each other up and talk about operations we 'd seen on the Discovery Channel . There 's something fascinating about the medical world -- you see things you 'd never imagine , like the fact that doctors talk about their boyfriends or their day while they 're cutting somebody open . So when ABC asked me to write another pilot , the ( operating room ) seemed like the natural setting . '' The series was pitched to ABC Entertainment , who gave the green light . The show was picked up as a mid-season replacement for Boston Legal in the 2005 television season . Francie Calfo , executive vice president of development at ABC Entertainment , commented that ABC was looking for a medical show that was unlike the others airing at the time . She pointed out that `` ( m ) edical shows are hard , and it was hard trying to figure out where ours could be different . But where everybody else is speeding up their medical shows , ( Rhimes ) found a way to slow it down , so you get to know the characters . There 's definitely a strong female appeal to it . '' `` ER is high - speed medicine . The camera flies around , adrenaline is rushing . My show is more personal . The idea for the series began when a doctor told me it was incredibly hard to shave her legs in the hospital shower . At first that seemed like a silly detail . But then I thought about the fact that it was the only time and place this woman might have to shave her legs . That 's how hard the work is . '' -- Rhimes on the creation of Grey 's Anatomy Rhimes initially conceived Grey 's Anatomy as a statement against racism . She worked to create a show featuring a racially diverse cast that allowed viewers to relate to characters regardless of race . While creating characters , as well as writing the first script , the series ' writers had no character descriptions in mind , and hoped to cast the best actor available for each part . Rhimes has said that if the network had not allowed to create characters this way , she would have been hesitant about moving forward with the series . Female roles in particular were developed as multi-faceted characters . Rhimes offered her insight on this , `` I wanted to create a world in which you felt as if you were watching very real women . Most of the women I saw on TV did n't seem like people I actually knew . They felt like ideas of what women are . They never got to be nasty or competitive or hungry or angry . They were often just the loving wife or the nice friend . But who gets to be the bitch ? Who gets to be the three - dimensional woman ? '' The show 's title , Grey 's Anatomy , was devised as a play on words : a reference to both Henry Gray 's classic English medical textbook , Gray 's Anatomy ( first published in 1858 and still in print ) , and the title character Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . Before the series debuted on March 27 , 2005 , a few early releases were shown to close friends and family of the producers and actors . The show was scheduled to run in the Boston Legal time slot for four weeks . But its high ratings and viewership resulted in ABC keeping it in that slot for the remainder of the season . ABC Entertainment President , Steve McPherson , commented on the scheduling change : `` Ultimately we decided that , without having adequate lead time or marketing dollars to devote to moving either show so late in the season , we 'd continue to let ( Grey 's Anatomy ) build on its tremendous momentum through May . '' Prior to broadcast , it was announced that the show 's title would be changed from Grey 's Anatomy to Complications , although this did not take place . Production team ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy is produced by ShondaLand , in association with The Mark Gordon Company , and ABC Studios ( formerly Touchstone Television ) . Rhimes , Betsy Beers , Krista Vernoff , Mark Gordon , Rob Corn , and Mark Wilding have all served as executive producers throughout the course of the series . In subsequent seasons , Steve Mulholland , Kent Hodder , Nancy Bordson , James D. Parriott , and Peter Horton have also been executive producers , with Allan Heinberg joining the show in 2006 in this role . As of season eight , the executive producers were Rhimes , Beers , Gordon , Vernoff , Corn , Wilding , and Heinberg . Rhimes is the series head writer , or its most prolific writer . She often promotes the show by answering fan questions on her Twitter account . Other members of the writing staff are Vernoff , Wilding , Peter Nowalk , Stacy McKee , William Harper , Zoanne Clack , Tony Phelan , Joan Rater , and Debora Cahn . From the second through seventh seasons , the writers maintained a blog entitled Grey Matter , where the writer of an episode discussed background of the writing . Directors vary by episode , with Rob Corn directing most frequently , followed by Tom Verica . Horton , Edward Ornelas , and Jessica Yu have also directed a substantial number of episodes . Cast members Chandra Wilson and Kevin McKidd have both directed multiple episodes . Grey 's Anatomy has been edited by Susan Vaill since the show 's inception , and David Greenspan was named an editor in 2006 . Casting directors Linda Lowy and John Brace have been a part of the production team since 2005 . Production design is led by Donald Lee Harris , assisted by art director Brian Harms , and costume design is led by Mimi Melgaard . Working alongside Melgaard , Thomas Houchins supervises costumes , Ellen Vieira is the makeup artist , and Jerilynn Stevens serves as a hair stylist . The Director of Photography is Herbert Davis . The music coordinator is Danny Lux . Karen Lisa Pike , M.D. is the on - set medical consultant , alongside Linda Klein , an RN . The production staff is part of a Grey 's Anatomy softball team that competes against other television shows , such as CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . Casting ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members `` She brought this energy that felt very fresh . From the beginning , I 've been shaping Cristina around Sandra a little bit . One of my favorite things to do is take as much of her dialogue out of a scene as possible because she does so much nonverbally . Then I just watch what she manages to do without having a word to say . '' -- Rhimes on Oh 's audition Grey 's Anatomy used a color - blind casting technique , resulting in a racially diverse ensemble . Each role was cast without the character 's race being pre-determined , keeping Rhimes ' vision of diversity . The production staff began casting with the program 's title character , Meredith Grey , which Rhimes said was a difficult role to cast . `` I kept saying we need a girl like that girl from Moonlight Mile , '' said Rhimes , `` and after a while , they were like , ' We think we can get that girl from Moonlight Mile . '' The next to be cast , Sandra Oh ( Dr. Cristina Yang ) , was initially invited to audition for the character of Bailey , but pressed to read for the role of Cristina instead . Many actors read for the role of Dr. Derek Shepherd , but when Patrick Dempsey read for the part , `` he was just perfect '' , according to Rhimes . The only character developed with a racial description in mind was Dr. Miranda Bailey , who is portrayed by Chandra Wilson . Her character was first described as a tiny blonde with curly hair , but when Wilson began speaking , Rhimes reported : `` ( Wilson ) is exactly who Miranda is . '' James Pickens Jr. was selected to appear as Dr. Richard Webber in the series ' pilot and first season . Katherine Heigl wanted to portray Dr. Izzie Stevens as a brunette , but was requested to retain her natural blonde for the part . Isaiah Washington , who portrayed Dr. Preston Burke , initially read for the role of Shepherd , but was cast as Burke , because the original actor to play Burke had to withdraw . T.R. Knight signed on for the pilot as Dr. George O'Malley , expecting that the role might be short - lived , because he liked that the character was multi-faceted . Rounding out the season one cast was Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev . Eric Dane originally auditioned for the pilot episode of Grey 's Anatomy , but did not receive a role . The second season marked the introduction of attending doctors Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . They were initially cast as recurring characters , but both were given star billing at the opening of the third season . Ramirez was cast after ABC executives offered her a role in the network show of her choice ; Dane had previously auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in the pilot episode . Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) also joined the show in season two , after making a guest appearance in season one . In October 2006 , Washington allegedly insulted Knight with a homophobic slur , during an on - set altercation with Dempsey , and ABC terminated Washington 's contract at the end of the third season . Washington returned for a guest appearance in season 10 . At the conclusion of the third season , Walsh departed the show to pursue the Grey 's Anatomy spin - off , Private Practice , but continues to make guest appearances . Chyler Leigh joined the cast as a main character in the fourth season as Dr. Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half - sister . Leigh had appeared as a guest star in the final two episodes of the third season . On the selection of Leigh for the role of Lexie , Rhimes said : `` Chyler stood out ... It felt like she could be Meredith 's sister , but she had a depth that was very interesting . '' Dr. Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , who first appeared on Grey 's Anatomy in the second season , returned as a series regular in the fourth season . Shortly after the announcement that Smith would be a regular member of the cast , Entertainment Weekly 's Michael Ausiello , reported that her character , Hahn , would depart from Grey 's Anatomy on November 6 , 2008 . E ! Online 's Kristin Dos Santos asserted that Smith 's dismissal from the show had been forced by the ABC network , as part of an attempt to `` de-gay '' Grey 's Anatomy . Rhimes countered these claims , saying that `` we did not find that the magic and chemistry with Brooke 's character would sustain in the long run '' . Season five introduced actor Kevin McKidd ( Dr. Owen Hunt ) , who was signed as a series regular after originally being cast for a specific story arc . In addition , Jessica Capshaw ( Dr. Arizona Robbins ) was originally introduced for a three - episode arc , but received a contract extension until the end of the season ; and then was made a series regular in the sixth season . Knight departed the show at the conclusion of season five , citing an unhappiness with the development and lack of screen time for his character . Directly following Knight 's departure , Entertainment Weekly reported that Heigl had not returned to the set as scheduled after her maternity leave . It was later confirmed that Heigl would not return to the show at all . Kim Raver , who was cast as recurring character Dr. Teddy Altman in the sixth season , was given star billing later in the season . Sarah Drew ( Dr. April Kepner ) and Jesse Williams ( Dr. Jackson Avery ) , who both made their series debuts as recurring characters in the sixth season , and received star billing in the seventh . The six original actors ' contracts expired after season eight , but in May 2012 , Pompeo , Oh , Dempsey , Chambers , Wilson , and Pickens renewed their contracts with the show for another two years . At the conclusion of the eighth season , Leigh 's character Lexie Grey departed from the show at Leigh 's request , and with Rhimes ' agreement . Raver 's character Teddy Altman was also written out of the show during the season eight finale . Rhimes said that Raver had been offered a contract renewal , but declined . In July 2012 , Dane ( Sloan ) confirmed that he was departing the show to pursue other projects ; he made his final appearances in the first two episodes of the ninth season . With the start of season 10 , Camilla Luddington , Jerrika Hinton , Gaius Charles and Tessa Ferrer were introduced to the show as series regulars . They were first introduced to the show in season 9 as new interns . On August 13 , 2013 , Oh ( Cristina ) announced that the show 's tenth season would be her final one . In March 2014 it was announced that Isaiah Washington , who portrayed Preston Burke in the first three seasons of the show , would make a guest appearance to coincide with the departure of series regular Sandra Oh , his former on - screen love interest . Neither Charles ' nor Ferrer 's contracts were renewed for season 11 . On May 2 , 2014 it was announced that , in addition to Pompeo and Dempsey , all original remaining cast members -- aside from Sandra Oh -- signed two - year deals , extending their contracts through seasons 11 and 12 . Despite joining the series in its second season , Sara Ramirez is on the same negotiation schedule as the first - season cast and also signed a new two - year deal . On Wednesday , January 17 , 2018 , it was announced by ABC that Ellen Pompeo 's contract had been renewed through season 16 . Not only does the contract renewal insure that Pompeo will return as Meredith Grey , but it makes her a producer of Grey 's Anatomy and a co-executive producer of Station 19 . The deal will make Pompeo the highest paid actress currently on a dramatic TV series , with her making $575,000 per episode and over $20 million yearly . Filming locations and technique ( edit ) The Space Needle , in Seattle , is the background to many exterior shots . Rhimes considered setting the medical drama in her hometown , Chicago , but eventually decided to go with Seattle , to distinguish Grey 's Anatomy from the Chicago -- based ER . Fisher Plaza , which is the headquarters building of the former Fisher Communications ( since merged into Sinclair Broadcasting Group ) and SBG 's ABC affiliated KOMO radio and television stations in Seattle , is used for some exterior shots of Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital . In particular , air ambulances land on the KOMO - TV newscopter 's helipad . This suggests the hospital is close to the Space Needle ( which is directly across the street from Fisher Plaza ) , the Seattle Monorail , and other local landmarks . But , the hospital used for most other exterior and a few interior shots is not in Seattle ; these scenes are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills , California , and occasional shots from an interior walkway above the lobby show dry California mountains in the distance . The exterior of Meredith Grey 's house , also known as the Intern House , is real . In the show , the address of Grey 's home is 613 Harper Lane , but this is not an actual address . The physical house is located at 303 W. Comstock St. , on Queen Anne Hill , Seattle , Washington . Most scenes are taped at Prospect Studios in Los Feliz , just east of Hollywood , where the Grey 's Anatomy set occupies six sound stages . Some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle . Several props used are working medical equipment , including the MRI machine . When asked about operating room scenes , Sarah Drew offered this : We work with Bovine organs , which is cow 's organs . The smell is repulsive and makes us all gag . And we use an actual soldering tool to solder the organs . It smells like burning flesh . There 's also a lot of silicone and blood matter , red jello mixed with blood and chicken fat . It 's pretty gross . Costumes are used to differentiate between attending surgeons , who wear navy blue scrubs , and residents , who wear light blue scrubs . The series is filmed with a single - camera setup , as are many dramas . Grey 's Anatomy is often filmed using the `` walk and talk '' filming technique , popularized on television by series such as St. Elsewhere , ER , and The West Wing . Series synopsis ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Title screen Grey 's Anatomy follows the lives of surgical interns and residents at the fictional Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital ( formerly Seattle Grace Hospital , Season 1 -- 6 , Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , Season 6 -- 9 , and then Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital , Season 9 -- present ) , as they gradually develop as seasoned doctors , with the help of their competent attending mentors and chief of surgery . Each installment , typically , begins with a voice - over narrative from Meredith Grey or a season regular , foreshadowing the theme of the episode . Each season tends to represent the physicians ' academic year , with each completed year qualifying the residents at a level higher in the surgical field . The season will always end with a finale , typically related to a dramatic event such as a death or character departure . Most installments revolve around the doctors ' everyday lives as surgeons , but the show also emphasizes their personal , rather than professional , lives . The series sets aside medical ethic concerns to focus on character development and relationships . Although the physicians treat the illnesses of their patients , often through complex surgeries , they display competitive spirit and seek praise . After arriving at the hospital each morning , residents may argue over who gets the challenge of a certain patient who has arrived that day . A hospital superior assigns cases , often generating tension between the residents and their superiors . Within each episode are shifts from the doctors interacting with their patients , to scenes with their co-workers . Once assigned a case , each doctor diagnoses the patient , with the help of his or her attending physician , which usually leads to surgery . The surgeons tend to form personal connections with their patients , with a patient often conveying a message to his or her doctor , which unintentionally relates to the doctor 's private life . The show displays the growth of relationships between the doctors , either friendly or sexual , which may produce conflicts between their personal and professional lives . Emotional scenes are often accompanied by an indie rock background song , something that has become a hallmark of the series . At the conclusion of each episode , one of the characters delivers another voice - over , typically contrasting or following up on the initial one . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ellen Pompeo Meredith Grey Main Sandra Oh Cristina Yang Main Katherine Heigl Izzie Stevens Main Justin Chambers Alex Karev Main T.R. Knight George O'Malley Main Chandra Wilson Miranda Bailey Main James Pickens , Jr . Richard Webber Main Isaiah Washington Preston Burke Main Guest Patrick Dempsey Derek Shepherd Main Kate Walsh Addison Montgomery Guest Main Special Guest Eric Dane Mark Sloan Guest Main Sara Ramirez Callie Torres Recurring Main Brooke Smith Erica Hahn Recurring Guest Main Chyler Leigh Lexie Grey Guest Main Kevin McKidd Owen Hunt Main Jessica Capshaw Arizona Robbins Recurring Main Kim Raver Teddy Altman Main Recurring Sarah Drew April Kepner Recurring Main Jesse Williams Jackson Avery Recurring Main Camilla Luddington Jo Wilson Recurring Main Gaius Charles Shane Ross Recurring Main Jerrika Hinton Stephanie Edwards Recurring Main Tessa Ferrer Leah Murphy Recurring Main Recurring Caterina Scorsone Amelia Shepherd Guest Special Guest Recurring Main Kelly McCreary Maggie Pierce Guest Main Jason George Benjamin Warren Recurring Guest Recurring Main Giacomo Gianniotti Andrew DeLuca Guest Main Martin Henderson Nathan Riggs Main Cast notes * ^ 1 Katherine Heigl is credited as a main cast member from 1x01 to 6x18 . From 6x19 , she is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 2 In Season 9 , Eric Dane only appears in 9x01 and 9x02 . From 9x03 , he is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 3 Brooke Smith is credited as a main cast member from 4x05 to 5x07 . From 5x08 , she is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 4 In season 5 , Kevin McKidd is credited as a recurring cast member from 5x01 to 5x13 . From 5x14 , he is credited as a main cast member . * ^ 5 In season 6 , Kim Raver is credited as a recurring cast member from 6x09 to 6x18 . From 6x19 , she is credited as a main cast member . * ^ 6 In season 14 , Martin Henderson only appears from 14x01 to 14x05 . From 14x06 , he is no longer credited as a main cast member and does not appear . The five characters who are first introduced in the series premiere , as surgical interns , are Grey , Karev , O'Malley , Stevens , and Yang . They are initially mentored by Bailey , a senior resident who becomes the hospital 's Chief Resident , and later an attending general surgeon , in season six . The surgical program is initially headed by the Chief of Surgery , Richard Webber , who has a pre-existing personal relationship with Meredith , having had an affair with her mother when Meredith was a child . In Webber 's employ are attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , dubbed ' McDreamy ' by the residents , and attending cardiothoracic surgeon Preston Burke . Shepherd is introduced as Meredith 's love interest , while Burke begins a relationship with Yang . Introduced in the show 's second season are obstetrician - gynecologist and neonatal surgeon , Addison Montgomery , plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( nicknamed ' McSteamy ' by the interns ) , from New York , and orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres . Montgomery is Shepherd 's wife who arrives in Seattle seeking reconciliation with him , Sloan is Shepherd 's former best friend , who aided the breakdown of his marriage by having an affair with Montgomery , while Torres is introduced as a love - interest , and eventual wife for O'Malley . The penultimate episode of season three introduces Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half - sister who unexpectedly decides to pursue her internship at Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother 's sudden death , and begins an on - again , off - again relationship with Sloan . Burke and Yang , having been engaged , endeavor to plan their wedding , while Montgomery departs the show at the conclusion of the third season , relocating to California , seeking a new life . The season three finale shows Burke 's exit from the show , after leaving Yang at the altar on their wedding day . The original lead characters of Grey 's Anatomy Grey , Yang , Karev , and Stevens are all promoted to residents , in the season four premiere , while O'Malley is forced to repeat his internship year , following his failing of the intern exam . Subsequently , Torres and O'Malley divorce one another , due to him having a sexual affair with Stevens , initially concealing it from Torres . Early in the fourth season , cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn becomes Torres ' love interest . During the fifth season , Hahn departs from the series , and O'Malley retakes his intern exam , passing , joining his fellow physicians as a resident . Two new characters are introduced , former United States Army trauma surgeon Dr. Owen Hunt , and pediatric surgeon Dr. Arizona Robbins . Hunt becomes a love - interest for Yang , while Robbins becomes a love - interest for Torres . When Stevens is diagnosed with stage four metastatic melanoma , she and Karev get married at the conclusion of the fifth season . In addition , Meredith and Shepherd marry , with their vows written on a post-it note . O'Malley dies in the premiere of the sixth season , due to injuries sustained from being hit by a bus , and Stevens later departs Seattle after being diagnosed with cancer and following a lack of communication between her then husband Karev following the Seattle Grace merger with Mercy West . Several new characters are introduced as Seattle Grace Hospital merges with Mercy West . Residents April Kepner and Jackson Avery both transfer to Seattle Grace Hospital from Mercy West , and the latter entertains a brief relationship with Lexie Grey , until she reunites with Mark Sloan . Subsequently , Teddy Altman is introduced as the new Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . In the season six finale , a deceased patient 's grieving husband embarks on a shooting spree at the hospital , injuring Karev , Shepherd , and Hunt , and killing residents Charles Percy and Reed Adamson . In the shooting 's emotional reverberations , Hunt and Yang abruptly marry , not wanting to risk separation . Torres and Robbins eventually wed , officiated by Bailey . In season eight , Webber steps down and allocates his job to Hunt . As the final year of residency for Meredith , Yang , Karev , Avery , and Kepner is coming to a close , the doctors are all planning to relocate to different hospitals to pursue their specialty careers . However , all plans are put on hold when several doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital are engaged in a plane crash , which kills Lexie and endangers Meredith , Shepherd , Yang , Robbins , and Sloan . At the conclusion of the eighth season , Altman is courteously fired by Hunt as she struggles to decide whether or not to take the job as Chief at the United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) . In the season nine premiere , Sloan dies due to sustained injuries from the plane crash following a brief relapse of temporary health ( the surge ) and the remaining characters work through their post traumatic stress and Arizona Robbins ' loss of limb by way of suing Seattle Grace Mercy West as the hospital was responsible for putting the surgeons on the plane . The season continues with the struggle of the lawsuit and the animosity that it creates within the hospital , Yang and Hunt eventually divorce in order to help the lawsuit . The doctors who were on the plane won the lawsuit , but the pay out bankrupts the hospital . They all club together and buy Seattle Grace Mercy West , with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation , and they become the Board of Directors , once being called the `` Grey - Sloan 7 '' . One of the changes they implement is renaming the hospital to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Robbins cheats on Torres with a visiting facial reconstruction surgeon . Grey 's Anatomy then concluded its 10th season on ABC and saw the departure of one of its major players , Cristina Yang , played by Sandra Oh . Towards the end of the eleventh season , Derek Shepherd witnesses a car accident and pulls over to help the injured , but his car is hit by a truck with him inside as he attempts to leave the scene . He later dies at another hospital following the doctors ' mishandling of his injuries . The season 12 finale saw the departure of one of the show 's longest running characters , Callie Torres , played by Sara Ramirez . Recurring characters ( edit ) With the drama 's setting being a hospital , numerous medical personnel appear regularly on the show , as well as several other recurring characters . Joe ( Steven W. Bailey ) , is first shown as the owner of the Emerald City Bar and Grill , across the street from the hospital , which is a common relaxation area for the physicians . Also introduced in the pilot , is the legendary former surgeon , Dr. Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) , Meredith 's Alzheimer 's - stricken mother , who appeared on the show until her death in season three . In the first season , Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) , a nurse who appeared on the show occasionally until getting laid off in the merger with Mercy West , engages in sexual activity with O'Malley , giving him syphilis . Serving as an assistant and secretary to the Chief of Surgery , former nurse Patricia ( Robin Pearson Rose ) , has appeared on the show since its debut . Tyler Christian ( Moe Irvin ) , a hospital nurse , makes occasional appearances throughout the series . Within the second season , Bailey becomes pregnant by her husband , Tucker Jones ( Cress Williams ) , who makes frequent appearances on Grey 's Anatomy , until their divorce in season five . While Bailey takes a sabbatical , due to her pregnancy , the cheerful Dr. Sydney Heron ( Kali Rocha ) , fills her position as the resident supervising Grey , Yang , Karev , O'Malley , and Stevens , and makes occasional appearances until the fifth season . Thatcher and Susan Grey ( Jeff Perry and Mare Winningham ) , Meredith 's estranged father and step - mother , are introduced in season two , with Susan making appearances until her death in season three , and Thatcher continuing to appear on the series . Adele Webber ( Loretta Devine ) , is introduced as Richard 's wife , who eventually acquires Alzheimer 's , in the seventh season , and continued to make appearances until her death in season nine . Introduced as Preston 's mother , Jane Burke ( Diahann Carroll ) makes occasional appearances until the fourth season . Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , a patient suffering from congestive heart failure , originates as one of Burke 's patients , who goes on to propose to Stevens , after weeks of bonding between the two . Facing death , Stevens cuts Duquette 's left ventricular assist device ( LVAD ) , to elevate his position on the United Network for Organ Sharing ( UNOS ) transplant list . This ultimately ends in his death , marking his initial departure from the show , and placing Stevens on disciplinary probation . Initially conceived as a veterinarian hired for Shepherd 's dog , Doc , Dr. Finn Dandridge ( Chris O'Donnell ) soon becomes a love interest for Meredith , while Shepherd is with Montgomery . Dandridge is included in a multi-episode story arc , consisting of nine episodes , ending when Meredith reunites with Shepherd . Chyler Leigh 's character was introduced in the third season finale and was promoted to series regular in season four . In season three , George 's father , Harold O'Malley ( George Dzundza ) , is diagnosed with cancer and dies , with his wife Louise ( Debra Monk ) and George 's brothers Jerry ( Greg Pitts ) and Ronny ( Tim Griffin ) by his side . Louise goes on to appear occasionally , and was last seen in season eight . A ferryboat accident brings along Rebecca Pope ( Elizabeth Reaser ) , who is initially introduced as a pregnant Jane Doe victim , suffering from amnesia . Pope eventually embarks on a relationship with Karev , until she is diagnosed with a personality disorder in season four , and makes her final departure . Amidst the crisis of the ferryboat crash , Meredith falls into the water at the disaster site . Although rescued , she goes into cardiac arrest , waking up in what appears to be limbo . Within the limbo , Meredith is entertained by deceased acquaintances Duquette and Dylan Young ( Kyle Chandler ) , who was killed during a bomb crisis in the second season , until eventually being resuscitated . Seeking a cure to her depression , Meredith undergoes therapy sessions with the hospital psychiatrist , Dr. Katharine Wyatt ( Amy Madigan ) , who in addition , serves as a psychiatrist to Hunt . The season four premiere introduces several new interns , to be trained under Meredith , Yang , Karev , Stevens , and eventually O'Malley . Among them are Dr. Steve Mostow ( Mark Saul ) who continues to make appearances , and Dr. Sadie Harris ( Melissa George ) who formed a friendship with Meredith while the two were in college . Harris is fired in the fifth season , due to not actually having a medical degree , and departs the show immediately after . Meredith and Shepherd 's relationship reaches a toll , and the two separate , leading Shepherd to entertaining a relationship with Rose ( Lauren Stamile ) , a nurse . Rose appears frequently until season five , when Derek and Meredith decide to rekindle their flame . Throughout the fifth season , Stevens experiences full - out hallucinations of Duquette , signaling that she is ill , and once she is lucid , he departs , marking his final appearance . Following the announcement of her relationship with Robbins , Callie 's father Carlos Torres ( Hector Elizondo ) initially contests his daughter 's concurrence in homosexuality , but eventually accepts it , and he reappears several times throughout the series . The hospital 's merging with Mercy West introduces new residents : Dr. Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) and Dr. Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) , but the two are both murdered in the season six finale . Also introduced in the sixth season is Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) , an anesthesiologist and eventual husband to Dr. Miranda Bailey , as well as Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) , Dr. Mark Sloan 's estranged daughter who seeks kinship with him . Dr. Lucy Fields ( Rachael Taylor ) , an obstetrician - gynecologist , is introduced in the seventh season , and serves as a love interest for Dr. Alex Karev , until eventually relocating to pursue a career in Africa . Robbins receives a grant to aid children in Malawi , which leads to a falling out between her and Torres . While in Malawi , Robbins is replaced by Dr. Robert Stark ( Peter MacNicol ) , a pediatric surgeon with an interest in Dr. April Kepner , who appears occasionally until season eight . Following the breakdown of Dr. Torres ' relationship with Dr. Robbins , Dr. Sloan and Dr. Torres unite , and she becomes pregnant . Torres ' relationship with Robbins is subsequently mended , and the couple endeavors to raise their new daughter , Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres , with the help of Dr. Sloan . Shepherd and Meredith also become new parents , with their adoption of Zola , a baby girl from Malawi . Conceived as a patient with a tumor condition who later develops diabetes , Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) befriends Dr. Altman and eventually joins her in marriage only to get treated using her medical insurance , until he dies while undergoing heart surgery . In the season nine premiere , interns Dr. Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , Dr. Heather Brooks ( Tina Majorino ) , Dr. Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) , Dr. Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , and Dr. Leah Murphy ( Tessa Ferrer ) are introduced . Steven Culp and William Daniels play Dr. Parker and Dr. Craig Thomas , respectively . Dr. Parker is Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Dr. Craig Thomas ( William Daniels ) is an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Mayo Clinic , where Cristina worked temporarily . Dr. Alana Cahill ( Constance Zimmer ) introduced in the ninth season is appointed to cut costs at the hospital and she eventually decides the best course of action would be to seek out a new buyer until the four crash survivors and Torres on the behalf of Sloan to pool their money together in a bid to purchase the hospital themselves . Kepner starts dating a paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) and they form a deep relationship over the course of the ninth ad tenth seasons and she eventually agreed to marry before reconciling with Avery in the middle of her wedding to Mathew . Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) is introduced as a craniofacial surgeon consulting on a case at Grey Sloan Memorial who showed romantic interested in Arizona and eventually ended up having a one - night stand with her . Dr. Heather Brooks dies in the premier of season ten . She goes to search for Dr. Webber and finds him lying in the basement of the hospital . Trying to save Dr. Webber , she accidentally steps into a puddle and electrocutes herself while hitting her head as she falls . Bailey moves a cancer patient in Webber 's room to force some perspective and make him take the treatment . Also introduced in the tenth season was Dr. Karev 's estranged father Jimmy Evans ( James Remar ) who tries to form a relationship with his son but fails repeatedly . He dies in a botched surgery . The conclusion of season 10 has Cristina leaving Grey Sloan for Dr. Burke 's job as head of a hospital in Zurich , while Dr. Ross makes a last - minute decision to follow her in order to study under her . Dr. Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) unknowingly drops a bombshell that she is the child of Dr. Webber and the late Dr. Grey , and given up at birth for adoption . Dr. Meredith Grey has to accommodate another half sister . Also , Dr. Yang privately gives her shares in the hospital to Dr. Karev , also giving him her seat on the board . But Dr. Webber all but promises the seat to Dr. Bailey , so the board has to decide between them . Introduced in season eleven is Dr. Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who is Chief of Fetal Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial . Dr. Herman selects Arizona Robbins in a fetal surgery fellowship and becomes her mentor . Herman plays in a twelve - episode arc before departing after episode fourteen . Season 11 begins with new surgical residents coming to the hospital . Maggie Pierce is head of cardio , and she and her half - sister Meredith start to build a relationship , as she also does with her father Dr. Webber . Callie and Arizona 's relationship falls through after they realized they want different things . April and Jackson learn that their baby has a lethal birth defect , but April decides that she will carry the baby to term . There is considerable discussion of and questioning of faith . She bears a boy , Samuel , who dies shortly after birth . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` Grey 's Anatomy offers a different and perhaps more valuable idea of what it means to be strong : the capacity to suffer terribly , break down completely , and then get up again , confident that you 're bigger than the sum of the tragedies you 've suffered -- because everyone else is , too . The layers of history have grown pretty dense and rich , and the friendships that form around them as the characters suffer and survive is the glue of the series , and what -- despite a few inevitable hit - or - miss patches -- elevates it to something special . '' - Laura Hudson of Wired Grey 's Anatomy has been well received among critics . The show holds an average of 72 % positive score on Rotten Tomatoes . The A.V. Club gave an insight on both the overwhelming success and lows in the quality of the hit medical drama saying , `` The quality arc for the show is all over the place , starting with a steady build in the first season , then skyrocketing into phenomenon in season two , then leveling off and dipping in season three , before having some seriously bumpy moments in seasons four ( interrupted by the writers ' strike ) and five . The climb begins again in season six '' Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly in a review wrote , `` I believe the show 's best season to date is season 2 . Let me make it clear that I 'm not saying seasons 3 through 9 were bad . In my opinion , there have only been a few lulls in the show 's history , and most of them did n't last a full season . '' adding , `` I still enjoy the show , and I 'll honestly never stop watching . By any standards , Grey 's Anatomy has been successful television , ranking highly in the ratings for nine seasons and entering the cultural lexicon via phrases as cloying yet catchy as `` McDreamy . '' , the show has had its periods of being intensely irritating , and it has had its periods when it seems as if Shonda Rhimes has taken leave of her faculties , but it 's also got an amazingly high batting average , particularly with every solid season that passes along in this second act of its run . '' The site lauded the show saying , `` On average , it 's been very good TV , filled with interesting , driven characters who run the gamut of professions within the show 's hospital setting . It 's been , by turns , a good soap , a good romantic comedy , a good medical drama , and a good interpersonal show about an unexpected workplace family . '' The first season received positive reviews which steadily built up , with Gary Levin of USA Today calling Grey 's Anatomy one of the top shows on television . New York Daily News named Grey 's Anatomy a `` winner '' , whereas Newsday expressed a positive opinion by stating `` You simply ca n't stop watching . '' The Washington Post 's Tom Shales was critical of season one , finding it reminiscent of ER and commenting that : `` The show is much more a matter of commercial calculation than an honest attempt to try something fresh and different . '' Shortly after its initial airing , the Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan called Grey 's Anatomy the new Friends ; a concluded National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) sitcom following the lives of a group of young adults , that all of its ten - year run in the top - five for viewer ratings . The second season received critical acclaim , top critics like Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club called the show a `` phenomenon '' , adding the show was , `` one of the best TV shows around '' , Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly later during the tenth season called the second `` the show 's best season to date '' however , Kevin Carr of 7M Pictures opined that Grey 's Anatomy is a mere combination of Scrubs , ER , Sex and the City , and The Love Boat . It further garnered positive reviews , Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment added : `` The second season of this medical drama expertly wove its signature elements of complex relationships , whimsical banter and challenging life - lessons ; all to a montage - fetish , indie - rock soundtrack . '' Todd Gilchrist also from IGN called the season `` terrific '' adding , `` Indeed , one of the best currently on television . While it remains to be seen what the creators do with it , now that it 's become an outright event program , the season demonstrates that Rhimes and co . know what to do with the opportunities presented them . whether you 're male or female , this is the kind of entertainment that small - screen devotees and folks fed up with television need to see . '' Ellen Pompeo has failed to garner a nomination at the Emmy Awards on multiple occasions . The title character of Grey 's Anatomy , Meredith , has received both overwhelmingly positive and weary feedback by critics along the course of the show , with the development of the character garnering praise from majority critics . Earlier reactions for Meredith were mixed ; in a 2006 review , Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times dubbed to her as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy '' . A reviewer for BuddyTV praised the distinct uniqueness in the character calling Meredith an `` unconventional heroine '' adding that the character was , `` Neither black nor white but always ... wait for it ... many shades of grey . The reviewer and to add that even in her lighter moments , she has still been `` dark and twisty . '' The sentiment was shared by Glenn Diaz who remarked , `` You got ta love Mer when she 's gloomy . '' When Pompeo did not receive a nomination 61st Primetime Emmy Awards , for her work as Meredith , Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times suggested that Pompeo , `` has worked very hard ( ... ) to make Meredith Grey an interesting character '' , and should have received a nomination . IGN 's Monfette , less impressed by the character , criticized her storyline as `` some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do . '' Robert Rorke of the New York Post was critical of Meredith 's relationship with Derek Shepherd , writing : `` She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas , but lately , she 's been a little dopey , what with the endless ' McDreamy ' soliloquies . '' The development of the character has received praise from critics . Reviewing the first part of the eighth season , TV Fanatic wrote : `` this season belongs to Meredith Grey . She is the heart and soul of the show and has been outstanding . This is a character that used to be so dark and twisty and has now grown into a more mature woman . Ellen Pompeo has been at the top of her game this season . '' Rick Porter reviewing the episode How to Save a Life from the eleventh season for Zap2it wrote , `` Without Meredith , and without one of Pompeo 's strongest performances in her long time on the show , `` How to Save a Life '' would have run the risk of coming across as a baldly manipulative death episode , the likes of which the show has done several times before . He added . `` How to Save a Life '' may not be the ideal Emmy - submission episode for Ellen Pompeo , considering Meredith is off screen for more than half of it . But it 's among the best work she 's ever done on the show . '' Janalen Samson of BuddyTV lauded the Meredith 's development throughout the series saying , `` When one considers how this character has grown over eleven seasons , it really is amazing . Kudos to Ellen Pompeo for her fine work . She 's actually done the impossible , because I actually care what happens to Meredith Grey . '' Reviewing the season 12 premiere , `` Sledgehammer '' , critics including Alex Hawkins of the Western Gazette again highlighted Pompeo 's being due for an Emmy Award . The majority of the supporting cast of Grey 's Anatomy have been well received as well , with the New York Post 's Rorke deeming Stevens to be `` the heart and soul '' of Grey 's Anatomy , whereas Eyder Peralta of the Houston Chronicle was critical of her character development , stating : `` ( She 's ) the reason I do n't watch Grey 's Anatomy anymore . '' Kelli Catana of The Huffington Post named Yang `` the best damn character '' and deemed `` the Meredith / Yang relationship the most true friendship on network television . '' Television Without Pity writer Lauren Shotwell claimed Yang is `` the only one of these five ( residents ) that regularly acts like an actual doctor '' . Analyzing Alex Karev , Rachel Simon called him `` underrated '' , and she pointed out that his personal growth never seems to get acknowledged , as `` Alex has evolved , slowly and realistically , into a genuinely good person whose faults do n't miraculously disappear , but take a backseat to much better qualities . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today said Dempsey has a `` seemingly effortless way of humanizing Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . His friendship with Mark Sloan has been well received . Victor Balta said `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital . '' Addison Montgomery was deemed `` sassy and bright and interesting . '' TV Guide said of Walsh 's stint on Grey 's Anatomy that she `` adds spice to an already hot show . '' Callie Torres , after having previously received mixed views , was praised for her bisexual storyline . Critics added that the character was anchored by stellar performances by Sara Ramirez . Lexie Grey , having initially been criticized , became a critics ' favorite in the series . Keen of The Trades wrote that Chyler Leigh `` does a fantastic job of making the progression feel seamless . Lexie steals the show as one of the best characters on the series . '' With the departure of several cast members throughout the seasons , many new characters were added to the drama 's ensemble . McKidd and Capshaw were referred to as `` fresh additions '' to the series , by Monfette of IGN . Matt Roush of TV Guide commented : `` Hunt / McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey 's Anatomy in quite a while . '' Matt Mitovich of TV Guide noted that Robbins `` quickly established herself as a fan favorite '' , describing her as `` a breath of fresh air in the often angsty halls of Seattle Grace . On April Kepner and Jackson Avery Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote , `` April has grown since her character was introduced ... she 's honest . A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well . '' He described her and Avery as `` a couple for whom viewers can root '' . Speaking of the new cast members , in addition to the remaining original ones , Robert Bianco from USA Today called them the show 's `` best ensemble in years '' . Regarding season three , Bill Carter of The New York Times called Grey 's Anatomy `` television 's hottest show '' , adding : `` ( No show ) is expected to challenge Grey 's Anatomy for prime - time pre-eminence . '' Contrasting with Carter 's view , Monfette of IGN said that it speedily found itself `` mired in the annoying and absurd '' , adding : `` This third season may very well represent a case of over-writing a concept that has , perhaps tragically , run bone - dry on narrative fuel . '' At the conclusion of season three , Entertainment Weekly 's Gregory Kirschling said `` the show lacked a defining happy , warm - gooseflesh moment '' , adding that the season `` did n't leave you dying for the ( next ) season premiere '' . Speaking of the fourth season , Laura Burrows of IGN said the series became `` a little more than mediocre , but less than fantastic '' , adding : `` This season proved that even strong chemistry and good acting can not save a show that suffers from the inevitable recycled plot . '' In contrast to the moderately negative feedback the third and fourth seasons received , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger said of the fifth season : `` Overall , it feels more like the good old days than Grey 's Anatomy has in a long time . '' Misha Davenport from the Chicago Sun - Times said season five `` hits on all the things the show does so well '' , adding : `` There is romance , heartbreak , humor and a few moments that will move fans to tears . '' Brian Lowry of Variety , less impressed , opinionated that the season five displayed the show running out of storylines . Speaking of the sixth season , Bianco of USA Today wrote : `` Grey 's has always loved grand gestures . You like them or you do n't ; the only real question is whether the show pulls them off or it does n't . This year , it did . '' The series has a score of 66 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on five reviews for season seven . In response to the season , Bianco from USA Today commented : `` Happily , it now seems to have landed on solid ground . '' Also of the seventh season , Entertainment Weekly 's Jennifer Armstrong said : `` It 's in the shooting 's emotional reverberations that the show is regenerating after the past few hit - and - miss seasons , '' whereas Verne Gay of Newsday commented : `` Unfortunately , they 've settled on far - too - easy and facile answers for the most part . '' HitFix gave a positive review saying that , `` season 7 overall has been one of the show 's strongest ever . '' and added , `` There was a time when Grey 's Anatomy was this show where I suffered through a lot of stuff that made me cringe to get to those genius melodrama moments it could do so well . Over the last couple of years , it 's evolved into a show that 's much more consistent in tone , where it may not move me as often as it did in the early years but also very rarely makes me question my reasons for watching . '' Speaking of season eight , Entertainment Weekly 's Mandi Bierly called it a `` so - so season '' , and Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` emotional '' . Also acknowledging the fan base Verne Gay of Newsday wrote `` Grey 's has had a good season and has an intensely loyal fan base to prove it . '' regarding the 8th season . The ninth season received more positive reviews , Rob Salem of Toronto Star called it `` a solid return to form . '' Brad Williams writing for What Culture praised the show 's development over the season saying , `` Grey 's Anatomy has developed into a fine example of how a TV show can mature beyond its initial purpose . '' calling it `` something almost anyone can watch and enjoy . '' Praising the friendship between Cristina and Meredith of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` There 's still one good reason to keep watching : Where else can you find such deep friendships between female co-workers '' . The tenth season was also marked with praise , Annie Barrett for Entertainment Weekly wrote `` There 's true sorrow here along with the passion , which keeps their dynamic so intriguing to me . '' Caroline Siede from The A.V. Club wrote in her review for the 10th season `` At its best , Grey 's Anatomy is about everyday bravery , sacrifice , and courage . At its worst , it 's a melodramatic , moralizing soap opera . Both sides are on display as the show heads confidently into its 10th season . '' Many sources , including Rachel Simon of Bustle and Nicole Pomarico of Wetpaint , claimed that Sandra Oh 's performance during her final season on Grey 's Anatomy is worthy of an Emmy nomination . Bryce Olin of Netflix ranked Grey 's 9th among the 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix stating , `` It 's a tough call , but based on Grey 's casting choices and revolutionary portrayals of female doctors in the series , I 'm willing to argue that Grey 's Anatomy is the best medical drama of all time . Obviously , Shonda Rhimes did n't reinvent the wheel with the series , but there 's no denying its popularity . '' adding , `` I understand its significance in the pop culture sphere . '' He also stated that the show could go higher in the ranks with the upcoming season stating , `` Apparently , Grey 's Anatomy fans are passionate about their show , although it seems like they 've been closeted for the last few years . I 'd love to move Grey 's Anatomy even higher on the ranking , but I 'll have wait until the 11th season comes to Netflix . '' Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) Critics included Grey 's Anatomy in top ten lists for five of its twelve seasons ; these are listed below in order of rank . ( hide ) 2005 No. 4 USA Today No. 6 The New York Times No. 7 The Boston Globe No. 9 San Jose Mercury News -- Chicago Tribune ( hide ) 2006 No. 2 USA Today No. 2 San Jose Mercury News No. 4 TV Guide No. 9 Orlando Sentinel ( hide ) 2007 No. 6 USA Today ( hide ) 2010 No. 10 Movieline ( hide ) 2015 No. 7 NPR Impact ( edit ) `` Grey 's Anatomy makes an impact on how people 's perception of the world is created . '' -- Brian Quick , University of Illinois Grey 's Anatomy introduced the `` mc - labeling '' surge when it dubbed Patrick Dempsey 's character `` McDreamy '' . Grey 's Anatomy has been considered an impact on culture by Entertainment Weekly 's executive editor , Lori Majewski , with her writing : `` Grey 's Anatomy is n't just a show , it 's a phenomenon . When ( the ) final shows air , every place in New York City is empty . You could get a table at the best restaurants . '' The Daily Beast 's Jace Lacob also considered the show an impact , comparing its success to that of Friends , and calling it a `` cultural phenomenon '' . Steve Sternberg , a media analyst with Magna Global USA explained that the show appeals to a broad audience , writing : `` Roughly 80 percent of households during prime time only have one TV set on . People are looking for shows they can watch with other household members . '' Grey 's Anatomy introduced a `` mc - labeling '' surge , ever since it dubbed Dempsey 's character `` McDreamy '' . Canadian newspaper the National Post considers this trend a `` phenomenon '' . Analyzing the show 's impact on culture , Dessylyn Arnold of Yahoo ! Voices noted that the `` mc - labeling '' trend has been parodied on other shows including ER and Degrassi : The Next Generation . Mark Lawson of The Guardian has credited Grey 's Anatomy with popularizing the `` songtage '' , or musical montage segments . Parodying this , MADtv created a spoof on the show in 2006 , making fun of the series ' emotional scenes including those accompanied by a musical montage . Grey 's has also been credited to helping redefine `` good '' television ; The A.V. Club writes , `` Since The Sopranos burst onto the scene , we 've too often classified a show as `` good '' based on how closely it adhered to the dark , violent , male - centric template set out by that particular show . It 's time for that to end . At its best , Grey 's has been among the very best shows on TV , and at its worst , it 's been at least fascinating to watch . To write it off is to unnecessarily narrow the definition of what good TV can be , to limit what the medium is capable of . TV is at its best when it emotionally connects , and even when it seems to be otherwise merrily hurtling off a cliff , Grey 's Anatomy is nothing but emotional connection , which is more than other , more consistently better shows can say . '' The series placed at No. 66 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list , and was declared the third highest rated show for the first ten years of the Internet Movie Database ( 2002 -- 2012 ) . The show 's premise has inspired the creation of A Corazón Abierto , a Colombian adaptation of Grey 's Anatomy , which in turn spawned a Mexican version of the same name . A study conducted by the University of Western Sydney revealed that 94 % of 400 polled medical students are regular viewers of Grey 's Anatomy . An additional study conducted by Brian Quick of the University of Illinois indicated that the show 's portrayal of doctors being `` smart , good looking , capable , and interesting '' , leads viewers to associating real - world doctors to be that way . Surgical resident Karen Zink , M.D. , deemed the show 's portrayal of interns inaccurate , adding : `` None of ( the characters ) have bags under their eyes . They all leave the hospital dressed cute , with their hair done and makeup on . That is so far away from the reality of interns . You are just dragging your butt , trying to stay alive . You do n't have time to do your hair . You do n't have time to put on makeup . Every surgical intern has bags under their eyes . '' In 2011 , a woman residing in Sheboygan , Wisconsin became unresponsive due to an asthma attack . Unable to wait for an ambulance , her daughter and a friend performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) on her , which they learned from Grey 's Anatomy . In 2017 an Israeli woman saved her husband by performing cardiac massage she learned from Grey 's Anatomy , The woman performed cardiac massage for 20 minutes before medical personal arrived and transferred the husband to Shaare Zedek Medical Center . The mid-season premiere of the fourteenth season was entitled `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' , the National Domestic Violence Hotline ; upon release on January 18 , 2018 , the move was received favourably and viewers variously changed their Twitter usernames to the same and used the platform to bring awareness to both the hotline and the issue of domestic abuse . US television Ratings ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy has received high viewership and ratings since its debut . The first four seasons of the program each ranked in the top ten among all viewers , reaching its peak Nielsen ratings in the second season , attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode , and ranking at fifth place overall . Following the show 's time - slot being relocated , overall rankings steadily declined , dropping below the top ten in its fifth season . Grey 's Anatomy made its greatest fall from its sixth to seventh season , slipping from seventeenth place to thirty - first . The series is on a steady decline in terms of overall viewership and rankings , yet Grey 's Anatomy still holds value in charts when numbers are pulled from the digital video recorder ( DVR ) . It was the most recorded show between 2007 and 2011 , based on cumulative totals , and has been for several years in a row . The most - watched episode of the series is `` It 's the End of the World '' , with 37.88 million viewers , aided by a lead - in from Super Bowl XL . Grey 's Anatomy was the most expensive program on television in the 2007 - 08 season measured by advertising revenue , with earnings of US $400,000 per thirty seconds . The show was named the fourth ( behind Desperate Housewives , Two and a Half Men , and American Idol ) , and the fifth - highest ( behind Glee , Two and a Half Men , The X Factor ( U.S. ) and American Idol ) revenue earning show , with the earnings of US $2.67 million and US $2.75 million per half hour in 2011 and 2012 respectively . While Grey 's Anatomy is no longer ranked in the top numbers for overall ratings , the show 's ranking in the key 18 -- 49 demographic has remained high . As of season eight , the series is the highest - rated drama on television in the target demographic . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Grey 's Anatomy was `` most popular in a swath of the middle of the country , particularly in areas with a lower percentage of college graduates '' . Below is a table of Grey 's Anatomy 's seasonal rankings in the U.S. television market , based on average total viewers per episode . Each U.S. network television season starts in September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . U.S. television ratings for Grey 's Anatomy Season Timeslot ( EST ) Number of episodes Premiere Finale TV season Overall rank 18 -- 49 rank Overall viewership Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Sunday 10 : 00 p.m. 9 March 27 , 2005 16.25 May 22 , 2005 22.22 2004 -- 05 No. 9 No. 5 18.46 27 September 25 , 2005 18.98 May 15 , 2006 22.50 2005 -- 06 No. 5 No. 4 19.44 Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 25 September 21 , 2006 25.41 May 17 , 2007 22.57 2006 -- 07 No. 8 No. 3 19.17 17 September 27 , 2007 20.93 May 22 , 2008 18.09 2007 -- 08 No. 10 No. 3 15.92 5 24 September 25 , 2008 18.29 May 14 , 2009 17.12 2008 -- 09 No. 12 No. 3 14.52 6 24 September 24 , 2009 17.03 May 20 , 2010 16.13 2009 -- 10 No. 16 No. 6 13.55 7 22 September 23 , 2010 14.32 May 19 , 2011 9.89 2010 -- 11 No. 31 No. 9 11.41 8 24 September 22 , 2011 10.38 May 17 , 2012 11.44 2011 -- 12 No. 32 No. 10 10.92 9 24 September 27 , 2012 11.73 May 16 , 2013 8.99 2012 -- 13 No. 26 No. 10 11.07 10 24 September 26 , 2013 9.27 May 15 , 2014 8.92 2013 -- 14 No. 15 No. 5 12.12 11 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 25 September 25 , 2014 9.81 May 14 , 2015 8.33 2014 -- 15 No. 31 No. 13 11.57 12 24 September 24 , 2015 9.55 May 19 , 2016 8.19 2015 -- 16 No. 21 No. 8 11.20 13 24 September 22 , 2016 8.75 May 18 , 2017 7.92 2016 -- 17 No. 19 No. 9 10.88 14 24 September 28 , 2017 8.07 2017 -- 18 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Grey 's Anatomy has won a number of awards . As of July 2012 , the show has been nominated for twenty - five Primetime Emmy Awards , having been nominated for at least one every year , except in 2010 . At the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2005 , Oh was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , which she went on to be nominated for every year until 2009 , and Horton was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series . The following year , at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series , which they were nominated for again in 2007 . Also in 2006 , Wilson was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , which she went on to be nominated for every year until 2009 , and Kyle Chandler was nominated for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . The 58th Ceremony also honored Rhimes and Vernoff , who were both nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . Rhimes , whose career kicked off in 1995 , has since produced yet another ABC series , Scandal , which began on air in 2012 and is continuing into the third season . Beginning in 2005 , Rhimes has been continually nominated for numerous awards , including three Emmy Awards : first in 2006 for a dramatic series and a separate nomination for writing a dramatic series , followed by a third nomination in 2007 for a dramatic series . Katherine Heigl is the only star - billed cast member to have received a Primetime Emmy Award In 2007 , at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , Heigl won the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , while Knight was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . Numerous guest actresses have been nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , including Burton in 2006 and 2007 , Christina Ricci in 2006 , Reaser in 2007 , Diahann Carroll in 2008 , and Sharon Lawrence in 2009 , but the only actress to have won the award is Devine in 2011 , who was nominated again in 2012 . The show has also been nominated for thirteen Creative Arts Emmy Awards , having won three of them : Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) , and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special . The show has received ten Golden Globe Award nominations since its premiere . At the 63rd Golden Globe Awards , in 2006 , the series was nominated for Best Drama Series , Dempsey was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series , which he was nominated for again in 2007 , and Oh won the award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film . The following year , at the 64th Golden Globe Awards , in 2007 , Pompeo was nominated for Best Actress in a Drama Series , and the show won the award for Best Drama Series . At the 65th Golden Globe Awards , in 2008 , Heigl was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film , while the series in whole was nominated for Best Drama Series . The series has won People 's Choice Awards for Best Drama five times in 2007 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 and has been nominated for several other People 's Choice Awards , with nominations received by Oh as well as multiple wins from Dempsey , Pompeo winning in recent years 2013 and 2015 , Heigl , Wilson , Demi Lovato , for guest starring , and the drama in whole for Favorite TV Drama . In 2007 , Rhimes and the female cast were the recipient of the Women in Film Lucy Award , in recognition of the excellence and innovation in the show as a creative work that has enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television . The series has been honored with numerous NAACP Image Award nominations , many having been won , including five awards for Outstanding Drama Series . Grey 's Anatomy has also received several Screen Actors Guild Awards , with nominations received by Dempsey , as well as wins from Oh , Wilson , and the main cast for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) May 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 22 ) 27 September 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 25 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 25 September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) 17 September 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) May 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 22 ) 5 24 September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 6 24 September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 7 22 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 8 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 9 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 10 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 11 25 September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 12 24 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 13 24 September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 14 24 September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) TBA Sara Ramirez served as the lead vocalist for the musical episode . Grey 's Anatomy 's first season commenced airing as a mid-season replacement to Boston Legal on March 27 , 2005 and concluded on May 22 , 2005 . The nine - episode season aired on Sundays in the 10 : 00pm EST time slot , following Desperate Housewives . The show was renewed by ABC for a second season , that aired in the same time slot as season one . Premiering on September 25 , 2005 and concluding on May 15 , 2006 , the season consisted of twenty - seven episodes . The first five episodes of the second season were originally scheduled to air during the first , but the network decided to close the first season of Grey 's Anatomy on the same night as Desperate Housewives ' finale . During the second season , Grey 's Anatomy produced two specials recapping the events of recent episodes , narrated by Bailey , entitled `` Straight to the Heart '' and `` Under Pressure '' . The show was renewed for a third season , which was relocated to the coveted Thursday 9 : 00pm EST time slot -- a slot that the series has held onto since then . Commencing on September 21 , 2006 and ending on May 17 , 2007 , season three consisted of twenty - five episodes . Two more specials were produced during the show 's third season , entitled `` Complications of the Heart '' and `` Every Moment Counts '' , which were narrated by Bailey and Morgan , respectively . ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourth season , which aired from September 27 , 2007 to May 22 , 2008 , and ultimately consisted of seventeen episodes . The fourth season had a reduced number of episodes , due to the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , which caused production to cease from February to April , leaving the show with no writing staff during that time . At the beginning of the fourth season , the show aired its final special entitled `` Come Rain or Shine '' , created to transition viewers from Grey 's Anatomy to Private Practice , which was narrated by the editors of People magazine . The show received a renewal for a fifth season , which premiered on September 25 , 2008 and concluded on May 14 , 2009 , consisting of twenty - four episodes . The series was renewed for a sixth season consisting of twenty - four episodes , which commenced on September 24 , 2009 and ended on May 20 , 2010 . During its sixth season , Grey 's Anatomy aired a series of webisodes entitled Seattle Grace : On Call at ABC.com . ABC renewed the show for a seventh season , which premiered on September 23 , 2010 and concluded on May 19 , 2011 , consisting of twenty - two episodes . This was followed up with Seattle Grace : On Call , Seattle Grace : Message of Hope , aired during the beginning of the seventh season . Also during the seventh season , the series produced a musical episode entitled `` Song Beneath the Song '' , featuring songs that became famous through their use in Grey 's Anatomy . The show received a twenty - four episode eighth season renewal , which commenced on September 22 , 2011 with a two - hour episode , and ended on May 17 , 2012 . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a ninth season , which premiered on September 27 , 2012 and ended on May 16 , 2013 . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a tenth season on May 10 , 2013 and premiered on September 27 , 2013 with a two - hour episode , and ended on May 15 , 2014 . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC renewed the series for an eleventh season that aired from September 2014 to May 2015 . In addition , the show was relocated to the Thursday 8 : 00pm EST time slot . After four seasons outside the top 25 rated shows , Grey 's Anatomy was the number 15 show in the 2013 -- 2014 season , the show 's tenth . The show also re-entered the top five shows in the 18 -- 49 viewer demographic . On May 7 , 2015 , ABC renewed the series for a twelfth season that premiered on September 24 , 2015 and concluded on May 19 , 2016 . The thirteenth season to aired from 2016 to 2017 . Spin - offs ( edit ) Private Practice ( edit ) Main article : Private Practice ( TV series ) The cast of Grey 's Anatomy was displeased with the network 's decision to center the spin - off on Kate Walsh 's character . On February 21 , 2007 , The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin - off medical drama television series for Grey 's Anatomy featuring Walsh 's character , Addison Montgomery . Subsequent reports confirmed the decision , stating that an expanded two - hour broadcast of Grey 's Anatomy would serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin - off . The cast of Grey 's Anatomy was reportedly unhappy about the decision , as all hoped the spin - off would have been given to them . Pompeo commented that she felt , as the star , she should have been consulted , and Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Stevens . The backdoor pilot that aired on May 3 , 2007 sees Montgomery take a leave of absence from Seattle Grace Hospital , to visit her best friend from Los Angeles , Naomi Bennett ( Merrin Dungey , later Audra McDonald ) , a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist . While in Los Angeles , she meets Bennett 's colleagues at the Oceanside Wellness Center . The two - hour broadcast entitled `` The Other Side of This Life '' served as the twenty - second and twenty - third episodes of the third season , and was directed by Michael Grossman , according to Variety . The cast included Amy Brenneman , Paul Adelstein , Tim Daly , Taye Diggs , Chris Lowell , and Merrin Dungey . KaDee Strickland 's character , Charlotte King , who would be introduced in the spin - off 's first - season premiere , did not appear in the backdoor pilot . Her addition to the main cast was announced on July 11 , 2007 , prior to the commencement of the first season . She did not have to audition for the role , but was cast after a meeting with Rhimes . Also not present in the backdoor pilot was McDonald , due to her character , Naomi Bennett , being portrayed by a different actress , Merrin Dungey . However , on June 29 , 2007 , ABC announced that Dungey would be replaced , with no reason given for the change . The drama was titled Private Practice , and its premiere episode followed the second part of the season debut of Dancing with the Stars , and provided a lead - in to fellow freshman series Dirty Sexy Money . Pushing Daisies , a third new series for the evening , rounded out the lineup as a lead - in to Private Practice . The series ended its run in January 2013 after six seasons . Grey 's Anatomy had five crossover storylines with Private Practice . `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else '' , the series premiere , starts with Addison and Richard talking about her resignation at Seattle Grace Hospital . `` Before and After '' / `` Ex-Life '' / `` An Honest Mistake '' -- Addison 's brother Archer is brought to Seattle Grace for surgery , after which Derek asks for help with a pregnant neuro patient . `` Invasion '' / `` Right Here , Right Now '' -- After Izzie makes a mistake , causing the patient to lose out on a kidney transplant , Bailey travels to Los Angeles with her patient for the transplant . `` Blink '' / `` Another Second Chance '' -- Addison helps Mark perform an operation on his pregnant daughter . `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' / `` You Break My Heart '' -- Derek 's sister Amelia asks him to perform a risky gliosarcoma surgery on Erica Warner , the mother of Cooper 's son Mason . There have also been several instances where Addison or Amelia travel to Seattle without there being a storyline involving both shows . Station 19 ( edit ) Main article : Station 19 On May 16 , 2017 , Channing Dungey announced at the ABC Upfronts that the network ordered another Grey 's Anatomy spin - off , this one focusing on firefighters in Seattle . The series is set to premiere mid-season in 2018 . Stacy McKee , long - term Grey 's writer and executive producer , will serve as the spin - off 's showrunner . The new show will most likely be introduced during an episode of Grey 's Anatomy next season . In July 2017 , it was announced that Jaina Lee Ortiz was the first actress cast in the spin - off series . In September 2017 it was announced that Jason George , who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6 , would be leaving Grey 's Anatomy to move to the spin - off . He 's expected to be a series regular on Grey 's Anatomy until the spin - off begins production . In October 2017 it was announced that five new series regulars for the spin off had been cast being Grey Damon , Jay Hayden , Okieriete Onaodowan , Danielle Savre and Barrett Doss . It was also announced that the spin - off had a 10 episode order for the first season . Later in October 2017 , it was announced that Miguel Sandoval was cast as the Captain of the firehouse . Grey 's Anatomy : B - team ( edit ) On January 9 , 2018 , it was announced by Sarah Drew on her Instagram page that a six - episode spin - off series following the new interns of Grey Sloan Memorial would be released for streaming on the ABC app and abc.com on Thursday , January 11 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy : B - Team stars Sophia Taylor Ali ( Dahlia Qadri ) , Jake Borelli ( Levi Schmitt ) , Alex Blue Davis ( Casey Parker ) , Jaicy Elliot ( Taryn Helm ) , Rushi Kota ( Vik Roy ) and Jeanine Mason ( Samantha `` Sam '' Bello ) with special guest appearances made by Justin Chambers ( Alex Karev ) , Kelly McCreary ( Maggie Pierce ) , Kevin McKidd ( Owen Hunt ) and James Pickens Jr . ( Richard Webber ) . The six episodes in this series were written by Barbra Kaye Friend with Grey 's Anatomy series regular Sarah Drew ( April Kepner ) making her directorial debut directing each of them . Distribution ( edit ) An interview with Justin Chambers is on the season four DVD . Grey 's Anatomy episodes appear regularly on ABC in the United States . All episodes are approximately forty - three minutes , and are broadcast in both high - definition and standard . The series ' episodes are also available for download at the iTunes Store in standard and high - definition qualities , and Amazon Video . ABC Video on demand also releases recent episodes of the show for temporary viewing . Recent episodes are also available at ABC 's official Grey 's Anatomy website , and on Hulu and Xfinity . In 2009 , ABC signed a deal allowing Grey 's Anatomy episodes to be streamed on Netflix . Grey 's Anatomy is syndicated on Lifetime , with one hour blocks weekdays at 1 : 00 pm , 2 : 00 pm , and 3 : 00 pm EST . Since its debut , Buena Vista Home Entertainment has released the first eight seasons on DVD to regions 1 , 2 , and 4 . The first season 's DVD , released on February 14 , 2006 , features an alternate title sequence , bloopers , behind - the - scenes footage , audio commentaries , and an extended edition of the pilot episode . Season two 's DVD , released on September 12 , 2006 , which includes extended episodes , an interview with Wilson , deleted scenes , a set tour , a `` Q&A '' with the cast , and a segment on the creating of special effects . The DVD for the third season was released on September 11 , 2007 , with bonus features including extended episodes , an interview with star Dempsey , audio commentaries , and bloopers . The fourth season 's DVD released on September 9 , 2008 , features an interview with Heigl and Chambers , extended episodes , bloopers , and deleted scenes . Season five 's DVD was released on September 15 , 2009 , and includes unaired scenes , bloopers , and extended episodes . The DVD for season six , released on September 14 , 2010 , features deleted scenes , an extended finale , and bloopers . The seventh season 's DVD , released on September 13 , 2011 , includes an extended edition of and a behind - the - scenes featurette on the musical episode , bloopers , as well as deleted scenes . In addition , the eighth season 's DVD was released on September 4 , 2012 with several bonus features and deleted scenes . The ninth season 's DVD released on August 27 , 2013 with several bonus features and deleted scenes . The tenth season 's DVD was released on September 2 , 2014 with new several bonus features and deleted scenes . The season was officially released on DVD as a six - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Tenth Season -- Live For The Moments on September 2 , 2014 . In view of the departure of the character of Cristina Yang in the season finale , the DVD set featured an extended episode Do You Know ? and a special feature from Sandra Oh titled `` An Immeasurable Gift '' . The eleventh released on DVD as a six - disc box set on August 18 , 2015 with interviews with new series regular Caterina Scorsone and a special feature for Dempsey 's departure , `` How To Say Goodbye Dr. Derek Shepherd '' . The twelfth released on DVD as a six - disc box set on August 30 , 2016 . Merchandise ( edit ) The American Broadcasting Company has partnered with J Larson CafePress and Barco Uniforms to provide the series ' branded merchandise through an online store . The products available include shirts , sweatshirts , kitchen - ware , home - ware , and bags , with the Grey 's Anatomy logo on it . Also available are custom unisex scrubs and lab coats in a variety of colors and sizes , designed by Barco . The merchandise released by the company is available for purchase at the Grey 's Anatomy official website , and US $1 from every purchase is donated to Barco 's Nightingales Foundation . Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game includes a plot focused around Sandra Oh 's character . Five volumes of the Grey 's Anatomy Original Soundtrack have been released as of 2011 . For the first two seasons , the show 's main title theme was an excerpt from `` Cosy in the Rocket '' , by British duo Psapp ; it is featured on the first soundtrack album released via ABC 's corporate cousin , Hollywood Records , on September 27 , 2005 . The second soundtrack , featuring songs from the series ' second season , was released on September 12 , 2006 , followed by a third soundtrack with music from the third season . Following the seventh season musical episode `` Song Beneath the Song '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event '' soundtrack was released , with volume four of the soundtrack released subsequently . In January 2009 , Ubisoft announced that it had signed a licensing agreement with ABC Studios to develop a video game based on Grey 's Anatomy . Designed for the Wii , Nintendo DS , and PC , Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game was released on March 10 , 2009 . The game lets the player assume the role of one of the main characters , making decisions for the character 's personal and professional life , and competing in a number of minigames . It has been criticized by reviewers because of the simplicity of the mini-games and voice actors who do not play the same characters on the series , with Jason Ocampo of IGN giving it a 6.0 / 10 overall rating . The Wii release received mixed reviews , and the Windows release received generally unfavorable reviews . ABC and Nielsen partnered in 2011 to create a Grey 's Anatomy application for Apple 's iPad . The application was designed to allow viewers to participate in polls and learn trivial facts as they watch a live episode . It uses Nielsen 's Media - Sync software to listen for the episode and to post features as the episode progresses . The creators of the show set up a real online wedding registry to mark the wedding of Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd . Instead of buying gifts fans were encouraged to donate money to the American Academy of Neurology Foundation . International adaptation ( edit ) An adaptation named as Doktorlar ( `` Doctors '' ) was aired on December 28 , 2006 , in a Turkish Network , Show TV , and it lasted four seasons . In 2010 , A Corazón Abierto , an adaptation of the series , was made by the Colombian network RCN TV . Footnotes ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Television portal Washington portal Seattle portal Pompeo starred as the leading role in Moonlight Mile , which explains the significance of her being cast as Meredith . The character of O'Malley failed his intern test , which is why he was not initially a resident along with Meredith , Yang , Karev , and Stevens . Shepherd and Meredith had decided to adopt , due to Meredith 's infertility , which was diagnosed in season seven . The Chicago Tribune list is not ranked -- it consists of ten shows in alphabetical order . The Grey 's Anatomy logo can be seen in the infobox , above . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie . ( June 28 , 2016 ) ABC Fall 2016 Premiere Dates -- Today 's News : Our Take Archived June 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... TVGuide.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pomarico , Nicole ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` How Much Does The ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast Make ? Being A TV Doctor Has Its Benefits '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Tim ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` Which TV Stars Pull in the Most Dollars Per Episode ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Renewed '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Grey 's Anatomy TV Show '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes , creator of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and a Chicagoan of the Year '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Joe ( April 14 , 2005 ) . `` Thriving Ratings for a New Patient on ABC '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Winfrey , Oprah ( December 2006 ) . `` Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes '' . O , The Oprah Magazine . Harpo Productions , Inc . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collier , Aldore ( October 2005 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes : the force behind Grey 's Anatomy '' . Business Library . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Springer , Sarah ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator , actress discuss media diversity '' . InAmerica . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` In Case You Did n't Know , This Is How Grey 's Anatomy Got Its Title '' Archived January 16 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... PopSugar . Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ( November 2005 ) . `` Gray 's Anatomy , 39th Edition : The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice '' Archived January 16 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... American Journal of Neuroradiology. 26 ( 10 ) 2703 - 2704 . Jump up ^ Holtz , Andrew ( January 5 , 2010 ) . The Real Grey 's Anatomy : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at thte Real Lives of Surgical Residents Archived January 30 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... `` Introduction '' . Penguin . Google Books . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Horbury , Alison ( July 28 , 2015 ) . Post-feminist Impasses in Popular Heroine Television : The Persephone Complex Archived January 30 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... Palgrave Macmillan . Google Books . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Keeps Sunday Time Slot '' . Fox News . News Corporation . April 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Development Updates : February 4 '' . The Futon Critic . February 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Unaccompanied Minor '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda . `` Shonda Rhimes on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey Matter : From the Writers of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Kevin McKidd , Chandra Wilson to Direct Again ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Seattle Grace : Message of Hope '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , David . `` David Greenspan '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` How Grey 's Anatomy Keeps it Real '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Krista Vernoff on ' Good Mourning ' and ' Goodbye ' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oakley , Colleen ( April 9 , 2007 ) . `` Interview with Shonda Rhimes '' . Marie Claire . Hearst Communication , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fogel , Matthew ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Goes Colorblind '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Chicago as a ' Grey ' area ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandra Oh ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- Sandra Oh Audition . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 05 -- 0 : 15 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bardin , Brantley ( November 2006 ) . `` Katherine Heigl Gives Us Fever '' . Cosmopolitan . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ T.R. Knight ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- T.R. Knight On Auditioning . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 30 -- 1 : 20 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . New York Magazine . New York Media . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Q & A With Eric Dane '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On Location : Oprah on the Set of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . Season 21 . November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) Bio '' . Private Practice . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( April 28 , 2007 ) . `` Well - Known Secret : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff for ABC '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins On New Season Of ' Grey 's Anatomy ; ' Chyler Leigh Joins The Cast '' . StarPulse . July 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keeps , David A. ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Nine Things You Do n't Know about Grey 's Chyler Leigh '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Claustro , Lisa ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Smith ' Did n't Really Think ' Grey 's Anatomy Stint Would ' Work Out ' '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Discharges Dr. Hahn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's De-Gayed : Brooke Smith Axed ; Melissa George 's Role Rewritten '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McKidd Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast As Series Regular '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal . November 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Jessica Capshaw '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight : A Grey 's Anatomy Goner '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' Exclusive : Katherine Heigl is ( Almost ) Outta There ! `` . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . March 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sources Confirm : Katherine Heigl is Leaving `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Kim Raver becomes series regular on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' exclusive : Jesse Williams gets full - time upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh And Justin Chambers Close Deals To Return '' . Deadline . PMC . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Chyler Leigh Breaks Her Silence About Shocking Departure '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' Creator Defends Finale Death '' . The Insider . CBS . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale : Boss explains two shocking exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Eric Dane Checks Out ! '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh to Exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh Will Leave ' Grey 's Anatomy ' at the End of the Tenth Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Washington set for Grey 's Anatomy return '' . BBC . March 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 Spoilers : Leah And Shane To Leave Hospital Along With Cristina ? ( VIDEO ) '' . ENSTARZ . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . ( August 13 , 2013 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey renew contracts Archived March 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... EW.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . ( May 2 , 2014 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 11 : Justin Chambers , Sara Ramirez Sign New Contracts Archived May 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... TVLine . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Star Sara Ramirez Talks Expiring Contract and Potential Departure Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Wetpaint.com ( November 13 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/ellen-pompeo-tvs-20-million-woman-reveals-her-behind-scenes-fight-what-i-deserve-1074978 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season One DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Where Is Grey 's Anatomy Filmed , Anyway ? '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy star signals more laughs '' . RTÉ ten . September 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Tanen , Brian . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Almost Grown '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Emmy Awards . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Dane and Patrick Dempsey ( 2008 ) . Grey 's Anatomy Season Four DVD : On Set With Patrick and Eric Additional Feature . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bordwell , David ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Walk the Talk '' . David Bordwell 's Website on Cinema `` . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Santucci , Pieracarla . `` Grey 's Anatomy Made Simple '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Yahoo Inc . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 's Anatomy of the Narrative Analysis Media and Cultural Analysis , Spring 2014 Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Karanovic.org ( March 5 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Each season , with the exception of one and two , show the doctors ' residency year ( first year , second year , etc . ) being one older than the previous season . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` ' Anatomy ' of a hit '' . Boston.com . Boston Globe Electronic Publishing Inc . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Goldwyn , Tony ( April 10 , 2005 ) . `` Winning a Battle , Losing the War '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Robinson , Julie Ann ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 14 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Each episode typically features scenes of a surgery , towards the center of the episode . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Deitch , Donna ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Mark ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Top of the docs '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Horton , Peter ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Corn , Rob ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Forever Young '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Ornelas , Ed ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Good Mourning '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Hamilton , Ann . Director : Coles , John David ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Stanton , Gabrielle and Werksman , Harry . Director : Stanzler , Wendey ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Stanzler , Wendey ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 19 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Horton , Peter ( September 25 , 2005 ) . `` Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krisa . Director : Davidson , Adam ( October 9 , 2005 ) . `` Make Me Lose Control '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Misiano , Christopher ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Testing 1 -- 2 -- 3 '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Buchman , Eric . Director : Grossman , Michael ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Great Expectations '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 25 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Frawley , James ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` Scars and Souvenirs '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Rhimes , Shonda and Vernoff , Krista . Directors : Grossman , Michael and Yu , Jessica ( November 22 , 2007 ) . `` Crash Into Me ( Part 1 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Freedom ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Kerns , Joanna ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Rise Up '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 7 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Stoltz , Eric ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 1 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` Wish You Were Here '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 11 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 2 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Zisk , Randy ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Bans , Jenna . Director : Corn , Rob ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` I Will Follow You Into the Dark '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Now or Never '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Pressman , Michael ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Phelan , Tony ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Invasion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Corn , Rob ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` New History '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Cragg , Stephen ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sanctuary '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` With You I 'm Born Again '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Take the Lead '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Wilding , Mark and Bans , Jenna . Director : Cragg , Stephen ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Migration '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Nothing Says ' I Love You ' Like Asking for a Divorce Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Buddytv.com ( November 29 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes : ' There 's Something Great ' About Cristina and Owen 's Struggle Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Hollywood Reporter ( May 23 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : How to Buy a Hospital Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Buddytv.com ( February 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Avery 's In Charge Now -- Season 9 Episode 16 Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Hollywood Life ( February 21 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Andy . ( March 14 , 2013 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 9 Recap -- Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Archived February 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... TVLine . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Glatter , Lesli Linka ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Let It Be '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Clack , Zoanne . Director : Paymer , David ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` Break on Through '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 15 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Robe , Blythe . Director : Mann , Seith ( April 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Name of the Game '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Grossman , Michael ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` The Other Side of This Life ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Robin , Steve ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 14 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Tinker , Mark ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Losing My Religion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 27 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Ornelas , Edward ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` This Is How We Do It '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Underwood , Ron ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Girl With No Name '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Koenig , Kip . Director : Yu , Jessica ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Begin the Begin '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 26 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Minahan , Dan ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` 17 Seconds '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 25 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Yu , Jessica ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Goldwyn , Tony ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` Damage Control '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Lerner , Dan ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` What I Am '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Yaitaines , Greg ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Six Days ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Yu , Jessica ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Heart - Shaped Box '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Walk on Water '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 15 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Drowning on Dry Land '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Horton , Peter ( February 12 , 2006 ) . `` As We Know It '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Rhimes , Shonda and Noxon , Marti . Director : Arkin , Adam ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Some Kind of Miracle '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Clack , Zoanne . Director : Corn , Rob ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : D'Elia , Bill ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Here 's to Future Days '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Stoltz , Eric ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` These Ties That Bind '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Liddi Brown , Allison ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Stairway to Heaven '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Washington , Sonay . Director : Phelan , Tony ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Sweet Surrender '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( March 11 , 2012 ) . `` Push '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Phelan , Tony ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Song Beneath the Song '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Phelan , Tony ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` That 's Me Trying '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 7 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Szwarc , Jeannot ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Something 's Gotta Give '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Allen , Debbie ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Not Responsible '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Krinsky , Natalie . Director : Jackson , Mark ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Start Me Up '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : McKidd , Kevin ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't Deceive Me ( Please Do n't Go ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Robin , Steve ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` It 's a Long Way Back '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 19 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Liddi - Brown , Allison ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Adrift and at Peace '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 10 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Liddi - Brown , Allison ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Dark Was the Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : True Blood , Veronica Mars Alum Tina Majorino Lands a Grey 's Gig '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Exclusive Fringe First Look ! Plus Scoop on Grey 's , Glee , Covert and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Newcomer Tessa Ferrer for Recurring Role '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Desperate Housewives ' Steven Culp to Play Doctor '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Doctors Must Pick Up The Pieces After a Tragic Plane Crash on The Season 9 Premiere of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constance Zimmer Talks Shaking Up ' Grey 's , ' Playing The Bitch & More '' . Huffington Post . February 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Scoop : Entourage 's Constance Zimmer Checks In to Seattle Grace '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spoilers Justin Bruening for Recurring Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` A Grey 's Anatomy Wedding and More Scoop on Season 10 '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 9 Preview -- Hilarie Burton on Arizona , Lauren , Callie -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 Spoilers : Hilarie Burton Returns to Ruin Callie & Arizona 's Marriage ? '' . ENSTARZ . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Hilarie Burton on Lauren and Arizona 's Growing Flirtation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Patrick . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Heather Brooks Dies In Season 10 Premiere -- Recap -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season 10 : James Remar to play a surgeon 's father '' . Hypable . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 : James Remar reveals his top - secret character '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dexter ' Star Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy '' . Huffington Post . August 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` On this week 's ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' Kelly McCreary gets sucker punched -- and she enjoys it ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Kelly McCreary Upped To Regular On ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Geena Davis Joins Season 11 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liz Raftery ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Was Dr. Herman 's Operation a Success ? '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lauren Cox . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Amelia Saves Dr. Herman In Surgery -- Season 11 , Episode 14 -- Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` WIRED Binge - Watching Guide : Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 - ) '' Archived November 27 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sure , Grey 's Anatomy was a big hit , but was it good TV ? '' . avclub.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : What season 10 could learn from season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` ABC seeks to build on momentum '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( March 26 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : No Heart , No Brain '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . June 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 Uncut '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emmy Awards 2015 Snubs : ' Outlander , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Daredevil ' And More Overlooked For Nominations Archived September 23 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Ibtimes.com ( July 16 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` TV Review : Men In Trees '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 11 Finale Recap : Shiny , Happy People '' . buddytv.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Seven Emmy nods a good fit '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` Heart Throb -- Grey 's Anatomy 's Katherine Heigl on Sex Love , and Cupcakes '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Ellen Pompeo totally saved ' How to Save a Life ' '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Tsk . Tsk . Ethics these days '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Communication , Inc . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Catana , Kelli ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Sucks Me in Again '' . Huffington post . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` y 's Anatomy 's Alex Karev Is Totally Underrated '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor ( 2013 ) . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Grey 's Anatomy Needs Addison Back -- Vulture '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I would like first to clarify ... '' TV Guide . September 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Ask Matt : Will Big Bang Make an Emmy Splash ? What 's Next for Ghost Whisperer and More ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Mitovich ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Status Report : Knight 's Fate Revealed , and More '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` These TV series are back , but are they better than ever ? '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` In TV Land This Season , a Few Happy Surprises but No Breakthrough Hits '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirschling , Gregory ( May 20 , 2007 ) . `` Yanging Our Chain Recap '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . May 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 5 Critic Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ends season with a bang '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 Critic Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season finale review : Greys Anatomy -- Unaccompanied Minor : All come crashing down '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Who Met Their Maker in the Deadly Season Finale ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale review '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Elementary ' and ' Last Resort ' : Thursday night TV reviews '' . The Star . Toronto . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Muted Genius of Grey 's Anatomy '' . WhatCulture.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy season premiere recap : After the Storm '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` '' Seal Our Fate '' Grey 's Anatomy TV Review The A.V. Club `` . avclub.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Could Grey 's Anatomy Season 10 Earn Sandra Oh an Emmy ? '' . Wetpaint , Inc . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix Right Now Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Netflixlife.com . Retrieved on December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . ( April 24 , 2015 ) 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix : Grey 's Anatomy Moves Up Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Netflixlife.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . 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Jump up ^ Majewski , Lori ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Tops Entertainment Weekly Year - End List '' . KLTV . WorldNow . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's 7th Year Surge '' . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The McDreamy phenomenon '' . National Post . Postmedia Network . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dessylyn ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` A Look at the Pop Culture Behind Grey 's Anatomy '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Hilarious MADtv Grey 's Anatomy Parody ! '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie A. ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , ' The Dark Knight , ' ' Lost ' Named to IMDb 's Top 10 of the Last Decade '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Press Release : `` Grey 's Anatomy '' Adaptation `` A Corazón Abierto '' Premieres to Huge Ratings In Colombia `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Corazón Abierto Premieres in Mexico '' . ttvMediaNews . Print. Division . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ van den Berg , Lucie ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` TV drama Grey 's Anatomy scrubs up well for students '' . Herald Sun . News Corporation . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holtz , Andrew ( 2010 ) . The Real Grey 's Anatomy : A Behind - The - Scenes Look at the Real Lives of Surgical Residents . Penguin . p. 2 . ISBN 0425232115 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Credited for Saving Life '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` saved her husband by what she have learned from Gray 's Anatomy '' . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fans Are Changing Their Twitter Names To The Domestic Violence Hotline To Raise Awareness '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` TV Season Rankings : Sunday Night Football Ends Idol 's Streak ; Once , POI and Rob Score Wins '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 3 / 21 / 05 - 3 / 27 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 16 / 05 - 5 / 22 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 20 / 04 - 5 / 22 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 19 / 05 - 9 / 25 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . September 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 15 / 06 - 5 / 21 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 19 / 05 - 5 / 28 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 18 / 06 - 9 / 24 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 14 / 07 - 5 / 20 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 18 / 06 - 5 / 27 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 24 / 07 - 9 / 30 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 19 / 08 - 5 / 25 / 08 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 24 / 07 - 5 / 25 / 08 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Performance -- 2008 May Sweep / 2007 -- 08 TV Season '' . The Futon Critic . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday , September 25 : A Paler Shade of Grey 's Boosts ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , Grey 's Anatomy Win `` Finale Thursday '' ; But Decline Continues `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 22 / 08 - 5 / 17 / 09 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 2009 May Sweep / TV Season Ratings '' . Medianet . TheFutonCritic . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals , plus quarter hour detail for FlashForward '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Rules Finale Thursday ; Bones , FlashForward , CSI , Parks , 30 Rock , Ref Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Zap2it . May 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show 18 -- 49 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' $ # * ! My Dad Says , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' The Mentalist , ' and ' Outsourced ' All Rise ; Private Practice Falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show 18 -- 49 Ratings Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 50 TV shows 2014 -- 2015 Highest Rated Winners and Losers '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Heroes Reborn ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Good Place ' adjust up , ' Notorious ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 63rd Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 13 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 64th Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . January 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . January 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2011 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2008 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 : Full List Of Nominees -- People 's Choice '' . peopleschoice.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2007 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past Recipients '' . Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards . Women in Film and Television International . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards -- Television '' . NAACP Image Awards . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Screen Actors Guild . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Screen Actors Guild . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` ABC 's Sales for the Fall Nearly Done '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes , creator , Executive Producer and writer of ' Bring the Pain ' '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berman , Craig ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` Can ' Grey 's ' rise to challenge of Thursdays ? '' . Today . MSNBC . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 3 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 2007 -- 08 Primetime Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 4 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Writers strike could pull plug on TV favorites '' . Today . MSNBC . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Reups Nine for ' 09 '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 5 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' Ugly Betty ' leads a dozen ABC renewals '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 6 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC.com to Premiere ' Seattle Grace : On Call ' , a New Original Webisode Series Featuring Characters from ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Futon Critic . November 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Unveils 2010 -- 11 Primetime Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 7 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Song Beneath The Song '' . '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Castle ' Plus Three More ABC Shows Get Early Renewals '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 8 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Renewed Along With ' Revenge , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' And More By ABC '' . The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . May 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates -- Which Launches Are Being Held for October ? '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Renewed Shows 2013 -- Scandal , Grey 's , Nashville and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Renews Scandal , Grey 's Anatomy , Revenge and 2 More Shows '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Renews Castle , Secrets and Lies , Nashville , Galavant , S.H.I.E.L.D. , Agent Carter and 16 Other Series '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jeannette ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' stars fuming over spinoff '' . Today . MSNBC . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ; Wloszczyna , Susan ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Katherine Heigl positively glows '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( February 26 , 2007 ) . `` Director set for ' Grey 's ' spinoff '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 3 , Episode Recap : ' The Other Side of This Life ' '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Breaking Grey 's / Private Practice Casting News ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meltzer Zepeda , Dana ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Private Practice Preview : Hail to the New Chief ( of Staff ) '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Private Practice ' Recast : Merrin Dungey out , Audra McDonald in , on the ' Grey 's Anatomy ' spinoff '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . June 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Private Practice Season 6 Catch Up '' . Private Practice Show Page . ABC.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Private Practice ' Finale : Weddings , Books And Happy Endings For Everyone ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Aol , Inc . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff Lands Straight to Series Order From ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' spinoff gets straight - to - series order for 2018 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . May 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spinoff Casts Rosewood 's Jaina Lee Ortiz '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jason George Jumps to Firefighter Spinoff as Series Regular '' . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spinoff : Grey Damon , The Catch Star Among Five New Hires '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff : Grey Damon , Okieriete Onaodowan , Danielle Savre & Barrett Doss Cast In Shondaland Series '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Spinoff : Miguel Sandoval Joins Firefighter Drama as Captain '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Full Season 8 Available Online at ABC.com/GreysAnatomy Through October 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy , Season 8 '' . iTunes . Apple . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Ep. 3 ' Superfreak ' '' . Amazon Video . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Watch ' Grey 's Anatomy ' When You Want , Just Do n't Skip Ads '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Video and Full Episodes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Full Episodes and Clips streaming online '' . Hulu . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Netflix Adds More ABC , Disney Shows For Instant Streaming '' . Time . Time Warner Inc . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johns , Anna ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` And the Grey 's Anatomy reruns go to . '' The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eighth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete First Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Second Season '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Third Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fourth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Sixth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Seventh Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Grey 's Anatomy : Season 10 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Scrubs Now Available Online Through a Strategic Collaboration Between ABC Entertainment Group , Barco Uniforms and CafePress '' . The Futon Critic . February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Scrubs Now Available Online Through a Strategic Collaboration Between ABC Entertainment Group , Barco '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters Corporation . February 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event '' . iTunes . Apple . March 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faylor , Chris ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Ubisoft Announces Grey 's Anatomy Video Game '' . Shacknews . GameFly , Inc . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ocampo , Jason . `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game for Wii Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game for PC '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' gets a real - time iPad app '' . CNN Tech . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Nature Medicine . 15 : 590 . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Moonlight Mile : Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Ornelas , Edward ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Ca n't Fight Biology '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . Further reading ( edit ) Burkhead , Cynthia ; Robson , Hillary ( 2008 ) . Grace under Pressure : Grey 's Anatomy Uncovered . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 1847185347 . Van Dusen , Chris ; McKee , Stacy ( 2006 ) . Grey 's Anatomy : Overheard at the Emerald City Bar . Hyperion Books . ISBN 1401308821 . Wilson , Leah ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy 101 : Seattle Grace , Unauthorized . BenBella Books . ISBN 1933771143 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGrey 's Anatomyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy at TV.com Grey 's Anatomy on Hotstar - Star India 's Official Streaming Website Grey 's Anatomy at Yahoo ! TV Preceded by The Simpsons alongside American Dad ! 2005 Grey 's Anatomy Super Bowl lead - out program 2006 Succeeded by Criminal Minds 2007 Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Shonda Rhimes Films written Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) TV series created Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) Private Practice ( 2007 -- 2013 ) A corazón abierto ( 2010 ) Scandal ( 2012 -- 2018 ) Related Shondaland Awards for Greys Anatomy Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. 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Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. 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1706662305135532877	Georgia (country)	Georgia ( country ) - wikipedia Georgia ( country ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For the U.S. state , see Georgia ( U.S. state ) . For other uses , see Georgia . Coordinates : 42 ° 00 ′ N 43 ° 30 ′ E / 42.000 ° N 43.500 ° E / 42.000 ; 43.500 Georgia საქართველო ( Georgian ) Sakartvelo Flag Coat of arms Motto : ძალა ერთობაშია Dzala Ertobashia Strength is in Unity Anthem : თავისუფლება Tavisupleba Freedom Georgia proper shown in dark green ; areas outside of Georgian control shown in light green Capital Tbilisi Kutaisi ( legislative ) 41 ° 43 ′ N 44 ° 47 ′ E / 41.717 ° N 44.783 ° E / 41.717 ; 44.783 Largest city Tbilisi Official languages Georgian Ethnic groups ( 2014 ) Georgians -- 86.8 % Azerbaijanis -- 6.2 % Armenians -- 4.5 % Others -- 2.8 % Religion Georgian Orthodox Church Demonym Georgian Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic President Giorgi Margvelashvili Speaker of the Parliament Irakli Kobakhidze Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili Legislature Parliament Independence from the Russian Empire 26 May 1918 Soviet re-conquest 25 February 1921 from the Soviet Union Declared Finalized 9 April 1991 25 December 1991 Current constitution 24 August 1995 Area Total 69,700 km ( 26,900 sq mi ) ( 119th ) Population 2017 estimate 3,718,200 ( 131st ) 2014 census 3,713,804 Density 53.5 / km ( 138.6 / sq mi ) ( 137th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $37.17 billion ( 115th ) Per capita $10,044 ( 107th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $14.22 billion ( 114th ) Per capita $3,842 ( 110th ) Gini ( 2014 ) 40.09 medium HDI ( 2016 ) 0.769 high 70th Currency Georgian lari ( ₾ ) ( GEL ) Time zone GET ( UTC + 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 995 ISO 3166 code GE Internet TLD . ge . გე ^ Moved in 2013 from a president - parliamentary system to a premier - presidential system . ^ Excluding occupied territories . Georgia ( / ˈdʒɔːrdʒə / ( listen ) ; Georgian : საქართველო , tr . Sakartvelo , IPA : ( sɑkhɑrthvɛlɔ ) ( listen ) ) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe , it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea , to the north by Russia , to the south by Turkey and Armenia , and to the southeast by Azerbaijan . The capital and largest city is Tbilisi . Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres ( 26,911 sq mi ) , and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million . Georgia is a unitary , semi-presidential republic , with the government elected through a representative democracy . During the classical era , several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia , such as Colchis and Iberia . The Georgians adopted Christianity in the early 4th century . A unified Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries . Thereafter , the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under hegemony of various regional powers , including the Mongols , the Ottoman Empire , and successive dynasties of Iran . In the late 18th century , the eastern Georgian Kingdom of Kartli - Kakheti forged an alliance with the Russian Empire , which directly annexed the kingdom in 1801 and conquered the western Kingdom of Imereti in 1810 . Russian rule over Georgia was eventually acknowledged in various peace treaties with Iran and the Ottomans and the remaining Georgian territories were absorbed by the Russian Empire in a piecemeal fashion in the course of the 19th century . Following the Russian Revolution in 1917 , Georgia obtained its short - lived independence and established a republic led by the Social - Democrats in 1918 , only to be invaded by Soviet Russia in 1921 and subsequently absorbed into the Soviet Union as the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic . A pro-independence movement led to the secession from the Soviet Union in April 1991 . For most of the following decade , post-communist Georgia suffered from civil conflicts , secessionist wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia , and economic crisis . Following the bloodless Rose Revolution in 2003 , Georgia pursued a strongly pro-Western foreign policy , aiming at NATO and European integration , and introduced a series of democratic and economic reforms , which brought about mixed results , but strengthened state institutions . The country 's Western orientation soon led to the worsening of relations with Russia , culminating in the brief Russo - Georgian War in August 2008 and Georgia 's current territorial dispute with Russia . Georgia is a member of the United Nations , the Council of Europe , and the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development . It contains two de facto independent regions , Abkhazia and South Ossetia , which gained very limited international recognition after the 2008 Russo - Georgian War . Georgia and the overwhelming majority of the international community consider the regions to be part of Georgia 's sovereign territory under Russian military occupation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Antiquity 2.3 Middle Ages up to Early Modern Period 2.4 Georgia in the Russian Empire 2.5 Declaration of independence 2.6 Georgia in the Soviet Union 2.7 Georgia after restoration of independence 2.8 Russo -- Georgian War and since 3 Government and politics 3.1 Foreign relations 3.2 Military 3.3 Law enforcement 3.4 Human rights 4 Administrative divisions 5 Geography and climate 5.1 Topography 5.2 Climate 5.3 Biodiversity 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Transport 7 Demographics 7.1 Religion 7.2 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Architecture and arts 8.2 Media 8.3 Music 8.4 Cuisine 8.5 Sports 9 International rankings 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links Etymology Main article : Name of Georgia ( country ) `` Gorgania '' i.e. Georgia on Fra Mauro map `` Georgia '' probably stems from the Persian designation of the Georgians -- gurğān , in the 11th and 12th centuries adapted via Syriac gurz - ān / gurz - iyān and Arabic ĵurĵan / ĵurzan . Lore - based theories were given by the traveller Jacques de Vitry , who explained the name 's origin by the popularity of St. George amongst Georgians , while traveller Jean Chardin thought that `` Georgia '' came from Greek γεωργός ( `` tiller of the land '' ) . As Prof. Alexander Mikaberidze adds , these century - old explanations for the word Georgia / Georgians are rejected by the scholarly community , who point to the Persian word gurğ / gurğān ( `` wolf '' ) as the root of the word . Starting with the Persian word gurğ / gurğān , the word was later adopted in numerous other languages , including Slavic and West European languages . This term itself might have been established through the ancient Iranian appellation of the near - Caspian region , which was referred to as Gorgan ( `` land of the wolves '' ) . The native name is Sakartvelo ( საქართველო ; `` land of Kartvelians '' ) , derived from the core central Georgian region of Kartli , recorded from the 9th century , and in extended usage referring to the entire medieval Kingdom of Georgia by the 13th century . The self - designation used by ethnic Georgians is Kartvelebi ( ქართველები , i.e. `` Kartvelians '' ) . The medieval Georgian Chronicles present an eponymous ancestor of the Kartvelians , Kartlos , a great - grandson of Japheth . However , scholars agree that the word is derived from the Karts , the latter being one of the proto - Georgian tribes that emerged as a dominant group in ancient times . The name Sakartvelo ( საქართველო ) consists of two parts . Its root , kartvel - i ( ქართველ - ი ) , specifies an inhabitant of the core central - eastern Georgian region of Kartli , or Iberia as it is known in sources of the Eastern Roman Empire . Ancient Greeks ( Strabo , Herodotus , Plutarch , Homer , etc . ) and Romans ( Titus Livius , Tacitus , etc . ) referred to early western Georgians as Colchians and eastern Georgians as Iberians ( Iberoi in some Greek sources ) . Today the full , official name of the country is `` Georgia '' , as specified in the official English version of the Georgian constitution which reads `` Georgia shall be the name of the State of Georgia . '' Before the 1995 constitution came into force the country 's name was the Republic of Georgia . History Main article : History of Georgia ( country ) Prehistory Main article : Prehistoric Georgia The territory of modern - day Georgia was inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era . The proto - Georgian tribes first appear in written history in the 12th century BC . The earliest evidence of wine to date has been found in Georgia , where 8000 - year old wine jars were uncovered . Archaeological finds and references in ancient sources also reveal elements of early political and state formations characterized by advanced metallurgy and goldsmith techniques that date back to the 7th century BC and beyond . In fact , early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC , associated with the Shulaveri - Shomu culture . Antiquity Ancient Georgian states of Colchis and Iberia , 500 -- 400 BC The classical period saw the rise of a number of early Georgian states , the principal of which was Colchis in the west and Iberia in the east . In the 4th century BC , a unified kingdom of Georgia -- an early example of advanced state organization under one king and an aristocratic hierarchy -- was established . In Greek mythology , Colchis was the location of the Golden Fleece sought by Jason and the Argonauts in Apollonius Rhodius ' epic tale Argonautica . The incorporation of the Golden Fleece into the myth may have derived from the local practice of using fleeces to sift gold dust from rivers . Known to its natives as Egrisi or Lazica , Colchis was also the battlefield of the Lazic War fought between the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia . After the Roman Republic completed its brief conquest of what is now Georgia in 66 BC , the area became a primary objective of what would eventually turn out to be over 700 years of protracted Irano -- Roman geo - political rivalry and warfare . From the first centuries A.D , the cult of Mithras , pagan beliefs , and Zoroastrianism were commonly practised in Georgia . In 337 AD King Mirian III declared Christianity as the state religion , giving a great stimulus to the development of literature , arts , and ultimately playing a key role in the formation of the unified Georgian nation , The acceptance led to the slow but sure decline of Zoroastrianism , which until the 5th century AD , appeared to have become something like a second established religion in Iberia ( eastern Georgia ) , and was widely practised there . In the ensuing period , until the course of the 7th century , what is now Georgia remained dominated by the Romans and Sasanians . Middle Ages up to early modern period Located on the crossroads of protracted Roman -- Persian Wars , the early Georgian kingdoms disintegrated into various feudal regions by the early Middle Ages . This made it easy for the remaining Georgian realms to fall prey to the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century . Despite the capture of Tbilisi in 645 AD by Muslims , Kartli - Iberia retained considerable independence under local rulers . Queen Tamar of Georgia presided over the `` Golden Age '' of the medieval Georgian monarchy . Her position as the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right was emphasized by the title `` Mepe mepeta '' ( `` King of Kings '' ) . King David the Builder in Shio - Mgvime monastery The Kingdom of Georgia reached its zenith in the 12th to early 13th centuries . This period during the reigns of David IV ( called David the Builder , r . 1089 -- 1125 ) and his granddaughter Tamar ( r . 1184 -- 1213 ) has been widely termed as Georgia 's Golden Age or the Georgian Renaissance . This early Georgian renaissance , which preceded its Western European analogue , was characterized by impressive military victories , territorial expansion , and a cultural renaissance in architecture , literature , philosophy and the sciences . The Golden age of Georgia left a legacy of great cathedrals , romantic poetry and literature , and the epic poem `` The Knight in the Panther 's Skin '' , the latter which is considered a national epic . Kingdom ( Empire ) of Georgia in 1184 -- 1230 at the peak of its might David suppressed dissent of feudal lords and centralized the power in his hands to effectively deal with foreign threats . In 1121 , he decisively defeated much larger Turkish armies during the Battle of Didgori and liberated Tbilisi . At the height of its dominance , the Kingdom 's influence spanned from the south of modern - day Ukraine , to the northern provinces of Persia , while also maintaining religious possessions in the Holy Land and Greece . The 29 - year reign of Tamar , the first female ruler of Georgia , is considered the most successful in Georgian history . Tamar was given the title `` king of kings '' ( mepe mepeta ) . She succeeded in neutralizing opposition and embarked on an energetic foreign policy aided by the downfall of the rival powers of the Seljuks and Byzantium . Supported by a powerful military élite , Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the Caucasus , and extended over large parts of present - day Azerbaijan , Armenia , and eastern Turkey as well as parts of northern Iran , until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar 's death in 1213 . The revival of the Kingdom of Georgia was set back after Tbilisi was captured and destroyed by the Khwarezmian leader Jalal ad - Din in 1226 . The Mongols were expelled by George V of Georgia , son of Demetrius II of Georgia , who was named `` Brilliant '' for his role in restoring the country 's previous strength and Christian culture . George V was the last great king of the unified Georgian state . After his death , different local rulers fought for their independence from central Georgian rule , until the total disintegration of the Kingdom in the 15th century . Georgia was further weakened by several disastrous invasions by Tamerlane . Invasions continued , giving the kingdom no time for restoration , with both Black and White sheep Turkomans constantly raiding its southern provinces . As a result , the Kingdom of Georgia collapsed into anarchy by 1466 and fragmented into three independent kingdoms and five semi-independent principalities . Neighboring large empires subsequently exploited the internal division of the weakened country , and beginning in the 16th century up to the late 18th century , Safavid Iran ( and successive Iranian Afsharid and Qajar dynasties ) and Ottoman Turkey subjugated the eastern and western regions of Georgia , respectively . The rulers of regions that remained partly autonomous organized rebellions on various occasions . However , subsequent Iranian and Ottoman invasions further weakened local kingdoms and regions . As a result of incessant wars and deportations , the population of Georgia dwindled to 250,000 inhabitants at the end of the 18th century . Eastern Georgia ( the larger part of Georgia ) , composed of the regions of Kartli and Kakheti , had been under Iranian suzerainty since 1555 following the Peace of Amasya signed with neighbouring rivalling Ottoman Turkey . With the death of Nader Shah in 1747 , both kingdoms broke free of Iranian control and were reunified through a personal union under the energetic king Heraclius ( Erekle ) II in 1762 . Erekle , who had risen to prominence through the Iranian ranks , was awarded the crown of Kartli by Nader himself in 1744 for his loyal service to him . Erekle nevertheless stabilized Eastern Georgia to a degree in the ensuing period and was able to guarantee its autonomy throughout the Iranian Zand period . In 1783 , Russia and the eastern Georgian Kingdom of Kartli - Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk , by which Georgia abjured any dependence on Persia or another power , and made the kingdom a protectorate of Russia , which guaranteed Georgia 's territorial integrity and the continuation of its reigning Bagrationi dynasty in return for prerogatives in the conduct of Georgian foreign affairs . However , despite this commitment to defend Georgia , Russia rendered no assistance when the Iranians invaded in 1795 , capturing and sacking Tbilisi while massacring its inhabitants , as the new heir to the throne sought to reassert Iranian hegemony over Georgia . Despite a punitive campaign subsequently launched against Qajar Iran in 1796 , this period culminated in the 1801 Russian violation of the Treaty of Georgievsk and annexation of eastern Georgia , followed by the abolition of the royal Bagrationi dynasty , as well as the autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church . Pyotr Bagration , one of the descendants of the abolished house of Bagrationi , would later join the Russian army and rise to be a prominent general in the Napoleonic wars . Georgia in the Russian Empire Main article : Georgia within the Russian Empire King George XII was the last king of Kartli and Kakheti , which was annexed by Russia in 1801 . The Bagrationi royal family was deported from the kingdom . The current pretenders ' restoration to the throne is discussed in Georgian society in the present day . On 22 December 1800 , Tsar Paul I of Russia , at the alleged request of the Georgian King George XII , signed the proclamation on the incorporation of Georgia ( Kartli - Kakheti ) within the Russian Empire , which was finalized by a decree on 8 January 1801 , and confirmed by Tsar Alexander I on 12 September 1801 . The Georgian envoy in Saint Petersburg reacted with a note of protest that was presented to the Russian vice-chancellor Prince Kurakin . In May 1801 , under the oversight of General Carl Heinrich von Knorring , Imperial Russia transferred power in eastern Georgia to the government headed by General Ivan Petrovich Lazarev . The Georgian nobility did not accept the decree until 12 April 1802 , when Knorring assembled the nobility at the Sioni Cathedral and forced them to take an oath on the Imperial Crown of Russia . Those who disagreed were temporarily arrested . In the summer of 1805 , Russian troops on the Askerani River near Zagam defeated the Iranian army during the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 1813 ) and saved Tbilisi from reconquest now that it was officially part of the Imperial territories . Russian suzerainty over eastern Georgia was officially finalized with Iran in 1813 following the Treaty of Gulistan . Following the annexation of eastern Georgia , the western Georgian kingdom of Imereti was annexed by Tsar Alexander I . The last Imeretian king and the last Georgian Bagrationi ruler , Solomon II , died in exile in 1815 , after attempts to rally people against Russia and to enlist foreign support against the latter , had been in vain . From 1803 to 1878 , as a result of numerous Russian wars now against Ottoman Turkey , several of Georgia 's previously lost territories -- such as Adjara -- were recovered , and also incorporated into the empire . The principality of Guria was abolished and incorporated into the Empire in 1829 , while Svaneti was gradually annexed in 1858 . Mingrelia , although a Russian protectorate since 1803 , was not absorbed until 1867 . Declaration of independence Main article : Democratic Republic of Georgia Nikolay Chkheidze , Russian , Transcaucasian and Georgian parliamentary president After the Russian Revolution of 1917 , Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was established . president of nation was Nikolay Chkheidze . nation was federation which consisted by three nations : Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan as the Ottomans advanced into the Caucasian territories of the crumbling Russian Empire . Amid the crisis , Georgia declared independence on 26 May 1918 . The Menshevik Georgian Social - Democratic Party won the parliamentary election . Its leader , Noe Zhordania , became prime minister . General Mazniashvili The 1918 Georgian -- Armenian War , which erupted over parts of Georgian provinces populated mostly by Armenians , ended because of British intervention . In 1918 -- 1919 , Georgian general Giorgi Mazniashvili led an attack against the White Army led by Moiseev and Denikin in order to claim the Black Sea coastline from Tuapse to Sochi and Adler for independent Georgia . The country 's independence did not last long . Georgia was under British protection from 1918 -- 1920 . Claimed or proposed boundaries superimposed on modern boundaries . Georgia in the Soviet Union Main article : Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Despite the Soviet takeover , Noe Jordania was recognized as the legitimate head of the Georgian Government by France , UK , Belgium , and Poland through the 1930s . In February 1921 , Georgia was attacked by the Red Army . The Georgian army was defeated and the Social - Democratic government fled the country . On 25 February 1921 , the Red Army entered Tbilisi and installed a communist government loyal to Moscow , led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze . Nevertheless , there remained significant opposition to the Bolsheviks , and this culminated in the August Uprising of 1924 . Soviet rule was firmly established only after this uprising was suppressed . Georgia was incorporated into the Transcaucasian SFSR , which united Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan . Later , in 1936 , the TSFSR was disaggregated into its component elements and Georgia became the Georgian SSR . The 11th Red Army of the Russian SFSR holds a military parade , 25 February 1921 in Tbilisi Joseph Stalin , an ethnic Georgian born Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili ( იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი ) in Gori , was prominent among the Bolsheviks . Stalin was to rise to the highest position , leading the Soviet Union from 3 April 1922 until his death on 5 March 1953 . Georgia after restoration of independence On 9 April 1991 , shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union , the Supreme Council of Georgia declared independence after a referendum held on 31 March 1991 . On 26 May 1991 , Gamsakhurdia was elected as the first President of independent Georgia . Gamsakhurdia stoked Georgian nationalism and vowed to assert Tbilisi 's authority over regions such as Abkhazia and South Ossetia that had been classified as autonomous oblasts under the Soviet Union . He was soon deposed in a bloody coup d'état , from 22 December 1991 to 6 January 1992 . The coup was instigated by part of the National Guards and a paramilitary organization called `` Mkhedrioni '' ( `` horsemen '' ) . The country became embroiled in a bitter civil war , which lasted until nearly 1995 . Eduard Shevardnadze ( Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1985 to 1991 ) returned to Georgia in 1992 and joined the leaders of the coup -- Tengiz Kitovani and Jaba Ioseliani -- to head a triumvirate called `` The State Council '' . Simmering disputes within two regions of Georgia , Abkhazia and South Ossetia , between local separatists and the majority Georgian populations , erupted into widespread inter-ethnic violence and wars . Supported by Russia , Abkhazia , and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia , with Georgia retaining control only in small areas of the disputed territories . In 1995 , Shevardnadze was officially elected as president of Georgia . The Rose Revolution , 2003 During the War in Abkhazia ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , roughly 230,000 to 250,000 Georgians were expelled from Abkhazia by Abkhaz separatists and North Caucasian volunteers ( including Chechens ) . Around 23,000 Georgians fled South Ossetia as well , and many Ossetian families were forced to abandon their homes in the Borjomi region and moved to Russia . In 2003 , Shevardnadze ( who won re-election in 2000 ) was deposed by the Rose Revolution , after Georgian opposition and international monitors asserted that 2 November parliamentary elections were marred by fraud . The revolution was led by Mikheil Saakashvili , Zurab Zhvania and Nino Burjanadze , former members and leaders of Shevardnadze 's ruling party . Mikheil Saakashvili was elected as President of Georgia in 2004 . Following the Rose Revolution , a series of reforms were launched to strengthen the country 's military and economic capabilities . The new government 's efforts to reassert Georgian authority in the southwestern autonomous republic of Ajaria led to a major crisis early in 2004 . Success in Ajaria encouraged Saakashvili to intensify his efforts , but without success , in breakaway South Ossetia . These events , along with accusations of Georgian involvement in the Second Chechen War , resulted in a severe deterioration of relations with Russia , fuelled also by Russia 's open assistance and support to the two secessionist areas . Despite these increasingly difficult relations , in May 2005 Georgia and Russia reached a bilateral agreement by which Russian military bases ( dating back to the Soviet era ) in Batumi and Akhalkalaki were withdrawn . Russia withdrew all personnel and equipment from these sites by December 2007 while failing to withdraw from the Gudauta base in Abkhazia , which it was required to vacate after the adoption of the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty during the 1999 Istanbul summit . Russo -- Georgian War and since Main article : Russo -- Georgian War See also : International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia Tensions between Georgia and Russia began escalating in April 2008 . A bomb explosion on 1 August 2008 targeted a car transporting Georgian peacekeepers . South Ossetians were responsible for instigating this incident , which marked the opening of hostilities and injured five Georgian servicemen . In response , several South Ossetian militiamen were hit . South Ossetian separatists began shelling Georgian villages on 1 August . These artillery attacks caused Georgian servicemen to return fire periodically since 1 August . US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice holding a joint press conference with Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili during the Russo - Georgian war At around 19 : 00 on 7 August 2008 , Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili announced a unilateral ceasefire and called for peace talks . However , escalating assaults against Georgian villages ( located in the South Ossetian conflict zone ) were soon matched with gunfire from Georgian troops , who then proceeded to move in the direction of the capital of the self - proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia ( Tskhinvali ) on the night of 8 August , reaching its centre in the morning of 8 August . One Georgian diplomat told Russian newspaper Kommersant on 8 August that by taking control of Tskhinvali , Tbilisi wanted to demonstrate that Georgia would n't tolerate killing of Georgian citizens . According to Russian military expert Pavel Felgenhauer , the Ossetian provocation was aimed at triggering the Georgian response , which was needed as a pretext for premeditated Russian military invasion . According to Georgian intelligence , and several Russian media reports , parts of the regular ( non-peacekeeping ) Russian Army had already moved to South Ossetian territory through the Roki Tunnel before the Georgian military action . Russian Military Bases in Abkhazia as of 2016 Russia accused Georgia of `` aggression against South Ossetia '' , and launched a large - scale land , air and sea invasion of Georgia with the pretext of `` peace enforcement '' operation on 8 August 2008 . Russian airstrikes against targets within Georgia were also launched . Abkhaz forces opened a second front on 9 August by attacking the Kodori Gorge , held by Georgia . Tskhinvali was seized by the Russian military by 10 August . Russian forces occupied the Georgian cities of Zugdidi , Senaki , Poti , and Gori ( the last one after the ceasefire agreement was negotiated ) . Russian Black Sea Fleet blockaded the Georgian coast . A campaign of ethnic cleansing against Georgians in South Ossetia was conducted by South Ossetians , with Georgian villages around Tskhinvali being destroyed after the war had ended . The war displaced 192,000 people , and while many were able to return to their homes after the war , a year later around 30,000 ethnic Georgians remained displaced . In an interview published in Kommersant , South Ossetian leader Eduard Kokoity said he would not allow Georgians to return . President of France Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated a ceasefire agreement on 12 August 2008 . On 17 August , Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced that Russian forces would begin to pull out of Georgia the following day . Russia recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia as separate republics on 26 August . In response to Russia 's recognition , the Georgian government severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russian forces left the buffer areas bordering Abkhazia and South Ossetia on 8 October and the European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia was dispatched to the buffer areas . Since the war , Georgia has maintained that Abkhazia and South Ossetia are Russian - occupied Georgian territories . Government and politics Main article : Politics of Georgia ( country ) Georgia is a representative democratic semi-presidential republic , with the President as the head of state , and Prime Minister as the head of government . The executive branch of power is made up of the President and the Cabinet of Georgia . The Cabinet is composed of ministers , headed by the Prime Minister , and appointed by the President . Notably , the ministers of defense and interior are not members of the Cabinet and are subordinated directly to the President of Georgia . Giorgi Margvelashvili is the current President of Georgia after winning 62.12 % of the vote in the 2013 election . Since 2015 , Giorgi Kvirikashvili has been the prime minister of Georgia . Georgian parliament building in Kutaisi Legislative authority is vested in the Parliament of Georgia . It is unicameral and has 150 members , known as deputies , of whom 75 are elected by plurality to represent single - member districts , and 75 are chosen to represent parties by proportional representation . Members of parliament are elected for four - year terms . Five parties and electoral blocs had representatives elected to the parliament in the 2008 elections : the United National Movement ( governing party ) , The Joint Opposition , the Christian - Democrats , the Labour Party and Republican Party . On 26 May 2012 , Saakashvili inaugurated a new Parliament building in the western city of Kutaisi , in an effort to decentralise power and shift some political control closer to Abkhazia . The elections in October 2012 resulted in the victory for the opposition `` Georgian Dream -- Democratic Georgia '' coalition , which President Saakashvili acknowledged on the following day . Although considerable progress was made since the Rose revolution , former President Mikheil Saakashvili stated in 2008 that Georgia is still not a `` full - fledged , very well - formed , crystalized society . '' The political system remains in the process of transition , with frequent adjustments to the balance of power between the President and Parliament , and opposition proposals ranging from transforming the country into parliamentary republic to re-establishing the monarchy . Observers note the deficit of trust in relations between the Government and the opposition . Different opinions exist regarding the degree of political freedom in Georgia . Saakashvili believed in 2008 that the country is `` on the road to becoming a European democracy . '' Freedom House lists Georgia as a partly free country . In preparation for 2012 parliamentary elections , Parliament adopted a new electoral code on 27 December 2011 that incorporated many recommendations from non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) and the Venice Commission . However , the new code failed to address the Venice Commission 's primary recommendation to strengthen the equality of the vote by reconstituting single - mandate election districts to be comparable in size . On 28 December , Parliament amended the Law on Political Unions to regulate campaign and political party financing . Local and international observers raised concerns about several amendments , including the vagueness of the criteria for determining political bribery and which individuals and organizations would be subject to the law . As of March 2012 , Parliament was discussing further amendments to address these concerns . Foreign Relations Main article : Foreign relations of Georgia Pro-NATO poster in Tbilisi Georgia maintains good relations with its direct neighbours ( Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Turkey ) and is a member of the United Nations , the Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization , the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , the Community of Democratic Choice , the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Asian Development Bank . Georgia also maintains political , economic , and military relations with France , Germany , Israel , Japan , South Korea , Sri Lanka , Turkey , Ukraine , the United States , and many other countries . The growing U.S. and European Union influence in Georgia , notably through proposed EU and NATO membership , the U.S. Train and Equip military assistance program , and the construction of the Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan pipeline have frequently strained Tbilisi 's relations with Moscow . Georgia 's decision to boost its presence in the coalition forces in Iraq was an important initiative . Georgia is currently working to become a full member of NATO . In August 2004 , the Individual Partnership Action Plan of Georgia was submitted officially to NATO . On 29 October 2004 , the North Atlantic Council of NATO approved the Individual Partnership Action Plan ( IPAP ) of Georgia , and Georgia moved on to the second stage of Euro -- Atlantic Integration . In 2005 , by the decision of the President of Georgia , a state commission was set up to implement the Individual Partnership Action Plan , which presents an interdepartmental group headed by the Prime Minister . The Commission was tasked with coordinating and controlling the implementation of the Individual Partnership Action Plan . On 14 February 2005 , the agreement on the appointment of Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) liaison officer between Georgia and NATO came into force , whereby a liaison officer for the South Caucasus was assigned to Georgia . On 2 March 2005 , the agreement was signed on the provision of the host nation support to and transit of NATO forces and NATO personnel . On 6 -- 9 March 2006 , the IPAP implementation interim assessment team arrived in Tbilisi . On 13 April 2006 , the discussion of the assessment report on implementation of the Individual Partnership Action Plan was held at NATO Headquarters , within 26 + 1 format . In 2006 , the Georgian parliament voted unanimously for the bill which calls for integration of Georgia into NATO . The majority of Georgians and politicians in Georgia support the push for NATO membership . George W. Bush became the first sitting U.S. president to visit the country . The street leading to Tbilisi International Airport has since been dubbed George W. Bush Avenue . On 2 October 2006 , Georgia and the European Union signed a joint statement on the agreed text of the Georgia -- European Union Action Plan within the European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) . The Action Plan was formally approved at the EU -- Georgia Cooperation Council session on 14 November 2006 , in Brussels . In June 2014 , the EU and Georgia signed an Association Agreement , which entered into force on 1 July 2016 . On 13 December 2016 , EU and Georgia reached the agreement on visa liberalisation for Georgian citizens . On 27 February 2017 , the Council adopted a regulation on visa liberalisation for Georgians travelling to the EU for a period of stay of 90 days in any 180 - day period . Military Main articles : Georgian Armed Forces and Role of Georgia in the War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 14 ) Georgian built Didgori - 2 on a parade in 2011 Georgia 's military is organized into land and air forces . They are collectively known as the Georgian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . The mission and functions of the GAF are based on the Constitution of Georgia , Georgia 's Law on Defense and National Military Strategy , and international agreements to which Georgia is signatory . They are performed under the guidance and authority of the Ministry of Defense . The military budget of Georgia for 2017 is 748 ₾ million , by 78 ₾ million more than in 2016 . The biggest part , 62.5 % of the military budget is allocated for maintaining armored forces readiness and potency development . After its independence from the Soviet Union , Georgia began to develop its own military industry . The first exhibition of products made by STC DELTA was in 1999 . STC DELTA now produces a variety of military equipment , including armored vehicles , artillery systems , aviation systems , personal protection equipment , and small arms . During later periods of the Iraq War Georgia had up to 2,000 soldiers serving in the Multi-National Force . Georgia also participated in the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan . With 1,560 troops in 2013 , it was at that time the largest non-NATO and the largest per capita troop contributor . Over 11,000 Georgian soldiers have been rotated through Afghanistan . As of 2015 , 31 Georgian servicemen have died in Afghanistan , most during the Helmand campaign , and 435 were wounded , including 35 amputees . Law enforcement Main article : Law enforcement in Georgia ( country ) A Ford Taurus Police Interceptor operated by the Georgian Patrol Police . In Georgia , law enforcement is conducted and provided for by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia . In recent years , the Patrol Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia has undergone a radical transformation , with the police having now absorbed a great many duties previously performed by dedicated independent government agencies . New duties performed by the police include border security and customs functions and contracted security provision ; the latter function is performed by the dedicated ' security police ' . Intelligence collecting in the interests of national security is now the remit of the Georgian Intelligence Service . In 2005 , President Mikheil Saakashvili fired the entire traffic police force ( numbering around 30,000 police officers ) of the Georgian National Police due to corruption . A new force was then subsequently built around new recruits . The US State Department 's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law - Enforcement Affairs has provided assistance to the training efforts and continues to act in an advisory capacity . The new Patruli force was first introduced in the summer of 2005 to replace the traffic police , a force which was accused of widespread corruption . The police introduced an 022 ( currently 112 ) emergency dispatch service in 2004 . Human Rights Main article : Human rights in Georgia Human rights in Georgia are guaranteed by the country 's constitution . There is an independent human rights public defender elected by the Parliament of Georgia to ensure such rights are enforced . Georgia has ratified the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 2005 . NGO `` Tolerance '' , in its alternative report about its implementation , speaks of a rapid decrease in the number of Azerbaijani schools and cases of appointing headmasters to Azerbaijani schools who do n't speak the Azerbaijani language . The government came under criticism for its alleged use of excessive force on 26 May 2011 when it dispersed protesters led by Nino Burjanadze , among others , with tear gas and rubber bullets after they refused to clear Rustaveli avenue for an independence day parade despite the expiration of their demonstration permit and despite being offered to choose an alternative venue . While human rights activists maintained that the protests were peaceful , the government pointed out that many protesters were masked and armed with heavy sticks and molotov cocktails . Georgian opposition leader Nino Burjanadze said the accusations of planning a coup were baseless , and that the protesters ' actions were legitimate . Administrative divisions Main articles : Administrative divisions of Georgia ( country ) , Abkhazia , and Adjara See also : Occupied territories of Georgia Map of Georgia highlighting the disputed territories of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region ( South Ossetia ) , both of which are uncontrolled by the central government of Georgia Georgia is divided into 9 regions , 1 city , and 2 autonomous republics . These in turn are subdivided into 67 districts and 12 self - governing cities . Georgia contains two official autonomous regions , of which one has declared independence . Officially autonomous within Georgia , the de facto independent region of Abkhazia declared independence in 1999 . In addition , another territory not officially autonomous has also declared independence . South Ossetia is officially known by Georgia as the Tskinvali region , as it views `` South Ossetia '' as implying political bonds with Russian North Ossetia . It was called South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast when Georgia was part of Soviet Union . Its autonomous status was revoked in 1990 . De facto separate since Georgian independence , offers were made to give South Ossetia autonomy again , but in 2006 an unrecognised referendum in the area resulted in a vote for independence . In both Abkhazia and South Ossetia large numbers of people had been given Russian passports , some through a process of forced passportization by Russian authorities . This was used as a justification for Russian invasion of Georgia during the 2008 South Ossetia war after which Russia recognised the region 's independence . Georgia considers the regions as occupied by Russia . Both republics have received minimal international recognition . Adjara under local strongman Aslan Abashidze maintained close ties with Russia and allowed a Russian military base to be maintained in Batumi . Upon the election of Mikheil Saakashvili in 2004 tensions rose between Abashidze and the Georgian government , leading to demonstrations in Adjara and the resignation and flight of Abashidze . The region retains autonomy , as a sign of Ajaria 's reconnection with the central Georgian government , the Georgian Constitutional Court was moved from T'bilisi to Batumi . Abkhazia Samegrelo - Zemo Svaneti Guria Adjara Samtskhe - Javakheti Imereti Racha - Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Shida Kartli Kvemo Kartli Mtskheta - Mtianeti Tbilisi Kakheti Region Centre Area ( km ) Population Density Abkhazia Sukhumi 8,660 242,862 28.04 Adjara Batumi 2,880 333,953 115.95 Guria Ozurgeti 2,033 113,350 55.75 Imereti Kutaisi 6,475 533,906 82.45 Kakheti Telavi 11,311 318,583 28.16 Kvemo Kartli Rustavi 6,072 423,986 69.82 Mtskheta - Mtianeti Mtskheta 6,786 94,573 13.93 Racha - Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Ambrolauri 4,990 32,089 6.43 Samegrelo - Zemo Svaneti Zugdidi 7,440 330,761 44.45 Samtskhe - Javakheti Akhaltsikhe 6,413 160,504 25.02 Shida Kartli Gori 5,729 300,382 52.43 Tbilisi Tbilisi 720 1,108,717 1,539.88 Geography and climate Main article : Geography of Georgia ( country ) See also : Borders of the continents Köppen climate classification map of Georgia Georgia is situated in the South Caucasus , between latitudes 41 ° and 44 ° N , and longitudes 40 ° and 47 ° E , with an area of 67,900 km ( 26,216 sq mi ) . It is a very mountainous country . The Likhi Range divides the country into eastern and western halves . Historically , the western portion of Georgia was known as Colchis while the eastern plateau was called Iberia . Because of a complex geographic setting , mountains also isolate the northern region of Svaneti from the rest of Georgia . The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range forms the northern border of Georgia . The main roads through the mountain range into Russian territory lead through the Roki Tunnel between Shida Kartli and North Ossetia and the Darial Gorge ( in the Georgian region of Khevi ) . The Roki Tunnel was vital for the Russian military in the 2008 Russo - Georgian War because it is the only direct route through the Caucasus Mountains . The southern portion of the country is bounded by the Lesser Caucasus Mountains . The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range is much higher in elevation than the Lesser Caucasus Mountains , with the highest peaks rising more than 5,000 meters ( 16,404 ft ) above sea level . The highest mountain in Georgia is Mount Shkhara at 5,068 meters ( 16,627 ft ) , and the second highest is Mount Janga ( Dzhangi -- Tau ) at 5,059 m ( 16,598 ft ) above sea level . Other prominent peaks include Mount Kazbek at 5,047 m ( 16,558 ft ) , Shota Rustaveli 4,860 m ( 15,945 ft ) , Tetnuldi 4,858 m ( 15,938 ft ) , Mt . Ushba 4,700 m ( 15,420 ft ) , and Ailama 4,547 m ( 14,918 ft ) . Out of the abovementioned peaks , only Kazbek is of volcanic origin . The region between Kazbek and Shkhara ( a distance of about 200 km ( 124 mi ) along the Main Caucasus Range ) is dominated by numerous glaciers . Out of the 2,100 glaciers that exist in the Caucasus today , approximately 30 % are located within Georgia . Tusheti region in northeast Georgia The term Lesser Caucasus Mountains is often used to describe the mountainous ( highland ) areas of southern Georgia that are connected to the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range by the Likhi Range . The area can be split into two separate sub-regions ; the Lesser Caucasus Mountains , which run parallel to the Greater Caucasus Range , and the Southern Georgia Volcanic Highland , which lies immediately to the south of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains . The overall region can be characterized as being made up of various , interconnected mountain ranges ( largely of volcanic origin ) and plateaus that do not exceed 3,400 meters ( 11,155 ft ) in elevation . Prominent features of the area include the Javakheti Volcanic Plateau , lakes , including Tabatskuri and Paravani , as well as mineral water and hot springs . Two major rivers in Georgia are the Rioni and the Mtkvari . The Southern Georgia Volcanic Highland is a young and unstable geologic region with high seismic activity and has experienced some of the most significant earthquakes that have been recorded in Georgia . The Krubera Cave is the deepest known cave in the world . It is located in the Arabika Massif of the Gagra Range , in Abkhazia . In 2001 , a Russian -- Ukrainian team had set the world depth record for a cave at 1,710 meters ( 5,610 ft ) . In 2004 , the penetrated depth was increased on each of three expeditions , when a Ukrainian team crossed the 2,000 - meter ( 6,562 ft ) mark for the first time in the history of speleology . In October 2005 , an unexplored part was found by the CAVEX team , further increasing the known depth of the cave . This expedition confirmed the known depth of the cave at 2,140 meters ( 7,021 ft ) . Topography Relief map of Georgia The landscape within the nation 's boundaries is quite varied . Western Georgia 's landscape ranges from low - land marsh - forests , swamps , and temperate rainforests to eternal snows and glaciers , while the eastern part of the country even contains a small segment of semi-arid plains . Forests cover around 40 % of Georgia 's territory while the alpine / subalpine zone accounts for roughly around 10 percent of the land . Much of the natural habitat in the low - lying areas of western Georgia has disappeared during the past 100 years because of the agricultural development of the land and urbanization . The large majority of the forests that covered the Colchis plain are now virtually non-existent with the exception of the regions that are included in the national parks and reserves ( e.g. Lake Paliastomi area ) . At present , the forest cover generally remains outside of the low - lying areas and is mainly located along the foothills and the mountains . Western Georgia 's forests consist mainly of deciduous trees below 600 meters ( 1,969 ft ) above sea level and contain species such as oak , hornbeam , beech , elm , ash , and chestnut . Evergreen species such as box may also be found in many areas . Ca . 1000 of all 4000 higher plants of Georgia are endemic in this country . View of the cave city of Vardzia and the valley of the Kura River below The west - central slopes of the Meskheti Range in Ajaria as well as several locations in Samegrelo and Abkhazia are covered by temperate rain forests . Between 600 -- 1,000 metres ( 1,969 -- 3,281 ft ) above sea level , the deciduous forest becomes mixed with both broad - leaf and coniferous species making up the plant life . The zone is made up mainly of beech , spruce , and fir forests . From 1,500 -- 1,800 metres ( 4,921 -- 5,906 ft ) , the forest becomes largely coniferous . The tree line generally ends at around 1,800 metres ( 5,906 ft ) and the alpine zone takes over , which in most areas , extends up to an elevation of 3,000 metres ( 9,843 ft ) above sea level . The eternal snow and glacier zone lies above the 3,000 metre line . Eastern Georgia 's landscape ( referring to the territory east of the Likhi Range ) is considerably different from that of the west , although , much like the Colchis plain in the west , nearly all of the low - lying areas of eastern Georgia including the Mtkvari and Alazani River plains have been deforested for agricultural purposes . In addition , because of the region 's relatively drier climate , some of the low - lying plains ( especially in Kartli and south - eastern Kakheti ) were never covered by forests in the first place . The general landscape of eastern Georgia comprises numerous valleys and gorges that are separated by mountains . In contrast with western Georgia , nearly 85 percent of the forests of the region are deciduous . Coniferous forests only dominate in the Borjomi Gorge and in the extreme western areas . Out of the deciduous species of trees , beech , oak , and hornbeam dominate . Other deciduous species include several varieties of maple , aspen , ash , and hazelnut . The Upper Alazani River Valley contains yew forests . At higher elevations above 1,000 metres ( 3,281 ft ) above sea level ( particularly in the Tusheti , Khevsureti , and Khevi regions ) , pine and birch forests dominate . In general , the forests in eastern Georgia occur between 500 -- 2,000 metres ( 1,640 -- 6,562 ft ) above sea level , with the alpine zone extending from 2,000 -- 2,300 to 3,000 -- 3,500 metres ( 6,562 -- 7,546 to 9,843 -- 11,483 ft ) . The only remaining large , low - land forests remain in the Alazani Valley of Kakheti . The eternal snow and glacier zone lies above the 3,500 - metre ( 11,483 ft ) line in most areas of eastern Georgia . Climate Main article : Climate of Georgia ( country ) The climate of Georgia is extremely diverse , considering the nation 's small size . There are two main climatic zones , roughly corresponding to the eastern and western parts of the country . The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range plays an important role in moderating Georgia 's climate and protects the nation from the penetration of colder air masses from the north . The Lesser Caucasus Mountains partially protect the region from the influence of dry and hot air masses from the south . The Black Sea coast of Batumi , western Georgia Much of western Georgia lies within the northern periphery of the humid subtropical zone with annual precipitation ranging from 1,000 -- 4,000 mm ( 39.4 -- 157.5 in ) . The precipitation tends to be uniformly distributed throughout the year , although the rainfall can be particularly heavy during the Autumn months . The climate of the region varies significantly with elevation and while much of the lowland areas of western Georgia are relatively warm throughout the year , the foothills and mountainous areas ( including both the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains ) experience cool , wet summers and snowy winters ( snow cover often exceeds 2 meters in many regions ) . Ajaria is the wettest region of the Caucasus , where the Mt . Mtirala rainforest , east of Kobuleti , receives around 4,500 mm ( 177.2 in ) of precipitation per year . Eastern Georgia has a transitional climate from humid subtropical to continental . The region 's weather patterns are influenced both by dry Caspian air masses from the east and humid Black Sea air masses from the west . The penetration of humid air masses from the Black Sea is often blocked by mountain ranges ( Likhi and Meskheti ) that separate the eastern and western parts of the nation . Annual precipitation is considerably less than that of western Georgia and ranges from 400 -- 1,600 mm ( 15.7 -- 63.0 in ) . The wettest periods generally occur during spring and autumn , while winter and summer months tend to be the driest . Much of eastern Georgia experiences hot summers ( especially in the low - lying areas ) and relatively cold winters . As in the western parts of the nation , elevation plays an important role in eastern Georgia where climatic conditions above 1,500 metres ( 4,921 ft ) are considerably colder than in the low - lying areas . The regions that lie above 2,000 metres ( 6,562 ft ) frequently experience frost even during the summer months . Biodiversity See also : List of non-marine molluscs of Georgia ( country ) and List of fish of the Black Sea Caucasian Shepherd Dog Because of its high landscape diversity and low latitude , Georgia is home to about 5,601 species of animals , including 648 species of vertebrates ( more than 1 % of the species found worldwide ) and many of these species are endemics . A number of large carnivores live in the forests , namely Brown bears , wolves , lynxes and Caucasian Leopards . The common pheasant ( also known as the Colchian Pheasant ) is an endemic bird of Georgia which has been widely introduced throughout the rest of the world as an important game bird . The species number of invertebrates is considered to be very high but data is distributed across a high number of publications . The spider checklist of Georgia , for example , includes 501 species . Slightly more than 6,500 species of fungi , including lichen - forming species , have been recorded from Georgia , but this number is far from complete . The true total number of fungal species occurring in Georgia , including species not yet recorded , is likely to be far higher , given the generally accepted estimate that only about seven percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered . Although the amount of available information is still very small , a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Georgia , and 2,595 species have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country . 1,729 species of plants have been recorded from Georgia in association with fungi . The true number of plant species occurring in Georgia is likely to be substantially higher . Economy Main articles : Economy of Georgia ( country ) and Agriculture in Georgia ( country ) The Georgian Railways represent a vital artery linking the Black Sea and Caspian Sea -- the shortest route between Europe and Central Asia . Archaeological research demonstrates that Georgia has been involved in commerce with many lands and empires since ancient times , largely due its location on the Black Sea and later on the historical Silk Road . Gold , silver , copper and iron have been mined in the Caucasus Mountains . Georgian wine making is a very old tradition and a key branch of the country 's economy . The country has sizable hydropower resources . Throughout Georgia 's modern history agriculture and tourism have been principal economic sectors , because of the country 's climate and topography . For much of the 20th century , Georgia 's economy was within the Soviet model of command economy . Since the fall of the USSR in 1991 , Georgia embarked on a major structural reform designed to transition to a free market economy . As with all other post-Soviet states , Georgia faced a severe economic collapse . The civil war and military conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia aggravated the crisis . The agriculture and industry output diminished . By 1994 the gross domestic product had shrunk to a quarter of that of 1989 . The first financial help from the West came in 1995 , when the World Bank and International Monetary Fund granted Georgia a credit of USD 206 million and Germany granted DM 50 million . The production of wine is a traditional component of the Georgian economy . Since the early 21st century visible positive developments have been observed in the economy of Georgia . In 2007 , Georgia 's real GDP growth rate reached 12 percent making Georgia one of the fastest growing economies in Eastern Europe . The World Bank dubbed Georgia `` the number one economic reformer in the world '' because it has in one year improved from rank 112th to 18th in terms of ease of doing business . The country has a high unemployment rate of 12.6 % and has fairly low median income compared to European countries . The 2006 ban on imports of Georgian wine to Russia , one of Georgia 's biggest trading partners , and break of financial links was described by the IMF Mission as an `` external shock '' . In addition , Russia increased the price of gas for Georgia . Around the same time , the National Bank of Georgia stated that ongoing inflation in the country was mainly triggered by external reasons , including Russia 's economic embargo . The Georgian authorities expected that the current account deficit due to the embargo in 2007 would be financed by `` higher foreign exchange proceeds generated by the large inflow of foreign direct investment '' and an increase in tourist revenues . The country has also maintained a solid credit in international market securities . Georgia is becoming more integrated into the global trading network : its 2015 imports and exports account for 50 % and 21 % of GDP respectively . Georgia 's main imports are fuels , vehicles , machinery and parts , grain and other foods , pharmaceuticals . Main exports are vehicles , ferro - alloys , fertilizers , nuts , scrap metal , gold , copper ores . Georgia is developing into an international transport corridor through Batumi and Poti ports , Baku -- Tbilisi -- Kars Railway line , an oil pipeline from Baku through Tbilisi to Ceyhan , the Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan pipeline ( BTC ) and a parallel gas pipeline , the South Caucasus Pipeline . Since coming to power Saakashvili administration accomplished a series of reforms aimed at improving tax collection . Among other things a flat income tax was introduced in 2004 . As a result , budget revenues have increased fourfold and a once large budget deficit has turned into surplus . As of 2001 , 54 percent of the population lived below the national poverty line but by 2006 poverty decreased to 34 percent , by 2015 it is 10.1 percent . In 2015 , the average monthly income of a household was 1,022.3 ₾ ( about $ 426 ) . 2015 calculations place Georgia 's nominal GDP at US $13.98 billion . Georgia 's economy is becoming more devoted to services ( as of 2016 , representing 68.3 percent of GDP ) , moving away from the agricultural sector ( 9.2 percent ) . In regards to telecommunication infrastructure , Georgia is ranked the last among its bordering neighbors in the World Economic Forum 's Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) -- an indicator for determining the development level of a country 's information and communication technologies . Georgia ranked number 58 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking , up from 60 in 2015 . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Georgia The most visited ski resort of Georgia , Gudauri Tourism is an increasingly significant part of the Georgian economy . In 2016 , 2,714,773 tourists brought approximately US $2.16 billion to the country . According to the government , there are 103 resorts in different climatic zones in Georgia . Tourist attractions include more than 2,000 mineral springs , over 12,000 historical and cultural monuments , four of which are recognised as UNESCO World Heritage Sites ( Bagrati Cathedral in Kutaisi and Gelati Monastery , historical monuments of Mtskheta , and Upper Svaneti ) . Transport Main article : Transport in Georgia ( country ) A green directional sign on the ს 1 motorway denoting it as such Today transport in Georgia is provided by rail , road and air . Total length of roads excluding occupied territories is 19,060 kilometers and railways -- 1,576 km . Positioned in the Caucasus and on the coast of the Black Sea , Georgia is a key country through which energy imports to the European Union from neighbouring Azerbaijan pass . Traditionally the country was located on an important north - south trade route between European Russia and the Near East and Turkey . In recent years Georgia has invested large amounts of money in the modernization of its transport networks . The construction of new highways has been prioritized and , as such , major cities like Tbilisi have seen the quality of their roads improve dramatically ; despite this however , the quality of inter-city routes remains poor and to date only one motorway - standard road has been constructed -- the ს 1 . The Georgian railways represent an important transport artery for the Caucasus as they make up the largest proportion of a route linking the Black and Caspian Seas , this in turn has allowed them to benefit in recent years from increased energy exports from neighbouring Azerbaijan to the European Union , Ukraine and Turkey . Passenger services are operated by the state - owned Georgian Railways whilst freight operations are carried out by a number of licensed operators . Since 2004 the Georgian Railways have been undergoing a rolling program of fleet - renewal and managerial restructuring which is aimed at making the service provided more efficient and comfortable for passengers . Infrastructural development has also been high on the agenda for the railways , with the key Tbilisi railway junction expected to undergo major reorganisation in the near future . Additional projects also include the construction of the economically important Kars -- Tbilisi -- Baku railway , which for the first time will connect much of the Caucasus with Turkey by standard gauge railway . Port of Batumi Air and maritime transport is developing in Georgia , with the former mainly used by passengers and the latter for transport of freight . Georgia currently has four international airports ; the largest of which is by far Tbilisi International Airport , hub for Georgian Airways , which offers connections to many large European cities . Other airports in the country are largely underdeveloped or lack scheduled traffic , although , as of late , efforts have been made to solve both these problems . There are a number of seaports along Georgia 's Black Sea coast , the largest and most busy of which is the Port of Batumi ; whilst the town is itself a seaside resort , the port is a major cargo terminal in the Caucasus and is often used by neighbouring Azerbaijan as a transit point for making energy deliveries to Europe . Scheduled and chartered passenger ferry services link Georgia with Bulgaria , Romania , Turkey and Ukraine . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Georgia ( country ) `` Languages of Georgia '' redirects here . For languages of the U.S. state of Georgia , see Georgia ( U.S. state ) § Languages . Georgian youth in the Chokha , a traditional costume Like most native Caucasian peoples , the Georgians do not fit into any of the main ethnic categories of Europe or Asia . The Georgian language , the most pervasive of the Kartvelian languages , is neither Indo - European , Turkic nor Semitic . The present day Georgian or Kartvelian nation is thought to have resulted from the fusion of aboriginal , autochthonous inhabitants with immigrants who moved into South Caucasus from the direction of Anatolia in remote antiquity . Ethno - linguistic groups in the Caucasus region Ethnic Georgians form about 86.8 percent of Georgia 's current population of 3,713,804 ( 2014 census ) . Other ethnic groups include Abkhazians , Armenians , Assyrians , Azerbaijanis , Greeks , Jews , Kists , Ossetians , Russians , Ukrainians , Yezidis and others . The Georgian Jews are one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world . Once Georgia was also home to significant ethnic German communities , but most Germans were deported during World War II . The 1989 census recorded 341,000 ethnic Russians , or 6.3 percent of the population , 52,000 Ukrainians and 100,000 Greeks in Georgia . Since 1990 , 1.5 million Georgian nationals have left . At least 1 million emigrants from Georgia legally or illegally reside in Russia . Georgia 's net migration rate is − 4.54 , excluding Georgian nationals who live abroad . Georgia has nonetheless been inhabited by immigrants from all over the world throughout its independence . According to 2014 statistics , Georgia gets most of its immigrants from Russia , 51.6 percent of all immigrants . In the early 1990s , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , violent separatist conflicts broke out in the autonomous region of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region . Many Ossetians living in Georgia left the country , mainly to Russia 's North Ossetia . On the other hand , more than 150,000 Georgians left Abkhazia after the breakout of hostilities in 1993 . Of the Meskhetian Turks who were forcibly relocated in 1944 only a tiny fraction returned to Georgia as of 2008 . The most widespread language group is the Kartvelian family , which includes Georgian , Svan , Mingrelian and Laz . The official languages of Georgia are Georgian , with Abkhaz having official status within the autonomous region of Abkhazia . Georgian is the primary language of 87.7 percent of the population , followed by 6.2 percent speaking Azerbaijani , 3.9 percent Armenian , 1.2 percent Russian , and 1 percent other languages . Largest cities or towns in Georgia 2014 General Population Census Main Results Rank Administrative divisions of Georgia Pop . Tbilisi Batumi Tbilisi Tbilisi 1 108 717 Kutaisi Rustavi Batumi Adjara 152 839 Kutaisi Imereti 147 635 Rustavi Kvemo Kartli 125 103 5 Gori Shida Kartli 48 143 6 Zugdidi Samegrelo - Zemo Svaneti 42 998 7 Poti Samegrelo - Zemo Svaneti 41,465 8 Sukhumi Abkhazia 39,100 9 Khashuri Shida Kartli 33 627 10 Tskhinvali Shida Kartli 30,000 Religion Main article : Religion in Georgia ( country ) Main religions ( 2014 ) Orthodox Christian ( 83.4 % ) Muslim ( 10.7 % ) Armenian Apostolic ( 2.9 % ) Roman Catholic ( 1 % ) Others ( 2 % ) Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi or Sameba Today 83.4 percent of the population practices Eastern Orthodox Christianity , with the majority of these adhering to the national Georgian Orthodox Church . The Georgian Orthodox Church is one of the world 's most ancient Christian Churches , and claims apostolic foundation by Saint Andrew . In the first half of the 4th century , Christianity was adopted as the state religion of Iberia ( present - day Kartli , or eastern Georgia ) , following the missionary work of Saint Nino of Cappadocia . The Church gained autocephaly during the early Middle Ages ; it was abolished during the Russian domination of the country , restored in 1917 and fully recognised by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1989 . The special status of the Georgian Orthodox Church is officially recognised in the Constitution of Georgia and the Concordat of 2002 , although religious institutions are separate from the state , and every citizen has the right of religion . Religious minorities of Georgia include Muslims ( 10.7 percent ) , Armenian Christians ( 2.9 percent ) and Roman Catholics ( 0.5 percent ) . 0.7 percent of those recorded in the 2014 census declared themselves to be adherents of other religions , 1.2 percent refused or did not state their religion and 0.5 percent declared no religion at all . Islam is represented by both Azerbaijani Shia Muslims ( in the south - east ) ethnic Georgian Sunni Muslims in Adjara , and Laz - speaking Sunni Muslims as well as Sunni Meskhetian Turks along the border with Turkey . There are also smaller communities of Greek Muslims ( of Pontic Greek origin ) and Armenian Muslims , both of whom are descended from Ottoman - era converts to Turkish Islam from Eastern Anatolia who settled in Georgia following the Lala Mustafa Pasha 's Caucasian campaign that led to the Ottoman conquest of the country in 1578 . Georgian Jews trace the history of their community to the 6th century BC ; their numbers have dwindled in the last decades due to high levels of immigration to Israel . Despite the long history of religious harmony in Georgia , there have been instances of religious discrimination and violence against `` nontraditional faiths '' , such as Jehovah 's Witnesses , by followers of the defrocked Orthodox priest Basil Mkalavishvili . In addition to traditional religious organizations , Georgia retains secular and irreligious segments of society ( 0.5 percent ) , as well as a significant portion of religiously affiliated individuals who do not actively practice their faith . Despite that Georgian major population are Orthodox Christians and some minor discrimination against people with different faith , country is very tolerant to other religions . For example , Tbilisi 's Leselidze Street on has a church , mosque , and synagogue next to each other . Education Tbilisi State University , Corpus I Higher Education Institutions in Georgia The education system of Georgia has undergone sweeping modernizing , although controversial , reforms since 2004 . Education in Georgia is mandatory for all children aged 6 -- 14 . The school system is divided into elementary ( six years ; age level 6 -- 12 ) , basic ( three years ; age level 12 -- 15 ) , and secondary ( three years ; age level 15 -- 18 ) , or alternatively vocational studies ( two years ) . Students with a secondary school certificate have access to higher education . Only the students who have passed the Unified National Examinations may enroll in a state - accredited higher education institution , based on ranking of the scores received at the exams . Most of these institutions offer three levels of study : a Bachelor 's Program ( three to four years ) ; a Master 's Program ( two years ) , and a Doctoral Program ( three years ) . There is also a Certified Specialist 's Program that represents a single - level higher education program lasting from three to six years . As of 2016 , 75 higher education institutions are accredited by the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia . Gross primary enrollment ratio was 117 percent for the period of 2012 -- 2014 , the 2nd highest in Europe after Sweden . Tbilisi has become the main artery of the Georgian educational system , particularly since the creation of the First Georgian Republic in 1918 permitted the establishment of modern , Georgian - language educational institutions . Tbilisi is the home to several major institutions of higher education in Georgia , notably the Tbilisi State Medical University , which was founded as Tbilisi Medical Institute in 1918 , and the Tbilisi State University ( TSU ) , which was established in 1918 and remains the oldest university in the entire Caucasus region . With enrollment of over 35,000 students , the number of faculty and staff ( collaborators ) at TSU is approximately 5,000 . Georgia 's main and largest technical university , Georgian Technical University , as well as The University of Georgia ( Tbilisi ) , Caucasus University and Free University of Tbilisi are also in Tbilisi . Culture Main article : Culture of Georgia ( country ) Ancient Colchian riders pendants , Georgian National Museum Georgian culture evolved over thousands of years from its foundations in the Iberian and Colchian civilizations . Georgian culture enjoyed a renaissance and golden age of classical literature , arts , philosophy , architecture and science in the 11th century . Georgian culture was influenced by Classical Greece , the Roman Empire , the Byzantine Empire , the various Iranian empires ( notably the Achaemenid , Parthian , Sassanian , Safavid and Qajar empires ) , and later , from the 19th century , by the Russian Empire . Georgian traditional dance Khevsuruli The Georgian language , and the Classical Georgian literature of the poet Shota Rustaveli , were revived in the 19th century after a long period of turmoil , laying the foundations of the romantics and novelists of the modern era such as Grigol Orbeliani , Nikoloz Baratashvili , Ilia Chavchavadze , Akaki Tsereteli , Vazha - Pshavela . The Georgian language is written in three unique scripts , which according to traditional accounts were invented by King Pharnavaz I of Iberia in the 3rd century BC . Georgia is known for its folklore , traditional music , dances , theatre , cinema , and art . Notable painters from the 20th century include Niko Pirosmani , Lado Gudiashvili , Elene Akhvlediani ; notable ballet choreographers include George Balanchine , Vakhtang Chabukiani , and Nino Ananiashvili ; notable poets include Galaktion Tabidze , Lado Asatiani , and Mukhran Machavariani ; and notable theatre and film directors include Robert Sturua , Tengiz Abuladze , Giorgi Danelia and Otar Ioseliani . Architecture and arts Old Tbilisi -- Architecture in Georgia is in many ways a fusion of European and Asian . Georgian architecture has been influenced by many civilizations . There are several different architectural styles for castles , towers , fortifications and churches . The Upper Svaneti fortifications , and the castle town of Shatili in Khevsureti , are some of the finest examples of medieval Georgian castle architecture . Other architectural aspects of Georgia include Rustaveli avenue in Tbilisi in the Haussmann style , and the Old Town District . Georgian ecclesiastic art is one of the most notable aspects of Georgian Christian architecture , which combines the classical dome style with the original basilica style , forming what is known as the Georgian cross-dome style . Cross-dome architecture developed in Georgia during the 9th century ; before that , most Georgian churches were basilicas . Other examples of Georgian ecclesiastic architecture can be found outside Georgia : Bachkovo Monastery in Bulgaria ( built in 1083 by the Georgian military commander Grigorii Bakuriani ) , Iviron monastery in Greece ( built by Georgians in the 10th century ) , and the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem ( built by Georgians in the 9th century ) . One of the most famous late 19th / early 20th century Georgian artists was primitivist painter Niko Pirosmani . Media Main article : Media of Georgia Television , magazines , and newspapers in Georgia are all operated by both state - owned and for - profit corporations which depend on advertising , subscription , and other sales - related revenues . The Constitution of Georgia guarantees freedom of speech . As a country in transition , the Georgian media system is under transformation . The media environment of Georgia remains the freest and most diverse in the South Caucasus , despite the long - term politicisation and polarisation affecting the sector . The political struggle for control over the public broadcaster have left it without a direction in 2014 too . A large percentage of Georgian households have a television , and most have at least one radio . Most of Georgia 's media companies are headquartered in its capital and largest city , Tbilisi . Music Main article : Music of Georgia ( country ) Georgian Folk Singers Georgia has an ancient musical tradition , which is primarily known for its early development of polyphony . Georgian polyphony is based on three vocal parts , a unique tuning system based on perfect fifths , and a harmonic structure rich in parallel fifths and dissonances . Three types of polyphony have developed in Georgia : a complex version in Svaneti , a dialogue over a bass background in the Kakheti region , and a three - part partially - improvised version in western Georgia . The Georgian folk song `` Chakrulo '' was one of 27 musical compositions included on the Voyager Golden Records that were sent into space on Voyager 2 on 20 August 1977 . Cuisine Main article : Georgian cuisine From the top right to the left and below : Adjarian Khachapuri , Mtsvadi , Khinkali , Imeretian Khachapuri , Pkhali , Churchkhela , Shotis puri , Elarji , Mchadi , Satsivi Georgian cuisine and wine have evolved through the centuries , adapting traditions in each era . One of the most unusual traditions of dining is supra , or Georgian table , which is also a way of socialising with friends and family . The head of supra is known as tamada . He also conducts the highly philosophical toasts , and makes sure that everyone is enjoying themselves . Various historical regions of Georgia are known for their particular dishes : for example , khinkali ( meat dumplings ) , from eastern mountainous Georgia , and khachapuri , mainly from Imereti , Samegrelo and Adjara . In addition to traditional Georgian dishes , the foods of other countries have been brought to Georgia by immigrants from Russia , Greece , and recently China . Sports Main article : Sport in Georgia Georgia vs. Romania in the Rugby World Cup 2011 The most popular sports in Georgia are football , basketball , rugby union , wrestling , judo , and weightlifting . Historically , Georgia has been famous for its physical education ; the Romans were fascinated with Georgians ' physical qualities after seeing the training techniques of ancient Iberia . Wrestling remains a historically important sport of Georgia , and some historians think that the Greco - Roman style of wrestling incorporates many Georgian elements . Within Georgia , one of the most popularized styles of wrestling is the Kakhetian style . There were a number of other styles in the past that are not as widely used today . For example , the Khevsureti region of Georgia has three different styles of wrestling . Other popular sports in 19th century Georgia were polo , and Lelo , a traditional Georgian game later replaced by rugby union . Legends car racing at the Rustavi International Motorpark The first and only race circuit in the Caucasian region is located in Georgia . Rustavi International Motorpark originally built in 1978 was re-opened in 2012 after total reconstruction costing $20 million . The track satisfies the FIA Grade 2 requirements and currently hosts the Legends car racing series and Formula Alfa competitions . Basketball was always one of the notable sports in Georgia , and Georgia had a few very famous Soviet Union national team members , such as Otar Korkia , Mikhail Korkia , Zurab Sakandelidze and Levan Moseshvili . Dinamo Tbilisi won the prestigious Euroleague competition in 1962 . Georgia had five players in the NBA : Vladimir Stepania , Jake Tsakalidis , Nikoloz Tskitishvili , Tornike Shengelia and current Golden State Warriors center Zaza Pachulia . Other notable basketball players are two times Euroleague champion Giorgi Shermadini and Euroleague players Manuchar Markoishvili and Viktor Sanikidze . Sport is regaining its popularity in the country in recent years . Georgia national basketball team qualified to EuroBasket during the last three tournaments since 2011 . International rankings The following are links to the international rankings of Georgia . Index Rank Countries reviewed Better than Index of Economic Freedom 2017 13th 180 92.7 % Ease of Doing Business Index 2017 16th 190 91.5 % Freedom House Internet Freedom 2016 10th 65 84.6 % Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 44th 176 75 % Good Country Index 2016 49th 163 69.9 % WJP Rule of Law Index 2016 34th 113 69.9 % UN e-Government Index 2016 61st 193 68.3 % State of World Liberty Index 2016 60th 180 66.6 % Social Progress Index 2016 54th 160 66.2 % Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index 2016 64th 180 64.4 % World Freedom Index 2014 61st 165 63 % Human Development Index 2016 70th 188 62.8 % Networked Readiness Index 2016 58th 139 58.2 % Legatum Prosperity Index 2016 84th 149 43.6 % Global Gender Gap Report Global Gender Gap Index 2016 90th 144 37.5 % See also Georgia ( country ) portal Outline of Georgia ( country ) Index of Georgia ( country ) - related articles Notes ^ Jump up to : Data not including Abkhazia and South Ossetia References Jump up ^ `` Article 8 '' , Constitution of Georgia . In Abkhazia , also Abkhazian . Jump up ^ `` Population '' . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 General Population Census Main Results General Information -- National Statistics Office of Georgia '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia - Gross domestic product '' . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 General Population Census - Main Results '' ( PDF ) . National Statistics Office of Georgia ( Geostat ) . 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Law of Georgia on Occupied Territories ( 431 - IIs ) '' ( PDF ) . State Ministry for Reintegration. 23 October 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Peradze , Gregory . `` The Pilgrims ' derivation of the name Georgia '' . Georgica , Autumn , 1937 , nos. 4 & 5 , 208 -- 209 Jump up ^ Hock , Hans Henrich ; Zgusta , Ladislav ( 1997 ) . Historical , Indo - European , and Lexicographical Studies . Walter de Gruyter . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 3110128840 . ^ Jump up to : Mikaberidze , Alexander ( 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of Georgia ( 2 ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1442241466 . Jump up ^ Boeder , Winfried ; Bublitz , Wolfram ; von Roncador , Manfred ; Vater , Heinz ( 2002 ) . Philology , typology and language structure . Peter Lang . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0820459912 . The Russian designation of Georgia ( Gruziya ) also derives from the Persian gurg . Jump up ^ Rapp Jr. , Stephen H. ( 2014 ) . The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes : Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature . Ashgate Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1472425522 . Jump up ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus ( 1967 ) . Gyula Moravcsik , ed . De Administrando Imperio . translated by R.J.H Jenkins . Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies . Jump up ^ David Braund ( 1994 ) . A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia , 550 BC - AD 562 . Oxford University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0198144731 . Jump up ^ `` Article 1.3 '' , Constitution of Georgia which reads ' Georgia ' shall be the name of the State of Georgia ^ Jump up to : Phoenix : The Peoples of the Hills : Ancient Ararat and Caucasus by Charles Burney , David Marshall Lang , Phoenix Press ; New Ed edition ( 31 December 2001 ) Jump up ^ Keys , David ( 28 December 2003 ) . `` Now that 's what you call a real vintage : professor unearths 8,000 - year - old wine '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Evidence of ancient wine found in Georgia a vintage quaffed some 6,000 years BC '' . Euronews. 21 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Stöllner , Irina Gambaschidze ( 2014 ) The Gold Mine of Sakdrisi and Earliest Mining and Metallurgy in the Transcausus and the Kura - Valley System Jump up ^ David Marshall Lang ( 1997 ) . Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints ( 2 ed . ) . St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press . ISBN 978 - 0913836293 . Jump up ^ `` Christianity and the Georgian Empire '' ( early history ) Library of Congress , March 1994 , webpage : LCweb2 - ge0015 . Jump up ^ Ronald Grigor Suny . Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia -- `` Christianity and the Georgian Empire '' . DIANE Publishing , 1 Apr 1996 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , Alexander ( 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of Georgia ( 2 ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 527 -- 529 . ISBN 978 - 1442241466 . Jump up ^ `` GEORGIA iii . Iranian elements in Georgian art and archeology '' . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Cyril Toumanoff ( 1967 ) . Studies in Christian Caucasian History . Georgetown University Press . pp. 83 -- 84 , 377 . Jump up ^ Sketches of Georgian Church History by Theodore Edward Dowling Jump up ^ Dr Stephen H Rapp Jr . The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes : Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , 28 Sep. 2014 . ISBN 1472425529 p 160 Jump up ^ Ronald Grigor Suny . The Making of the Georgian Nation Indiana University Press , 1994 ISBN 0253209153 p 22 ^ Jump up to : Eastmond , p. 109 . Jump up ^ David Marshall Lang ( 1976 ) . Modern History of Soviet Georgia . London : Greenwood Press . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0837181837 . Jump up ^ Ivana Marková ; Alex Gillespie , eds. ( 2011 ) . Trust and Conflict : Representation , Culture and Dialogue . Cultural Dynamics of Social Representation . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0415593465 . Jump up ^ Howard Aronson ; Dodona Kiziria ( 1999 ) . Georgian Literature and Culture . Slavica . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0893572785 . Jump up ^ Suny , Ronald Grigor ( 1996 ) . Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia . DIANE Publishing . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0788128134 . The Knight in the Panther Skin occupies a unique position as the Georgian national epic . Jump up ^ ( in Georgian ) Javakhishvili , Ivane ( 1982 ) , k'art'veli eris istoria ( The History of the Georgian Nation ) , vol. 2 , pp. 184 -- 187 . Tbilisi State University Press . Jump up ^ Antony Eastmond ( 2010 ) . Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia . Penn State Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0271016283 . Jump up ^ `` Imagining history at the crossroads : Persia , Byzantium , and the architects of the written Georgian past , Volume 2 p 652 '' . University of Michigan 1997 . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastmond , p. 93 - 95 . Jump up ^ Rene Grousset , Rene ( 1991 ) . ' The Empire of the Steppes . Rutgers University Press . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Ronald Grigor Suny . `` The Making of the Georgian Nation '' Indiana University Press , 1994 . p 55 Jump up ^ Fisher et al. 1991 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Георгиевский трактат ( Treaty of Georgievsk ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow State University . 24 July 1783 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relations between Tehran and Moscow , 1797 -- 2014 '' . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Giorgi Lomsadze ( 11 October 2007 ) . `` Time for a King for Georgia ? '' . Eurasianet . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gvosdev ( 2000 ) , p. 85 Jump up ^ Avalov ( 1906 ) , p. 186 Jump up ^ Gvosdev ( 2000 ) , p. 86 Jump up ^ Lang ( 1957 ) , p. 249 Jump up ^ Lang ( 1957 ) , p. 251 Jump up ^ Lang ( 1957 ) , p. 247 Jump up ^ Lang ( 1957 ) , p. 252 Jump up ^ Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond pp 728 ABC - CLIO , 2 December 2014 ISBN 1598849484 Jump up ^ Suny , Ronald Grigor ( 1994 ) , The Making of the Georgian Nation : 2nd edition , p. 64 . Indiana University Press , ISBN 0253209153 Jump up ^ Allen F. Chew . `` An Atlas of Russian History : Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders '' , Yale University Press , 1970 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Широков , И . В. ; Тарасов , А . А. ( 2010 ) . Наша маленькая Хоста -- Исторический очерк ( in Russian ) . Sochi . Jump up ^ Stefan Talmon ( 1998 ) , Recognition of Governments in International Law , p. 289 -- 290 . Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 826573 - 5 . Jump up ^ Knight , Amy . Beria : Stalin 's First Lieutenant , Princeton University Press , Princeton , New Jersey , p. 237 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01093 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Georgia : About Georgia '' . gov.ge . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia / Abchasia : Violations of the laws of war and Russia 's role in the conflict '' . Hrw.org . March 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Russia -- The Ingush -- Ossetian conflict in the Prigorodnyi region '' . Human Rights Watch / Helsinki . May 1996 . Jump up ^ `` EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight -- Georgia 's Rose Revolution : Momentum and Consolidation '' . Eurasianet.org . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorshkov , Nikolai ( 19 September 2002 ) . `` Duma prepares for Georgia strike '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russia , Georgia strike deal on bases '' . Civil Georgia , Tbilisi. 30 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Hands Over Batumi Military Base to Georgia '' . Civil Georgia , Tbilisi. 13 November 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Russia 's retention of Gudauta base -- An unfulfilled CFE treaty commitment Socor , Vladirmir . The Jamestown Foundation . 22 May 2006 ^ Jump up to : Brian Whitmore ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` Is The Clock Ticking For Saakashvili ? ' '' . RFE / RL . Jump up ^ `` Russia criticised over Abkhazia '' . BBC News . 24 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Russia says UN Abkhazian refugee resolution counterproductive '' . RIA Novosti. 16 May 2008 . 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Reuters. 9 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civilians in the line of fire '' ( PDF ) . Amnesty International . November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Marks Anniversary of War '' . BBC News . 7 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Эдуард Кокойты : мы там практически выровняли все ( in Russian ) . Kommersant. 15 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rights Groups Say South Ossetian Militias Burning Georgian Villages '' . RFE / RL. 30 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Endorses Six - Point Plan '' . Civil.Ge. 12 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Kunkle , Fredrick ( 18 August 2008 ) . `` Bush , European Leaders Urge Quick Withdrawal From Georgia '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev '' . The Kremlin . 26 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia breaks ties with Russia '' . BBC News . 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Russia hands over control of Georgian buffer zones to EU '' . 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The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity . John Wiley & Sons . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3361 - 9 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` მართლმადიდებელი ავტოკეფალური ეკლესიები '' . საქართველოს საპატრიარქო . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Dan Norman . Paul , Ellen Frankel . Studies of the Third Wave : Recent Migration of Soviet Jews to the United States VNR AG , 1 January 1981 ISBN 978 - 0865311435 pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Spilling , Michael . Georgia ( Cultures of the world ) . 1997 Jump up ^ `` Memorandum to the U.S. Government on Religious Violence in the Republic of Georgia ( Human Rights Watch August 2001 ) '' . Hrw.org . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` საქართველოს მოსახლეობის საყოველთაო აღწერის საბოლოო შედეგები '' . netgazeti.ge . Netgazeti. 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 20 , Heinrich Böll Stiftung , 11 October 2010 Jump up ^ Georgia purges education system . The BBC News . 29 July 2005 . 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A Little War that Shook the World : Georgia , Russia , and the Future of the West . NYU ( 2010 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61773 - 5 Gvosdev , Nikolas K. : Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia : 1760 -- 1819 , Macmillan , Basingstoke 2000 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 22990 - 9 Goltz , Thomas . Georgia Diary : A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus . Thomas Dunne Books ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1710 - 2 Jones , Stephen . Georgia : A Political History Since Independence ( I.B. Tauris , distributed by Palgrave Macmillan ; 2012 ) 376 pages ; Lang , David M. : The last years of the Georgian Monarchy : 1658 -- 1832 , Columbia University Press , New York 1957 Rayfield , Donald ( 2012 ) . Edge of Empires : A History of Georgia . ASIN 1780230303 . 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2760515347705207066	Nyjah Huston	Nyjah Huston - wikipedia Nyjah Huston Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nyjah Imani Huston Full name Nyjah Imani Huston ( 1994 - 11 - 30 ) November 30 , 1994 ( age 22 ) Davis , California , United States ( U.S. ) Height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Weight 145 lb ( 66 kg ) Sport Country United States Sport Skateboarding Medal record ( hide ) Summer X Games Representing United States 2011 Los Angeles Street 2013 Los Angeles Street 2013 Barcelona Street 2013 Foz do Iguaçu Street 2014 Austin Street 2015 Austin Street 2016 Oslo Street 2009 Los Angeles Street 2010 Los Angeles Street 2016 Austin Street 2012 Los Angeles Street Nyjah Imani Huston ( born November 30 , 1994 ) is an American professional skateboarder and was the overall champion at the Street League Skateboarding ( SLS ) competition series in 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 . He is also the highest paid skateboarder in the world . As of May 19 , 2013 , Huston has won more prize money than any other skateboarder in history . In 2014 , Huston ranked # 5 on FoxWeekly 's ' Top 15 Most Influential Skateboarders of All - Time ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Professional skateboarding 2.1 Sponsorship 3 Awards 4 Video game appearances 5 Let It Flow 6 Personal life 7 Contest history 7.1 2004 7.2 2005 7.3 2006 7.4 2007 7.5 2008 7.6 2009 7.7 2010 7.8 2011 7.9 2012 7.10 2013 7.11 2014 7.12 2015 7.13 2016 7.14 2017 8 Videography 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Huston was born in Davis , California . He was raised in San Lorenzo , Puerto Rico . Huston started skating when he was approximately four years old . Huston revealed in a 2006 interview that he had been raised by his father as a strict vegan from birth up until the time of the interview . In a 2012 interview , Huston stated that he had tried meat and dairy for the first time . As part of his strict Rastafarian upbringing , Huston was only permitted to listen to reggae music and was unable to cut his dreadlocks . Professional Skateboarding ( edit ) Huston first garnered attention when he signed a sponsorship deal with the Element company and joined the skateboard team . During his debut era with the company , Huston appeared in numerous Element video productions , such as both volumes of the Elementality series , and competed in high - profile contests , such as the Dew tour and the Vans Downtown Showdown . However , Huston eventually launched his own skateboard deck company `` I&I '' in 2009 after he parted ways with Element in 2008 ; Huston was an amateur skateboarder at the time of his departure . I&I was a short - lived company and operated for approximately two years with a team that consisted of Huston , Richard Jefferson , and Anthony Williams . During the period of the company 's existence , a number of magazine advertisements were published and an online promotional video that featured the three team members was released . The primary aesthetic influence of the brand was Rastafarinism and the I&I logo incorporated the pan-African colors of red , yellow , and green . Following the closure of I&I , Huston returned to Element and released a solo video production entitled Rise & Shine in 2011 -- the video was available for purchase on the iTunes website and later received the `` Best Video Part '' award from the Transworld Skateboarding magazine . During this stage of Huston 's career , the skateboarder also joined the DC Shoes company as a team rider , following a significant period of time without a shoe sponsor -- an unusual occurrence for a professional skateboarder with the degree of exposure that Huston had attracted . In response to the DC Shoes announcement , Huston explained that `` I think it was all a buildup of things over the past year . DC has always been my top choice for a shoe sponsor but I think it took this past year for them to see what I 've accomplished and how I did in the contests and my video part and all that for it to finally come through . '' Following Huston 's decision to skateboard for DC Shoes , other DC team riders expressed their perspectives in online promotional material produced by the shoe company . Long - term DC team rider Josh Kalis stated in the introductory video for Huston ( also featuring Mike Mo Capaldi ) , `` And then there 's this other dude out there , literally buying shoes from a skate shop . He could get shoes from anybody that he wanted , but he was buying DCs . '' Capaldi expressed his opinion on Huston in the same video , stating his belief that Huston is `` probably the best skateboarder that I 've ever seen -- he does everything in , like , two tries . '' After Huston 's gold medal victory at the 2013 X Games Street League contest in Barcelona , Spain in mid-May , Transworld SKATEboarding magazine announced that no other skateboarder has won a greater amount of prize money . On the final night of May 2013 , the DC Shoes Co. held a launch event for the first signature model skate shoe of Huston 's career at the Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles , California , U.S. , with Pete Rock in the role of DJ . The model is named the `` Nyjah Huston Signature Shoe '' and the promotional advertisement features Huston executing a trick at set of stairs at Hollywood High School in Los Angeles , U.S. An announcement on June 25 , 2013 , revealed that , due to a rib injury , Huston was unable to compete in the Street League contest at the Munich X Games in late June 2013 . Huston 's mother Kelle Huston reported that her son `` bruised and scraped the right side of his torso '' in a skateboarding accident , but an article from the Street League website stated that Huston would be fit to compete in the next contest round in July 2013 in Portland , Oregon . Huston was added to the competition lineup for the 2013 Kimberley Diamond Cup in South Africa , held from September 28 to 29 . During practice , Huston was filmed performing a 270 - degree `` kickflip lipslide '' on a rail , a trick that had never been filmed in the history of skateboarding prior to that occasion . Huston won the Kimberley Diamond Cup and the one million rand cash prize . Sponsorship ( edit ) As of January 2016 , Huston is sponsored by Diamond Supply Co. , Element , Ricta , MOB , Nike Skateboarding And Apparel , Monster Energy , Stance , CCS , Bolds Cracker great witches , Doritos , and Mountain Dew . Awards ( edit ) Huston won the inaugural `` Kentucky Unbridled Spirit Award for Action Sports '' in 2006 . At Transworld SKATEboarding magazine 's 2012 awards event , Huston 's performance was given the headline `` Nyjah Huston Cleans Up at Annual Transworld Skate Awards '' by the Yahoo ! Sports website . Huston won three awards at the event : `` Best Video Part '' ( for Huston 's Rise & Shine video release ) , `` New Era Readers ' Choice '' ( the only award chosen solely by the readers of the magazine and Transworld website ) , and `` Best Street '' . Alongside other professional skateboarders such as Ishod Wair and Brandon Westgate , Huston was nominated for Thrasher Magazine 's 2013 `` Skater Of The Year '' ( SOTY ) award in December 2013 . The publication summarized Huston 's 2013 performance in the following manner : `` If his stellar contest record , killer interviews and flood of NBDs was n't enough , Nyjah went and dump - trucked one of the heaviest video parts of all time on us - Fade to Black . '' Video Game appearances ( edit ) Huston is a featured character in the video games Tony Hawk 's Project 8 , Tony Hawk 's Proving Ground , Tony Hawk : Ride , Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater HD , and Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 5 . Let it Flow ( edit ) Together with his mother Kelle Huston , Huston founded the charity organization `` Let It Flow '' in 2008 with the aim of providing clean , safe , and accessible water to communities in need . Following their personal experiences in Puerto Rico , the pair started by selling reusable water bottles at a local farmers market and , as of December 2012 , the organization builds clean - water wells , fixes wells that are inoperable , and builds sanitation stations for people in urgent need of clean water . Let It Flow built its first sanitation station in Ethiopia . Personal life ( edit ) Following his return to Element , Huston revealed that his father 's controlling behavior had led to estrangement , further explaining that his father refused to return video footage of Huston 's skateboarding following the separation . Huston lived with his father in Puerto Rico for a period of time and , as of 2011 , owns a property in the territory . As of July 2013 , Huston resides in a home in Huntington Beach , California , U.S. , no longer adheres to a strict Rastafarian lifestyle , and has identified hip hop as his favorite musical style to listen to . In a July 2013 interview , Huston stated that due to his interest in cars and jewelry he is not yet the owner of a home ; however , he also confirmed an intention to purchase a home . Huston published photographs of a newly purchased home on his Instagram profile in September 2013 . According to an Orange County Register report , published on June 11 , 2014 ( updated on June 24 , 2014 ) , Huston is living in a home valued at US $2.7 million , located in San Juan Capistrano , California . Contest history ( edit ) Volcom Damn Am : 4th ( street ) Volcom Damn Am : Best Trick Small Rail ( street ) Volcom Damn Am : Best Trick Big Rail ( street ) 2005 ( edit ) Tampa Am : 1st ( street ) K.R. 3. A.M. AM 2005 ( street ) : 1st West 49 Canadian Open ( street ) : 4th Global Assault 2005 ( street ) : 2nd 2006 ( edit ) Dew Action Sports Tour Right Guard Open , Denver ( park ) : 2nd Dew Action Sports Tour Panasonic Open ( park ) : 2nd Dew Tour , overall standings : 4th ( park ) Dew Action Sports Tour Vans Invitational , Portland ( street ) : 4th X-Games 12 Street Finals : 8th Global Assault : 2nd ( street ) Vans Downtown Showdown : 2nd ( best trick - stair ) 2007 ( edit ) eS Game of SKATE Pro : 2nd etnies Goofy vs Regular ( Goofy Team ) : 2nd 2008 ( edit ) Maloof Money Cup ( street ) : 2nd 2009 ( edit ) Maloof Money Cup Pro ( street ) : 3rd X Games XV : 2nd ( street ) World Cup Skateboarding , Year End Ranking ( street ) : 4th Tampa Pro : 2nd Maloof Money Cup 2010 OC : 2nd ( street ) Street League Skateboarding 1st Series , 1st Stop ( Glendale , Arizona ) : 1st ( street ) Street League Skateboarding 1st Series Overall : 1st ( street ) X Games XVI : 2nd place ( street ) 2011 ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tampa Pro : 2nd Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series , 1st Stop ( Seattle , WA ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series , 2nd Stop ( Kansas City , MO ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series , 3rd Stop ( Glendale , AZ ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series , 4th Stop ( Newark , NJ ) : 2nd Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series Overall : 2nd place X Games XVII : 1st place ( street ) 2012 ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series , 1st Stop ( Kansas City , MO ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series , 2nd Stop ( Ontario , CA ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series , 3rd Stop ( Glendale , AZ ) : 4th Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series , 4th Stop ( New Jersey ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series Overall : 1st place 2013 ( edit ) Tampa Pro ( Tampa , FL ) : 2nd place Tampa Pro ( Tampa , FL ) : Best Trick - 1st place X Games XIX ( Foz do Iguaçú ) : 1st place ( street ) X Games XIX ( Barcelona ) : 1st place ( street ) Street League Skateboarding ( Kansas City ) : 1st place X Games XIX ( Los Angeles ) : 1st place ( street ) Kimberley Diamond Cup ( South Africa ) : 1st place ( street ) 2014 ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tampa Pro ( Tampa , FL ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding Pro Open ( Los Angeles ) : 1st X Games Austin 2014 Monster Energy Men 's Skateboard Street : 1st Street League Skateboarding ( Chicago ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding ( Los Angeles ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding Super Crown World Championship ( New Jersey ) : 1st 2015 ( edit ) Tampa Pro ( Tampa , FL ) : 2nd Street League Pro Open ( Barcelona ) : 1st X Games Skateboard Street ( Austin ) : Gold Street League Skateboarding ( Los Angeles ) : 2nd Street League Skateboarding ( New Jersey ) : 2nd Street League Skateboarding Super Crown World Championship ( Chicago ) : 2nd Kimberley Diamond Cup ( South Africa ) : 1st place ( street ) 2016 ( edit ) Tampa Pro 2016 : 4th X Games Skateboard Street ( Oslo ) : 1st Red Bull Hart Lines Contest ( Detroit ) : 1st Street League Pro Open ( Barcelona ) : 2nd X Games Austin 2016 Monster Energy Men 's Skateboard Street : 2nd Street League Skateboarding ( Munich ) : 3rd Street League Skateboarding ( Newark ) : 1st 2017 ( edit ) Tampa Pro 2017 : 5th Red Bull Hart Lines Contest ( Detroit ) : 1st Street League Pro Open ( Barcelona ) : 1st Dew Tour ( California ) : 2nd Street League Skateboarding ( Munich ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding Super Crown World Championship ( Los Angeles ) : 1st Videography ( edit ) Element Kids : Tricks ( 2005 ) Element : Elementality Volume 1 ( 2005 ) Element : Brent Atchley Pro Debut Video ( 2006 ) Globe : The Global Assault ( 2006 ) Element : Elementality Volume 2 ( 2006 ) eS : eSpecial ( 2007 ) Element : This Is My Element ( 2007 ) Silver : Silver In Barcelona ( 2008 ) Thrasher : Double Rock ( 2009 ) Element : Rise & Shine ( 2011 ) Rap Video by The Game ( featuring Chris Brown , Tyga , Wiz Khalifa , Lil Wayne ) : Celebration ( 2012 ) Cameo in Kid Ink ft . Chris Brown - Show Me ( 2014 ) DC Shoes : Nyjah - Fade to Black ( 2014 ) `` Thrasher '' : Nyjah Huston 's `` OMFG '' Part References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nyjah Huston ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston 's Campaign for Charity '' . Indiegogo . Indiegogo , Inc . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nyjah Huston Pro Skater '' . ESPN Action Sports . ESPN Internet Ventures . 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ StreetLeague.com ( 26 August 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston is the 2012 Street League Champion ! Full Results '' . StreetLeague.com . Street League , Inc . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TWS ( 19 May 2013 ) . `` NYJAH HUSTON WINS STREET LEAGUE BARCELONA '' . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Joey Betancourt ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Top 15 Most Influential Skateboarders Of All - Time '' . Sports Fox . Fox Weekly . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nyjah Huston Answers Your Questions ! '' . éS . éS. 14 September 2006 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ RIDEChannel ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston & David Loy Talk Street Racing & Street League : Weekend Buzz ep. 3 '' . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Officialbeatsbydrdre ( 8 December 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Houston On Discovering Music '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I&I Skateboards '' . Skately . Skately , LLC. 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruben ' Studdard ' Najera ( 8 December 2008 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Off Element '' . 5ones . 5ones . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ TheFluidSkater ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` I&I Skateboards Team '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Nieratko ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston discusses move to DC '' . ESPN Action Sports . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ DCshoesFILM ( 31 December 2011 ) . `` DC SHOES : REDISCOVER DC - TEAM 2012 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ DCshoesFILM ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` DC SHOES : NYJAH HUSTON SIGNATURE SHOE - WITH IMPACT G TECHNOLOGY '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS : NYJAH INJURED '' . Street League Skateboarding . Street League Skateboarding. 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ TWS ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` NYJAH , SILAS ADDED TO KIMBERLEY DIAMOND CUP SOUTH AFRICA '' . TransWorld Skateboarding . GrindMedia , Inc . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` NYJAH 'S 270 KICKFLIP LIPSLIDE IN SOUTH AFRICA '' . TransWorld Skateboarding . GrindMedia , Inc . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Blair Alley ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` Congrats Nyjah , Felipe , and Louie ! '' . TransWorld Skateboarding . GrindMedia , Inc . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsors '' . Nyjah . Nyjah Huston. 2014 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NYJAH 'S UNBRIDLED SPIRIT '' . AST Dew Tour . Dew Tour . 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Killeen Gonzalez ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Cleans Up at Annual TransWorld Skate Awards '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo ! - ABC News Network . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` 14th Annual TransWorld SKATEboarding Awards Presented By New Era , Winners Announced '' . Transworld Skateboarding . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 5 SOTY Finalists - VOTE ! '' . Thrasher Magazine . High Speed Productions . 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nyjah Huston 0 : 00 '' ( Video upload ) . IGN . IGN Entertainment , Inc. 9 October 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ BroadbandGames ( 19 February 2011 ) . `` Tony Hawk 's Proving Ground Teaser '' . Dailymotion . Dailymotion . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TheFluidskater ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Nyjah Huston : Tony Hawk Ride Interview '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater HD - Nyjah Huston Gameplay '' ( Video upload ) . Gamereactor UK . Gamez Publishing A / S. 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 5 '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rob Brink ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston 's ' Let It Flow ' '' . ESPN X Games . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Nieratko ( 2011 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Interview '' . Chris Nieratko . chrisnieratko.com . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ride Channel ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Pat `` Sinner '' Pasquale - Gary Rogers , LE , Scott Kane - Free Lunch ( Part 1 of 2 ) '' ( Video upload ) . Ride Channel on YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ride Channel ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Nyjah Huston - Jake Phelps , AYC , Favorite Girl Skater , Chase Webb , and More ! '' ( Video upload ) . Ride Channel on YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Nyjah Huston ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Loving the backyard of the new place ! # blessed 🙏 '' . Nyjah Huston on Instagram . Instagram . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ MEGHANN M. CUNIFF ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Skateboard star Nyjah Huston 's noisy parties irk San Juan neighbors '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nyjah Huston Skater Profile '' . Skatepark of Tampa . Skatepark of Tampa . 25 October 2004 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ WhosSexier ( 17 October 2010 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Tampa Am 2005 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Rob Meronek ( 17 July 2005 ) . `` K.R. 3. A.M. AM IN PUERTO RICO - NYJAH HUSTON WINS '' . SPoT Skate Shop . Skatepark of Tampa . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ simplejules ( 19 April 2007 ) . `` West49 Canadian Open 2005 - Toronto '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TheFluidSkater ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Nyjah Huston - Dew Tour 2006 Panosonic Open ( INTERVIEW ) '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TheFluidskater ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Global Assault Finals 2006 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hatch86filmer ( 16 September 2007 ) . `` éS Game of SKATE 07 ' Finals ( Chris Cole , Nyjah Huston , Mike Mo ) '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ joboloba ( 11 October 2007 ) . `` nyjah gvr regular vs goofy '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nyjah Huston 2008 Maloof Money Cup Highlights '' ( Video upload ) . AlliSports . Alli , Alliance of Action Sports , LLC. 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ wojtekmullen ( 3 August 2009 ) . `` Summer X Games 15 : Skate Street 2nd Nyjah Huston '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Pro World Street Points Race '' . World Cup Skateboarding . World Cup Skateboarding. 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120327211842/http://streetleague.com/blog/2010/08/30/nyjah-huston-beats-out-a-five-way-battle-on-the-final-trick-in-stop-one-of-the-street-league-dc-pro-tour-fueled-by-monster-energy/ . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120327211904/http://streetleague.com/blog/2011/08/28/malto-stops-huston%E2%80%99s-winning-streak-and-becomes-2011-street-league-champion/ . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Colin Bane ( 31 July 2011 ) . `` HUSTON WINS SKATEBOARD STREET '' . ESPN X Games . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ EXPNVM ( 24 March 2013 ) . `` tampa pro 2013 nyjah huston 2nd place winning runs and highlights '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TAMPA PRO 2013 BEST TRICK '' ( Video upload ) . TransWorld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ TWS ( 9 June 2013 ) . `` NYJAH HUSTON WINS STREET LEAGUE KANSAS CITY '' . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nyjah Huston skate videos '' . Skatevideosite.com . Skatevideosite.com. 2005 -- 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ The Game . `` Celebration '' . YouTube . YouTube . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Let It Flow official website Awards and achievements Preceded by Shaun White Best Male Action Sports Athlete ESPY Award 2013 Succeeded by Incumbent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nyjah_Huston&oldid=801707874 '' Categories : 1994 births American skateboarders Living people People from Davis , California Sportspeople from California X Games athletes Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs BLP articles lacking sources from December 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Pages using Infobox sportsperson with unknown parameters BLP articles lacking sources from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Norsk Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 10 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the highest paid skateboarder in the world	[ "Nyjah Imani Huston (born November 30, 1994) is an American professional skateboarder and was the overall champion at the Street League Skateboarding (SLS) competition series in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. He is also the highest paid skateboarder in the world.[3] As of May 19, 2013, Huston has won more prize money than any other skateboarder in history.[4] In 2014, Huston ranked #5 on FoxWeekly's 'Top 15 Most Influential Skateboarders of All-Time'.[5]" ]	[ "Nyjah Imani Huston" ]
-4756338462365605533	Roseanne	Roseanne - wikipedia Roseanne This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . There are 7 pending revisions awaiting review . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the TV series . For the actress , see Roseanne Barr . For the given name , see Roseanne ( name ) . Roseanne Genre Sitcom Created by Matt Williams Starring Roseanne Barr John Goodman Laurie Metcalf Sara Gilbert Michael Fishman Lecy Goranson Natalie West Sarah Chalke Emma Kenney Ames McNamara Jayden Rey Theme music composer Dan Foliart & Howard Pearl W.G. Snuffy Walden Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 231 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Roseanne Barr Marcy Carsey Tom Werner Bruce Helford Whitney Cummings Sara Gilbert Tony Hernandez Producer ( s ) Matt Williams ( season 1 ) Al Lowenstein ( seasons 2 -- 9 ) Sid Youngers ( season 10 ) Running time 21 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Wind Dancer Productions ( 1988 -- 1989 ) ( season 1 ) Full Moon and High Tide Productions ( 1994 -- 1997 ) ( seasons 7 -- 9 ) Mohawk Productions ( 2018 ) The Carsey - Werner Company Jax Media ( 2018 ) Distributor Carsey - Werner Distribution ( 1997 -- present ) ( US ) Viacom Enterprises ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Paramount Domestic Television ( 1994 -- 2006 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) ( Worldwide ) Release Original network ABC Picture format NTSC 480i ( 1988 -- 1997 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2018 ) Audio format Stereo Original release October 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 18 ) -- May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) External links Website Roseanne was an American television sitcom that was originally broadcast by ABC from 1988 to 1997 and revived for one season in 2018 . Lauded for its realistic portrayal of a working - class American family , the series stars Roseanne Barr , and revolves around the Conners , an Illinois working - class family . The series reached No. 1 in the Nielsen ratings , becoming the most watched television show in the United States from 1989 to 1990 . The show remained in the top four for six of its nine seasons , and in the top 20 for eight seasons . In 1993 , the episode `` A Stash from the Past '' was ranked No. 21 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All - Time . In 2002 , Roseanne was ranked No. 35 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2013 , it was ranked No. 32 on TV Guide 's 60 Best Series of All Time . On May 16 , 2017 , ABC announced that it had greenlit a revived , 10th season of Roseanne as a mid-season replacement in 2018 , with the original cast returning . In November 2017 , ABC ordered an additional episode , bringing the total up to nine . It premiered on March 27 , 2018 , to an initial audience of 18.44 million , which grew to 27.26 million total viewers following 7 days of delayed viewing . On March 30 , 2018 , following the success of its premiere , Roseanne was renewed for an eleventh season of 13 episodes . ABC reversed the renewal and canceled Roseanne on May 29 , 2018 , after Barr made racist comments on Twitter regarding Valerie Jarrett , a Senior Advisor to former president Barack Obama , that were described by the network 's president as being `` abhorrent , repugnant and inconsistent with our values '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history 2 Premise 3 Cast and characters 4 Episodes 5 Original series 5.1 Season 1 5.2 Season 2 5.3 Season 3 5.4 Season 4 5.5 Season 5 5.6 Season 6 5.7 Season 7 5.8 Season 8 5.9 Season 9 6 Revival 6.1 Season 10 6.1. 1 Critical response 6.2 Cancellation 7 Ratings 8 Syndication 9 Awards and nominations 9.1 Peabody Award 9.2 Emmy Awards 9.3 Golden Globe Awards 9.4 Screen Actors Guild Awards 9.5 People 's Choice Awards 9.6 TV Land Award 9.7 American Comedy Awards 9.8 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 10 Home media releases 11 References 12 External links Production History ( edit ) In coming up with ideas for new shows , Marcy Carsey and Tom Werner of Carsey - Werner Productions decided to look into the concept of the working mother as a central voice . Up until that point , there had been countless shows with working mothers , but few treated them as anything other than an adjunct to the father in the family . Werner had suggested that they take a chance on Barr whom they had seen on The Tonight Show . This was because he saw the unique `` in your face '' voice that they were looking for , and he contacted her agent and offered her the role . Barr 's act at the time was the persona of the `` domestic goddess '' , but as Carsey and Werner explains , she had the distinctive voice and attitude for the character and she was able to transform herself into the working class heroine they envisioned . Many early scripts were written by women : Grace McKeaney , Lauren Eve Anderson , and Laurie Gelman , and directed by Ellen Gittelsohn . Premise ( edit ) The show is centered on the Conners , an American working - class family struggling to get by on a limited household income in their home at 714 Delaware Street in the drab fictional mid-state exurb of Lanford , Illinois . Although initially nominally located in Fulton County , several hours away from Chicago , later on - air references over the years suggested the town is in the vicinity of Aurora , Elgin , and DeKalb , all of which are much closer to Chicago . ( In a 2018 interview , Barr stated that the series setting was based on Elgin . ) The family consisted of outspoken Roseanne , married to husband Dan , and their three children : Becky , Darlene , and DJ . Later in the series , Roseanne becomes pregnant again and gives birth to a boy named Jerry Garcia Conner . Many critics considered the show notable as one of the first sitcoms to realistically portray a blue - collar American family with two parents working outside the home , as well as lead characters who were noticeably overweight without their weight being the target of jokes . Establishing shots were photographed in Evansville , Indiana , the hometown of first - season producer Matt Williams . Exterior shots of the Conner household were based on a real home located in Evansville , located at 619 S. Runnymeade Avenue , a few blocks from Williams ' alma mater , the University of Evansville . Barr 's real - life brother and sister are gay , which inspired her to push for introducing gay characters and issues into the show . `` My show seeks to portray various slices of real life , and homosexuals are a reality , '' said Barr . Provocative storylines have been an integral part of the series throughout its existence ; Barr has stated that they were issues that working - class Americans experience in their everyday lives and that very few scripted programs ever address them . Cast and characters ( edit ) This section , contrary to MOS : TV , is in a table format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section , contrary to MOS : TV , to prose . Editing help is available . ( March 2018 ) Main article : List of Roseanne characters Actor Role Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 Roseanne Barr Roseanne Conner Main John Goodman Dan Conner Main Laurie Metcalf Jackie Harris Main Michael Fishman D.J. Conner Main Sara Gilbert Darlene Conner - Healy Main Lecy Goranson Becky Conner - Healy Main Does not appear Main Does not appear Main Sarah Chalke Does not appear Main Recurring Main Does not appear Andrea Does not appear Recurring Natalie West Crystal Anderson - Conner Recurring Main Recurring Guest Does not appear Guest Does not appear Recurring George Clooney Booker Brooks Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Estelle Parsons Beverly Harris Guest Recurring Tom Arnold Arnie Thomas Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Brian Kerwin Gary Hall Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Glenn Quinn Mark Healy I Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear James Pickens Jr . Chuck Mitchell Does not appear Recurring Guest Recurring Adilah Barnes Anne - Marie Mitchell Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Recurring Guest Bonnie Bramlett Bonnie Watkins Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Martin Mull Leon Carp Does not appear Recurring Guest Recurring Does not appear Shelley Winters Nana Mary Does not appear Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Does not appear Johnny Galecki David Healy Does not appear Recurring Guest Sandra Bernhard Nancy Bartlett Does not appear Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Danielle Harris Molly Tilden Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Mara Hobel Charlotte Tilden Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Michael O'Keefe Fred Oakland Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Fred Willard Scott Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Emma Kenney Harris Conner - Healy Does not appear Main Ames McNamara Mark Conner - Healy Does not appear Main Jayden Rey Mary Conner Main Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Roseanne episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 23 October 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 18 ) May 2 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 02 ) 23.8 24 September 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 12 ) May 8 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 08 ) 23.1 25 September 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 14 ) 18.3 25 September 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 17 ) May 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 12 ) 21.2 5 25 September 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 15 ) May 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 11 ) 20.7 6 25 September 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) May 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 24 ) 19.3 7 26 September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 24 ) 9 15.6 8 25 September 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 19 ) May 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 21 ) 16 12.6 9 24 September 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 17 ) May 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) 35 10.1 10 9 March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 17.85 Original series ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Roseanne ( Roseanne Barr ) is a line worker at Wellman Plastics , along with her sister Jackie ( Laurie Metcalf ) and friend Crystal ( Natalie West ) . Jackie has a brief relationship with Booker ( George Clooney ) , the foreman at Wellman . Dan ( John Goodman ) finds sporadic work as a construction contractor and faces a strained relationship with his irresponsible and womanizing father ( Ned Beatty ) . Roseanne 's parents , Beverly ( Estelle Parsons ) and Al ( John Randolph ) , consider moving to Lanford , but eventually decide against it . Tomboy Darlene ( Sara Gilbert ) struggles with her femininity as she enters puberty and gets her first period . Becky ( Lecy Goranson ) faces dating problems with her first boyfriend Chip ( Jared Rushton ) , who is introduced in the `` Lover 's Lane '' episode . Season one also finds the Conners experiencing , and surviving , a tornado . In the `` Death and Stuff '' episode a door - to - door salesman dies in the Conners ' kitchen , and in the season finale , Roseanne stands up to a new foreman ( Fred Thompson ) , when she leads Jackie , Crystal , and other coworkers as they quit Wellman Plastics . DJ is played by Sal Barone in the pilot episode and by Michael Fishman for the remainder of the series . There is a running gag in this season where they use the word `` corn '' in every episode . Other notable guest stars during the season include Bill Sadler as Dwight , Dan 's friend , Robert Harper as Chip 's father , Andrea Walters as Chip 's mother , and Tony Crane as `` The Tongue Bandit '' , Becky 's other boyfriend . Bill Pentland , Roseanne Barr 's first husband , made a cameo as one of Dan 's friends in the `` Saturday '' episode . Season 2 ( edit ) Now that they 've quit Wellman Plastics , Roseanne and Jackie must find new jobs . Jackie decides to become a police officer . Roseanne cycles through a variety of menial jobs including telemarketer , secretary for Dan 's boss , bartender , cashier at a fast - food restaurant , and , finally , sweeping floors at a beauty parlor . At home , Dan 's poker buddy Arnie ( Tom Arnold ) makes a startling debut when he plants a passionate kiss on Roseanne . The Conners celebrate an outrageous Halloween that becomes an annual feature of the series . Roseanne wants 10 minutes to herself in the bathroom ; this turns into a bizarre dream sequence which has the entire cast singing parodies of songs from musical comedies . Later , at Thanksgiving dinner , Dan takes wary notice of a growing romance between his father and Crystal . Jackie gets serious with new boyfriend Gary ( Brian Kerwin ) . Becky repeatedly rebels against Roseanne and Dan 's parental authority such as staying out late and breaking into the liquor cabinet with her friend Dana and getting drunk when Dan and Roseanne are out of town for the day . The reappearance of old biker buddy Ziggy ( Jay O. Sanders ) reminds Roseanne and Dan of their own rebellious past . Darlene first proves her talent for writing when she wins recognition for her poetry . Roseanne 's own writing talents are given a boost when her family fixes up a basement room to serve as a writer 's den . This is the first season where we hear Roseanne thinking out loud . Other notable guest stars during the season include Stephen Dorff as Becky 's boyfriend Jimmy , Jenny Lewis as Becky 's friend Diane , Stephen Root as Roseanne 's lawyer Peter , and Bert Parks as a judge . Ann Wedgeworth played Dan Conner 's mother in the Thanksgiving episode . Season 3 ( edit ) The season opens with the Conner women confronting the issue of pregnancy : Roseanne takes a pregnancy test that turns up negative . Roseanne takes on a job as waitress in the restaurant at Rodbell 's Department Store , where she meets Leon ( Martin Mull ) and Bonnie ( Bonnie Sheridan ) . Jackie gets injured on the job , which results in her breaking up with her boyfriend Gary . Becky begins dating Mark Healy ( Glenn Quinn ) ; when her parents forbid her to see him , she temporarily moves in with Jackie . Dan is floored to learn his father Ed and Crystal plan to marry ; Crystal is pregnant with Ed 's baby . Roseanne locks horns with snooty new neighbor Kathy ( Meagen Fay ) . Nana Mary ( Shelley Winters ) makes her first appearance at a family barbecue . In the season finale , Ziggy reappears , proposing to open a motorcycle repair shop with Dan and Roseanne . While they are in the process of getting the business off the ground , Ziggy decides to leave because he does n't want to feel responsible if the business fails . However , he leaves enough money for Dan to open it by himself . We never hear about him again . Other notable guest stars during the season include Dann Florek as Principal Hiller , Leonardo DiCaprio as Darlene 's classmate , Brad Garrett as Doug , Judy Gold as Amy , Alyson Hannigan as Becky 's friend Jan , and Tobey Maguire as Jeff . Season 4 ( edit ) The opening credits of Season 4 change from Season 3 in that the show now stars `` Roseanne Arnold '' instead of `` Roseanne Barr '' . The season starts with Becky surprising Roseanne by asking for birth - control pills . Dan and Roseanne begin their new motorcycle repair shop business , Lanford Custom Cycle , while Roseanne continues to work at Rodbell 's Department Store . Darlene meets David Healy ( Johnny Galecki ) , brother of Mark ( in his first appearance , the character was known as Kevin ) . After a brief stint working at a perfume counter , Jackie decides to become a truck driver . Nancy ( Sandra Bernhard ) is introduced as Arnie 's fiancee . After a night of heavy drinking , Jackie discovers she slept with the newly engaged Arnie . Darlene undergoes a personality shift into a sullen goth teen . Booker makes a surprise appearance at a Halloween party . Roseanne 's neighbor Kathy moves back to Chicago . Roseanne gets breast reduction surgery . Crystal gives birth to Dan 's new half - brother , `` Little Ed '' . Roseanne and Dan accompany Arnie and Nancy to their wedding in Las Vegas . At the end of the season , Lanford Custom Cycle fails , and Rodbell 's Luncheonette closes . Nancy is left alone after Arnie is `` abducted by aliens '' . Notable guest stars during the season include Bob Hope as himself , Jena Malone as little girl on Santa 's lap , Wayne Newton as himself , David Crosby as Duke , Bonnie Sheridan as Roseanne 's coworker Bonnie , Neil Patrick Harris as Dr. Doogie Howser , and Rick Dees as Ken . Season 5 ( edit ) After the bike shop closes , Mark decides to move to Minnesota . Becky decides to go with him , and they elope . Jackie and Roseanne each get a check for $10,000 from their mother after she and their father divorce . They , along with Nancy , decide to open a diner but can only get the money they need after Bev agrees to become a partner as well . Nancy comes out as a lesbian . The Tildens , a single father and his two daughters around Becky and Darlene 's ages ( Wings Hauser , Mara Hobel , Danielle Harris ) , move in next door . Jackie dates Fisher ( Matt Roth ) , a much younger man . When Roseanne discovers he is physically abusive , Dan confronts him and beats him up ( never shown onscreen ) , and is arrested . Roseanne and Jackie 's father dies , and Roseanne confronts his longtime secret mistress only to find her father blamed his daughters for his abuse towards them . Roseanne 's rich , estranged cousin Ronnie ( Joan Collins ) visits and persuades Darlene to get her GED and apply to art school . David applies as well . Darlene asks her parents if David can move in , because his mother is moving away and they want to stay together . Roseanne and Dan initially refuse , but when Roseanne sees David 's mother being verbally and emotionally abusive , she decides to let him stay because it reminded her of her own troubled childhood with her equally abusive father . Roger ( Tim Curry ) offers Dan a deal to renovate and sell a small fixer - upper house , then runs off before the deal is complete ; Jackie decides to buy the house , saving Dan from financial ruin . David gets a rejection letter from art school , while Darlene gets an acceptance . At the end of the season , Roseanne fears Darlene will run away to school , although Darlene has already decided not to go . Realizing she was wrong , Roseanne persuades Darlene to not give up on her goals just to stay with David . During this season , there is a running gag in which each of the Conners ( save Becky ) appears in a different scene in the same long - sleeved , egg - printed shirt with a large chicken on the front . Notable guest stars during the season include Wings Hauser as Ty Tilden , Danielle Harris as Molly Tilden , Mara Hobel as Charlotte Tilden , Loretta Lynn as herself , Morgan Fairchild as Nancy 's girlfriend Marla , Bill Maher as Bob , Ed Begley , Jr. as Principal Alexander , Blake Clark as Vic , Red Buttons as Bev 's lover Jake , Sally Kirkland as Mark and David 's mother Barbara , Tim Curry as Nancy 's lover Roger , Joseph Gordon - Levitt as DJ 's annoying wannabe friend George , Joan Collins as Roseanne and Jackie 's cousin Ronnie , Matt Roth as Jackie 's boyfriend Fisher , Steve Jones as a threatening diner patron , and in a very brief cameo , Chris Farley as a customer trying on a too - small leather jacket . Season 6 ( edit ) Under pressure from Roseanne to leave the Lanford Lunch Box , Bev sells her share in the restaurant to Leon to get back at them . David proposes marriage to Darlene , but she refuses . Dan and Roseanne discover an old stash of marijuana and smoke it in their bathroom . Roseanne 's past as an abuse victim arises when she reacts violently to DJ after he joyrides and wrecks her car , leading her to worry she may be continuing the cycle . Becky ( now played by Sarah Chalke ) and Mark return home and move into the Conners ' house . Mark goes to trade school but drops out . Jackie gets pregnant as a result of a one - night stand and later develops a relationship with the baby 's father , Fred ( Michael O'Keefe ) . Roseanne and Dan discover David secretly moved in with Darlene at school and throw him out , but take him back soon after . Roseanne visits a gay bar with Nancy , where she receives a surprise kiss from Nancy 's girlfriend . Jackie gives birth to a son , Andy . Dan confronts his mother 's history of mental illness . The season concludes with Fred and Jackie 's wedding . Notable guest stars during the season include Michael O'Keefe as Fred , the father of Jackie 's baby ; Sandra Bernhard as Nancy , Roseanne and Jackie 's co-worker ; Mariel Hemingway as Sharon , Nancy 's girlfriend ; Vicki Lawrence as Phyllis , Dan 's old flame ; Florence Henderson as Flo , a woman with whom Roseanne networks at a women 's business club meeting ; Genie Francis and Anthony Geary as General Hospital 's Luke and Laura Spencer ; Ahmet Zappa as Roy , Mark 's handsome laconic roommate ; and Fabio as himself . Season 7 ( edit ) The opening credits of Season 7 change from previous seasons in that the show now stars `` Roseanne '' instead of `` Roseanne Arnold '' . On the September 21 , 1994 Season 7 premiere ; In celebrating Roseanne 's divorce and dropping her last name ... All credits ( Opening and closing ) included the cast and crew 's first names only . This was the only time this occurred in an episode during its run . Season seven begins with Roseanne 's pregnancy and goes on to tackle such issues as abortion , alcoholism , drug abuse , sexual dysfunction , and racial prejudice . Darlene and David break up after briefly maintaining an open relationship , leading to some awkwardness for Roseanne and Dan as they try to deal living with their daughter 's ex-boyfriend . David and Darlene both date other people , but eventually , they reunite . Due to tension in the household , Mark and Becky move into a trailer . DJ plays a bigger role this season , most notably in an episode wherein he refuses to kiss a black girl in his school play . Episode 19 is a special 45 - minute show that recounts all the previous seasons with Roseanne being `` welcomed '' by other sitcom moms . Notable guest stars during the season include Sharon Stone as a trailer - park resident , Ellen DeGeneres as Jackie and Fred 's psychologist , Danny Masterson as Darlene 's boyfriend Jimmy , and Traci Lords as Lanford Lunch Box busperson Stacy . In the season finale , a tribute is made to Sherwood Schwartz . Uncredited appearances at the end of the episode have Gilligan 's Island cast members playing Roseanne characters . These include Dawn Wells , Bob Denver , Tina Louise , and Russell Johnson , as well as Sherwood Schwartz . Also , Isabel Sanford , Alley Mills , Barbara Billingsley , June Lockhart , and Pat Crowley appear as themselves in another episode . Season 8 ( edit ) Season eight addresses Roseanne 's baby shower and the subsequent arrival of her son , Jerry Garcia Conner . ( In a continuity error , the baby had been revealed to be a girl in season seven . Roseanne , in an after - credits out of character scene , explains that after she fell pregnant she wished the Conners ' baby to be the same gender as hers ) . The season starts when Dan decides to leave the security of his city job to help build the new prison being constructed outside of Lanford . With the pension , final check , and retirement money he receives for leaving his job he decides to give his family the vacation they never had and takes everyone , including Mark , David , and Roseanne 's mother , along to Walt Disney World . It is later revealed that one of the nights the clan was at Disney was also the night Darlene got pregnant . Darlene quickly decides she and David want to have the baby and the two get engaged . The season climaxes with a very rushed wedding for Darlene . Immediately after the ceremony , realizing how much has been changing , Dan suffers a heart attack . In the next episode it is revealed that he survives , as DJ saved his life . The season concludes with Dan and Roseanne having a bitter fight after Dan refuses to stick to his diet and exercise plan , rehashing many of the buried personality clashes of the entire series . They end up wrecking their living room in the process . The credits fade as Roseanne walks out on Dan . Other subjects are DJ 's Thanksgiving pageant , Darlene 's wedding , and Dan 's heart attack . Notable guest stars during the season include Fred Willard as Leon 's husband Scott , Ed McMahon as himself , John Popper ( with Blues Traveler ) as an old friend of Dan 's , Pat Harrington Jr. as himself , Jenna Elfman as hitchhiker Garland , Shecky Greene as Bar Mitzvah guest Uncle Saul , Norm Crosby as Reverend Crosley , June Lockhart as Leon 's mother , the cast of Stomp as Lanford Lunch Box patrons , Eric Dane as a Disney World bellhop , and Tony Curtis as ballroom - dance instructor Hal . Season 9 ( edit ) The opening titles of Season 9 still say the show stars `` Roseanne '' , but the first episode credits her as `` Roseanne Barr Pentland Arnold Thomas '' . The ninth season features many changes . In previous seasons , the original theme song was played on saxophone , accompanied by drums and other instruments . For this final season , the theme was re-recorded and performed by Blues Traveler with a distorted harmonica -- one of the band 's staples -- playing in place of the saxophone . Lyrics were also added and sung into the theme by the band 's lead vocalist , John Popper . Episodes in this season exhibit a much more surreal style . Additionally , the ' daily struggle ' theme of previous episodes is abandoned , and the season focuses primarily on bringing the characters full circle emotionally . The Conners win the state lottery jackpot of $108 million ; Dan ponders the meaning of life , Jackie meets her prince , DJ finds love , and Darlene , after some trouble , gives birth . John Goodman is absent for most of the season , as he was busy filming The Big Lebowski ; in later episodes , Goodman resembles his `` Lebowski '' character Walter Sobchak . In the season 's final episode , Roseanne reveals the entire series itself is actually a story written by Roseanne Conner about her life . To cope , Roseanne twisted major elements of her life for the story , which the audience does not discover until the final moments of the season . In reality , Dan 's heart attack near the end of Season 8 was fatal and the Conner family did not win the lottery . A story arc running through the final season , that Dan betrayed Roseanne by having an affair , is revealed to be false . We learn that Dan 's betrayal was n't having an affair , but dying . Tough Roseanne , who could always take the worst life could throw at her with a laugh , could not handle Dan 's death . Also , Jackie is a lesbian and Beverly is straight . Scott is a probate lawyer whom Roseanne befriended , and set up with Leon -- who she claims is n't very hip the way she had written him to be ; this seems a tad tongue in cheek . Becky is dating David and Darlene is with Mark . Guest stars during the season include Edward Asner as Lou Grant , Heather Matarazzo as D.J. 's girlfriend , Dann Florek as Doctor Rudmen , Jim Varney as Jackie 's boyfriend Prince Carlos , Tammy Faye Bakker as Roseanne 's makeup consultant , Dina Merrill as Doris , Joanna Lumley as Patsy Stone and Jennifer Saunders as Edina Monsoon ( reprising their roles from Absolutely Fabulous ) , Arianna Huffington as Estree , Marlo Thomas as Tina , James Brolin as Roseanne 's business partner / love interest Edgar Wellman , Jr. , and Ann Wedgeworth and Debbie Reynolds as Dan 's mother Audrey , as well as Hugh Hefner , Milton Berle , Robin Leach , Todd Oldham , Moon Unit and Ahmet Zappa , Tony Robbins , Kathleen Sullivan , Steven Seagal , and Jerry Springer as themselves . Revival ( edit ) During the show 's final season , Barr was in negotiations with Carsey - Werner Productions and ABC executives to continue playing Roseanne Conner in a spinoff . However , ABC withdrew from negotiations with Carsey - Werner and Barr after failed discussions with CBS and Fox . Barr and Carsey - Werner agreed to discontinue the negotiations . In the fall of 2008 , Barr commented on what the current whereabouts of the Conners would be . `` I 've always said now that if they were on TV , DJ would have been killed in Iraq and ( the Conners ) would have lost their house '' . When asked for more details on where the rest of the Conners ( Dan , Jackie , Becky , Darlene , David , and Mark ) would be , Barr responded : `` Your question is intellectual property that may be developed later , so I do n't want to get into that '' . She added , `` No preview , absolutely not '' . On December 20 , 2009 , Barr posted an entry on her website regarding what a possible Roseanne reunion would be like , which includes : DJ being published , Mark dying in Iraq ; David leaving Darlene for a woman half his age , Darlene coming out of the closet and meeting a woman and having a test tube baby with her , Becky working at Walmart , Roseanne and Jackie opening the first medical marijuana dispensary in Lanford , Arnie becoming the best friend of the Governor of Illinois and remarrying Nancy , Bev selling a painting for $10,000 , Jerry and the grandsons forming a music group similar to the Jonas Brothers , Dan reappearing alive after faking his death , and Bonnie being arrested for selling crack . Season 10 ( edit ) Main article : Roseanne ( season 10 ) On April 28 , 2017 , television trade publications reported an 8 - episode revival of the series , being shopped to multiple networks including ABC and Netflix . Barr , Goodman , and Gilbert were attached to reprise their roles , while Metcalf was considered likely to return . Barr , Tom Werner , Bruce Helford will produce the series , alongside Gilbert , who will serve as an executive producer while Helford and Whitney Cummings will be handling day - to - day oversight of the show . Original writer Norm Macdonald has stated he has written for eight of the episodes . In May 2017 , it was announced the series was greenlit and would air on ABC mid -- season in 2018 . Metcalf , Fishman , Goranson , and Chalke were all announced to return . Chalke , who played the character Becky in later seasons , will appear as Andrea , a married woman who hires Becky to be her surrogate . Glenn Quinn , who played Becky 's husband , Mark , died in December 2002 of a heroin overdose at the age of 32 . On December 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Johnny Galecki would be reprising his role of David Healy for one episode . Production of nine new episodes began in the fall of 2017 and wrapped in mid-December . The revival features the original cast from the previous nine seasons . New characters include David and Darlene 's two children as well as D.J. 's daughter . Sarah Chalke also appears as a new character , Andrea . The sets of the Conner house were replicated at the same studio where the show was filmed for its original run . Season 10 was scheduled as a mid-season replacement to premiere on March 27 , 2018 . On September 21 , 2017 , it was revealed that Emma Kenney would be portraying Harris Conner Healy , Darlene 's eldest child who was born in Season 9 . On December 7 , 2017 , it was confirmed that Estelle Parsons and Sandra Bernhard would return to the series . Parsons will appear in two episodes while Bernhard will appear in one . On February 25 , 2018 , it was revealed on the show 's official Twitter account that the trailer for the revival season would premiere during the 90th Academy Awards on March 4 , 2018 . To promote the show , ABC sponsored the NASCAR Xfinity Series race at Auto Club Speedway by naming it the Roseanne 300 . On March 26 , 2018 , Sara Gilbert revealed on Good Morning America that her sketch with John Goodman on The Talk ( which Gilbert created and co-hosts ) as their Roseanne characters , and Goodman 's willingness to do a reboot , inspired Gilbert to reach out to her cast mates to revive the show . On March 28 , 2018 , Roseanne Barr echoed Gilbert 's statements on The Wendy Williams Show and also confirmed that Gilbert 's sketch on The Talk went viral on the internet citing a demand for a reboot . Roseanne 's tenth season premiered on March 27 , 2018 , with two back - to - back episodes on ABC . The premiere begins 20 years after the previous episode , with Season 9 and the final episode being almost completely retconned out of existence as both a dream of and a story by Roseanne ; namely Dan 's death , when he is actually alive . A now separated and unemployed Darlene moves back into the Conner household with her two children Harris ( whose existence is the only surviving element from Season 9 , although the character is several years younger ) and Mark ( whose gender presentation is cause for conflict ) . Roseanne and Dan have lost weight but are now on medication . DJ has served a tour in the Army and now has a daughter named Mary ( with DJ 's wife still serving abroad ) and Jerry is away in Alaska on a fishing boat . When the first episode begins , Roseanne and Jackie have n't spoken since the 2016 presidential election ( Roseanne having voted for Donald Trump while Jackie voted for Jill Stein despite her having no idea who Stein was , describing her as `` some doctor '' ) , although the two are reconciled after intervention by Darlene . Meanwhile , desperate for money , Becky , who has been struggling to make ends meet after the death of her husband Mark , agrees to act as a surrogate mother for a woman named Andrea ( Sarah Chalke ) which is opposed by Roseanne and Dan since Becky 's eggs will be used for the pregnancy . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , season 10 holds an approval rating of 75 % based on 68 reviews , with an average rating of 6.74 / 10 . The website consensus reads : `` Roseanne 's return finds the show 's classic format , original cast , and timely humor intact , even if the latest batch of episodes suffers from sporadically uneven execution . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 69 out of 100 based on 31 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Actor Tom Arnold reviewed the revival positively , specifically praising Metcalf 's performance . U.S. president Donald Trump , whom Roseanne Barr has publicly supported , phoned to congratulate her on the success of the premiere . Barr described the call as being `` pretty exciting '' , stating in an interview on Good Morning America that Trump `` really knows ratings and how they measure things '' . She commented that the show would continue to address current U.S. issues , hoping that it would `` ( open ) up civil conversation between people instead of just mudslinging . '' Cancellation ( edit ) On March 30 , 2018 , Roseanne was renewed for an eleventh season of 13 episodes , following the success of the revival 's premiere night . On May 29 , 2018 , Barr posted a message on Twitter reading `` muslim brotherhood & planet of the apes had a baby = vj . '' The tweet referred to Valerie Jarrett , an Iranian - born African - American who served as Senior Advisor to former U.S. president Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017 . The `` ape '' tweet was widely criticized on social media for its racist overtones , including by series executive producer / showrunner Bruce Helford ( who said he was `` personally horrified and saddened '' by Barr 's remarks ) and co-star Sara Gilbert ( who called them `` abhorrent '' and `` ( not reflective of ) the beliefs of our cast and crew or anyone associated with our show '' ) . Barr defended the tweet as being a `` joke '' , and stated in a subsequent post , `` ISLAM is not a RACE , lefties . Islam includes EVERY RACE of people '' . Barr later deleted the `` ape '' tweet and posted an apology , stating that she was `` truly sorry for making a bad joke about ( Jarrett 's ) politics and her looks . '' In the wake of the posting , consulting producer / writer Wanda Sykes announced that she would no longer be involved with the program . ABC ultimately announced later in the day that it had reversed the renewal decision and canceled Roseanne ; network president Channing Dungey stated that Barr 's remarks were `` abhorrent , repugnant and inconsistent with our values . '' ABC pulled a rerun that was scheduled to air that night , replacing it with an episode of The Middle ( which had ended its nine - season run the week prior , and which ABC had already scheduled a rerun to air immediately following Roseanne that evening ) , and suspended its campaign for the series to be considered for nomination at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards . Hulu also announced it would remove all episodes of the original and revival series from its library ; Viacom - owned cable channels Paramount Network , TV Land and CMT dropped the series from their lineups effective the following day , while digital multicast network Laff pulled reruns from its schedule effective immediately . In a tweet she later deleted , co-star Emma Kenney revealed that she was contacting her agent asking to quit the revival when she heard about the show 's cancellation , remarking that she felt `` empowered by ( Sykes , Dungey and ABC for ) standing up against abuse of power and lack of values . Bullies do not win . Ever . '' Barr 's behavior on Twitter had been considered a concern among ABC executives during the lead - up to the revival 's premiere , as she had a history of posting about debunked conspiracy theories -- mainly those heavily circulated among the hard - right and far - right -- such as QAnon and Pizzagate , along with other controversial topics on her account , with a particular focus on content that would appeal to supporters of Donald Trump . The Jarrett posting was the culmination of several controversial tweets she also made that morning , mainly involving false conspiracy theories about George Soros , claiming that Chelsea Clinton was married to one of his nephews , Soros was wanting to `` ( overthrow the ) U.S. constitutional republic '' by backing district attorney candidates that would `` ignore US law & favor ' feelings ' instead - and call everyone who is alarmed by that ' racist ' '' , and falsely accusing Soros of being a Nazi during his youth . In commending ABC 's decision to cancel the revival , Barr 's ex-husband and original series recurring cast member Tom Arnold claimed that he had notified ABC of Barr 's frequent tweets concerning conspiracy theories similar to those she had made during the morning of May 29 that led to the network 's reversing its decision to renew the show . ABC had heavily emphasized the success of Roseanne during its upfront presentations for the 2018 -- 19 television season , leading to questions over possible repercussions for the network due to the loss of potential advertising revenue , and its plans for what would have been Roseanne 's time slot on the fall schedule . Shortly before the cancellation was announced by ABC , Barr -- who attributed the tweet about Jarrett and others made earlier that day to side effects from the sleep aid Ambien , a claim derided by many critics -- apologized for the remarks , saying `` I apologize to Valerie Jarrett and to all Americans . I am truly sorry for making a bad joke about her politics and her looks . I should have known better . Forgive me - my joke was in bad taste . '' Hours after the cancellation announcement , BuzzFeed later released a longer apology to Jarrett , the network and her show 's cast and crew : `` I deeply regret my comments from late last night on Twitter . Above all , I want to apologize to Valerie Jarrett , as well as to ABC and the cast and crew of the Roseanne show . I am sorry for making a thoughtless joke that does not reflect my values -- I love all people and am very sorry . Today my words caused hundreds of hardworking people to lose their jobs . I also sincerely apologize to the audience that has embraced my work for decades . I apologize from the bottom of my heart and hope that you can find it in your hearts to forgive me . '' However , she would later retweet posts defending her , as well as a another concerning the conspiracy theory of Soros being a Nazi collaborator . Ratings ( edit ) Roseanne was successful from its beginning , ranking # 1 in the Nielsen ratings its second season , becoming the most watched television program in the United States from 1989 to 1990 , and spending its first six seasons among the Nielsen ratings ' top five highest - rated shows ; the finale attracted 16 million viewers . Roseanne consistently ranked in the top four of the Nielsen for its first six seasons . The series reached # 1 in its second season , becoming the most watched television show in the United States , narrowly beating out The Cosby Show . Ratings slowly started slipping after season six , though the show stayed within the top 10 through season seven , and the top 20 during season eight . It dropped to 35th place during the ninth and final season of its original run . The premiere of season 10 set records for Nielsen 's delayed viewing metrics ; it was seen by 18.45 million live and same day viewers , but gained an additional 6.59 viewers via Live + 3 metrics -- the largest - ever increase in total viewership from three days of delayed viewing since the 2014 premiere of fellow ABC series How to Get Away with Murder . 2.2 million additional viewers were added over the following four days ( totalling 27.26 million viewers overall ) , resulting in a net increase of 8.81 million viewers in the week since the premiere broadcast . This broke a record for the largest ratings gain from Live + 7 viewership , previously set by the premiere of fellow ABC series The Good Doctor in September 2017 . Season Time slot ( ET ) Episodes Premiered Ended TV season Season averages Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Rank Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 23 October 18 , 1988 21.00 May 2 , 1989 Unknown 1988 -- 89 N / A 24 September 12 , 1989 Unknown May 8 , 1990 27.80 1989 -- 90 N / A 25 September 18 , 1990 29.80 May 14 , 1991 21.90 1990 -- 91 N / A 25 September 17 , 1991 28.50 May 12 , 1992 32.70 1991 -- 92 N / A 5 25 September 15 , 1992 36.70 May 18 , 1993 28.80 1992 -- 93 N / A 6 25 September 14 , 1993 30.10 May 24 , 1994 28.10 1993 -- 94 N / A 7 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 26 September 21 , 1994 28.90 May 24 , 1995 16.30 1994 -- 95 9 N / A 8 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 25 September 19 , 1995 22.50 May 21 , 1996 18.80 1995 -- 96 16 N / A 9 24 September 17 , 1996 18.90 May 20 , 1997 16.60 1996 -- 97 35 N / A 10 9 March 27 , 2018 18.44 May 22 , 2018 10.58 2017 -- 18 17.85 Syndication ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Roseanne was put into off - network syndication beginning in September 1992 . TBS aired reruns of Roseanne from 1996 through 2004 . Cable channel Nick at Nite aired reruns of the show from the fall of 2003 until 2009 ; it has since moved to TV Land 's `` TV Land Prime '' schedule . Oxygen aired reruns for several years under the ownership of Carsey - Werner before its 2007 acquisition by NBCUniversal . The show returned to Nick at Nite 's lineup on October 5 , 2009 , replacing Family Matters and The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air in its late - night timeslot . As of January 2010 , Nick at Nite has once again taken Roseanne from its time slot . In Australia , the show is seen on the channel 111 Hits and Eleven . In the UK , it aired in reruns on Channel 4 . WE tv and CMT both began airing the series in September 2012 . The show also was carried by Nick at Nite / CMT sister network Logo TV , and over-the - air on Laff . Viacom pulled the series from its networks in May 2018 , concurrently with ABC 's cancellation , along with Laff . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Roseanne In 1993 , Roseanne Barr and Laurie Metcalf both won Emmy Awards for their performances in the series , Barr for Outstanding Lead Actress and Metcalf for Outstanding Supporting Actress . Metcalf also won in 1992 and 1994 . In 1993 , Roseanne Barr and John Goodman both won Golden Globe Awards , Barr for Best Actress and Goodman for Best Actor . The series won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series won a Peabody Award in 1992 and a People 's Choice Award for Favorite New Television Comedy Program in 1989 . Barr won five additional People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Program ( 1989 ) , Favorite Female All Around Entertainer ( 1990 ) , and Favorite Female TV Performer ( 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ) . In 2008 , the entire cast ( except for Metcalf ) reunited at the TV Land Awards to receive the Innovator Award . In their acceptance speech , they honored late cast member Glenn Quinn . Peabody Award ( edit ) 1992 Excellence in Television Broadcasting ( won ) Emmy Awards ( edit ) 1989 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( John Goodman ) 1990 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( John Goodman ) 1991 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( John Goodman ) 1992 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( John Goodman ) 1992 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Roseanne Barr ) 1992 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Laurie Metcalf , won ) 1993 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( John Goodman ) 1993 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Roseanne Barr , won ) 1993 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Sara Gilbert ) 1993 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Laurie Metcalf , won ) 1994 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( John Goodman ) 1994 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Roseanne Barr ) 1994 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Sara Gilbert ) 1994 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Laurie Metcalf , won ) 1995 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( John Goodman ) 1995 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Roseanne Barr ) 1995 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Laurie Metcalf ) The show also received several nominations in Editing , Art Direction , Music , Lighting Direction , Writing and Hairstyling . Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) 1989 Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy 1989 Best Actor in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( John Goodman ) 1989 Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( Roseanne Barr ) 1990 Best Actor in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( John Goodman ) 1991 Best Actor in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( John Goodman ) 1991 Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( Roseanne Barr ) 1992 Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( Roseanne Barr ) 1993 Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( won ) 1993 Best Actor in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( John Goodman , won ) 1993 Best Actress Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( Roseanne Barr , won ) 1993 Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television ( Laurie Metcalf ) 1994 Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy 1994 Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( Roseanne Barr ) 1995 Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television ( Laurie Metcalf ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) 1994 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( John Goodman ) 1994 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Roseanne Barr ) People 's Choice Awards ( edit ) 1989 Favorite New Television Comedy Program ( won ) 1989 Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Program ( Roseanne Barr , won ) 1990 Favorite All - Around Female Entertainer ( Roseanne Barr , won ) 1990 Favorite Female TV Performer ( Roseanne Barr , won ) 1994 Favorite Female TV Performer ( Roseanne Barr , won ) 1995 Favorite Female TV Performer ( Roseanne Barr , won ) TV Land Award ( edit ) 2008 Innovator Award ( won ) American Comedy Awards ( edit ) 1989 Funniest Male Leading Performer in a Television Series ( John Goodman , won ) 1989 Funniest Female Leading Performer in a Television Series ( Roseanne Barr , won ) 1990 Funniest Male Leading Performer in a Television Series ( John Goodman , won ) 1993 Funniest Female Leading Performer in a Television Series ( Roseanne Barr , won ) 1996 Funniest Female Leading Performer in a Television Series ( Roseanne Barr ) Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards ( edit ) 1992 Favorite Television Actress ( Roseanne Barr , won ) 1995 Favorite Television Actress ( Roseanne Barr ) 1996 Favorite Television Actress ( Roseanne Barr ) 1997 Favorite Television Actress ( Roseanne Barr ) Home Media releases ( edit ) Anchor Bay Entertainment ( quietly named Starz Home Entertainment resulting in some DVD packaging bearing this name ) released all nine seasons on DVD in Region 1 ( 2005 -- 2007 ) and Region 2 . The first season was issued with shorter , syndicated versions of the episodes because Anchor Bay was unable to obtain permission to release the original broadcasts . In the company 's eighth and ninth season DVDs , some scenes have been altered to avoid disputes over music rights , including substituting some closing credit scenes with a black screen . Including the Patty Duke parody from Season 8 , Episode 1 . As of 2010 , the Region 1 releases have been discontinued and are out of print . On May 4 , 2011 , Mill Creek Entertainment announced that they had acquired the rights to re-release the series uncut on DVD in Region 1 . They have subsequently re-released all nine seasons and a complete series set with the first seven seasons in their uncut form . Seasons 8 and 9 are still edited , while most of the music references were retained , some of the credit scenes are still missing . In Germany , Universum Film has released the entire series on DVD , and released a complete series box set on July 3 , 2009 . Unlike the Anchor Bay releases , these were mostly unedited . Footage from Some Like It Hot is excluded from an eighth season episode , for unknown reasons . In Australia and New Zealand , Magna Pacific has released all nine seasons on DVD in Region 4 . Unlike the Anchor Bay releases , Magna Pacific 's first season DVDs include the full - length original broadcast episodes . Season Ep # Release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 23 August 30 , 2005 September 13 , 2011 ( re-release ) September 19 , 2005 June 7 , 2006 Roseanne - on - Roseanne candid interview , bloopers , season one highlights , Interview : `` John Goodman Takes a Look Back '' , `` Wisdom from the Domestic Goddess '' . 24 December 6 , 2005 September 13 , 2011 ( re-release ) February 6 , 2006 October 4 , 2006 John Goodman : `` A Candid Interview '' , Best of Season Two , `` Wacky Jackie '' , `` Roseanne Untied : Season 1 Launch Party '' , John Goodman 's audition . 25 March 21 , 2006 April 3 , 2012 ( re-release ) May 15 , 2006 February 7 , 2007 Laurie Metcalf Interview : `` The Sister that Never Leaves '' , Lecy Goranson Interview : `` I Was a Teenage Becky '' , Best of Season Three . 25 June 27 , 2006 April 3 , 2012 ( re-release ) March 17 , 2007 June 6 , 2007 Interview with Lecy Goranson and Michael Fishman , Roseanne Interview : `` Life Imitating Art , Imitating Roseanne '' , audio commentary with Roseanne on select episodes . 5 25 September 12 , 2006 September 4 , 2012 ( re-release ) September 9 , 2009 November 7 , 2007 Video commentaries with Roseanne , Roseanne answers eight fan questions , an exclusive interview with Roseanne . 6 25 December 5 , 2006 September 4 , 2012 ( re-release ) September 9 , 2009 March 18 , 2008 No Special Features 7 26 April 3 , 2007 March 19 , 2013 ( re-release ) October 12 , 2009 July 9 , 2008 8 25 August 7 , 2007 March 19 , 2013 ( re-release ) October 12 , 2009 January 13 , 2010 Video commentaries with Roseanne , `` Roseanne : Working - Class Actress '' Interview 9 24 October 16 , 2007 May 14 , 2013 ( re-release ) November 16 , 2009 January 13 , 2010 Two new exclusive interviews : `` Legacy of Class '' and `` Breaking the Sitcom Mold '' . Video commentary with Roseanne & Michael Fishman The Complete Series 222 May 14 , 2013 July 3 , 2009 N / A Interviews with Cast and Crew , Blooper and Highlight Reels , Video Commentary , Fans Top Questions , A Candid Interview with Roseanne References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide . News Corporation ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . CBS News . CBS Interactive . April 26 , 2002 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time , tvguide.com ; accessed January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Roseanne Revival : ABC Increases Episode Order Ahead of 2018 Premiere '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Gets Premiere Date On ABC '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` ABC cancels ' Roseanne ' after Barr 's racist tweet '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Just hours after Roseanne Barr posted a racist tweet about former President Obama 's aide Valerie Jarrett , her wildly popular reboot of `` Roseanne '' was given the boot . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ; Fritz , Ben ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` ABC Cancels ' Roseanne ' Sitcom Hours After Star 's Racist Tweet '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Walt Disney Co. 's ABC canceled the sitcom `` Roseanne '' on Tuesday after its star sent a racist tweet about a top aide of former President Barack Obama , a stunning end for a hit show that had quickly become the centerpiece of the network 's prime - time schedule . ^ Jump up to : Nevins , Jake ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Roseanne cancelled : ABC scraps sitcom after star 's ' abhorrent ' tweets '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Roseanne Barr 's revived sitcom has been cancelled after she posted a racist and Islamophobic tweet that attacked former Obama White House adviser Valerie Jarrett . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ; Stelter , Brian ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` ABC cancels ' Roseanne ' after star 's Twitter comments '' . CNN Money . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ABC canceled its hit sitcom `` Roseanne '' on Tuesday after the show 's biggest star , Roseanne Barr , went on a racist Twitter rant . ^ Jump up to : `` After Racist Tweet by Roseanne Barr , ABC Cancels Her Hit Show '' . The New York Times . 2018 - 05 - 29 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . But on Tuesday , that all came crashing down . ABC abruptly canceled `` Roseanne '' hours after Ms. Barr , the show 's star and co-creator , posted a racist tweet about Valerie Jarrett , an African - American woman who was a senior adviser to Barack Obama throughout his presidency and considered one of his most influential aides . Jump up ^ Arciga , Julia ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) . `` ABC Cancels Roseanne 's Show Over Her ' Repugnant ' Racist Tirade '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Roseanne Barr on Tuesday morning went on a shocking Twitter tirade , describing former Obama aide Valerie Jarrett in a racist and Islamophobic manner , ultimately resulting in ABC canceling her show . Jump up ^ `` AT IT TURNS OUT , ROSEANNE JUST MAY HAVE BEEN RIGHT '' . deseretnews.com. April 8 , 1994 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ FINKE , NIKKI ( January 26 , 1989 ) . `` One Big Happy Family ? : Why ' Roseanne 's ' Creator Left Hit Show After Dispute With Its Star '' . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` And I Should Know '' . NYMag.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Roseanne revival , and the argument over how TV depicts Trump supporters , explained '' . vox.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Bizarre Explanations From the Set of Roseanne '' . mentalfloss.com . July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne Returns : Is TV Ready for a Trump - Loving Comic With `` Nothing Left to Prove '' ? `` . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 37 Details About `` Roseanne '' That Will Change the Way You See the Show `` . goodhousekeeping.com . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barr , Roseanne . `` From the Archives : Roseanne on Her Life in Television '' . vulture.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marcy Carsey '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094540/fullcredits/ ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey ( February 21 , 2018 ) . Roseanne Returns : Is TV Ready for a Trump - Loving Comic With `` Nothing Left to Prove '' ? The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . `` The town that ours is based on -- Elgin , Illinois -- is changing . It was majority white , now it 's majority Hispanic . We went and interviewed people there . '' ) Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( May 2 , 1997 ) . `` And Away She Goes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. ( 377 ) . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( May 18 , 1997 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and the Risks of Upward Mobility '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne House For Sale in Evansville '' . 106.1 KISS FM . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Making things perfectly queer ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1692 -- 1694 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1988 - 89 Ratings History -- The WGA Writer 's Strike Changes The TV Landscape , NBC still rules '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1989 - 90 Ratings History -- ABC Claws Closer to 1st Place NBC as FOX Finds Its Next Hit '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1990 - 91 Ratings History -- ABC Reclaims 1st Place After 11 Years , Sitcoms Still Dominate '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1991 - 92 Ratings History -- Political Controversy Catapults CBS Back to 1st After 7 - Year Absence , NBC Fortunes Plummet to 3rd '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1993 - 94 Ratings History -- ABC Sitcoms Go For Gold , NBC Still Down '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1994 - 95 Ratings History -- ABC Again in 1st , NBC 's Creative Renaissance Lands Them in 2nd , UPN and WB Debut in the Cellar '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1995 - 96 Ratings History -- NBC Reclaims 1st Place After 5 Years as Seinfeld , Friends and ER Become the Thursday Rage '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1996 - 97 Ratings History -- No Changes In Ranks With NBC Leading , CBS Struggles '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rosanne '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- The Complete First Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- The Complete Second Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- The Complete Third Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- The Complete Fourth Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- The Complete Fifth Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- The Complete Sixth Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- The Complete Seventh Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne : Season Eight '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne : The Complete Ninth Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( April 4 , 1997 ) . `` Roseanne to Continue on TV But Is Expected to Leave ABC '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( April 9 , 1997 ) . `` A Rest for Roseanne '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` Roseanne 's new sitcom : Could she be resurrecting the Connors ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barr , Roseanne ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` reunion show '' . Roseanne World.com ( on Archive.org ) . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Getting Revival With Roseanne Barr , John Goodman , Sara Gilbert & Co '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Stanhope , Kate ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival in the Works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Roseanne Revival Eyed at ABC '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Roseanne ' revival may be in the works '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Norm Macdonald Live '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Officially a Go at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Roseanne surprise : See how the ' Second Becky ' will be incorporated into reunion '' . EW . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Young ' Roseanne ' star died from OD '' . The Buffalo News . BH Media . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' : Johnny Galecki Set To Return As David For ABC Revival '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Taps ' Shameless ' Star for Key Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Roseanne Revival : Estelle Parsons and Sandra Bernhard Returning '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Official , Roseanne ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' : Roseanne trailer to premier at the oscars Revival '' . twitter.com . Roseanne ABC Corporation . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Reid ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ABC Pulls Out All the Marketing ( Pit ) Stops With ' Roseanne ' - Branded NASCAR Race ( Exclusive ) '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Roseanne ' cast opens up about the new season on ' GMA ' '' . YouTube . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne on `` Roseanne '' `` . Facebook . March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne : Season 10 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne : Season 10 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Tom ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Tom Arnold Reviews ' Roseanne ' Reboot : If I Can Watch , So Can You '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` President Trump Made a Personal Call to Roseanne Barr '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana . `` Donald Trump Called Roseanne to Congratulate Her on His Favorite Thing : Huge TV Ratings '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Renewed For Season 2 By ABC , Comedy Series ' 11th Overall '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Liam Mathews ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne Canceled Due to Roseanne Barr 's `` Repugnant '' Racist Tweet `` . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . ^ Jump up to : Keisha Hatchett ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Hollywood Reacts to Roseanne Cancellation '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Roseanne Tweet Reactions : Tom Arnold , Don Cheadle , Joe Scarborough Blast Sitcom Star '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Heil , Emily ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) . `` ABC cancels ' Roseanne ' after its star , Roseanne Barr , went on a vitriolic and racist Twitter rant '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Wanda Sykes Says She 's Leaving ' Roseanne ' After Star 's Racially Charged Tweet '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne Barr Dropped By ICM Partners After Racist Tweet '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Roseanne ' Canceled at ABC Following Racist Tweet '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kimberly Roots ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` ABC Suspending Emmy Campaign for Now - Cancelled Roseanne 's Season 10 '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' To Be Pulled From Viacom Cable Networks As Of Tomorrow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Halloway , Daniel ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Episodes Pulled From Hulu , Viacom Cable Channels '' . Variety . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' To Be Pulled From Viacom Cable Networks As Of Tomorrow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Defending Trump , Roseanne Wants Her Show to Be ' Realistic ' '' . The New York Times . 2018 - 01 - 08 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Weill , Kelly ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Roseanne Roseanne Keeps Promoting QAnon , the Pro-Trump Conspiracy Theory That Makes Pizzagate Look Tame '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Blake , Meredith . `` Roseanne Barr celebrates ' Roseanne ' renewal with tweets about child sex - trafficking ring '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Ejection Not Likely A Major Financial Hit To ABC And Disney , Except For Ad Sales That Might Have Been '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) . `` ' Roseanne 's Cancellation : What It Means For ABC Fall Schedule & Remaining Pilots '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ You never call ! you never write ! : a ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Roseanne ' Tops ' Cosby ' In the Nielsen Ratings '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . March 15 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Joal Ryan ( August 12 , 2003 ) . `` Roseanne Gets Reality Check '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Premiere Sets More Ratings Records In Live + 7 Viewing '' . deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Roseanne ' Ratings Climb , Hit 25 Million Viewers With Time - Shifting Record '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Premiere Sets Live + 3 Total Viewer Lift Record '' . deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival 's Huge Debut Stuns Hollywood , Prompts Soul - Searching '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Press , Joy ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` The Enduring Legacy of Roseanne , 30 Years Later '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1988 -- 1989 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1988 -- 1990 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1990 -- 1991 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1991 -- 1992 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1992 -- 1993 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1993 -- 1994 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 95 Ratings History -- ABC Again in 1st , NBC 's Creative Renaissance Lands Them in 2nd , UPN and WB Debut in the Cellar '' . The TV Ratings Guide . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 Ratings History -- NBC Reclaims 1st Place After 5 Years as Seinfeld , Friends and ER Become the Thursday Rage '' . The TV Ratings Guide . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 Ratings History -- No Changes In Ranks With NBC Leading , CBS Struggles '' . The TV Ratings Guide . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ; Hipes , Patrick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne '' . We TV . AMC Networks . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CMT ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Roseanne -- Weekdays at 4 / 3c on CMT '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laff Drops Roseanne Statement '' ( Press release ) . PRNewswire. 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Roseanne ' honored at TV Land Awards '' . United Press International . June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne DVD news : Announcement for Roseanne -- The Complete 1st Season and Roseanne -- The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne DVD news : Announcement for The Complete 3rd Season and The Complete 4th Season '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne DVD news : Announcement for Roseanne -- ' The Complete 5th Season ' and ' The Complete 6th Season ' from Mill Creek '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne DVD news : Announcement for Roseanne -- Season 7 and Roseanne -- Season 8 '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne DVD news : Announcement for Season 9 and The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- The Complete Eighth Season ( Mill Creek ) DVD Review -- Sitcoms Online '' . Sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- The Complete Ninth Season ( Mill Creek ) DVD Review -- Sitcoms Online '' . Sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- Die Komplett - Box ( 36 DVDs ) : Amazon.de : Roseanne Barr , John Goodman : DVD & Blu - ray '' . Amazon.de . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRoseanneat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Roseanne ( seasons 1 -- 9 ) on IMDb Roseanne ( revival ) on IMDb Roseanne on DVD Roseanne at TV.com Roseanne Conner Clan Today at EW.com Roseanne - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television ( hide ) Roseanne Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Episodes `` The Little Sister '' `` Brain - Dead Poets Society '' `` A Stash from the Past '' `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' `` December Bride '' `` Into That Good Night '' Characters Dan Conner Roseanne Conner Other Awards and nominations Roseanne Barr Stand - Up Albums / Specials I Enjoy Being A Girl Album ( 1990 ) Live from Trump Castle Special ( 1991 ) Roseanne and Tom : Getting Away with It Special ( 1992 ) Roseanne Arnold Special ( 1992 ) Blonde and Bitchin Special ( 2006 ) Rockin ' with Roseanne : Calling All Kids Special ( 2006 ) TV Series Comedy Central Roast Roastee ( 2012 ) Star , Writer & Producer Films The Woman Who Loved Elvis TV ( 1993 ) Cherry Street , South of Main TV ( 1994 ) Roseanne for President ! ( 2015 ) TV Series Roseanne ( characters / episodes ) sitcom ( 1988 - 1997 , 2018 ) Little Rosey animated ( 1990 ) The Jackie Thomas Show creator / sitcom ( 1992 - 93 ) Saturday Night Special variety show ( 1996 ) The Roseanne Show talk show ( 1997 - 2000 ) The Real Roseanne Show reality show ( 2003 ) Roseanne 's Nuts reality show ( 2011 ) Books Roseanne : My Life as a Woman ( 1989 ) My Lives ( 1994 ) Roseannearchy : Dispatches from the Nut Farm ( 2011 ) Awards for Roseanne GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comedy Series Doctor Doctor ( 1990 ) Doctor Doctor ( 1991 ) Roseanne ( 1992 ) Roseanne ( 1993 ) Dream On ( 1994 ) Roseanne / Friends ( 1995 ) Spin City ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Will & Grace ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Will & Grace ( 2001 ) Will & Grace ( 2002 ) Will & Grace ( 2003 ) Sex and the City ( 2004 ) Will & Grace ( 2005 ) Will & Grace ( 2006 ) Ugly Betty ( 2007 ) Ugly Betty ( 2008 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Glee ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Transparent ( 2015 ) Transparent ( 2016 ) Transparent ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Comedy The Love Boat ( 1978 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1979 ) Too Close for Comfort ( 1981 ) Private Benjamin ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Webster ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) ALF ( 1987 ) A Different World / My Two Dads ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1989 ) Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1990 ) In Living Color / The Simpsons ( 1991 ) Home Improvement ( 1992 ) Martin ( 1993 ) Frasier / Grace Under Fire ( 1994 ) Ellen / Friends ( 1995 ) Caroline in the City ( 1996 ) Cosby ( 1997 ) Veronica 's Closet / Dharma & Greg ( 1998 ) Jesse / Will & Grace ( 1999 ) Stark Raving Mad ( 2000 ) Ed ( 2001 ) My Wife and Kids ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2004 ) Joey ( 2005 ) My Name Is Earl ( 2006 ) The Class ( 2007 ) Samantha Who ? ( 2008 ) Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roseanne&oldid=843668110 '' Categories : Roseanne 1988 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings 1980s American sitcoms 1990s American sitcoms 2010s American sitcoms 2018 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Nielsen ratings winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Television series about dysfunctional families Television series about marriage Television series about siblings Television series about widowhood Television series by Carsey - Werner Productions American television series revived after cancellation Television shows set in Illinois Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles needing cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Pending changes Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 17 more Edit links This version of the page has been revised . 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-4102350981253250348	Smallest organisms	Smallest organisms - wikipedia Smallest organisms This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The smallest organisms found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of organism size ; including volume , mass , height , length , or genome size . Given the incomplete nature of scientific knowledge , it is possible that the smallest organism is undiscovered . Furthermore , there is some debate over the definition of life , and what entities qualify as organisms ; consequently the smallest known organism ( microorganism ) is debatable . Contents 1 Microorganisms 1.1 Viruses 1.2 Obligate endosymbiotic bacteria 1.3 Pelagibacter ubique 1.4 Mycoplasma genitalium 1.5 Nanoarchaeum 1.6 Eukaryotes 2 Animals 2.1 Molluscs 2.2 Arthropods 2.2. 1 Smallest crustacean 2.2. 2 Arachnids 2.2. 3 Insects 2.3 Echinoderms 2.3. 1 Sea urchins 2.3. 2 Starfish 2.4 Vertebrates 2.5 Fish 2.6 Amphibians 2.6. 1 Salamanders 2.6. 2 Frogs 2.7 Reptiles 2.7. 1 Lizards 2.7. 2 Turtles 2.7. 3 Crocodilians 2.7. 4 Snakes 2.8 Dinosaurs 2.8. 1 Birds 2.9 Mammals 2.9. 1 Rodents 2.9. 2 Carnivorans 2.9. 3 Marsupials 2.9. 4 Primates 2.9. 5 Cetaceans 3 Plants 3.1 Flowering plants ( angiosperms ) 4 Other 4.1 Nanobes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Microorganisms ( edit ) Viruses ( edit ) Many biologists consider viruses to be non-living because they lack a cellular structure and can not metabolize by themselves , requiring a host cell to replicate and synthesize new products . A minority of scientists hold that , because viruses do have genetic material and can employ the metabolism of their host , they can be considered organisms . As well , an emerging idea that is gaining traction among some virologists is the concept of the virocell , in which the actual phenotype of a virus is the infected cell , and the virus particle is simply a reproductive or dispersal stage , much like pollen or a spore . The smallest viruses in terms of genome size are single - stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) viruses . Perhaps the most famous is the bacteriophage Phi - X174 with a genome size of 5386 nucleotides . However , some ssDNA viruses can be even smaller . For example , Porcine circovirus type 1 has a genome of only 1759 nucleotides and a capsid diameter of only 17 nm . As a whole , the viral family geminiviridae is only about 30 nm in length . However , the two capsids making up the virus are fused ; divided , the capsids would be 15 nm in length . Other environmentally characterized ssDNA viruses such as CRESS DNA viruses as well as others can have genomes that are considerably less that 2,000 nucleotides . The smallest RNA viruses in terms of genome size are small retroviruses such as rous sarcoma virus with genomes of 3.5 kilo base pairs ( kb ) and particle diameters of 80 nanometres ( nm ) . The smallest double stranded DNA viruses are the hepadnaviruses such as Hepatitis B , at 3.2 kb and 42 nm ; parvoviruses have smaller capsids , at 18 - 26 nm , but larger genomes , at 5 kb . It is important to consider other self replicating genetic elements , such as satelliviruses , viroids and ribozymes . Obligate endosymbiotic bacteria ( edit ) The genome of Nasuia deltocephalinicola , a symbiont of the European pest leafhopper , Macrosteles quadripunctulatus consists of a circular chromosome of 112,031 base pairs . Nanoarchaeum equitans 's genome is 490,885 nucleotides long . Pelagibacter ubique ( edit ) Pelagibacter ubique is one of the smallest known free - living bacterium with a length of 0.37 - 0.89 μm and an average cell diameter of 0.12 - 0.20 μm . They also have the smallest free - living bacterium genome ; 1.8 Mbp , 1354 protein genes , 35 RNA genes . They are one of the most common and smallest organisms in the ocean , with their total weight equaling more than all fish presently in the sea . Mycoplasma genitalium ( edit ) Mycoplasma genitalium , a parasitic bacterium which lives in the primate bladder , waste disposal organs , genital , and respiratory tracts , is thought to be the smallest known organism capable of independent growth and reproduction . With a size of approximately 200 to 300 nm , M. genitalium is an ultramicrobacterium , smaller than other small bacteria , including rickettsia and chlamydia . However , the vast majority of bacterial strains have not been studied , and the marine ultramicrobacteria Sphingomonas sp strain RB2256 is reported to have passed through a 220 nm ultrafilter . A complicating factor is nutrient - downsized bacteria , bacteria that become much smaller due to a lack of available nutrients . Nanoarchaeum equitans and archaeon host , Ignicoccus Nanoarchaeum ( edit ) Nanoarchaeum equitans is a species of tiny microbe 400 nm in diameter . It was discovered in 2002 in a hydrothermal vent off the coast of Iceland by Karl Stetter . A thermophile that grows in near - boiling temperatures , Nanoarchaeum appears to be an obligatory symbiont on the archaeon Ignicoccus ; it must be in contact with the host organism to survive . Eukaryotes ( edit ) Prasinophyte algae of the genus Ostreococcus is the smallest free - living eukaryote . The single cell of an Ostreococcus measures only 0.8 μm across . Animals ( edit ) Several species of Myxozoa never grow larger than 20 μm . One of the smallest species ( Myxobolus shekel ) is no more than 8.5 μm when fully grown . Molluscs ( edit ) The smallest water snail ( of all snails ) is Ammonicera minortalis in North America , originally described from Cuba . It measures 0.32 to 0.46 mm . The smallest land snail is Acmella nana . Discovered in Borneo , Malaysia , and described in November 2015 , it measures only 0.7 mm . The previous record was that of Angustopila dominikae from China , which was reported in September 2015 . This snail measures 0.86 mm . Arthropods ( edit ) Smallest crustacean ( edit ) The smallest crustacean , and indeed the smallest arthropod , is the tantulocarid Stygotantulus stocki , at a length of only 94 μm ( 0.0037 in ) . Arachnids ( edit ) Eriophyid mites measure 125 to 250 μm in length . Insects ( edit ) Adult males of the parasitic wasp Dicopomorpha echmepterygis can be as small as 139 μm long , smaller than some species of protozoa ( single - cell creatures ) ; females are 40 % larger . Megaphragma caribea from Guadeloupe , measuring 170 μm long , is another contender for smallest known insect in the world . Beetles Beetles of the tribe Nanosellini are all less than 1 mm long ; the smallest confirmed specimen is of Scydosella musawasensis at 325 μm long ; a few other nanosellines are reportedly smaller , in historical literature , but none of these records have been confirmed using accurate modern tools . These are among the tiniest non-parasitic insects . Butterflies Grand Cayman pygmy blue ( Brephidium exilis thompsoni ) The western pygmy blue ( Brephidium exilis ) is one of the smallest butterflies in the world . Echinoderms ( edit ) The smallest sea cucumber , and also the smallest echinoderm , is Psammothuria ganapati , a synaptid that lives between sand grains on the coast of India . Its maximum length is only 4 mm . Sea urchins ( edit ) The smallest sea urchin , Echinocyamus scaber , has a test only 6 mm across . Starfish ( edit ) Patiriella parvivipara is the smallest starfish , at only 5 mm across . Vertebrates ( edit ) Paratype of Paedophryne amauensis ( LSUMZ 95004 ) on a US dime . The smallest vertebrates ( and smallest amphibians ) known are Paedophryne amauensis frogs from Papua New Guinea , which range in length from 7.0 -- 8.0 millimetres ( 0.28 -- 0.31 in ) , and average 7.7 millimetres ( 0.30 in ) . Previously , the title of smallest vertebrate was held by members of the fish genus Paedocypris of Indonesia . Fish ( edit ) Main article : List of smallest fish The world 's smallest fish based on the minimum size at maturity is Paedocypris progenetica from Indonesia , with mature females measuring as little as 7.9 mm ( 0.31 in ) in standard length . This fish , a member of the carp family , has a translucent body and a head unprotected by a skeleton . Male individuals of the anglerfish species Photocorynus spiniceps have been documented to be 6.2 -- 7.3 millimetres ( 0.24 -- 0.29 in ) at maturity , and thus claimed to be a smaller species . However , these survive only by sexual parasitism and the female individuals reach the significantly larger size of 50.5 millimetres ( 1.99 in ) . Amphibians ( edit ) Salamanders ( edit ) The average snout - to - vent length of several specimens of the salamander Thorius arboreus was only 17 millimetres ( 0.67 in ) . Frogs ( edit ) Frogs include the smallest vertebrates known . The smallest known frog species is Paedophryne amauensis , with a snout - vent length reported as 7.7 mm , which occurs among leaf - litter in the tropical montane forests of New Guinea . Other very small frogs include Brachycephalus didactylus from Brazil ( reported as 9.6 - 9.8 mm ) , several species of Eleutherodactylus such as Eleutherodactylus iberia ( around 10mm ) from Cuba , Gardiner 's Frog Sechellophryne gardineri from the Seychelles ( up to 11 mm ) , several species of Stumpffia such as Stumpffia tridactyla and Stumpffia pygmaea from Madagascar , and the Rough Moss - frog Arthroleptella rugosa of South Africa ( 11.9 - 14.1 mm ) . In general these extremely small frogs occur in tropical forest and montane environments . There is relatively little data on size variation among individuals , growth from metamorphosis to adulthood or size variation among populations in these species . Additional studies and the discovery of further minute frog species are likely to change the rank order of this list . Reptiles ( edit ) Lizards ( edit ) A juvenile Brookesia micra on a finger tip The dwarf gecko ( Sphaerodactylus ariasae ) and the Virgin Islands dwarf sphaero ( S. parthenopion ) , two geckos in the genus Sphaerodactylus , are the world 's smallest known reptile species and smallest lizard , with a snout - vent length of 16 millimetres ( 0.63 in ) . A few Brookesia chameleons from Madagascar are equally small , with a reported snout - vent length of 15 -- 18 millimetres for male dwarf chameleons ( B. minima ) , 14 -- 19 millimetres for male Mount d'Ambre leaf chameleons ( B. tuberculata ) and 15 -- 16 millimetres for male B. micra , though females are larger . Of the aforementioned geckos , S. ariasae was first described in 2001 by the biologists Blair Hedges and Richard Thomas . This dwarf gecko is endangered and lives in Jaragua National Park in the Dominican Republic and on Beata Island ( Isla Beata ) , off the southern coast of Hispaniola in the Dominican Republic . Turtles ( edit ) The world 's smallest turtle is the speckled padloper tortoise ( Homopus signatus ) from South Africa . The males measure 6 -- 8 cm ( 2.4 -- 3.1 in ) , while females measure up to almost 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) . CROCODILIANS ( edit ) The smallest crocodilian is the Cuvier 's dwarf caiman ( Paleosuchus palpebrosus ) from northern and central South America . It reaches up to 1.6 m ( 5.2 ft ) in length . Snakes ( edit ) One of the smallest snakes known is the recently discovered Barbados threadsnake ( Leptotyphlops carlae ) . Adults average about 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) long , which is only about twice as long as the hatchlings . Dinosaurs ( edit ) The smallest known dinosaur ( excluding modern birds ) is Anchiornis , a genus of feathered dinosaur that lived in what is now China during the Late Jurassic Period 160 to 155 million years ago . Adult specimens range from 34 cm ( 13 in ) long , and the weight has been estimated at up to 110 g ( 3.9 oz ) . Nevertheless , sizes of dinosaurs are commonly labelled with a level of uncertainty , as the available material often ( or even usually ) is incomplete . Birds ( edit ) Bee hummingbird ( Mellisuga helenae ) immature male With a mass of approximately 1.8 grams ( 0.063 oz ) and a length of 5 centimetres ( 2.0 in ) , the bee hummingbird ( Mellisuga helenae ) is the world 's smallest bird species and the smallest warm - blooded vertebrate . Called the zunzún in its native habitat on Cuba , it is lighter than a Canadian or U.S. penny . It is said that it is `` more apt to be mistaken for a bee than a bird '' . The bee hummingbird eats half its total body mass and drinks eight times its total body mass each day . Its nest is 3 cm across . Mammals ( edit ) The vulnerable Kitti 's hog - nosed bat ( Craseonycteris thonglongyai ) , also known as the bumblebee bat , from Thailand and Myanmar is the smallest mammal , at 3 -- 4 centimetres ( 1.2 -- 1.6 in ) in length and 1.5 -- 2 grams ( 0.053 -- 0.071 oz ) in weight . The Etruscan shrew ( Suncus etruscus ) , is the smallest mammal by mass , weighing only about 1.8 g ( 0.063 oz ) on average . The bumblebee bat has a smaller skull size . The smallest mammal that ever lived , the shrew - like Batodonoides vanhouteni , weighed only 1.3 grams ( 0.046 oz ) . Rodents ( edit ) The smallest member of the rodent order is the Baluchistan pygmy jerboa , with an average body length of only 4.4 cm ( 1.7 in ) . Carnivorans ( edit ) The smallest member of the order Carnivora is the least weasel ( Mustela nivalis ) , with an average body length of 114 -- 260 mm ( 4.5 - 10.2 in ) . It weighs between 29.5 -- 250 grams with females being lighter . Marsupials ( edit ) The smallest marsupial is the Long - tailed planigale from Australia . It has a body length of 110 -- 130 millimetres ( 4.3 -- 5.1 in ) ( including tail ) and weigh 4.3 grams ( 0.15 oz ) on average . The Pilbara ningaui is considered to be of similar size and weight . Primates ( edit ) The smallest member of the primate order is Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur ( Microcebus berthae ) , found in Madagascar , with an average body length of 92 mm ( 3.6 in ) . Cetaceans ( edit ) The smallest cetacean , which is also ( as of 2006 ) the most endangered , is the vaquita . Male vaquitas grow to an average of around 135 cm ( 53 in ) ; the females are slightly longer , averaging about 141 cm ( 55 in ) in length . Plants ( edit ) Flowering plants ( angiosperms ) ( edit ) Wolffia arrhiza on human fingers . Every speck of less than 1 mm length is an individual plant . Duckweeds of the genus Wolffia are the world 's smallest flowering plants . Fully grown , they measure only 300 μm by 600 μm and reach a mass of just 150 μg . Other ( edit ) Nanobes ( edit ) Nanobes are thought by some scientists to be the smallest known organisms about one tenth the size of the smallest known bacteria . Nanobes , tiny filamental structures first found in some rocks and sediments , were first described in 1996 by Philippa Uwins of the University of Queensland . See also ( edit ) Human timeline Largest organisms Largest prehistoric organisms Life timeline Nature timeline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ P. Forterre ( 2012 ) . `` The virocell concept and environmental microbiology '' . The ISME Journa. 7 : 233 -- 236 . doi : 10.1038 / ismej. 2012.110 . PMC 3554396 . Jump up ^ Sanger , F. ; Air , G.M. ; Barrell , B.G. ; Brown , N.L. ; Coulson , A.R. ; Fiddes , J.C. ; Hutchison , C.A. ; Slocombe , P.M. ; Smith , M. ( 1977 ) . `` Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage ΦX174 DNA '' . Nature . 265 ( 5596 ) : 687 -- 95 . Bibcode : 1977Natur. 265 ... 687S . doi : 10.1038 / 265687a0 . PMID 870828 . Jump up ^ Finsterbusch T , Mankertz A ( 2009 ) . `` APorcine circoviruses -- small but powerful '' . Virus Research . 143 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 183 . doi : 10.1016 / j. virusres. 2009.02. 009 . PMID 19647885 . Jump up ^ ICTVdB Virus Description -- 00.016. 0.01. 005 . Porcine circovirus 2 Archived July 4 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ K. Rosario ; R.O. Schenck ; R.C. Harbeitner ; S.N. Lawler ; M. Breitbart ( 2015 ) . `` Novel circular single - stranded DNA viruses identified in marine invertebrates reveal high sequence diversity and consistent predicted intrinsic disorder patterns within putative structural proteins '' . 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Version 10 July 2008 ( under construction ) . http://tolweb.org/Myxozoa/2460/2008.07.10 in The Tree of Life Web Project , http://tolweb.org/ Jump up ^ Kaur , H ; Singh , R ( 2011 ) . `` Two new species of Myxobolus ( Myxozoa : Myxosporea : Bivalvulida ) infecting an Indian major carp and a cat fish in wetlands of Punjab , India '' . J Parasit Dis. 35 : 169 -- 76 . doi : 10.1007 / s12639 - 011 - 0061 - 4 . PMC 3235390 . PMID 23024499 . Jump up ^ Páll - Gergely , Barna ; Hunyadi , András ; Jochum , Adrienne ; Asami , Takahiro ( 28 September 2015 ) . `` Seven new hypselostomatid species from China , including some of the world 's smallest land snails ( Gastropoda , Pulmonata , Orthurethra ) '' . ZooKeys. 523 : 31 -- 62 . doi : 10.3897 / zookeys. 523.6114 . PMC 4602296 . PMID 26478698 . Jump up ^ Sankar - Gorton , Eliza ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` Newly Discovered Land Snail Is The Tiniest In The World '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Geggel , Laura ( 2 November 2015 ) . `` Micro Mollusk Breaks Record for World 's Tiniest Snail '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Páll - Gergely , Barna ; Hunyadi , András ; Jochum , Adrienne ; Asami , Takahiro ( 2015 ) . `` Seven new hypselostomatid species from China , including some of the world 's smallest land snails ( Gastropoda , Pulmonata , Orthurethra ) '' . ZooKeys. 523 : 31 -- 62 . doi : 10.3897 / zookeys. 523.6114 . PMC 4602296 . PMID 26478698 . Jump up ^ Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis ( 2001 ) . An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea ( PDF ) . Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County . pp. 132 pp. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mohanasudaram , M. ( 1987 ) . `` Studies on the genus Aceria ( Acari , Eriophyidae ) from South India '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Acarology . Acarological Society of India . 12 ( 1 & 2 ) : 15 -- 88 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` University of Florida Book of Insect Records '' . Entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu. 1998 - 04 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Polilov , A.A. ( 2015 ) . `` How small is the smallest ? New record and remeasuring of Scydosella musawasensis Hall , 1999 ( Coleoptera , Ptiliidae ) , the smallest known free - living insect '' . ZooKeys. 526 : 61 -- 64 . doi : 10.3897 / zookeys. 526.6531 . PMC 4607844 . PMID 26487824 . Jump up ^ Rao , G. Chandrasekhara ( 1968 ) . `` On Psammothuria ganapatii n . gen . n . sp. , an interstitial holothurian from the beach sands of waltair coast and its autecology '' . Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences , Section B. 67 ( 5 ) : 201 -- 206 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03053902 . ^ Jump up to : Gilpin , Daniel ( 2006 ) . Starfish , urchins , and other echinoderms . London : David West Children 's Books . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 7565 - 1611 - 0 Jump up ^ `` World 's tiniest frogs found in Papua New Guinea '' . The Australian . 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Rittmeyer , Eric N. ; Allison , Allen ; Gründler , Michael C. ; Thompson , Derrick K. ; Austin , Christopher C. ( 2012 ) . `` Ecological guild evolution and the discovery of the world 's smallest vertebrate '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 1 ) : e29797 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 729797R . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0029797 . PMC 3256195 . PMID 22253785 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Paedocypris progenetica '' in FishBase . September 2017 version . Jump up ^ `` Scientists find ' smallest fish ' '' . BBC News . 2006 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` What is the smallest species of fish ? '' . Amonline.net.au. 2013 - 09 - 27 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest fish compete for honours '' . BBC News . 2006 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bragging Rights : The Smallest Fish Ever LiveScience Archived July 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania State University ( 2001 ) . World 's Smallest Lizard Discovered in the Caribbean . Accessed 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Glaw , F. , & Vences , M. ( 2007 ) . A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar , 3d edition . Frosch Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 929449 - 03 - 7 Jump up ^ Glaw , F. ; Köhler , J.R. ; Townsend , T.M. ; Vences , M. ( 2012 ) . Salamin , Nicolas , ed . `` Rivaling the World 's Smallest Reptiles : Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons ( Brookesia ) from Northern Madagascar '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 731314G . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0031314 . PMC 3279364 . PMID 22348069 . Jump up ^ `` Tiny gecko is ' world 's smallest ' '' . BBC News . 2001 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Branch , B. ( 1998 ) . Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa . 3d edition . Struik Publishers . ISBN 1 - 86872 - 040 - 3 Jump up ^ CROCODILIANS Natural History & Conservation . Paleosuchus palpebrosus . Jump up ^ Xu , X. , Zhao , Q. , Norell , M. , Sullivan , C. , Hone , D. , Erickson , G. , Wang , X. , Han , F. and Guo , Y. ( 2009 ) . `` A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin . '' Chinese Science Bulletin , 6 pages , accepted November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hummingbirds of the Caribbean ( mschloe.com ) Archived 2013 - 07 - 03 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Bates , P. ; Bumrungsri , S. & Francis , C. ( 2008 ) . `` Craseonycteris thonglongyai '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2008 : e. T5481A11205556 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2008. RLTS. T5481A11205556. en . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Listed as Vulnerable ^ Jump up to : `` World 's Smallest Animals '' . Thetoptenz.net. 2013 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( Retrieved on March 17 , 2010 ) . Archived July 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` What is the smallest flower in the world ? '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nanjundiah , V. ( 2000 ) . `` The smallest form of life yet ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biosciences. 25 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 10 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02985175 . PMID 10824192 . External links ( edit ) featherwing beetles on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smallest_organisms&oldid=847562236 '' Categories : Organism size Biological records Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template archiveis links Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 07 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the smallest living thing in the world	[]	[]
3710259298024774656	The Big Country	The Big Country - wikipedia The Big Country Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1958 film . For other uses , see Big Country ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Big Country Theatrical release poster by Saul Bass Directed by William Wyler Produced by Gregory Peck William Wyler Written by James R. Webb Sy Bartlett Robert Wilder Based on Ambush at Blanco Canyon 1958 novel 1957 The Saturday Evening Post by Donald Hamilton Starring Gregory Peck Jean Simmons Charlton Heston Carroll Baker Burl Ives Charles Bickford Chuck Connors Music by Jerome Moross Cinematography Franz F. Planer , ASC Edited by Robert Belcher John Faure Robert Swink ( sup ) Distributed by United Artists Release date October 1 , 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 01 ) Running time 166 minutes Country United States Language English Spanish Box office $4 million ( rentals ) The Big Country is a 1958 American Technicolor epic Western film directed by William Wyler and starring Gregory Peck , Jean Simmons , Carroll Baker , Charlton Heston and Burl Ives filmed in Technirama . The supporting cast features Charles Bickford and Chuck Connors . The picture was based on the serialized magazine novel Ambush at Blanco Canyon by Donald Hamilton . and was co-produced by Wyler and Peck . The opening title sequence was created by Saul Bass . The film is one of very few pictures in which Heston plays a major supporting role instead of the lead . Ives won the Academy Award as Best Supporting Actor for his performance as well as the Golden Globe Award . The film was also nominated for an Academy Award for the musical score by Jerome Moross . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Preservation 6 Comic book 7 Locations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Successful sea captain James McKay ( Gregory Peck ) travels to the American West to join his fiancée Patricia ( Carroll Baker ) at the enormous ranch owned by her father , Henry Terrill ( Charles Bickford ) , referred to by all as `` The Major . '' Terrill has been feuding with Rufus Hannassey ( Burl Ives ) , the patriarch of a poorer , less refined ranching clan , over water rights in the arid grazing lands of the high plains . Patricia 's friend , schoolteacher Julie Maragon ( Jean Simmons ) , owns the `` Big Muddy '' , a large ranch itself , with a source of water that is vital to both Hannassey and Terrill in times of drought . Julie allows all to water their cattle and refuses to sell or lease the Big Muddy to either side , so as to keep the fragile peace . McKay brings a pair of dueling pistols to the Major as a gift . But he repeatedly refuses to be provoked into proving his manhood ; he tells the Major that his father died in a meaningless duel . He does nothing when Hannassey 's trouble - making son Buck ( Chuck Connors ) and his shiftless companions harass him . He also declines an invitation by Terrill 's foreman , Steve Leech ( Charlton Heston ) , to ride an unbroken horse named `` Old Thunder . '' Consequently , everyone , including Patricia , considers him a coward . When the Major and his men ride to the Hannassey ranch in retribution for Buck 's harassment of a Terrill guest , McKay declines to participate . He confronts Terrill , speculating that Terrill is acting out of his own personal reasons . Terrell 's posse does n't find Buck , and proceed to terrorize the Hannassey family , to include women and children . Terrill 's men shoot holes into the family 's water tower , forcing the Hannassey family to rush forward to salvage the water and shore up the tower when Terrill 's men leave . Buck makes his escape from Terrill 's men while others in his posse are punished and beaten senseless . Alone at Terrill 's ranch except for ranch hand Ramon ( Alfonso Bedoya ) , McKay then breaks Old Thunder , after being thrown out of the saddle numerous times . He swears Ramon , the only witness , to secrecy . Terrill hosts a Grand Gala to formally announce Patricia 's upcoming wedding . A ruffled and grizzled Hannassey , armed with a shotgun , spoils the festive mood when he confronts Terrill in front of all his guests over how Terrill 's men went beyond just seeking retribution against Buck and his men , but also how Terrill mistreated women and children in the Hannassey family . He threatens to start a range war over Terrill 's steadfast practice of denying water to Hannassey 's cattle . McKay rides out to the Big Muddy and persuades Julie to sell him the land , promising to continue her policy of unrestricted access to the river . A search party , led by Leech , spends two days looking for McKay , believing he has become lost . McKay explains that he was never in danger , but Leech calls him a liar . Again refusing to be goaded into a fight , McKay sees that both Patricia and her father are disappointed ; they agree to reconsider their engagement . Early the next morning , before anybody else is up , McKay seeks out Leech to settle their quarrel . They fight , without witnesses , to an exhausted draw . McKay quietly asks Leech exactly what they proved by fighting . Leech has a new understanding and respect of McKay . Julie tells her friend Patricia that McKay bought the Big Muddy for her . Patricia is excited because her father will be so pleased with her wedding gift . Once she learns McKay plans to give Hannassey access to his water , however , Patricia leaves , understanding their engagement is over . Acting on Terrill 's orders , Leech and his men chase Hannassey 's cattle away from the Big Muddy . Hannassey , in retaliation , kidnaps Julie and uses her as bait to lure Terrill into an ambush in the narrow canyon leading to Hannassey 's homestead . Buck tries to force himself on Julie , but his father stops him . Buck , furious , tries to strangle his father , but is overpowered . His father states , `` Someday , I 'll have to kill you . '' McKay finds out about Julie and rides to the Hannassey place , where he shows Hannassey the deed to Big Muddy and promises him equal access to the water . Hannassey says he intends to fight Terrill anyway , whereupon McKay tells him that it is plain that this is just a personal vendetta between two old men . When it becomes obvious that McKay and Julie have feelings for each other , Buck attacks McKay . They fight , but Hannassey steps in when Buck draws his gun on the unarmed McKay and insists on a fair , formal duel . After walking apart ten paces , Buck fires before the signal , grazing McKay 's forehead . Hannassey is furious . McKay slowly takes aim , but Buck drops to the ground in terror and crawls behind a wagon wheel . McKay fires into the dirt , ending the duel , and Hannassey spits on Buck in disgust . McKay and Julie are about to leave when Buck grabs a gun , forcing Hannassey to shoot his son dead . `` The Big Country '' Main theme from the film by Jerome Moross . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Terrill insists on riding into Blanco Canyon for a final confrontation . Leech and the rest of his men initially refuse to accompany him , but after Terrill rides out alone , Leech joins him , followed by the rest of the outfit . They are quickly pinned down . Hannassey , acknowledging the truth of McKay 's accusation , orders his men to stop shooting and challenges Terrill to a one - on - one showdown . Terrill promptly agrees . Armed with rifles , the two old men advance and kill one another . McKay and Julie ride off to start a new life together . Cast ( edit ) Gregory Peck as James McKay Jean Simmons as Julie Maragon Carroll Baker as Patricia Terrill Charlton Heston as Steve Leech Burl Ives as Rufus Hannassey Charles Bickford as Maj . Henry Terrill Alfonso Bedoya as Ramón Gutierrez Chuck Connors as Buck Hannassey Chuck Hayward as Rafe Hannassey Buff Brady as Dude Hannassey Jim Burk as Blackie / Cracker Hannassey Dorothy Adams as Hannassey Woman Chuck Roberson as Terrill Cowboy Bob Morgan as Terrill Cowboy John McKee as Terrill Cowboy Peter Lawman as Terrill Cowboy Production ( edit ) Before principal photography was complete , Wyler left for Rome to start work on Ben Hur , delegating creation of the final scenes involving McKay and Julie to his assistant Robert Swink , whose resulting scenes pleased Wyler so much that he wrote Swink a letter stating : `` I ca n't begin to tell you how pleased I am with the new ending ... The shots you made are complete perfection . '' Reception ( edit ) The film was a big hit , being the second most popular movie in Britain in 1959 . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film currently has an approval rating of 100 % based on 10 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . Ives won the Academy Award as Best Supporting Actor as well as the Golden Globe Award . The film was also nominated for an Academy Award for the musical score by Jerome Moross . President Dwight D. Eisenhower liked the movie very much and screened it on four successive evenings in the White House during his second administration . In a poll of 500 films held by Empire magazine , it was voted 187th Greatest Movie of all time . Preservation ( edit ) The Academy Film Archive preserved The Big Country in 2006 . Comic book ( edit ) Main article : The Big Country ( comics ) A comic book adaptation of the novel and tie - in to the movie was first released in 1957 . Locations ( edit ) The Blanco Canyon scenes were filmed in California 's Red Rock Canyon State Park . The ranch and field scenes with greenery were filmed in the central California Sierra foothills near the town of Farmington . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1958 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All - Time Top Grossers '' , Variety , 8 January 1964 , pg 69 . Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . Afi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gabriel ( 2013 ) . William Wyler : The Life and Films of Hollywood 's Most Celebrated Director . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 0813142098 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ FOUR BRITISH FILMS IN ' TOP 6 ' : BOULTING COMEDY HEADS BOX OFFICE LIST Our own Reporter . The Guardian ( 1959 - 2003 ) ( London ( UK ) ) 11 Dec 1959 : 4 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Michael ( 1997 ) . The Crowded Prairie : American National Identity in the Hollywood Western . New York , New York : I.B. Tauris . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 259 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Features '' . Empireonline.com. 2006 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Academy Film Archive . Jump up ^ Orvis Cattle Company page about the film locations External links ( edit ) The Big Country on IMDb The Big Country at the TCM Movie Database The Big Country at AllMovie The Big Country at the American Film Institute Catalog ( hide ) Films directed by William Wyler Films Straight Shootin ' ( 1927 ) Anybody Here Seen Kelly ? ( 1928 ) The Shakedown ( 1929 ) Hell 's Heroes ( 1930 ) The Storm ( 1930 ) A House Divided ( 1931 ) Tom Brown of Culver ( 1932 ) Her First Mate ( 1933 ) Counsellor at Law ( 1933 ) Glamour ( 1934 ) The Good Fairy ( 1935 ) The Gay Deception ( 1935 ) These Three ( 1936 ) Dodsworth ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Dead End ( 1937 ) Jezebel ( 1938 ) Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) The Letter ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Memphis Belle : A Story of a Flying Fortress ( 1944 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Thunderbolt ( 1947 ) The Heiress ( 1949 ) Detective Story ( 1951 ) Carrie ( 1952 ) Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) Friendly Persuasion ( 1956 ) The Big Country ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Children 's Hour ( 1961 ) The Collector ( 1965 ) How to Steal a Million ( 1966 ) Funny Girl ( 1968 ) The Liberation of L.B. Jones ( 1970 ) Related Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) VIAF : 174182448 GND : 7749771 - 5 BNF : cb14665720r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Country&oldid=815639915 '' Categories : 1958 films 1950s Western ( genre ) films American films American Western ( genre ) films English - language films American epic films Films directed by William Wyler Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring feuds Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California United Artists films Films based on Western ( genre ) novels Films based on American novels Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Pages containing citation needed template with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 02 : 49 . 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-4767349232159240873	Happy Birthday to You	Happy Birthday to You - wikipedia Happy Birthday to You This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the book , see Happy Birthday to You ! `` Happy Birthday ( song ) '' redirects here . For other songs by that name , see Happy Birthday . `` Happy Birthday to You '' Song Published 1893 Songwriter ( s ) Patty Hill , Mildred J. Hill `` Happy Birthday to You '' , more commonly known as simply `` Happy Birthday '' , is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person 's birth . According to the 1998 Guinness World Records , `` Happy Birthday to You '' is the most recognized song in the English language , followed by `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' . The song 's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages . The melody of `` Happy Birthday to You '' comes from the song `` Good Morning to All '' , which has traditionally been attributed to American sisters Patty and Mildred J. Hill in 1893 , although the claim that the sisters composed the tune is disputed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics 2.1 `` Happy birthday to you '' 2.2 Lyrics with melody 2.3 Traditional variations 3 Copyright status 3.1 2013 lawsuit 4 Public performances 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Works cited 7 External links History ( edit ) Patty Hill was a kindergarten principal in Louisville , Kentucky , developing various teaching methods at what is now the Little Loomhouse ; her sister Mildred was a pianist and composer . The sisters used `` Good Morning to All '' as a song that young children would find easy to sing . The combination of melody and lyrics in `` Happy Birthday to You '' first appeared in print in 1912 , and probably existed even earlier . None of the early appearances of the `` Happy Birthday to You '' lyrics included credits or copyright notices . The Summy Company registered a copyright in 1935 , crediting authors Preston Ware Orem and Mrs. R. R. Forman . In 1988 , Warner / Chappell Music purchased the company owning the copyright for US $ 25 million , with the value of `` Happy Birthday '' estimated at US $ 5 million . Based on the 1935 copyright registration , Warner claimed that the United States copyright will not expire until 2030 , and that unauthorized public performances of the song are illegal unless royalties are paid to Warner . In one specific instance in February 2010 , the royalty for a single use was said to be US $ 700 . By one estimate , the song is the highest - earning single song in history , with estimated earnings since its creation of US $ 50 million . In the European Union , the copyright for the song expired on January 1 , 2017 . The American copyright status of `` Happy Birthday to You '' began to draw more attention with the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act in 1998 . When the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft in 2003 , Associate Justice Stephen Breyer specifically mentioned `` Happy Birthday to You '' in his dissenting opinion . American law professor Robert Brauneis , who extensively researched the song , concluded in 2010 that `` It is almost certainly no longer under copyright . '' In 2013 , based in large part on Brauneis 's research , Good Morning to You Productions , a company producing a documentary about `` Good Morning to All '' , sued Warner / Chappell for falsely claiming copyright to the song . In September 2015 , a federal judge declared that the Warner / Chappell copyright claim was invalid , ruling that the copyright registration applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song , and not to its lyrics and melody . In 2016 , Warner / Chappell settled for US $14 million , and the court declared that `` Happy Birthday to You '' was in the public domain . Lyrics ( edit ) `` Happy Birthday to You '' ( edit ) Happy birthday to you Happy birthday to you Happy birthday dear ( NAME ) Happy birthday to you . The person whose birthday is being celebrated is filled in for `` ( NAME ) '' . The earliest known publication used `` John '' as the example . Lyrics with melody ( edit ) Traditional variations ( edit ) It is traditional , among English - speakers , that at a birthday party , the song `` Happy Birthday to You '' be sung to the birthday person by the other guests celebrating the birthday . More specifically , the birthday person is traditionally presented with a birthday cake with lit candles , with the number of candles sometimes corresponding to the age of the person . After the song is sung ( usually just once ) , party guests sometimes add wishes like `` and many more ! '' expressing the hope that the birthday person will enjoy a long life . The birthday person may be asked to make a wish ( `` Make a wish ! '' ) -- which he or she does silently -- and then is supposed to blow out the candles . Traditionally , blowing out the candles is believed ( or is considered a lighthearted superstition ) to ensure that the wish will come true . Once the candles have been blown out , people may applaud , after which the cake may be served , often with the first piece being served to the person whose birthday it is . In several countries , immediately after `` Happy Birthday '' has been sung , it is traditional for one of the guests to enthusiastically lead with `` Hip hip ... '' and then for all of the other guests to join in and say `` ... hooray ! '' This is normally repeated three times . In Canada , especially at young children 's birthdays , immediately after `` Happy Birthday '' has been sung , the singers segue into `` How old are you now ? How old are you now ? How old are you now - ow , how old are you now ? '' and then count up : `` Are you one ? Are you two ? Are you ... '' until they reach the right age , at which the celebrant says `` yes '' , and everybody else , who presumably know the right number , all cheer . Copyright status ( edit ) The public domain song Good - Morning to All Instrumental version of `` Good Morning to All '' . Both the music and lyrics are in public domain in both the European Union and United States . The copyright expired in the European Union on January 1 , 2017 . In the United States , a federal court ruled in 2016 that Warner / Chappell 's copyright claim was invalid and there was no other claim to copyright . The origins of `` Happy Birthday to You '' date back to at least the late 19th century , when two sisters , Patty and Mildred J. Hill , introduced the song `` Good Morning to All '' to Patty 's kindergarten class in Kentucky . Years later , in 1893 , they published the tune in their songbook Song Stories for the Kindergarten . Kembrew McLeod stated that the Hill sisters likely copied the tune and lyrical idea from other popular and similar nineteenth - century songs that predated theirs , including Horace Waters ' `` Happy Greetings to All '' , `` Good Night to You All '' also from 1858 , `` A Happy New Year to All '' from 1875 , and `` A Happy Greeting to All '' , published 1885 . However , American law professor Robert Brauneis disputes this , noting that these earlier songs had quite different melodies . It is likely that teachers and students spontaneously adapted the published version of `` Good Morning to All '' to celebrate birthdays in the classroom , changing the lyrics to `` Happy Birthday '' in the process . The complete text of `` Happy Birthday to You '' first appeared in print as the final four lines of Edith Goodyear Alger 's poem `` Roy 's Birthday '' , published in her book A Primer of Work and Play , copyrighted by D.C. Heath in 1901 , with no reference to the words being sung . The first book including `` Happy Birthday '' lyrics set to the tune of `` Good Morning to All '' that bears a date of publication is from 1911 in The Elementary Worker and His Work , but earlier references exist to a song called `` Happy Birthday to You '' including an article from 1901 in the Inland Educator and Indiana School Journal . Children 's Praise and Worship , edited by Andrew Byers , Bessie L. Byrum and Anna E. Koglin , published the song in 1918 . In 1924 , Robert Coleman included `` Good Morning to All '' in a songbook with the birthday lyrics as a second verse . Coleman also published `` Happy Birthday '' in The American Hymnal in 1933 . In 1935 , several specific piano arrangements and an unused second verse of `` Happy Birthday to You '' were copyrighted as a work for hire crediting Preston Ware Orem for the piano arrangements and Mrs. R. R. Forman for the lyrics by the Summy Company , the publisher of `` Good Morning to All '' . This served as the legal basis for claiming that Summy Company legally registered the copyright for the song , as well as the later renewal of these copyrights . A later 2015 lawsuit would find this claim baseless . That specific new lyrics that also included the full text of `` Happy Birthday to You '' , was a copyright on the derivative work . A 1957 acquisition of C.C. Birchard & Company saw Summy Company becoming the Summy - Birchard Company . A later corporate restructuring in the 1970s saw Summy - Birchard becoming a division of a new company : Birch Tree Group Limited . Warner / Chappell Music acquired Birch Tree Group Limited in 1988 for US $ 25 million . The company continued to insist that one can not sing the `` Happy Birthday to You '' lyrics for profit without paying royalties : in 2008 , Warner collected about US $ 5,000 per day ( US $ 2 million per year ) in royalties for the song . Warner / Chappell claimed copyright for every use in film , television , radio , anywhere open to the public , and for any group where a substantial number of those in attendance are not family or friends of whoever is performing the song . Brauneis cited problems with the song 's authorship and the notice and renewal of the copyright , and concluded : `` It is almost certainly no longer under copyright . '' In the European Union , copyright lasts for the life of the author ( s ) plus 70 years ; since Patty Hill ( the last surviving author ) died in 1946 , the copyright in these countries expired on January 1 , 2017 . 2013 Lawsuit ( edit ) On June 13 , 2013 , documentary filmmaker Jennifer Nelson filed a putative class action suit in federal court for the Southern District of New York against Warner / Chappell in the name of her production company , Good Morning to You Productions . As part of a documentary she was making about the song and its history , she had paid US $ 1,500 to secure the rights . Her complaint relied heavily on Brauneis 's research , seeking not only the return of her money but all royalties collected by the company from other filmmakers since 2009 . A week later a similar case was filed in the Central District of California , Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc , Case No. 2 : 13 - cv - 04460 . Five weeks later , Nelson refiled the case there , and the cases were combined . As of April 2014 , Warner 's motion to dismiss had been denied without prejudice , and discovery began under an agreed plan with respect to Claim One , declaratory judgment as to whether `` Happy Birthday to You '' is in the public domain . The Motion Cut - Off as to Merits Issues on the Claim One deadline was November 7 , 2014 . After that , the court was expected to rule on the motion for summary judgment as to the merits issues on Claim One . A jury trial was requested . On July 28 , 2015 , one day prior to a scheduled ruling , Nelson 's attorneys Betsy Manifold and Mark Rifkin presented new evidence that they argued was conclusive proof that the song was in the public domain , `` thus making it unnecessary for the Court to decide the scope or validity of the disputed copyrights , much less whether Patty Hill abandoned any copyright she may have had to the lyrics '' . Several weeks prior , they had been given access to documents held back from them by Warner / Chappell , which included a copy of the 15th edition of The Everyday Song Book , published in 1927 . The book contained `` Good Morning and Happy Birthday '' , but the copy was blurry , obscuring a line of text below the title . Manifold and Rifkin located a clearer copy of an older edition , published in 1922 , that also contained the `` Happy Birthday '' lyrics . The previously obscured line was revealed to be the credit `` Special permission through courtesy of The Clayton F Summy Co . '' . Manifold and Rifkin argued that because the music and lyrics were published without a valid copyright notice as was required at the time , `` Happy Birthday '' was in the public domain . Warner / Chappell disputed the evidence , arguing that unless there was `` necessary authorization from the copyright owner '' , the `` Happy Birthday '' lyrics and sheet music would still be subject to common law copyright as an unpublished work , and that it was unknown whether the `` special permission '' from the Summy Company covered `` Good Morning to All '' , `` Happy Birthday '' , or both , thus alleging that the publication in The Everyday Song Book was unauthorized . The company also argued that it was not acting in bad faith in withholding the evidence of the 1927 publication . On September 22 , 2015 , federal judge George H. King ruled that the Warner / Chappell copyright claim over the lyrics was invalid . The 1935 copyright held by Warner / Chappell applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song , not the lyrics or melody . The court held that the question of whether the 1922 and 1927 publications were authorized , thus placing the song in the public domain , presented questions of fact that would need to be resolved at trial . However , Warner / Chappell had failed to prove that it actually had ever held a copyright to the lyrics , so the court was able to grant summary judgment to the plaintiffs , thus resolving the case . Some initial news sources characterized the decision as ruling that the song was in the public domain , but the decision did not go so far , holding only that Warner / Chappell did not prove they owned the copyright . However , because there are no other claimants to the copyright , and the copyright to the melody long ago expired , the plaintiffs suggested that the song was de facto in the public domain . Also , the judge ruled that the song was not copyrighted by Summy Co. , who had written in the song book , `` Special permission through courtesy of the Clayton F. Summy Co . '' Since there was no evidence Summy Co. had copyright on the song , the song is still considered to be in the public domain . Prior to the lawsuit , Warner / Chappell had been earning $2 million a year licensing the song for commercial use , with a notable example the $5,000 paid by the filmmakers of the 1994 documentary , Hoop Dreams , in order to safely distribute the film . On February 8 , 2016 , Warner / Chappell agreed to pay a settlement of $14 million to those who had licensed the song , and would allow a final judgment declaring the song to be in the public domain , with a final hearing scheduled in March 2016 . On June 28 , 2016 , the final settlement was officially granted and the court declared that the song was in the public domain . The following week , Nelson 's short - form documentary , Happy Birthday : my campaign to liberate the people 's song , was published online by The Guardian . In the wake of their success , the lawyers involved in the `` Happy Birthday '' lawsuit filed similar lawsuits regarding `` We Shall Overcome '' and `` This Land Is Your Land '' . Public performances ( edit ) One of the most famous performances of `` Happy Birthday to You '' was Marilyn Monroe 's rendition to U.S. President John F. Kennedy in May 1962 . Another notable use was by comedy pianist Victor Borge , who played the song in styles of various composers , or would begin playing Moonlight Sonata , smoothly transitioning into the song . The documentary film The Corporation states that Warner / Chappell charged up to US $ 10,000 for the song to appear in a film . Because of the copyright issue , filmmakers rarely showed complete singalongs of `` Happy Birthday '' in films , either substituting the public - domain `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' or avoiding the song entirely . Before the song was copyrighted it was used freely , as in Bosko 's Party , a Warner Bros. cartoon of 1932 , where a chorus of animals sings it twice through . The copyright status of `` Happy Birthday to You '' is directly referenced in a 2009 episode of the TV series iCarly , `` iMake Sam Girlier '' , in which the main character as well as others begin to sing the song to Sam but are prevented from doing so by Freddie , who says the song is n't public domain ; `` For She 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' is then sung instead . In a 1998 episode of the television show Sports Night , `` Intellectual Property '' , character Dan Rydell sings the song to his co-anchor during a telecast , forcing his network to pay royalties , and causing him to ask his colleagues to choose public - domain songs for him to sing for their birthdays . The copyright is also referenced frequently in a Disney A.N.T. Farm episode where characters repeatedly try to sing the song , only to be stopped by others reminding them of the price . The melody of the song is also featured in The Wrong Trousers but was replaced with `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' for DVD releases . The use of the song is a problem even if it is sung in a made - up language , as a Klingon - language version was nixed in pre-production from the 7th - season episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation called `` Parallels '' , replaced with `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' in Klingon . In the Futurama episode `` I Second That Emotion '' , they poke fun at the song and its copyright by making their own version with the lyrics `` What day is today ? / It 's ( birthday person ) 's birthday / What a day for a birthday / Let 's all have some cake . '' In the 30 Rock episode `` Goodbye , My Friend '' , TGS cast members begin to sing the song following an announcement about the royalty fee for singing `` Happy Birthday to You '' on a television show . The cast is interrupted after the first line by a character entering the scene . In the Community episode `` Mixology Certification '' , a scene starts with the last two words of the song ( `` ... to you '' ) , implying it had been sung in its entirety , before Pierce confusedly asks , `` How come we only sang the last two words ? '' In the 1987 documentary Eyes on the Prize about the U.S. Civil Rights Movement , there was a birthday party scene in which Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 's discouragement began to lift . After its initial release , the film was unavailable for sale or broadcast for many years because of the cost of clearing many copyrights , of which `` Happy Birthday to You '' was one . Grants in 2005 for copyright clearances allowed PBS to rebroadcast the film as recently as February 2008 . In 2010 , the Western Classical music conductor Zubin Mehta conducted the orchestra to play variations of Happy Birthday in the styles of various Western classical music composers including Wagner , Bach , Mozart and Beethoven , and in the Viennese , New Orleans and Hungarian composition styles . On August 5 , 2013 , the first anniversary of its landing on Mars , NASA 's Curiosity rover celebrated its `` birthday '' when engineers at Goddard Space Flight Center used the Sample Analysis at Mars ( SAM ) instrument to cause the rover to `` sing '' Happy Birthday on the Martian surface . During the March 6 , 2014 episode of the Comedy Central series The Colbert Report , Stephen Colbert planned to sing the song in honor of the 90th anniversary of its 1924 publication . Due to the copyright issues , Colbert instead performed his new `` royalty - free '' birthday song , which is set to `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . See also ( edit ) History portal Kentucky portal Music portal United States portal List of birthday songs Copyright troll References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hill ; , Mildred J. ( music ) ; Hill , Patty S. ( lyrics ) ( 1896 ) . `` Good Morning to All '' . Song Stories for the Kindergarten . Illustrations by Margaret Byers ; With an introduction by Anna E. Bryan ( New , Revised , Illustrated and Enlarged ed . ) . Chicago : Clayton F. Summy Co. p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Paul ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` You Say It 's Your Birthday . Does the Infamous ' Happy Birthday to You ' Copyright Hold up to Scrutiny ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Originally published in Song Stories for the Kindergarten . Chicago : Clayton E. Summy Co. 1896 . as cited by Snyder , Agnes ( 1972 ) . Dauntless Women in Childhood Education , 1856 -- 1931 . Washington , D.C. : Association for Childhood Education International . p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Masnick , Mike ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lawsuit Filed to Prove Happy Birthday Is in The Public Domain ; Demands Warner Pay Back Millions of License Fees '' . Techdirt . Jump up ^ Clifft , Candice ( 2007 ) . `` Little Loomhouse '' . Louisville Life Program . Kentucky Educational Television . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Weiser , Benjamin ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Birthday Song 's Copyright Leads to a Lawsuit for the Ages '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Happy Birthday ' and the Money It Makes '' . The New York Times . December 26 , 1989 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Wendy ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Transcript '' . The Wendy Williams Show . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . We paid $700 to say happy birthday . You got to pay for the song . Williams used the song during an episode of her show . Jump up ^ Mohan , Isabel ( December 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Richest Songs in the World , BBC Four , Review '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warner , Brian ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 Richest Songs of All Time '' . Celebrity Net Worth . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ EU countries observe the `` life + 70 '' copyright standard . Jump up ^ 537 US 186 , Justice Breyer , dissenting , II , C . ^ Jump up to : Brauneis ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( 9 February 2016 ) . `` Warner Music Settles ' Happy Birthday ' Lawsuit for $14 Million '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Good Morning to You Productions v. Warner / Chappell Music , Inc . ( U.S. District Court for the Central District of California 2016 ) ( `` The Court hereby declares that , as of the Final Settlement Date , the Song entitled Happy Birthday to You ! will be in the public domain . '' ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Rupa Marya , et al. v. Warner / Chappell Music , Inc. , et al '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for the Central District of California . September 22 , 2015 . Case Number CV - 13 - 4460 - GHK . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Konstantinides , Anneta ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` That 's Not What She Wished For ! Grandma , 102 , Blows Out Her Birthday Candles ... and Ends Up Losing Her Teeth Instead '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Feaster , Patrick ( June 20 , 2014 ) , `` Edith Goodyear Alger : Lyricist of ' Happy Birthday to You ' ? '' Griffonage - Dot - Com . Jump up ^ US District Court CA ( 2015 ) , pp. 3 . Jump up ^ Romeo , Dave ( 2009 ) . Striving for Significance : Life Lessons Learned While Fishing . iUniverse . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4401 - 2213 - 2 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Russell , Carrie ( 2004 ) . Complete Copyright : An Everyday Guide for Librarians . American Library Association . p. 15 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Brauneis , Robert ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Copyright and the World 's Most Popular Song '' . Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A . Legal Studies Research Paper No. 392 . George Washington University Law School . 56 : 335 . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1111624 . SSRN 1111624 . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , pp. 4 , 68 . Jump up ^ Balme , Charlie ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` US Happy Birthday copyright case settles after protracted legal battle '' . Marks & Clerk . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Birthday to You ' Belongs to Everyone : Lawsuit '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Class Action Complaint : Good Morning to You Productions v. Warner / Chappell Music '' . June 13 , 2013 -- via Scribd.com . Jump up ^ `` Case docket : Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc '' . archive.org . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Notice of Voluntary Dismissal , Good Morning To You Productions Corp. v. Warner / Chappell Music , Docket No. 1 : 13 - cv - 04040 ( S.D.N.Y. filed July 26 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Third Amended Consolidated Complaint , Good Morning to You Productions Corp. v. Warner / Chappell Music , Docket No. 2 : 13 - cv - 04460 ( C.D. Cal . November 6 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Masnick , Mike ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Music Reprising the Role of the Evil Slayer of the Public Domain , Fights Back Against Happy Birthday Lawsuit '' . Techdirt . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Court Keeps Candles Lit on Dispute Over ' Happy Birthday ' Copyright '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Dkt. 89 ( Joint Report Rule 26 ( f ) Discovery Plan ) Jump up ^ Amended Complaint , Dkt. 75 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Birthday ' Lawsuit : ' Smoking Gun ' Emerges in Bid to Free World 's Most Popular Song '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Lawyers : 1922 Songbook with ' Happy Birthday ' Lyrics Was n't ' Authorized ' '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : US District Court CA ( 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mai - Duc , Christine ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Happy Birthday ' Song Copyright Is Not Valid , Judge Rules '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Happy Birthday ' Copyright Ruled to Be Invalid '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Elle ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Happy Birthday Ruled Public Domain as Judge Throws out Copyright Claim '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Calamur , Krishnadev ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Unchained Melody '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US District Court CA ( 2015 ) , pp. 14 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mai - Duc , Christine ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Filmmaker Picks a Fight with a Corporate Giant and Sets ' Happy Birthday ' Free '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Gordon ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Truth and Consequences '' . On the Media ( Transcript ) . Interview with Bob Garfield . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Birthday ' , ' Hoop Dreams ' , and the Fight for Fair Use '' . Kartemquin Films . September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Music Pays $14 Million to End ' Happy Birthday ' Copyright Lawsuit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday : Warner Offers up to $14 M to Settle Copyright Dispute '' . CBC News . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Documentary About Freeing Happy Birthday From Copyfraud Comes Out The Day After Happy Birthday Officially Declared Public Domain '' . Techdirt . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Birthday ' Legal Team Turns Attention to ' We Shall Overcome ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farivar , Cyrus ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Lawyers who yanked ' Happy Birthday ' into public domain now sue over ' This Land ' '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bates , Daniel ( November 25 , 2011 ) . `` Happy Birthday Mr President , I 'm a Bit Out of Breath : Secret Behind Marilyn Monroe 's Most Memorable Moment '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Higham , Nick ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` Victor Borge : The Great Dane '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Brian ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Rainer Hersch 's Victor Borge '' . The Guardian ( Review ) . London . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Night `` Intellectual Property '' Quotes `` . imdb.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dean , Katie ( August 30 , 2005 ) . `` Cash Rescues Eyes on the Prize '' . Wired . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PBS News : PBS Celebrates Black History Month with an Extensive Lineup of Special Programming '' ( Press release ) . PBS . January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zubin Mehta , Happy Birthday Variation , Symphony '' ( Video ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 -- via You Tube . Jump up ^ `` Zubin Mehta Does Variations on ' Happy Birthday ' '' . Best Jon Bon . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday , Curiosity ! '' . NASA . August 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Creates Royalty - Free Alternative to ' Happy Birthday ' For ' Happy Birthday 's Happy Birthday '' . Techdirt . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stephen Colbert Audience Experience '' . Worcester Telegram & Gazette . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Works cited ( edit ) Brauneis , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` Copyright and the World 's Most Popular Song '' . GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1111624 . SSRN 1111624 . `` Rupa Marya , et al. v. Warner / Chappell Music , Inc. , et al '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for the Central District of California . September 22 , 2015 . Case Number CV - 13 - 4460 - GHK . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutHappy Birthday to Youat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Free sheet music of Happy Birthday to You from Cantorion.org The original edition of Song Stories For The Kindergarten in PDF ( public domain ) . It contains the song `` Good morning to you '' . The Happy Birthday Song and The Little Loomhouse `` Happy Birthday '' at MusicBrainz ( information and list of recordings ) Mars rover Curiosity plays `` Happy Birthday '' to itself on YouTube in 2013 The Happy Birthday Song provides access to the `` Good Morning and Birthday Song '' from the 1927 edition of The Everyday Song Book held by the University of Pittsburgh Library System . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Birthday_to_You&oldid=815978878 '' Categories : 1912 songs American songs Songs about birthday Copyright infringement Folk songs History of Louisville , Kentucky Public domain music Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from February 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 MusicBrainz work same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz work links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 13 : 03 . 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5303249192444561449	Marginal product of labor	Marginal product of labor - wikipedia Marginal product of labor Jump to : navigation , search In economics , the marginal product of labor ( MP ) is the change in output that results from employing an added unit of labor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Examples 3 Marginal costs 4 Relation between MP and AP 5 Diminishing marginal returns 6 MP , MRP and profit maximization 6.1 Example 7 Marginal productivity ethics 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References Definition ( edit ) The marginal product of a factor of production is generally defined as the change in output associated with a change in that factor , holding other inputs into production constant . The marginal product of labor is then the change in output ( Y ) per unit change in labor ( L ) . In discrete terms the marginal product of labor is : Δ Y Δ L . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ Delta Y ) ( \ Delta L ) ) . ) In continuous terms , the MP is the first derivative of the production function : ∂ Y ∂ L . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial Y ) ( \ partial L ) ) . ) Graphically , the MP is the slope of the production function . Examples ( edit ) Marginal product of labor table There is a factory which produces toys . When there are no workers in the factory , no toys are produced . When there is one worker in the factory , six toys are produced per hour . When there are two workers in the factory , eleven toys are produced per hour . There is a marginal product of labor of five when there are two workers in the factory compared to one . When the marginal product of labor is increasing , this is called increasing marginal returns . However , as the number of workers increases , the marginal product of labor may not increase indefinitely . When not scaled properly , the marginal product of labor may go down when the number of employees goes up , creating a situation known as diminishing marginal returns . When the marginal product of labor becomes negative , it is known as negative marginal returns . Marginal costs ( edit ) The marginal product of labor is directly related to costs of production . Costs are divided between fixed and variable costs . Fixed costs are costs that relate to the fixed input , capital , or rK , where r is the rental cost of capital and K is the quantity of capital . Variable costs ( VC ) are the costs of the variable input , labor , or wL , where w is the wage rate and L is the amount of labor employed . Thus , VC = wL . Marginal cost ( MC ) is the change in total cost per unit change in output or ∆ C / ∆ Q. In the short run , production can be varied only by changing the variable input . Thus only variable costs change as output increases : ∆ C = ∆ VC = ∆ ( wL ) . Marginal cost is ∆ ( Lw ) / ∆ Q. Now , ∆ L / ∆ Q is the reciprocal of the marginal product of labor ( ∆ Q / ∆ L ) . Therefore , marginal cost is simply the wage rate w divided by the marginal product of labor MC = ∆ VC ∕ ∆ Q ; ∆ VC = w ∆ L ; ∆ L ∕ ∆ Q ( the change in quantity of labor to effect a one unit change in output ) = 1 ∕ MP . Therefore MC = w ∕ MP Thus if the marginal product of labor is rising then marginal costs will be falling and if the marginal product of labor is falling marginal costs will be rising ( assuming a constant wage rate ) . Relation between MP and AP ( edit ) The average product of labor is the total product of labor divided by the number of units of labor employed , or Q / L. The average product of labor is a common measure of labor productivity . The AP curve is shaped like an inverted `` u '' . At low production levels the AP tends to increase as additional labor is added . The primary reason for the increase is specialization and division of labor . At the point the AP reaches its maximum value AP equals the MP . Beyond this point the AP falls . During the early stages of production MP is greater than AP . When the MP is above the AP the AP will increase . Eventually the MP reaches it maximum value at the point of diminishing returns . Beyond this point MP will decrease . However , at the point of diminishing returns the MP is still above the AP and AP will continue to increase until MP equals AP . When MP is below AP , AP will decrease . Graphically , the AP curve can be derived from the total product curve by drawing secants from the origin that intersect ( cut ) the total product curve . The slope of the secant line equals the average product of labor , where the slope = dQ / dL . The slope of the curve at each intersection marks a point on the average product curve . The slope increases until the line reaches a point of tangency with the total product curve . This point marks the maximum average product of labor . It also marks the point where MP ( which is the slope of the total product curve ) equals the AP ( the slope of the secant ) . Beyond this point the slope of the secants become progressively smaller as AP declines . The MP curve intersects the AP curve from above at the maximum point of the AP curve . Thereafter , the MP curve is below the AP curve . Diminishing marginal returns ( edit ) The falling MP is due to the law of diminishing marginal returns . The law states , `` as units of one input are added ( with all other inputs held constant ) a point will be reached where the resulting additions to output will begin to decrease ; that is marginal product will decline . '' The law of diminishing marginal returns applies regardless of whether the production function exhibits increasing , decreasing or constant returns to scale . The key factor is that the variable input is being changed while all other factors of production are being held constant . Under such circumstances diminishing marginal returns are inevitable at some level of production . Diminishing marginal returns differs from diminishing returns . Diminishing marginal returns means that the marginal product of the variable input is falling . Diminishing returns occur when the marginal product of the variable input is negative . That is when a unit increase in the variable input causes total product to fall . At the point that diminishing returns begin the MP is zero . MP , MRP and profit maximization ( edit ) The general rule is that a firm maximizes profit by producing that quantity of output where marginal revenue equals marginal costs . The profit maximization issue can also be approached from the input side . That is , what is the profit maximizing usage of the variable input ? To maximize profits the firm should increase usage `` up to the point where the input 's marginal revenue product equals its marginal costs '' . So , mathematically the profit maximizing rule is MRP = MC . The marginal profit per unit of labor equals the marginal revenue product of labor minus the marginal cost of labor or Mπ = MRP − MC A firm maximizes profits where Mπ = 0 . The marginal revenue product is the change in total revenue per unit change in the variable input assume labor . That is , MRP = ∆ TR / ∆ L. MRP is the product of marginal revenue and the marginal product of labor or MRP = MR × MP . Derivation : MR = ∆ TR / ∆ Q MP = ∆ Q / ∆ L MRP = MR × MP = ( ∆ TR / ∆ Q ) × ( ∆ Q / ∆ L ) = ∆ TR / ∆ L Example ( edit ) Assume that the production function is Q = 90 L − L 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90L - L ^ ( 2 ) ) M C L = 30 ( \ displaystyle MC_ ( L ) = 30 ) Output price is $40 per unit . M P L = 90 − 2 L ( \ displaystyle MP_ ( L ) = 90 - 2L ) M R P L = 40 ( 90 − 2 L ) ( \ displaystyle MRP_ ( L ) = 40 ( 90 - 2L ) ) M R P L = 3600 − 80 L ( \ displaystyle MRP_ ( L ) = 3600 - 80L ) M R P L = M C L ( \ displaystyle MRP_ ( L ) = MC_ ( L ) ) ( Profit Max Rule ) 3600 − 80 L = 30 ( \ displaystyle 3600 - 80L = 30 ) 3570 = 80 L ( \ displaystyle 3570 = 80L ) L = 44.625 ( \ displaystyle L = 44.625 ) 44.625 is the profit maximizing number of workers . Q = 90 L − L 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90L - L ^ ( 2 ) ) Q = 90 ( 44.625 ) − ( 44.625 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90 ( 44.625 ) - ( 44.625 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) Q = 4016.25 − 1991.39 ( \ displaystyle Q = 4016.25 - 1991.39 ) Q = 2024.86 ( \ displaystyle Q = 2024.86 ) Thus , the profit maximizing output is 2025 units And the profit is T R − T C = Π ( \ displaystyle TR - TC = \ Pi ) Π = 40 ( 2025 ) − 30 ( 2025 ) ( \ displaystyle \ Pi = 40 ( 2025 ) - 30 ( 2025 ) ) Π = 81 , 000 − 60 , 750 ( \ displaystyle \ Pi = 81,000 - 60,750 ) Π = 20 , 250 ( \ displaystyle \ Pi = 20,250 ) Some might be confused by the fact that L = 44.625 ( \ displaystyle L = 44.625 ) as intuition would say that labor should be discrete . Remember , however , that labor is actually a time measure as well . Thus , it can be thought of as a worker not working the entire hour . Marginal productivity ethics ( edit ) In the aftermath of the marginal revolution in economics , a number of economists including John Bates Clark and Thomas Nixon Carver sought to derive an ethical theory of income distribution based on the idea that workers were morally entitled to receive a wage exactly equal to their marginal product . In the 20th century , marginal productivity ethics found few supporters among economists , being criticised not only by egalitarians but by economists associated with the Chicago school such as Frank Knight ( in The Ethics of Competition ) and the Austrian School , such as Leland Yeager . However , marginal productivity ethics were defended by George Stigler . See also ( edit ) Marginal product of capital Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 108 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 . p. 173 . Jump up ^ Pindyck , R. and D. Rubinfeld , Microeconomics , 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , W. and C. Snyder , Intermediate Microeconomics , Thomson 2007 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , W. , Microeconomic Theory , 9th ed . Thomson 2005 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Binger , B. and E. Hoffman , Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . Addison - Wesley 1998 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ; Robin Wells ( 2010 ) . Microeconomics . Worth Publishers . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 1429277914 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J : Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus page 177 . Pearson 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Samuelson , W. and S. Marks , Managerial Economics , 4th ed . Wiley 2003 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Hal Varian , Microeconomic Analysis , 3rd ed . Norton 1992 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ `` Can a Liberal Be an Equalitarian ? Leland B. Yeager - Toward Liberty : Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises , vol. 2 '' . Online Library of Liberty . 1971 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . References ( edit ) Business and economics portal Binger , B. and E. Hoffman , Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . Addison - Wesley 1998 , ISBN 0 - 321 - 01225 - 9 Krugman , Paul , and Robin Wells ( 2009 ) , Microeconomics 2d ed . Worth Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1429277914 Nicholson , W. , Microeconomic Theory , 9th ed . Thomson 2005 . Nicholson , W. and C. Snyder , Intermediate Microeconomics , Thomson 2007 , ISBN 0 - 324 - 31968 - 1 Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 27794 - 7 Pindyck , R. and D. Rubinfeld , Microeconomics , 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 019673 - 8 Samuelson , W. and S. Marks , Managerial Economics , 4th ed . Wiley 2003 . Varian , Hal , Microeconomic Analysis , 3rd ed . Norton 1992 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marginal_product_of_labor&oldid=834171554 '' Categories : Production economics Marginal concepts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 09 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	relationship between average product and marginal product of labour	[]	[]
-2744445238544104310	List of minimum wages by country	List of minimum wages by Country - wikipedia List of minimum wages by Country Jump to : navigation , search Minimum wages per hour in U.S. dollars : No data No minimum wage $0.00 -- $1.00 $1.01 -- $2.00 $2.01 -- $3.00 $3.01 -- $5.00 $5.01 -- $7.50 $7.51 -- $10.00 $10.00 + This is a list of official minimum wage rates of the 193 United Nations member states , and also inclusive of these limited recognition states : Taiwan , Hong Kong , Northern Cyprus , Kosovo , and Palestine . Some countries may have a very complicated minimum wage system ; for example , India has more than 1202 minimum wage rates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Countries 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Methodology ( edit ) The minimum wages given refer to a gross amount , that is before deduction of taxes and social security contributions , which vary from one country to another . Also excluded from calculations are regulated paid days off , including public holidays , sick pay , annual leave and social insurance contributions paid by the employer . For the sake of comparison , an annual wage column is provided in international dollars , a hypothetical unit of currency calculated based on the purchasing power parity of household final consumption expenditure . For calculating the annual wage , the lowest general minimum wage was used . Countries ( edit ) Country Minimum wage Annual Workweek ( hours ) Hourly Percent of GDP per capita Effective per Nominal ( US $ ) PPP ( Int $ ) Nominal ( US $ ) PPP ( Int $ ) Afghanistan 5,000 Afghani ( $72 ) per month for government workers . No minimum set for private sector workers , but labor law prevents paying private sector workers less than government workers . Informal sector day workers are unprotected . 7002884000000000000 ♠ 884 7003300100000000000 ♠ 3,001 40 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 7000144000000000000 ♠ 1.44 7002155190000000000 ♠ 155.2 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Albania 24,000 Albanian lek ë ( 214 $ ) per month , in private sector and 37,000 lekë ( 330 $ ) per month in public sector . The law establishes a 40 - hour workweek , but the actual workweek is typically set by individual or collective - bargaining agreement . 7003232000000000000 ♠ 2,320 7003522600000000000 ♠ 5,226 40 7000112000000000000 ♠ 1.12 7000250990000099999 ♠ 2.51 7001462000000000000 ♠ 46.2 % 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2017 Algeria 18,000 Algerian dinars ( $170 ) per month , nationally . 7003197400000000000 ♠ 1,974 7003590800000000000 ♠ 5,908 40 6999950000000000000 ♠ 0.95 7000284000000000000 ♠ 2.84 7001402000000000000 ♠ 40.2 % 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2012 Andorra € 991.47 per month , € 5.72 per hour . 7004134440000000000 ♠ 13,444 7004104020000000000 ♠ 10,402 40 7000646000000000000 ♠ 6.46 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Angola 15,003 kwanza per month ; paid thirteen times a year . 7003162500000000000 ♠ 1,625 7003196100000000000 ♠ 1,961 44 6999710000000000000 ♠ 0.71 6999860000000000000 ♠ 0.86 7001266000000000000 ♠ 26.6 % 000000002014 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2014 Antigua and Barbuda EC $ 8.20 per hour . 7003631700000000000 ♠ 6,317 7003766100000000000 ♠ 7,661 40 7000304000000000000 ♠ 3.04 7000368000000000000 ♠ 3.68 7001334000000000000 ♠ 33.4 % 000000002014 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2014 Argentina 8,860 Argentine pesos ( $504 ) per month for up to 200 hours ; paid thirteen times a year . 7003780400000000000 ♠ 7,804 7004206270000000000 ♠ 20,627 48 7000313000000000000 ♠ 3.13 7000826000000000000 ♠ 8.26 7001915000000000000 ♠ 91.5 % 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2017 Armenia 55,000 Armenian dram ( $107 ) per month . 7003137400000000000 ♠ 1,374 7003326500000000000 ♠ 3,265 40 6999660000000000000 ♠ 0.66 7000157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 7001389000000000000 ♠ 38.9 % 000000002015 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2015 Australia Most workers are covered by an award , which may vary by employee age , geographical location and industry . For employees 21 + not covered by an award or agreement , the minimum wages is A $ 18.29 per hour , A $694.90 per week ; set federally by the Fair Work Commission . Workers under 21 , apprentices and trainees not covered by an award each have a minimum wage level set nationally below the official minimum . Minimum wage for workers under 16 is 36.8 % of the 21 + minimum wage ( A $ 6.73 per hour ) . 7004268620000000000 ♠ 26,862 7004229240000000000 ♠ 22,924 38 7001135900000000000 ♠ 13.59 7001116000000000000 ♠ 11.6 7001504000000000000 ♠ 50.4 % 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2017 Austria National collective bargaining agreements set minimum wages by job classification for each industry and provide for a minimum wage of € 1,200 ( $1,289 ) per month . Wages where no such collective agreements exist , such as for domestic workers , janitorial staff and au pairs , are regulated by relevant legislation and are generally lower than those covered by collective bargaining . The national minimum wage legislation has lapsed , although is still in force by convention . 40 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Azerbaijan 116 Azerbaijani manat ( $68.80 ) per month . 7002872000000000000 ♠ 872 7003433600000000000 ♠ 4,336 40 6999420000000000000 ♠ 0.42 7000208000000000000 ♠ 2.08 7001244000000000000 ♠ 24.4 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 The Bahamas B $ 5.25 ( $5.25 ) per hour , B $42 ( $42 ) per day , and B $210 ( $210 ) per week . 7004109200000000000 ♠ 10,920 7003944800000000000 ♠ 9,448 40 7000525000000000000 ♠ 5.25 7000454000000000000 ♠ 4.54 7001397000000000000 ♠ 39.7 % 000000002015 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 August 2015 Bahrain None ; 300 BHD ( $800 ) for the public sector workers ( only applies to Bahraini nationals ) . 48 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Bangladesh 1,500 taka ( $19 ) per month for all economic sectors not covered by industry - specific wages ; in the garment industry the minimum wage is 5,300 taka ( $68 ) per month . The minimum wage is set nationally every five years by the National Minimum Wage Board in a tripartite forum industry by industry . 7003126200000000000 ♠ 1,262 7003323500000000000 ♠ 3,235 48 6999510000000000000 ♠ 0.51 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 7001971000000000000 ♠ 97.1 % 000000002013 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2013 Barbados BDS $ 6.25 ( $3.13 ) per hour for household domestics and shop assistants ; the Ministry of Labor recommends all other sectors use this as the de facto minimum wage . 7003650000000000000 ♠ 6,500 7003529200000000000 ♠ 5,292 40 7000313000000000000 ♠ 3.13 7000254000000000000 ♠ 2.54 7001322999999900000 ♠ 32.3 % 000000002012 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2012 Belarus 265.00 Belarusian rubles per month . 7003269600000000000 ♠ 2,696 7003613200000000000 ♠ 6,132 40 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 7000295000000000000 ♠ 2.95 7001347000000000000 ♠ 34.7 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Belgium € 1,501.82 ( $1,673 ) per month , € 9.12 ( $10.16 ) per hour for workers 21 years of age and over ; € 1,541.67 ( $1,718 ) per month for workers 21 and a half years of age , with six months of service ; € 1,559.38 ( $1,738 ) per month for workers 22 years of age , with 12 months of service ; coupled with extensive social benefits . 7004203630000000000 ♠ 20,363 7004200560000000000 ♠ 20,056 38 7001103100000000000 ♠ 10.31 7001101500000000000 ♠ 10.15 7001456000000000000 ♠ 45.6 % 000000002013 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2013 Belize BZ $ 3.30 ( $1.65 ) per hour . 7003386100000000000 ♠ 3,861 7003673700000000000 ♠ 6,737 45 7000165000000000000 ♠ 1.65 7000288000000000000 ♠ 2.88 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 % 000000002012 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 2012 Benin 40,000 CFA francs per month ; the government set minimum wage scales for a number of occupations . 7002809000000000000 ♠ 809 7003210200000000000 ♠ 2,102 40 6999390000000000000 ♠ 0.39 7000101000000000000 ♠ 1.01 7001996000000000000 ♠ 99.6 % 000000002014 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2014 Bhutan 3,750 Bhutanese ngultrum per month . 7002670000000000000 ♠ 670 7003208200000000000 ♠ 2,082 40 6999320000000000000 ♠ 0.32 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001258000000000000 ♠ 25.8 % 000000002014 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2014 Bolivia 1805 Bolivian bolivianos per month . plus an obligatory Christmas bonus equal to one month 's pay , prorated for the amount of time the worker has worked in their present position . Plus a second Christmas Bonus if the government decries the economy grew enough , plus an extra month paid in May if the company made a profit for the previous year . 7003339600000000000 ♠ 3,396 7003699000000000000 ♠ 6,990 48 7000136000000000000 ♠ 1.36 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.8 7002101600000000000 ♠ 101.6 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Bosnia and Herzegovina 406 convertible marks ( $240 ) net per month . 7003217200000000000 ♠ 2,172 7003457500000000000 ♠ 4,575 40 7000104000000000000 ♠ 1.04 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 7001435000000000000 ♠ 43.5 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Botswana 5.46 Botswana pula ( $0.58 ) an hour for most full - time labor in the private sector ; 3.03 ( $. 29 ) Botswana pula per hour for domestic workers or approximately 24.24 pula ( $2.28 ) a day ; 620 Botswana pula ( $60 ) per month for workers in the agriculture sector . 7002735000000000000 ♠ 735 7003144200000000000 ♠ 1,442 48 6999289990000000000 ♠ 0.29 6999579990000000000 ♠ 0.58 7000910000000000000 ♠ 9.1 % 000000002016 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2016 Brazil 937 Brazilian reais per month ( $290 ) , paid 13 times a year . The Brazilian minimum wage is adjusted annually by the federal government . Each Brazilian state has its own minimum wage , which can not be lower than the federal minimum wage . Rio Grande do Sul has the highest minimum wage nationwide , R $ 1,103.66 . 7003349100000000000 ♠ 3,491 7003596200000000000 ♠ 5,962 44 7000153000000000000 ♠ 1.53 7000261000000000000 ♠ 2.61 7001388009999900000 ♠ 38.8 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Brunei None 48 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Bulgaria 460 Bulgarian lev ( $257 ) per month , 2.77 lev ( $1.6 ) per hour . 7003325900000000000 ♠ 3,259 7003751400000000000 ♠ 7,514 40 7000157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 7000361000000000000 ♠ 3.61 7001429000000000000 ♠ 42.9 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Burkina Faso 34,664 CFA francs per month . 7002701000000000000 ♠ 701 7003187700000000000 ♠ 1,877 40 6999340000000000000 ♠ 0.34 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7002113100000000000 ♠ 113.1 % 000000002012 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2012 Burundi None ; in the past the government set the minimum wage , but during the year the minimum wage was set by market forces . 40 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Cambodia None ; US $140 per month , for the garment and shoe industry . 48 1 January 2016 Cameroon 36,270 CFA francs ( $75 ) per month . 7002734000000000000 ♠ 734 7003181200000000000 ♠ 1,812 40 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 6999870000000000000 ♠ 0.87 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 % 000000002014 - 07 - 30 - 0000 30 July 2014 Canada The minimum wage in Canada is set by each province and territory ; ranges from C $ 10.85 to C $13.60 per hour . 7004170270000000000 ♠ 17,027 7004170220000000000 ♠ 17,022 40 7000819009999900000 ♠ 8.19 7000818000000000000 ♠ 8.18 7001384000000000000 ♠ 38.4 % 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2017 Cape Verde 11,000 Cape Verdean escudos per month ; in the public sector 12,000 Cape Verdean escudos per month for an entry ‐ level worker . 7003132400000000000 ♠ 1,324 7003281200000000000 ♠ 2,812 44 6999579990000000000 ♠ 0.58 7000123000000000000 ♠ 1.23 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2014 Central African Republic 35 000 CFA francs per month , 218.75 CFA francs per hour . 7002767000000000000 ♠ 767 7003145500000000000 ♠ 1,455 40 6999370000000000000 ♠ 0.37 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7002243600000000000 ♠ 243.6 % 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Chad 59,995 CFA francs ( $120 ) per month , 355 CFA francs per hour . 7003121400000000000 ♠ 1,214 7003340600000000000 ♠ 3,406 39 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 7000168000000000000 ♠ 1.68 7002156900000000000 ♠ 156.9 % 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 2011 Chile 264,000 Chilean pesos ( $408 ) per month for workers aged 18 -- 65 ; 186,631 pesos ( $276 ) for workers younger than 18 and older than 65 ; and 161,265 pesos ( $238 ) for ' non remunerative ' purposes . 7003468000000000000 ♠ 4,680 7003725300000000000 ♠ 7,253 45 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 7001325000000000000 ♠ 32.5 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 China The minimum wage in China is set locally , ranges from RMB1 , 000 ( $146 ) per month , RMB9. 50 ( $1.39 ) per hour in Guangxi to RMB2 , 190 ( $321 ) per month , RMB19. 00 ( $2.78 ) per hour in Shanghai . 7003180600000000000 ♠ 1,806 7003313900000000000 ♠ 3,139 40 6999870000000000000 ♠ 0.87 7000151000000000000 ♠ 1.51 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 % 000000002016 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 2016 Colombia 737,717 Colombian pesos per month ( $250 ) 7003289900000000000 ♠ 2,899 7003685300000000000 ♠ 6,853 48 7000116000000099999 ♠ 1.16 7000275000000000000 ♠ 2.75 7001497000000000000 ♠ 49.7 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Comoros 55,000 Comorian francs ( $150 ) per month . 7003148400000000000 ♠ 1,484 7003307000000000000 ♠ 3,070 40 6999710000000000000 ♠ 0.71 7000148000000000000 ♠ 1.48 7002202200000000000 ♠ 202.2 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,680 Congolese francs ( $1.83 ) per day . 7002432000000000000 ♠ 432 7002762000000000000 ♠ 762 45 6999180000000000000 ♠ 0.18 6999330000000000000 ♠ 0.33 7001974000000000000 ♠ 97.4 % 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2009 Republic of the Congo 90,000 CFA francs ( $170 ) per month in the formal sector . 7003182100000000000 ♠ 1,821 7003604300000000000 ♠ 6,043 40 6999880000000000000 ♠ 0.88 7000291000000000000 ♠ 2.91 7001949000000000000 ♠ 94.9 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Costa Rica Varies for specified industries from ₡ 9,598.73 per 8 - hour work day for unskilled workers to ₡ 12,537.91 per day for specialized workers . All other occupations not explicitly covered fall under the generic scale , which varies from ₡ 286,467.36 per month for unskilled workers to ₡ 615,083.69 for licentiates . 7003458100000000000 ♠ 4,581 7003660300000000000 ♠ 6,603 48 7000184000000000000 ♠ 1.84 7000265000000000000 ♠ 2.65 7001429000000000000 ♠ 42.9 % 000000002015 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2015 Côte d'Ivoire Varies by occupation , with the lowest set to 36,607 CFA franc ( $72 ) per month for the industrial sector ; a slightly higher minimum wage rate is applied for construction workers . 7002741000000000000 ♠ 741 7003185800000000000 ♠ 1,858 40 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 6999890000000000000 ♠ 0.89 7001532000000000000 ♠ 53.2 % 000000001994 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1994 Croatia 3,276 Croatian kuna ( $464 ) per month . 7003577600000000000 ♠ 5,776 7003940200000000000 ♠ 9,402 40 7000277990000099999 ♠ 2.78 7000451990000099999 ♠ 4.52 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Cuba 225 Cuban pesos ( $9 ) per month . ( Note that the exchange rate data and the International dollars conversion data for this row is for 2012 , as more current data was not available at the time of data entry ) Each citizen is however also given free food to supplement the salary . 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 181 40 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 6998800000000000000 ♠ 0.08 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 % 000000002005 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2005 Cyprus None ; € 870 per month for shop assistants , nurses ' assistants , clerks , hairdressers , and nursery assistants ; it rises to € 924 after six months ' employment . For asylum seekers working as unskilled workers in the agricultural sector , the minimum monthly wage was 425 euros ( $570 ) with accommodation and food provided . For skilled workers in the agricultural sector , the minimum salary was 767 euros ( $1,040 ) without accommodation and food . 48 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Czech Republic 12,200.00 Czech koruna ( $568 ) per month , or 73.20 koruna ( $3.4 ) per hour . 7003623000000000000 ♠ 6,230 7004105100000000000 ♠ 10,510 40 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000505000000000000 ♠ 5.05 7001327000000000000 ♠ 32.7 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Denmark None ; instead , negotiated between unions and employer associations ; the average minimum wage for all private and public sector collective bargaining agreements was approximately DKK 110 ( nominally $16 ) per hour , exclusive of pension benefits . 37.5 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Djibouti None ; canceled by the 2006 Labor Code for occupational categories , establishing that wages be set after common agreement between employers and employees . For public sector workers , minimum wage was 35,000 DFJ ( $198 ) per month . 48 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Dominica EC $ 4.00 ( $1.50 ) per hour . 7003308100000000000 ♠ 3,081 7003418000000000000 ♠ 4,180 40 7000148000000000000 ♠ 1.48 7000200999999999999 ♠ 2.01 7001371000000000000 ♠ 37.1 % 000000002008 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2008 Dominican Republic 8,310 Dominican pesos per month in the FTZs and between 7,843 pesos and 12,873 pesos outside the FTZs , depending upon the size of the company ; 5,884 pesos per month for the public sector ; 234 pesos a day for farm workers who are covered by minimum wage regulations based on a 10 - hour day , with the exception of sugarcane workers who received 146 pesos based on an eight - hour workday . 7002906000000000000 ♠ 906 7003187900000000000 ♠ 1,879 44 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 6999820009999900000 ♠ 0.82 7001132000000000000 ♠ 13.2 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Ecuador US $ 427 per month ( for a 12 month average , including 13th and 14th salaries ) . Minimum wage has been set by the government at $366 per month for the year 2016 , but a worker who works a full year also receives a 13th and a 14th salary . 7003512400000000000 ♠ 5,124 7003848500000000000 ♠ 8,485 40 7000246000000000000 ♠ 2.46 7000408000000000000 ♠ 4.08 7001745000000000000 ♠ 74.5 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Egypt None ; for the public sector the minimum wage is LE 1,200 ( $68 ) per month . 48 1 January 2014 El Salvador Set sector by sector ; for example , US $ 242.40 a month for retail employees ; US $237.00 for industrial laborers ; US $202.80 for apparel assembly workers ; US $113.70 for agriculture workers . The wage for seasonal agricultural workers of cotton and sugar cane is used here . 7003113800000000000 ♠ 1,138 7003219400000000000 ♠ 2,194 44 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 6999960000000000000 ♠ 0.96 7001255000000000000 ♠ 25.5 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2014 Equatorial Guinea 129,035 CFA franc ( $224 ) . 7003261100000000000 ♠ 2,611 7003424400000000000 ♠ 4,244 48 7000105000000000000 ♠ 1.05 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 7001141000000000000 ♠ 14.1 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Eritrea None ; 360 Eritrean nakfa ( $23.3 ) per month in the public sector . 44.5 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Estonia € 470 per month , € 2.78 per hour . 7003653400000000000 ♠ 6,534 7003917000000000000 ♠ 9,170 40 7000314000000000000 ♠ 3.14 7000441000000000000 ♠ 4.41 7001326000000000000 ♠ 32.6 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Ethiopia None ; some government institutions and public enterprises set their own minimum wages : public sector employees , the largest group of wage earners , earned a monthly minimum wage of 420 Ethiopian birr ( $21 ) ; employees in the banking and insurance sector had a minimum monthly wage of 336 birr ( $18 ) . 48 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Federated States of Micronesia None ; US $ 2.65 per hour for employment with the national government ; all states have a minimum hourly wage for government workers : $2.00 in Pohnpei , $1.25 in Chuuk , $1.42 in Kosrae , and $1.60 in Yap ; $1.75 for private sector workers in Pohnpei . 40 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Fiji FJ $ 2.68 per hour . 7003318900000000000 ♠ 3,189 7003534200000000000 ♠ 5,342 48 7000128000000000000 ♠ 1.28 7000214000000000000 ♠ 2.14 7001583000000000000 ♠ 58.3 % 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2017 Finland None ; however , the law requires all employers , including non-unionized ones , to pay minimum wages agreed to in collective bargaining agreements ; almost all workers are covered under such arrangements . 40 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 France € 1,480.27 per month , € 9.76 per hour . 7004200710000000000 ♠ 20,071 7004200810000000000 ♠ 20,081 35 7001110300000000000 ♠ 11.03 7001110300000000000 ♠ 11.03 7001506000000000000 ♠ 50.6 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Gabon 150,000 CFA francs ( $255 ) per month ; government workers received an additional monthly allowance of 20,000 CFA francs ( $34 ) per child ; government workers also received transportation , housing , and family benefits ; the law does not mandate housing or family benefits for private sector workers . 7003303500000000000 ♠ 3,035 7003733600000000000 ♠ 7,336 40 7000146000000000000 ♠ 1.46 7000353000000000000 ♠ 3.53 7001367000000000000 ♠ 36.7 % 000000002010 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2010 The Gambia 50 dalasi ( $1.25 ) per day . 7002317000000000000 ♠ 317 7003110900000000000 ♠ 1,109 48 6999130000000000000 ♠ 0.13 6999440000000000000 ♠ 0.44 7001674000000000000 ♠ 67.4 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Georgia 20 Georgian lari ( $8 ) per month for private sector workers which has remained unchanged since the early 1990s ; 115 lari ( $48 ) per month for public employees . 7002101000000000000 ♠ 101 7002284000000000000 ♠ 284 40 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Germany € 8.84 per hour . A higher minimum wage is often set by collective bargaining agreements and enforceable by law . 7004210360000000000 ♠ 21,036 7004222360000000000 ♠ 22,236 40.5 7000999000000000000 ♠ 9.99 7001105600000000000 ♠ 10.56 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Ghana 8.00 Ghanaian cedis ( $1.7 ) per day . 7002558000000000000 ♠ 558 7003168700000000000 ♠ 1,687 40 6999270000000000000 ♠ 0.27 6999810000000000000 ♠ 0.81 7001402000000000000 ♠ 40.2 % 000000002015 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 August 2015 Greece € 683.76 per month ( $762 ) in 12 payments , € 586 per month ( $653 ) in 14 payments , or € 4.23 per hour . 7003927100000000000 ♠ 9,271 7004117250000000000 ♠ 11,725 40 7000446000000000000 ♠ 4.46 7000564000000000000 ♠ 5.64 7001439000000000000 ♠ 43.9 % 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2013 Grenada Minimum wage schedules set pay by occupation ; for example , the minimum wage for domestic workers , for example , was EC $ 4.50 per hour , while that for a security guard was EC $9.00 per hour . 40 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Guatemala 81.87 Guatemalan quetzales per day for agricultural and nonagricultural work and 74.89 quetzales per day for work in export - sector regime factories . Minimum wage earners also are due a mandatory monthly bonus of 250 quetzales , and salaried workers receive two mandatory yearly bonuses ( the bono 14 and the Christmas bonus ) , each equivalent to one month 's salary . 7003399100000000000 ♠ 3,991 7003719700000000000 ♠ 7,197 48 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000288000000000000 ♠ 2.88 7001934000000000000 ♠ 93.4 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Guernsey £ 7.20 per hour ( $8.79 ) for those aged 18 + £ 6.50 per hour ( $8.49 ) for those aged 17 -- 18 . 1 January 2017 Guinea The labor code allows the government to set a minimum hourly wage ; however , the government has not exercised this provision except for setting the minimum wage for domestic workers at 440,000 GNF ( $62 ) per month . 48 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Guinea - Bissau 19,030 CFA francs ( $30 ) per month plus a bag of rice 7002385000000000000 ♠ 385 7002939000000000000 ♠ 939 45 6999160000000000000 ♠ 0.16 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 7001645999999900000 ♠ 64.6 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Guyana G $ 35,000 per month , G $1,616 per day and G $202 per hour . 7003203500000000000 ♠ 2,035 7003356000000000000 ♠ 3,560 40 6999980000000000000 ♠ 0.98 7000171000000000000 ♠ 1.71 7001474000000000000 ♠ 47.4 % 000000002013 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2013 Haiti 125 Haitian gourdes per day for servants for an eight - hour workday ; 225 Haitian gourdes per day for segment A industries ; 240 Haitian gourdes per day for segment B industries ; 260 Haitian gourdes per day for segment C industries ; 225 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that re-export ; and 300 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that exports . 7002616000000000000 ♠ 616 7003154800000000000 ♠ 1,548 48 6999250000000000000 ♠ 0.25 6999620000000000000 ♠ 0.62 7001878000000000000 ♠ 87.8 % 000000002014 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2014 Honduras Minimum wages ranged from a low of 5,681.73 Honduran lempiras per month , 22.44 lempiras per hour to 8,803.70 lempiras per month , 36.68 lempiras per hour . 7003230400000000000 ♠ 2,304 7003443100000000000 ♠ 4,431 44 7000101000000000000 ♠ 1.01 7000194000000000000 ♠ 1.94 7001872000000000000 ♠ 87.2 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Hong Kong HK $34.50 ( US $4.5 ) per hour is the minimum wage in Hong Kong . 7003924500000000000 ♠ 9,245 7004112480000000000 ♠ 11,248 40 7000444000000000000 ♠ 4.44 7000541000000000000 ♠ 5.41 7001198000000000000 ♠ 19.8 % 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2017 Hungary 127,650 HUF ( € 425 ; $445 ) per month for unskilled labor , 161,250 HUF ( € 535 ; $560 ) per month for skilled labor . 7003544100000000000 ♠ 5,441 7004102880000000000 ♠ 10,288 40 7000262000000000000 ♠ 2.62 7000495000000000000 ♠ 4.95 7001402000000000000 ♠ 40.2 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Iceland None ; minimum wages are negotiated in various collectively bargained agreements and applied automatically to all employees in those occupations , regardless of union membership ; while the agreements can be either industry - or sector - wide , and in some cases firm - specific , the minimum wage levels are occupation - specific . 40 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 India Varied from 160 rupees ( $2.40 ) per day in Bihar to 750 rupees ( $11.31 ) per day in Kerala . State governments set a separate minimum wage for agricultural workers . The minimum wages are set according to Minimum Wages Act , 1948 . 7002743000000000000 ♠ 743 7003259000000000000 ♠ 2,590 48 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 7000104000000000000 ♠ 1.04 7001425000000000000 ♠ 42.5 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Indonesia Established by provincial and district authorities , which vary by province , district , and sector ; the lowest minimum wage is in the province of Yogyakarta at rupiah 1,337,745 ( $100 ) per month and the highest is in Jakarta at rupiah 3,355,750 ( $252 ) per month . 7002992000000000000 ♠ 992 7003270700000000000 ♠ 2,707 40 6999480000000000000 ♠ 0.48 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 7001245000000000000 ♠ 24.5 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Iran 929,931 Iranian tomans ( $250 ) ( equal to 9,299,310 rials ) per month effective on the 2017 Persian New year ; set annually for each industrial sector and region . The standard workweek is 44 hours , and any work over 48 entitles the worker to overtime . 7003361000000000000 ♠ 3,610 7003994400000000000 ♠ 9,944 44 7000158000000000000 ♠ 1.58 7000435000000099999 ♠ 4.35 7001576000000000000 ♠ 57.6 % 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2017 Iraq 250,000 Iraqi dinars ( $214 ) per month . 7003257000000000000 ♠ 2,570 7003504900000000000 ♠ 5,049 40 7000124000000000000 ♠ 1.24 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 7001339000000000000 ♠ 33.9 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Ireland € 9.25 per hour , with sub-minimal rates for those under 18 ( 70 % of minimum ) , and for those over 18 in first year of employment ( 80 % ) , in second year of employment ( 90 % ) , and in certain types of training ( 75 % to 90 % ) . 7004211970000000000 ♠ 21,197 7004182470000000000 ♠ 18,247 39 7001104509999900000 ♠ 10.45 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001334000000000000 ♠ 33.4 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Isle of Man £ 7.50 per hour ( $9.15 ) for those aged 21 + £ 6.85 per hour ( $8.36 ) for those aged 18 -- 20 . 1 April 2017 Israel ₪ 5,300 Israeli new shekel ( $1,503 ) per month ; or ₪ 28.49 Israeli new shekel ( $8.08 ) per hour . 7004165600000000000 ♠ 16,560 7004144240000000000 ♠ 14,424 43 7000741000000000000 ♠ 7.41 7000645000000000000 ♠ 6.45 7001407000000000000 ♠ 40.7 % 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2017 Italy None ; instead set through collective bargaining agreements on a sector - by - sector basis . 40 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Jamaica J $ 6,200 per week . 7003275800000000000 ♠ 2,758 7003408600000000000 ♠ 4,086 40 7000133000000000000 ♠ 1.33 7000196000000000000 ♠ 1.96 7001451000000000000 ♠ 45.1 % 000000002016 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2016 Japan Ranges from 737 -- 958 Japanese yen per hour ; set on a prefectural and industry basis . 7004140910000000000 ♠ 14,091 7004135100000000000 ♠ 13,510 40 7000677000000000000 ♠ 6.77 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 7001362000000000000 ♠ 36.2 % 000000002017 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2017 Jordan 220 Jordanian dinars ( $310 ) per month . 7003371800000000000 ♠ 3,718 7003779500000000000 ♠ 7,795 48 7000149000000000000 ♠ 1.49 7000312000000000000 ♠ 3.12 7001716009999900000 ♠ 71.6 % 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2017 Kazakhstan 24,459 Kazakhstani tenge ( $67 ) per month . 7002858000000000000 ♠ 858 7003292100000000000 ♠ 2,921 40 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 7001113000000000000 ♠ 11.3 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Kenya Set by the government by location , age and skill level ; the lowest urban minimum wage was 10,107.10 shillings per month , and the lowest agricultural minimum wage for unskilled employees was 5,436.90 shillings per month , excluding housing allowance . 7002665000000000000 ♠ 665 7003147300000000000 ♠ 1,473 52 6999250000000000000 ♠ 0.25 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 7001478000000000000 ♠ 47.8 % 000000002015 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2015 Kiribati None ; informal minimum wage estimated by government authorities to be between A $ 1.60 ( $1.66 ) to A $1.70 ( $1.77 ) per hour 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 North Korea Averaging 5,000 -- 10,000 North Korean won ( $5.5 -- $11.1 ) per day . 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 South Korea 6,470 South Korean won per hour ; reviewed annually . Scheduled to increase to 7,530 South Korean won per hour from 1 January 2018 . 7004115990000000000 ♠ 11,599 7004131400000000000 ♠ 13,140 40 7000558000000000000 ♠ 5.58 7000632000000000000 ♠ 6.32 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Kosovo € 170 ( $224 ) per month for workers between 35 and 65 years of age ; € 130 for workers under 35 years of age . 7003230500000000000 ♠ 2,305 7003592800000000000 ♠ 5,928 40 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 % 000000002011 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2011 Kuwait 60 Kuwaiti dinars ( $216 ) per month . 7003238300000000000 ♠ 2,383 7003373300000000000 ♠ 3,733 48 6999950000000000000 ♠ 0.95 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 7000520000000000000 ♠ 5.2 % 000000002010 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2010 Kyrgyzstan 1140 Kyrgyzstani som ( $14 ) per month , nominally ; used for administrative purpose . 7002196000000000000 ♠ 196 7002656000000000000 ♠ 656 40 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 6999320000000000000 ♠ 0.32 7001191000000000000 ♠ 19.1 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Laos 800,000 Lao kip ( $100 ) per month ; additionally , employers were required to pay an 30,000 - kip ( $3.74 ) meal allowance per day . The minimum wage for civil servants and state enterprise employees was last increased to 1,400,000 kip ( $170 ) per month . 7003206200000000000 ♠ 2,062 7003519300000000000 ♠ 5,193 48 6999830000000000000 ♠ 0.83 7000208000000000000 ♠ 2.08 7001915000000000000 ♠ 91.5 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Latvia € 380 ( $449 ) per month . 7003501700000000000 ♠ 5,017 7003764700000000000 ♠ 7,647 40 7000241000000000000 ♠ 2.41 7000368000000000000 ♠ 3.68 7001315000000000000 ♠ 31.5 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Lebanon 675,000 pounds ( $450 ) per month , 30,000 pounds per day . 7003537300000000000 ♠ 5,373 7003872200000000000 ♠ 8,722 48 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 7000349000000000000 ♠ 3.49 7001626000000000000 ♠ 62.6 % 000000002012 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2012 Lesotho 1,178 maloti ( $102 ) per month to 1,285 maloti ( $112 ) per month ; varied by sector . 7002961000000000000 ♠ 961 7003318500000000000 ♠ 3,185 45 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 7000136000000000000 ♠ 1.36 7002106700000000000 ♠ 106.7 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Liberia 15 Liberian dollars ( $0.31 ) per hour not exceeding 8 hours per day , excluding benefits , for unskilled laborers ; 5,600 LD ( $114 ) per month for civil servants . 7002435000000000000 ♠ 435 7002823000000000000 ♠ 823 48 6999170000000000000 ♠ 0.17 6999330000000000000 ♠ 0.33 7001984000000000000 ♠ 98.4 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Libya 450 Libyan dinars ( $325 ) per month ; the government heavily subsidizes rent and utilities . 7003391900000000000 ♠ 3,919 7003945700000000000 ♠ 9,457 40 7000188000000000000 ♠ 1.88 7000455000000000000 ♠ 4.55 7001668000000000000 ♠ 66.8 % 000000002011 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2011 Liechtenstein None 48 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Lithuania € 380 per month ( $423.26 ) , € 2.31 per hour ( $2.57 ) . 7003500600000000000 ♠ 5,006 7003842100000000000 ♠ 8,421 40 7000241000000000000 ♠ 2.41 7000405000000000000 ♠ 4.05 7001304000000000000 ♠ 30.4 % 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 Luxembourg € 1,998.59 per month , € 11 , 55 per hour for unskilled workers over 18 ; increased by 20 % for a skilled employee ; decreased by 20 % to 25 % in the case of an adolescent worker . 7004271520000000000 ♠ 27,152 7004240240000000000 ♠ 24,024 40 7001130500000000000 ♠ 13.05 7001115500000000000 ♠ 11.55 7001236000000000000 ♠ 23.6 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Republic of Macedonia 10,500 Macedonian denars ( $182.3 ) per month . 7003226100000000000 ♠ 2,261 7003534700000000000 ♠ 5,347 40 7000109000000000000 ♠ 1.09 7000257000000099999 ♠ 2.57 7001384000000000000 ♠ 38.4 % 000000002016 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2016 Madagascar 133,013.40 Malagasy ariary per month , 767.40 ariary per hour for non-agricultural workers ; 134,920.00 ariary per month , 674.60 ariary per hour for agricultural workers . 7002453000000000000 ♠ 453 7003167600000000000 ♠ 1,676 41 6999210000000000000 ♠ 0.21 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 7002114900000000000 ♠ 114.9 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Malawi MK 687.70 per day . 7002301000000000000 ♠ 301 7003124400000000000 ♠ 1,244 48 6999120000000000000 ♠ 0.12 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 7002105200000000000 ♠ 105.2 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Malaysia RM 1000 per month , RM4. 81 per hour on the peninsula ; and RM920 per month , RM4. 42 per hour for the states of Sabah , Sarawak , and Labuan . To be fully enforced on July 1 , 2016 . 7003231700000000000 ♠ 2,317 7003584000000000000 ♠ 5,840 48 6999930000000000000 ♠ 0.93 7000234000000000000 ♠ 2.34 7001217000000000000 ♠ 21.7 % 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 Maldives None ; 3,100 Maldivian rufiyaa ( $242 ) per month in the government sector . 48 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Mali 28,465 CFA francs ( $57 ) , supplemented by a required package of benefits , including social security and health care . 7002576000000000000 ♠ 576 7003151300000000000 ♠ 1,513 48 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 6999610000000000000 ♠ 0.61 7001623000000000000 ♠ 62.3 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Malta € 778.34 per month , € 169.76 per week ; combined with an annual mandatory bonus of € 270.20 and a € 242.32 annual cost of living increase , automatically adjusted for inflation . 7004105540000000000 ♠ 10,554 7004138360000000000 ♠ 13,836 40 7000507000000000000 ♠ 5.07 7000665000000000000 ♠ 6.65 7001384000000000000 ♠ 38.4 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Marshall Islands US $ 2.00 per hour for government and private sector employees . 7003416000000000000 ♠ 4,160 7003398100000000000 ♠ 3,981 40 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000191000000000000 ♠ 1.91 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 % 000000001986 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 1986 Mauritania 30,000 Mauritanian ouguiya ( $100 ) per month for adults . 7003110900000000000 ♠ 1,109 7003381000000000000 ♠ 3,810 40 6999530000000000000 ♠ 0.53 7000183000000000000 ♠ 1.83 7001867000000000000 ♠ 86.7 % 000000002011 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2011 Mauritius 607 Mauritian rupees ( $20 ) per week for an unskilled worker in the Export Processing Zone ( EPZ ) ; 794 rupees ( $26 ) per week for an unskilled factory worker outside the EPZ ; set by the government by sector , and increased each year based on the inflation rate . 7002888000000000000 ♠ 888 7003161800000000000 ♠ 1,618 45 6999380000000000000 ♠ 0.38 6999690009999900000 ♠ 0.69 7000830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Mexico 80.04 Mexican pesos ( $3.94 ) per day . 7003122100000000000 ♠ 1,221 7003240100000000000 ♠ 2,401 48 6999490000000000000 ♠ 0.49 6999960000000000000 ♠ 0.96 7001139000000000000 ♠ 13.9 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Moldova 1900 Moldovan lei ( $96 ) per month in the private sector ; 1000 lei ( $50 ) per month in the public sector . 7002638000000000000 ♠ 638 7003183800000000000 ♠ 1,838 40 6999310000000000000 ♠ 0.31 6999880000000000000 ♠ 0.88 7001365000000000000 ♠ 36.5 % 000000002015 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2015 Monaco € 1,731.91 per month and € 10.25 per hour ; same as the French minimum wage , plus a 5 % adjustment . 7004234870000000000 ♠ 23,487 39 7001115800000000000 ♠ 11.58 17 % 1 January 2017 Mongolia 240,000 Mongolian tögrög ( $98 ) per month . 7003134600000000000 ♠ 1,346 7003344300000000000 ♠ 3,443 40 6999650000000000000 ♠ 0.65 7000166000000000000 ♠ 1.66 7001282000000000000 ♠ 28.2 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Montenegro € 193 per month ( $215 ) . 7003256200000000000 ♠ 2,562 7003498000000000000 ♠ 4,980 40 7000123000000000000 ♠ 1.23 7000239000000000000 ♠ 2.39 7001322000000000000 ♠ 32.2 % 000000002013 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2013 Morocco 3 000 MADs ( $310 ) per month in public sector , 2 570.86 MAD ( $265 ) per month in private sector , 69 , 73 MAD ( $7 ) per day for agricultural workers . 7003366400000000000 ♠ 3,664 7003858000000000000 ♠ 8,580 44 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000375000000000000 ♠ 3.75 7002109700000000000 ♠ 109.7 % 000000002015 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2015 Mozambique Set for nine different economic sectors ; ranges from 3,002 Mozambican meticias a month in the public sector to 7,465 meticias a month in the financial sector . 7002571000000000000 ♠ 571 7003215000000000000 ♠ 2,150 40 6999270000000000000 ♠ 0.27 7000103000000000000 ♠ 1.03 7002181300000000000 ♠ 181.3 % 000000002014 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2014 Myanmar 3,600 Myanmar kyat per day , 450 Myanmar kyat per hour . 7002886000000000000 ♠ 886 7003314300000000000 ♠ 3,143 44 6999390000000000000 ♠ 0.39 7000137000000000000 ♠ 1.37 7001575000000000000 ♠ 57.5 % 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2015 Namibia None ; the mining , construction , security and agricultural sectors set basic levels of pay through collective bargaining . 45 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Nauru None ; there is a graduated salary system for public service officers and employees , none for private - sector workers . 40 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Nepal 8,000 Nepalese rupees ( $74 ) per month . 7002893000000000000 ♠ 893 7003281500000000000 ♠ 2,815 48 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 7000112990000099999 ♠ 1.13 7002114500000000000 ♠ 114.5 % 000000002013 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2013 Netherlands € 1,578.00 per month , € 364.15 per week , € 72.83 per day , and € 9.11 per hour for persons 22 and older ( in a 40 - hours work week , a work week with less hours has a higher minimum wage per hour ) ; between 30 -- 85 % of this amount for persons aged 15 -- 22 . 7004213970000000000 ♠ 21,397 7004206860000000000 ♠ 20,686 40 7001102909999999999 ♠ 10.29 7000995000000099999 ♠ 9.95 7001427000000000000 ♠ 42.7 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 New Zealand NZ $ 15.75 per hour for workers 18 years old or older , and NZ $12.60 per hour for those aged 16 or 17 or in training ; there is no statutory minimum wage for employees who are under 16 years old . 7004228050000000000 ♠ 22,805 7004203060000000000 ♠ 20,306 40 7001109600000000000 ♠ 10.96 7000976000000000000 ♠ 9.76 7001549000000000000 ♠ 54.9 % 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2017 Nicaragua Set for nine different economic sectors ; ranges from 3,187.43 Nicaraguan córdobas per month in the agricultural sector to 7,133.44 córdobas per month in the financial sector . 7003133600000000000 ♠ 1,336 7003347400000000000 ♠ 3,474 48 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 7001669000000000000 ♠ 66.9 % 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2015 Niger 30,047 CFA francs ( $60 ) per month . 7002608000000000000 ♠ 608 7003161500000000000 ♠ 1,615 40 6999289990000000000 ♠ 0.29 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7002169400000000000 ♠ 169.4 % 000000002012 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2012 Nigeria 18,000 naira per month ( was $115 but following the recent devaluation of the naira has fallen to $58 , or $38 using the parallel market rate ) . 7003112200000000000 ♠ 1,122 7003199600000000000 ♠ 1,996 40 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 6999960000000000000 ♠ 0.96 7001333009999900000 ♠ 33.3 % 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2011 Northern Cyprus 2020 Turkish lira ( $550 ) per month ( gross minimum wage ) . 6600 40 1 February 2017 Norway None ; wages normally fall within a national scale negotiated by labor , employers , and local governments . 37.5 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Oman 225 Omani rials ( $592 ) per month plus allowances of 100 rials ( $263 ) per month for citizens ; does not apply to foreign workers . 7004101430000000000 ♠ 10,143 7004195060000000000 ♠ 19,506 45 7000433000000000000 ♠ 4.33 7000834000000000000 ♠ 8.34 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 % 000000002013 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2013 Pakistan 15000 Pakistani rupees ( $158 ) per month . 7003171800000000000 ♠ 1,718 7003574800000000000 ♠ 5,748 48 6999690009999900000 ♠ 0.69 7000230000000099999 ♠ 2.3 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 % 000000002016 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2016 Palau US $ 3.00 per hour ; does not include foreign workers . 7003624000000000000 ♠ 6,240 7003589800000000000 ♠ 5,898 40 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000284000000000000 ♠ 2.84 7001386000000000000 ♠ 38.6 % 000000002014 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2014 Palestine ₪ 1,450 ( $384 ) per month ; 0 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Panama 1.2222 to 2.3636 balboas ( $1.22 -- $2.36 ) per hour , depending on region and sector . Food and the use of housing facilities were considered part of the salary for some workers , such as domestic and agricultural workers . Salaries for domestic workers ranged from 175 to 200 balboas ( $175 -- $200 ) per month . The agricultural and construction sectors received the lowest and highest minimum wages , respectively . 7003304500000000000 ♠ 3,045 7003513100000000000 ♠ 5,131 48 7000122000000000000 ♠ 1.22 7000206000000000000 ♠ 2.06 7001231000000000000 ♠ 23.1 % 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2012 Papua New Guinea 3.20 Papua New Guinean kina per hour . 7003264500000000000 ♠ 2,645 7003334300000000000 ♠ 3,343 44 7000116000000099999 ♠ 1.16 7000146000000000000 ♠ 1.46 7002126100000000000 ♠ 126.1 % 000000002014 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 August 2014 Paraguay 1,964,507 Paraguayan guaraníes ( $348 ) per month ; The law discriminates against domestic workers , who are legally entitled to only 40 percent of the minimum wage . The law mandates that housing and food be counted towards domestic worker 's salary . 7003386000000000000 ♠ 3,860 7003866100000000000 ♠ 8,661 48 7000155000000000000 ♠ 1.55 7000347000000000000 ♠ 3.47 7001943000000000000 ♠ 94.3 % 000000002014 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2014 Peru 850 Peruvian nuevos soles ( $294 ) per month . 7003320300000000000 ♠ 3,203 7003601400000000000 ♠ 6,014 48 7000128000000000000 ♠ 1.28 7000241000000000000 ♠ 2.41 7001485000000000000 ♠ 48.5 % 000000002012 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2012 Philippines Ranges from 243 PhP ( $4.8 ) daily non-plantation agricultural wage in Ilocos Region , to 512 PhP ( $10 ) daily non-agricultural wage in Metro Manila . 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 7003662300000000000 ♠ 6,623 48 7000112000000000000 ♠ 1.12 7000265000000000000 ♠ 2.65 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 % 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2017 Poland 2,100 PLN ( $575 ) monthly . 13 PLN ( $3.88 ) per hour . 7003608700000000000 ♠ 6,087 7004124660000000000 ♠ 12,466 40 7000293000000000000 ♠ 2.93 7000599000000000000 ♠ 5.99 7001477000000000000 ♠ 47.7 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Portugal € 557 per month ( $648 ) in 14 payments ; for full - time workers , rural workers , and domestic employees ages 18 and older . 7003755300000000000 ♠ 7,553 7003984400000000000 ♠ 9,844 40 7000363000000000000 ♠ 3.63 7000473000000000000 ♠ 4.73 7001337000000000000 ♠ 33.7 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Qatar None ; the labor law provides the emir with authority to set a minimum wage , but he did not do so . 48 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Romania 1450 lei ( $339 ) per month ; else 8.63 lei ( $2 ) per hour for a full - time schedule of 168 hours per month . See Minimum wage in Romania . 7003426600000000000 ♠ 4,266 7003899400000000000 ♠ 8,994 40 7000205009999999999 ♠ 2.05 7000432000000000000 ♠ 4.32 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 % 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2017 Russia 7,500 ruble ( $127 ) per month . 7003111000000000000 ♠ 1,110 7003310600000000000 ♠ 3,106 40 6999530000000000000 ♠ 0.53 7000149000000000000 ♠ 1.49 7001127000000000000 ♠ 12.7 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Rwanda None ; ranges from 500 to 1,000 Rwandan francs ( $0.83 to $1.66 ) per day in the tea industry and 1500 to 5000 francs ( $2.50 to $8.30 ) per day in the construction industry . 45 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Saint Kitts and Nevis EC $ 9.00 per hour . 7003693300000000000 ♠ 6,933 7003889800000000000 ♠ 8,898 40 7000333000000000000 ♠ 3.33 7000428000000000000 ♠ 4.28 7001365000000000000 ♠ 36.5 % 000000002014 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2014 Saint Lucia Minimum wage for some sectors ; EC $ 300 ( $111 ) per month for office clerks ; EC $200 ( $74 ) for shop assistants ; EC $160 ( $59 ) for messengers . 40 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Set sector by sector ; for example , EC $ 56 ( $20.74 ) per day for agriculture workers ( shelter not provided ) ; EC $40 ( $14.81 ) per day for industrial workers ; and EC $25 per day for household domestic workers . 7003240700000000000 ♠ 2,407 7003329800000000000 ♠ 3,298 40 7000116000000099999 ♠ 1.16 7000159000000000000 ♠ 1.59 7001299000000000000 ♠ 29.9 % 000000002008 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2008 Samoa WST $ 2.00 ( $0.89 ) per hour for the private sector ; WST $2.65 ( $1.18 ) for the public sector . 7003162200000000000 ♠ 1,622 7003224000000000000 ♠ 2,240 40 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7000108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 7001378009999900000 ♠ 37.8 % 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 San Marino € 1501.49 per month ; € 9.24 per hour for the lowest paying industry 7004199310000000000 ♠ 19,931 7004253060000000000 ♠ 25,306 37.5 7001102200000000000 ♠ 10.22 7001129800000000000 ♠ 12.98 7001401000000000000 ♠ 40.1 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 São Tomé and Príncipe None ; 750,000 São Tomé and Príncipe dobras ( $40 ) per month for civil servants 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Saudi Arabia 3,000 Saudi riyals ( $720 ) per month for public sector ; does not apply to foreign workers . There are no minimum wage in private sector . 7003960000000000000 ♠ 9,600 7004190170000000000 ♠ 19,017 48 7000385000000000000 ♠ 3.85 7000762000000000000 ♠ 7.62 7001356000000000000 ♠ 35.6 % 000000002013 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 2013 Senegal 209.10 CFA francs ( $0.42 ) per hour for general workers and 182.95 CFA francs ( $0.37 ) per hour for agricultural workers . 7002642000000000000 ♠ 642 7003161000000000000 ♠ 1,610 40 6999310000000000000 ♠ 0.31 6999770000000000000 ♠ 0.77 7001662000000000000 ♠ 66.2 % 000000001996 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1996 Serbia 22,620 Serbian dinars ( $223 ) net monthly . Also , 130 Serbian dinars ( $1.1 ) per hour net , and 175 Serbian dinars ( $1.5 ) per hour gross . 7003327100000000000 ♠ 3,271 7003733800000000000 ♠ 7,338 40 7000157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 7000353000000000000 ♠ 3.53 7001544000000000000 ♠ 54.4 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Seychelles SR 26.70 per hour for all workers other than casual workers ; SR30. 78 per hour for casual workers . 7003417000000000000 ♠ 4,170 7003628700000000000 ♠ 6,287 40 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000302000000000000 ♠ 3.02 7001231000000000000 ♠ 23.1 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2014 Sierra Leone 500,000 Sierra Leonean leones per month . 7003118100000000000 ♠ 1,181 7003248000000000000 ♠ 2,480 40 6999569999999900000 ♠ 0.57 7000119000000000000 ♠ 1.19 7002155900000000000 ♠ 155.9 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Singapore None . However , two exceptions were made recently : 1 ) Cleaner jobs to have a minimum wage of $1,000 / month effective January 2014 . 2 ) Security guards to have a minimum wage of $1,100 / month effective September 2016 . 44 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Slovakia € 405 ( $478 ) per month , or € 2.33 ( $2.7 ) per hour . 7003547600000000000 ♠ 5,476 7003867700000000000 ♠ 8,677 40 7000263000000000000 ♠ 2.63 7000417000000000000 ♠ 4.17 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Slovenia € 804.96 ( $951 ) per month . 7004109150000000000 ♠ 10,915 7004144010000000000 ♠ 14,401 40 7000525000000000000 ♠ 5.25 7000692000000000000 ♠ 6.92 7001463000000000000 ♠ 46.3 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Solomon Islands SI $ 4.00 ( $0.55 ) per hour for all workers except those in the fishing and agricultural sectors , who received SI $3.20 per hour . 7002946000000000000 ♠ 946 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 45 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 7001434000000000000 ♠ 43.4 % 000000002008 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2008 Somalia None . 48 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 South Africa not mandatory , but recommended minimum wage in private sector is 2,474 rand per month ( $155 ) except domestic and farm works ' wages 1,500 rand ( $95 ) , . 45 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 South Sudan None . 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Spain € 825.65 ( $886 ) per month in 12 payments , € 707.70 ( $760 ) per month in 14 payments . 7004111950000000000 ♠ 11,195 7004130970000000000 ♠ 13,097 40 7000538000000000000 ♠ 5.38 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.3 7001379000000000000 ♠ 37.9 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Sri Lanka 10,000 rupees per month. ( US $ 70.75 per month ) 7002824000000000000 ♠ 824 7003249900000000000 ♠ 2,499 45 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 7000107000000000000 ♠ 1.07 7001213000000000000 ♠ 21.3 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Sudan 425 Sudanese pounds ( $70 ) per month . 7002846000000000000 ♠ 846 7003126600000000000 ♠ 1,266 40 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 6999610000000000000 ♠ 0.61 7001303000000000000 ♠ 30.3 % 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Suriname None ; SRD 600 ( $180 ) per month is the lowest wage for civil servants . 45 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Swaziland 531.6 Swazi emalangeni ( $76.50 ) per month for a domestic worker ; 420 emalangeni ( $60.50 ) a month for an unskilled worker ; 600 emalangeni ( $86.50 ) a month for a skilled worker . 7002694000000000000 ♠ 694 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 48 6999330000000000000 ♠ 0.33 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 % 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Sweden None ; in Sweden the law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions to bargain wages collectively , and it prohibits antiunion discrimination . 40 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Switzerland 20 Swiss francs ( $20.18 ) per hour in Canton Jura and Neuchâtel , the rest of the country has no minimum wage . There are a minority of the voluntary General Labour Contracts ( GLC , collective labour agreements ) , reached on a sector - by - sector basis , contain minimum compensation clauses , which provide for compensation ranging from CHF 2,200 to 4,200 ( $2,363 to $4,511 ) per month for unskilled workers and CHF 2,800 to 5,300 ( $3,010 to $5,693 ) per month for skilled employees . On 18 May 2014 , Swiss voters rejected a federal initiative ( by 76.3 % ) that would have enforced GLCs for every sector and set the hourly minimum wage at CHF 22 ( $24.65 ) or ( PPP - adjusted : $12.55 ) . 41.7 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Syria 9,765 to 14,760 Syrian pounds ( $176 -- $266 ) per month , plus benefits , including compensation for meals , uniforms , and transportation . 7003211200000000000 ♠ 2,112 7003285000000000000 ♠ 2,850 40 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 7000137000000000000 ♠ 1.37 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 % 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Taiwan The minimum wage in Taiwan is NT $ 21,009 ( $654 USD ) per month ; NT $133 ( $4.14 USD ) per hour . 7003836600000000000 ♠ 8,366 7004181990000000000 ♠ 18,199 40 7000401999999999999 ♠ 4.02 7000875000000000000 ♠ 8.75 7001389000000000000 ♠ 38.9 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Tajikistan 250 Tajikistani somoni ( $31 ) per month , plus certain government subsidies for workers and their families . 7002487000000000000 ♠ 487 7003144400000000000 ♠ 1,444 40 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 6999690009999900000 ♠ 0.69 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 % 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2013 Tanzania Varies by sector from 40,000 Tanzanian shillings per month to 400,000 shillings per month . 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 7002616000000000000 ♠ 616 45 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 6999260000000000000 ♠ 0.26 7001231000000000000 ♠ 23.1 % 000000002013 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2013 Thailand Ranges from 300 Thai baht ( $8 ) per day and up , depending on the cost of living in various provinces ; set by provincial tripartite wage committees that sometimes include only employer representatives . 7003265200000000000 ♠ 2,652 7003722300000000000 ♠ 7,223 48 7000106000000000000 ♠ 1.06 7000289000000000000 ♠ 2.89 7001443000000000000 ♠ 44.3 % 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2013 Timor - Leste US $ 115 per month . 7003138000000000000 ♠ 1,380 7003206200000000000 ♠ 2,062 44 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7001913000000000000 ♠ 91.3 % 000000002012 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 2012 Togo 35,000 ( $70 ) CFA francs per month . 7002708000000000000 ♠ 708 7003178900000000000 ♠ 1,789 40 6999340000000000000 ♠ 0.34 6999860000000000000 ♠ 0.86 7002122600000000000 ♠ 122.6 % 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2012 Tonga None 40 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Trinidad and Tobago TT $ 15.00 ( $2.36 ) per hour . 7003468200000000000 ♠ 4,682 7003559800000000000 ♠ 5,598 40 7000225000000000000 ♠ 2.25 7000269000000000000 ♠ 2.69 7001172000000000000 ♠ 17.2 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Tunisia For the industrial sector : 340 Tunisian dinars ( $140 ) per month for a 48 - hour workweek and 290 dinars ( $120 ) per month for a 40 ‐ hour workweek ; 9 dinars ( $3.70 ) to 14 dinars ( $5.7 ) per day for agricultural workers ; supplemented with transportation and family allowances . 7003116200000000000 ♠ 1,162 7003308500000000000 ♠ 3,085 48 6999470000000000000 ♠ 0.47 7000124000000000000 ♠ 1.24 7001271000000000000 ♠ 27.1 % 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Turkey 1777.50 Turkish lira per month ( gross minimum wage ) . Net minimum wage after taxes is 1.404. 06 Turkish lira per month . Employer pays 2.088. 56 Turkish Lira per month including taxes and health insurance . 7003706300000000000 ♠ 7,063 7004137920000000000 ♠ 13,792 45 7000302000000000000 ♠ 3.02 7000589000000000000 ♠ 5.89 7001703000000000000 ♠ 70.3 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Turkmenistan 535 Turkmenistani manat ( $156 ) per month . 7003183400000000000 ♠ 1,834 7003455600000000000 ♠ 4,556 40 6999880000000000000 ♠ 0.88 7000219000000000000 ♠ 2.19 7001276000000000000 ♠ 27.6 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Tuvalu None ; the minimum annual salary in the public sector was approximately A $ 3,000 to A $4,000 ( $3,120 to $4,160 ) . 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Uganda 6,000 Ugandan shillings ( $1.7 ) per month . 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 40 6998100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 6998300000000000000 ♠ 0.03 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 % 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1984 Ukraine ₴ 3200 ( UAH ) ( $121.75 ) / month , 18.18 hryvnias ( $0.70 ) / hour . 7003150300000000000 ♠ 1,503 7003730300000000000 ♠ 7,303 40 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 7000351000000000000 ♠ 3.51 7001923000000000000 ♠ 92.3 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 United Arab Emirates None . 48 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 United Kingdom £ 7.50 per hour ( $9.36 ) for those aged 25 + £ 7.05 per hour ( $8.80 ) for those aged 21 -- 24 , £ 5.60 per hour ( $6.99 ) for those aged 18 -- 20 , £ 4.05 per hour ( $5.05 ) for under 18 , £ 3.50 per hour ( $4.37 ) for apprentices aged 16 to 18 and those aged 19 or over who are in their first year . 7004200630000000000 ♠ 20,063 7004185770000000000 ♠ 18,577 38.1 7001101300000000000 ♠ 10.13 7000938000000000000 ♠ 9.38 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 % 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2017 United States The federal nationwide minimum wage in the United States is US $ 7.25 per hour . States may also set a minimum , in which case the higher of the two is controlling ; some territories are exempt and have lower rates . The lowest minimum wage in the country is in Wyoming and Georgia state at $5.15 per hour . Since January 1 , 2017 , Seattle , Washington , has the highest minimum wage in the United States at $15 an hour . 7004150800000000000 ♠ 15,080 7004150800000000000 ♠ 15,080 40 7000725000000000000 ♠ 7.25 7000725000000000000 ♠ 7.25 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 % 000000002009 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 2009 Uruguay 10,000 Uruguayan pesos ( $349 ) per month . 500 pesos ( $17 ) per day . 50 pesos ( $1.7 ) per hour . 7003413800000000000 ♠ 4,138 7003576600000000000 ♠ 5,766 48 7000166000000000000 ♠ 1.66 7000231000000000000 ♠ 2.31 7001272000000000000 ♠ 27.2 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Uzbekistan 107,635 Uzbekistani som ( $35 ) per month . 7002503000000000000 ♠ 503 7003141700000000000 ♠ 1,417 40 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 7001236000000000000 ♠ 23.6 % 000000002014 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2014 Vanuatu 30,000 Vanuatu vatu ( $323 ) per month , 170 vatu per hour . 7003324400000000000 ♠ 3,244 7003302900000000000 ♠ 3,029 40 7000156000000000000 ♠ 1.56 7000146000000000000 ♠ 1.46 7002118800000000000 ♠ 118.8 % 000000002012 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 August 2012 Venezuela 177,507 Venezuelan bolívares ( BsF ) per month , with a food bonus of 279,000 BsF. 177,507 and 279,000 BsF BsF are $1.77 and $2.79 at the open market exchange rate , which the government considers illegal , or $53.07 and $83.41 at the individually inaccessible for the citizens government exchange rate of 3345.00 ( exchange rate known as SIMADI or DICOM ) . 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 40 6998100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 6998100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 % 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2017 Vietnam Varies by region ; Region I : VND 3,500,000 per month ; Region II : VND 3,100,000 per month ; Region III : VND 2,700,000 per month and Region IV : VND 2,400,000 per month . 7003132700000000000 ♠ 1,327 7003325900000000000 ♠ 3,259 40 6999640000000000000 ♠ 0.64 7000157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 7001541000000000000 ♠ 54.1 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Yemen None ; the minimum civil service wage was 21,000 rials ( $100 ) per month . 48 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Zambia Varies by sector ; 522,400 Zambian kwacha per month for domestic workers , K1 , 132,400 per month for shopkeepers , and between K1 , 132,400 and K2 , 101,039 for general workers ' in categories one to five -- which includes receptionists and clerks , among others ( wages are inclusive transportation , lunch , and housing allowances ) . Note that the references seem to refer to the old kwacha , which was replaced by the new kwacha in 2012 at the rate 1 new kwacha = 1000 old kwacha . 7002608000000000000 ♠ 608 7003194800000000000 ♠ 1,948 48 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7001506000000000000 ♠ 50.6 % 000000002012 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 July 2012 Zimbabwe None , except for agricultural and domestic workers ; government regulations for each of the 22 industrial sectors specify minimum wages . The minimum wage for all mine workers is currently pegged at $227 per month . 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 See also ( edit ) List of countries by average wage List of countries by median wage List of minimum wage laws List of sovereign states in Europe by minimum wage List of sovereign states in Europe by net average wage List of U.S. minimum wages List of minimum wages in Canada List of minimum wages in China ( PRC ) The Minimum Wages Act , 1948 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage in India 2013 '' . PayCheck.in . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ The workweek is the country 's legal workweek in hours , above which is considered overtime and is often paid premium pay . See notes for variations on this definition . The main source for workweek data is : the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 by the US Department of State . Jump up ^ The percentage was calculated by dividing the annual minimum wage ( PPP ) by the GDP per capita ( PPP ) from 2015 -- obtained from the World Bank 's GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) , World Development Indicators database . Jump up ^ Annual wages were calculated by multiplying monthly wages by 12 , weekly wages by 52 , daily wages by 5x52 and hourly wages by Wx52 , where W is the legal maximum ( or the practical , if lower ) workweek length in hours . A US $ conversion rate from 2016 -- obtained from the World Bank 's Official exchange rate ( LCU per US $ , period average ) , World Development Indicators database -- was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to US dollars . The template To USD was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to US dollars . Jump up ^ Annual wages were calculated by multiplying monthly wages by 12 , weekly wages by 52 , daily wages by 5x52 and hourly wages by Wx52 , where W is the legal maximum ( or the practical , if lower ) workweek length in hours . A purchasing power parity ( PPP ) conversion rate from 2015 -- obtained from the World Bank 's PPP conversion factor , private consumption ( LCU per international $ ) , World Development Indicators database -- was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to international dollars . The template International dollars was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to international dollars . Jump up ^ Hourly wages were calculated by dividing the annual minimum wage ( USD ) rate by 52 weeks and then by the length of the standard hour workweek . Jump up ^ Hourly wages were calculated by dividing the annual minimum wage ( PPP ) by 52 weeks and then by the length of the standard workweek . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Albania , INSTAT : Labour Force , 3rd Quarter 2013 at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 11 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Labour Costs And Regulations ( PDF ) , Albanian Investment Development Agency , retrieved 2 January 2013 Jump up ^ Increase of minimum wage / Rritja e pagës minimale Jump up ^ `` Algeria boosts minimum wage '' . 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marché du travail '' ( in French ) . Mfe.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Salari mínim i festius nacionals i parroquials -- Treball i Ocupació -- Govern d'Andorra . In Catalan . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Doing Business : Angola '' . Lexmundi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wages Around The World '' . WageIndicator Foundation . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Minimum Wage Order , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office , Antigua and Barbuda. 2 Jan 2008 . Jump up ^ Minimum wage increase takes effect in November -- Antigua Observer Jump up ^ `` Boletín de Estadísticas Laborales '' . Ministerio de Trabajo . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Government raises minimum wage in Armenia '' . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Armenia to raise minimum wage -- arminfo.info Avanesov Alexandr . December 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Fair Work Ombudsman , Minimum Wages , Australian Government , retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ Fair Work Ombudsman . `` National minimum wage -- Pay '' . Australian Government . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Miscellaneous Award 2010 , Australian Government , retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ `` FedEE Review of minimum wage rates '' . The Federation of International Employers . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum monthly wage increased by 10.5 % in Azerbaijan '' . Report News Agency . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas : Minimum Wages Act '' . Ilocarib.org.tt. 2002 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bahamas Government Increases National Minimum Wage by 40 Percent Lindsay Thompson , BIS , Jul 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Minimumj Wages in bangladesh -- Issues and Challenges '' ( PDF ) . Culaw.ac.bd . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Garment workers ' minimum wage fixed at Tk 3,000 '' . Textiletoday.com.bd. 2010 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` RMG minimum wage gazette published '' . Dhaka Tribune . 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Base hike '' . nationnews.com Barbados. 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Salaire -- Service public fédéral Emploi , Travail et Concertation sociale '' . Emploi.belgique.be. 2013 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ belize.gov.bz Jump up ^ `` The BCCI Trade and Investment Zone '' . Belize.org. 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ILO Global Wage Database 2012 '' . International Labour Organisation . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fixation of National Minimum Wage ( NMW ) Rate Ministry of Agriculture and Forests '' . Moaf.gov.bt . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` National minimum wage revised to Nu 125 a day '' . KuenselOnline . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` DS 1549 -- Incremento Salarial 2013 '' ( DS 1549 -- 2013 Wage Increase ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Instructivo No. 218 / 12 -- Pago del Aguinaldo de Navidad Gestión 2012 '' ( Instruction No. 218 / 12 -- Christmas Bonus Payment Arrangement 2012 ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ El salario mínimo subirá a Bs 1.805 y el haber básico aumentará en 6 % publisher = La Razón . In Spanish . Jump up ^ Potpisan Opći kolektivni ugovor u FBiH , minimalna plata 406 maraka . In Bosnian . February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Raises 2017 Monthly Minimum Wage to R $937 '' . The Rio Times . 2016 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Salary in Brazil '' . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Novo salário mínimo pode ser maior em alguns estados brasileiros '' ( New minimum wage may be higher in some Brazilian states ) ( in Portuguese ) . globo.com. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Salário Mínimo 2016 -- Novo valor do salário em 2016 '' ( Minimum wage 2016 -- New salary amount in 2016 ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum wages '' . EuroStat . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Минимална работна заплата за страната по години в лева '' . 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Минимална работна заплата в Република България 1991 - 2013 Експерт '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Accountantbg.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ site. meta - author . `` MINIMUM WAGE IN BULGARIA INCREASES '' . BNT News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Mixte Paritaire de Négociations Salariales du Secteur Prive '' ( PDF ) . Patronat.bf . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Votresalaire.org/cameroun -- Cameroun , Salaire Minimum , SMIG , Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti '' . Votresalaire.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Current And Forthcoming Minimum Hourly Wage Rates For Experienced Adult Workers in Canada '' . Srv116.services.gc.ca . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Standard workweek hours vary by province ; ranges from 40 hours to 48 hours per week . Canadian Payroll Legislation Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices '' . State.gov. 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007 '' . State.gov. 2009 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Salaire minimum en Afrique , dans quels pays paie - t - on le mieux ? -- Mays Moussi . In French . Jump up ^ `` '' Tchad : Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti ( SMIG ) et du Salaire Minimum Agricole Garanti ( SMAG ) FROM CHAD `` . Fromchad.blogvie.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tchad : la crise sociale s'enlise '' . Afriquinfos . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cuál es el valor del ingreso mínimo mensual ? -- Centro de Consultas . Dirección del Trabajo . Gobierno de Chile '' . Dt.gob.cl. 2013 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` A Complete Guide to China 's Minimum Wage Levels by Province , City , and District China Briefing News '' . yjbys.com. 2015 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 最新全国最低工资标准 - 法律快车劳动法 '' ( in Chinese ) . Lawtime.cn. 2015 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部 '' . Mohrss.gov.cn. 2015 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Zito ; Rainy Yao ; Camille Chen ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` A Complete Guide to Minimum Wage Levels Across China 2015 '' . China Briefing . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dezan ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` A Complete Guide to 2016 Minimum Wage Levels Across China '' . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Salario mínimo en Colombia para el 2017 : $689.454 '' . El Colombiano . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Journal Officiel de la Republique Democratique du Congo '' ( PDF ) . Ilo.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ The law defines different standard workweeks , ranging from 45 to 72 hours , for various jobs and prescribes rest periods and premium pay for overtime . Jump up ^ `` Fijación de Salarios Mínimos '' ( Fixation of minimum wages ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tusalario.org / Costa Rica -- Minimum Wage , Minimum Wage in Costa Rica , Costa Rica Minimum Wage '' . Wageindicator.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Fixing Machinery Convention , 1928 ( No. 26 ) -- Côte d'Ivoire ( Ratification : 1960 ) '' ( in French ) . International Labour Organization . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahad , Abdul ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Ivory Coast raises minimum wage by 60 percent '' . Brecorder.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Castro increases minimum wage '' . Thefreelibrary.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Informace o minimální mzdě od 1 . ledna 2018 Jump up ^ `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009 '' . State.gov. 2010 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Dominicans get higher minimum wage '' . Caribbean360. 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NATLEX '' . Ilo.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` > Resoluciones Salariales '' . OMLAD . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Frente Amplio propone llevar salario mínimo a 20,000 para empleados públicos -- Periódico Digital Dominicano '' . 7dias.com.do . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Salario Básico Unificado será de 366 dólares en el 2016 '' . El Universo. 2014 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Decreto No. 106 '' ( Decree No. 106 ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ National minimum wage rates -- Estonian Tax and Customs Jump up ^ Fijian Government Increases National Minimum Wage The Fijian Government Jump up ^ `` National Minimum Wage : Increase Of New Rates Fulfilled By Government : Usamate Fiji Sun '' . fijisun.com.fj . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Salaire minimum de croissance ( Smic ) '' . Vosdroits.service-public.fr. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . Translate.googleusercontent.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Federal regulations set the working time of an employee to eight hours per day and limit the average workweek to a maximum of 48 hours per week . Collective bargaining agreements , however , may stipulate lower maximums , and in 2012 they stipulated on average 37.7 hours per week . These collective contracts directly or indirectly affecting 80 percent of the working population regulated the number of hours of work per week . According to the European Labor Force Survey , in 2011 the average full - time employee 's workweek was 39.9 hours for women and 41.1 hours for men . The value given is the average of the average women and men workweek . Jump up ^ `` Government Announces Increment in Minimum Wage / Salaries for Public Workers '' . Government of Ghana . ^ Jump up to : `` WSI -- Mindestlohndatenbank : Inhaltsverzeichnis '' ( PDF ) . Boeckler.de . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Order covers loopholes : Kaieteur News '' . Kaieteurnewsonline.com. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Economy : Everything you need to know about the new Minimum Wage '' . Haitilibre.com. 2014 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NATLEX '' . Ilo.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Stealing from the Poor '' ( PDF ) . Workersrights.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Aumento al mĂnimo es entre L 111 y L 386 -- Apertura '' ( in Spanish ) . LaPrensa.hn . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Labour Department -- Employee Rights and Benefits '' . Labour.gov.hk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Government -- Prime Minister 's Office -- News '' . Kormany.hu. 2012 - 12 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` European Labour Law Network '' . Labourlawnetwork.eu. 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement signed for wage hike in 2016 '' . Politics.hu. 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wage Indicator Foundation . `` Minimum Wages India 2012 -- Current Minimum Wage Rate India '' . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Indonesia & Bali minimum wage 2017 -- UMK Bali & UMP Indonesia Jump up ^ Ramezani , Alireza ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` بخشنامه دستمزد ۹۶ ابلاغ شد '' . Al Monitor . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ International Business Publications , USA ( 2008 - 03 - 03 ) . Iran Company Laws and Regulations Handbook . ISBN 9781433069994 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum rates of pay '' . Citizensinformation.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ An hourly rate only is set . Eurostat calculates the monthly rate for Ireland as ( hourly rate x 39 hours x 52 weeks ) / 12 months `` Minimum wages ( earn_minw ) '' . eurostat . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Current Minimum Wage Rates '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Note : As of December 2017 terms Jump up ^ `` National Insurance Institute , General Information -- Minimum Wage '' . Btl.gov.il . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ MLSS Public Relations Unit ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Minimum Wage Rates Effective March 1 '' . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pay and Conditions of Employment Branch ( P.C.E.B ) '' . Ministry of Labour and Social Security . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ 地域別最低賃金の全国一覧 ( National List of Regional Minimum Wages ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ 特定最低賃金の全国一覧 ( National List of Minimum Wages by industry ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Price , fee hikes go into effect as of Sunday '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Сведения о минимальной заработной плате , МРП и прожиточном минимуме ( на 1995 -- 2014 годы ) -- ПАРАГРАФ - WWW '' . Online.zakon.kz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Government of Kenya -- Ministry of Labour -- Minimum Wage Jump up ^ `` Uhuru hands workers 14pc raise in minimum wage '' . businessdailyafrica.com. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Council -- Republic of Korea '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/2017/07/15/0503000000AEN20170715003251320.html Jump up ^ `` Republika e Kosoves '' ( PDF ) . Kryeministri-ks.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait sets minimum wage for first time Reuters '' . In.reuters.com. 2010 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Об установлении минимальной заработной платы '' . Fpk.kg . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ На 90 сомов можно купить две буханки хлеба , считает М . Абдылдаев , а О . Лаврова полагает , что три буханки -- geziter.org . In Russian . Jump up ^ `` Private sector to pay higher minimum wage from January , Lao Voices '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vientiane Times '' . Vientiane Times . 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Labklājības ministrija '' . Lm.gov.lv. 2012 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Vivre à l'étranger -- France - Diplomatie - Ministère des Affaires étrangères '' . Mfe.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Golovnina , Maria ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Libyans grapple with soaring food prices , queues '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ? ? '' ( PDF ) . Ssf.ly . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Programs Throughout the World : Africa , 2013 -- Libya '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Socialinė statistika -- Lietuvos Respublikos Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija '' . Socmin.lt. 2015 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ministère de la Sécurité Sociale du Grand - Duché de Luxembourg -- Paramètres sociaux '' . Mss.public.lu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Social minimum wage and indexation of salaries -- Entreprises / / Luxembourg '' . Guichet.public.lu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` МТСП '' . Mtsp.gov.mk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Macedonian govt increases minimum wage in textile sector Jump up ^ The standard workweek was 40 hours in nonagricultural and service industries and 42.5 hours in the agricultural sector . Jump up ^ `` Malawi increase minimum wage rate over 100 percent Malawi Nyasa Times -- Malawi breaking news in Malawi '' . Nyasatimes.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Perlaksanaan Gaji Minimum '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ The legal workweek is 40 hours , except for work in the agricultural sector . The legal workweek for agricultural employees ranges from 42 to 48 hours , depending on the season . Jump up ^ `` National Minimum Wage National Standing Order '' . Justiceservices.gov.mt . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bonus and Weekly Allowances -- Department for Industrial and Employment Relations -- Malta Jump up ^ `` NATLEX '' . Ilo.org. 2011 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ No legal standard workweek ; 40 hours per week has been used for comparison purposes . Jump up ^ `` Lowest paid Mauritanian worker to earn US $ 108 from September '' . Africanmanager.com. 2014 - 02 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Oudaa , Marouf ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Mauritania Increases Minimum Wage by 43 % After Union Negotiation , AMI Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Salarios Mínimos 2017 -- Servicio de Administración Tributaria ( SAT ) -- Secretaría de Hachienda y Crédito Público ( SHCP ) -- México . In Spanish . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Moldova : Fourth Reviews Under the Extended Arrangement '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` În Moldova va crește salariul minim -- Noutăţile Moldovei : politică , economie , societate , sport , cîntece moldoveneşti , cultura moldovenească , foto , video '' . NOI.MD . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Government of Moldova Archived 2014 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wages in the Principality -- Contracts and Pay -- Employees -- Employment -- Monaco Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) Data Table '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Increased Mongolian Law Blog '' . lehmanlaw.mn . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Детаљи '' . Poreskauprava.gov.me . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Minimum wage in public sector in Morocco Archived February 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Minimum wage in private sector in Morocco Archived May 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ SMAG : minimum agriculture wage Jump up ^ The law provides for a 44 - to 48 - hour maximum workweek . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Myanmar sets $2.80 daily minimum wage in bid to boost investment publisher = Business News -- reuters.com Jump up ^ By regulation the workweek in both the public and private sectors was 35 hours for office workers and 40 hours for manual laborers . Jump up ^ `` Government revises minimum remuneration of employee '' . GRS . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Amount of the minimum wage '' . government.nl. 2015 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Brochure '' ( PDF ) . Docs.minszw.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ The law does not establish a specific number of hours as constituting a full workweek , but most workweeks are 36 , 38 or 40 hours long . Jump up ^ `` Minimum pay '' . Current minimum wage rates -- Employment New Zealand . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nigeria : Senate Passes New Minimum Wage Bill -- Effective January 2011 . allafrica.com Archived December 6 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Republic Northern Cyprus , Ministry of Labor and Social Security '' . TRNC . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Oman hikes private sector minimum wages '' . Zawya. 2013 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Updated 15 May 2013 , 9 : 11 AEST ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Pay rise for Palau 's poor as government sets minimum wage Pacific Beat ABC Radio Australia '' . Radioaustralia.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ There is no legislation concerning maximum hours of work ; 40 hours a week was used for the purpose of calculating an annual wage . Jump up ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) -- Press Release on the Results of the Labour Force Survey ( October -- December , 2014 ) Round Main Results Jump up ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) -- On the occasion of May 1st -- International Workers Day Jump up ^ `` Telemetro Reporta '' . Article . Telemetro . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Departamento De Analisis De Productividad Y Salario '' . Mitradel.gob.pa . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Lae Chamber Of Commerce Inc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ The law limits the workweek to 42 hours per week in urban areas and 44 hours per week in rural . Jump up ^ `` VivaParaguay.com '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TuSalario.org/Paraguay -- Salario mínimo '' . Tusalario.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of National Wages and Productivity Commission '' . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ By law , the standard workweek is 48 hours for most categories of industrial workers and 40 hours for government workers , with an eight - hour - per - day limit . Jump up ^ `` Salário mínimo nacional em 2017 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ `` Salariul minim 2017 '' . startupcafe.ro . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The minimum wage will increase up to 7,500 roubles since July 1 , 2016 '' . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Saint Christopher and Nevis -- Statuory Rules and Orders -- No 35 of 2008 -- The Labour ( Minimum Wage ) ( National Minimum Wage ) Order , 2008 Jump up ^ Hewlett , LK ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Minimum Wage Increases By 12.5 % '' . The St Kitts Nevis Observer . Archived from the original on 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The law provides for a 40 - to 44 - hour workweek . Jump up ^ `` Current Minimum Wages '' . Dol.gov.vc . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines > Specific categories of workers -- Database of national labour , social security and related human rights legislation International Labour Organization Archived March 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.csdl.sm/contratti-industria-e-artigianato-le-tabelle-retributive/ Jump up ^ cdls.sm Archived 2014 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The law sets the workweek at 36 hours in the public sector and 37.5 hours for industry and private businesses . Jump up ^ Nitaqat to enforce minimum salaries for citizens Arab News . December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Journal Officiel de La Republique du Senegal -- Décret no 96 - 141 en date du 19 février 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Arhiva -- Minimalna zarada u Republici Srbiji '' . Paragraf.rs . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Srbi , od danas se rad konačno plaća više '' . B92.net. 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nation Home '' . Nation.sc . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ The legal maximum workweek varied from 45 to 55 hours , depending on the economic sector . Jump up ^ `` Act : Supplement to the Sierra Leine Gazette Vol . CXXVIII No. 24 '' ( PDF ) . Sierra-leone.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` In Sierra Leone , `` Minimum Wage for Workers is 21,000 '' ... Says Labour Minister `` . News.sl . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sierra Leone News : Parliament approves minimum wage -- awoko.org Jump up ^ Singapore sets basic wage of S $1,000 for cleaners . Jeanette Tan . Yahoo ! News . January 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ AsiaOne . September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zrušený predpis č. 326 / 2012 Z. z . -- Nariadenie vlády o sume minimálnej mzdy na rok 2013 '' . Zakonypreludi.sk. 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Veljavni predpisi Ministrstvo za delo , družino in socialne zadeve '' . Mddsz.gov.si . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ ILO.org world database Jump up ^ the minimum wage for domestic workers in South Africa was 8.95 rand ( $0.90 ) per hour for employers in the urban areas and 7.65 rand ( $0.77 ) for employers in the semiurban and rural areas . The minimum wage for farm workers was 7.71 rand ( $0.77 ) per hour . The minimum hourly wage for domestic workers employed more than 27 hours per week ranged from 4.85 rand ( $0.49 ) to 7.06 rand ( $0.71 ) Jump up ^ Mywage.org/SouthSudan Jump up ^ `` Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social : Salario mínimo interprofesional . Importe '' . Empleo.gob.es . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jura parliament finally agrees minimum wage of 20 francs per hour '' . 2017 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung von Gesamtarbeitsverträgen '' ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO , Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs , Education and Research EAER. 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Eddy , Melissa ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Swiss Defeat Minimum Wage by Large Margin '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Abstimmungen -- Indikatoren , Abstimmung vom 18 . Mai 2014 : Mindestlohn - Initiative '' ( in German and French ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Office of Statistics , Swiss Federal Administration . 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ The law sets a maximal 45 - hour workweek for blue - and white - collar workers in industry , services , and retail trades and a 50 - hour workweek for all other workers . The law limits annual overtime to 170 hours for those working 45 hours a week and 140 hours for those working 50 hours a week . Based on the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics the typical workweek is 41.7 hours . Jump up ^ `` Betriebsübliche Arbeitszeit nach Wirtschaftsabteilungen ( NOGA 2008 ) , in Stunden pro Woche , 1990 - 2013 '' ( XLS ) ( statistics ) ( in German and French ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Office of Statistics , Swiss Federal Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Total = 41.7 Jump up ^ `` The History of Enacting and Adjusting the Minimum Wage Policy '' . 中華民國勞動部 ( in Chinese ) . 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan raises hourly minimum wage to NT $115 from Jan. 1 Society News WantChinaTimes.com '' . Wantchinatimes.com. 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ? ? '' . Pressa.tj . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ According to the Ministry of Labor , there was no standard legal workweek for private sector workers , but most private employers retained a six - day , 44 - to 48 - hour workweek Jump up ^ `` Firms hit by wage hike , labour shortage Bangkok Post : business '' . Bangkok Post . 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 300 - Baht Daily Minimum Wage '' . Thailand.prd.go.th . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet approves 300 baht daily minimum wage hike nationwide from Jan 1 '' . MCOT.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` National minimum wage for private sector in East Timor set at US $115 '' . Macauhub English . 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Budget Statement 2015 -- Ministry of Finance Jump up ^ `` T.C. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı '' . Csgb.gov.tr . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Возрастут заработная плата и пособия -- Туркменистан : золотой век . In Russian . Jump up ^ `` Мінімальна заробітна плата '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` National Minimum Wage rates '' . GOV.UK. 2015 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ The law does not establish a specific number of hours as constituting a full workweek . Eurostat calculates monthly salary in the UK as hourly wage x 38.1 hours x 52.14 weeks / 12 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Federal minimum wage will increase to $7.25 on July 24 '' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor Topic : Minimum Wage '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Note : Federal minimum wage applies to businesses involved in interstate commerce , and to most businesses with gross revenues over $500,000 , where state minimum wage is lower . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Change -- Spotlight '' . Dol.state.ga.us . Georgia Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://murray.seattle.gov/minimumwage/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ The standard workweek ranged from 44 to 48 hours , depending on the industry . Jump up ^ `` Минимальная зарплата в Узбекистане на сегодня и динамика изменения -- Справочник Узбекистана '' . Goldenpages.uz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cullwick , Jonas . `` Wells accepts Vt30 , 000 as new minimum wage Vanuatu Daily Post '' . Dailypost.vu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Maduro Raises Minimum Wage to USD $11 Per Month as Hyperinflation Rages On in Venezuela '' . Panampost. 2017 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Noticias de Venezuela y Dolar paralelo '' . DolarToday. 2014 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Government of Zambia -- Statuory Instrument no 46 of 2012 -- The Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment Act ( Laws , Volume 15 , Cap . 276 ) -- The Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment ( General ) ( Amendment ) Order , 2012 Archived November 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Zambia : Government announces revised minimum wage '' . Lusakatimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Minimum Wages around the World ( hide ) Lists of countries by financial rankings Trade Account balance % of GDP Exports net per capita Imports Leading trade partners Investment FDI received past FDI abroad GFI Funds Forex reserves Forex reserves ( ex . gold ) Gold reserves Sovereign wealth funds Pension funds Creditor nations Debtor nations Budget and debt Government budget PPP % of GDP Credit rating External debt Public debt future Income and taxes Tax rates Tax revenue Wage average median minimum Bank rates Central bank interest rate Commercial bank prime lending rate Currency Exchange rates to US $ Inflation rate Other Financial Development Index Corporate governance Development aid Ease of Doing Business Employment / Unemploymment External assets Lists of countries by GDP rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_minimum_wages_by_country&oldid=815591517 '' Categories : Minimum wage Lists of countries by economic indicator Law - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2014 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2014 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català فارسی Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 20 : 00 . 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8068893210340337036	Seven Wonders of the Ancient World	Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - wikipedia Seven Wonders of the Ancient World `` 7 Wonders of the Ancient World '' redirects here . For the video game , see 7 Wonders of the Ancient World ( video game ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( from left to right , top to bottom ) : Great Pyramid of Giza , Hanging Gardens of Babylon , Temple of Artemis , Statue of Zeus at Olympia , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , Colossus of Rhodes , and the Lighthouse of Alexandria Timeline and map of the Seven Wonders . Dates in bold green and dark red are of their construction and destruction , respectively . The Seven Wonders of the World or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is a list of remarkable constructions of classical antiquity given by various authors in guidebooks or poems popular among ancient Hellenic tourists . Although the list , in its current form , did not stabilise until the Renaissance , the first such lists of seven wonders date from the 1st - 2nd century BC . The original list inspired innumerable versions through the ages , often listing seven entries . Of the original Seven Wonders , only one -- the Great Pyramid of Giza ( also called the Pyramid of Khufu , after the pharaoh who built it ) , the oldest of the ancient wonders -- remains relatively intact . The Colossus of Rhodes , the Lighthouse of Alexandria , the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , the Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were all destroyed . The location and ultimate fate of the Hanging Gardens are unknown , and there is speculation that they may not have existed at all . Contents 1 Background 2 Scope 3 Wonders 4 Influence 4.1 Arts and architecture 4.2 Modern lists 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background The Greek conquest of much of the known western world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians , Persians , and Babylonians . Impressed and captivated by the landmarks and marvels of the various lands , these travellers began to list what they saw to remember them . Instead of `` wonders '' , the ancient Greeks spoke of `` theamata '' ( θεάματα ) , which means `` sights '' , in other words `` things to be seen '' ( Τὰ ἑπτὰ θεάματα τῆς οἰκουμένης ( γῆς ) Tà heptà theámata tēs oikoumenēs ( gēs ) ) . Later , the word for `` wonder '' ( `` thaumata '' θαύματα , `` wonders '' ) was used . Hence , the list was meant to be the Ancient World 's counterpart of a travel guidebook . The first reference to a list of seven such monuments was given by Diodorus Siculus . The epigrammist Antipater of Sidon who lived around or before 100 BC , gave a list of seven such monuments , including six of the present list ( substituting the walls of Babylon for the lighthouse ) : I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race , and on the Zeus by the banks of the Alpheus , I have seen the hanging gardens , and the Colossus of the Helios , the great man - made mountains of the lofty pyramids , and the gigantic tomb of Mausolus ; but when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds , the others were placed in the shade , for the sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside Olympus . -- Greek Anthology IX. 58 The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing Another 2nd century BC observer , who claimed to be the mathematician Philo of Byzantium , wrote a short account entitled The Seven Sights of the World . However , the incomplete surviving manuscript only covered six of the supposedly seven places , which agreed with Antipater 's list . Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus ( 484 BC -- ca . 425 BC ) and the architect Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , housed at the Museum of Alexandria , survived only as references . The Colossus of Rhodes was the last of the seven to be completed , after 280 BC , and the first to be destroyed , by an earthquake in 226 / 225 BC . Hence , all seven existed at the same time for a period of less than 60 years . Scope The list covered only the sculptural and architectural monuments of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions , which then comprised the known world for the Greeks . Hence , extant sites beyond this realm were not considered as part of contemporary accounts . The primary accounts , coming from Hellenistic writers , also heavily influenced the places included in the wonders list . Five of the seven entries are a celebration of Greek accomplishments in the arts and architecture ( the exceptions being the Pyramids of Giza and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon ) . Wonders Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX Name Date of construction Builders Date of destruction Cause of destruction Modern location Great Pyramid of Giza 2584 -- 2561 BC Egyptians Still in existence , majority of façade gone Giza Necropolis , Egypt 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 ( Great Pyramid of Giza ) Hanging Gardens of Babylon ( existence unresolved ) c. 600 BC ( evident ) Babylonians or Assyrians After 1st century AD Unknown Hillah or Nineveh , Iraq 32 ° 32 ′ 08 '' N 44 ° 25 ′ 39 '' E / 32.5355 ° N 44.4275 ° E / 32.5355 ; 44.4275 ( Hanging Gardens of Babylon ) Temple of Artemis at Ephesus c. 550 BC ; and again at 323 BC Greeks , Lydians 356 BC ( by Herostratus ) AD 262 ( by the Goths ) Arson by Herostratus , plundering Near Selçuk , Turkey 37 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 27 ° 21 ′ 50 '' E / 37.94972 ° N 27.36389 ° E / 37.94972 ; 27.36389 ( Temple of Artemis at Ephesus ) Statue of Zeus at Olympia 466 -- 456 BC ( temple ) 435 BC ( statue ) Greeks 5th -- 6th centuries AD Disassembled and reassembled at Constantinople ; later destroyed by fire Olympia , Greece 37 ° 38 ′ 16.3 '' N 21 ° 37 ′ 48 '' E / 37.637861 ° N 21.63000 ° E / 37.637861 ; 21.63000 ( Statue of Zeus at Olympia ) Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 351 BC Greeks , Persians , Carians 12th -- 15th century AD Earthquakes Bodrum , Turkey 37 ° 02 ′ 16 '' N 27 ° 25 ′ 27 '' E / 37.0379 ° N 27.4241 ° E / 37.0379 ; 27.4241 ( Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ) Colossus of Rhodes 292 -- 280 BC Greeks 226 BC 226 BC Rhodes earthquake Rhodes , Greece 36 ° 27 ′ 04 '' N 28 ° 13 ′ 40 '' E / 36.45111 ° N 28.22778 ° E / 36.45111 ; 28.22778 ( Colossus of Rhodes ) Lighthouse of Alexandria c. 280 BC Greeks , Ptolemaic Egyptians AD 1303 -- 1480 1303 Crete earthquake Alexandria , Egypt 31 ° 12 ′ 50 '' N 29 ° 53 ′ 08 '' E / 31.21389 ° N 29.88556 ° E / 31.21389 ; 29.88556 ( Lighthouse of Alexandria ) Influence A map showing the locations of the seven wonders of the ancient world Arts and Architecture In this painting by Maerten van Heemskerck , the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World are depicted as a background for the abduction of Helen by Paris . The Walters Art Museum The seven wonders on Antipater 's list won praises for their notable features , ranging from superlatives of the highest or largest of their types , to the artistry with which they were executed . Their architectural and artistic features were imitated throughout the Hellenistic world and beyond . The Greek influence in Roman culture , and the revival of Greco - Roman artistic styles during the Renaissance caught the imagination of European artists and travellers . Paintings and sculptures alluding to Antipater 's list were made , while adventurers flocked to the actual sites to personally witness the wonders . Legends circulated to further complement the superlatives of the wonders . Modern lists Of Antipater 's wonders , the only one that has survived to the present day is the Great Pyramid of Giza . Its brilliant white stone facing had survived intact until around 1300 AD , when local communities removed most of the stonework for building materials . The existence of the Hanging Gardens has not been proven , although theories abound . Records and archaeology confirm the existence of the other five wonders . The Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were destroyed by fire , while the Lighthouse of Alexandria , Colossus , and tomb of Mausolus were destroyed by earthquakes . Among the artifacts to have survived are sculptures from the tomb of Mausolus and the Temple of Artemis in the British Museum in London . Still , the listing of seven of the most marvellous architectural and artistic human achievements continued beyond the Ancient Greek times to the Roman Empire , the Middle Ages , the Renaissance and to the modern age . The Roman poet Martial and the Christian bishop Gregory of Tours had their versions . Reflecting the rise of Christianity and the factor of time , nature and the hand of man overcoming Antipater 's seven wonders , Roman and Christian sites began to figure on the list , including the Colosseum , Noah 's Ark and Solomon 's Temple . In the 6th century , a list of seven wonders was compiled by St. Gregory of Tours : the list included the Temple of Solomon , the Pharos of Alexandria and Noah 's Ark . Modern historians , working on the premise that the original Seven Ancient Wonders List was limited in its geographic scope , also had their versions to encompass sites beyond the Hellenistic realm -- from the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World to the Seven Wonders of the World . Indeed , the `` seven wonders '' label has spawned innumerable versions among international organizations , publications and individuals based on different themes -- works of nature , engineering masterpieces , constructions of the Middle Ages , etc . Its purpose has also changed from just a simple travel guidebook or a compendium of curious places , to lists of sites to defend or to preserve . See also Eighth Wonder of the World , about attempted additions to the famous ancient list . Wonders of the World , about similar lists made throughout the ages . Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) References ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Past : World History '' . ^ Jump up to : Paul Lunde ( May -- June 1980 ) . `` The Seven Wonders '' . Saudi Aramco World . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter ; Martin J. Price ( 1990 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05036 - 4 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus . Bibliotheca Historica , Books I-V. 2.11. 5 : Perseus Project , Tufts University . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter A. ; Price , Martin ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 158 . ISBN 9781136748097 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Greek Anthology , Volume III . Book 9 , chapter 58 : Perseus Project , Tufts University . Jump up ^ Biographical Dictionary Volume III . Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . 1843 . p. 48 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter A. ; Price , Martin ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 10 . ISBN 9781136748103 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The New Encyclopædia Britannica Micropædia Volume 10 . USA : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1995 . p. 666 . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 605 - 3 . Jump up ^ There is some conjecture as to whether the Hanging Gardens actually existed , or were purely legendary ( see Finkel , Irving ( 1988 ) `` The Hanging Gardens of Babylon , '' In The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , Edited by Peter Clayton and Martin Price , Routledge , New York , pp. 38 ff . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05036 - 7 ) . Jump up ^ Kostof , Spiro ( 1985 ) . A History of Architecture . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503473 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gloag , John ( 1969 ) ( 1958 ) . Guide to Western Architecture ( Revised ed . ) . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 362 . Jump up ^ `` Panorama with the Abduction of Helen Amidst the Wonders of the Ancient World '' . The Walters Art Museum . Jump up ^ `` Wonders of Europe '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Dalley ( 2013 ) , The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon : an elusive World wonder traced . OUP ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966226 - 5 Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter and Price , Martin : The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( Routledge , 1988 ) , pp. 162 -- 163 . Further reading Clayton , Peter A. , and Martin Price . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . New York : Dorset , 1989 . Deliyannis , Deborah Mauskopf . `` The mausoleum of Theoderic and the Seven Wonders of the World . '' Journal of Late Antiquity 3 , no . 2 ( 2010 ) : 365 - 85 . D'Epiro , Peter , and Mary Desmond Pinkowish . What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists . New York : Anchor Books / Doubleday , 1988 . Jordan , Paul . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Harlow , UK : Longman , 2002 . Mueller , Artur . The seven wonders of the world : Five thousand years of culture and history in the ancient world . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1968 . Romer , John , and Elizabeth Romer . The Seven Wonders of the World : A History of the Modern Imagination . 1st American ed . New York : Henry Holt , 1995 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . Library resources about Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` Seven Ancient Wonders of the World '' on The History Channel website . Also includes links to medieval , modern and natural wonders . Parkin , Tim , Researching Ancient Wonders : A Research Guide , from the University of Canterbury , New Zealand . -- a collection of books and Internet resources with information on seven ancient wonders . `` Eternal wonder of humanity 's first great achievements '' , by Jonathan Glancey in The Guardian , 10 March 2007 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) BNE : XX528818 BNF : cb12132325w ( data ) GND : 4121670 - 2 LCCN : sh85120421 SUDOC : 02977084X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World&oldid=859052815 '' Categories : Ancient history Former buildings and structures Cultural lists Ancient technology World Heritage Sites Seven Wonders of the Ancient World History of construction Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Монгол Nederlands नेपाली Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语粵語 Zeêuws 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2018 , at 11 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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-7405898962688063386	Class conflict	Class conflict - wikipedia Class conflict Jump to : navigation , search `` Class struggle '' redirects here . For other uses , see Class Struggle . The Pyramid of Capitalist System is a simple visualization of class conflict . Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Communism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal Part of a series on Communism Concepts ( show ) Class struggle Class consciousness Classless society Collective leadership Common ownership Commune Communist society Free association From each according to his ability , to each according to his needs Gift economy Proletarian internationalism Stateless society Workers ' self - management World revolution Aspects ( show ) Communist state Communist party Communist revolution Communist symbolism History of communism Variants ( show ) Anarchist European Chinese Juche Leninist Marxist Marxist - Leninist Maoist Trotskyist Technicist Pre-Marxist Primitive Religious Christian Scientific National World List of communist parties Internationals ( show ) Communist League First Second Third Fourth People ( show ) Thomas More Henri Saint - Simon Charles Fourier Robert Owen Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Peter Kropotkin Vladimir Lenin Rosa Luxemburg Antonie Pannekoek Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky György Lukács Nikolai Bukharin Amadeo Bordiga Ho Chi Minh Antonio Gramsci Josip Broz Tito Farabundo Martí Mao Zedong José Carlos Mariátegui Deng Xiaoping Enver Hoxha Kim Il - sung Fidel Castro Che Guevara Enrico Berlinguer By region ( show ) Colombia Kerala Korea Peru Philippines Poland Russia Sumatra Vietnam Related topics ( show ) Anarchism Anti-capitalism Anti-communism Third - Worldism Mass killings under Communist regimes Cold War Communitarianism Criticisms of communist party rule Left - wing politics List of communist parties New Class New Left Red Scare Socialism Socialist mode of production Socialist economics Syndicalism Communism portal Class conflict , frequently referred to as class warfare or class struggle , is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes . The view that the class struggle provides the lever for radical social change for the majority is central to the work of Karl Marx and the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin . Class conflict can take many different forms : direct violence , such as wars fought for resources and cheap labor ; indirect violence , such as deaths from poverty , starvation , illness or unsafe working conditions ; coercion , such as the threat of losing a job or the pulling of an important investment ; or ideologically , such as with books and articles . Additionally , political forms of class conflict exist ; legally or illegally lobbying or bribing government leaders for passage of desirable partisan legislation including labor laws , tax codes , consumer laws , acts of congress or other sanction , injunction or tariff . The conflict can be direct , as with a lockout aimed at destroying a labor union , or indirect , as with an informal slowdown in production protesting low wages by workers or unfair labor practices by capital . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 1.1 Pre-capitalist societies 1.2 21st - century United States 2 Capitalist societies 2.1 Thomas Jefferson , United States 2.2 Warren Buffett , United States 2.3 Noam Chomsky 2.4 Max Weber , Germany 2.5 Arab Spring 3 Socialism 3.1 Marxist perspectives 3.2 The Soviet Union and similar societies 3.3 Non-Marxist perspectives 4 Class vs. race struggle 5 Chronology 5.1 Classical antiquity 5.2 Middle Ages 5.3 Modern era 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Usage ( edit ) Teamsters wild - cat strike in Minneapolis , 1934 In the past the term Class conflict was a term used mostly by socialists , who define a class by its relationship to the means of production -- such as factories , land and machinery . From this point of view , the social control of production and labor is a contest between classes , and the division of these resources necessarily involves conflict and inflicts harm . It can involve ongoing low - level clashes , escalate into massive confrontations , and in some cases , lead to the overall defeat of one of the contending classes . However , in more contemporary times this term is striking chords and finding new definition amongst capitalistic societies in the United States and other Westernized countries . The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin argued that the class struggle of the working class , peasantry and poor had the potential to lead to a social revolution involving the overthrow of ruling elites , and the creation of libertarian socialism . This was only a potential , and class struggle was , he argued , not always the only or decisive factor in society , but it was central . By contrast , Marxists argue that class conflict always plays the decisive and pivotal role in the history of class - based hierarchical systems such as capitalism and feudalism . Marxists refer to its overt manifestations as class war , a struggle whose resolution in favor of the working class is viewed by them as inevitable under plutocratic capitalism . Pre-capitalist societies ( edit ) Where societies are socially divided based on status , wealth , or control of social production and distribution , class structures arise and are thus coeval with civilization itself . It is well documented since at least European Classical Antiquity ( Conflict of the Orders , Spartacus , etc . ) and the various popular uprisings in late medieval Europe and elsewhere . One of the earliest analysis of these conflicts is Friedrich Engels ' The Peasant War in Germany . One of the earliest analyses of the development of class as the development of conflicts between emergent classes is available in Peter Kropotkin 's Mutual Aid . In this work , Kropotkin analyzes the disposal of goods after death in pre-class or hunter - gatherer societies , and how inheritance produces early class divisions and conflict . 21st - century United states ( edit ) Billionaire and friend to Warren Buffett , George Soros addresses the pejorative use of the term by the conservative - right by stating , `` Speaking as a person who would be most hurt by this , I think my fellow hedge fund managers call this class warfare because they do n't like to pay more taxes . '' Bill Moyers , for example , gave a speech at Brennan Center for Justice in December 2013 which was titled `` The Great American Class War , '' referring to the current struggle between democracy and plutocracy in the U.S. Chris Hedges wrote a column for Truthdig called `` Let 's Get This Class War Started , '' which was a play on Pink 's song `` Let 's Get This Party Started . '' Historian Steve Fraser , author of The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power , asserts that class conflict is an inevitability if current political and economic conditions continue , noting that `` people are increasingly fed up ... their voices are not being heard . And I think that can only go on for so long without there being more and more outbreaks of what used to be called class struggle , class warfare . '' Capitalist societies ( edit ) The typical example of class conflict described is class conflict within capitalism . This class conflict is seen to occur primarily between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat , and takes the form of conflict over hours of work , value of wages , division of profits , cost of consumer goods , the culture at work , control over parliament or bureaucracy , and economic inequality . The particular implementation of government programs which may seem purely humanitarian , such as disaster relief , can actually be a form of class conflict . In the USA class conflict is often noted in labor / management disputes . As far back as 1933 representative Edward Hamilton of ALPA , the Airline Pilot 's Association , used the term `` class warfare '' to describe airline management 's opposition at the National Labor Board hearings in October of that year . Apart from these day - to - day forms of class conflict , during periods of crisis or revolution class conflict takes on a violent nature and involves repression , assault , restriction of civil liberties , and murderous violence such as assassinations or death squads . ( Zinn , People 's History ) Thomas Jefferson , United states ( edit ) Although Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 -- 1826 ) led the United States as president from 1801 -- 1809 and is considered one of the founding fathers , he died with immense amounts of debt . Regarding the interaction between social classes , he wrote , I am convinced that those societies ( as the Indians ) which live without government enjoy in their general mass an infinitely greater degree of happiness than those who live under the European governments . Among the former , public opinion is in the place of law , & restrains morals as powerfully as laws ever did anywhere . Among the latter , under pretence of governing they have divided their nations into two classes , wolves & sheep . I do not exaggerate . This is a true picture of Europe . Cherish therefore the spirit of our people , and keep alive their attention . Do not be too severe upon their errors , but reclaim them by enlightening them . If once they become inattentive to the public affairs , you & I , & Congress & Assemblies , judges & governors shall all become wolves . It seems to be the law of our general nature , in spite of individual exceptions ; and experience declares that man is the only animal which devours his own kind , for I can apply no milder term to the governments of Europe , and to the general prey of the rich on the poor . -- Thomas Jefferson , Letter to Edward Carrington - January 16 , 1787 Warren Buffett , United states ( edit ) The investor , and billionaire , and philanthropist Warren Buffett , one of the 10 wealthiest persons in the world , voiced in 2005 and once more in 2006 his view that his class -- the `` rich class '' -- is waging class warfare on the rest of society . In 2005 Buffet said to CNN : `` It 's class warfare , my class is winning , but they should n't be . '' In a November 2006 interview in The New York Times , Buffett stated that `` ( t ) here 's class warfare all right , but it 's my class , the rich class , that 's making war , and we 're winning . '' Later Warren gave away more than half of his fortune to charitable causes through a program developed by himself and computer software tycoon Bill Gates . In 2011 Buffett called on government legislators to , `` ... stop coddling the super rich . '' Noam Chomsky ( edit ) Noam Chomsky , 2004 Noam Chomsky , American linguist , philosopher , and political activist has criticized class war in the United States : Well , there 's always a class war going on . The United States , to an unusual extent , is a business - run society , more so than others . The business classes are very class - conscious -- they 're constantly fighting a bitter class war to improve their power and diminish opposition . Occasionally this is recognized ... The enormous benefits given to the very wealthy , the privileges for the very wealthy here , are way beyond those of other comparable societies and are part of the ongoing class war . Take a look at CEO salaries ... -- Noam Chomsky in OCCUPY : Class War , Rebellion and Solidarity , Second Edition ( November 5 , 2013 ) Max Weber , Germany ( edit ) Max Weber ( 1864 -- 1920 ) agrees with the fundamental ideas of Karl Marx about the economy causing class conflict , but claims that class conflict can also stem from prestige and power . Weber argues that classes come from the different property locations . Different locations can largely affect one 's class by their education and the people they associate with . He also states that prestige results in different status groupings . This prestige is based upon the social status of one 's parents . Prestige is an attributed value and many times can not be changed . Weber states that power differences led to the formation of political parties . Weber disagrees with Marx about the formation of classes . While Marx believes that groups are similar due to their economic status , Weber argues that classes are largely formed by social status . Weber does not believe that communities are formed by economic standing , but by similar social prestige . Weber does recognize that there is a relationship between social status , social prestige and classes . Arab Spring ( edit ) Numerous factors have culminated in what 's known as the Arab Spring . Agenda behind the civil unrest , and the ultimate overthrow of authoritarian governments throughout the Middle - East included issues such as dictatorship or absolute monarchy , human rights violations , government corruption ( demonstrated by Wikileaks diplomatic cables ) , economic decline , unemployment , extreme poverty , and a number of demographic structural factors , such as a large percentage of educated but dissatisfied youth within the population . Also , some , like Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek attribute the 2009 Iranian protests as one of the reasons behind the Arab Spring . The catalysts for the revolts in all Northern African and Persian Gulf countries have been the concentration of wealth in the hands of autocrats in power for decades , insufficient transparency of its redistribution , corruption , and especially the refusal of the youth to accept the status quo . as they involve threats to food security worldwide and prices that approach levels of the 2007 -- 2008 world food price crisis . Amnesty International singled out Wikileaks ' release of US diplomatic cables as a catalyst for the revolts . Socialism ( edit ) Main article : Socialism Marxist perspectives ( edit ) Karl Marx , 1875 Karl Marx ( 1818 -- 1883 ) was a German born philosopher who lived the majority of his adult life in London , England . In The Communist Manifesto , Karl Marx argued that a class is formed when its members achieve class consciousness and solidarity . This largely happens when the members of a class become aware of their exploitation and the conflict with another class . A class will then realize their shared interests and a common identity . According to Marx , a class will then take action against those that are exploiting the lower classes . What Marx points out is that members of each of the two main classes have interests in common . These class or collective interests are in conflict with those of the other class as a whole . This in turn leads to conflict between individual members of different classes . Marxist analysis of society identifies two main social groups : Labour ( the proletariat or workers ) includes anyone who earns their livelihood by selling their labor power and being paid a wage or salary for their labor time . They have little choice but to work for capital , since they typically have no independent way to survive . Capital ( the bourgeoisie or capitalists ) includes anyone who gets their income not from labor as much as from the surplus value they appropriate from the workers who create wealth . The income of the capitalists , therefore , is based on their exploitation of the workers ( proletariat ) . Not all class struggle is violent or necessarily radical , as with strikes and lockouts . Class antagonism may instead be expressed as low worker morale , minor sabotage and pilferage , and individual workers ' abuse of petty authority and hoarding of information . It may also be expressed on a larger scale by support for socialist or populist parties . On the employers ' side , the use of union busting legal firms and the lobbying for anti-union laws are forms of class struggle . Not all class struggle is a threat to capitalism , or even to the authority of an individual capitalist . A narrow struggle for higher wages by a small sector of the working - class , what is often called `` economism '' , hardly threatens the status quo . In fact , by applying the craft - union tactics of excluding other workers from skilled trades , an economistic struggle may even weaken the working class as a whole by dividing it . Class struggle becomes more important in the historical process as it becomes more general , as industries are organized rather than crafts , as workers ' class consciousness rises , and as they self - organize away from political parties . Marx referred to this as the progress of the proletariat from being a class `` in itself '' , a position in the social structure , to being one `` for itself '' , an active and conscious force that could change the world . Marx largely focuses on the capital industrialist society as the source of social stratification , which ultimately results in class conflict . He states that capitalism creates a division between classes which can largely be seen in manufacturing factories . The proletariat , is separated from the bourgeoisie because production becomes a social enterprise . Contributing to their separation is the technology that is in factories . Technology de-skills and alienates workers as they are no longer viewed as having a specialized skill . Another effect of technology is a homogenous workforce that can be easily replaceable . Marx believed that this class conflict would result in the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and that the private property would be communally owned . The mode of production would remain , but communal ownership would eliminate class conflict . Even after a revolution , the two classes would struggle , but eventually the struggle would recede and the classes dissolve . As class boundaries broke down , the state apparatus would wither away . According to Marx , the main task of any state apparatus is to uphold the power of the ruling class ; but without any classes there would be no need for a state . That would lead to the classless , stateless communist society . The Soviet union and similar societies ( edit ) A variety of predominantly trotskyist and anarchist thinkers argue that class conflict existed in Soviet - style societies . Their arguments describe as a class the bureaucratic stratum formed by the ruling political party ( known as the Nomenklatura in the Soviet Union ) -- sometimes termed a `` new class ''. -- that controls and guides the means of production . This ruling class is viewed to be in opposition to the remainder of society , generally considered the proletariat . This type of system is referred by them as state socialism , state capitalism , bureaucratic collectivism or new class societies . ( Cliff ; Ðilas 1957 ) Marxism was such a predominate ideological power in what became the Soviet Union since a Marxist group known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was formed in the country , prior to 1917 . This party soon divided into two main factions ; the Bolsheviks , who were led by Vladimir Lenin , and the Mensheviks , who were led by Julius Martov . However many Marxist argue that unlike in Capitalism , the Soviet elites did n't own the Means of production , or generated surplus value for their personal wealth like in capitalism , as the generated profit from the economy was equally distributed into Soviet society . Even some trotskyist like Ernest Mandel criticized the concept of a new ruling class as an oxymoron . He said : `` The hypothesis of the bureaucracy 's being a new ruling class leads to the conclusion that , for the first time in history , we are confronted with a `` ruling class '' which does not exist as a class before it actually rules . '' Non-marxist perspectives ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 ) Social commentators , historians and socialist theorists had commented on class struggle for some time before Marx , as well as the connection between class struggle , property , and law : Augustin Thierry , François Guizot , François - Auguste Mignet and Adolphe Thiers . The Physiocrats , David Ricardo , and after Marx , Henry George noted the inelastic supply of land and argued that this created certain privileges ( economic rent ) for landowners . According to the historian Arnold Toynbee , stratification along lines of class appears only within civilizations , and furthermore only appears during the process of a civilization 's decline while not characterizing the growth phase of a civilization . Proudhon , in What is Property ? ( 1840 ) states that `` certain classes do not relish investigation into the pretended titles to property , and its fabulous and perhaps scandalous history . '' While Proudhon saw the solution as the lower classes forming an alternative , solidarity economy centered on cooperatives and self - managed workplaces , which would slowly undermine and replace capitalist class society , the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin while influenced by Proudhon , insisted that a massive class struggle , by the working class , peasantry and poor , was essential to the creation of libertarian socialism . This would require a ( final ) showdown in the form of a social revolution . Fascists have often opposed class struggle and instead have attempted to appeal to the working class while promising to preserve the existing social classes and have proposed an alternative concept known as class collaboration . Class vs. race struggle ( edit ) Main article : False consciousness Jobless Black workers in the heat of the Philadelphia summer , United States , 1973 Consistent with its internationalist perspective , Orthodox Marxism , and most left tendencies , reject racism , sexism , etc. as struggles within the capitalist order which are distractions from class struggle , the real conflict , which prevent the purported antagonists from acting in their common class interest . According to Michel Foucault , in the 19th century the essentialist notion of the `` race '' was incorporated by racists , biologists , and eugenicists , who gave it the modern sense of `` biological race '' which was then integrated to `` state racism '' . On the other hand , Foucault claims that when Marxists developed their concept of `` class struggle '' , they were partly inspired by the older , non-biological notions of the `` race '' and the `` race struggle '' . In a letter to Friedrich Engels in 1882 Karl Marx wrote : You know very well where we found our idea of class struggle ; we found it in the work of the French historians who talked about the race struggle . For Foucault , the theme of social war provides the overriding principle that connects class and race struggle . Moses Hess , an important theoretician and labor zionist of the early socialist movement , in his `` Epilogue '' to `` Rome and Jerusalem '' argued that `` the race struggle is primary , the class struggle secondary ... With the cessation of race antagonism , the class struggle will also come to a standstill . The equalization of all classes of society will necessarily follow the emancipation of all the races , for it will ultimately become a scientific question of social economics . '' In modern times , emerging schools of thought in the U.S. and other countries hold the opposite to be true . They argue that the race struggle is less important , because the primary struggle is that of class since labor of all races face the same problems and injustices . Chronology ( edit ) Riots with a basically nationalist background are not included . Classical antiquity ( edit ) Conflict of the Orders Roman Servile Wars Middle Ages ( edit ) Ciompi in Florence 1378 Peasants ' Revolt in England 1381 Jacquerie - France 14th century Modern era ( edit ) The rebellion of György Dózsa in 1514 spread like lightning in the Kingdom of Hungary where hundreds of manor - houses and castles were burnt and thousands of the gentry killed . German Peasants ' War since 1524 English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) ( Diggers ) French Revolution since 1789 Canut revolts in Lyon since 1831 - often considered as the beginning of the modern labor movement Revolutions of 1848 France ( et al . ) Paris Commune 1871 Donghak Peasant Revolution in Korea 1893 / 94 1905 Russian Revolution 1907 Romanian Peasants ' Revolt Mexican Revolution since 1910 October Revolution in 1917 Spartacist uprising in Germany 1919 Seattle General Strike of 1919 in Seattle General Strike of 1919 in Spain Winnipeg General Strike 1919 Ruhr Uprising in Germany 1920 Kronstadt rebellion 1921 Hamburg Uprising 1923 1926 United Kingdom general strike 1934 West Coast waterfront strike Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939 Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong 1947 - 1950 Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Telangana Rebellion Cuban Revolution 1953 - 1959 Hungarian Revolution of 1956 - foundation of worker 's councils Poznań 1956 protests Mai 68 in France Battle of Valle Giulia 1968 Italy Wild cats in Western Germany in 1969 Several strikes by coal miners in the UK : 1969 1972 1974 1984 - 85 Winter of Discontent 1978 / 79 1993 Russian constitutional crisis 2006 Oaxaca protests in Mexico 2008 Greek riots Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Egyptian Revolution of 2011 2011 England riots World Social Forum World Economic Forum See also ( edit ) Class consciousness Classicide Classism Class collaboration Classless society Conflict of the Orders Deformed workers state Degenerated workers state Economic inequality Economic stratification Exploitation Green Mountain Anarchist Collective Johnson County War Labor union No War But The Class War Occupy movement Popular revolt in late medieval Europe Propaganda of the deed Revolution Sharecropping Slave rebellion Social class Socialist Harmonious Society Taxation The Green Mountain Anarchist Collective , NEFAC - VT References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ; et al. ( 1848 ) . The Communist Manifesto. ( 1 ) : www.marxists.org . Jump up ^ The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World G.E.M. DE Ste . Croix Cornell University Press 1981 ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9597 - 0 Jump up ^ Frederick Engels , The Peasant War in Germany , marxists.org Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Soros : Why I Support the Buffett Rule '' . CNN . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Moyers , Bill ( 12 December 2013 ) . The Great American Class War . Brennan Center for Justice . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Pathology of the Rich - Chris Hedges on Reality Asserts Itself pt1 The Real News . 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hedges , Chris ( 20 October 2013 ) . Let 's Get This Class War Started . Truthdig . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Full Show : The New Robber Barons . Moyers & Company . December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greg Palast , Burn baby burn http://www.gregpalast.com/burn-baby-burnthe-california-celebrity-fires/ Jump up ^ Kaps , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . Air Transport Labor Relations . Section 3 : Major Collective Bargaining Legislation : Southern Illinois Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 1776 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . `` Letter to Edward Carrington - January 16 , 1787 '' . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/ Jump up ^ Buffett : ' There are lots of loose nukes around the world ' CNN.com Jump up ^ Buffett , Warren ( Nov 26 , 2006 ) . `` In Class Warfare , Guess Which Class is Winning '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Warren Buffett Gives Away Fortune '' . Huffington Post . 4 / 12 / 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Buffett , Warren ( Nov 2011 ) . `` Stop Coddling the Super Rich '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 2013 ) , OCCUPY : Class War , Rebellion and Solidarity , Second Edition ( November 5 , 2013 ) , Zuccotti Park Press , retrieved October 14 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Blackwell Reference Online. ( 2 ) . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cockburn , Alexander ( 18 -- 20 February 2011 ) . `` The Tweet and Revolution '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Korotayev A , Zinkina J ( 2011 ) . `` Egyptian Revolution : A Demographic Structural Analysis '' . Entelequia . Revista Interdisciplinar. 13 : 139 -- 165 . Jump up ^ `` Demographics of the Arab League , computed by Wolfram Alpha '' . Jump up ^ `` Ahmadinejad row with Khamenei intensifies '' . Al Jazeera. 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ecker , Al - Riffai , Perrihan . `` Economics of the Arab awakening '' . International Food Policy Research Institute . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Other Arab Spring April 7 , 2012 Thomas L. Friedman New York Times Op Ed Jump up ^ Javid , Salman Ansari ( 27 January 2011 ) . `` Arab dictatorships inundated by food price protests '' . Tehran Times . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Walker Amnesty International hails WikiLeaks and Guardian as Arab spring ' catalysts ' , in The Guardian , Friday 13 May 2011 Jump up ^ Đilas , Milovan ( 1983 , 1957 ) . The New Class : An Analysis of the Communist System ( paperback ed . ) . San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 665489 - X . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Harpal , Brar ( October 1993 ) . Trotskyism or Leninism ? . London . p. 647 . ISBN 1874613036 . Jump up ^ Ernest , Mandel . `` Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class ( 1979 ) '' . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Augustin Thierry : Recueil des monuments inédits de l'histoire du Tiers état Jump up ^ Toynbee , Arnold ( 1947 ) . `` The Nature of Disintegration '' . In Dorothea Grace Somervell . A Study of History : Abridgment of Volumes I - VI . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 365 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505081 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pierre Proudhon , What is Property ? , chapter 2 , remark 2 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Society Must be Defended by Michel Foucault ( trans . David Macey ) , London : Allen Lane , Penguin Press ( 1976 , 2003 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Ann Laura Stoler , Race and the Education of Desire : Foucault 's `` History of Sexuality '' and the Colonial Order of Things , Duke University Press ( 1995 ) , p. 71 - 72 Jump up ^ quoted in Prophecy and Politics : Socialism , Nationalism , and the Russian Jews by Jonathan Frankel , Cambridge University Press ( 1981 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , John H. ( 1995 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Ye Are the Salt of the Earth '' . The Wonder of Grace . Shippensburg , Pennsylvania : Companion Press . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 56043 - 572 - 0 . The system that was supposed to treat all men equally actually created a class society . Jump up ^ see Daniel Guérin , Class Struggle in the First French Republic , Pluto Press 1977 Further reading ( edit ) Class & Class Conflict in Industrial Society , Ralf Dahrendorf , Stanford University Press , 1959 , trade paperback , 336 pages , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0561 - 5 ( also available in hardback as ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0560 - 7 and ISBN 1 - 131 - 15573 - 4 ) . The Global Class War : How America 's Bipartisan Elite Lost Our Future and What It Will Take to Win It Back Jeff Faux , John Wiley and Sons . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 69761 - 9 Li Yi. 2005 . The Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification . University Press of America . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3331 - 5 The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest : 1500 to the Present , ed. by Immanuel Ness , Malden , MA ( etc . ) : Wiley & Sons , 2009 . Louis Adamic , Dynamite : The story of class violence in America , Revised Edition ( 1934 ) Leo Zeilig ( Editor ) , Class Struggle and Resistance in Africa , New Clarion Press , 2002 . Gerson Antell / Walter Harris , `` Economics For Everybody '' , Amsco School Publications , 2007 Mathew Maavak , `` Class Warfare , Anarchy and the Future Society '' , Journal of Futures Studies , December 2012 , 17 ( 2 ) : 15 - 36 The Black Bloc Papers : An Anthology of Primary Texts From The North American Anarchist Black Bloc 1988 - 2005 , by Xavier Massot & David Van Deusen of the Green Mountain Anarchist Collective ( NEFAC - VT ) , Breaking Glass Press , 2010 . A Communiqué on Tactics and Organization to the Black Bloc , from within the Black Bloc , by The Green Mountain Anarchist Collective ( NEFAC - VT ) & Columbus Anti-Racist Action , Black Clover Press , 2001 . Neither Washington Nor Stowe : Common Sense For The Working Vermonter , by David Van Deusen and the Green Mountain Anarchist Collective ( NEFAC - VT ) , Catamount Tavern Press , 2004 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Class conflict 2008 - 2010 Study : CEOs Who Fired Most Workers Earned Highest Pay - video report by Democracy Now ! Blair Community Center and Museum to help preserve and understand the largest labor uprising in US history -- the Battle of Blair Mountain . Let 's Get This Class War Started . Chris Hedges , Truthdig . GND : 4130866 - 9 NDL : 00564602 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&oldid=808646517 '' Categories : Socialism Political science Social classes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2014 Articles to be expanded from November 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 05 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who argued that class struggles were what led to historical progress and development	[ "The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin argued that the class struggle of the working class, peasantry and poor had the potential to lead to a social revolution involving the overthrow of ruling elites, and the creation of libertarian socialism. This was only a potential, and class struggle was, he argued, not always the only or decisive factor in society, but it was central. By contrast, Marxists argue that class conflict always plays the decisive and pivotal role in the history of class-based hierarchical systems such as capitalism and feudalism.[1] Marxists refer to its overt manifestations as class war, a struggle whose resolution in favor of the working class is viewed by them as inevitable under plutocratic capitalism." ]	[ "Mikhail Bakunin" ]
-8503838450247245404	Geothermal power	Geothermal power - wikipedia Geothermal power Jump to : navigation , search Krafla , a geothermal power station in Iceland Countries with installed and / or developing geothermal power projects Part of a series about Sustainable energy Energy conservation Cogeneration Efficient energy use Green building Heat pump Low - carbon power Microgeneration Passive solar building design Renewable energy Anaerobic digestion Biofuel Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar Tidal Wave Wind Sustainable transport Carbon - neutral fuel Electric vehicle Fossil fuel phase - out Green vehicle Plug - in hybrid Sustainable development portal Renewable energy portal Environment portal Geothermal power is power generated by geothermal energy . Technologies in use include dry steam power stations , flash steam power stations and binary cycle power stations . Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 24 countries , while geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries . As of 2015 , worldwide geothermal power capacity amounts to 12.8 gigawatts ( GW ) , of which 28 percent or 3,548 megawatts are installed in the United States . International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015 , and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5 -- 17.6 GW by 2020 . Based on current geologic knowledge and technology the GEA publicly discloses , the Geothermal Energy Association ( GEA ) estimates that only 6.5 percent of total global potential has been tapped so far , while the IPCC reported geothermal power potential to be in the range of 35 GW to 2 TW . Countries generating more than 15 percent of their electricity from geothermal sources include El Salvador , Kenya , the Philippines , Iceland and Costa Rica . Geothermal power is considered to be a sustainable , renewable source of energy because the heat extraction is small compared with the Earth 's heat content . The greenhouse gas emissions of geothermal electric stations are on average 45 grams of carbon dioxide per kilowatt - hour of electricity , or less than 5 percent of that of conventional coal - fired plants . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and development 2 Resources 3 Power station types 3.1 Dry steam power stations 3.2 Flash steam power stations 3.3 Binary cycle power stations 4 Worldwide production 4.1 Utility - grade stations 5 Environmental impact 6 Economics 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and development ( edit ) In the 20th century , demand for electricity led to the consideration of geothermal power as a generating source . Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904 in Larderello , Italy . It successfully lit four light bulbs . Later , in 1911 , the world 's first commercial geothermal power station was built there . Experimental generators were built in Beppu , Japan and the Geysers , California , in the 1920s , but Italy was the world 's only industrial producer of geothermal electricity until 1958 . Trends in the top five geothermal electricity - generating countries , 1980 -- 2012 ( US EIA ) Global geothermal electric capacity . Upper red line is installed capacity ; lower green line is realized production . In 1958 , New Zealand became the second major industrial producer of geothermal electricity when its Wairakei station was commissioned . Wairakei was the first station to use flash steam technology . In 1960 , Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power station in the United States at The Geysers in California . The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 MW net power . The binary cycle power station was first demonstrated in 1967 in Russia and later introduced to the USA in 1981 , following the 1970s energy crisis and significant changes in regulatory policies . This technology allows the use of much lower temperature resources than were previously recoverable . In 2006 , a binary cycle station in Chena Hot Springs , Alaska , came on - line , producing electricity from a record low fluid temperature of 57 ° C ( 135 ° F ) . Geothermal electric stations have until recently been built exclusively where high temperature geothermal resources are available near the surface . The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range . Demonstration projects are operational in Landau - Pfalz , Germany , and Soultz - sous - Forêts , France , while an earlier effort in Basel , Switzerland was shut down after it triggered earthquakes . Other demonstration projects are under construction in Australia , the United Kingdom , and the United States of America . The thermal efficiency of geothermal electric stations is low , around 7 -- 10 % , because geothermal fluids are at a low temperature compared with steam from boilers . By the laws of thermodynamics this low temperature limits the efficiency of heat engines in extracting useful energy during the generation of electricity . Exhaust heat is wasted , unless it can be used directly and locally , for example in greenhouses , timber mills , and district heating . The efficiency of the system does not affect operational costs as it would for a coal or other fossil fuel plant , but it does factor into the viability of the station . In order to produce more energy than the pumps consume , electricity generation requires high temperature geothermal fields and specialized heat cycles . Because geothermal power does not rely on variable sources of energy , unlike , for example , wind or solar , its capacity factor can be quite large -- up to 96 % has been demonstrated . However the global average capacity factor was 74.5 % in 2008 , according to the IPCC . Resources ( edit ) Enhanced geothermal system 1 : Reservoir 2 : Pump house 3 : Heat exchanger 4 : Turbine hall 5 : Production well 6 : Injection well 7 : Hot water to district heating 8 : Porous sediments 9 : Observation well 10 : Crystalline bedrock The Earth 's heat content is about 1 × 10 TJ ( 2.8 × 10 TWh ) . This heat naturally flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of 44.2 TW and is replenished by radioactive decay at a rate of 30 TW . These power rates are more than double humanity 's current energy consumption from primary sources , but most of this power is too diffuse ( approximately 0.1 W / m on average ) to be recoverable . The Earth 's crust effectively acts as a thick insulating blanket which must be pierced by fluid conduits ( of magma , water or other ) to release the heat underneath . Electricity generation requires high - temperature resources that can only come from deep underground . The heat must be carried to the surface by fluid circulation , either through magma conduits , hot springs , hydrothermal circulation , oil wells , drilled water wells , or a combination of these . This circulation sometimes exists naturally where the crust is thin : magma conduits bring heat close to the surface , and hot springs bring the heat to the surface . If no hot spring is available , a well must be drilled into a hot aquifer . Away from tectonic plate boundaries the geothermal gradient is 25 -- 30 ° C per kilometre ( km ) of depth in most of the world , so wells would have to be several kilometres deep to permit electricity generation . The quantity and quality of recoverable resources improves with drilling depth and proximity to tectonic plate boundaries . In ground that is hot but dry , or where water pressure is inadequate , injected fluid can stimulate production . Developers bore two holes into a candidate site , and fracture the rock between them with explosives or high - pressure water . Then they pump water or liquefied carbon dioxide down one borehole , and it comes up the other borehole as a gas . This approach is called hot dry rock geothermal energy in Europe , or enhanced geothermal systems in North America . Much greater potential may be available from this approach than from conventional tapping of natural aquifers . Estimates of the electricity generating potential of geothermal energy vary from 35 to 2000 GW depending on the scale of investments . This does not include non-electric heat recovered by co-generation , geothermal heat pumps and other direct use . A 2006 report by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) that included the potential of enhanced geothermal systems estimated that investing 1 billion US dollars in research and development over 15 years would allow the creation of 100 GW of electrical generating capacity by 2050 in the United States alone . The MIT report estimated that over 200 × 10 TJ ( 200 ZJ ; 5.6 × 10 TWh ) would be extractable , with the potential to increase this to over 2,000 ZJ with technology improvements -- sufficient to provide all the world 's present energy needs for several millennia . At present , geothermal wells are rarely more than 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) deep . Upper estimates of geothermal resources assume wells as deep as 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) . Drilling near this depth is now possible in the petroleum industry , although it is an expensive process . The deepest research well in the world , the Kola superdeep borehole ( KSDB - 3 ) , is 12.261 km ( 7.619 mi ) deep . This record has recently been imitated by commercial oil wells , such as Exxon 's Z - 12 well in the Chayvo field , Sakhalin . Wells drilled to depths greater than 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) generally incur drilling costs in the tens of millions of dollars . The technological challenges are to drill wide bores at low cost and to break larger volumes of rock . Geothermal power is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small compared to the Earth 's heat content , but extraction must still be monitored to avoid local depletion . Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many decades , individual wells may cool down or run out of water . The three oldest sites , at Larderello , Wairakei , and the Geysers have all reduced production from their peaks . It is not clear whether these stations extracted energy faster than it was replenished from greater depths , or whether the aquifers supplying them are being depleted . If production is reduced , and water is reinjected , these wells could theoretically recover their full potential . Such mitigation strategies have already been implemented at some sites . The long - term sustainability of geothermal energy has been demonstrated at the Lardarello field in Italy since 1913 , at the Wairakei field in New Zealand since 1958 , and at The Geysers field in California since 1960 . Power station types ( edit ) Dry steam ( left ) , flash steam ( centre ) , and binary cycle ( right ) power stations . Geothermal power stations are similar to other steam turbine thermal power stations in that heat from a fuel source ( in geothermal 's case , the Earth 's core ) is used to heat water or another working fluid . The working fluid is then used to turn a turbine of a generator , thereby producing electricity . The fluid is then cooled and returned to the heat source . Dry steam power stations ( edit ) Dry steam stations are the simplest and oldest design . This type of power station is not found very often , because it requires a resource that produces dry steam , but is the most efficient , with the simplest facilities . In these sites , there may be liquid water present in the reservoir , but no water is produced to the surface , only steam . Dry Steam Power directly uses geothermal steam of 150 ° C or greater to turn turbines . As the turbine rotates it powers a generator which then produces electricity and adds to the power field . Then , the steam is emitted to a condenser . Here the steam turns back into a liquid which then cools the water . After the water is cooled it flows down a pipe that conducts the condensate back into deep wells , where it can be reheated and produced again . At The Geysers in California , after the first thirty years of power production , the steam supply had depleted and generation was substantially reduced . To restore some of the former capacity , supplemental water injection was developed during the 1990 's and 2000 's , including utilization of effluent from nearby municipal sewage treatment facilities . Flash steam power stations ( edit ) Flash steam stations pull deep , high - pressure hot water into lower - pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines . They require fluid temperatures of at least 180 ° C , usually more . This is the most common type of station in operation today . Flash steam plants use geothermal reservoirs of water with temperatures greater than 360 ° F ( 182 ° C ) . The hot water flows up through wells in the ground under its own pressure . As it flows upward , the pressure decreases and some of the hot water boils into steam . The steam is then separated from the water and used to power a turbine / generator . Any leftover water and condensed steam may be injected back into the reservoir , making this a potentially sustainable resource . Binary cycle power stations ( edit ) Main article : Binary cycle Binary cycle power stations are the most recent development , and can accept fluid temperatures as low as 57 ° C. The moderately hot geothermal water is passed by a secondary fluid with a much lower boiling point than water . This causes the secondary fluid to flash vaporize , which then drives the turbines . This is the most common type of geothermal electricity station being constructed today . Both Organic Rankine and Kalina cycles are used . The thermal efficiency of this type station is typically about 10 -- 13 % . Worldwide production ( edit ) Larderello Geothermal Station , in Italy The International Geothermal Association ( IGA ) has reported that 10,715 megawatts ( MW ) of geothermal power in 24 countries is online , which is expected to generate 67,246 GWh of electricity in 2010 . This represents a 20 % increase in geothermal power online capacity since 2005 . IGA projected this would grow to 18,500 MW by 2015 , due to the large number of projects that were under consideration , often in areas previously assumed to have little exploitable resource . In 2010 , the United States led the world in geothermal electricity production with 3,086 MW of installed capacity from 77 power stations ; the largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers , a geothermal field in California . The Philippines follows the US as the second highest producer of geothermal power in the world , with 1,904 MW of capacity online ; geothermal power makes up approximately 27 % of the country 's electricity generation . Al Gore said in The Climate Project Asia Pacific Summit that Indonesia could become a super power country in electricity production from geothermal energy . India has announced a plan to develop the country 's first geothermal power facility in Chhattisgarh . Canada is the only major country on the Pacific Ring of Fire which has not yet developed geothermal power . The region of greatest potential is the Canadian Cordillera , stretching from British Columbia to the Yukon , where estimates of generating output have ranged from 1,550 MW to 5,000 MW . Utility - grade stations ( edit ) A geothermal power station in Negros Oriental , Philippines . The largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers , a geothermal field in California , United States . As of 2004 , five countries ( El Salvador , Kenya , the Philippines , Iceland , and Costa Rica ) generate more than 15 % of their electricity from geothermal sources . Geothermal electricity is generated in the 24 countries listed in the table below . During 2005 , contracts were placed for an additional 500 MW of electrical capacity in the United States , while there were also stations under construction in 11 other countries . Enhanced geothermal systems that are several kilometres in depth are operational in France and Germany and are being developed or evaluated in at least four other countries . Installed geothermal electric capacity Country Capacity ( MW ) 2007 Capacity ( MW ) Capacity ( MW ) 2013 Capacity ( MW ) 2015 Share of national generation ( % ) USA 2687 3086 3389 3450 0.3 Philippines 1969.7 1904 1894 1870 27.0 Indonesia 992 1197 1333 1340 3.7 Mexico 953 958 980 1017 3.0 New Zealand 471.6 628 895 1005 14.5 Italy 810.5 843 901 916 1.5 Iceland 421.2 575 664 665 30.0 Kenya 128.8 167 215 594 51.0 Japan 535.2 536 537 519 0.1 Turkey 38 82 163 397 0.3 Costa Rica 162.5 166 208 207 14.0 El Salvador 204.4 204 204 204 25.0 Nicaragua 79 82 97 82 9.9 Papua New Guinea 56 56 56 50 Guatemala 53 52 42 52 Portugal 23 29 28 29 Russia 79 79 82 82 China 27.8 24 27 27 Germany 8.4 6.6 13 27 France 14.7 16 15 16 Ethiopia 7.3 7.3 8 7.3 Austria 1.1 1.4 Australia 0.2 1.1 1.1 Thailand 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Total 9,731.9 10,709.7 11,765 12,635.9 -- Environmental impact ( edit ) The 120 - MW Nesjavellir power station in southwest Iceland Fluids drawn from the deep earth carry a mixture of gases , notably carbon dioxide ( CO ) , hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) , methane ( CH ) , ammonia ( NH ) and radon ( Rn ) . These pollutants contribute to global warming , acid rain , radiation and noxious smells if released . Existing geothermal electric stations , that fall within the 50th percentile of all total life cycle emissions studies reviewed by the IPCC , produce on average 45 kg of CO equivalent emissions per megawatt - hour of generated electricity ( kg CO eq / MW h ) . For comparison , a coal - fired power plant emits 1,001 kg of CO per megawatt - hour when not coupled with carbon capture and storage ( CCS ) . Stations that experience high levels of acids and volatile chemicals are usually equipped with emission - control systems to reduce the exhaust . Geothermal stations could theoretically inject these gases back into the earth , as a form of carbon capture and storage . In addition to dissolved gases , hot water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amounts of toxic chemicals , such as mercury , arsenic , boron , antimony , and salt . These chemicals come out of solution as the water cools , and can cause environmental damage if released . The modern practice of injecting geothermal fluids back into the Earth to stimulate production has the side benefit of reducing this environmental risk . Station construction can adversely affect land stability . Subsidence has occurred in the Wairakei field in New Zealand . Enhanced geothermal systems can trigger earthquakes due to water injection . The project in Basel , Switzerland was suspended because more than 10,000 seismic events measuring up to 3.4 on the Richter Scale occurred over the first 6 days of water injection . The risk of geothermal drilling leading to uplift has been experienced in Staufen im Breisgau . Geothermal has minimal land and freshwater requirements . Geothermal stations use 404 square meters per GW h versus 3,632 and 1,335 square meters for coal facilities and wind farms respectively . They use 20 litres of freshwater per MW h versus over 1000 litres per MW h for nuclear , coal , or oil . Geothermal power stations can also disrupt the natural cycles of geysers . For example , the Beowawe , Nevada geysers , which were uncapped geothermal wells , stopped erupting due to the development of the dual - flash station . Economics ( edit ) Geothermal power requires no fuel ; it is therefore immune to fuel cost fluctuations . However , capital costs tend to be high . Drilling accounts for over half the costs , and exploration of deep resources entails significant risks . A typical well doublet in Nevada can support 4.5 megawatts ( MW ) of electricity generation and costs about $10 million to drill , with a 20 % failure rate . In total , electrical station construction and well drilling costs about 2 -- 5 million € per MW of electrical capacity , while the levelised energy cost is 0.04 -- 0.10 € per kW h . Enhanced geothermal systems tend to be on the high side of these ranges , with capital costs above $4 million per MW and levelized costs above $0.054 per kW h in 2007 . Geothermal power is highly scalable : a small power station can supply a rural village , though initial capital costs can be high . The most developed geothermal field is the Geysers in California . In 2008 , this field supported 15 stations , all owned by Calpine , with a total generating capacity of 725 MW . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Geothermal heating Enhanced geothermal system Iceland Deep Drilling Project Renewable energy by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Geothermal Energy Association . Geothermal Energy : International Market Update May 2010 , p. 4 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Fridleifsson , , Ingvar B. ; Bertani , Ruggero ; Huenges , Ernst ; Lund , John W. ; Ragnarsson , Arni ; Rybach , Ladislaus ( 11 February 2008 ) , O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin , ed. , The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change ( PDF ) , Luebeck , Germany , pp. 59 -- 80 , retrieved 6 April 2009 Jump up ^ `` The International Geothermal Market At a Glance -- May 2015 '' ( PDF ) . GEA -- Geothermal Energy Association . May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rybach , Ladislaus ( September 2007 ) , `` Geothermal Sustainability '' ( PDF ) , Geo - Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin , Klamath Falls , Oregon : Oregon Institute of Technology , 28 ( 3 ) , pp. 2 -- 7 , ISSN 0276 - 1084 , retrieved 9 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : Moomaw , W. , P. Burgherr , G. Heath , M. Lenzen , J. Nyboer , A. Verbruggen , 2011 : Annex II : Methodology . In IPCC : Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation ( ref. page 10 ) Jump up ^ Tiwari , G.N. ; Ghosal , M.K. Renewable Energy Resources : Basic Principles and Applications . Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. , 2005 ISBN 1 - 84265 - 125 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Bertani , Ruggero ( September 2007 ) , `` World Geothermal Generation in 2007 '' ( PDF ) , Geo - Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin , Klamath Falls , Oregon : Oregon Institute of Technology , 28 ( 3 ) , pp. 8 -- 19 , ISSN 0276 - 1084 , retrieved 12 April 2009 Jump up ^ IPENZ Engineering Heritage . Ipenz.org.nz . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lund , J. ( September 2004 ) , `` 100 Years of Geothermal Power Production '' ( PDF ) , Geo - Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin , Klamath Falls , Oregon : Oregon Institute of Technology , 25 ( 3 ) , pp. 11 -- 19 , ISSN 0276 - 1084 , retrieved 13 April 2009 Jump up ^ McLarty , Lynn ; Reed , Marshall J. ( October 1992 ) , `` The U.S. Geothermal Industry : Three Decades of Growth '' ( PDF ) , Energy Sources , Part A : Recovery , Utilization , and Environmental Effects , London : Taylor & Francis , 14 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 455 , doi : 10.1080 / 00908319208908739 ^ Jump up to : Erkan , K. ; Holdmann , G. ; Benoit , W. ; Blackwell , D. ( 2008 ) , `` Understanding the Chena Hot Springs , Alaska , geothermal system using temperature and pressure data '' , Geothermics , 37 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 585 , doi : 10.1016 / j. geothermics. 2008.09. 001 , ISSN 0375 - 6505 , retrieved 11 April 2009 ^ Jump up to : Tester , Jefferson W. ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) ; et al. , The Future of Geothermal Energy ( PDF ) , Impact , of Enhanced Geothermal Systems ( Egs ) on the United States in the 21st Century : An Assessment , Idaho Falls : Idaho National Laboratory , ISBN 0 - 615 - 13438 - 6 , retrieved 7 February 2007 Jump up ^ Bertani , Ruggero ( 2009 ) . `` Geothermal Energy : An Overview on Resources and Potential '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the International Conference on National Development of Geothermal Energy Use . Slovakia . Jump up ^ Schavemaker , Pieter ; van der Sluis , Lou ( 2008 ) . Electrical Power Systems Essentials . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0470 - 51027 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lund , John W. ( 2003 ) , `` The USA Geothermal Country Update '' , Geothermics , European Geothermal Conference 2003 , Elsevier Science Ltd. , 32 ( 4 -- 6 ) : 409 -- 418 , doi : 10.1016 / S0375 - 6505 ( 03 ) 00053 - 1 Jump up ^ Goldstein , B. , G. Hiriart , R. Bertani , C. Bromley , L. Gutiérrez - Negrín , E. Huenges , H. Muraoka , A. Ragnarsson , J. Tester , V. Zui ( 2011 ) `` Geothermal Energy '' . In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , NY , USA Geothermal Energy . p. 404 . Jump up ^ Pollack , H.N. ; S.J. Hurter , and J.R. Johnson ; Johnson , Jeffrey R. ( 1993 ) , `` Heat Flow from the Earth 's Interior : Analysis of the Global Data Set '' , Rev. Geophys. , 30 ( 3 ) , pp. 267 -- 280 , Bibcode : 1993RvGeo ... 31 ... 267P , doi : 10.1029 / 93RG01249 Jump up ^ `` Kola '' . www.icdp-online.org . ICDP . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Eric ( 11 February 2008 ) , `` ExxonMobil drills record extended - reach well at Sakhalin - 1 '' , Oil & Gas Journal , archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 05 , retrieved 31 October 2009 ^ Jump up to : Geothermal Economics 101 , Economics of a 35 MW Binary Cycle Geothermal Plant ( PDF ) , New York : Glacier Partners , October 2009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 , retrieved 17 October 2009 Jump up ^ Thain , Ian A. ( September 1998 ) , `` A Brief History of the Wairakei Geothermal Power Project '' ( PDF ) , Geo - Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin , Klamath Falls , Oregon : Oregon Institute of Technology , 19 ( 3 ) , pp. 1 -- 4 , ISSN 0276 - 1084 , retrieved 2 June 2009 Jump up ^ Axelsson , Gudni ; Stefánsson , Valgardur ; Björnsson , Grímur ; Liu , Jiurong ( April 2005 ) , `` Sustainable Management of Geothermal Resources and Utilization for 100 -- 300 Years '' ( PDF ) , Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 , International Geothermal Association , retrieved 2 June 2009 Jump up ^ Tabak , John ( 2009 ) . Solar and Geothermal Energy . New York : Facts On File , Inc . pp. 97 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7086 - 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tabak , John ( 2009 ) . Solar and Geothermal Energy . New York : Facts On File , Inc . pp. 97 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7086 - 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Geothermal Energy '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Gawell , Karl ( June 2014 ) . `` Economic Costs and Benefits of Geothermal Power '' ( PDF ) . Geothermal Energy Assosiation . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Scientific American Editors ( 8 April 2013 ) . The Future of Energy : Earth , Wind and Fire . Scientific American . pp. 160 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4668 - 3386 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ US DOE EERE Hydrothermal Power Systems . eere.energy.gov ( 22 February 2012 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Geothermal Energy . National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` Geothermal Basics Overview '' . Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Geothermal Energy Association . Geothermal Energy : International Market Update May 2010 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Khan , M. Ali ( 2007 ) , The Geysers Geothermal Field , an Injection Success Story ( PDF ) , Annual Forum of the Groundwater Protection Council , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011 , retrieved 25 January 2010 Jump up ^ Indonesia can be super power on geothermal energy : Al Gore . ANTARA News ( 9 January 2011 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ India 's 1st geothermal power plant to come up in Chhattisgarh -- Economic Times . The Economic Times . ( 17 February 2013 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Morphet , Suzanne ( March -- April 2012 ) , `` Exploring BC 's Geothermal Potential '' , Innovation Magazine ( Journal of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC ) : 22 ^ Jump up to : `` Calpine Corporation ( CPN ) ( NYSE Arca ) Profile '' ( Press release ) . Reuters . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Holm , Alison ( May 2010 ) , Geothermal Energy : International Market Update ( PDF ) , Geothermal Energy Association , p. 7 , retrieved 24 May 2010 Jump up ^ Matek , Benjamin ( September 2013 ) , Geothermal Power : International Market Overview ( PDF ) , Geothermal Energy Association , pp. 10 , 11 , retrieved 11 October 2013 Jump up ^ Bertani , Ruggero ( April 2015 ) Geothermal Power Generation in the World 2010 -- 2014 Update Report . Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 , Melbourne , Australia , 19 -- 25 April 2015 . pp. 2 , 3 Jump up ^ `` Energy in New Zealand '' . New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development . September 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Geothermal overtakes hydro as Kenya 's main power source in January : KenGen . Reuters. 16 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Generacion Electricidad El Salvador '' , IGA , retrieved 30 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` CENTROAMÉRICA : MERCADOS MAYORISTAS DE ELECTRICIDAD Y TRANSACCIONES EN EL MERCADO ELÉCTRICO REGIONAL , 2010 '' ( PDF ) , CEPAL , retrieved 30 August 2011 Jump up ^ Bargagli1 , R. ; Cateni , D. ; Nelli , L. ; Olmastroni , S. ; Zagarese , B. ( August 1997 ) , `` Environmental Impact of Trace Element Emissions from Geothermal Power Plants '' , Environmental Contamination Toxicology , New York , 33 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 181 , doi : 10.1007 / s002449900239 , PMID 9294245 ^ Jump up to : Lund , John W. ( June 2007 ) , `` Characteristics , Development and utilization of geothermal resources '' ( PDF ) , Geo - Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin , Klamath Falls , Oregon : Oregon Institute of Technology , 28 ( 2 ) , pp. 1 -- 9 , ISSN 0276 - 1084 , retrieved 16 April 2009 Jump up ^ Deichmann , N. ; Mai , M. ; Bethmann , F. ; Ernst , J. ; Evans , K. ; Fäh , D. ; Giardini , D. ; Häring , M. ; Husen , S. ; Kästli , P. ; Bachmann , C. ; Ripperger , J. ; Schanz , U. ; Wiemer , S. ( 2007 ) , `` Seismicity Induced by Water Injection for Geothermal Reservoir Stimulation 5 km Below the City of Basel , Switzerland '' , American Geophysical Union , American Geophysical Union , 53 : 8 , Bibcode : 2007AGUFM. V53F ... 08D Jump up ^ Sanyal , Subir K. ; Morrow , James W. ; Butler , Steven J. ; Robertson - Tait , Ann ( 22 January 2007 ) . `` Cost of Electricity from Enhanced Geothermal Systems '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Thirty - Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering . Stanford , California . Jump up ^ Lund , John W. ; Boyd , Tonya ( June 1999 ) , `` Small Geothermal Power Project Examples '' ( PDF ) , Geo - Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin , Klamath Falls , Oregon : Oregon Institute of Technology , 20 ( 2 ) , pp. 9 -- 26 , ISSN 0276 - 1084 , retrieved 2 June 2009 External links ( edit ) Articles on Geothermal Energy The Geothermal Collection by the University of Hawaii at Manoa GRC Geothermal Library Geothermal energy Category : Geothermal energy Geothermal energy Geothermal power Geothermal heating Geothermal gradient By country Armenia Australia Canada Chile China Denmark El Salvador Energy in Ethiopia Germany Iceland Indonesia Italy Japan Kenya Lebanon Lithuania Mexico New Zealand Philippines Portugal Romania Russia Turkey United Kingdom United States Technologies Aquaculture Desalination Geothermal heat pump District heating Binary Cycle EGS Heat pump Hot dry rock Energy Concepts Baseload power Capacity factor Energy storage Energy subsidies EROEI Category Portals : Renewable energy Energy Sustainable development Renewable energy by country Africa Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Seychelles South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe European Union Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Albania Iceland Norway Russia Turkey North America Canada Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Tuvalu South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Category Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power&oldid=843154736 '' Categories : Power station technology Geothermal energy Alternative energy Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Қазақша 日本語 Patois Português Русский Shqip தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 07 : 39 . 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6763609115501737569	Borders of the oceans	Borders of the Oceans - wikipedia Borders of the Oceans Jump to : navigation , search Maps exhibiting the world 's oceanic waters . A continuous body of water encircling the Earth , the world ( global ) ocean is divided into a number of principal areas . Five oceanic divisions are usually recognized : Pacific , Atlantic , Indian , Arctic , and Southern ; the last two listed are sometimes consolidated into the first three . The borders of the oceans are the limits of the Earth 's oceanic waters . The definition and number of oceans can vary depending on the adopted criteria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Arctic Ocean 2.1 Notes 3 Atlantic Ocean 3.1 North Atlantic 3.2 South Atlantic 3.3 Notes 4 Indian Ocean 4.1 Notes 5 Pacific Ocean 5.1 North Pacific 5.2 South Pacific 5.3 Notes 6 Southern or Antarctic Ocean 7 See also 8 References Overview ( edit ) Though generally described as several separate oceans , the world 's oceanic waters constitute one global , interconnected body of salt water sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean . This concept of a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography . The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents , various archipelagos , and other criteria . The principal divisions ( in descending order of area ) are the : Pacific Ocean , Atlantic Ocean , Indian Ocean , Arctic Ocean , and Southern ( Antarctic ) Ocean . Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas , gulfs , bays , straits , and other names . Geologically , an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water . Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic basalt that covers the Earth 's mantle . Continental crust is thicker but less dense . From this perspective , the Earth has three oceans : the World Ocean , the Caspian Sea , and the Black Sea . The latter two were formed by the collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia . The Mediterranean Sea is at times a discrete ocean , because tectonic plate movement has repeatedly broken its connection to the World Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar . The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus , but the Bosporus is a natural canal cut through continental rock some 7,000 years ago , rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar . Despite their names , some smaller landlocked `` seas '' are not connected with the World Ocean , such as the Caspian Sea ( which is nevertheless , geologically , itself a full - fledged ocean -- see above ) and numerous salt lakes such as the Aral Sea . A complete hierarchy showing which seas belong to which oceans , according to the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) and for the whole planet , is available at the European Marine Gazetteer website . See also the list of seas article for the seas included in each ocean area . Also note there are many varying definitions of the world 's seas and no single authority . The borders of the Arctic Ocean , according to the CIA The World Factbook ( blue area ) , and as defined by the IHO ( black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies ) . Arctic Ocean ( edit ) The Arctic Ocean covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North America and Eurasia and is sometimes considered a sea or estuary of the Atlantic . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) defines the limits of the Arctic Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : Between Greenland and West Spitzbergen ( sic ) -- The Northern limit of Greenland Sea . Between West Spitzbergen and North East Land -- the parallel of lat. 80 ° N . From Cape Leigh Smith to Cape Kohlsaat -- the Northern limit of Barentsz Sea ( sic ) . From Cape Kohlsaat to Cape Molotov -- the Northern limit of Kara Sea . From Cape Molotov to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island -- the Northern limit of Laptev Sea . From the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island to the Northern point of Wrangel Island -- the Northern limit of East Siberian Sea . From the Northern point of Wrangel Island to Point Barrow -- the Northern limit of Chuckchi Sea ( sic ) . From Point Barrow to Cape Land 's End on Prince Patrick Island -- the Northern limit of Beaufort Sea , through the Northwest coast of Prince Patrick Island to Cape Leopold M'Clintock , thence to Cape Murray ( Brook Island ) and along the Northwest coast to the extreme Northerly point ; to Cape Mackay ( Borden Island ) ; through the Northwesterly coast of Borden Island to Cape Malloch , to Cape Isachsen ( Ellef Ringnes Island ) ; to the Northwest point of Meighen Island to Cape Stallworthy ( Axel Heiberg Island ) to Cape Colgate the extreme West point of Ellesmere Island ; through the North shore of Ellesmere Island to Cape Columbia thence a line to Cape Morris Jesup ( Greenland ) . Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO ( such as the Kara Sea and East Siberian Sea ) , though these are usually considered to be part of the Arctic Ocean . The CIA defines the limits of the Arctic Ocean differently , as depicted in the map comparing its definition to the IHO 's definition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining the Northernmost point of Spitzbergen ( sic ) ( Svalbard ) to the Northernmost point of Greenland '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` Cape Leigh Smith across the Islands Bolshoy Ostrov ( Great Island ) ( Storøya ) , Gilles ( Kvitøya ) and Victoria ; Cape Mary Harmsworth ( Southwestern extremity of Alexandra Land ) along the northern coasts of Franz - Josef Land as far as Cape Kohlsaat ( 81 ° 14 ′ N 65 ° 10 ′ E / 81.233 ° N 65.167 ° E / 81.233 ; 65.167 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` Cape Kohlsaat to Cape Molotov ( 81 ° 16 ′ N 93 ° 43 ′ E / 81.267 ° N 93.717 ° E / 81.267 ; 93.717 ) ( Northern extremity of Severnaya Zemlya on Komsomolets Island ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Cape Molotov to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island ( 76 ° 10 ′ N 138 ° 50 ′ E / 76.167 ° N 138.833 ° E / 76.167 ; 138.833 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line from the Northernmost point of Wrangel Island ( 179 ° 30'W ) to the Northern sides of the De Long Islands ( including Henrietta and Jeannette Islands ) and Bennett Island , thence to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line from Point Barrow , Alaska ( 71 ° 20 ′ N 156 ° 20 ′ W / 71.333 ° N 156.333 ° W / 71.333 ; - 156.333 ) to the Northernmost point of Wrangel Island ( 179 ° 30'W ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line from Point Barrow , Alaska , to Lands End , Prince Patrick Island ( 76 ° 16 ′ N 124 ° 08 ′ W / 76.267 ° N 124.133 ° W / 76.267 ; - 124.133 ) '' . Atlantic Ocean ( edit ) The Atlantic Ocean , according to the CIA The World Factbook ( blue area ) , and as defined by the IHO ( black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies ) . The Atlantic Ocean separates the Americas from Europe and Africa . It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions . North Atlantic ( edit ) The 3rd edition , currently in force , of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the North Atlantic Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the West . The Eastern limits of the Caribbean Sea , the Southeastern limits of the Gulf of Mexico from the North coast of Cuba to Key West , the Southwestern limit of the Bay of Fundy and the Southeastern and Northeastern limits of the Gulf of St. Lawrence . On the North . The Southern limit of Davis Strait from the coast of Labrador to Greenland and the Southwestern limit of the Greenland Sea and Norwegian Sea from Greenland to the Shetland Islands . On the East . The Northwestern limit of the North Sea , the Northern and Western limits of the Scottish Seas , the Southern limit of the Irish Sea , the Western limits of the Bristol and English Channels , of the Bay of Biscay and of the Mediterranean Sea . On the South . The equator , from the coast of Brazil to the Southwestern limit of the Gulf of Guinea . South Atlantic ( edit ) The 3rd edition ( currently in force ) of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the South Atlantic Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the Southwest . The meridian of Cape Horn , Chile ( 67 ° 16'W ) from Tierra del Fuego to the Antarctic Continent ; a line from Cape Virgins ( 52 ° 21 ′ S 68 ° 21 ′ W / 52.350 ° S 68.350 ° W / - 52.350 ; - 68.350 ) to Cape Espiritu Santo , Tierra del Fuego , the Eastern entrance to Magellan Strait , Chile On the West . The limit of the Rio de La Plata . On the North . The Southern limit of the North Atlantic Ocean . On the Northeast . The limit of the Gulf of Guinea . On the Southeast . From Cape Agulhas along the meridian of 20 ° East to the Antarctic continent . On the South . The Antarctic Continent . Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO ( such as the Bay of Biscay and Gulf of Guinea ) , though these are usually considered to be part of the Atlantic Ocean . In its 2002 draft , the IHO redefined the Atlantic Ocean , moving its southern limit to 60 ° S , with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean . This new definition has not yet been ratified ( and , in addition , a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia . ) While the name `` Southern Ocean '' is frequently used , some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic , Indian , and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica . If and when adopted , the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , re-instituting the 2nd edition 's `` Southern Ocean '' , omitted from the 3rd edition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` From Point San Diego ( Puerto Rico ) Northward along the meridian thereof ( 65 ° 39'W ) to the 100 fathom line , thence Eastward and Southward , in such a manner that all islands , shoals and narrow waters of the Lesser Antilles are included in the Caribbean Sea as far as Galera Point ( Northeast extremity of the island of Trinidad ) . From Galera Point through Trinidad to Galeota Point ( Southeast extreme ) and thence to Baja Point ( 9 ° 32 ′ N 61 ° 0 ′ W / 9.533 ° N 61.000 ° W / 9.533 ; - 61.000 ) in Venezuela '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Cape Catoche Light ( 21 ° 37 ′ N 87 ° 04 ′ W / 21.617 ° N 87.067 ° W / 21.617 ; - 87.067 ) with the Light on Cape San Antonio in Cuba , through this island to the meridian of 83 ° W and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the Dry Tortugas ( 24 ° 35'N ) , along this parallel Eastward to Rebecca Shoal ( 82 ° 35'W ) thence through the shoals and Florida Keys to the mainland at eastern end of Florida Bay , all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running northwesterly from Cape St. Mary ( 44 ° 05'N ) Nova Scotia , through Machias Seal Island ( 67 ° 06'W ) and on to Little River Head ( 44 ° 39'N ) in the State of Maine '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line from Cape Canso ( 45 ° 20 ′ N 61 ° 0 ′ W / 45.333 ° N 61.000 ° W / 45.333 ; - 61.000 ) to Red Point ( 45 ° 35 ′ N 60 ° 45 ′ W / 45.583 ° N 60.750 ° W / 45.583 ; - 60.750 ) in Cape Breton Island , through this Island to Cape Breton and on to Pointe Blanche ( 46 ° 45 ′ N 56 ° 11 ′ W / 46.750 ° N 56.183 ° W / 46.750 ; - 56.183 ) in the Island of St. Pierre , and thence to the Southwest point of Morgan Island ( 46 ° 51 ′ N 55 ° 49 ′ W / 46.850 ° N 55.817 ° W / 46.850 ; - 55.817 ) '' and `` A line running from Cape Bauld ( North point of Kirpon Island , 51 ° 40 ′ N 55 ° 25 ′ W / 51.667 ° N 55.417 ° W / 51.667 ; - 55.417 ) to the East extreme of Belle Isle and on to the Northeast Ledge ( 52 ° 02 ′ N 55 ° 15 ′ W / 52.033 ° N 55.250 ° W / 52.033 ; - 55.250 ) . Thence a line joining this ledge with the East extreme of Cape St. Charles ( 52 ° 13'N ) in Labrador '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` The parallel of 60 ° North between Greenland and Labrador '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Straumness ( NW extreme of Iceland ) to Cape Nansen ( 68 ° 15 ′ N 29 ° 30 ′ W / 68.250 ° N 29.500 ° W / 68.250 ; - 29.500 ) in Greenland '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` From a point on the West coast of Norway in Latitude 61 ° 00 ' North along this parallel to Longitude 0 ° 53 ' West thence a line to the NE extreme of Fuglö ( 62 ° 21 ′ N 6 ° 15 ′ W / 62.350 ° N 6.250 ° W / 62.350 ; - 6.250 ( Fuglö ) ) and on to the East extreme of Gerpir ( 65 ° 05 ′ N 13 ° 30 ′ W / 65.083 ° N 13.500 ° W / 65.083 ; - 13.500 ( Gerpir ) ) in Iceland '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` From Dunnet Head ( 3 ° 22'W ) in Scotland to Tor Ness ( 58 ° 47'N ) in the Island of Hoy , thence through this island to the Kame of Hoy ( 58 ° 55'N ) on to Breck Ness on Mainland ( 58 ° 58'N ) through this island to Costa Head ( 3 ° 14'W ) and to Inga Ness ( 59'17'N ) in Westray through Westray , to Bow Head , across to Mull Head ( North point of Papa Westray ) and on to Seal Skerry ( North point of North Ronaldsay ) and thence to Horse Island ( South point of the Shetland Islands ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from Bloody Foreland ( 55 ° 10 ′ N 8 ° 17 ′ W / 55.167 ° N 8.283 ° W / 55.167 ; - 8.283 ) in Ireland to the West point of Tory Island , on to Barra Head , the Southwest point of the Hebrides , thence through these islands , in such a manner that the West coasts of the main islands appertain to the Atlantic Ocean and all the narrow waters appertain to the Inner Seas , as far as the Butt of Lewis ( North Point ) , and thence to Cape Wrath ( 58 ° 37'N ) in Scotland '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining St. David 's Head ( 51 ° 54 ′ N 5 ° 19 ′ W / 51.900 ° N 5.317 ° W / 51.900 ; - 5.317 ) to Carnsore Point ( 52 ° 10 ′ N 6 ° 22 ′ W / 52.167 ° N 6.367 ° W / 52.167 ; - 6.367 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` a line joining Hartland Point ( in Devon ) ( 51 ° 01 ′ N 4 ° 32 ′ W / 51.017 ° N 4.533 ° W / 51.017 ; - 4.533 ) to St. Govan 's Head ( in Pembrokeshire ) ( 51 ° 36 ′ N 4 ° 55 ′ W / 51.600 ° N 4.917 ° W / 51.600 ; - 4.917 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Isle Vierge ( 48 ° 38 ′ 23 '' N 4 ° 34 ′ 13 '' W / 48.63972 ° N 4.57028 ° W / 48.63972 ; - 4.57028 ) to Lands End ( 50 ° 04 ′ N 5 ° 43 ′ W / 50.067 ° N 5.717 ° W / 50.067 ; - 5.717 ) `` . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Cap Ortegal ( 43 ° 46 ′ N 7 ° 52 ′ W / 43.767 ° N 7.867 ° W / 43.767 ; - 7.867 ) to Penmarch Point ( 47 ° 48 ′ N 4 ° 22 ′ W / 47.800 ° N 4.367 ° W / 47.800 ; - 4.367 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining the extremities of Cape Trafalgar ( Spain ) and Cape Spartel ( Africa ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Defined by IHO as `` A line running Southeastward from Cape Palmas in Liberia to Cape Lopez ( 0 ° 38 ′ S 8 ° 42 ′ E / 0.633 ° S 8.700 ° E / - 0.633 ; 8.700 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Punta del Este , Uruguay ( 34 ° 58.5 ′ S 54 ° 57.5 ′ W / 34.9750 ° S 54.9583 ° W / - 34.9750 ; - 54.9583 ) and Cabo San Antonio , Argentina ( 36 ° 18 ′ S 56 ° 46 ′ W / 36.300 ° S 56.767 ° W / - 36.300 ; - 56.767 ) '' . Indian Ocean ( edit ) The Indian Ocean , according to the CIA The World Factbook ( blue area ) , and as defined by the IHO ( black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies ) . The Indian Ocean washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia . The 3rd edition , currently in force , of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the Indian Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the North . The Southern limits of the Arabian Sea and the Lakshadweep Sea , the Southern limit of the Bay of Bengal , the Southern limits of the East Indian Archipelago , and the Southern limit of the Great Australian Bight . On the West . From Cape Agulhas in 20 ° long . East , Southward along this meridian to the Antarctic Continent . On the East . From South East Cape , the Southern point of Tasmania down the meridian 146 ° 55'E to the Antarctic Continent . On the South . The Antarctic Continent . Note that this definition excludes any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO ( such as the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea ) , though these are usually considered to be part of the Indian Ocean . In its 2002 draft , the IHO redefined the Indian Ocean , moving its southern limit to 60 ° S , with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean . This new definition has not yet been ratified ( and , in addition , a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia . ) While the name `` Southern Ocean '' is frequently used , some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic , Indian , and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica . If and when adopted , the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , re-instituting the 2nd edition 's `` Southern Ocean '' , omitted from the 3rd edition . The boundary of the Indian Ocean is a constitutional issue for Australia . The Imperial South Australia Colonisation Act , 1834 , which established and defined the Colony of South Australia defined South Australia 's southern limit as being the `` Southern Ocean . '' This definition was carried through to Australian constitutional law upon the Federation of Australia in 1901 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from the South extremity of Addu Atoll ( Maldives ) , to the Eastern extreme of Ràs Hafun ( Africa , 10 ° 26'N ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from Dondra Head in Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` Adam 's Bridge ( between India and Ceylon and from the Southern extreme of Dondra Head ( South point of Ceylon ) to the North point of Poeloe Bras ( 5 ° 44 ′ N 95 ° 04 ′ E / 5.733 ° N 95.067 ° E / 5.733 ; 95.067 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as the southern limits of the Java Sea ( `` the North and West coasts of Java to Java Hoofd ( 6 ° 46 ′ S 105 ° 12 ′ E / 6.767 ° S 105.200 ° E / - 6.767 ; 105.200 ) its Western point , and thence a line to Vlakke Hoek ( 5 ° 55 ′ S 104 ° 35 ′ E / 5.917 ° S 104.583 ° E / - 5.917 ; 104.583 ) the Southern extreme of Sumatra '' ) , the Bali Sea ( `` A line from Tanjong Banenan through the Southern points of Balt ( sic ) and Noesa Islands to Tanjong Bt Gendang , the Southwest extreme of Lombok , and its South coast to Tanjong Ringgit the Southeast extreme , thence a line to Tanjong Mangkoen ( 9 ° 01 ′ S 116 ° 43 ′ E / 9.017 ° S 116.717 ° E / - 9.017 ; 116.717 ) the Southwest extreme of Soembawa '' ) , the Savu Sea ( `` By a line from the Southwest point of Timor to the Northeast point of Roti , through this island to its Southwest point , thence a line to Poeloe Dana ( 10 ° 49 ′ S 121 ° 17 ′ E / 10.817 ° S 121.283 ° E / - 10.817 ; 121.283 ) and to Tanjong Ngoendjoe , the Southern extreme of Soemba and through this island to Tanjong Karosso , its Western point '' ) , and the western limit of the Timor Sea ( `` A line from Cape Londonderry to the Southwest point of Roti Island ( 10 ° 56 ′ S 122 ° 48 ′ E / 10.933 ° S 122.800 ° E / - 10.933 ; 122.800 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining West Cape Howe ( 35 ° 08 ′ S 117 ° 37 ′ E / 35.133 ° S 117.617 ° E / - 35.133 ; 117.617 ) Australia to South West Cape , Tasmania '' . Pacific Ocean ( edit ) The Pacific Ocean according to the CIA The World Factbook ( blue area ) , and as defined by the IHO ( black outline -- excluding marginal waterbodies ) The Pacific is the ocean that separates Asia and Australia from the Americas . It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions . North Pacific ( edit ) The 3rd edition , currently in force , of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the North Pacific Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the Southwest . The Northeastern limit of the East Indian Archipelago from the Equator to Luzon Island . On the West and Northwest . The Eastern limits of the Philippine Sea and Japan Sea and the Southeastern limit of the Sea of Okhotsk . On the North . The Southern limits of the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska . On the East . The Western limit of Coastal waters of Southeast Alaska and Br . Columbia , and the Southern limit of the Gulf of California . On the South . The Equator , but excluding those islands of the Gilbert and Galàpagos Groups which lie to the Northward thereof . South Pacific ( edit ) The 3rd edition , currently in force , of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the South Pacific Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the West . From Southeast Cape , the Southern point of Tasmania , down the meridian of 146 ° 55'E to the Antarctic continent . On the Southwest and Northwest . The Southern , Eastern and Northeastern limits of the Tasman Sea , the Southeastern and Northeastern limits of the Coral Sea , the Southern , Eastern and Northern limits of the Solomon and Bismark ( sic ) seas , and the Northeastern limit of the East Indian Archipelago from New Guinea to the Equator . On the North . The Equator , but including those islands of the Gilbert and Galàpagos Groups which lie to the Northward thereof . On the East . The meridian of Cape Horn ( 67 ° 16'W ) from Tierra del Fuego to the Antarctic continent ; a line from Cape Virgins ( 52 ° 21 ′ S 68 ° 21 ′ W / 52.350 ° S 68.350 ° W / - 52.350 ; - 68.350 ) to Cape Espititu Santo , Tierra del Fuego , the Eastern entrance to Magellan Strait . ( These limits have not yet been officially accepted by Argentina and Chile . ) On the South . The Antarctic continent . Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO ( such as the Gulf of Alaska and Coral Sea ) , though these are usually considered to be part of the Pacific Ocean . In its 2002 draft , the IHO redefined the Pacific Ocean , moving its southern limit to 60 ° S , with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean . This new definition has not yet been ratified ( and , in addition , a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia . ) While the name `` Southern Ocean '' is frequently used , some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic , Indian , and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica . If and when adopted , the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , re-instituting the 2nd edition 's `` Southern Ocean '' , omitted from the 3rd edition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` By the ridge joining Japan to the Bonin , Volcano and Ladrone ( Mariana ) Islands , all these being included in the Philippine Sea '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` In the Tsugaru Kaikô . From the extremity of Siriya Saki ( 141 ° 28'E ) to the extremity of Esan Saki ( 41 ° 48'N ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from Nosyappu Saki ( Cape Noshap , 43 ° 23'N ) in the Islanad of Hokusyû ( Yezo ) through the Kuril or Tisima Islands to Cape Lopatka ( South point of Kamchatka ) in such a way that all the narrow waters between Hokusyû and Kamchatka are included in the Sea of Okhotsk '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from Kabuch Point ( 54 ° 48 ′ N 163 ° 21 ′ W / 54.800 ° N 163.350 ° W / 54.800 ; - 163.350 ) in the Alaskan Peninsula , through the Aleutian Islands to the South extremes of the Komandorski Islands and on to Cape Kamchatka in such a way that all the narrow waters between Alaska and Kamchatka are included in the Bering Sea '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line drawn from Cape Spencer , the Northern limit of ( the Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia ) to Kabuch Point , the Southeast limit of ( the Bering Sea ) , in such a way that all the adjacent islands are included in the Gulf of Alaska '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running westerly from Black Rock Point ( 50 ° 44 ' , 5N ) in Vancouver Island through the Scott Islands in such a way that all the narrow waters between these islands are included in the Coastal Waters , thence to Cape St. James ( Southern extremity of Queen Charlotte Islands ) , through this group in the same way , then from Cape Knox ( 54 ° 10 ′ N 133 ° 06 ′ W / 54.167 ° N 133.100 ° W / 54.167 ; - 133.100 ) Northward to the Western extreme of Langara Island and on to Point Cornwallis ( 132 ° 52'W ) in the Prince of Wales group , thence along the Western shores of this group , of Baranof , Kruzof , Chicagof , and Yakobi Islands , so that all the narrow waters between them are included in the coastal waters , and , finally , from Cape Bingham ( 58 ° 04'N ) in Yakobi Island to Cape Spencer ( 58 ° 12 ′ N 136 ° 39 ′ W / 58.200 ° N 136.650 ° W / 58.200 ; - 136.650 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Piastla Point ( 23 ° 38'N ) in Mexico , and the Southern extreme of Lower California '' . Jump up ^ Southern limit defined by IHO as `` A line joining the Southern point of Auckland Island ( 50 ° 55 ′ S 166 ° 0 ′ E / 50.917 ° S 166.000 ° E / - 50.917 ; 166.000 ) to South East Cape , the Southern point of Tasmania '' Jump up ^ Eastern limit defined by IHO as `` In Cook Strait . A line joining the South extreme of the foul ground off Cape Palliser ( Ngawi ) and the Lighthouse on Cape Campbell ( Te Karaka ) '' and `` In Foveaux Strait ( 46 ° 45 'S ) . A line joining the Light on Waipapapa Point ( sic ) ( 168 ° 33'E ) with East Head ( 47'02'S ) of Stewart Island ( Rakiura ) . '' Jump up ^ Northeastern limit defined by IHO as `` From the South East Rock to the North point of Three Kings Islands ( 34 ° 10 ′ S 172 ° 10 ′ E / 34.167 ° S 172.167 ° E / - 34.167 ; 172.167 ) thence to North Cape in New Zealand '' . Jump up ^ Southeastern limit defined by IHO as `` A line from the Southeastern extreme of Aneityum Island to Southeast ( Nokanhui ) Islets ( 22 ° 46 ′ S 167 ° 34 ′ E / 22.767 ° S 167.567 ° E / - 22.767 ; 167.567 ) off the Southeast extreme of New Caledonia , thence through the East point of Middleton Reef to the Eastern extreme of Elizabeth Reef ( 29 ° 55 ′ S 159 ° 02 ′ E / 29.917 ° S 159.033 ° E / - 29.917 ; 159.033 ) and down this meridian to Latitude 30 ° South '' . Jump up ^ Northeastern limit defined by IHO as `` From the Northernmost island of the Duff or Wilson Group through these islands to their Southeastern extreme , thence a line to Mera Lava , New Hebrides Islands ( Vanuatu ) ( 14 ° 25 ′ S 163 ° 03 ′ E / 14.417 ° S 163.050 ° E / - 14.417 ; 163.050 ) and down the Eastern coasts of the islands of this Group to Aneityum Island ( 20 ° 11 ′ S 169 ° 51 ′ E / 20.183 ° S 169.850 ° E / - 20.183 ; 169.850 ) in such a way that all the islands of these Groups , and the straits separating them , are included in the Coral Sea '' . Jump up ^ Southern limit defined by IHO as `` The Northern limit of the Coral Sea between San Cristobal Island ( Makira ) , Solomons , and Gado - Gadoa Island , off the Southeast extreme of New Guinea , thence a line to the Southern extreme of Rennell Island and from its Eastern point to Cape Surville , the Eastern extreme of San Cristobal Island '' . Jump up ^ Eastern limit definied by IHO as `` By a line from the Southern point of New Ireland to the North point of Buka Island , through this island to the Northwest point of Bougainville Island , along the Southern coasts of Bougainville , Choisel ( Choiseul ) , Ysabel ( Santa Isabel ) , Malaita and San Cristobal Islands '' . Jump up ^ North and Eastern limit defined by IHO as `` By the Northern and Northeastern coasts of the islands of New Ireland , New Hanover , the Admiralty Islands , Hermit Island , and the Ninigo Group , through Manu and Aua Islands to Wuvulu Island and thence a line to Baudissin Point in New Guinea ( 142 ° 02'E ) '' . Southern or Antarctic Ocean ( edit ) The Southern Ocean according to the CIA The World Factbook The Southern Ocean contains the waters that surround Antarctica and sometimes is considered an extension of Pacific , Atlantic and Indian Oceans . In 1928 , the first edition of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas publication included the Southern Ocean around Antarctica . The Southern Ocean was delineated by land - based limits - the continent of Antarctica to the south , and the continents of South America , Africa , and Australia plus Broughton Island , New Zealand in the north . The detailed land - limits used were Cape Horn in South America , Cape Agulhas in Africa , the southern coast of Australia from Cape Leeuwin , Western Australia , to South East Cape , Tasmania , via the western edge of the water body of Bass Strait , and then Broughton Island before returning to Cape Horn . The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHO 's 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas . The Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40 ° south between Cape Agulhas in Africa ( long . 20 ° east ) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia ( long . 115 ° east ) , and extended to latitude 55 ° south between Auckland Island of New Zealand ( long . 165 ° or 166 ° east ) and Cape Horn in South America ( long . 67 ° west ) . The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition because `` ... the northern limits ... are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change ... Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits . ( Great Britain uses the Latitude of 55 ° South ) '' . Instead , in the IHO 1953 publication , the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward , the Indian and Pacific Oceans ( which had not previously touched pre 1953 , as per the first and second editions ) now abutted at the meridian of South East Cape , and the southern limits of the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea were moved northwards . The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000 . Of its 68 member nations , 28 responded , and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean , reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents . The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes , beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean . Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean 's northern limit at 60 ° S ( with no land interruptions at this latitude ) , with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions , mostly 50 ° S , but a few for as far north as 35 ° S . The 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas has yet to be published due to ' areas of concern ' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world . The IHB circulated a new draft of the 4th edition of the publication in August 2002 , however there were still various changes , 60 seas were added or renamed from the 3rd edition , and even the name of the publication was changed . A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits . Effectively , the 3rd edition ( which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices ) has yet to be superseded and IHO documents declare that it remains `` currently in force . '' Despite this , the 4th edition definition has de facto usage by many organisations , scientists and nations - even at times by IHO committees . Some nations ' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries ; the United Kingdom used the 55 ° S parallel for example . Other sources , such as the National Geographic Society , show the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica , although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean . In Australia , cartographic authorities defined the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand . This delineation is basically the same as the original ( first ) edition of the IHO publication and effectively the same as the second edition . In the second edition , the Great Australian Bight was defined as the only geographical entity between the Australian coast and the Southern Ocean . Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean , while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal List of seas International Maritime Organization Marginal sea Oceanography Polar seas Sea Seven Seas World Ocean Atlas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` `` Ocean '' , The Columbia Encyclopedia , New York : Columbia University Press , 2002 , archived from the original on 26 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Distribution of land and water on the planet '' , UN Atlas of the Oceans , archived from the original on 31 May 2008 Jump up ^ Spilhaus , Athelstan F. ( July 1942 ) . `` Maps of the whole world ocean '' . 32 ( 3 ) . American Geographical Society ). : 431 -- 5 . Jump up ^ European Marine Gazetteer browser , MarBEF Data System - European Marine Gazetteer Jump up ^ `` Arctic Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ The Ocean , The MarineBio Conservation Society Jump up ^ Arctic Ocean , Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Darby , Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean '' . The Age . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map accompanying first edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map accompanying second edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IHO Special Publication 23 '' . Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Schenke , Hans Werner ( September 2003 ) . `` Proposal for the preparation of a new International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean '' ( PDF ) . IHO International Hydrographic Committee on Antarctica ( HCA ) . Third HCA Meeting , 8 -- 10 September 2003 . Monaco : International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Ocean - News Watch '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ For example : Chart Aus343 : Australia South Coast - South Australia - Whidbey Isles to Cape Du Couedic , Australian Hydrographic Service , 10 April 2015 , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 , Chart Aus792 : Australia - Tasmania - Trial Harbour to Low Rocky Point , Australian Hydrographic Service , 18 July 2008 , retrieved 11 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` - Assessment Documentation for Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse '' ( PDF ) . Register of Heritage Places. 13 May 2005 . p. 11 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borders_of_the_oceans&oldid=797676745 '' Categories : Oceans Oceanography Coastal geography Borders Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 15 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the indian ocean and the atlantic ocean meet	[]	[]
-188535791778354364	Shut Up and Dance (Walk the Moon song)	Shut up and Dance ( Walk the Moon song ) - wikipedia Shut up and Dance ( Walk the Moon song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Shut Up and Dance '' Single by Walk the Moon from the album Talking Is Hard Released September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2014 Studio Rancho Pagzilla , ( North Hollywood , California ) Genre Power pop indie pop dance - rock pop rock Length 3 : 17 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Ben Berger Eli Maiman Ryan McMahon Nicholas Petricca Kevin Ray Sean Waugaman Producer ( s ) Tim Pagnotta Walk the Moon singles chronology `` Tightrope '' ( 2012 ) `` Shut Up and Dance '' ( 2014 ) `` Different Colors '' ( 2015 ) `` Tightrope '' ( 2012 ) `` Shut Up and Dance '' ( 2014 ) `` Different Colors '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` Shut Up and Dance '' on YouTube `` Shut Up and Dance '' ( stylized as `` SHUT UP + DANCE '' ) is a song by American rock band Walk the Moon for their second studio album Talking Is Hard ( 2014 ) . It was written by the band members and songwriters Ben Berger and Ryan McMahon . The song is based on an experience frontman Nicholas Petricca had at a Los Angeles nightclub . His girlfriend invited him to dance , inspiring the title . Petricca envisioned the song as an anthem for letting go of frustration and having fun . The song was digitally released as the lead single from Talking Is Hard on September 10 , 2014 . The song became the band 's biggest hit single to date , peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming a number - one hit on the magazine 's Alternative Songs chart and the Hot Adult Contemporary chart . Outside the United States , the song topped the charts in Poland , peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia , Canada , Germany , Israel , the Republic of Ireland , and the United Kingdom , the top twenty of the charts in New Zealand and Sweden and the top thirty of the charts in the Netherlands . The band has performed `` Shut Up and Dance '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , Late Night with Seth Meyers , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Good Morning America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 4.1 North America 4.2 Europe and Oceania 5 Live performances 6 Music video 7 Track listing 8 Credits and personnel 9 Covers and usage in media 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 All - time charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) The song originated between vocalist Nicholas Petricca and guitarist Eli Maiman , who first developed the verse and found something infectious about it . The following weekend , Petricca went to a party named Funky Soul Saturday at The Echo in Echo Park , Los Angeles while feeling frustrated with the writing process . The song is largely based on that night : `` We were at the bar , and it was taking forever to get a drink . I was frustrated because there was great music playing and I wanted to be out there , '' he remembered . His girlfriend , in `` a backless dress and some beat up sneaks '' , abruptly invited him to dance with her , inspiring the song 's title . Petricca later went home to work on the song , and incorporated his experiences into the song 's lyrics . After creating the song 's main refrain , he began picturing himself in high school : an `` incredibly uncomfortable , awkward adolescent dude , '' he imagined the song as `` an anthem for the dork who is 100 percent me . '' In an interview with American Songwriter , he summarized the song 's theme as `` Encouraging people to let go of whatever it is that 's bothering you and get into your body and out of your head . '' In terms of the song 's music , Petricca highlighted three songs that were instrumental in its creation : `` Just What I Needed '' ( 1978 ) by The Cars , `` Hit Me with Your Best Shot '' ( 1980 ) by Pat Benatar , and `` Jessie 's Girl '' ( 1981 ) by Rick Springfield , which he deemed `` simple and beautiful and in - your - face rock songs '' that captured the sound the band desired . The song is inspired by the music of the 1980s , which the group felt was a time in which `` weird '' was celebrated , in both music and fashion . Composition ( edit ) `` Shut Up and Dance '' A 18 - second sample of `` Shut Up and Dance '' where the chorus is played . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song is composed in the key of D ♭ major at a tempo of 128 beats per minute , and the melody spans a tonal range of D ♭ to F . Critical reception ( edit ) Ryan Seed of Billboard gave `` Shut Up and Dance '' a four and a half stars out of five , stating that the song `` goes full - blown yacht rock '' and that frontman Nicholas Petricca `` flaunts his emotive yelp over grumbling disco bass and new - wave synth glitter , tossing off vocal runs catchier than most bands ' choruses . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) North America ( edit ) `` Shut Up and Dance '' premiered on the radio station 101 WKQX in Chicago on June 22 , 2014 . It was released digitally as the lead single from Talking Is Hard on September 10 , 2014 . It was released in the United States as a free single on iTunes on November 11 , 2014 . It began topping streaming service Spotify 's viral top 50 chart in November 2014 . The song peaked at number one on Billboard 's Alternative Songs chart ( it is the band 's second top ten hit on the chart after `` Anna Sun '' ) in the issue dated February 18 , 2015 , where it made RCA Records only the second label to receive three consecutive number one hits on the chart ( and first in two decades ) . It also concurrently hit number one on the Rock Airplay chart . The song debuted on the all - genre Hot 100 on November 22 , 2014 at position 98 , where it stayed there for two weeks before leaving the chart the next week . `` Shut Up and Dance '' re-entered the charts the following week at number 88 , later moving to the top 40 during the week of March 13 , 2015 . It jumped to number 15 on the chart on March 27 , 2015 , and advanced the following week to number 12 . As of the Billboard issue of May 30 , 2015 , `` Shut Up and Dance '' has peaked at number 4 on the chart , becoming Walk the Moon 's first top - 10 single in the United States , and has spent 18 non-consecutive weeks in the top - 10 , as well as 53 total weeks inside the chart . As of January 21 , 2016 , it has sold 3,231,080 copies domestically . The song had also broken the record for the longest reign atop Billboard 's Hot Rock Songs chart at 27 consecutive weeks , previously held by both Imagine Dragons ' `` Radioactive '' and Hozier 's `` Take Me to Church '' at 23 weeks , but the record has been broken , as the Twenty One Pilots song `` Heathens '' now holds the record for longest amount of time at the number - one spot . `` Shut Up and Dance '' also entered the Canadian Hot 100 at position 99 on the week ending February 28 , 2015 . The song peaked at number four and remained in that position for seven consecutive weeks from May 30 , 2015 to July 11 , 2015 . As of August 11 , 2015 , `` Shut Up and Dance '' has been certified triple platinum by Music Canada and has sold over 321,000 copies . Europe and oceania ( edit ) `` Shut Up and Dance '' made its first chart appearance internationally in the Netherlands on the Singles Top 100 chart at number sixty - five . The song peaked at number 28 on January 7 , 2015 and remained there for two non-consecutive weeks . `` Shut Up and Dance '' proved to be a bigger success in Sweden , entering at position 58 on the Swedish Singles Chart on January 16 , 2015 . The song reached number 24 on February 27 , 2015 , before beginning to descend down the chart for the next few weeks . The song began to gain in performance again and entered the top 20 at number 18 on April 27 , 2015 . `` Shut Up and Dance '' peaked at number 12 on May 8 , 2015 , a position it held for two non-consecutive weeks , and has been certified quadruple platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry of Sweden as of September 23 , 2015 . In Ireland , `` Shut Up and Dance '' debuted at number 91 on the Irish Singles Chart . On July 24 , 2015 , the song peaked at number two and stayed there for four non-consecutive weeks . In Poland , the song reached number one on the Polish Airplay Chart for one week on August 7 , 2015 . According to the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry , `` Shut Up and Dance '' was the most played song in Poland . In Australia , `` Shut Up and Dance '' made its first appearance on the Australian Hitseekers chart at number eight on March 30 , 2015 . The song made its official debut on the Australian Singles Chart a week later at number 58 on April 6 , 2015 . On its second week , `` Shut Up and Dance '' rose to number 41 on April 13 , 2015 . On April 20 , 2015 , the song entered the top 20 , moving up 24 positions to number 17 . `` Shut Up and Dance '' leaped 12 positions to number five on April 27 , 2015 , its highest charted position in any region at the time . On May 11 , 2015 , the song peaked at number three for two consecutive weeks . The song dropped to number 11 on August 3 , 2015 after spending three months within the top 10 . As of August 22 , 2015 , `` Shut Up and Dance '' has been certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of over 210,000 copies . In the UK , the single entered at number 75 for the week ending June 13 , 2015 . The following week , it flew 67 places to number 8 . The next week , it climbed 3 places to 5 . On its fourth week on the chart , it climbed to number 4 . It stayed there the next week as well . It spent 13 weeks in the top 10 , which were all consecutive . It fell out of the top 10 on the week ending September 17 , 2015 , having spent just under 3 months in the top 10 . It re-entered the top 40 at number 27 for the week ending January 7 , 2016 . It fell to 31 the following week , before dropping out again . It has re-entered on two different occasions since , spending 70 total weeks in the top 100 . Live performances ( edit ) Walk the Moon has performed `` Shut Up and Dance '' on late - night talk shows The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , Late Night with Seth Meyers , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and on The Paul O'Grady Show in the United Kingdom . Since the band hails from Cincinnati , `` Shut Up and Dance '' was performed in front of a hometown audience at the 2015 Home Run Derby at Great American Ball Park prior to the start of the exhibition contest on July 14 , 2015 . The band also made a guest appearance at Taylor Swift 's 1989 World Tour on July 24 in Foxborough , Massachusetts . Walk the Moon performed the song at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards pre-show on August 30 , 2015 , where the band had played on a circular , multicolored stage prior to the show 's start . The band also performed the song at the 2016 NBA All - Star Game on February 13 , 2016 in Toronto , Canada . Music video ( edit ) The music video , a 1980s club - themed movie - style music video , was released on YouTube on October 23 , 2014 . It stars professional dancer Lauren Taft alongside Petricca . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Shut Up and Dance '' -- 3 : 17 UK Promo CD single `` Shut Up and Dance '' -- 3 : 17 CD single `` Shut Up and Dance '' -- 3 : 17 `` Shut Up and Dance ( Live At Sirius XM ) '' -- 3 : 15 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Talking Is Hard . Locations Recorded at Rancho Pagzilla , North Hollywood , California Mixed at The Casita , Hollywood , California Mastered at Sterling Sound , New York City Personnel Nick Petricca -- vocals , keyboards , percussion , programming , songwriting Kevin Ray -- bass , vocals , songwriting Sean Waugaman -- percussion , vocals , songwriting Eli Maiman -- guitar , vocals , programming , songwriting Ben Berger -- songwriting , vocal production , co-production Ryan McMahon -- songwriting , vocal production , co-production Jarett Holmes -- programming , recording , digital editing Tim Pagnotta -- production , recording Brian Phillips -- digital editing Allen Casillas -- digital editing Ryan Gillmore -- digital editing Mauro Rubbi -- drum technician Andrew `` Muffman '' Luftman -- recording assistant Kuk Harrell -- vocal recording Marcos Tovar -- vocal recording Blake Mares -- assistant engineer Robert Cohen -- assistant engineer Neal Avron -- mixing Scott Skrzynski -- mixing assistant Joe LaPorta -- mastering Covers and usage in Media ( edit ) In 2015 , the song was covered by the Country and Irish singer Derek Ryan in his studio album One Good Night coupled with a music video with footage of live performances by Ryan . The song was covered as the opening number to a movie - themed episode of Strictly Come Dancing . The Maccabeats , a Jewish a cappella group at Yeshiva University , did a cover - parody of the song for a Hanukkah music video release called `` Latke Recipe '' in November 2015 . The song was performed by Grae Fernandez , Ataska Mercado , Bailey May and Ylona Garcia during the opening number of the 29th PMPC Star Awards for Television at the Kia Theatre on December 3 , 2015 . The song is also featured in the 2016 films Norm of the North and Bad Moms . The usage of the former ( where it was used in a scenes where the population of New York is dancing ) has been criticized for not fitting with the scene considering the lyrics in the song . In KalyeSerye concert from Philippine Arena titled Sa Tamang Panahon . Danced by Alden Richards and Maine Mendoza on October 24 , 2015 . The song was performed by Tito Sotto , Vic Sotto and Joey de Leon during the opening number of Eat Bulaga ! for their 37th Anniversary Special on July 30 , 2016 . The song is featured in Guitar Hero Live 's GHTV mode and in Just Dance 2016 as part of Just Dance Unlimited . In 2016 , the cast of School of Rock played a short cover of the song , with Nickelodeon posting the full cover on the Nickelodeon YouTube channel shortly after . In March 2017 , Ashley Tisdale and her husband Christopher French performed an acoustic version of the song on her YouTube channel . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 21 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 22 Colombia ( National Report Top Rock ) Colombia Top 20 Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 5 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 15 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finnish Airplay ( Radiosoittolista ) 61 France ( SNEP ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 7 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 17 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 79 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 17 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Mexico Top 20 Inglés ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 18 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 22 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 22 Slovenia ( SAZAS ) 5 South Korea ( Gaon ) 45 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 29 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Download ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 6 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 180 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 60 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 69 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 95 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 39 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 96 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Israel ( Media Forest ) 26 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 83 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) 11 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 98 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 55 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 19 Poland ( ZPAV ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 90 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 55 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 39 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 27 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 70 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 63 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 94 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 321,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 5,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 0 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) None 121,346 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,231,080 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Belgium September 10 , 2014 Digital download RCA Sony Canada Finland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland United States September 23 , 2014 Modern rock radio Australia November 28 , 2014 Digital download Austria Germany France December 1 , 2014 United States January 26 , 2015 Hot adult contemporary radio February 10 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio Italy May 5 , 2015 United Kingdom May 18 , 2015 June 7 , 2015 Digital download Austria July 10 , 2015 CD single Germany Switzerland See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Poland ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2015 List of number - one Billboard Rock Songs List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of Adult Top 40 number - one songs of the 2010s List of number - one Billboard Alternative Songs of 2015 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Drake , Ryan ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` THE 10 MOST PROMISING SONG OF THE SUMMER CANDIDATES '' . Oxford Karma . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Walk The Moon . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary '' . Billboard . August 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rob LeDonne ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Inside `` Shut Up and Dance , '' WALK THE MOON 's Number One Hit `` . American Songwriter . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott T. Sterling ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Related Questions : WALK THE MOON , ' Shut Up and Dance ' '' . Radio.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harley Brown ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Indie Rockers Walk the Moon : ' People of Our Generation Are Scared to Express Themselves ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk The Moon Celebrate `` Goofy '' ' 80s on `` Shut Up And Dance '' `` . Fuse . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Wass ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` WALK THE MOON On Rising Hit `` Shut Up + Dance , '' Sophomore LP ' TALKING IS HARD ' & Magic Cards : Idolator Interview `` . Idolator . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance By Walk the Moon '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Best and Worst Singles of the Week -- From Lorde to One Direction '' . Billboard . October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucas Villa . `` Listen : Walk the Moon rocks the disco on new single ' Shut Up and Dance ' '' . AXS . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Walk the Moon amazes on new single ' Shut Up and Dance ' ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . digitaljournal.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WALK THE MOON 's `` Shut Up and Dance '' is Free on iTunes `` . mickmgmt.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A-Sides With Jon Chattman : The WALK THE MOON `` Dance Off '' : Eli Maiman Talks Hard About Recreating ' 80s `` Nuggets of Nerdy Goodness '' - Jon Chattman `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emily White ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Walk the Moon ' Dance 's to No. 1 on Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Selena Gomez 's ' Heart ' Starts at No. 25 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 -- Week of December 13 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Kanye West , Paul McCartney & Carly Rae Jepsen Debut '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Meghan Trainor 's ' Future ' Looks Bright '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Uptown Funk ' Is Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1 of the 2010s '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Tops Hot 100 , Taylor Swift Re-Enters following BBMAS Video Premiere '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHART : Digital Songs '' . Nielsen . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ White , Emily ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Walk the Moon 's ' Shut Up and Dance ' Breaks Record Atop Hot Rock Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chart references for `` Heathens '' : `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- August 27 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- September 3 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- September 10 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- September 17 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- September 24 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- October 1 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- October 8 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- October 15 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- October 22 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- October 29 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- November 5 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- November 12 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- November 19 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- November 26 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- December 3 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- December 10 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- December 17 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- December 24 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- December 31 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- January 7 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- January 14 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- January 21 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- January 28 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- February 4 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- February 11 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- February 18 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- February 25 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . `` Billboard Hot Rock Songs -- March 4 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Week of February 28 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 -- 2015 Archive '' . Billboard . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Nielsen Music Canada Report '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen . p. 12 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 17 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Issue 1309 ( Week Commencing 30 March 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . p. 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chartifacts : Wednesday 8th April 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa hits # 1 with Paul Walker tribute '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa holds onto the # 1 spot '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa holds the # 1 spot for third week with ' See You Again ' '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth make it 5 weeks at # 1 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Six weeks at # 1 for Wiz and Charlie ! '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Frequencies holds onto # 1 for second week '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Delta Goodrem ' Wings ' Spends Second Week On Top Of Australian Chart '' . Noise11 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon plays the Home Run Derby '' . Cincinnati.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Raczka , Rachel ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift brought Walk The Moon onstage at Gillette '' . Boston.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTV VMAs : Walk the Moon Performs `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter ( THR ) . August 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Fresh Music Top 20 '' . June 21 , 2015 . 4Music . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance -- Single by WALK THE MOON '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHUT UP + DANCE -- WALK THE MOON ( UK PROMO CD SINGLE ) '' . eBay . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shut Up & Dance : Amazon.de : Musik '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Talking Is Hard ( inlay cover ) . Walk the Moon . RCA Records . 2014 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Music video of `` Shut Up and Dance '' by Derek Ryan Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Krt7ITMwRPg YouTube clip by the BBC of the cover Jump up ^ Waxman , Olivia B. ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's a Hanukkah Parody of Walk the Moon 's ' Shut Up and Dance ' '' . Time . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , Justin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Maccabeats ! '' . Baltimore Jewish Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada AC : July 11 , 2015 -- Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada CHR / Top 40 : June 6 , 2015 -- Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Hot AC : March 07 , 2015 -- Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Rock : June 13 , 2015 -- Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ROCK '' ( in Spanish ) . National Report . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Colombia Anglo . Semana del 11 al 17 de Mayo , 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201532 into search . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201533 into search . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs : July 18 , 2015 -- Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon : Shut Up and Dance '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 30 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital -- Classifica settimanale WK 35 ( dal 2015 - 08 - 28 al 2015 - 09 - 03 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 México Inglés . Semana del 22 al 28 de junio 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : Jul 04 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay : Jul 25 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Walk the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201535 into search . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201535 into search . Retrieved September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tedenska lestvica : 39 Teden 21.09. 15 -- 27.09. 15 '' . SAZAS Association . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean Singles Chart : Week 33 , 2015 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean Singles Chart : Week 33 , 2015 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up + Dance '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2014 '' . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2015 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2015 '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - 2015 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Single ( track ) TOP 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2015 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - best of singles '' . Irish Recording Music Association . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas Year End '' . Billboard JAPAN . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 년 Digital Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2015 '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 January 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Airplay Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Alternative Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Mix Show Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up and Dance '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Enter Walk the Moon in the field Interpret . Enter Shut Up and Dance in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up and Dance '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up and Dance '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walk the Moon '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Walk the Moon ; ' Shut Up and Dance ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up and Dance '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up and Dance '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up and Dance '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales : `` Online Download ( international ) -- 2015 '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- WALK THE MOON -- Shut Up and Dance '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walk the Moon -- Shut Up and Dance '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Walk The Moon -- Shut Up and Dance '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Enter Shut Up and Dance in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Walk the Moon -- Shut Up and Dance '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . 7 Digital ( NL - BE ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( CA ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( FI ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( IE ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' ( in Italian ) . 7 Digital ( IT ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( LU ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . 7 Digital ( NL ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( NZ ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( NO ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' ( in Portuguese ) . 7 Digital ( PT ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( SG ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' ( in Spanish ) . 7 Digital ( ES ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( SE ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' ( in German ) . 7 Digital ( DE-CH ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( US ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative E-Weekly '' . All Access Music Group . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TALKING IS HARD ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital ( AU ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TALKING IS HARD ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' ( in German ) . 7 Digital ( AT ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TALKING IS HARD ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' ( in German ) . 7 Digital ( DE ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TALKING IS HARD ( 2014 ) -- Walk the Moon '' ( in French ) . 7 Digital ( FR ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance WALK THE MOON RCA Records '' . radioairplay.fm . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up and Dance ( 2015 ) -- Walk the Moon '' . 7 Digital . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shut Up + Dance '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official video on YouTube ( hide ) Walk the Moon Nicholas Petricca Kevin Ray Sean Waugaman Eli Maiman Studio albums I Want ! I Want ! Walk the Moon Talking Is Hard What If Nothing EPs The Anthem EP The Other Side : B - Sides and Other Rarities Anna Sun EP Tightrope EP Singles `` Anna Sun '' `` Tightrope '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` Different Colors '' `` Work This Body '' `` One Foot '' Related articles Discography RCA Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shut_Up_and_Dance_(Walk_the_Moon_song)&oldid=821165802 '' Categories : 2014 singles 2014 songs RCA Records singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Songs about dancing Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Walk the Moon songs Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finnishairplay Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdownload Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	walk the moon shut up and dance review	[]	[]
-7082042599548098549	Income inequality in India	Income inequality in India - wikipedia Income inequality in India Poor kids from a razed construction workers ' slum look at their well - to - do neighbours in Kondapur . As of Nov 2016 , India is the second-most unequal country in the world . The richest 1 % of Indians own 58.4 % of wealth . The richest 10 % of the Indians own 80.7 % of the wealth . This trend is going in the upward direction every year , which means the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. Inequality worsened since the establishment of income tax in 1922 , overtaking the British Raj 's record of the share of the top 1 % in national income , which was 20.7 % in 1939 -- 40 . Contents 1 Income gaps 1.1 Class divide 2 Causes 3 Impact 4 Government and Income inequality 5 References Income gaps ( edit ) According to Thomas Piketty , there is a `` huge '' gap in data about income tax in India . Since the most of the population is out of income - tax database , most of the calculations ( such as NSSO ) is based on consumption - expenditure data instead of income data . According to the World Bank , the Gini coefficient in India was 0.339 in 2009 . The Gini coefficient in India went up from 0.43 ( 1995 -- 96 ) to 0.45 ( 2004 -- 05 ) . According to the 2015 World Wealth Report , India had 198,000 high net worth individuals ( annual income over $1 million ) with a combined wealth of $785 billion . In 2016 , the International Monetary Fund in its regional economic outlook for Asia and Pacific said that India 's Gini coefficient rose to 0.51 in 2013 from 0.45 in 1990 . Class divide ( edit ) Credit Suisse 's Global Wealth Databook for 2014 reports bottom 10 per cent of the Indian society owned merely 0.2 per cent of national wealth while the richest 10 per cent have been getting steadily richer since 2000 . Social Class ( % ) Wealth Share ( % ) Bottom 10 0.2 10 - 20 0.4 20 - 30 0.8 30 - 40 1.3 40 - 50 1.8 50 - 60 2.6 60 - 70 3.8 70 - 80 5.7 80 - 90 9.4 Top 10 74 Causes ( edit ) N.C. Saxena , a member of the National Advisory Council , suggested that the widening income disparity can be accounted for by India 's badly shaped agricultural and rural safety nets . `` Unfortunately , agriculture is in a state of collapse . Per capita food production is going down . Rural infrastructure such as power , road transport facilities are in a poor state , '' he said . `` All the safety net programmes are not working at all , with rural job scheme and public distribution system performing far below their potential . This has added to the suffering of rural India while market forces are acting in favour of urban India , which is why it is progressing at a faster rate '' . Impact ( edit ) The growing income inequality in India has negatively impacted poor citizens ' access to education and healthcare . People working in unorganized sectors are the worst sufferers of economic inequality . They are characterized by low wages ; long working hours ; lack of basic services such as first aid , drinking water and sanitation . Government and income inequality ( edit ) The citizens ' collective Wada Na Todo Abhiyan argues that the present BJP government in India , through their pro-corporate and anti-poor policies is allowing the stark income inequality to increase more than ever . While the government reduces fund for Education , Health and other services , they say that it gives enormous tax exemptions for the corporate billionaires . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chakravarty , Manas ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` The richest 1 % of Indians now own 58.4 % of wealth '' . Livemint . Jump up ^ ( http://www.epw.in/journal/2017/40/editorials/monstrous-indian-income-inequality.html From British Raj to Billionaire Raj ) , Economic and Political Weekly , 7 October 2017 Jump up ^ Rowlatt , Justin ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` ' Indian inequality still hidden ' '' . BBC . Jump up ^ http://aida.wss.yale.edu/~nq3/NANCYS_Yale_Website/resources/papers/PikettyQianAEJ.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/wp2015-025.pdf Jump up ^ `` GINI index ( World Bank estimate ) - Data '' . data.worldbank.org . ^ Jump up to : `` India still suffers from huge income gap '' . southasia.oneworld.net . Jump up ^ `` World Wealth Report - Compare the data on a global scale '' . The Wealth Reports . Leading with Global Insights . The Industry Recognized Benchmark for Wealth Management Trends . www.worldwealthreport.com . Jump up ^ Nair , Remya ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` IMF warns of growing inequality in India and China '' . Livemint . Jump up ^ S , Rukmini ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` India 's staggering wealth gap in five charts '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Income gap rises in India : NSSO '' . Livemint . Jump up ^ http://thewire.in/39495/as-nda-govt-celebrates-two-years-a-citizens-report-underscores-its-failures-on-social-issues/ Citizens ' Report Underscores Modi Government Failures on Social Issues Jump up ^ `` ' Reckless disinvestment in PSUs has exposed BJP 's capitalistic mindset ' '' . The Hindu . 23 October 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Income_inequality_in_India&oldid=853408700 '' Categories : Income in India Income distribution Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 15 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-6431090990927215672	Salute	Salute - Wikipedia Salute Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the gesture . For other uses , see Salute ( disambiguation ) . A salute is a gesture or other action used to display respect . Salutes are primarily associated with armed forces , but other organizations and civilians also use salutes . A U.S. Navy officer performs a military hand salute . Pakistan army soldiers saluting British - style , palms facing outward . Scouting leader and a new Scout exchange salutes Contents ( hide ) 1 Military salutes 1.1 Saluting with left hand 1.2 Origin 1.3 Small arms salutes 1.4 Heavy arms : gun salutes 1.4. 1 Naval cannon fire 1.4. 2 United States Army Presidential Salute Battery 1.4. 3 Aerial salutes 1.5 Military salutes in different countries 1.5. 1 Australia and New Zealand 1.5. 2 British military 1.5. 2.1 British Army 1.5. 2.2 Royal Air Force 1.5. 2.3 Royal Navy 1.5. 2.4 In the colonial context 1.5. 3 Canadian military 1.5. 4 Danish military 1.5. 5 French military 1.5. 6 German military 1.5. 7 Indian Military 1.5. 8 Indonesia Salute 1.5. 9 Israel Defense Forces 1.5. 10 Pakistan Armed Forces 1.5. 11 People 's Republic of China 1.5. 12 Polish military 1.5. 13 Swiss Armed Forces 1.5. 14 Turkish Armed Forces 1.5. 15 U.S. Armed Forces 1.5. 16 Zogist salute 2 Non-military services 2.1 Canadian police 2.1. 1 Non-police 2.2 Hong Kong 2.3 Civilian military auxiliaries ( U.S. ) 2.4 State Defense Forces ( U.S. ) 3 Civilian salutes 3.1 Roman salute 3.2 Airline industry 3.3 One - finger salute 3.4 Clenched fist salute 3.5 Greetings 3.6 Obeisances 3.7 Marching bands and Drum & Bugle Corps 4 Military salutes in popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Military salutes ( edit ) Admiral Jay L. Johnson and Admiral Vern Clark of the United States Navy salute each other during a change - of - command ceremony . Clark is replacing Johnson as Chief of Naval Operations . In military traditions of various times and places , there have been numerous methods of performing salutes , using hand gestures , cannon or rifle shots , hoisting of flags , removal of headgear , or other means of showing respect or deference . In the Commonwealth of Nations , only commissioned officers are saluted , and the salute is to the commission they carry from their respective commanders - in - chief representing the Monarch , not the officers themselves . The British Army 's salute is almost identical to the French salute . The customary salute in the Polish Armed Forces is the two - fingers salute , a variation of the British military salute with only two fingers extended . In the Russian military , the right hand , palm down , is brought to the right temple , almost , but not quite , touching ; the head has to be covered . In the Swedish armed forces , the salute is identical to that of the U.S. armed forces and the Royal Navy . In the Hellenic Army salute the palm is facing down and the fingers point to the coat of arms . In the United States Navy , United States Marine Corps , United States Coast Guard , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , Colombian Army and Ecuadorian Army , as well as in all branches of the French Armed Forces , British Armed Forces , Canadian Forces , Danish Armed Forces , Hellenic Armed Forces , Italian Armed Forces , Norwegian Armed Forces , Polish Armed Forces , Swedish Armed Forces and Turkish Armed Forces , Russian and all former Soviet republic forces , hand salutes are only given when a cover ( protection for the head , usually a hat ) is worn . The United States Army and United States Air Force give salutes both covered and uncovered , but saluting indoors is forbidden except when formally reporting to a superior officer or during an indoor ceremony . It should be noted that when outdoors , a cover is to be worn at all times when wearing Battle Dress Uniforms / Army Combat Uniforms , but is not required when wearing physical training ( PT ) gear . When the presence of enemy snipers is suspected , military salutes are generally forbidden , since the enemy may use them to recognize officers as valuable targets . Saluting with left hand ( edit ) Some soldiers may salute with the left hand when the right hand is encumbered in some way ( though it is rare ) , for example , a soldier with a rifle at Right Shoulder Arms ; if movement of a weapon would be encumbered when making the armed salute ; if the performance of duty requires the right hand for use or operation of equipment such as riding a motorcycle ; if it is not possible to use the hand due to injury or amputation ; when escorting a woman and it is not possible to walk on her right side . Origin ( edit ) Rustic Civility by William Collins showing a child `` tugging his forelock '' as a person of higher standing passes on horseback ( only visible by the shadow ) According to some modern military manuals , the modern Western salute originated in France when knights greeted each other to show friendly intentions by raising their visors to show their faces , using a salute . Others also note that the raising of one 's visor was a way to identify oneself saying `` This is who I am , and I am not afraid . '' Medieval visors were , to this end , equipped with a protruding spike that allowed the visor to be raised using a saluting motion . The US Army Quartermaster School provides another explanation of the origin of the hand salute : that it was a long - established military custom for subordinates to remove their headgear in the presence of superiors . As late as the American Revolution , a British Army soldier saluted by removing his hat . With the advent of increasingly cumbersome headgear in the 18th and 19th centuries , however , the act of removing one 's hat was gradually converted into the simpler gesture of grasping or touching the visor and issuing a courteous salutation . As early as 1745 , a British order book stated that : `` The men are ordered not to pull off their hats when they pass an officer , or to speak to them , but only to clap up their hands to their hats and bow as they pass . '' Over time , it became conventionalized into something resembling our modern hand salute . The naval salute , with the palm downwards is said to have evolved because the palms of naval ratings , particularly deckhands , were often dirty through working with lines and was deemed insulting to present a dirty palm to an officer ; thus the palm was turned downwards . During the Napoleonic Wars , British crews saluted officers by touching a clenched fist to the brow as though grasping a hat - brim between fingers and thumb . Small arms salutes ( edit ) Main article : Present arms ( command ) A captain of the French Navy salutes by holding the back of his saber to his face during the ceremonies of the 14th of July in Toulon . When carrying a sword ( which is still done on ceremonial occasions ) , European military forces and their cultural descendants use a two - step gesture . The sword is first raised , in the right hand , to the level of and close to the front of the neck . The blade is inclined forward and up 30 degrees from the vertical ; the true edge is to the left . Then the sword is slashed downward to a position with the point close to the ground in front of the right foot . The blade is inclined down and forward with the true edge to the left . This gesture originated in the Crusades . The hilt of a sword formed a cross with the blade , so if a crucifix was not available , a Crusader could kiss the hilt of his sword when praying , before entering battle , for oaths and vows , and so on . The lowering of the point to the ground is a traditional act of submission . In fencing , the fencers salute each other before putting their masks on to begin a bout . There are several methods of doing this , but the most common is to bring the sword in front of the face so that the blade is pointing up in front of the nose . The fencers also salute the referee and the audience . When armed with a rifle , two methods are available when saluting . The usual method is called `` present arms '' ; the rifle is brought to the vertical , muzzle up , in front of center of the chest with the trigger away from the body . The hands hold the stock close to the positions they would have if the rifle were being fired , though the trigger is not touched . Less formal salutes include the `` order arms salute '' and the `` shoulder arms salutes . '' These are most often given by a sentry to a low - ranking superior who does not rate the full `` present arms '' salute . In the `` order arms salute , '' the rifle rests on its butt by the sentry 's right foot , held near the muzzle by the sentry 's right hand , and does not move . The sentry brings his flattened left hand across his body and touches the rifle near its muzzle . When the rifle is being carried on the shoulder , a similar gesture is used in which the flattened free hand is brought across the body to touch the rifle near the rear of the receiver . A different type of salute with a rifle is a ritual firing performed during military funerals , known as a three - volley salute . In this ceremonial act , an odd number of rifleman fire three blank cartridges in unison into the air over the casket . This originates from an old European tradition wherein a battle was halted to remove the dead and wounded , then three shots were fired to signal readiness to reengage . Heavy arms : gun salutes ( edit ) A cannon on a naval vessel 's deck fired during the arrival of a dignitary . The Saluting Battery in Valletta firing a gun salute . Naval cannon fire ( edit ) See also : 21 - gun salute The custom of firing cannon salutes originated in the Royal Navy . When a cannon was fired , it partially disarmed the ship , so needlessly firing a cannon showed respect and trust . As a matter of courtesy a warship would fire her guns harmlessly out to sea , to show that she had no hostile intent . At first , ships were required to fire seven guns , and forts , with their more numerous guns and a larger supply of gunpowder , to fire 21 times . Later , as the quality of gunpowder improved , the British increased the number of shots required from ships to match the forts . The system of odd numbered rounds is said to have been originated by Samuel Pepys , Secretary to the Navy in the Restoration , as a way of economising on the use of powder , the rule until that time having been that all guns had to be fired . Odd numbers were chosen , as even numbers indicated a death . As naval customs evolved , the 21 - gun salute came to be reserved for heads of state , with fewer rounds used to salute lower - ranking officials . Today , heads of government and cabinet ministers ( e.g. , the Vice President , U.S. cabinet members , and service secretaries ) , and military officers with five - star rank receive 19 rounds ; four - stars receive 17 rounds ; three - stars receive 15 ; two - stars receive 13 ; and a one - star general or admiral receives 11 . These same standards are currently adhered to by ground - based saluting batteries . Multiples of 21 - gun salutes may be fired for particularly important celebrations . In monarchies this is often done at births of members of the royal family of the country and other official celebrations associated with the royal family . United States Army Presidential salute Battery ( edit ) A specialty platoon of the 3rd US Infantry Regiment ( The Old Guard ) , the Presidential Salute Battery is based at Fort Myer , Virginia . The Guns Platoon ( as it is known for short ) has the task of rendering military honors in the National Capital Region , including armed forces full - honors funerals ; state funerals ; presidential inaugurations ; full - honors wreath ceremonies at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery ; state arrivals at the White House and Pentagon , and retirement ceremonies for general - grade officers in the Military District of Washington , which are normally conducted at Fort Myer . The Presidential Salute Battery also participates in A Capitol Fourth , the Washington Independence Day celebration ; the guns accompany the National Symphony Orchestra in performing the `` 1812 Overture '' . The platoon maintains its battery of ten ceremonially - modified World War II - vintage M - 5 anti-tank guns at the Old Guard regimental motor pool . Aerial salutes ( edit ) A ceremonial or celebratory form of aerial salute is the flypast ( known as a `` flyover '' in the United States ) , which often follows major parades such as the annual Trooping the Colour in the United Kingdom or the French défilé du 14 juillet . It is seen in other countries as well , notably Singapore and Canada . In Singapore , the Republic of Singapore Air Force usually conducts aerial salutes during the annual National Day Parade and major state events , such as during the funeral of Lee Kuan Yew . Gun salute by aircraft , primarily displayed during funerals , began with simple flypasts during World War I and have evolved into the missing man formation , where either a formation of aircraft is conspicuously missing an element , or where a single plane abruptly leaves a formation A casual salute by an aircraft , somewhat akin to waving to a friend , is the custom of `` waggling '' the wings by partially rolling the aircraft first to one side , and then the other . Military salutes in different countries ( edit ) Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) In both countries , the right - hand salute is generally identical to , and drawn from the traditions of , the British armed forces . The salute of the Australian or New Zealand Army is best described as the right arm taking the path of the longest way up and then the shortest way down . Similar in many ways , the salute of the Royal Australian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force takes the longest way up and the shortest way down . The Royal Australian Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy , however , take the shortest way up , palm down , and the shortest way down . The action of the arm rotating up is slower than the action of the conclusion of the salute which is the arm being quickly `` snapped '' down to the saluter 's side . Junior members are required to salute first and the senior member is obliged to return the compliment . Protocol dictates that the Monarch , members of the Royal Family , the Governor - General and State Governors are to be saluted at all times by all ranks . Except where a Drill Manual ( or parade ) protocol dictates otherwise , the duration of the salute is timed at three beats of the quick - time march ( approximately 1.5 seconds ) , timed from the moment the senior member first returns it . In situations where cover ( or `` headdress '' , as it is called in the Australian Army ) is not being worn , the salute is given verbally ; the junior party ( or at least the senior member thereof ) will first come to attention , then offer the salute `` Good morning / afternoon Your Majesty / Your Royal Highness / Prime Minister / Your Grace / Sir / Ma'am '' , etc. , as the case may be . It is this , rather than the act of standing to attention , which indicates that a salute is being offered . If either party consists of two or more members , all will come to attention , but only the most senior member of the party will offer ( or return ) the physical or verbal salute . The party which is wearing headdress must always offer , or respond with , a full salute . At the Forward Edge of the Battle Area ( FEBA ) no salutes of any kind are given , under any circumstances ; it is always sensible to assume that there are snipers in the area . In this case , parties personally known to each other are addressed familiarly by their first or given names , regardless of rank ; senior officers are addressed as one might address a stranger , courteously , but without any naming or mark of respect . British military ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Personnel from the Royal Air Force , the British Army and the Royal Navy saluting . British Army ( edit ) Since 1917 , the British Army 's salute has been given with the right hand palm facing forwards with the fingers almost touching the cap or beret . Before 1917 , the salute was given with whichever hand was furthest from the person being saluted , whether that was the right or the left . The salute is given to acknowledge the Queen 's commission . A salute may not be given unless a soldier is wearing his regimental headdress , for example a Beret , Caubeen , Tam o ' Shanter , Glengarry , field service cap or peaked cap . This does not apply to members of The Blues and Royals ( RHG / 1stD ) The Household Cavalry who , after The Battle of Warburg were allowed to salute without headdress . If a soldier or officer is not wearing headdress then he or she must come to attention instead of giving / returning the salute . The subordinate salutes first and maintains the salute until the superior has responded in kind . There is a widespread though erroneous belief that it is statutory for `` all ranks to salute a bearer of the Victoria Cross '' . There is no official requirement that appears in the official Warrant of the VC , nor in Queen 's Regulations and Orders , but tradition dictates that this occurs and as such the Chiefs of Staff will salute a Private awarded a VC or GC . Royal Air Force ( edit ) The custom of saluting commissioned officers relates wholly to the commission given by Her Majesty the Queen to that officer , not the person . Therefore , when a subordinate airman salutes an officer , he is indirectly acknowledging Her Majesty as Head of State . A salute returned by the officer is on behalf of the Queen . The RAF salute is similar to the British Army , the hand is brought upwards in a circular motion out from the body , it is stopped 1 inch ( 20 mm ) to the rear of the right of the right eye , the elbow and wrist are kept inline with the shoulder . The hand is then brought straight down back to the position of attention , this movement is completed to the timing `` UP TWO - THREE / DOWN '' Royal Navy ( edit ) The Naval salute differs in that the palm of the hand faces down towards the shoulder . This dates back to the days of sailing ships , when tar and pitch were used to seal a ship 's timbers from seawater . To protect their hands , officers wore white gloves and it was considered most undignified to present a dirty palm in the salute , so the hand was turned through 90 degrees . A common story is that Queen Victoria , having been saluted by an individual with a dirty palm , decreed that in future sailors of the fleet would salute palm down , with the palm facing the ground . In the colonial context ( edit ) In the British Empire ( originally in the maritime and hinterland sphere of influence of the East India Company , HEIC , later transformed into crown territories ) , mainly in British India , the numbers of guns fired as a gun salute to the ruler of a so - called princely state became a politically highly significant indicator of his status , not governed by objective rules , but awarded ( and in various cases increased ) by the British paramount power , roughly reflecting his state 's socio - economic , political and / or military weight , but also as a prestigious reward for loyalty to the Raj , in classes ( always odd numbers ) from three to twenty - one ( seven lacking ) , for the `` vassal '' indigenous rulers ( normally hereditary with a throne , sometimes raised as a personal distinction for an individual ruling prince ) . Two sovereign monarchies officially outside the Empire were granted a higher honor : thirty - one guns for the royal houses of Afghanistan ( under British and Russian influence ) , and Siam ( which was then ruled by the Rattanakosin Kingdom ) . In addition , the right to style himself Highness ( Majesty , which since its Roman origin expresses the sovereign authority of the state , was denied to all `` vassals '' ) , a title of great importance in international relations , was formally restricted to rulers of relatively high salute ranks ( originally only those with eleven guns or more , later also those with nine guns ) . Canadian military ( edit ) Much as the British salute , described above , the Canadian military salutes to demonstrate a mark of respect and courtesy for the commissioned ranks . When in uniform and not wearing headdress one does not salute . Instead , compliments shall be paid by standing at attention . If on the march , arms shall be swung and the head turned to the left or right as required . On Remembrance Day , 2009 , The Prince of Wales attended the national ceremony in Ottawa with Governor General Michaëlle Jean -- both wearing Canadian military dress . CBC live television coverage of the event noted that , when Prince Charles saluted , he performed the Canadian form of the salute with a cupped hand ( the British `` naval salute '' -- appropriate , as he did his military service as an officer in the Royal Navy ) , adopted by all elements of the Canadian Forces after unification in 1968 , rather than the British ( Army ) form with the palm facing forward . Danish military ( edit ) Danish Army Salute In the Danish military , there are two types of military salutes . The first type is employed by the Royal Danish Navy , Royal Danish Air Force , and Guard Hussar Regiment Mounted Squadron , and is the same as one the used by the U.S. . The second is employed by the Royal Danish Army , and goes as follows : Raise the right arm forward , as to have upper arm 90 degrees from the body . Move the right hand to the temple , and have it parallel to the ground . French military ( edit ) A lieutenant - colonel saluting officials at the ceremonies of the 14th of July in Toulon . The French military salutes to demonstrate a mark of respect , fraternity and courtesy for all soldiers ; subalterns salute superiors and every salute is given back . Salutes are not performed if a member is not wearing a headdress or if is holding a weapon . The French salute , as the original template , is performed with a flat hand , palm facing forwards ; the upper arm is horizontal and the tip of the fingers come near the corner of the eyes . It perfectly mirrors the gesture made when knights greeted each other to show friendly intentions by raising their visors to show their faces . A crisp tension may be given when the salute is broken . German military ( edit ) In the German Bundeswehr , the salute is performed with a flat hand , with the thumb resting on the index finger . The hand is slightly tilted to the front so that the thumb can not be seen . The upper arm is horizontal and the fingers point to the temple but do not touch it or the headgear . Every soldier saluting another uniformed soldier is entitled to be saluted in return . Soldiers below the rank of Feldwebel are not permitted to speak while saluting . Since the creation of the Bundeswehr , soldiers are required to salute with and without headgear . Originally , in the Reichswehr it was not permitted to perform the salute when the soldier is not wearing uniform headgear . In the Wehrmacht , the traditional military salute was required when wearing headgear , but the Nazi salute was performed when not wearing headgear . East German National People 's Army followed the Reichswehr protocol . Indian military ( edit ) In India , the three forces have different salutes with the Indian Army and the Indian Navy following the British tradition . In the Indian army , the salute is performed by keeping the open palm forward , with fingers and thumb together and middle finger almost touching the hatband or right eyebrow . This is often accompanied by the regimental salutation , eg : `` Sat Sri Akal '' in the Sikh Regiment . The Navy salute has the palm facing towards the ground at a 90 - degree angle . The Indian Air Force salute involves the right arm being sharply raised from the front by the shortest possible way , with the plane of the palm at 45 - degree angle to the forehead . Indonesia salute ( edit ) In Indonesia , the salute is a very common gesture amongst every part of the country , starting from school to military , police and firefighters , the salute is a gesture that every person must know and is commonly used for the flag raising ceremony . In the military , this gesture is known as Present Arms or in Indonesian : Hormat Senjata , Gerak ( with weapons ) or Hormat , Gerak ( without weapons ) . Israel Defense Forces ( edit ) Israeli style salute at IDF ceremony for the newly appointed Commander in Chief of Israeli Navy , Brig . General Ram Rotenberg In the Israel Defense Forces , saluting is normally reserved for special ceremonies . Unlike the United States , saluting is not a constant part of day to day barracks life . Pakistan Armed Forces ( edit ) In Pakistan , the salute is generally identical to that of British armed forces . Salute is given with the right hand palm facing forward and fingers slightly touching the right side of the forehead , but not on the forehead . The salute must be performed by the lower rank officials to the higher rank officials under all conditions except when the higher rank official is not in uniform or if the lower rank official is the driver and the vehicle is in motion . The salute is sometimes also performed by left hand if the right hand of the person is completely occupied . People 's republic of china ( edit ) Military personnel of the People 's Liberation Army salute according to Chinese standards and similar to the Royal Navy salute . Polish military ( edit ) Polish style salute , using two fingers In Polish military forces , military men use two fingers to salute , and when they wear headdress ( including helmet ) only ( an expression of the Polish struggle towards the ultimate egalitarian society : not saluting the person per se ) . This is called the Two - finger salute . There are some exceptions in Polish regulations when salute is not demonstrated , for instance after proclaiming alert in military unit area . As above , salute is marking respect for higher rank or command . Untrained recruits are obliged to salute as without headdress , i.e. to stand at attention ( or -- during walking -- to march at attention ) . Swiss Armed Forces ( edit ) Swiss soldiers are required to salute any higher - ranking military personnel whenever they encounter them . The salute is given like that of the British navy with the palm pointing towards the shoulder . Turkish Armed Forces ( edit ) Turkish soldiers salute while the band plays the national anthem . Within the Turkish military hand salutes are only given when a cover ( protection for the head , usually a hat ) is worn . If head is not covered or when the personnel is carrying a rifle on the shoulder the head salute is performed by nodding the head forward slightly while maintaining erect posture . The salute ( hand or head ) must be performed first by the lower ranking personnel to the higher ranking personnel , and higher official is expected to return the salute , under all conditions except : Personnel who are driving vehicles . Personnel who are on sentry , patrol , observation duty or defending a specific point . Personnel on combat orders . Personnel who are transporting live ammuniton . Military prisoners and personnel escorting them . Despite of the rank , casket of a martyr personnel while in transport or on stand has to be saluted by all ranks of personnel . U.S. Armed Forces ( edit ) Within United States ' military , the salute is a courteous exchange of greetings , with the junior member always saluting first . When returning or rendering an individual salute , the head and eyes are turned toward the Colors or person saluted . Military personnel in uniform are required to salute when they meet and recognize persons entitled to a salute , except when it is inappropriate or impractical ( in public conveyances such as planes and buses , in public places such as inside theaters , or when driving a vehicle ) . It is believed that the U.S. military 's salute was influenced by British military , although differs slightly , in that the palm of the hand faces down towards the shoulder . This difference may date back to the days of sailing ships , when tar and pitch were used to seal the timber from seawater . During such times , it was considered undignified to present a dirty palm in the salute , so the hand was turned through 90 degrees . Specifically , a proper salute goes as follows : Raise the right hand sharply , fingers and thumb extended and joined , palm facing down , and place the tip of the right forefinger on the rim of the visor , slightly to the right of the eye . The outer edge of the hand is barely canted downward so that neither the back of the hand nor the palm is clearly visible from the front . The hand and wrist are straight , the elbow inclined slightly forward , and the upper arm is horizontal . Zogist salute ( edit ) Albanian soldiers performing the Zogist salute Main article : Zogist salute The Zogist salute is a military salute that was instituted by Zog I of Albania . It is a gesture whereby the right hand is placed over the heart , with the palm facing downwards . It was first widely used by Zog 's personal police force and was later adopted by the Royal Albanian Army . In Mexico , a salute similar to the Zogist one is rendered by Mexican civilians during the playing of the Mexican national anthem . Non-military services ( edit ) Canadian Police ( edit ) Most police forces salute similar to the Canadian Forces standard , with the exception of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary , which follow the British Army standard of saluting with the full palm facing forward , touching the brim of the hat , if worn . Non-police ( edit ) Similar salutes are used by honour guards for non-police services ( e.g. Toronto Fire Services , Toronto Transit Commission ) during funerals or ceremonial events . Hong Kong ( edit ) All uniform branches of the Hong Kong ( Police , Police Auxiliary , Police Pipeband , Fire ( including Ambulance service members ) , Immigration , Customs , Correctional Services , Government Flying Service , Civil Aid Service ) salute according to British Army traditions . Personnel stationed with the People 's Liberation Army in Hong Kong salute using the Chinese military standards and similar to those used by the Royal Navy . Non-government organizations like Hong Kong Air Cadet Corps , Hong Kong Adventure Corps , the Boys ' Brigade , Hong Kong , Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps and St. John Ambulance all follow the same military salutes due to their ties with the British Armed Forces . Civilian military auxiliaries ( U.S. ) ( edit ) In the United States , civilian military auxiliaries such as the Civil Air Patrol are required to salute all commissioned and warrant officers of the U.S. Uniformed Services ( Army , Navy , Air Force , Marine Corps , Coast Guard , U.S. Public Health Service , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps ) senior in rank to them , as well as all friendly foreign officers , though military members are not required to reciprocate ( they may salute voluntarily if they choose ) . CAP officers are required to salute one another though this is not uniformly observed throughout the CAP . Cadets are required to salute all senior members and military / uniformed services personnel . The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary requires its members to salute all commissioned and warrant officers ; since Auxiliarists hold `` office '' rather than `` grade '' ( indicated by modified military insignia ) , all Auxiliarists are required to perform this courtesy . Saluting among Auxiliarists is not encouraged . When operating in direct support of the USCG , or when on military installations in general , Auxiliarists usually wear `` member '' insignia unless specified otherwise by the officer / NCO in charge . State Defense Forces ( U.S. ) ( edit ) State Defense Forces are not subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice . However , they are subject to their State military laws and regulations and render the same customs and courtesies as active duty , Reserve and National Guard personnel . Civilian salutes ( edit ) In most countries , such as the United Kingdom and Canada , civilians do not salute the flag , although some may stand at attention when a national anthem is played or the national flag raised or lowered . In the United Kingdom , certain civilian individuals , such as officers of HM Revenue and Customs , salute the quarterdeck of Royal Navy vessels on boarding . In Ireland , citizens stand at attention when the national anthem `` Amhrán na bhFiann '' is played . They either sing or remain completely silent during the playing of the anthem . This practice usually takes place before Gaelic Games begin . It is also observed at bars and pubs if live music is played . When the performer ( s ) are finished playing it is traditional to perform the national anthem but less common in recent years . In many countries , gestures such as tipping one 's hat when passing another on the street can be considered appropriate civilian salutes . A more formal hat tip - and - lift is common in Britain , especially by doormen in hotels . In the United States , civilians may salute the U.S. flag by placing their right hand over their heart or by standing at attention during the playing of the national anthem or while reciting the U.S. Pledge of Allegiance , or when the flag is passing by , as in a parade . Men and boys remove their hats and other headgear during the salute ; religious headdress ( and military headdress worn by veterans in uniform , who are otherwise civilians ) are exempt . The nature of the headgear determines whether it is held in the left or right hand , tucked under the left arm , etc . However , if it is held in the right hand , the headgear is not held over the heart but the hand is placed in the same position it would be if it were not holding anything . The Defense Authorization Act of 2009 , signed by President Bush , contained a provision that gave veterans and active - duty service members not in uniform the right to salute during the playing of the national anthem . Previous legislation authorized saluting when not in uniform during the raising , lowering and passing of the flag . However , because a salute is a form of communication protected by the Free Speech clause of the First Amendment , legislative authorization is not required for any civilian -- veteran or non-veteran -- to salute the U.S. flag . Civilians in some other countries , like Italy , South Africa , Bosnia and Herzegovina , South Korea , Kazakhstan , and Nigeria also render the same civilian salute as their U.S. counterparts when hearing their respective national anthems . In Iran a salute similar to the United States is given . In ancient times a salute would be given by raising a flat hand in front of the chest with the thumb facing the saluters face . In Latin America , especially in Mexico , a salute similar to the United States military 's salute is used , but the hand is placed across the left chest with the palm facing the ground . The same salute was instituted in Albania as the `` Zog salute '' by King Zog I . In the Philippines , civilians salute to the national flag during flag raising and upon hearing the Philippine National Anthem by standing at attention and doing the same hand - to - heart salute as their American , Italian , Nigerian , and South African counterparts . People wearing hats or caps must bare their heads and hold the headwear over their heart . Members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines , the Philippine National Police and the Philippine Coast Guard and sometimes airline pilots and civilian ship crews , meanwhile do the traditional military salutes if they are in uniform on duty ; off - duty personnel do the hand - to - heart salutes ( civilians only ) . During the Martial Law years from 1972 -- 1981 up to the 1986 EDSA Revolution , the `` clenched fist '' salute was done during the singing and playing of the National Anthem by some groups . Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts meanwhile have their own form of salutes . In Indonesia , civilians may either place their right hand to their left - breast ( heart ) or salute the flag as per a military salute , which may be that of the PETA Revolutionaries , or as per modern military drill . All persons present regardless of nationality are expected to stand silently and respectfully during its raising and lowering . It is a severe criminal offense in Indonesia to dishonour the national flag ( known in Indonesian as Sang Saka Merah Putih , `` The Red and White '' ) and its ceremonies , or the national anthem , `` Indonesia Raya '' . Thailand also has the same rule like Indonesia wherein all persons present regardless of nationality are expected to stand at attention and respectfully during the flag raising and lowering and upon hearing the Thai National Anthem every 8 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 p.m. or hearing the Sansoen Phra Barami . The Lèse majesté in Thailand says that it is a serious criminal offense to dishonor the flag of Thailand or National / Royal Anthem . Roman salute ( edit ) The Oath of the Horatii , by Jacques - Louis David The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight , with palm down and fingers extended straight and touching . Sometimes the arm is raised upward at an angle , sometimes it is held out parallel to the ground . A well known symbol of Nazism , it is commonly perceived to be based on a classical Roman custom . but no known Roman work of art displays this salute , and no known Roman text describes it . Beginning with Jacques - Louis David 's painting The Oath of the Horatii ( 1784 ) , an association of the gesture with Roman republican and imperial culture emerged through 18th - century French art . The association with ancient Roman traditions was further developed in France during the Napoleonic era and again in popular culture through late 19th - and early 20th - century plays and films . These include the epic Cabiria ( 1914 ) , whose screenplay was attributed to Italian nationalist Gabriele d'Annunzio . In a case of life imitating art , d'Annunzio appropriated the salute as a neo-imperial ritual when he led the occupation of Fiume in 1919 . It was soon adopted by the Italian Fascist party , who 's use of the salute inspired the Nazi party salute . However , the armed forces ( Wehrmacht ) of the Third Reich used a German form of the military salute until , in the wake of the July 20 plot on Hitler 's life in 1944 , the Nazi salute or Hitlergruss was imposed on them . The Bellamy salute was a similar gesture and was the civilian salute of the United States from 1892 to 1942 . The United States , considering itself the new Roman Empire , adopted the salute in 1892 in an effort to create a historical link with the Romans . In Germany showing the Roman salute is today prohibited by law . Those rendering similar salutes , for example raising the left instead of the right hand , or raising only three fingers , are liable to prosecution . The punishment derives from § 86a of the German Criminal Code and can be up to three years imprisonment or a fine ( in minor cases ) . Airline industry ( edit ) According to SOPs ( standard operating procedures ) of most airlines , the ground crew that handles departure of an aircraft from a gate ( such handling normally includes : disconnecting of required for engine start pneumatic generators or aircraft power and ventilation utilities , aircraft push - back , icing inspection , etc . ) is required to salute the captain before the aircraft is released for taxi . Captain normally returns the salute . Since a large percentage of airline pilots are ex-military pilots , this practice was transferred to the airline industry from the military . Exactly the same saluting practice is appropriate to most military aircraft operations , including Air Force , Navy and Army . One - finger salute ( edit ) In Islam raising the index finger signifies the Tawhīd ( تَوْحِيد ) , which denotes the indivisible oneness of God . It is used to express the unity of God ( `` there is no god but God '' ) . The gesture has recently become widespread among supporters of political Islam and jihad , particularly members of ISIS , though its use does not necessarily signal extremism . In Arabic , the index or fore finger is called musabbiḥa ( مُسَبِّحة ) , mostly used with the definite article : al - musabbiḥa ( الْمُسَبِّحة ) . Sometimes also as - sabbāḥa ( السَّبّاحة ) is used . The Arabic verb سَبَّحَ - which shares the same root as the Arabic word for index finger - means to praise or glorify God by saying : `` Subḥāna Allāh '' ( سُبْحانَ الله ) . Clenched fist salute ( edit ) The raised clenched fist , symbolizing unity in struggle , was popularized in the 19th century by the socialist , communist and anarchist movements , and is still used today . In the United States , the raised fist was associated with the Black Power movement , symbolized in the 1968 Olympics Black Power salute ; a clenched - fist salute is also proper in many African nations , including South Africa . However , the two salutes are somewhat different : in the Black Power salute , the arm is held straight , while in the salute of leftist movements the arm is bent slightly at the elbow . Greetings ( edit ) Main article : Greeting The civilian Secretary General of NATO Joseph Luns tips his hat at a troop review in 1983 , in lieu of a military salute . This ( the full gesture is shown here ) was by then becoming old - fashioned as a general social greeting , but had once been normal . Many different gestures are used throughout the world as simple greetings . In Western cultures the handshake is very common , though it has numerous subtle variations in the strength of grip , the vigour of the shake , the dominant position of one hand over the other , and whether or not the left hand is used . Historically , when men normally wore hats out of doors , male greetings to people they knew , and sometimes those they did not , involved touching , raising slightly ( `` tipping '' ) , or removing their hat in a variety of gestures , see hat tip . This basic gesture remained normal in very many situations from the Middle Ages until men typically ceased wearing hats in the mid-20th century . Hat - raising began with an element of recognition of superiority , where only the socially inferior party might perform it , but gradually lost this element ; King Louis XIV of France made a point of at least touching his hat to all women he encountered . However the gesture was never used by women , for whom their head - covering included considerations of modesty . When a man was not wearing a hat he might touch his hair to the side of the front of his head to replicate a hat tipping gesture . This was typically performed by lower class men to social superiors , such as peasants to the land - owner , and is known as `` tugging the forelock '' , which still sometimes occurs as a metaphor for submissive behaviour . In Europe , the formal style of upper - class greeting used by a man to a woman in the Early Modern Period was to hold the woman 's presented hand ( usually the right ) with his right hand and kiss it while bowing , see hand - kissing and kissing hands . This style has not been widespread for a century or more . In cases of a low degree of intimacy , the hand is held but not kissed . The ultra-formal style , with the man 's right knee on the floor , is now only used in marriage proposals , as a romantic gesture . The Arabic term salaam ( literally `` peace '' , from the spoken greeting that accompanies the gesture ) , refers to the practice of placing the right palm on the heart , before and after a handshake . A Chinese greeting features the right fist placed in the palm of the left hand and both shaken back and forth two or three times ; it may be accompanied by a head nod or bow . The gesture may be used on meeting and parting , and when offering thanks or apologies . In India , it is common to see the Namaste greeting ( or `` Sat Sri Akal '' for Sikhs ) where the palms of the hands are pressed together and held near the heart with the head gently bowed . Adab , meaning respect and politeness , is a hand gesture used as a Muslim greeting of south Asian Muslims , especially of Urdu - speaking communities of Uttar Pradesh , Hyderabadi Muslims , Bengali Muslims and Muhajir people of Pakistan . The gesture involves raising the right hand towards the face with palm inwards such that it is in front of the eyes and the finger tips are almost touching the forehead , as the upper torso is bent forward . It is typical for the person to say `` adab arz hai '' , or just `` adab '' . It is often answered with the same or the word `` Tasleem '' is said as an answer or sometimes it is answered with a facial gesture of acceptance . In Indonesia , a nation with a huge variety of cultures and religions , many greetings are expressed , from the formalized greeting of the highly stratified and hierarchical Javanese to the more egalitarian and practical greetings of outer islands . Javanese , Batak and other ethnicities currently or formerly involved in the armed forces will salute a Government - employed superior , and follow with a deep bow from the waist or short nod of the head and a passing , loose handshake . Hand position is highly important ; the superior 's hand must be higher than the inferior 's . Muslim men will clasp both hands , palms together at the chest and utter the correct Islamic slametan ( greeting ) phrase , which may be followed by cheek - to - cheek contact , a quick hug or loose handshake . Pious Muslim women rotate their hands from a vertical to perpendicular prayer - like position in order to barely touch the finger tips of the male greeter and may opt out of the cheek - to - cheek contact . If the male is an Abdi Dalem royal servant , courtier or particularly `` peko - peko '' ( taken directly from Japanese to mean obsequious ) or even a highly formal individual , he will retreat backwards with head downcast , the left arm crossed against the chest and the right arm hanging down , never showing his side or back to his superior . His head must always be lower than that of his superior . Younger Muslim males and females will clasp their elder 's or superior 's outstretched hand to the forehead as a sign of respect and obeisance . If a manual worker or a person with obviously dirty hands salutes or greets an elder or superior , he will show deference to his superior and avoid contact by bowing , touching the right forehead in a very quick salute or a distant `` slamet '' gesture . The traditional Javanese Sungkem involves clasping the palms of both hands together , aligning the thumbs with the nose , turning the head downwards and bowing deeply , bending from the knees . In a royal presence , the one performing sungkem would kneel at the base of the throne . A gesture called a wai is used in Thailand , where the hands are placed together palm to palm , approximately at nose level , while bowing . The wai is similar in form to the gesture referred to by the Japanese term gassho by Buddhists . In Thailand , the men and women would usually press two palms together and bow a little while saying `` Sawadee ka '' ( female speaker ) or `` Sawadee krap '' ( male speaker ) . Some cultures use hugs and kisses ( regardless of the sex of the greeters ) , but those gestures show an existing degree of intimacy and are not used between total strangers . All of these gestures are being supplemented or completely displaced by the handshake in areas with large amounts of business contact with the West . These bows indicate respect and acknowledgment of social rank , but do not necessarily imply obeisance . Obeisances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An obeisance is a gesture not only of respect but also of submission . Such gestures are rarer in cultures that do not have strong class structures ; citizens of the Western World , for example , often react with hostility to the idea of bowing to an authority figure . The distinction between a formally polite greeting and an obeisance is often hard to make ; for example , proskynesis ( from the words πρός pros ( towards ) and κυνέω kyneo ( to kiss ) ) is described by the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus , who lived in the 5th century BC in his Histories 1.134 : When they meet each other in the streets , you may know if the persons meeting are of equal rank by the following token : if they are , instead of speaking , they kiss each other on the lips . In the case where one is a little inferior to the other , the kiss is given on the cheek ; where the difference of rank is great , the inferior prostrates himself upon the ground . After his conquest of Persia , Alexander the Great introduced Persian etiquette into his own court , including the practice of proskynesis . Visitors , depending on their ranks , would have to prostrate themselves , bow to , kneel in front of , or kiss the king . His Greek countrymen objected to this practice , as they considered these rituals only suitable to the gods . In countries with recognized social classes , bowing to nobility and royalty is customary . Standing bows of obeisance all involve bending forward from the waist with the eyes downcast , though variations in the placement of the arms and feet are seen . In western European cultures , women do not bow , they `` curtsey '' ( a contraction of courtesy that became its own word ) , a movement in which one foot is moved back and the entire body lowered to a crouch while the head is bowed . The European formal greeting used from men to women can be transformed into an obeisance gesture by holding the suzerain 's hand with both hands . This kind of respect is due to kings , princes , sovereigns ( in their kingdoms ) , archbishops ( in their metropolitan province ) or the Pope ( everywhere ) . In ultra-formal ceremonies ( a coronation , oath of allegiance or episcopal inauguration ) the right knee shall touch the ground . In South Asia traditions , obeisance also involves prostrating oneself before a king . Many religious believers kneel in prayer , and some ( Roman Catholics , and Anglicans ) genuflect , bending one knee to touch the ground , at various points during religious services ; the Orthodox Christian equivalent is a deep bow from the waist , and as an especially solemn obeisance the Orthodox make prostrations , bending down on both knees and touching the forehead to the floor . Roman Catholics also employ prostrations on Good Friday and at ordinations . During Islamic prayer , a kneeling bow called sajdah is used , with forehead , nose , hands , knees , and toes all touching the ground . Jews bow from the waist many times during prayer . Four times during the Yom Kippur service , and once on each day of Rosh Hashanah , many Jews will kneel and then prostrate . With the Salvation Army , when becoming a soldier , at a christening or other official event , underneath the flag , a salute is often used . This involves holding the hand , palm forwards , with all the fingers held in a clenched fist position . The index finger is left raised pointing towards God , and the hand is often held at chest height , in a similar position to that of Girl Guides . Marching bands and drum & bugle Corps ( edit ) Hand salutes similar to those used in the military are rendered by the Drum Major of a marching band or drum corps just prior to beginning their performance ( after the show announcer asks if the group is ready ) , as well as following completion of the performance , both rendered to the audience . The classic `` corps style '' salute is often known as the `` punch '' type , where the saluting party will first punch their right arm straight forward from their body , arm parallel to the ground , hand in a fist , followed by the more traditional salute position with the right hand , left arm akimbo . Dropping the salute typically entails snapping the saluting hand to the side and clenching the fist , then dropping both arms to the sides . In the US , a Drum Major carrying a large baton or mace will often salute by bringing the right hand , holding the mace with the head upward , to the left shoulder . There are occasional , more flamboyant variations , such as the windmill action of the saluting arm given by the Madison Scouts drum major , or the running of the saluting hand around the brim of the hat worn by the Cavaliers drum major . Military salutes in popular culture ( edit ) Many artefacts of popular culture have created military salutes for fictional purposes , more often than not with a cynical or sarcastic purpose . In his 1953 comic book album Le Dictateur et le Champignon , which is part of the Spirou et Fantasio series , Belgian artist Franquin creates a silly salute , used in a fictional Latin American country named Palombia . When saluting , subordinates of General Zantas must raise their hands over their heads , with the palm facing forward , then point to the top of their heads with their thumbs . Franquin repeats this idea in his 1957 comic book album Z comme Zorglub , another episode of the Spirou et Fantasio series . Here , almighty science wizard Zorglub 's conscripted soldiers salute their leader by pointing to their heads with their index fingers to cynically underline how much of a genius they consider him to be . In the Marvel Comics universe members of the organisation Hydra salute in a similar way to a fascist salute but instead raise both hands with fists clenched . This is also accompanied by chanting `` Hail Hydra '' . In the 1987 parodic science fiction film Spaceballs , directed by Mel Brooks , all subordinates of Supreme leader President Skroob salute him by first bending their forearms over their opposed hands as though they are about to give him the arm of honor salute , but at the last moment , use their raised hands to wave him good bye , rather than showing him the middle finger . In the manga Attack on Titan the members of the armed forces ( and sometimes civilians in a show of respect towards military ) salute by bending their arms and placing their clenched fist over their hearts . The gesture , known as `` offering hearts '' is meant to demonstrate that the soldiers are willing to give their bodies and lives to protect humanity and to ensure its survival . In the BBC TV science fiction comedy Red Dwarf , Arnold J. Rimmer continually performs an elaborate special salute that he has invented for the Space Corps , in spite of the fact that he is not a member of the Corps . It consists of extending the hand out in front of the body , palm down and rotating it about the wrist five times ( to represent the five rings of the Space Corps ) followed by bringing the hand close to the head with the palm facing out . See also ( edit ) Change of command Feu de joie Flypast Military courtesy Noon - day Gun Quenelle ( gesture ) Three - finger salute ( scouts ) Two - fingers salute Water salute References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` See external picture '' . 123rf.com. 2012 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the Hand Salute '' , US Army Quartermaster Center & School , retrieved 27 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Maritime Gun Salutes '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ E.g. Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , and Secretary of the Air Force Jump up ^ `` The Origins of Saluting '' . Department of Defence . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ General Jack 's Diary ed by John Terraine Jump up ^ `` Royal Air Force website : Frequently Asked Questions -- Who do you salute '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Air Officer Administration Headquarters Personnel and Training Command . Royal Air Force Publication AP818 ( RAF DRILL AND CEREMONIAL ) 7th edition . Royal Air force , No date , P. 73 , ( available at : https://learning.bader.mod.uk/Global/AP818%20Drill%20and%20Ceremonial/20061003%20-%20AP%20818%20-%20u.pdf ) Jump up ^ `` 1 section 2 '' . CF Manual of Drill and Ceremonial . Directorate of History and Heritage . pp. 1 -- 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Niess , Amanda ( April 2015 ) . Lind , Vickie , ed . `` SBU ( Søvernets basisuddannelse ) '' . Soldaten ( in Danish ) . Copenhagen : Forsvarets Kommunikationssektion ( 3 ) : 22 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to Salute Like a Soldier '' . wko.olipot.com ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Different forces , different salutes '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Gutmann . The other war : Israelis , Palestinians , and the struggle for media supremacy . p. 26 Jump up ^ The Army Regulations : Instructions corrected upto 30th November , 1959 Jump up ^ TSK İç Hizmet Yönetmeliği ( in Turkish ) ^ Jump up to : `` Everything You Need to Know About the US Military Salute '' . Jump up ^ `` Hand Salute - How To ( ArmyStudyGuide.com ) '' . www.armystudyguide.com . Jump up ^ `` Flag Day in Mexico '' . Vacations.com. 2010 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rippberger , Susan J. ; Staudt , Kathleen A. ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Pledging Allegiance : Learning Nationalism at the El Paso - Juarez Border . Routledge . p. 53 . ISBN 9781136063060 . Students , teachers , and others stand at attention with their right hand held precisely at right angle to their chest , hand flat , parallel to their heart . Jump up ^ inkmonamour ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` South Africa vs New Zealand - 1995 Rugby World Cup final ( anthems + haka ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Felipe Rosa Machado ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Argentina vs Bosnia , entrance plus Argentina Anthem '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Kazakh Leader Changes National Anthem - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY '' . web-beta.archive.org . ^ Jump up to : Winkler , Martin M. ( 2009 ) . The Roman Salute : Cinema , History , Ideology . Columbus : Ohio State University Press , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 0864 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Falasca - Zamponi , Simonetta ( 2000 ) . Fascist spectacle : the aesthetics of power in Mussolini 's Italy . Studies on the history of society and culture . 28 ( illustrated ed . ) . University of California Press . pp. 110 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22677 - 7 . Jump up ^ Evans , Richard J. ( 2005 ) . `` The Rize of Nazism '' . The Coming of the Third Reich ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . Penguin Group . pp. 184 -- 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303469 - 8 . Jump up ^ Allert , Tilman ; Translated by Jefferson Chase ( April 2009 ) . The Hitler Salute : On the Meaning of a Gesture ( Picador ed . ) . Picador . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42830 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Drißner , Gerald ( 2016 ) . Islam for Nerds - 500 Questions and Answers . Berlin : createspace . p. 521 . ISBN 978 - 1530860180 . Jump up ^ Zelinsky , Nathaniel ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` ISIS Sends a Message : What Gestures Say About Today 's Middle East '' . Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gambhir , Vijay ( 1996 ) . The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3328 - X . Jump up ^ `` Business Etiquette : Greetings '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , An Intermediate Greek - English Lexicon , κυνέω '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Internet History Sourcebooks '' . Fordham.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Melia ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` This Is The Costume Every Teen Is Wearing To New York Comic Con '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . As they pass each other they stop , crumpling their right hands into fists over their hearts and placing the other hand behind their backs -- a salute . External links ( edit ) Look up obeisance in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salutes . Leonard Wong , Douglas C. Lovelace , Jr. : Knowing when to Salute , Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College , July 2007 ( hide ) Gestures Friendly gestures Air kiss Applause Cheek kiss Dap Elbow bump Eskimo kiss Fist bump Forehead kiss Hand heart Handshake Hand wave Hat tip High five Hongi ILY sign Kiss Liberian snap handshake Namaste OK Pinky swear Pound hug Shaka Thumb signal Gestures of respect Adab Bow Curtsey Gadaw Genuflection Hand - kiss Kowtow Kuji - in Mano Mudra Namaste Prostration Sampeah Sembah Schwurhand Wai Zolgokh Salutes Bellamy salute Nazi salute Raised fist Roman salute Scout sign and salute Three - finger salute Two - finger salute Vulcan salute Zogist salute Celebratory gestures Applause Crossed hands Fist pump High five Victory clasp V sign Finger - counting Finger binary Chinese number gestures Chisanbop Obscene gestures Anasyrma Bras d'honneur Cornuto Fig sign Finger Mooning Mountza Reversed V sign Shocker Thumb / index - finger ring Wanker Taunts Akanbe Finger Loser Talk to the hand Head motions Head shake Head bobble Nod Other gestures Air quotes Allergic salute Aussie salute Crossed fingers Facepalm Eyelid pull Finger gun Gang signal Hand - in - waistcoat Hand rubbing Jazz hands Laban sign Merkel diamond Pabebe wave Pollice verso Shrug Sign of the cross Sign of the horns Related List of gestures Mudras Articulatory gestures Manual communication Nonverbal communication Sign language Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salute&oldid=810285004 '' Categories : Military life Hand gestures Greetings Gestures of respect Salutes Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with Turkish - language external links Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 09 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the us army change its salute	[]	[]
-7944650015949195415	She Walks in Beauty	She walks in beauty - wikipedia She walks in beauty Jump to : navigation , search She Walks in Beauty She walks in beauty , like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies ; And all that 's best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes : Thus mellow 'd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies . One shade the more , one ray the less , Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress , Or softly lightens o'er her face ; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure , how dear their dwelling - place . And on that cheek , and o'er that brow , So soft , so calm , yet eloquent , The smiles that win , the tints that glow , But tell of days in goodness spent , A mind at peace with all below , A heart whose love is innocent ! `` She Walks in Beauty '' is a short lyrical poem in iambic tetrameter written in 1813 by Lord Byron , and is one of his most famous works . It is said to have been inspired by an event in Byron 's life ; while at a ball , Byron saw Mrs. Anne Beatrix Wilmot , the wife of his cousin , Robert Wilmot . He was struck by her unusual beauty , and the next morning the poem was written . It is thought that she was the first inspiration for his unfinished epic poem about Goethe , a personal hero of his . In this unpublished work , which Byron referred to in his letters as his magnum opus , he switches the gender of Goethe and gives him the same description of his cousin . This idea would have truly put Byron on the avant - garde . Cultural references ( edit ) Literature The first two verses are cited in the novel The Philadelphian by Richard P. Powell . The poem is also referenced in a House of Night book , where Nathan , in his reminiscences of Byron , suggests ( without any justification ) that the subject of the poem may have been Byron 's half - sister , Augusta Leigh . Musical settings The poem has inspired various composers over time , including Roger Quilter , Gerald Finzi , Isaac Nathan , Nicolas Flagello , Connor J. Koppin and Chanticleer Men 's Chorus Conductor / Composer Eric Barnum . The first line of British rock band Suede 's song ' Heroine ' is ' She walks in beauty , like the night . ' Television The first four lines of the poem are recited by Major Charles Winchester , played by David Ogden Stiers , in the 1979 M * A * S * H episode Ai n't Love Grand . Also in an episode of The Cosby Show when mother , Clair Huxtable recites the poem to her former professor of Hillman College . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cummings , Michael J. ( 2008 ) `` Byron 's She Walks in Beauty '' at Cummings Study Guides . Accessed 10 July 2014 Jump up ^ The complete works of Lord Byron , A. and W. Galignani , 1841 , p. 254 Jump up ^ `` Suede - Heroine Lyrics SongMeanings '' . SongMeanings . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Works related to She walks in beauty at Wikisource Lord Byron Topics Barony of Byron The Byronic hero Early life Newstead Abbey Timeline of Lord Byron People Anne Isabella , Lady Byron ( wife ) Ada Lovelace ( daughter ) Allegra Byron ( daughter ) John Byron ( father ) Claire Clairmont Nicolo Giraud Contessa Guiccioli Jane Harley John Cam Hobhouse Lady Caroline Lamb Augusta Leigh ( maternal half - sister ) Medora Leigh Thomas Moore John William Polidori Walter Scott Mary Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley Edward John Trelawny Longer poetry Hours of Idleness ( 1807 ) English Bards and Scotch Reviewers ( 1809 ) The Giaour ( 1813 ) The Bride of Abydos ( 1813 ) The Corsair ( 1814 ) Lara , A Tale ( 1814 ) Hebrew Melodies ( 1815 ) The Siege of Corinth ( 1816 ) Parisina ( 1816 ) The Prisoner of Chillon ( 1816 ) The Dream ( 1816 ) Prometheus ( 1816 ) `` Darkness '' ( 1816 ) The Lament of Tasso ( 1817 ) Beppo ( 1818 ) Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ( 1812 - 1818 ) Don Juan ( 1819 -- 1824 ; incomplete upon Byron 's death in 1824 ) Mazeppa ( 1819 ) The Prophecy of Dante ( 1819 ) The Vision of Judgment ( 1821 ) The Age of Bronze ( 1823 ) The Island ( 1823 ) Plays Manfred ( 1817 ) Marino Faliero ( 1820 ) Sardanapalus ( 1821 ) The Two Foscari ( 1821 ) Cain ( 1821 ) Heaven and Earth ( 1821 ) Werner ( 1822 ) The Deformed Transformed ( 1822 ) Shorter poetry `` The First Kiss of Love '' ( 1806 ) `` Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination '' ( 1806 ) `` To a Beautiful Quaker '' ( 1807 ) `` The Cornelian '' ( 1807 ) `` Lines Addressed to a Young Lady '' ( 1807 ) `` Lachin y Gair '' ( 1807 ) `` Epitaph to a Dog '' ( 1808 ) `` Maid of Athens , ere we part '' ( 1810 ) `` She Walks in Beauty '' ( 1814 ) `` My Soul is Dark '' ( 1815 ) `` The Destruction of Sennacherib '' ( 1815 ) `` Fare Thee Well '' ( 1816 ) `` When We Two Parted '' ( 1817 ) `` Love 's Last Adieu '' `` So , we 'll go no more a roving '' ( 1830 ) Prose Fragment of a Novel ( 1819 ) Letters Related Byron ( 1908 play ) Lord Byron ( 1972 opera ) Childe Byron ( 1977 play ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_Walks_in_Beauty&oldid=828024068 '' Categories : Poetry by Lord Byron 1814 poems Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Talk About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 02 : 57 . About Wikipedia	when did lord byron write she walks in beauty	[ "\"She Walks in Beauty\" is a short lyrical poem in iambic tetrameter written in 1813 by Lord Byron, and is one of his most famous works." ]	[ "in 1813" ]
1723955144604806110	Area code 575	Area code 575 - wikipedia Area code 575 Jump to : navigation , search Map of area codes for the state of New Mexico and bordering regions . Area code 575 is an area code in the U.S. state of New Mexico . It serves the remainder of the state outside the Albuquerque , Santa Fe , Farmington , and Gallup metropolitan and micropolitan areas , which remain in area code 505 . The new code became effective on October 7 , 2007 , splitting from area code 505 . Since October 2007 , it is the last area code in the United States introduced by a split from a previously existing code . All new area codes added in the U.S. since the introduction of 575 have been overlays , in which the new code serves the same geographic area as the previous code . Since the same above date , there are no splits currently proposed or being considered , with the cancellation of the proposed splits of area code 814 and area code 270 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Planning Letter 358 : 505 NPA ; 2 - way Split , Creating 575 NPA -- New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . North American Numbering Plan Administration . December 21 , 2006 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PSC Selects Overlay for New Area Code in Western Kentucky '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Kentucky Public Service Commission . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) NANPA Area Code Map of New Mexico List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com , 575 Area Code New Mexico area codes : 505 , 575 North : 505 , 719 , 970 West : 505 , 520 , 928 area code 575 East : 432 , 580 , 806 South : 432 , 915 , country code + 52 in Mexico Arizona area codes : 480 , 520 , 602 , 623 , 928 Colorado area codes : 303 , 719 , 720 , 970 Oklahoma area codes : 405 , 580 , 918 / 539 Texas area codes : 210 , 214 , 254 , 281 , 325 , 346 , 361 , 409 , 430 , 432 , 469 , 512 , 682 , 713 , 737 , 806 , 817 , 830 , 832 , 903 , 915 , 936 , 940 , 956 , 972 , 979 Coordinates : 45 ° 30 ′ N 123 ° 00 ′ W / 45.500 ° N 123.000 ° W / 45.500 ; - 123.000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_code_575&oldid=789666596 '' Categories : Area codes in the United States Area codes in New Mexico Talk About Wikipedia Français Hrvatski Română Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2017 , at 19 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the area code 575 located in	[ "Area code 575 is an area code in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It serves the remainder of the state outside the Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Farmington, and Gallup metropolitan and micropolitan areas, which remain in area code 505. The new code became effective on October 7, 2007, splitting from area code 505.[1]" ]	[ "New Mexico" ]
-7835770966066552128	Great Allegheny Passage	Great Allegheny Passage - wikipedia Great Allegheny Passage It has been suggested that Youghiogheny River Trail be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2018 . Great Allegheny Passage Length 150 mi ( 241 km ) Location Western Pennsylvania and Maryland Designation National Recreation Trail USBR 50 Trailheads Cumberland , Maryland 39 ° 38 ′ 55 '' N 78 ° 45 ′ 44 '' W / 39.64863 ° N 78.76210 ° W / 39.64863 ; - 78.76210 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 40 ° 26 ′ 06 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 46 '' W / 40.43504 ° N 79.99611 ° W / 40.43504 ; - 79.99611 Use Hiking , cycling Elevation Elevation change western : 1,066 feet ( 325 m ) ; eastern 1,786 feet ( 544 m ) Highest point Eastern Continental Divide just east of Deal , Pennsylvania , 2,392 ft ( 729 m ) Lowest point east end : 606 feet ( 185 m ) at Cumberland , Maryland ; west end : 720 feet ( 220 m ) at Point State Park , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Grade 2 % maximum Hiking details Hazards Severe weather , Traffic ( Pittsburgh ) Surface Crushed limestone Right of way Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad Union Railroad Western Maryland Railway Frostburg trailhead , from top of access trail The Great Allegheny Passage ( GAP ) is a rail trail in Maryland and Pennsylvania -- the central trail of a network of long - distance hiker - biker trails throughout the Allegheny region of the Appalachian Mountains , connecting Washington , D.C. to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The GAP 's first 9 - mile ( 14 km ) section near Ohiopyle , Pennsylvania , opened in 1986 . The 9 - mile ( 14 km ) section between Woodcock Hollow and Cumberland opened on December 13 , 2006 . In June 2013 , thirty - five years after construction first began , the final GAP section was completed ( from West Homestead to Pittsburgh ) at an overall cost of $80 million and gave Pennsylvania the `` most open trail miles in the nation '' ( 900 miles , with 1,110 miles under development ) . The completion project was titled The Point Made , because it was now possible to reach Point State Park in Pittsburgh from Washington , D.C. Celebrations took place on June 15 , 2013 . The multi-use trail , suitable for biking and walking , uses defunct corridors of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad , Union Railroad and the Western Maryland Railway -- extending 150 miles ( 240 km ) from Cumberland , Maryland to Point State Park in downtown Pittsburgh ( currently using Second Avenue in Pittsburgh , with plans underway to create an independent trail ) , and includes the 52 - mile ( 84 km ) branch ( Montour Trail ) to the Pittsburgh International Airport . Completing a continuous , non-motorized corridor from Point State Park 335 miles ( 539 km ) to Washington , D.C. , the GAP connects with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal towpath trail , which runs 184.5 miles ( 296.9 km ) between Cumberland and Washington , D.C. The Allegheny Trail Alliance ( ATA ) -- a coalition of seven trail organizations related to the GAP ( Friends of the Riverfront , Steel Valley Trail , Regional Trail Corporation , Ohiopyle State Park , and Mountains Maryland ) maintains the 150 -- mile GAP , which is also a segment of the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail , one of eight nationally designated scenic trails . The trail 's formal name , the Great Allegheny Passage , was selected in 2001 by the ATA `` after six years and more than 100 proposals '' as `` a name evocative of the geography and historical heritage '' of the trail , having been suggested by Bill Metzger , editor of the ATA newsletter . The trail used a temporary name , the `` Cumberland and Pittsburgh Trail '' , before its official name was adopted . The second runner - up title for the trail was the `` Allegheny Frontier Trail '' . Contents 1 Landmarks 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Landmarks ( edit ) The route is traversed by `` through - travelers '' including hikers , backpackers and cyclists -- in portion or entirety . Notable landmarks along the trail include : Point State Park in downtown Pittsburgh , where the Allegheny River meets the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River Carrie Furnace , part of the Steel Valley Heritage Trail , along the Monongahela River . Kennywood amusement park near Duquesne , Pennsylvania ; this section of the trail was restricted during September 2013 due to a landslide . Dead Man 's Hollow , former site of the Union Sewer Pipe Company located outside of McKeesport , Pennsylvania , now a 440 - acre nature preserve and spur trail Dravo Cemetery , originally the Seneca tribe 's village known as Cyrie , later the home of the Dravo Methodist Church and Cemetery . Now a popular camping area and rest spot near Buena Vista , Pennsylvania . Connellsville trestles , 2 long bridges near Connellsville , PA Ohiopyle State Park , bisected by the Youghiogheny , the most popular whitewater destination on the east coast . Fallingwater , a national architectural landmark designed by Frank Lloyd Wright . Located very close to the trail , but not accessible from it . Pinkerton Trestles and Tunnel , a trestle , 849 feet ( 259 m ) long tunnel ( unlighted ; reopened in 2015 ) and trestle between the Markleton and Fort Hill trailheads Salisbury Viaduct , 1,908 feet ( 0.4 mi ; 0.6 km ) , up to 100 feet ( 30 m ) high across the Casselman River valley Meyersdale , Pennsylvania Museum Bollman Truss Bridge in Meyersdale , one of the two surviving cast - iron truss bridges in North America the Eastern Continental Divide , the highest point of the trail , passes through a short tunnel with murals of the area 's history and a map of the trail 's elevation contours . Big Savage Tunnel , 3,295 feet ( 0.6 mi ; 1.0 km ) , the lit tunnel , carries the trail through Big Savage Mountain two miles east of the Eastern Continental Divide with a scenic vista just east of the tunnel -- closed December 1 to April 1 in protection from seasonal snow and ice . Mason -- Dixon line : the border where the trail crosses between Pennsylvania and Maryland Borden Tunnel : 957 feet ( 292 m ) long , unlighted . Western Maryland Scenic Railroad , a working steam railroad operating next to the trail from Cumberland , Maryland to the college town of Frostburg , Maryland ( and return ) , along the original trackage of the Western Maryland Railway . Brush Tunnel : 914 feet ( 279 m ) long , lighted ; the trail and the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad share this tunnel and pass through it side - by - side . Cumberland Bone Cave : ( two or three miles west of Cumberland , Maryland : an archeological site containing bones of saber - toothed cats and other extinct animals , discovered during construction of the railroad . Canal Place , the head of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ( C&O ) in Cumberland , Maryland , where the C&O meets the former Western Maryland Railway ( WM ) and rail - trail . Main article : Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Allegheny Mountains along the trail route See also ( edit ) Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Montour Trail Ohio River Trail Three Rivers Heritage Trail Erie to Pittsburgh Trail Youghiogheny River Trail List of rail trails References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meeting Minutes for October 17 , 2013 , and Report to SCOH October 18 , 2013 ( Addendum October 28 , 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Denver , Colorado : Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering , American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://bicycletimesmag.com/pennsylvania-becomes-25th-state-to-join-u-s-bicycle-route-system/ Jump up ^ Thomson , Candus ( 2006 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Trail 's opening eyed as path to prosperity '' . The Baltimore Sun . p. 2 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` New bike path portion open for business in Maryland '' . The Washington Times . 2006 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jones , Diana Nelson ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` Riders hit trail as last link in Great Allegheny Passage opens '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Jones , Diana Nelson ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Bicyclists celebrate reaching end of Great Allegheny Passage trail '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . ^ Jump up to : Hopey , Don ( January 18 , 2001 ) . `` 150 - mile bike trail dubbed the Great Allegheny Passage '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail '' . National Park Service . 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-south/repairs-to-begin-monday-at-trail-landslide-near-kennywood-703479/ Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/sports/outdoors/2015/08/29/Biking-1/stories/201508290061 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Allegheny Passage . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Allegheny Trail Alliance - comprehensive GAP web site Youghiogheny River Trail Pennsylvania DCNR Trail web page U.S. National Park Service , C&O Canal Towpath web page GAP Graphic Identity and Sign Guidelines Manual Hiking trails in Maryland Allegheny Highlands American Discovery Anacostia Tributaries Appalachian B&A Billy Goat Borden Tunnel BWI Capital Crescent Catoctin C&O Canal College Park Trolley Cross Island Dalecarlia Tunnel East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental GAP Great Eastern Grist Mill Gwynns Falls Jones Falls Ma and Pa Mason - Dixon Metropolitan Branch North Bethesda Patuxent Branch Potomac Heritage Rachel Carson Savage Mill Short Line Sligo Creek Torrey C. Brown ( Northern Central ) Trolley Line # 9 Tuscarora WB&A WMRT Hiking trails in Pennsylvania Allegheny Front Appalachian Baker Black Forest Brandywine Bucktail Path Chester Valley Chuck Keiper Conestoga Cresheim Cross County Darlington Donut Hole Evansburg Forbes Road GAP GET Glacier Ridge Golden Eagle Horse - Shoe John P. Saylor Laurel Highlands Liberty Bell Lost Turkey Lower Loyalsock Mason - Dixon Mid State Mill Creek Montour North Country Old Loggers Path Panhandle Pennypack Perkiomen Pinchot Pine Creek Potomac Heritage Power Line Quebec Run Quehanna Rachel Carson Rock Run Schuylkill East Schuylkill River Standing Stone Struble Susquehannock Tanbark Terrace Mountain Thunder Swamp Tuscarora US 202 Parkway Valley Forge Warrior West Rim Wissahickon Youghiogheny River Rail trails in Pennsylvania Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike Beaver River Chester Valley Conewago Recreation Trail Cumberland County Cumberland Valley Cynwyd Heritage D&L Trail East Coast Greenway Erie to Pittsburgh Five Star Ghost Town Great Allegheny Passage Great Shamokin Greene River Indian Creek Valley Ironton Ivy Ridge Jonathan Eshenour Memorial Lackawanna River Heritage Lebanon Valley Lehigh Gorge LeTort Spring Run Liberty Bell Lower Montour Northwest River Ohio River Palmer Panhandle Pennypack Perkiomen Pine Creek Plainfield Township Radnor Saucon Schuylkill River Sheepskin Stony Valley Struble Susquehanna Warrior Swatara State Park Switchback Three Rivers Heritage Westmoreland Heritage West Penn York County Heritage Youghiogheny River City of Pittsburgh History Timeline Dialect Media List of people from Pittsburgh Skyscrapers Government Airport Conventions City Hall Courthouse Mayor Council Events InterGov Police D.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the great allegheny passage start in pittsburgh	[ "The GAP's first 9-mile (14 km) section near Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania, opened in 1986.[3] The 9-mile (14 km) section between Woodcock Hollow and Cumberland opened on December 13, 2006.[4] In June 2013, thirty-five years after construction first began, the final GAP section was completed (from West Homestead to Pittsburgh) at an overall cost of $80 million[5] and gave Pennsylvania the \"most open trail miles in the nation\"[6] (900 miles, with 1,110 miles under development).[7] The completion project was titled The Point Made, because it was now possible to reach Point State Park in Pittsburgh from Washington, D.C. Celebrations took place on June 15, 2013.\n" ]	[ "Point State Park in Pittsburgh" ]
-9210201935003036054	The Andy Griffith Show	The Andy Griffith show - wikipedia The Andy Griffith show For other uses , see Andy Griffith ( disambiguation ) . The Andy Griffith Show Play media Opening sequence including `` The Fishin ' Hole '' Genre Sitcom Created by Sheldon Leonard Starring Andy Griffith Ronny Howard Don Knotts Frances Bavier Narrated by Colin Male ( 1960 -- 64 ) Theme music composer Earle Hagen and Herbert W. Spencer Opening theme `` The Fishin ' Hole '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 249 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sheldon Leonard Danny Thomas Production location ( s ) Desilu Culver ( 1960 -- 67 ) Paramount Studios ( 1967 -- 68 ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 26 minutes Production company ( s ) Danny Thomas Enterprises Mayberry Enterprises Distributor Viacom Enterprises ( 1971 -- 1994 ) Paramount Domestic Television ( 1994 -- 2006 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Picture format Black - and - white ( 1960 -- 65 ) Color ( 1965 -- 68 ) 35 mm film Original broadcast : 4 : 3 480i ( SDTV ) Remastered : 4 : 3 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Monaural Original release October 3 , 1960 ( 1960 - 10 - 03 ) -- April 1 , 1968 ( 1968 - 04 - 01 ) Chronology Followed by Mayberry R.F.D. Related shows The Danny Thomas Show Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. The Andy Griffith Show is an American situation comedy which aired on CBS from October 3 , 1960 , to April 1 , 1968 , with a total of 249 half - hour episodes spanning over eight seasons -- 159 in black and white and 90 in color . The series partially originated from an episode of The Danny Thomas Show . The show originally starred Andy Griffith in the role of Andy Taylor , the widowed sheriff of the fictional small community of Mayberry , North Carolina . Other major characters include Andy 's inept but well - meaning deputy , Barney Fife ( Don Knotts ) ; Andy 's spinster aunt and housekeeper , Bee Taylor ( Frances Bavier ) , and Andy 's precocious young son , Opie ( Ron Howard ) . Eccentric townspeople and temperamental girlfriends complete the cast . Regarding the tone of the show , Griffith said that despite a contemporary setting , the show evoked nostalgia , saying in a Today Show interview : `` Well , though we never said it , and though it was shot in the ' 60s , it had a feeling of the ' 30s . It was , when we were doing it , of a time gone by . '' The show also avoided unfavorable cultural aspects of this period , such as racism and segregation , by simply avoiding these topics with the all - white cast never encountering such situations . Black actors and actresses were only seen as background characters , and only one ( Rockne Tarkington ) ever had a speaking role on the show . The series never placed lower than seventh in the Nielsen ratings and ended its final season at number one . On separate occasions , it has been ranked by TV Guide as the 9th - best and 13th - best show in American television history . Though neither Griffith nor the show won awards during its 8 - season run , co-stars Knotts and Bavier accumulated a combined total of six Emmy Awards . The series spawned its own spin - off , Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. ( 1964 ) and a reunion telemovie , Return to Mayberry ( 1986 ) . After the eighth season , when Andy Griffith became one of the original cast members to leave the show , it was retitled Mayberry , R.F.D. , with Ken Berry and Buddy Foster replacing Andy Griffith and Ron Howard in new roles . In the new format , it ran an additional three seasons and 78 episodes , ending in 1971 . Reruns of the show are often aired to TV Land , MeTV and SundanceTV , while the complete series is available on DVD . The sitcom has also been made available on streaming video services such as Netflix . An annual festival celebrating the sitcom , Mayberry Days , is held each year in Griffith 's hometown of Mount Airy , North Carolina . Contents 1 Origin 2 Production 2.1 Griffith 's development of Andy Taylor 3 Plot and characters 4 Episodes 5 Reruns , spinoffs , and reunions 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Awards and nominations 6.2. 1 Emmys 6.2. 2 TV Land Awards 7 Merchandise and pop culture 8 Home media 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Origin ( edit ) Sheldon Leonard , producer of The Danny Thomas Show , and Danny Thomas hired veteran comedy writer Arthur Stander ( who had written many of the `` Danny Thomas '' episodes ) to create a pilot show for Andy Griffith , featuring him as justice of the peace and newspaper editor in a small town . At the time , Broadway , film , and radio star Griffith was interested in attempting a television role , and the William Morris Agency told Leonard that Griffith 's rural background and previous rustic characterizations were suited to the part . After conferences between Leonard and Griffith in New York , Griffith flew to Los Angeles and filmed the episode . On February 15 , 1960 , The Danny Thomas Show episode `` Danny Meets Andy Griffith '' aired . In the episode Griffith played fictional Sheriff Andy Taylor of Mayberry , North Carolina , who arrests Danny Williams ( Thomas 's character ) for running a stop sign . Future players in The Andy Griffith Show , Frances Bavier and Ron Howard , appeared in the episode as townspeople Henrietta Perkins and Opie Taylor ( the sheriff 's son ) . General Foods , sponsor of The Danny Thomas Show , had first access to the spin - off and committed to it immediately . On October 3 , 1960 , at 9 : 30 pm , The Andy Griffith Show made its debut . Production ( edit ) Knotts and Griffith as their characters in a still taken from the October 7 , 1965 one - hour variety special The Andy Griffith , Don Knotts , and Jim Nabors Show The sitcom 's production team included producers Aaron Ruben ( 1960 -- 65 ) and Bob Ross ( 1965 -- 68 ) . First - season writers ( many of whom worked in pairs ) included Jack Elinson , Charles Stewart , Arthur Stander and Frank Tarloff ( as `` David Adler '' ) , Benedict Freedman and John Fenton Murray , Leo Solomon and Ben Gershman , and Jim Fritzell and Everett Greenbaum . During season six , Greenbaum and Fritzell left the show and Ruben departed for Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. , a show which he owned in part . Writer Harvey Bullock left after season six . Bob Sweeney directed the first three seasons save the premiere . The show was filmed at Desilu Studios , with exteriors filmed at Forty Acres in Culver City , California . Woodsy locales were filmed north of Beverly Hills at Franklin Canyon . Don Knotts , who knew Griffith professionally and had seen The Danny Thomas Show episode , called Griffith during the developmental stages of the show and suggested the Sheriff character needed a deputy . Griffith agreed . Knotts auditioned for the show 's creator and executive producer , Sheldon Leonard , and was offered a five - year contract playing Barney Fife . The show 's theme music , `` The Fishin ' Hole '' , was composed by Earle Hagen and Herbert Spencer , with lyrics written by Everett Sloane , who also guest starred as Jubal Foster in the episode `` The Keeper of the Flame '' ( 1962 ) . Whistling in the opening sequence , as well as the closing credits sequence , was performed by Earle Hagen . One of the show 's tunes , `` The Mayberry March '' , was reworked a number of times in different tempo , styles and orchestrations as background music . The show 's sole sponsor was General Foods , with promotional consideration paid for ( in the form of cars ) by Ford Motor Company ( mentioned in the credits ) . Griffith 's development of Andy Taylor ( edit ) Initially , Griffith played Taylor as a heavy - handed country bumpkin , grinning from ear to ear and speaking in a hesitant , frantic manner . The style recalled that used in the delivery of his popular monologues such as `` What It Was , Was Football '' . He gradually abandoned the `` rustic Taylor '' and developed a serious and thoughtful characterization . Producer Aaron Ruben recalled : He was being that marvelously funny character from No Time for Sergeants , Will Stockdale ( a role Griffith played on stage and in film ) ... One day he said , `` My God , I just realized that I 'm the straight man . I 'm playing straight to all these kooks around me . '' He did n't like himself ( in first year reruns ) ... and in the next season he changed , becoming this Lincolnesque character . As Griffith stopped portraying some of the sheriff 's more unsophisticated character traits and mannerisms , it was impossible for him to create his own problems and troubles in the manner of other central sitcom characters such as Lucy in I Love Lucy or Archie Bunker in All in the Family , whose problems were the result of their temperaments , philosophies and attitudes . Consequently , the characters around Taylor were employed to create the problems and troubles , with rock - solid Taylor stepping in as problem solver , mediator , advisor , disciplinarian and counselor . Plot and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of The Andy Griffith Show characters and List of The Andy Griffith Show guest stars From left : Deputy Barney Fife ( Don Knotts ) , Opie Taylor ( Ron Howard ) , Sheriff Andy Taylor ( Andy Griffith ) , and Aunt Bee ( Frances Bavier ) In the episode `` Andy Saves Barney 's Morale '' ( 1961 ) , Andy goes out of town and leaves Barney in charge . Upon returning , he finds that Barney took his job so seriously , he has put the entire population of Mayberry in jail for petty crimes . The series plot revolves around Sheriff Andy Taylor ( Andy Griffith ) and his life in sleepy , slow - paced fictional Mayberry , North Carolina . Sheriff Taylor 's level - headed approach to law enforcement makes him the scourge of local moonshiners and out - of - town criminals , while his abilities to settle community problems with common - sense advice , mediation , and conciliation make him popular with his fellow citizens . His professional life , however , is complicated by the repeated gaffes of his inept deputy , Barney Fife ( Don Knotts ) . Barney is Andy 's cousin , but that is only mentioned in a few early episodes . Andy socializes with male friends in the Main Street barber shop and dates various ladies until a schoolteacher becomes his steady interest in season three . At home , Andy enjoys fishing trips with his son , Opie ( Ronny Howard ) , and quiet evenings on the front porch with his maiden aunt and housekeeper , Aunt Bee ( Frances Bavier ) . Opie tests his father 's parenting skills season after season , and Aunt Bee 's ill - considered romances and adventures cause her nephew concern . Andy 's friends and neighbors include , at various times , barber Floyd Lawson ( Howard McNear -- but played by Walter Baldwin in the 1960 episode `` Stranger in Town '' ) , service station attendants and cousins Gomer Pyle ( Jim Nabors ) and Goober Pyle ( George Lindsey ) , and local drunkard Otis Campbell ( Hal Smith ) . There were two mayors : Mayor Pike , who was more relaxed , and Mayor Stoner , who had a more assertive personality . On the distaff side , townswoman Clara Edwards ( Hope Summers ) , Barney 's sweetheart Thelma Lou ( Betty Lynn ) and Andy 's schoolteacher sweetheart Helen Crump ( Aneta Corsaut ) become semi-regulars . Ellie Walker ( Elinor Donahue ) is Andy 's girlfriend in the first season , while Peggy McMillan ( Joanna Moore ) is a nurse who becomes his girlfriend in season 3 . Ernest T. Bass ( Howard Morris ) made his first appearance in Episode # 94 ( `` Mountain Wedding '' ) . In the color seasons , County Clerk Howard Sprague ( Jack Dodson ) and handyman Emmett Clark ( Paul Hartman ) appear regularly , while Barney 's replacement deputy Warren Ferguson ( Jack Burns ) appears in about half of season six . Unseen characters such as telephone operator Sarah , and Barney 's love interest , local diner waitress Juanita Beasley , as mentioned in the first season , are often referenced . The show 's announcer for the first five seasons , Colin Male , portrayed a game warden in Episode # 140 ( `` Andy and Helen Have Their Day '' ) . In the series ' last few episodes , farmer Sam Jones ( Ken Berry ) debuts , and later becomes the lead of the retitled show , Mayberry R.F.D. . Don Knotts , Aneta Corsaut , Jack Dodson , and Betty Lynn also appeared on Andy Griffith 's later show Matlock . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Andy Griffith Show episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Intro February 15 , 1960 ( 1960 - 02 - 15 ) N / A N / A 32 October 3 , 1960 ( 1960 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 22 ) 27.8 31 October 2 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 02 ) May 7 , 1962 ( 1962 - 05 - 07 ) 7 27.0 32 October 1 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 1963 ( 1963 - 05 - 06 ) 6 29.7 32 September 30 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 30 ) May 18 , 1964 ( 1964 - 05 - 18 ) 5 29.4 5 32 September 21 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 21 ) May 3 , 1965 ( 1965 - 05 - 03 ) 28.3 6 30 September 13 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 13 ) April 11 , 1966 ( 1966 - 04 - 11 ) 6 26.9 7 30 September 12 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 12 ) April 10 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 10 ) 27.4 8 30 September 11 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 11 ) April 1 , 1968 ( 1968 - 04 - 01 ) 27.6 The show comprises eight full seasons and 249 episodes -- 159 episodes in black and white ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) and 90 in color ( seasons 6 -- 8 ) . Griffith appears in all 249 episodes with Howard appearing in 209 . Only Griffith , Howard , Bavier , Knotts , and Hope Summers appeared in all eight seasons . Knotts left the show at the end of season five to pursue a career in films ( on the show it is told that he takes a job as a detective with the State Police in Raleigh ) but returned to make five guest appearances as Barney in seasons six through eight . His last appearance in the final season in a story about a summit meeting with Russian dignitaries `` ranked eleventh among single comedy programs most watched in television between 1960 and 1984 , with an audience of thirty - three and a half million . '' Reruns , spinoffs , and reunions ( edit ) Sam Jones ( Ken Berry ) and his son Mike ( Buddy Foster ) were recurring characters in the final season of The Andy Griffith Show , setting up the sequel series Mayberry R.F.D. . In 1964 , daytime reruns began airing . The show was retitled Andy of Mayberry to distinguish the repeat episodes from the new episodes airing in prime time . As of 2018 , the show has been seen in syndication for 54 years . At the end of season four ( May 1964 ) , the backdoor pilot `` Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. '' aired , and the following September , the spinoff series Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. debuted with Jim Nabors in the role of Gomer and Frank Sutton as drill instructor Sergeant Vince Carter . In the last episodes of the eighth season , as Andy Griffith was preparing to leave , the character Sam Jones , played by Ken Berry , was introduced as the new star , and the series was retitled Mayberry R.F.D. . Most of the cast members continued their original roles , with Bavier becoming Sam 's housekeeper . To create a smooth transition , Andy and Helen were married in the first episode with the new title and remained for a few additional episodes before leaving with a move to Raleigh , effectively ending their appearances . After RFD 's cancellation in 1971 , George Lindsey played Goober for many years on the popular country - variety show Hee Haw . Goober , Barney and Emmett all made appearances in the series premiere of The New Andy Griffith Show , which starred Griffith as a similar but canonically different character , Mayor Andy Sawyer . All three characters treated Sawyer as if he were Andy Taylor . The series as a whole only lasted ten episodes . In 1986 , the reunion telemovie Return to Mayberry was broadcast with several cast members reprising their original roles . Absent , however , was Frances Bavier . She was living in Siler City , North Carolina , in ill health , and declined to participate . In the TV movie , Aunt Bee is portrayed as deceased ( and in fact Bavier did die three years later ) , with Andy visiting her grave . Also absent were Howard McNear , Paul Hartman , Jack Burns , and the cast members who were featured only in the Mayberry RFD seasons . Griffith and Howard reprised their roles a final time for a Funny or Die skit supporting the 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama . In 1993 , The Andy Griffith Show had a Reunion Special which featured Andy Griffith , Don Knotts , Ron Howard , Jim Nabors , George Lindsey and Jack Dodson . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The Andy Griffith Show consistently placed in the top ten during its run . A Nielsen study conducted during the show 's final season ( 1967 -- 68 ) indicated the show ranked number one among blue collar workers followed by The Lucy Show and Gunsmoke . Among white collar workers , the show ranked number three following Saturday Movies and The Dean Martin Show . The Andy Griffith Show is one of only three shows to have its final season be the number one ranked show on television , the other two being I Love Lucy and Seinfeld . In 1998 , more than five million people a day watched the show 's reruns on 120 stations . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmys ( edit ) 1961 Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actor or Actress in a Series : Don Knotts -- Won Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Humor -- Nominated ( Winner : The Jack Benny Program ) 1962 Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actor : Don Knotts -- Won Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Humor -- Nominated ( Winner : The Bob Newhart Show ) 1963 Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actor : Don Knotts -- Won 1966 Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy : Don Knotts for `` The Return of Barney Fife '' -- Won 1967 Outstanding Comedy Series -- Nominated ( Winner : The Monkees ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy : Don Knotts for `` Barney Comes to Mayberry '' -- Won Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy : Frances Bavier -- Won TV Land Awards ( edit ) Favorite Second Banana : Don Knotts -- Won ( 2003 ) Single Dad of the Year : Andy Griffith -- Won ( 2003 ) Legend Award -- Won ( 2004 ) Merchandise and pop Culture ( edit ) Dell Comics published two The Andy Griffith Show comic books during the show 's first run , with art work by Henry Scarpelli . In 2004 , copies in near - mint condition were priced in excess of $500 each . The show 's enduring popularity has spawned considerable merchandise since its first run , including board games , bobblehead dolls , kitchenware , books , and other items . In 2007 , a line of canned foods inspired by the series was made available in grocery stores across America . Griffith 's hometown of Mount Airy , North Carolina annually hosts a week - long `` Mayberry Days '' celebration featuring concerts , parades , and appearances by the show 's players . In 1997 , the episode `` Opie the Birdman '' was ranked No. 24 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2002 , TV Guide ranked The Andy Griffith Show ninth on its list of the 50 Best Shows of All Time . Bravo ranked Andy Taylor 63rd on their list of the 100 greatest TV characters . In 2003 , the country band Rascal Flatts released the song Mayberry and many of the lyrics pay tribute to the show . The cable television network TV Land erected bronze statues of Andy and Opie in Mount Airy and Raleigh , North Carolina ( see : Pullen Park ) . The Taylor Home Inn in Clear Lake , Wisconsin , is a bed - and - breakfast modeled after the Taylor Home . The Mayberry Cafe in Danville , Indiana , features Aunt Bee 's Fried Chicken and a replica of Andy 's Ford Galaxie police car . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked The Andy Griffith Show # 15 on their list of the 60 Greatest Shows of All Time . Home media ( edit ) In the late 1980s , Premier Promotions released various episodes on VHS . Most tapes had either two or four episodes . In the early to mid-1990s , United American Video released VHS tapes of various episodes . They either had two or three episodes . These compilations were culled from episodes early in the show 's run that had lapsed into the public domain ; these episodes continue to be circulated on unofficial video releases . Between 2004 and 2006 , Paramount Home Entertainment and later in 2006 , CBS DVD released all eight seasons as single - season packages on Region 1 DVD . The Andy Griffith Show : The Complete Series was first released as a 40 - disc boxed set in 2007 . In addition to all 249 episodes of the series , its bonus features included the episode `` Danny Meets Andy Griffith '' from The Danny Thomas Show which served as the pilot , the episode `` Opie Joins the Marines '' from Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. which featured Ron Howard and the 95 - minute , made - for - television comedy film Return to Mayberry . In 2016 , The Andy Griffith Show : The Complete Series was repackaged and released again as a 39 - disc set that featured all 249 episodes of the series but did not include the bonus feature disc . Sixteen episodes from the season three , which lapsed into the public domain after CBS neglected to file copyright renewals on the episodes in 1989 , are available on discount DVDs . The 2007 lawsuit CBS Operations Inc v. Reel Funds International Inc. ruled that the episodes in question were derivative works based on the copyrighted episodes even though the episodes themselves were not under copyright and granted CBS indirect copyright over the public domain episodes ; the ruling enjoined Reel Funds International , a public domain distributor , from selling DVDs with those episodes within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The First Season 32 November 16 , 2004 The Second Season 31 May 24 , 2005 The Third Season 32 August 16 , 2005 The Fourth Season 32 November 22 , 2005 The Fifth Season 32 February 14 , 2006 The Sixth Season 30 May 9 , 2006 The Seventh Season 30 August 29 , 2006 The Final Season 30 December 12 , 2006 The Complete Series 249 May 29 , 2007 The Complete Series 249 February 16 , 2016 Note : The Region 1 release of The Third Season contains two episodes edited for syndication : `` The Darlings Are Coming '' , which had several scenes cut , and `` Barney Mends a Broken Heart '' , which had its epilogue cut . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andy Griffith & Don Knotts on The Today Show '' . NBC Today Show . March 4 , 1996 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , K. & Clark J. , `` The Andy Griffith Show Book : From Miracle Salve , to Kerosene Cucumbers , the Complete Guide to One of Television 's Best - Loved Shows '' , St. Martin 's Griffin ; 3rd edition ( September 14 , 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . Associated Press . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 -- 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mayberry Days '' . The Surry Arts Council Presents Mayberry Days . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Richard . The Andy Griffith Show . Blair , 1981 . Jump up ^ Beck , Ken , and Jim Clark . The Andy Griffith Show Book . St. Martin 's Griffin , 1995 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1682 - 1685 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Shows , 1925 Through 2007 . McFarland . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3305 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Katherine ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Inside Ron Howard 's Obama Video Endorsement -- EXCLUSIVE '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classic TV Hits : TV Ratings '' . Jump up ^ Ted Rueter ( January 22 , 1998 ) . `` What Andy , Opie , and Barney Fife Mean to Americans '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/scarpelli_henry.htm Jump up ^ Overstreet , Robert M ... Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide . 34th edition . House of Collectibles , Random House Information Group , May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest TV Characters '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vandals toss paint on statue of Andy and Opie in N.C. ( Front ) '' . Associated Press . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` A little touch of Mayberry : B&B recreates Andy Griffith 's TV show home '' . Associated Press . July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winston.com '' . winston.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Operations Inc v. Reel Funds International Inc '' . gpo.gov . Further reading ( edit ) Beck , Ken ; Clark , Jim ( 1985 ) . The Andy Griffith Show Book ( trade paperback ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 03654 - X . Beck , Ken , and Clark , Jim . Mayberry Memories . Rutledge Hill Press , 2000 . Fann , Joey . The Way Back to Mayberry . Broadman and Holman , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8054 - 2420 - 2 . Kelly , Richard . The Andy Griffith Show ( John F. Blair , 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 89587 - 043 - 6 . McElroy , Kathleen . `` Remembering Mayberry in White and Black : The Andy Griffith Show 's Construction of the South , '' Memory Studies , 8 ( Oct. 2015 ) , 440 -- 53 . Pérez Firmat , Gustavo . A Cuban in Mayberry : Looking Back at America 's Hometown . Austin : The University of Texas Press , 2014 . Vaughn , Don Rodney ( November 1 , 2004 ) . `` Why `` The Andy Griffith Show '' is Important to Popular Culture `` . Journal of Popular Culture . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Andy Griffith Show Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Andy Griffith Show . The Andy Griffith Show at TV.com The Andy Griffith Show at TV Guide Watch full episodes of The Andy Griffith Show on TVLand.com Public domain episodes of The Andy Griffith Show The Andy Griffith Show on IMDb The Andy Griffith Show at epguides.com Behind The Scenes of The Andy Griffith Show The Andy Griffith Show at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television The Andy Griffith Show Characters Episodes Guest stars Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Mayberry R.F.D. Return to Mayberry Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Andy_Griffith_Show&oldid=865295121 '' Categories : American television spin - offs The Andy Griffith Show characters 1960s American sitcoms 1960 American television series debuts 1968 American television series endings Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Nielsen ratings winners North Carolina culture Police comedies Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows set in North Carolina Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into comics Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles prone to spam from December 2015 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2015 The Interviews title ID not in Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 00 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many seasons of andy griffith show are there	[ "The Andy Griffith Show is an American situation comedy which aired on CBS from October 3, 1960, to April 1, 1968, with a total of 249 half-hour episodes spanning over eight seasons—159 in black and white and 90 in color. The series partially originated from an episode of The Danny Thomas Show.\n" ]	[ "eight" ]
9131824050264583181	Age of consent reform	Age of consent reform - wikipedia Age of consent reform Jump to : navigation , search Sex and the law Social issues Age of consent Antisexualism Censorship Circumcision Deviant sexual intercourse Ethics Homophobia Intersex Miscegenation ( interracial relations ) Norms Objectification Pornography Public morality Red - light district Reproductive rights Same - sex marriage Survival sex Specific offences ( May vary according to jurisdiction ) Adultery Bestiality Buggery Child grooming Child pornography Child prostitution Criminal transmission of HIV Female genital mutilation Fornication Incest Pimping Prostitution forced Public indecency Rape statutory marital Seduction Sexting Sexual abuse child Sexual assault Sexual harassment Slavery Sodomy UK Section 63 ( 2008 ) Violence Voyeurism Sex offender registration Sex offender registry Sex offender registries in the United States Portals Sexuality Criminal justice Law Age of consent reform is efforts to change age of consent laws . Proposed reforms typically include raising , lowering , or abolishing the age of consent , applying ( or not applying ) close - in - age exemptions , changing penalties , or changing how cases are examined in court . A related issue is whether or not to apply ages of consent to homosexual relationships that are different from those applied to heterosexual relationships . Organized efforts have ranged from academic discussions to political petitions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Initiatives to change the age of consent 1.1 United Kingdom 1.2 Russia 1.3 India 1.4 United States 1.4. 1 Alabama 1.4. 2 Hawaii 1.4. 3 Georgia 1.4. 4 Kentucky 1.4. 5 Missouri 1.4. 6 South Carolina 1.4. 7 Wisconsin 1.5 Canada 1.6 Netherlands 1.7 Peru 1.8 France 1.9 Pedophile advocacy 2 Close - in - age exemptions 3 See also 4 References Initiatives to change the age of consent ( edit ) There have been many initiatives to raise the age of consent . Gratian , a canon lawyer in the 12th century , stated that consent could not take place before 7 years of age . The English government eventually decided on age of 12 for women as their limitation . At that time , the age was about 12 in most countries . Today it is usually set between 15 and 18 . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Age of consent reform ( UK ) In 1275 , the age of consent in England was set at 12 ( Westminster 1 statute ) , the first time an age of consent had been set in England . However , in 1875 the Offence Against the Persons Act raised it to 13 in Great Britain and Ireland . The Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 raised it to 16 . In 1917 a bill raising the age of consent in Great Britain and Ireland from 16 to 17 was defeated by only one vote . In Northern Ireland in 1950 the legislature of Northern Ireland passed a law called Children and Young Persons Act in 1950 that raised the age of consent from 16 to 17 . The male homosexual age of consent in the United Kingdom was set at 21 in the Sexual Offences Act of 1967 , lowered to 18 in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 , and then finally lowered equally to 16 in England and Wales and Scotland in the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act of 2000 . According to sociologist Matthew Waites , in the 1970s , a number of grassroots political actions took place in Britain in favor of lowering the age of consent , which he described as based on claims of children 's rights , gay liberation , or as a way to avoid unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted infections . In May 1974 , the Campaign for Homosexual Equality suggested a basic age of consent of 16 , but 12 `` in cases where a defendant could prove the existence of meaningful consent '' . In September 1974 , the Sexual Law Reform Society proposed lowering the age of consent to 14 , with the requirement that below the age of 18 the burden of proof that consent for sexual activities between the parties existed would be the responsibility of the older participant . In 1976 , the British political advocacy group the National Council for Civil Liberties ( now known as Liberty ) published a proposal advocating reducing the age of consent laws to 10 years of age , only when both individuals are younger than 14 , with a close - in - age exemption of two years if one of the involved individuals is older than 14 but younger than 16 . The report was signed by Harriet Harman , who later went on to become a prominent figure in government and deputy leader of the Labour Party and the focus of media attention due to her affiliations with the NCCL . The Communist Party of Great Britain ( Provisional Central Committee ) lists abolition of age of consent laws among its immediate demands , with the added provision that there be alternate legal methods to protect children from sexual abuse . Russia ( edit ) Russia in 1998 lowered the age of consent from 16 to 14 , but in 2002 raised the age of consent from 14 back to 16 . Since then penalties have also generally increased . Vladimir Putin said that a party advocating lowering the age of consent can not be legally registered ( hence , be a legal party ) in Russia . India ( edit ) In January 2004 , a Division bench of the Kerala 's High Court in Southern India suggested that the age of consent should be raised from 16 to 18 in that state . Justice R. Basant said he considered `` illogic ( al ) '' that a legal system in which an age of 18 is used for other purposes -- like the Indian Majority Act , the Contract Act , the Juvenile Justice Act , the Child Marriage Restraint Act and the Representation of People Act -- has a different approach in the case of sexual consent . The age of consent in India was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012 . United states ( edit ) Over the course of American history , the most commonly observed age of consent was 10 years . In 1880 , 37 states had an age of consent of 10 years while 10 states kept an age of consent at 12 , and Delaware maintained its age of consent at seven years , having lowered it from 10 in 1871 . In the late - 19th century , a `` social purity movement '' composed of Christian feminist reform groups began advocating a raise in the age of consent to 16 , with the goal of raising it ultimately to 18 , and by 1920 almost all states had raised their age of consent to 16 or 18 . By the mid-1970s , there was widespread sympathy among homosexual activist groups for lowering the age of consent for all sexual activities ( partially due to the disparate ages of consent for same - sex and opposite - sex sexual activity ) , with many gay publications freely discussing lowering it for boys . These tensions and antagonisms continued among activist circles until the 1980s ; however , since the 1970s , gay liberationist groups promoting frontline advocacy against the age of consent were falling into decline . A small number of voices continued into the 2000s among self - declared pedophiles on certain internet websites and chatrooms . Two final states legislating their ages of consent into the 15 - 18 range were Georgia and Hawaii , from 14 , raised in 1995 and 2001 , respectively . Alabama ( edit ) In Alabama in 2012 State Representative Mac McCutcheon sponsored a bill to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18 in the state legislature . The bill is still being discussed . Hawaii ( edit ) In 2001 , the legislature in Hawaii voted to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16 . Georgia ( edit ) In June 2005 , a bill was proposed before the General Assembly of Georgia ( USA ) to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18 . The bill failed , however . The Georgia age of consent was 14 from the Progressive era until 1995 , when a bill proposed by state Senator Steve Langford to make 16 the age of consent passed . In 2006 , following the infamous case of Genarlow Wilson ( Wilson v. State ) , aggravated child molestation was reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum of one year in prison if the offender was under 19 , the victim was either 14 or 15 years old , and the offender is no more than 48 months older than the victim . ( Georgia penal code , 16 - 6 - 4 ) . Previously aggravated child molestation ( at any age ) carried 10 -- 20 years imprisonment regardless of the age difference between the victim and offender . Kentucky ( edit ) In 2007 in Kentucky Representative JR Gray sponsored legislation in the state legislature that passed making it a felony for a teacher to have sex with a student under the age of 18 . He also discussed the possibility of raising the age of consent from 16 to 18 but a bill was not produced for that . Missouri ( edit ) In 2008 a bill was proposed in the Missouri legislature to raise the age of consent from 17 to 18 . It was sponsored by Representative Stanley Cox . South Carolina ( edit ) In South Carolina in 2007 a bill was proposed before the legislature to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18 . It did not succeed . Wisconsin ( edit ) Prior to 1981 Wisconsin had an exception to the law that allowed adults who were guilty of sex with minors 15 or older to use as a defense that the victim understood the nature of the sexual act , but there was a rebuttable presumption in Wisconsin that minors under the age of 18 were not capable of informed consent to sex , but as stated , this could be argued against by the defendant in the court of law if the minor was 15 years of age or older . In 1981 the age of consent was lowered from 18 to 16 in Wisconsin , but at the same time it was made an automatic felony to have sex with anyone under 16 , informed consent for a 15 - year - old was no longer a defense an adult defendant could use in court . In 1983 the age of consent in Wisconsin was raised from 16 to 18 , under the new law sex with a minor 16 or older carried the lesser penalty of a class a misdemeanor . A marital exception was included in the law for an adult who was married to a minor 16 or older , but no close - in - age exception was . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Age of consent reform in Canada In June 2006 , the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16 ( in 1890 , it was raised from 12 to 14 ) , while creating a near - age exemption for sex between 14 - to 15 - year - olds and partners less than 5 years older , and keeping an existing near - age clause for sex between 12 -- 13 year olds and partners less than 2 years older . The initiative also maintains a temporary exception for already existing marriages of minors 14 and 15 years old to adults , but forbids new marriages like these in the future . The law took effect 1 May 2008 . Netherlands ( edit ) Between 1990 and 2002 , the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12 , subject to qualifications . The relevant law , passed in November , 1990 , permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16 , but allowed a challenge by parents based on erosion of parental authority or child exploitation , which would be heard by a Council for the Protection of Children . In 1979 , the Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party supported an unsuccessful petition to lower the age of consent to 12 . Peru ( edit ) The age of consent in Peru was increased from 14 to 18 in 2006 as elections approached , but in 2007 , Peru 's new Congress voted to return the age to 14 regardless of gender and / or sexual orientation . However , after strong public opposition , the law was raised back to 18 on June 27 , 2007 , by a vote of 74 to zero ( 22 abstentions ) . It was returned to 14 in January 2013 . France ( edit ) In 1977 while a reform in the French penal code was under discussion in the parliament , a petition to decriminalize all consented relations between adults and minors below the age of fifteen was sent to Parliament but did not succeed in changing the law . In 1978 the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio France Culture in the program `` Dialogues '' , with the transcript later published under the title Sexual Morality and the Law in a book by Michel Foucault . The participants , including Foucault , play - writer / actor Jean Danet and novelist / gay activist Guy Hocquenghem had all signed the petition . Pedophile advocacy ( edit ) Some pedophiles have called to abolish the age of consent to allow adults to have sex freely with prepubescent children , arguing they can consent . Groups advocating pedophilia and the abolishment of age of consent laws include NAMBLA in the United States and Vereniging Martijn in the Netherlands . Several organisations in them have been involved with pro-pedophile activism in the past ; only a few of these still exist today . Close - in - age exemptions ( edit ) Main article : Romeo and Juliet laws In the United States , many states have adopted close - in - age exemptions . These laws , known as `` Romeo and Juliet laws '' provide that a person can legally have consensual sex with a minor provided that he or she is not more than a given number of years older , generally four years or less . Some Romeo and Juliet laws ( such as the law in Michigan and Florida ) do not make it legal for a person below the age of consent to have sex with a slightly older person , but may exempt the older partner from sex offender registration . Romeo and Juliet laws were passed in 2007 in Connecticut and Indiana . In Indiana , a change in the law decriminalizes consensual sex between adolescents if they are found by a court to be in a `` dating relationship '' with an age difference of four years or less and other states have adopted other reforms . Michigan passed a Romeo and Juliet Law in 2011 . These reforms have not been uncontroversial . In Texas , Governor Rick Perry vetoed Romeo and Juliet laws that had been passed by the legislature in 2009 , but signed one in 2011 to go into effect in September of that year . A 2011 Romeo and Juliet bill failed to pass in the Illinois legislature . In the State v. Limon case , Kansas 's Romeo and Juliet law was found to be unconstitutional because it excluded same - sex sexual conduct . Some countries other than the United States also have Romeo and Juliet laws . Ireland 's 2006 law has been contested because it treats girls differently from boys . See also ( edit ) Law portal 1891 Age of Consent Act Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in Europe Ages of consent in Oceania Ages of consent in North America Ages of consent in South America Age of consent in Brazil Half your age plus seven Sex education Comprehensive sex education References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent -- Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society '' . Faqs.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Ages of Consent '' . Avert.org. 2011 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen . `` Age of Consent Laws '' . Children and Youth in History . Sydney , Australia : University of Sydney . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary E. Odem ( 1995 ) . Delinquent Daughters : Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States , 1885 - 1920 ( Gender and American Culture ) . Univ of North Carolina Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4528 - 8 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ David Swarbrick . `` Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 ( - ) '' . swarb.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Age of Consent a Response to the consultation on the sexual offenses ( Northern Ireland ) order 2007 Christian 378 Woodstock Road Belfast February 2008 Jump up ^ `` Draft Sexual Offenses ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2008 '' . parliament.uk . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gay consent at 16 becomes law '' . BBC News . November 20 , 2000 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ the age of consent is 17 in Northern Ireland Jump up ^ Matthew Waites ( 15 August 2009 ) . The Age of Consent : Young People , Sexuality and Citizenship . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 23718 - 6 . ( Google books link ) Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , op. cit. , pp. 132 and 243 , Note 6.6 ) Jump up ^ Gay News , no . 46 , 9 May 1974 , p. 3 -- ' CHE Report angers reformers ' . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , op. cit. , p. 132 ) . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , p. 135 - 136 ) . The age of consent -- Young people , Sexuality and Citizenship . New York / London : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 4 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 3 . Jump up ^ Beckford , Martin ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` Harriet Harman under attack over bid to water down child pornography law '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Communist Party Draft Programme : 3 . Immediate demands '' . Weekly Worker . Communist Party of Great Britain ( Provisional Central Committee ) . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Abolish age - of - consent laws . We recognise the right of individuals to enter into the sexual relations they choose provided this does not conflict with the rights of others . Alternative legislation to protect children from sexual abuse . Jump up ^ `` 25 июня 1998 года N 92 - ФЗ '' . Jump up ^ `` 8 декабря 2003 года N 162 - ФЗ '' . Jump up ^ Peter Graff ( June 28 -- 29 , 2002 ) . `` Russia -- Age of Consent '' . Reuters ( via Age of Consent ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia '' . Age of Consent . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala , Raise age - limit for giving consent for sexual intercourse to 18 -- South Asia '' . Asian Sex Gazette. 2004 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament clears bill against child abuse '' . The Times Of India . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PURITY CONGRESS MEETS ; A Great Gathering for Moral Work in the City of Baltimore . AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE MOVEMENT Determined to Prevent State Regulation of Vice and to Rescue Fallen Men and Fallen Women . '' . The New York Times . BALTIMORE , Oct. 14 . October 15 , 1895 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent Laws ( Table ) '' . Children and Youth in History . Annotated by Stephen Robertson . Center for History and New Media and the University of Missouri - Kansas City . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . compiled from the following sources : Hirschfeld , Magnus . The Homosexuality of Men and Women . Translated by Michael Lombardi - Nash . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books , 2000 ; Killias , Martin . `` The Emergence of a New Taboo : The Desexualization of Youth in Western Societies Since 1800 . '' European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8 ( 2000 ) : 466 ; Odem , Mary . Delinquent Daughters : Policing and Protecting Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States , 1885 - 1920 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1995 ; `` Worldwide Ages of Consent , '' AVERTing HIV and Aids , www.avert.org/aofconsent.htm ( accessed November 29 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Campaign to Raise the Age of Consent 1885 -- 1914 '' . Women and Social Movements in the United States , 1600 -- 2000 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Warner ( 2002 ) . Never Going Back : A History of Queer Activism in Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8460 - 6 . Jump up ^ University , Philip Jenkins Distinguished Professor of History and Religious Studies Pennsylvania State ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . Decade of Nightmares : The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 120 . ISBN 9780198039723 . Jump up ^ Eichenwald , Kurt ( 2006 - 08 - 21 ) . `` On the Web , Pedophiles Extend Their Reach '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://whnt.com/2012/04/30/lawmaker-pushes-bill-to-raise-age-of-consent-in-alabama/ Jump up ^ Far East and Australasia 2003 -- Eur . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` hb722. html '' . Legis.state.ga.us. 2005 - 07 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia General Assembly -- HB 722 '' . Legis.ga.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19950207&id=gU5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CRUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2408,2396348 Jump up ^ Tanner , Robert ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` States target sexual misconduct in schools '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ http://www.joplinglobe.com/local/x212127249/Missouri-House-bill-would-raise-age-of-consent-to-18 Jump up ^ http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/5431721.html Jump up ^ Owzsewski , DJ Statutory Rape in Wisconsin 2006 Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent FAQ '' . CTV.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Bernstein , Laurie Schaffner . Regulating Sex : The politics of Intimacy and Identity . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Evans , David T. ( 1993 ) . Sexual Citizenship : The Material Construction of Sexualities . London : Routledge . p. 208 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05799 - X. ( link is to the 2013 edition ) Jump up ^ Brongersma , Edward ( 1988 ) . `` Schutzalter 12 Jahre ? -- Sex mit Kindern in der niederländischen Gesetzgebung '' ( Age of Consent 12 years ? Dutch legislation on sex with children ) . In Leopardi , Angelo . Der pädosexuelle Komplex ( On the topic of pedosexuality ) ( in German ) . Frankfurt / Main , Germany : Foerster Verlag . p. 214 . ISBN 3 - 922257 - 66 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Peru Lowers Age Of Consent To 14 '' . CBS News . 22 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 Jan 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pleno Reconsidero Exoneracion de Sedunda Votacion a Proyecto Sobre Libertad Sexual '' ( House Reconsidered and Excluded Second Vote for Project on Sexual Freedom ) ( in Spanish ) . El Heraldo. 2007 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Demanda de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por diez mil seiscientos nueve ciudadanos contra el artículo 1 ° de la Ley N ° 28704 que modifica el artículo 173 ° , inciso 3 ° del Código Penal , sobre delito de violación sexual contra víctima entre 14 y 18 años de edad '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Foucault , Michel ( 1988 ) . Krizman , Lawrence D. , ed . Politics , Philosophy , Culture : Interviews and Other Writings 1977 -- 1984 . New York / London : Routledge . pp. 272 -- 273 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90082 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Philip ( 2006 ) . Decade of Nightmares : The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America . Oxford University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517866 - 1 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josef ( 2003 ) . Sexual Abuse of Males : The Sam Model of Theory and Practice . Routledge . pp. 5 , p9 . ISBN 1 - 56032 - 403 - 1 . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` What Is a Romeo and Juliet Law '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Statutory rape laws and ages of consent in the U.S. '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : John Gramlich ( July 16 , 2007 ) . `` New laws take ' Romeo ' into account '' . Stateline.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MCL 28.728 c . Petition to discontinue registration '' . Michigan Legislature . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Statutes , Sec . 943.04354 . Removal of the requirement to register as a sexual offender or sexual predator in special circumstances . '' . Florida Senate . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Noël ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Understanding the Romeo & Juliet Law '' . Upper Michigan 's Source . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grissom , Brandi ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Gov. Rick Perry vetoes bill lifting sex offenders 21 , younger from registry '' . Austin Bureau . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrea Lucia ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Romeo And Juliet ' Law Changes Statutory Rape Definition '' . CBS DFW . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hannah Hess ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` '' Romeo and Juliet '' law fails in Illinois House `` . STL Today . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Romeo and Juliet ' laws contested '' . Irish Times . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Court urged to change ' Romeo and Juliet ' laws '' . RTÉ News . April 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . 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-5455940014788455726	Nashik	Nashik - Wikipedia Nashik `` Nasik '' redirects here . For places in Iran , see Nasik , Iran ( disambiguation ) . Metropolis in Maharashtra , India Nashik Nasik Metropolis Clockwise from top left : Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple , Anjaneri waterfall , Pandavleni Caves , Kalaram Temple , Nashik city skyline , Nashik grapes , Sula Vineyards , Godavari Ghat Nickname ( s ) : Wine Capital of India Nashik Location of Nashik in Maharashtra Nashik Nashik ( Maharashtra ) Show map of India Show map of Maharashtra Show all Coordinates : 20 ° 00 ′ N 73 ° 47 ′ E / 20.00 ° N 73.78 ° E / 20.00 ; 73.78 Coordinates : 20 ° 00 ′ N 73 ° 47 ′ E / 20.00 ° N 73.78 ° E / 20.00 ; 73.78 Country India State Maharashtra District Nashik Government Type Mayor -- Council Mayor Ranjana Bhansi ( BJP ) Municipal Commissioner Mr. Tukaram Mundhe Deputy Mayor Prathamesh Gite ( BJP ) Member Of Parliament Hemant Godse ( Shivsena ) Area Metropolis 2,681 km ( 1,035 sq mi ) Elevation 584 m ( 1,916 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Metropolis 1,486,053 ( 4th in Maharashtra ) Metro 1,561,809 Metro rank 29th Demonym ( s ) Nashikkar , Nashikites Language Official Marathi Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 422 0xx Telephone code 91 ( 253 ) Vehicle registration MH15 ( Nasik City ) ; MH51 ( Sinnar - Gonde ) ; MH41 ( Malegaon ) Website www.nashik.nic.in Nashik ( / ˈnʌʃɪk / ( listen ) ) is an ancient holy city in the northwest region of Maharashtra in India . Situated on the banks of Godavari river Nashik is best known for being one of Hindu pilgrimage sites , that of Kumbh Mela which is held every 12 years . The city located about 190 km north of state capital Mumbai , is called the `` Wine Capital of India '' as half of India 's vineyards and wineries are located in Nashik . Nashik is also called the `` Spiritual capital of Maharashtra . '' Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Civic administration 5.1 Court 5.2 Solid waste management 6 Demographics 7 Art and culture 7.1 Pandavleni Caves 8 Dams 9 Culture 9.1 Kumbh Mela 10 Economy 10.1 Agriculture 10.2 Rainwater harvesting 11 Industry 11.1 Wine industry 12 Education 13 International relations 14 Transport 15 Notable people 16 References 17 External links Etymology ( edit ) As per Ramayana , Nashik is the location on the banks of Godavari river where Laxman , by the wish of Lord Rama , cut the nose of Shurpanakha and thus this city was named as `` Nashik '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Nashik Geography ( edit ) Nashik lies in the northern part of Maharashtra state at 584 m ( 1,916 ft ) from the mean sea level which gives it ideal temperature variation , particularly in winters . Nashik has lush mountainous terrain The river Godavari originates from the Brahmagiri Mountain , Trimbakeshwar about 24 km ( 15 mi ) from Nashik and flows through the old residential settlement , now in the central part of the city . Due to high pollution created by factories in proximity of the city the river was dying at an alarming rate . It has since been successfully cleaned . Other than Godavari , important rivers like Vaitarana , Bhima , Girana , Kashyapi and Darana flow across Nashik . Nashik lies on the western edge of the Deccan Plateau which is a volcanic formation . Trimbakeshwar is about 30 km ( 19 mi ) from the city , it is where from river Godavari originates . The land area of the city is about 259.13 km ( 100.05 sq mi ) . Anjaneri near Nashik is the birthplace of lord Hanuman . Climate ( edit ) The city 's tropical location and high altitude combine to give it a relatively mild version of a tropical wet and dry climate . Temperatures rise slightly in October , but this is followed by the cool season from November to February . The cool season sees warm temperatures of around 28 ° C during the day , but cool nights , with lows averaging 10 ° C , and extremely dry air . hide Climate data for Nashik Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 35.5 ( 95.9 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 40.3 ( 104.5 ) 42.4 ( 108.3 ) 43.1 ( 109.6 ) 40.4 ( 104.7 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 34.3 ( 93.7 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 43.1 ( 109.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 35.5 ( 95.9 ) 35.9 ( 96.6 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 30.9 ( 87.6 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 18.6 ( 65.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 0.4 ( 32.7 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 17 ( 63 ) 17 ( 63 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) ( 36 ) 0.4 ( 32.7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 1.5 ( 0.059 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 5.1 ( 0.201 ) 235 ( 9.25 ) 386.7 ( 15.224 ) 255.9 ( 10.075 ) 230.9 ( 9.091 ) 56.5 ( 2.224 ) 18.9 ( 0.744 ) 0.4 ( 0.016 ) 1,191 ( 46.888 ) Source : Climate data ( 1 ) Civic administration ( edit ) See also : Nashik division and Nashik district Nashik city is governed by the Nashik Municipal Corporation . Court ( edit ) The Nashik Court Building is built in black stone in British Regime and the new building was inaugurated on 18 September 2005 . There are 73 courts including taluka court . Solid waste management ( edit ) In the Nashik Municipal Corporation area about 225 MT of solid waste is generated per day . Unlike other Indian cities , this garbage is collected by vehicles titled ' Ghantagadi ' ( meaning the vehicle with a bell ) : a system which has resulted in a Smaller versions of the ghantagadi ply in the congested old city areas . A plant has been set by the Nashik Municipal Corporation near Pandav Leni ( Pandavleni Caves ) to process the garbage and convert into compost . Ram Kund in Nashik ; the city is an important Hindu pilgrimage destination Demographics ( edit ) Nashik is the fourth largest city in Maharashtra in terms of population after Mumbai , Thane and Pune . According to the Census of India , 2011 , Nashik had a population of 1,486,053 . Males constitute 782,517 of the population and females 703,536 . Metropolitan Nashik population was 1,561,809 in which 821,921 were males and 739,888 were females . Nashik city had an average literacy rate of 89.85 % : male literacy was 93.40 % , and female literacy was 85.92 % . The sex ratio is 894 per 1000 males for Nashik city . Child sex ratio is 865 girls per 1000 boys . In Nashik , 11.42 % of the population is under 6 years of age . In census year 2001 the Nashik Urban Agglomeration had a population of 11 , 52,326 . Thus it was the fourth largest urban area of Maharashtra State after Mumbai , Pune and Nagpur . The projected population of Nashik urban agglomeration ( which includes abutting urban areas like Deolali ) as on 11 November 2012 is 15 , 62,769 . Religions in Nashik City Religion Percent Hindus 85.21 % Muslims 8.90 % Buddhist 3.18 % Jains 1.10 % Christian 1.00 % Sikhs 0.39 % Others † 0.22 % Distribution of religions † Includes not stated and others . Art and culture ( edit ) Main article : Art and Culture , Nashik 108 feet Rishabdev Bhagwan at Mangi Tungi In February 2016 , The Statue of Ahimsa , a 108 ft idol of first Jain tirthankara Rishabhdev carved in monolithic stone was consecrated at Mangi Tungi . It is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest Jain idol in the world . It has become a major pilgrimage and tourist destination . Cave No. 10 `` Nahapana Vihara '' at Pandavleni caves , ( circa 120 CE ) . Trimbakeshwar Temple near Nashik ( source of the Godavari River ) Pandavleni caves ( edit ) The Pandavleni Caves , or Nasik caves , are a group of 24 caves carved between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE , representing the Hinayana Buddhist caves and . Most of the caves are Viharas except for the 18th cave which is a Chaitya . The location of the caves is a holy Buddhist site and is located about 8 km south of Nashik . Dams ( edit ) Gangapur Dam is on the river Godavari near Gangawadi village and is Asia 's largest earthen dam , Nashik . Chankapur dam which is on the Girna river is one of the big dams built by the British in the 19th century . It is 3 km from the village Abhona in Kalwan tehsil and 60 km from Nashik . Kashypi Dam is on the Kashypi river near Rajapur , Nashik . Girna Dam is an earthfill type of dam on river Girna near Nandgaon , Nashik District . Darna Dam is a gravity dam on Darna river near Igatpuri , Nashik district . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Nashik Kumbh Mela ( edit ) Main article : Nashik - Trimbakeshwar Simhastha The 1989 Kumbh Mela at Nashik . Nashik hosts one of the largest religious gatherings in the world known as Maha Kumbh . The Kumbh Mela is celebrated every six years at Haridwar and Allahabad and Maha Kumbh takes place every twelve years at four places in Allahabad , Haridwar , Ujjain , and Nashik . According to the Puranas , it is believed that Kumbh derives its name from an immortal pot of nectar , which the devtas ( Gods ) and demons fought over . The four places where the nectar fell are at the banks of river Godavari in Nashik , river Kshipra in Ujjain , river Ganges in Haridwar and at Triveni Sangam of Ganga , Yamuna and invisible Saraswati River in Allahabad . Economy ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) A grape vineyard in Nashik . In early 1925 , the table grape revolution was started in Ojhar , a small town near Nashik , by Raosaheb Jairam Krishna Gaikwad . Today , table grapes are exported to Europe , the Middle East , and Asia . The average Kharip crop area is 663,200 hectares while the average Rabbi crop area is 136500 hectares . The sown area is 658,763 hectares ( 99 % ) and the forest land is 340,000 hectares ( 21.75 % ) . The uncultivable area is 23,000 hectares ( 1.48 % ) . Rainwater harvesting ( edit ) The Nashik Municipal Corporation has made it mandatory for new constructions in the city to install a rainwater harvesting system without which a completion certificate is not granted . This measure is expected to help recharge the aquifers and augment the groundwater level . Industry ( edit ) The Igatpuri - Nashik - Sinnar investment region is an important node in the US $90 billion Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project . Mahindra Scorpio is manufactured at Mahindra & Mahindra plant in Nashik Nashik is a defense and aerospace manufacturing hub with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited aircraft manufacturing plant located at Ozar . The Currency Note Press and India Security Press are on Nashik Road , where Indian currency and government stamp papers are printed respectively . Sukhoi Su - 30MKI is manufactured at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited plant in Nashik Existing industrial areas in Nashik district are Satpur , Ambad , Sinnar , Igatpuri , Dindori and Vinchur . The proposed additional areas are Sinnar , Malegaon and Rajur Bahula . Large - scale industries present in Nashik district are Atlas Copco , Robert Bosch GmbH , CEAT Limited , Crompton Greaves , Graphite India , Schneider Electric , ThyssenKrupp , Epcos , Everest Industries , Gabriel India , GlaxoSmithKline , Hindustan Coca - Cola , Hindustan Unilever Limited , Jindal Polyster , Jyoti Structures , Kirlosker Oil Engines , KSB Pumps , Larsen & Toubro , Mahindra and Mahindra , Mahindra Sona , United Spirits Limited , Perfect Circle Industries , Mahindra Ugine Steel , Samsonite , Shalimar Paints , Siemens , VIP Industries , Indian Oil Corporation , XLO India Limited and Jindal Saw . Apart from manufacturing , Nashik is an emerging investment destination for Information Technology companies . Tata Consultancy Services has invested in Nashik under the Government of India BPO promotion scheme ( IBPS ) . Also WNS , ACRESS , Accenture , ICOMET technoloies TCS has set up Digital Impact Square , or DISQ , which is a social innovation center . Nashik has a textile industry . National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development has selected Yeola Block for development of Paithani Cluster . To facilitate exports , a container freight station was started at MIDC Ambad by the Central Government . Wine industry ( edit ) Main articles : Nashik grape and Nashik valley wine Tasting cellar at Sula Vineyards . Nashik has been described as `` The Wine Capital of India '' the Nashik region reportedly produced 10,000 tonnes of grapes per year . There are 45 wineries in Nashik , out of 78 wineries throughout India total . The largest vineyard in Nashik is the Sula Vineyards . Nashik is home to several wine festivals , such as India Grape Harvest ( IGH ) , SulaFest etc . In the harvest season . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Nashik The city has two state - run universities , the Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University and the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences . International relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in India Twin towns and sister cities Budapest , Hungary ( 2018 ) Transport ( edit ) Roadways - Nashik is well connected to others cities in India by Road . Two Nationals viz. ( Mumbai Nashik Expressway & Nashik pune national highway ( NH50 ) ) . Railways - Nasik Road railway station is city railway station . Airways - Nashik has its airport located at Ozar . Nashik Airport is domestic Airport and well connected to other cities . Public Transport - In city people often mostly prefer auto rickshaw to travel through . City bus service is operated by MSRTC . The other options to travel are Ola and Uber . Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited has also planned metro rail network named as Greater Nashik Metro . Notable people ( edit ) Arjun Rampal , Actor Arshad Warsi , Actor Dilip Kumar , Actor Vinod Khanna , Actor Bhumika Chawla , Actress Abhishek Raut , cricketer Anant Laxman Kanhere , Indian independence fighter Anjana Thamke , athlete Dadasaheb Phalke , father of Indian cinema Pandit Dattatreya Vishnu Paluskar , Hindustani classical vocalist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar ( Indian pro-independence activism , politician , poet , writer and playwright ) Kusumagraj ( Vishnu Vāman Shirwādkar ) , Marathi poet , playwright , and novelist Shivaji Tupe , Painter Krishnaji Gopal Karve , Indian freedom fighter , revolutionary Tatya Tope , leader in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 Dhairya Dand , Inventor , Artist , Designer Kavita Raut , long - distance runner Sunil Khandbahale , Innovator , Entrepreneur , Language Enthusiast Dattaraya Ramchandra Kaprekar , recreational mathematician ) Sayali Bhagat ( Femina Miss India world 2004 , Model / Actress ) Mahadev Govind Ranade , ( 18 January 1842 -- 16 January 1901 ) a distinguished Indian scholar , social reformer and author Ramesh Raskar , Computer scientist Dattu Baban Bhokanal , Rower Chinmay Udgirkar , Actor Vidit Santosh Gujrathi , Indian chess player Dadasaheb Gaikwad ( Bhaurao Krishnaji Gaikwad ) , a politician , social worker Uttara Mhatre Kher former miss India Saiyami Kher Actress Anjali Patil Actress Shashank Khaitan Director References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cities having population 1 lakh and above '' ( PDF ) . Census of India 2011 . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Major Agglomerations '' ( PDF ) . censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` jjkent.com '' . jjkent.com . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Kumbh Mela -- Origin of Kumbh Mela '' . Kumbhamela.net . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Development and present Status of Nashik District '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Nashik is the wine capital of India - Asia - Pacific - RFI '' . Jump up ^ `` Visit Nashik , Wine Capital of India '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview of District '' . Official Website of Nashik District . Nashik.nic.in . Archived from the original on 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` geography '' . Jump up ^ `` geography '' . Jump up ^ `` Official WebSite of Nashik District '' . Nashik.nic.in . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` History of Nashik '' . Nashikcorporation.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/6GmnoaB0m?url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/nashik/climate Jump up ^ Nashik Municipal Corporation Jump up ^ History Official Website of District Court Of India Jump up ^ Nashik district court : Latest News , Videos and Nashik district court Photos Times of India Jump up ^ `` Concept Paper on Preparation of City Development Plan For Three Cities of Jharkhand Under Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Missi '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census Nashik '' . India 2011 Census . Jump up ^ `` Nashik City Population Census 2011 -- Maharashtra '' . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Brinkhoff ( 2010 - 01 - 23 ) . `` The Principal Agglomerations of the World -- Population Statistics & Maps '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Nashik City Census 2011 data '' . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Guinness-Book-to-certify-Mangi-Tungi-idol/articleshow/51275366.cms Jump up ^ Empires : Perspectives from Archaeology and History by Susan E. mouurya p. 168 Jump up ^ lonelyplanet Jump up ^ `` Official WebSite of Nashik District '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official WebSite of Nashik District '' . Nashik.nic.in . Archived from the original on 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Tushar Pawar , TNN 16 May 2012 , 06.06 AM IST ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) . `` India 's grape export up by nearly 60 % this year -- Times of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Nashik District '' . Nashik.nic.in. 31 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Concept Paper on Preparation of City Development Plan For Three Cities of Jharkhand Under Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Missi '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi - Mumbai Industrial Corridor launched in Maharashtra '' . Financial Express . 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Khapre , Shubhangi ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Magnetic Maharashtra : Delhi - Mumbai industrial corridor to be showcased '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Welcome to HAL -- Aircraft Division Archived 23 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Currency Note Press , Nashik has Highest Ever Monthly Production of 451.5 Million Pieces ( MPCS ) of Banknotes during January , 2013 '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CNPN Home '' . Cnpnashik.spmcil.com. 2010 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` MSME Nashik report '' ( PDF ) . dcmsme.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Brief Industrial Profile of Nashik District '' ( PDF ) . GOI Ministry of MSME. 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` India BPO promotion scheme '' . www.business-standard.com . Jump up ^ `` After Pune , Nashik is emerging as latest hub for tech startups in India '' . economictimes.indiatimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Industry '' . Official Website of Nashik District . Archived from the original on 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nashik Harvest '' . Food NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Business Standard '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/Wines-from-Nashik---the-wine-capital-of-India_19223423.html Jump up ^ `` Leaders of Tomorrow : Nashik - The wine capital of India The Economic Times Video ET Now '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra Tourism '' . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Budapest and Nashik to be sister cities as collaboration between Hungary and Maharashtra to have a roadmap ahead for mutual synergies ! Shri Jaykumar Rawal , Hon Minister Tourism , Shri Vijay Gautam IAS PS , Shri Aashutosh Rathod JtMD , interacting with the Hungary delegation at Sahyadri Jump up ^ Veer Savarkar Biography -- Vir Savarkar Indian Freedom Fighter -- Vinayak Damodar Savarkar History Jump up ^ `` Young Achievers '' . Indian Express . 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Icon '' . Maharashtra Times . March 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nashik . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Nashik . `` Nasik '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . 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-6249013157592805993	Making Love Out of Nothing at All	Making Love Out of Nothing at All - wikipedia Making Love Out of Nothing at All Jump to : navigation , search `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' Single by Air Supply from the album Greatest Hits B - side `` Late Again '' Released July 1983 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop rock , soft rock Length 5 : 43 ( Album version ) 4 : 29 ( Single version ) 5 : 38 ( Video version ) Label Arista ( U.S. ) Geffen ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Air Supply singles chronology `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' ( 1983 ) `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' ( 1983 ) `` Just As I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' ( 1983 ) `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' ( 1983 ) `` Just As I Am '' ( 1985 ) Music video `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' on YouTube `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' is a power ballad written and composed by Jim Steinman and first released by Australian soft rock band Air Supply for their 1983 compilation album Greatest Hits . It reached number 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks ( behind `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' by Bonnie Tyler , giving Steinman a consecutive peak of two songs ) . The song has been covered by many other artists , the most successful being that of Bonnie Tyler . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Music video 3 Chart history 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Personnel 5 Bonnie Tyler version 5.1 Lyrics 6 Rory Dodd demo version 6.1 Lyrics 6.2 Charts 7 In other media 8 References 9 External links Background and recording ( edit ) The song is a reworking of the main title theme from the 1980 film A Small Circle of Friends , for which Jim Steinman wrote the score . It was first recorded by Air Supply , giving them a number two hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. for three weeks . It was held off from the top spot by another Steinman production , Bonnie Tyler 's recording of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . This is the group 's last top ten hit in the United States . The song was subsequently released as a new track from their 1983 greatest hits album . The B - side of the single was `` Late Again '' . They have included the song on their numerous greatest hits and live albums , and recorded an acoustic version for their 2005 album The Singer and the Song . Steinman offered the song , along with `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , to Meat Loaf for his Midnight at the Lost and Found album ; however , Meat Loaf 's record company refused to pay Steinman for the material so Meat Loaf ended up writing compositions for the album himself . Steinman 's songs were then offered to Bonnie Tyler and Air Supply . By 1983 , Air Supply had changed much of its classic musician line - up , both in the recording studio and on tour . But Steinman , known for his lavish , rock - opera - ish type productions , used Bruce Springsteen 's E-Street Band members Roy Bittan on keyboards and Max Weinberg on drums , to musically underscore the recording with like energies . Rick Derringer , who was previously the guitarist for The McCoys and Johnny Winter , provided the electric guitar solo that made the sound of `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' stand so drastically apart from most other Air Supply songs . Music video ( edit ) Two videos for the Air Supply version exist . The first version begins with a couple driving to an airport . The man ( Graham Russell ) is `` leaving for a tour '' and asks the woman ( played by Graham Russell 's real - life spouse , Jodi Russell ) to join him , as he give her anything she wants . House Graham Russell : So , wo n't you reconsider ? Girlfriend : So , wo n't you ? Driving to the airport Graham Russell : Come with me , I can give you anything . Girlfriend : I 've been there , all I want is you . In front of the plane Graham Russell : But it 's just one more tour , then I 'll be back . Girlfriend : But I wo n't ... I ca n't ... The remainder of the video intersperses Russel Hitchcock and Graham Russell onstage with various scenes of the man and woman 's relationship . Graham and Russell , who comprise Air Supply , leave their dressing room for the stage . As they sing with the band , the female ( Jodi Russell - Graham Russell 's real - life wife ) is shown packing and leaving their home , placing their photograph face down on the table in the process . Nevertheless , she changes her mind and does a u-turn on the freeway , and now drives to the airport . She meets him at the side of the stage near the end of the song and they embrace . The plane seen in the video is a Learjet 35 . Another version is set in 1960s New York City and involves a Marine and a young woman and the various challenges they encounter in their relationship , interspersed with scenes of the band singing the song . See : Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 - 84 ) Peak position Australia Kent Music Report 45 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 30 South African Singles Chart 5 UK Singles Chart 80 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Canada Top Singles 28 US Billboard Hot 100 66 US Cash Box 27 Personnel ( edit ) Russell Hitchcock - lead vocals Graham Russell - background vocals Roy Bittan - piano , synthesizer Larry Fast - synthesizer Max Weinberg - drums Steve Buslowe - bass + Rick Derringer - electric guitar Sid McGinnis - acoustic guitar Jimmy Maelen - percussion Eric Troyer , Rory Dodd , Holly Sherwood -- additional backing vocals + In initial releases of Air Supply 's 1983 Greatest Hits album , Steve Buslowe was not included as the bass guitarist in the album credits . However , this error was corrected in future pressings . Bonnie Tyler version ( edit ) `` Making Love ( Out of Nothing At All ) '' Single by Bonnie Tyler from the album Free Spirit Released 1995 Genre Pop rock Length 7 : 49 Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Steven Rinkoff The song was later covered by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler on her album Free Spirit . It opens with a wordless choral vocal followed by sounds of thunderclaps and a bell before the melody begins , played on piano . Over the piano section is an excerpt from `` Un bel di '' , the aria from Puccini 's Madame Butterfly , sung by Tyler 's mother Elsie Hopkins . Allmusic called this version `` fantastic , clocking in at nearly eight minutes , and seems perfectly suited for her voice . ( Air Supply 's ) version was already great , but hers is awesome . '' It was produced by Steinman , with Steven Rinkoff as co-producer , at The Hit Factory , New York City . Lyrics ( edit ) These lines were changed for the Tyler version , and also for the subsequent Karine Hannah version , as well : I can make you find your power I can make you lose your fear I can make your body do some very magical things And make your inhibitions all disappear Rory Dodd demo version ( edit ) A version from 1982 sung by Rory Dodd also exists . The only accompaniment is Steinman playing piano , and he includes several variations on the primary melody in the intro and bridge . Lyrics ( edit ) After the bridge , there are two verses that appear before the final two verses of the Air Supply version . The verse from the Tyler version is not included . I can make your money double Or I can make you lose your shirt I can make the old wounds start to heal Or I can make the new ones hurt I can make the music louder Or I can make the songs all fade I can make every girl just wan na get up and dance And make the boys in the band start to play Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 - 96 ) Peak position Eurocharts Border Breakers Airplay 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 45 In other media ( edit ) Air Supply 's version of the song is also featured in the 2005 film Mr. and Mrs. Smith during the car chase - gunfight scene , and is also featured on the film 's soundtrack album . It was also used in the films Click and Dumb and Dumberer : When Harry Met Lloyd . In 1983 , Air Supply performed the song on stage , in `` lip - sync '' form with full back - up band for the popular early 1980s television program Solid Gold . Absent were many of the musicians that producer Jim Steinman used to record the original tracks . However , original Air Supply members Frank Esler - Smith on keys and Ralph Cooper on drums participated , and former Babys lead guitarist Wally Stocker `` synced '' so well , studio player Rick Derringer 's guitar solo , without the slightest of glitch . The song was used for a Wendy 's commercial , where a `` burger '' is `` singing '' a part of the song , part of a promo being used in conjunction with online music service Rhapsody . The song was also used in the episode `` Chuck Versus the Predator '' of the American TV series Chuck . A cover of the song by Mari Nallos is the theme song of the Tagalized ( means `` translated '' in Tagalog ) version of My Husband 's Woman , an Asian series which is aired in the Philippines on GMA 7 . In 2012 , this song , along with `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , was a central plot point in `` Unknown Subject '' , the twelfth episode of season seven of US TV series Criminal Minds . In the show , a bar piano player attempts to convince a victim that he is n't the one who attacked her . He claims she thought she heard him play `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( which the attacker had played during her attack ) , when he had actually played `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' , and says they sound similar because they were composed by the same person . The song is the theme song of the film Monga , covered by Nicky Lee . The song was background music for much of the 2016 -- 17 season finale of the ABC show The Goldbergs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All - Air Supply - Song Info - AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia. 31 May 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A SMALL CIRCLE OF FRIENDS Main Title Theme '' . Jump up ^ `` Special Sub-Topic : ' Making Love Out Of Nothing At All ' '' . FunTrivia.com . Retrieved 9 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Air Supply : The Singer And The Song '' . CD Baby . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf 's a Hell raiser '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ AirSupplyVEVO ( 23 March 2011 ) . `` Air Supply - Making Love Out Of Nothing At All '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . BAC-LAC.gc.ca . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 10 / 29 / 83 '' . TropicalGlen.com . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1983 -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1983 / Top 100 Songs of 1983 '' . www.MusicOutfitters.com . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1983 '' . TropicalGlen.com . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Air Supply - Making Love Out of Nothing at All -- The ( Almost ) Complete Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman Lyric Archive Retrieved 3 - 16 - 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Air Supply - Greatest Hits @ Discogs.com . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Air Supply - Greatest Hits ( 1983 ) liner notes ( lists Steve Buslowe 's name and contribution at the end ) . Accessed on 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Free Spirit ( booklet ) . Bonnie Tyler . East West Records . 1995 . 0630 - 12108 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler : Free Spirit '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Paradise - The ( Almost ) Complete Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman Lyric Archive '' . mljs.EvilNickname.org . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Airplay '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bonnie Tyler '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Air Supply Russell Hitchcock Graham Russell Frank Esler - Smith Rex Goh Studio albums Air Supply The Whole Thing 's Started Love & Other Bruises Life Support Lost in Love The One That You Love Now and Forever Air Supply Hearts in Motion The Christmas Album The Earth Is ... The Vanishing Race News from Nowhere The Book of Love Yours Truly Across the Concrete Sky Mumbo Jumbo Live & compilations Greatest Hits Making Love ... The Very Best of Air Supply Greatest Hits Live ... Now and Forever Forever Love : 36 Greatest Hits Singles `` Lost in Love '' `` All Out of Love '' `` Every Woman in the World '' `` The One That You Love '' `` Here I Am ( Just When I Thought I Was Over You ) '' `` Even the Nights Are Better '' `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Without You '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related articles Discography Harry Maslin Book Commons category Bonnie Tyler songs Discography The World Starts Tonight `` Lost in France '' `` More Than a Lover '' Natural Force `` It 's a Heartache '' `` Living for the City '' `` Heaven '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Here Am I '' Diamond Cut `` Too Good to Last '' `` My Guns Are Loaded '' Goodbye to the Island `` I 'm Just a Woman '' `` Sometimes When We Touch '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean '' `` I Believe in Your Sweet Love '' Faster Than the Speed of Night `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Faster Than the Speed of Night '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` Straight from the Heart '' Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire `` If You Were a Woman ( And I Was a Man ) '' `` Loving You 's a Dirty Job but Somebody 's Gotta Do It '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Lovers Again '' `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Hide Your Heart `` Hide Your Heart '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` The Best '' Bitterblue `` Against the Wind '' `` Bitterblue '' `` Where Were You '' Angel Heart `` Fools Lullaby '' `` I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night '' Silhouette in Red `` You Are So Beautiful '' Free Spirit `` You 're the One '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' All in One Voice `` Angel of the Morning '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` The Rose '' `` He 's the King '' `` Silent Night '' Heart Strings `` Human Touch '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Amazed '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` Lean on Me '' `` In My Life '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Right Here Waiting '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` It 's Over '' Simply Believe `` Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' `` Si tout s'arrête ( It 's a Heartache ) `` Darlin ' '' Wings `` Louise '' Rocks and Honey `` This Is Gonna Hurt '' `` Believe in Me '' `` What You Need from Me '' `` Love Is the Knife '' `` Mom '' Collaborations `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' `` Islands '' `` Vergiß Es ( Forget It ) '' `` Amour Éternel ( Eternal Flame ) '' `` Love 's Holding On '' Other songs `` Sayonara Tokyo '' `` Here She Comes '' `` The Desert Is in Your Heart '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Making_Love_Out_of_Nothing_at_All&oldid=833824693 '' Categories : 1983 singles Pop ballads Rock ballads Songs written by Jim Steinman Bonnie Tyler songs Air Supply songs 1983 songs Song recordings produced by Jim Steinman Arista Records singles Geffen Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 16 : 14 . 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-6900742109193866379	David Warren (inventor)	David Warren ( inventor ) - wikipedia David Warren ( inventor ) Jump to : navigation , search David Ronald de Mey Warren AO Warren with a prototype of a black box ( 1925 - 03 - 20 ) 20 March 1925 Groote Eylandt , Northern Territory , Australia 19 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) ( aged 85 ) Melbourne , Australia Nationality Australian Alma mater University of Sydney Imperial College London University of Melbourne Known for Flight data recorder , cockpit voice recorder , `` the black box '' Scientific career Institutions Defence Science and Technology Organisation Play media 1985 ABC news report interviewing David Warren about his invention . David Ronald de Mey Warren AO ( 20 March 1925 -- 19 July 2010 ) was an Australian scientist , best known for inventing and developing the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder ( also known as FDR , CVR , and `` the black box '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Committees , honours , awards and recognition 4 Notes 5 External links Early life ( edit ) David Warren was born on Groote Eylandt , an island off the coast of the Northern Territory . He was the first child of European descent born on the island . He was sent to school at Launceston Grammar School in Tasmania and Trinity Grammar School in Sydney . His father died in a 1934 Bass Strait air crash . He earned a Bachelor of Science degree with Honours from the University of Sydney , a PhD in fuels and energy from Imperial College London , a Diploma of Imperial College , and a Diploma of Education from the University of Melbourne . Career ( edit ) Summary 1944 -- 46 -- Teacher of mathematics and chemistry , Geelong Grammar School , Victoria . 1947 -- 48 -- Lecturer in chemistry , University of Sydney . 1948 -- 51 -- Scientific Officer , Woomera Rocket Range and Imperial College , London . 1952 -- 83 -- Principal Research Scientist , Aeronautical Research Laboratories , Melbourne , ( now part of the Defence Science and Technology Organisation ) . 1981 -- 82 -- Scientific Adviser ( Energy ) to the Victorian State Parliament . Warren worked at what are now the Defence Science and Technology Organisation 's Aeronautical Research Laboratories in Melbourne from 1952 to 1983 , rising to the level of principal research scientist . While there , he came up with the idea for the cockpit voice recorder while investigating a crash of the world 's first commercial jet airliner , the Comet , in 1953 , after seeing a miniature voice recorder at a trade show . `` If a businessman had been using one of these in the plane and we could find it in the wreckage and we played it back , we 'd say , ' We know what caused this . ' '' , Warren later recalled . `` Any sounds that were relevant to what was going on would be recorded and you could take them from the wreckage . '' While devices had been previously used to record certain flight parameters , they did not include voice recording , and were not reusable , and therefore were not practical for routine commercial flights . Warren 's invention , which relied on magnetic recording media , allowed easy erasing and re-recording , which made it practical for routine line service . Warren 's concept of cockpit voice recording added a new dimension to instrument data in flight recorders , and has proved extremely valuable for accident investigation . Interestingly , some accidents where the CVR played a prominent role were solved not by the crew 's recorded voices , but by other sounds incidentally recorded on the CVR , which provided a vital clue to the accident cause . ( See also Flight recorder History . ) Committees , Honours , awards and recognition ( edit ) Committees Chairman of the Combustion Institute ( Aust & NZ Section ) for 25 years ( 1958 -- 83 ) Committee member , Chemical Society Committee member , the Institute of Fuel Committee member , the Australian Institute of Energy Morris Minor Car Club of Victoria , founding chairman and patron for 25 years ( 1977 -- 2002 ) Awards and Honours FAIE -- Fellow of the Australian Institute of Energy The Australian Institute of Energy Medal ( 1999 ) Hartnett Medal of the Royal Society of the Arts ( 2000 ) Centenary Medal ( 2001 ) Lawrence Hargrave Award of the Royal Aeronautical Society ( 2001 ) Officer of the Order of Australia ( AO ) ( 2002 ) ICAO Edward Warner Award ( 2016 ) Recognition In November 2008 , Qantas named one of their Airbus A380s after Warren in honour of his services to aviation . Warren died 19 July 2010 , at age 85 , in Melbourne . He was buried in a casket bearing the label `` Flight Recorder Inventor ; Do Not Open '' . In June 2012 , the ACT Government named a road , David Warren Road , in the suburb of Hume . David Warren was inducted into the Australian Aviation Hall of Fame on 16 November 2013 . On 25 March 2014 , the Defence Science and Technology Organisation renamed their Canberra headquarters the `` David Warren Building '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder functionalities were originally combined inside one box . ^ Jump up to : Coopes , Amy ( 20 July 2010 ) . `` Aircraft ' black box ' inventor dies in Australia '' . AFP . Google.com . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Warren -- Biography , Defence Science and Technology Organisation , www.dsto.defence.gov.au , retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black box inventor dies , age 85 '' . Telegraph . 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DATA COLLECTION AND IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES '' . National Transportation Safety Board . 20 May 1998 . We were able to derive the speed of the engines based on a sound spectrum analysis of the engine sounds recorded on the CVR . That information , in combination with conversations between the crew enabled us to determine that the engines were not at high thrust as the pilots believed . Jump up ^ Grades of Membership Archived 19 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , the Australian Institute of Energy , aie.org.au Jump up ^ Australian medals for achievement in Science and Technology Archived 28 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Australian Academy of Science ^ Jump up to : Ken Fraser ( 2008 ) Black Box , From Black Box to Black Hawk , www.kenblackbox.com Jump up ^ Joe Rich , ' Hartnett , Sir Laurence John ( 1898 -- 1986 ) ' , Australian Dictionary of Biography , National Centre of Biography , Australian National University , accessed 1 December 2012 . First published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 17 , ( MUP ) , 2007 Jump up ^ Centenary Medal , WARREN , David Ronald , It 's an Honour , 2001 . Jump up ^ Officer of the Order of Australia , WARREN , David Ronald , It 's an Honour , 2002 . Jump up ^ ICAO news release Black box inventor and air safety pioneer Dr David Warren named 2016 ICAO Edward Warner Award recipient Jump up ^ ATSB newsroom `` Black box '' pioneer posthumously awarded aviation 's highest honour Jump up ^ Qantas Media Releases ( 16 November 2008 ) . `` Qantas A380s to Honour Our Aviation Pioneers '' . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Schudel , Matt ( 22 July 2010 ) . `` David Warren , inventor of ' black box ' flight data recorder , dies at 85 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Tsikas , Mick ( 22 July 2010 ) . `` History Recorder Remembered '' . Reuters / Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . ( photo ) Jump up ^ Simon Corbell MLA Media Releases ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Canberra champions honoured with street names '' . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dr David Ronald de Mey Warren '' . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Defence Science and Technology Organisation Media Releases ( 26 March 2014 ) . `` Black box inventor honoured with building name '' . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Biography at Defence Science and Technology Organisation VIAF : 149686299 GND : 141967684 IATH : w6k09q40 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Warren_(inventor)&oldid=801612433 '' Categories : 1925 births 2010 deaths Australian scientists Australian inventors University of Sydney alumni Alumni of Imperial College London Officers of the Order of Australia Recipients of the Centenary Medal Defence Science and Technology Organisation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 19 : 09 . 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-4560347483453357070	Bacterial conjugation	Bacterial conjugation - wikipedia Bacterial conjugation Jump to : navigation , search Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell - to - cell contact or by a bridge - like connection between two cells . It is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell - to - cell contact . Bacterial conjugation is often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating since it involves the exchange of genetic material . However , it is not sexual reproduction , since no exchange of gamete occurs . During conjugation the donor cell provides a conjugative or mobilizable genetic element that is most often a plasmid or transposon . Most conjugative plasmids have systems ensuring that the recipient cell does not already contain a similar element . The genetic information transferred is often beneficial to the recipient . Benefits may include antibiotic resistance , xenobiotic tolerance or the ability to use new metabolites . Such beneficial plasmids may be considered bacterial endosymbionts . Other elements , however , may be viewed as bacterial parasites and conjugation as a mechanism evolved by them to allow for their spread . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mechanism 3 Conjugal transfer in mycobacteria 4 Inter-kingdom transfer 5 Genetic engineering applications 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The process was discovered in 1946 by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum . Mechanism ( edit ) Schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation . Conjugation diagram Donor cell produces pilus . Pilus attaches to recipient cell and brings the two cells together . The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell . Both cells synthesize a complementary strand to produce a double stranded circular plasmid and also reproduce pili ; both cells are now viable donor for the F - factor . The F - plasmid is an episome ( a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome by homologous recombination ) with a length of about 100 kb . It carries its own origin of replication , the oriV , and an origin of transfer , or oriT . There can only be one copy of the F - plasmid in a given bacterium , either free or integrated , and bacteria that possess a copy are called F - positive or F - plus ( denoted F ) . Cells that lack F plasmids are called F - negative or F - minus ( F ) and as such can function as recipient cells . Among other genetic information , the F - plasmid carries a tra and trb locus , which together are about 33 kb long and consist of about 40 genes . The tra locus includes the pilin gene and regulatory genes , which together form pili on the cell surface . The locus also includes the genes for the proteins that attach themselves to the surface of F bacteria and initiate conjugation . Though there is some debate on the exact mechanism of conjugation it seems that the pili are not the structures through which DNA exchange occurs . This has been shown in experiments where the pilus are allowed to make contact , but then are denatured with SDS and yet DNA transformation still proceeds . Several proteins coded for in the tra or trb locus seem to open a channel between the bacteria and it is thought that the traD enzyme , located at the base of the pilus , initiates membrane fusion . When conjugation is initiated by a signal the relaxase enzyme creates a nick in one of the strands of the conjugative plasmid at the oriT . Relaxase may work alone or in a complex of over a dozen proteins known collectively as a relaxosome . In the F - plasmid system the relaxase enzyme is called TraI and the relaxosome consists of TraI , TraY , TraM and the integrated host factor IHF . The nicked strand , or T - strand , is then unwound from the unbroken strand and transferred to the recipient cell in a 5 ' - terminus to 3 ' - terminus direction . The remaining strand is replicated either independent of conjugative action ( vegetative replication beginning at the oriV ) or in concert with conjugation ( conjugative replication similar to the rolling circle replication of lambda phage ) . Conjugative replication may require a second nick before successful transfer can occur . A recent report claims to have inhibited conjugation with chemicals that mimic an intermediate step of this second nicking event . 1. The insertion sequences ( yellow ) on both the F factor plasmid and the chromosome have similar sequences , allowing the F factor to insert itself into the genome of the cell . This is called homologous recombination and creates an Hfr ( high frequency of recombination ) cell . 2. The Hfr cell forms a pilus and attaches to a recipient F - cell . 3. A nick in one strand of the Hfr cell 's chromosome is created . 4. DNA begins to be transferred from the Hfr cell to the recipient cell while the second strand of its chromosome is being replicated. 5. The pilus detaches from the recipient cell and retracts . The Hfr cell ideally wants to transfer its entire genome to the recipient cell . However , due to its large size and inability to keep in contact with the recipient cell , it is not able to do so . 6. a . The F - cell remains F - because the entire F factor sequence was not received . Since no homologous recombination occurred , the DNA that was transferred is degraded by enzymes . b . In very rare cases , the F factor will be completely transferred and the F - cell will become an Hfr cell . If the F - plasmid that is transferred has previously been integrated into the donor 's genome ( producing an Hfr strain ( `` High Frequency of Recombination '' ) ) some of the donor 's chromosomal DNA may also be transferred with the plasmid DNA . The amount of chromosomal DNA that is transferred depends on how long the two conjugating bacteria remain in contact . In common laboratory strains of E. coli the transfer of the entire bacterial chromosome takes about 100 minutes . The transferred DNA can then be integrated into the recipient genome via homologous recombination . A cell culture that contains in its population cells with non-integrated F - plasmids usually also contains a few cells that have accidentally integrated their plasmids . It is these cells that are responsible for the low - frequency chromosomal gene transfers that occur in such cultures . Some strains of bacteria with an integrated F - plasmid can be isolated and grown in pure culture . Because such strains transfer chromosomal genes very efficiently they are called Hfr ( high frequency of recombination ) . The E. coli genome was originally mapped by interrupted mating experiments in which various Hfr cells in the process of conjugation were sheared from recipients after less than 100 minutes ( initially using a Waring blender ) . The genes that were transferred were then investigated . Since integration of the F - plasmid into the E. coli chromosome is a rare spontaneous occurrence , and since the numerous genes promoting DNA transfer are in the plasmid genome rather than in the bacterial genome , it has been argued that conjugative bacterial gene transfer , as it occurs in the E. coli Hfr system , is not an evolutionary adaptation of the bacterial host , nor is it likely ancestral to eukaryotic sex . Conjugal transfer in Mycobacteria ( edit ) Conjugation in Mycobacteria smegmatis , like conjugation in E. coli , requires stable and extended contact between a donor and a recipient strain , is DNase resistant , and the transferred DNA is incorporated into the recipient chromosome by homologous recombination . However , unlike E. coli Hfr conjugation , mycobacterial conjugation is chromosome rather than plasmid based . Furthermore , in contrast to E. coli Hfr conjugation , in M. smegmatis all regions of the chromosome are transferred with comparable efficiencies . The lengths of the donor segments vary widely , but have an average length of 44.2 kb . Since a mean of 13 tracts are transferred , the average total of transferred DNA per genome is 575kb . This process is referred to as `` Distributive conjugal transfer . '' Gray et al. found substantial blending of the parental genomes as a result of conjugation and regarded this blending as reminiscent of that seen in the meiotic products of sexual reproduction . Inter-kingdom transfer ( edit ) Agrobacterium tumefaciens gall at the root of Carya illinoensis . Bacteria related to the nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case of inter-kingdom conjugation . For example , the tumor - inducing ( Ti ) plasmid of Agrobacterium and the root - tumor inducing ( Ri ) plasmid of A. rhizogenes contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells . The expression of these genes effectively transforms the plant cells into opine - producing factories . Opines are used by the bacteria as sources of nitrogen and energy . Infected cells form crown gall or root tumors . The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria , which are in turn endosymbionts ( or parasites ) of the infected plant . The Ti and Ri plasmids can also be transferred between bacteria using a system ( the tra , or transfer , operon ) that is different and independent of the system used for inter-kingdom transfer ( the vir , or virulence , operon ) . Such transfers create virulent strains from previously avirulent strains . Genetic engineering applications ( edit ) Conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets . In laboratories , successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast , plants , mammalian cells , diatoms and isolated mammalian mitochondria . Conjugation has advantages over other forms of genetic transfer including minimal disruption of the target 's cellular envelope and the ability to transfer relatively large amounts of genetic material ( see the above discussion of E. coli chromosome transfer ) . In plant engineering , Agrobacterium - like conjugation complements other standard vehicles such as tobacco mosaic virus ( TMV ) . While TMV is capable of infecting many plant families these are primarily herbaceous dicots . Agrobacterium - like conjugation is also primarily used for dicots , but monocot recipients are not uncommon . See also ( edit ) Sexual conjugation in algae and ciliates Transfection Triparental mating Zygotic induction References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Holmes RK , Jobling MG ( 1996 ) . Baron S , et al. , eds . Genetics : Conjugation. in : Baron 's Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . Univ of Texas Medical Branch . ISBN 0 - 9631172 - 1 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Griffiths AJF ; et al. ( 1999 ) . An Introduction to genetic analysis ( 7th ed . ) . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3520 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan KJ , Ray CG , eds. ( 2004 ) . Sherris Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . pp. 60 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 8529 - 9 . Jump up ^ Holmes RK , Jobling MG ( 1996 ) . Baron S , et al. , eds . Genetics : Exchange of Genetic Information . in : Baron 's Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . Univ of Texas Medical Branch . ISBN 0 - 9631172 - 1 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lederberg J , Tatum EL ( 1946 ) . `` Gene recombination in E. coli '' . Nature . 158 ( 4016 ) : 558 . doi : 10.1038 / 158558a0 . Jump up ^ Lujan SA , Guogas LM , Ragonese H , Matson SW , Redinbo MR ( 2007 ) . `` Disrupting antibiotic resistance propagation by inhibiting the conjugative DNA relaxase '' . PNAS. 104 ( 30 ) : 12282 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0702760104 . JSTOR 25436291 . PMC 1916486 . PMID 17630285 . Jump up ^ `` Genetic Exchange '' . www.microbiologybook.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Anthony JF ; Miller , Jeffrey H. ; Suzuki , David T. ; Lewontin , Richard C. ; Gelbart , William M. ( 2000 ) . `` Bacterial conjugation '' . Jump up ^ Michod RE , Bernstein H , Nedelcu AM ( 2008 ) . `` Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens '' ( PDF ) . Infect Genet Evol. 8 ( 3 ) : 267 -- 285 . doi : 10.1016 / j. meegid. 2008.01. 002 . PMID 18295550 . ^ Jump up to : Gray TA , Krywy JA , Harold J , Palumbo MJ , Derbyshire KM ( 2013 ) . `` Distributive conjugal transfer in mycobacteria generates progeny with meiotic - like genome - wide mosaicism , allowing mapping of a mating identity locus '' . PLoS Biol. 11 ( 7 ) : e1001602 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1001602 . PMC 3706393 . PMID 23874149 . ^ Jump up to : Derbyshire KM , Gray TA ( 2014 ) . `` Distributive Conjugal Transfer : New Insights into Horizontal Gene Transfer and Genetic Exchange in Mycobacteria '' . Microbiol Spectr. 2 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 79 . doi : 10.1128 / microbiolspec. MGM2 - 0022 - 2013 . PMC 4259119 . PMID 25505644 . Jump up ^ Pan SQ , Jin S , Boulton MI , Hawes M , Gordon MP , Nester EW ( July 1995 ) . `` An Agrobacterium virulence factor encoded by a Ti plasmid gene or a chromosomal gene is required for T - DNA transfer into plants '' . Mol . Microbiol. 17 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.1995. mmi_17020259. x . PMID 7494475 . Jump up ^ Heinemann JA , Sprague GF ( July 1989 ) . `` Bacterial conjugative plasmids mobilize DNA transfer between bacteria and yeast '' . Nature . 340 ( 6230 ) : 205 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / 340205a0 . PMID 2666856 . Jump up ^ Kunik T , Tzfira T , Kapulnik Y , Gafni Y , Dingwall C , Citovsky V ( February 2001 ) . `` Genetic transformation of HeLa cells by Agrobacterium '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 ( 4 ) : 1871 -- 6 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 041327598 . PMC 29349 . PMID 11172043 . Jump up ^ Waters VL ( December 2001 ) . `` Conjugation between bacterial and mammalian cells '' . Nat . Genet. 29 ( 4 ) : 375 -- 6 . doi : 10.1038 / ng779 . PMID 11726922 . Jump up ^ Karas , Bogumil J. ; Diner , Rachel E. ; Lefebvre , Stephane C. ; McQuaid , Jeff ; Phillips , Alex P.R. ; Noddings , Chari M. ; Brunson , John K. ; Valas , Ruben E. ; Deerinck , Thomas J. ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Designer diatom episomes delivered by bacterial conjugation '' . Nature Communications . 6 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms7925 . ISSN 2041 - 1723 . PMC 4411287 . PMID 25897682 . Jump up ^ Yoon YG , Koob MD ( 2005 ) . `` Transformation of isolated mammalian mitochondria by bacterial conjugation '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 33 ( 16 ) : e139 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gni140 . PMC 1201378 . PMID 16157861 . External links ( edit ) Bacterial conjugation ( a Flash animation ) ( hide ) Genetics : homologous recombination / mobile genetic elements Primarily prokaryotic Conjugation Transduction Transformation Occurs in eukaryotes Transfection Chromosomal crossover Gene conversion Fusion gene Horizontal gene transfer Sister chromatid exchange Transposon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_conjugation&oldid=813681588 '' Categories : Molecular biology Biotechnology Antibiotic resistance Bacteriology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 18 : 25 . 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5088400239840663785	Tennis court	Tennis court - wikipedia Tennis court Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sports venue . For other uses , see Tennis court ( disambiguation ) . Indoor tennis courts at the University of Bath , England A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played . It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the center . The same surface can be used to play both doubles and singles matches . A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court , each with its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dimensions 2 Surfaces 2.1 Clay courts 2.2 Grass courts 2.3 Hard courts 2.4 Carpet courts 3 Indoor courts 4 Smaller courts 5 Terminology 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Dimensions ( edit ) The dimensions of a tennis court . Tennis is played on a rectangular flat surface , usually of grass , clay or hard material . The dimensions of a tennis court are defined and regulated by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) governing body and are written down in the annual ' Rules of Tennis ' document . The court is 78 feet ( 23.77 metres ) long . Its width is 27 feet ( 8.23 metres ) for singles matches and 36 feet ( 10.97 metres ) for doubles matches . The service line is 21 feet ( 6.40 metres ) from the net . Additional clear space around the court is needed in order for players to reach overrun balls for a total of 60 feet ( 18 metres ) wide and 120 feet ( 37 metres ) long . A net is stretched across the full width of the court , parallel with the baselines , dividing it into two equal ends . The net is 3 feet 6 inches ( 1.07 metres ) high at the posts , and 3 feet ( 0.91 metres ) high in the center . The net posts are 3 feet ( 0.91 metres ) outside the doubles court on each side or , for a singles net , 3 feet ( 0.91 metres ) outside the singles court on each side . Surfaces ( edit ) Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game . There are four main types of courts depending on the materials used for the court surface : clay courts , hard courts , grass courts and carpet courts . The International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) lists different surfaces and properties and classifies surfaces into one of five pace settings : Category 1 ( slow ) Category 2 ( medium - slow ) Category 3 ( medium ) Category 4 ( medium - fast ) Category 5 ( fast ) Of the current four Grand Slam tournaments , the Australian and US Open use hard courts , French Open is played on clay , and Wimbledon , the only Grand Slam to have always been played on the same surface , is played on grass . The Australian Open switched to hard courts in 1988 and in its early years the French championship alternated between clay and sand / rubble courts . The US Open is the only major to have been played on three surfaces ; it was played on grass from its inception until 1974 , clay from 1975 until 1977 and hard courts since it moved from the West Side Tennis Club to the National Tennis Center in 1978 . ITF uses the following classification for tennis court surface types : Surface code Type Description Acrylic Textured , pigmented , resin - bound coating Artificial clay Synthetic surface with the appearance of clay Artificial grass Synthetic surface with the appearance of natural grass Asphalt Bitumen - bound aggregate Carpet Textile or polymeric material supplied in rolls or sheets of finished product Clay Unbound mineral aggregate Concrete Cement - bound aggregate Grass Natural grass grown from seed Other E.g. modular systems ( tiles ) , wood , canvas Clay courts ( edit ) Main article : Clay court The French Open is played on clay courts . Clay courts are made of crushed shale , stone or brick . The French Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to use clay courts . Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce in comparison to grass or hard courts . For this reason , the clay court takes away many of the advantages of big serves , which makes it hard for serve - based players to dominate on the surface . Clay courts are cheaper to construct than other types of tennis courts , but a clay surface costs more to maintain . Clay courts need to be rolled to preserve flatness . The clay 's water content must be balanced ; green clay courts generally require the courts to be sloped to allow water run - off . Clay courts are more common in Europe and Latin America than in North America , and tend to heavily favour baseline players . Historically for the Grand Slams clay courts have been used at the US Open from 1975 to 1977 and the French Open since 1891 . Grass courts ( edit ) Main article : Grass court Grass court maintenance at Wimbledon Grass courts are the fastest type of courts in common use . They consist of grass grown on very hard - packed soil , which adds additional variables : bounces depend on how healthy the grass is , how recently it has been mowed , and the wear and tear of recent play . Points are usually very quick where fast , low bounces keep rallies short , and the serve plays a more important role than on other surfaces . Grass courts tend to favour serve - and - volley tennis players . Grass courts were once among the most common tennis surfaces , but are now rare due to high maintenance costs as they must be watered and mown often , and take a longer time to dry after rain than hard courts . The grass surface , however , is the most physically forgiving to the human body because of its softness . Historically for the Grand Slams grass courts have been used at the Australian Open from 1905 to 1987 , the US Open from 1881 to 1974 , and Wimbledon since 1877 . Hard courts ( edit ) Main article : Hardcourt Rooftop tennis hardcourts in Downtown Singapore Hard courts are made of uniform rigid material , often covered with an acrylic surface layer to offer greater consistency of bounce than other outdoor surfaces . Hard courts can vary in speed , though they are faster than clay but not as fast as grass courts . The quantity of sand added to the paint can greatly affect the rate at which the ball slows down . The US Open is played on DecoTurf while the Australian Open is played on Plexicushion , both acrylic - topped hard court surfaces . Historically for the Grand Slams hard courts have been used at the Australian Open since 1988 and the US Open since 1978 . Carpet courts ( edit ) Main article : Carpet court Artificial turf tennis courts in Nicosia , Cyprus `` Carpet '' in tennis means any removable court covering . Indoor arenas store rolls of rubber - backed court surfacing and install it temporarily for tennis events , but they are not in use anymore for professional events . A short piled form of artificial turf infilled with sand is used for some outdoor courts , particularly in Asia . Carpet is generally a fast surface , faster than hardcourt , with low bounce . Notable tennis tournaments previously held on carpet courts were the WCT Finals , Paris Masters , U.S. Pro Indoor and Kremlin Cup . Since 2009 , their use has been discontinued on the top tier of the ATP . ATP Challenger Tour tournaments such as the Trofeo Città di Brescia still use carpet courts . The WTA Tour has one remaining carpet court event , the International - level Tournoi de Québec . Indoor courts ( edit ) Any court surface may be used indoors . Hard courts are most common indoors , as they are made with the most versatile materials and surface finishes . Clay courts are installed indoors with underground watering systems , and used mostly for Davis Cup matches . The conclusion of the Wimbledon Championships , in 2012 , was played on the lawn of Centre Court under the closed roof and artificial lights . The Halle Open has also seen a number of matches played on its grass court in the Gerry Weber Stadion with the roof closed . Carpet surfaces have been used both on the ATP World Tour and World Championship Tennis circuit , though no events currently use them . Historically , other surfaces have been used indoors such as hardwood at the defunct World Covered Court Championships and London Indoor Professional Championships . Currently , the ATP World Tour Finals event is the most important indoor tennis tournament . Smaller courts ( edit ) The ITF campaign Play and Stay aims to increase tennis participation worldwide by improving the way children are introduced to the game . The campaign promotes playing on smaller courts with slower red , orange and green balls . This gives children more time and control so they can serve , rally , and score from the first lesson on courts that are sized to fit their bodies . The ITF has mandated that official competition for children under 10 years of age should be played on so - called `` Orange '' courts 18 m ( 59 ft ) long by 6.4 m ( 21 ft ) wide . Competition for children under 8 years is played on `` Red '' courts that are 11 m ( 36 ft ) long and 5.5 m ( 18 ft ) wide . The net is always 0.8 m high in the center . Terminology ( edit ) Main article : Glossary of tennis terms Common tennis court terms : Advantage service box or ad court : The receiver 's left side service box , or the opponent 's right for the server ; significant as the receiving side for an advantage point . Alley or Tramlines : The lanes on each side of the singles court . These are only used when playing doubles . Back court : The area between the baseline and the service line . Baseline : The rearmost line of the court , furthest from and parallel to the net . Center service line : The line dividing the two service boxes on each side . Center mark : The 12 - inch mark at the halfway point of the baseline used to distinguish the two halves ( and service boxes ) of a tennis court . Deuce service box or deuce court : The receiver 's right side service box , or the opponent 's left for the server , significant as the receiving side for a deuce point . Service box : The area on each side bounded by the singles sideline , the service line , and the net . There are left and right service boxes , separated by the center service line . Service line : The line that is parallel to the net and is located between the baseline and the net . It marks the end of the service boxes . Side T : The T shape formed by the service line and the singles sideline . There are four such side Ts , two on each side of the net . T or Middle T : The T shape formed by the service line and the center service line . See also ( edit ) Tennis portal List of tennis stadiums by capacity No - line court References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ITF Rules of Tennis '' . ITF . ^ Jump up to : `` Rule 1 -- The Court '' . International Tennis Federation . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rules of tennis Jump up ^ `` Court Pace Classification Programme '' . ITF . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ITF Approved Tennis Balls , Classified Surfaces & Recognised Courts 2015 '' ( PDF ) . International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surface Descriptions '' . itftennis.com . International Tennis Federation . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hard Courts Make Tennis Champions '' . The New York Times . 3 November 1912 . Jump up ^ Tennis Universal Jump up ^ ITF Play and Stay Jump up ^ `` BBC Sports : Basic rules of tennis '' . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) -- Tennis court construction guidelines ( hide ) Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League International Premier Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_court&oldid=833005702 '' Categories : Tennis Tennis court surfaces Sports rules and regulations Sports venues by type Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 04 : 25 . 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-5821408702032639991	I Need a Lover	I Need a Lover - Wikipedia I Need a Lover `` I Need a Lover '' Single by John Cougar from the album John Cougar B - side `` Welcome to Chinatown '' Released September 1979 Format 7 - inch 45 RPM Recorded 1978 at AIR Studios , London , England Genre Rock Length 5 : 38 , 3 : 30 ( Single ) Label Riva Songwriter ( s ) John Mellencamp Frank David Williams Producer ( s ) John Punter John Cougar singles chronology `` Miami '' ( 1979 ) `` I Need a Lover '' ( 1979 ) `` Taxi Dancer '' ( 1979 ) `` Miami '' ( 1979 ) `` I Need a Lover '' ( 1979 ) `` Taxi Dancer '' ( 1979 ) `` I Need a Lover '' is a rock song written and performed by John Mellencamp and first released under the stage name Johnny Cougar . It appeared on his 1978 album A Biography , which was not released in the United States . After becoming a Top 10 hit in Australia , the song was later included on his 1979 follow - up album John Cougar to introduce it to U.S. audiences , and it was released as a single , becoming his first Top 40 hit in the U.S. when it reached # 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 in late 1979 . AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine described `` I Need a Lover '' as Mellencamp 's `` first good song . '' Mellencamp has stated that `` I Need a Lover '' was inspired by The Rolling Stones ' 1972 song `` Happy . '' Hamilton Leithauser ( of indie rock band The Walkmen ) performed a version of the song in August 2014 for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 1.1 Pat Benatar version 2 References 3 External links Cover versions ( edit ) Pat Benatar version ( edit ) `` I Need a Lover '' Single by Pat Benatar from the album In the Heat of the Night B - side `` No You Do n't '' Released March 8 , 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded 1979 Genre Hard rock Length 3 : 30 Label Chrysalis Songwriter ( s ) John Mellencamp Producer ( s ) Mike Chapman Peter Coleman Pat Benatar singles chronology `` We Live for Love '' ( 1980 ) `` I Need a Lover '' ( 1980 ) `` Rated X '' ( 1980 ) `` We Live for Love '' ( 1980 ) `` I Need a Lover '' ( 1980 ) `` Rated X '' ( 1980 ) The song was covered and released as the debut single in 1980 by American rock singer Pat Benatar for her debut studio album , In the Heat of the Night ( 1979 ) . The song became an album - oriented rock radio hit for the singer . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Best That I Could Do 1978 -- 1988 ( CD liner ) . John Mellencamp . U.S.A. : Mercury Records . 1997 . p. 9 . 314 536 738 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Cougar : A Biography : review '' . allmusic . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` John Cougar : A Biography : review '' . allmusic . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 8th Edition ) . Billboard Books . p. 418 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 4 . Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` Hamilton Leithauser covers John Cougar ( and he 's playing A.V. Fest ) '' . The A.V. Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics John Mellencamp Studio albums Chestnut Street Incident ( 1976 ) A Biography ( 1978 ) John Cougar ( 1979 ) Nothin ' Matters and What If It Did ( 1980 ) American Fool ( 1982 ) The Kid Inside ( 1983 ) Uh - Huh ( 1983 ) Scarecrow ( 1985 ) The Lonesome Jubilee ( 1987 ) Big Daddy ( 1989 ) Whenever We Wanted ( 1991 ) Human Wheels ( 1993 ) Dance Naked ( 1994 ) Mr. Happy Go Lucky ( 1996 ) John Mellencamp ( 1998 ) Rough Harvest ( 1999 ) Cuttin ' Heads ( 2001 ) Trouble No More ( 2003 ) Freedom 's Road ( 2007 ) Life , Death , Love and Freedom ( 2008 ) No Better Than This ( 2010 ) Plain Spoken ( 2014 ) Sad Clowns & Hillbillies ( 2017 ) Live albums Life , Death , Live and Freedom ( 2009 ) Trouble No More Live at Town Hall ( 2014 ) Compilations The Best That I Could Do 1978 -- 1988 ( 1997 ) Words & Music : John Mellencamp 's Greatest Hits ( 2004 ) 20th Century Masters : The Millennium Collection : The Best of John Mellencamp ( 2007 ) On the Rural Route 7609 ( 2010 ) Notable singles `` I Need a Lover '' `` Hurts So Good '' `` Jack & Diane '' `` Crumblin ' Down '' `` Pink Houses '' `` Lonely Ol ' Night '' `` Small Town '' `` R.O.C.K. in the U.S.A. '' `` Paper in Fire '' `` Cherry Bomb '' `` Check It Out '' `` Pop Singer '' `` Wild Night '' `` Dance Naked '' `` Key West Intermezzo ( I Saw You First ) '' `` Just Another Day '' `` Peaceful World '' `` Walk Tall '' `` Our Country '' `` My Sweet Love '' Other singles `` What Say You '' ( with Travis Tritt ) Related Discography Farm Aid Falling from Grace ( 1992 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Elaine Irwin ( former wife ) Book : John Mellencamp Pat Benatar Discography Studio albums In the Heat of the Night Crimes of Passion Precious Time Get Nervous Tropico Seven the Hard Way Wide Awake in Dreamland True Love Gravity 's Rainbow Innamorata Go Live albums Live from Earth 8 - 15 - 80 35th Anniversary Tour Compilations Best Shots Synchronistic Wanderings : Recorded Anthology 1979 - 1999 Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection 10 Great Songs Singles `` I Need a Lover '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` You Better Run '' `` Hit Me with Your Best Shot '' `` Treat Me Right '' `` Fire and Ice '' `` Shadows of the Night '' `` Love Is a Battlefield '' `` We Belong '' `` Invincible '' `` All Fired Up '' `` Hell Is for Children '' Book : Pat Benatar This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Need_a_Lover&oldid=839465792 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1978 songs 1980 singles John Mellencamp songs Songs written by John Mellencamp Pat Benatar songs 1979 songs Debut singles Riva Records singles Chrysalis Records singles 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 16 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings i need a lover who won't drive me crazy	[]	[]
-5619260328192407575	Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)	Who Do You Think You Are ? ( UK TV series ) - wikipedia Who Do You Think You Are ? ( UK TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Who Do You Think You Are ? Genre Documentary Narrated by David Morrissey ( 2004 ) Mark Strong ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Cherie Lunghi ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Phil Davis ( 2017 -- ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 14 No. of episodes 128 and 2 specials ( as of 7 September 2017 or Series 14 , Episode 9 ) Specials : 11 July 2007 : Adoption Special 6 August 2014 : 10 Years , 100 Shows Special Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Wall to Wall Distributor Warner Bros. Television Productions UK Release Original network BBC Two ( 2004 -- 06 ) BBC One ( 2006 -- ) Original release 12 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ) -- present External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007t575 For the U.S. series of the same name , see Who Do You Think You Are ? ( U.S. TV series ) . Who Do You Think You Are ? is a British genealogy documentary series that has aired on the BBC since 2004 . In each episode , a celebrity traces their family tree . It is made by the production company Wall to Wall . The show has regularly attracted an audience of more than 6 million viewers . More than ten international adaptations of the show have been produced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Series 1 ( 2004 ) 1.2 Series 2 ( 2006 ) 1.3 Series 3 ( 2006 ) 1.4 Adoption special ( 2007 ) 1.5 Series 4 ( 2007 ) 1.6 Series 5 ( 2008 ) 1.7 Series 6 ( 2009 ) 1.8 Series 7 ( 2010 ) 1.9 Series 8 ( 2011 ) 1.10 Series 9 ( 2012 ) 1.11 Series 10 ( 2013 ) 1.12 Series 11 ( 2014 ) 1.13 Series 12 ( 2015 ) 1.14 Series 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 1.15 Series 14 ( 2017 ) 2 Awards and nominations 3 Media releases 4 Other countries 4.1 International versions 5 Similar programmes 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) Series one and two were broadcast on BBC Two , and the first was the channel 's highest - rating programme of 2004 . This led to episodes being shown on BBC One from the third series onwards . The current narrator , as of Series 14 in 2017 , is Phil Davis . Mark Strong took over from David Morrissey after the first series , which was nominated for `` Best Factual Series or Strand '' in the 2005 BAFTAs ; Cherie Lunghi was the narrator between Series 10 and 13 . In the first series , the last ten minutes of each episode featured presenter Adrian Chiles and genealogical researcher Nick Barratt giving tips on tracing a family tree . In 2007 , a special episode was broadcast in conjunction with the BBC 's `` Family Wanted '' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell , who was adopted a few days after he was born . The theme tune was composed by Mark Sayer - Wade , who also provided the background music for earlier episodes . The music for later episodes is provided by Julian Hamlin and Edmund Jolliffe . Series 1 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Bill Oddie 12 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ) 5.79 Oddie , brought up by his father and paternal grandmother , goes back to the Birmingham area to learn more about his mother 's life and her struggles with manic depression and her mother - in - law . Then he learns more about his grandmother 's life , her husband and family in Rochdale , Lancashire . He ends his journey learning more about his Oddie ancestors in Grindleton , Lancashire . Amanda Redman 19 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 19 ) 4.63 Sue Johnston 26 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 26 ) 4.25 Jeremy Clarkson 2 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 02 ) 4.95 5 Ian Hislop 9 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 09 ) 4.96 Hislop , who was 12 when his father died , never met his grandfathers . Hislop traces his family history by traveling to his late mother 's native Jersey , where for five years of her childhood , the island was occupied by Nazi Germany . He travels to Clary , France , where his paternal grandfather fought with the 9th Highland Light Infantry against the Hindenburg Line . He then goes to South Africa , where his maternal grandfather fought with the Royal Lancaster Regiment in the Battle of Spion Kop during the Boer War . While in South Africa , he discovered his father 's maternal great great grandfather had gone to South Africa in 1795 with the 72nd Regiment , Duke of Albany 's Own Highlanders in an expedition to capture Cape Town from the Dutch . 6 Moira Stuart 16 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) 5.35 7 David Baddiel 23 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ) 4.60 8 Lesley Garrett 30 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 30 ) 4.41 9 Meera Syal 7 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 07 ) 3.97 10 Vic Reeves 14 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) 4.46 Series 2 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Jeremy Paxman 11 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 11 ) 5.48 Sheila Hancock 18 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 18 ) 5.43 Stephen Fry 25 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) 5.86 Julian Clary 1 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) 5.94 5 Jane Horrocks 8 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ) 5.64 6 Gurinder Chadha 15 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) 3.96 Series 3 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Barbara Windsor 6 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 06 ) 6.40 Robert Lindsay 13 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 13 ) 5.95 Colin Jackson 20 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 5.19 David Tennant 27 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) 5.75 Tennant traces his paternal roots to the Isle of Mull , and is surprised to find his family came not from the lowlands but the Scottish Highlands . He discovers his maternal grandfather was a star player for Derry City F.C. in the 1930s , and expresses concern when he finds that other relatives were members of the Orange Order . He is disturbed to learn that his great - grandfather played a key role in suppressing Catholics in Derry , Northern Ireland , and that Catholic cousins came under fire on Bloody Sunday . 5 David Dickinson 4 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) 5.80 6 Nigella Lawson 11 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) 6.15 She traced her ancestors to Ashkenazi Jews who originate from eastern Europe and Germany , leaving Lawson surprised not to have Iberian - Sephardi ancestry in the family as she had believed . She also uncovered that her maternal great - great - great grandfather , Coenraad Sammes ( later Coleman Joseph ) , had fled to England from Amsterdam in 1830 to escape a prison sentence following a conviction for theft . 7 Jeremy Irons 18 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) 5.82 8 Julia Sawalha 25 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 25 ) 5.54 Adoption special ( 2007 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Nicky Campbell 11 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) 4.32 Campbell traces his adoptive family 's roots in Scotland and Australia . Series 4 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Natasha Kaplinsky 6 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) 6.78 Kaplinsky follows her paternal line to Slonim in Belarus and is shown official documentation relating to her cousin 's family . This includes the death of family members during the `` liquidation '' -- massacre -- of the Slonim Jewish ghetto by the Nazis and another 's escape to the partisans and eventual immigration to Australia . Her maternal line included an apothecary to King George III . John Hurt 13 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) 5.80 Griff Rhys Jones 20 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 20 ) 5.75 Carol Vorderman 27 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) 6.53 Vorderman discovers that her father was an active member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation . He died while the programme was being filmed . Her great - grandfather Adolphe Vorderman played a key role in the discovery of vitamins . 5 Alistair McGowan 4 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) 6.17 6 Graham Norton 11 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 11 ) 6.88 It was discovered that Norton 's Walker ancestors were originally planters from Wentworth , South Yorkshire , who were sent over from England in the 17th century to take over Irish land . Some members of his family fought for the British monarchy during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and took part in the Carnew massacre . Another member of his family was later killed in battle by the United Irishmen . 7 Matthew Pinsent 18 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) 6.57 Series 5 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Patsy Kensit 13 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 13 ) 7.10 Boris Johnson 20 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 20 ) 7.04 Jerry Springer 27 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) 6.71 Springer , who was born in England but emigrated to the United States at a young age , travels to the UK to find out how his parents were allowed in as refugees from Nazi Germany in August 1939 . He discovered that someone in England paid £ 50 as a guarantor to sponsor his parents , but the rest of the family was left behind . He travels to his great - grandfather 's hometown of Neustettin ( now Szczecinek , Poland ) , where his great grandfather , Abraham Springer , successfully appealed for outside help after anti-Semitic politician Ernst Henrici stirred up violence in 1881 . Springer then travels to Łódź , where his maternal grandmother , Marie Kallmann , was deported in 1941 . She was sent to the Chełmno extermination camp in May 1942 . Springer 's paternal grandmother , Selma Springer , died in Theresienstadt concentration camp . Esther Rantzen 3 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) 6.44 5 Ainsley Harriott 10 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 10 ) 6.70 6 David Suchet 17 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) 6.79 Suchet , who has a love of water , discovers that his maternal great - great - great - grandfather was captain of a brig which foundered off the east coast of England . His paternal ancestors were Russian Jews , and he traces their flight from Russia to Turkey , Prussia , South Africa , and then the United Kingdom . He learns about his grandfather and great - grandfather , both of whom were noted photographers . 7 Jodie Kidd 24 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) 5.87 8 Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen 29 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 4.72 Series 6 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Rory Bremner 2 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 6.44 Fiona Bruce 9 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) 5.86 Rick Stein 16 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) 5.64 Zoë Wanamaker 23 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) 5.82 5 Kevin Whately 2 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) 5.99 6 Davina McCall 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) 6.92 7 Chris Moyles 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 5.23 8 Kate Humble 29 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) 5.19 9 David Mitchell 5 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) 4.55 10 Kim Cattrall 12 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 12 ) 6.27 Cattrall researches her maternal grandfather , George Baugh 's mysterious disappearance in 1938 . She discovers that he became a bigamist in 1939 and had four more children . The episode reveals that Baugh 's new family immigrated to Australia in 1961 , and had lived there until Baugh 's death in 1974 . 11 Martin Freeman 19 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) 6.48 Freeman researches his paternal grandfather , whom he learns died while serving as a medic during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II . He discovers that his great - grandfather was blind , married three times , and meets a cousin he never knew he had . He also discovers how syphilis ( a common disease at the time ) ravaged his family in the late 1800s and early 1900s . Series 7 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Bruce Forsyth 19 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) 7.22 Rupert Everett 26 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) 5.97 Dervla Kirwan 2 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 02 ) 5.58 Growing up , Kirwan knew she was related to Irish national hero Michael Collins but did not know how . She discovers he was her great - great uncle : his sister , Margaret Collins O'Driscoll , was the mother of Kirwan 's maternal grandfather . Kirwans seeks to find how her grandfather , Finian O'Driscoll , was involved in the IRA . She travels to Clonakilty , County Cork , birthplace of Michael Collins . On her father 's side , she finds out her great grandfather , Henry Kahn , was a Polish Jew from the Russian Empire who broke with his community to marry an Irish Catholic girl in the late 19th century . Kirwan was surprised to discover they were married in the Protestant Church of Ireland , after the Catholic church refused to marry them . Monty Don 9 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) 5.95 5 Rupert Penry - Jones 16 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) 5.68 Penry - Jones travels to India and confirms the family rumour that they have Indian ancestry . His great - great - great grandfather Thomas Johnstone was a sergeant major in the Royal Madras Fusiliers , and was part of the British attempts to quell the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . He discovers Johnstone 's wife , Louisa Collum , was of Anglo - Indian heritage . 6 Alexander Armstrong 23 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 23 ) 6.46 Armstrong traces his mother 's side of the family , who are descended from Irish landed gentry . The McCauslands were originally seated in Drenagh , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland and trace their ancestry through the Rouse - Boughton family , to Edward Somerset , 2nd Marquess of Worcester , a descendant of William the Conqueror via Edward III and the Beauforts , Dukes of Somerset . 7 Jason Donovan 30 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 30 ) 5.55 8 Hugh Quarshie 6 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 5.42 9 Alan Cumming 13 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) 5.15 Cumming traces the life of his maternal grandfather , whom the family was told died while cleaning his pistol while serving as a British police officer in Malaya . He learns about his grandfather 's terrifying experiences as a war hero during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II , his battle wounds received while helping stave off the Empire of Japan 's invasion of India during the Burma Campaign , and his psychological problems which led to his death while playing Russian roulette in Malaya . Series 8 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) June Brown 10 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 10 ) 6.62 J.K. Rowling 17 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 17 ) 7.00 Rowling researches her mother 's paternal great - grandfather , Louis Volant , a French head waiter who previously worked at Savoy Hotel in the 1920s . Volant had won the Croix de Guerre for his bravery during the First World War . She also learns about Volant 's mother , Salomée Schuch , an unmarried maid working in Paris at the time of his birth . At age 17 , she had fled her hometown of Brumath in Alsace -- which became part of the German Empire during the Franco - Prussian War -- to become a naturalised French citizen when she eventually married Louis ' father . Sebastian Coe 24 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 24 ) 5.45 Larry Lamb 31 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) 5.45 5 Emilia Fox 7 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) 6.06 Fox researches her family history hoping to discover where the acting bug in her family originated from . Fox 's father believes that Fox 's paternal grandfather , Robin Fox , a theatrical agent , likely would have wanted to be an actor . Fox learns that Robin 's mother was Hilda Hanbury , an actress who appeared on the London stage in the late 1890s . Hanbury traveled to America with theater manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree , though did not find great success and was reduced to small roles . Fox also learns that Sampson Fox , father of Hanbury 's husband Arthur ( `` Willie '' ) was a millionaire who rose to prominence from a child laborer in a textile mill to the owner of the Leeds Forge Company . With his large fortune , Sampson Fox was the sole donor for the Royal College of Music in London . However , Sampson Fox was also involved in a scandal regarding his promotion of watergas as an energy source and the financial success of its investors . 6 Alan Carr 14 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) 5.49 7 Robin Gibb 21 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 4.37 8 Richard Madeley 28 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 5.05 9 Len Goodman 5 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 5.03 10 Tracey Emin 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) Unknown ( under 4.21 ) Series 9 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Samantha Womack 15 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 15 ) 5.30 Gregg Wallace 22 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 22 ) 5.46 Patrick Stewart 29 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 29 ) 4.58 Annie Lennox 5 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 05 ) 4.86 5 Hugh Dennis 12 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) 4.87 6 Alex Kingston 19 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) 4.97 7 William Roache 26 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 4.30 8 Celia Imrie 10 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4.89 9 John Barnes 17 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) Unknown ( under 4.10 ) 10 John Bishop 6 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 5.53 Series 10 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Una Stubbs 24 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 24 ) 5.24 Nigel Havers 31 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) 5.39 Minnie Driver 7 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) 4.95 Lesley Sharp 14 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 14 ) 4.52 5 Gary Lineker 21 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) 5.37 6 Nick Hewer 28 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) 4.52 7 Nitin Ganatra 4 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) 4.31 8 Sarah Millican 11 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 11 ) 4.57 9 Marianne Faithfull 18 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) 3.78 10 John Simpson 25 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 3.99 Series 11 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) -- Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows 6 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) Unknown ( under 3.34 ) Julie Walters 7 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) 5.23 Walters traces her Irish great - grandfather , Anthony Clarke . Brian Blessed 14 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) 5.31 Blessed traces his great - great - great - grandfather , Barnabus Blessed , a bookbinder , and discovers that after moving from London to Portsmouth , his four children were left orphans . Blessed 's great - great - grandfather , Jabez Blessed , became a `` real life Oliver Twist '' . Tamzin Outhwaite 21 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 4.94 Brendan O'Carroll 28 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 6.06 5 Sheridan Smith 4 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 4.74 6 Mary Berry 11 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 4.75 7 Martin Shaw 18 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 5.39 8 Reggie Yates 25 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 4.18 9 Billy Connolly 2 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 5.74 10 Twiggy 9 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 5.33 Series 12 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) On 23 June 2015 , the BBC confirmed the lineup for Series 12 , which began on 13 August 2015 . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Paul Hollywood 13 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) 5.08 Jane Seymour 20 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 20 ) 5.14 Seymour traces the lives of two of her Polish Jewish great aunts during World War II . Derek Jacobi 27 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) 4.68 Jacobi , a descendant of Huguenots who fled persecution by Catholics , travels to France , where he discovers the horrors his Protestant ancestors faced during persecution . His sixth great - grandfather Joseph de la Plaigne , a prominent financier of Louis XIV , lived as a covert Protestant following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 . He was uncovered and imprisoned by the king in the Château de Loches in 1701 . He apparently bribed his way out of prison the next year and fled to London . In 1708 , two years before his death , the 70 - year - old de la Plaigne married fellow Huguenot Salomé de la Bastide , sister of Colonel Armand de la Bastide , and 45 years his junior . In 1709 they had a son , Guillaume , who was baptised with William Cavendish , 2nd Duke of Devonshire as his godfather . Guillaume anglicised his name to William Laplain and was chaplain to the Dukes of Devonshire . Jerry Hall 3 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) 4.38 5 Gareth Malone 10 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 4.56 6 Anne Reid 17 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 4.70 7 Frank Gardner 24 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 4.41 8 Anita Rani 1 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 4.38 9 Mark Gatiss 8 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Unknown ( under 3.80 ) 10 Frances de la Tour 22 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 3.83 Actress Frances de la Tour discovers aristocratic lineage . Her great - great - great - great grandmother Maria Elizabeth Adderley , stepdaughter of Robert Hobart , 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire , married captain Alan Gardner in 1796 . They divorced in 1805 after he discovered her affair with Henry Jadis , nephew of the Earl of Strathmore . Lady Gardner had an illegitimate child with Jadis , Henry Fenton Gardner ( born in 1802 ) , who was declared illegitimate by the House of Lords in 1825 following the Gardner Peerage Case , in which Henry unsuccessfully attempted to prove he was the rightful heir to the Gardner peerage . De la Tour visits Doddington Hall and Seaton Delaval Hall to find out more about Jadis ' mother , the Hon . Sophia Ann ( née Delaval ) , daughter of John Delaval , 1st Baron Delaval . De la Tour discovers Sophia 's sad story of becoming pregnant before marriage with Henry , and rushing to marry a man beneath her status , John Jadis . After suffering abuse from a drunken Jadis , Sophia divorced him but became ostracised socially . She developed an addiction to laudanum and died at 38 . Series 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) On 13 July , the line - up for the 13th series was confirmed . The series started on 24 November 2016 . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Danny Dyer 24 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 24 ) 5.45 Dyer discovers that his 3 × great grandmother had a criminal record for concealing the birth of her baby , who died , that his 15 × great grandfather was Thomas Cromwell , his 14 × great grandmother was Elizabeth Seymour , the sister of Jane Seymour , who was Henry VIII 's third wife and Queen , and that his 22 × great grandfather was Edward III . Amanda Holden 1 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) 4.71 Holden investigates a family rumour that she is of French heritage on her mother 's side . She discovers that her 5 × great - grandfather Collin Thomas served a year 's imprisonment after breaking his apprenticeship as a cordwainer by enlisting in the Royal Navy aged 15 . Following his sentence , he enlisted in the British Army 's 51st ( 2nd Yorkshire West Riding ) Regiment of Foot in 1807 and fought in the Peninsular War . In 1814 , while with his regiment in Bordeaux in South Western France , he met a local woman , Radegonde Charbonnel . He deserted from the army shortly before he was due to muster out , married Radegonde in 1816 and began a family , moving his wife and eldest children back to his home in Cornwall several years afterwards . She also discovers that her paternal grandfather , Frank Holden , a psychiatric nurse , survived the June 1940 bombing of the RMS Lancastria , which sank with the loss of thousands of lives , outside the port of Saint - Nazaire . Liz Bonnin 8 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) 3.94 Bonnin travels to Trinidad to discover her maternal family 's Indian heritage , discovering that her 2 × great - grandfather , Timothy Sirju , travelled to Trinidad from India with his family in 1872 , where he worked as an indentured servant . She then travels to Martinique to trace her paternal family 's French heritage and discovers that her 3 × great - grandfather , François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux , was a plantation and slave owner who married one of his freed slaves , Marie Joseph , in 1835 , and was actually born a slave . He and his mother , Pauline Zoé , were freed by his father , also François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux , and Pauline Zoé was a rare example of a freed female slave inheriting a plantation and becoming a slave owner . Cheryl 15 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) 4.81 Cheryl researches her maternal family . Research shows that her paternal line is from Tyneside and that there were a number of coal miners amongst Cheryl 's forebears . When tracing further back , in one of the branches of her paternal line , researchers find that her ancestry includes several mariners . The investigation into Cheryl 's maternal line shows that her grandmother , Olga Ridley , was one of twin girls born to Edith Annie Burton , the housekeeper for a widower named Joseph Ridley who already had a number of children from his marriage . Joseph Ridley had fought in World War I in the Durham Light Infantry as a pioneer in France and , from an examination of the census , before the war he had been a grocery warehouseman . 5 Ricky Tomlinson 22 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) 4.28 6 Ian McKellen 25 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 4.21 McKellen discovers that his great uncle , Frank Lowes , was an actor , and his great - great - grandfather , Robert Lowes , campaigned for a half - holiday for Manchester 's workers on Saturdays , an event that led to the evolution of the modern weekend . 7 Greg Davies 1 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 4.63 8 Warwick Davis 15 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 5.24 9 Sunetra Sarker 22 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 3.97 10 Sophie Raworth 8 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 4.45 Series 14 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On June 23 , the BBC announced the line - up for the series ' 14th series , which again would comprise 10 episodes and like the previous series would be split into two halves to be broadcast across the year on BBC One . The remaining five episodes feature TV presenter Fearne Cotton , comedienne Ruby Wax , actor and director Noel Clarke , singer Lulu and actress Lisa Hammond . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Charles Dance 6 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) TBA Craig Revel Horwood 13 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) TBA Clare Balding 20 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) TBA Adil Ray 27 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) TBA 5 Emma Willis 3 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) TBA 6 Lulu 17 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) TBA 7 Fearne Cotton 24 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) TBA 8 Noel Clarke 31 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) TBA 9 Lisa Hammond 7 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) TBA 10 Ruby Wax 4 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) The show was nominated for the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Best Factual Series . Media releases ( edit ) Series 1 -- 11 of Who Do You Think You Are ? are available on DVD in the UK ( Region 2 ) . In October 2007 , BBC Magazines began issuing Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine , a monthly publication that includes material from the TV series . The series 1 -- 4 box set of Who Do You Think You Are ? is available , distributed by Acorn Media UK . Complete Series Release dates DVD Extras and Bonus Features Number Of Discs Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Series TBA 5 March 2007 17 September 2008 Unseen Footage , First Steps to Researching Your Family The Complete Second Series TBA 4 September 2007 12 November 2008 Unseen Footage The Complete Third Series TBA 12 January 2009 18 March 2009 None The Complete Fourth Series TBA 3 August 2009 20 May 2009 Special episode in conjunction with the BBC 's `` Family Wanted '' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell , who was adopted a few days after he was born . The Complete Fifth Series TBA 1 February 2010 TBA Three behind - the - scenes features The Complete Sixth Series TBA 6 September 2010 TBA None The Complete Seventh Series TBA 7 March 2011 TBA None The Complete Eighth Series TBA 20 August 2012 TBA None The Complete Ninth Series TBA 5 August 2013 TBA None The Complete Tenth Series TBA 22 September 2014 TBA None The Complete Eleventh Series TBA 10 November 2014 TBA Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows Other countries ( edit ) See also : Who Do You Think You Are ? ( disambiguation ) The format of the series has proved popular around the world and the BBC has licensed it to many foreign television companies , who have produced their own individual versions : TVP1 has aired a Polish version , called Sekrety rodzinne , which was broadcast from November 2006 to March 2007 . In September 2007 , a first series of Canadian version , consisting of 13 episodes , aired on CBC Television . An Australian version aired on SBS in January 2008 , after six episodes of the BBC version had been shown ; the BBC programmes were those featuring Stephen Fry , Bill Oddie , Julia Sawalha , Jeremy Clarkson , Gurinder Chadha , and Nigella Lawson . In 2008 , ARD 's Das Erste aired the German version , called Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ( `` The secret of my family '' ) . They aired four episodes featuring Marie - Luise Marjan , Armin Rohde , Christine Neubauer and Peter Maffay . Ireland 's national broadcaster RTÉ has aired two series of Irish version of Who Do You Think You Are ? in autumn 2008 and autumn 2009 . The Irish version has included internationally recognised names such as Ardal O'Hanlon , Dana , Rosanna Davison , and Dermot Gavin . The British version of the show already airs on TG4 in Ireland . Sveriges Television , the Swedish public service broadcaster , aired a Swedish version called Vem tror du att du är ? in 2009 . Later that year , in May and June , they also aired the BBC episodes featuring Stephen Fry , Jeremy Irons , Nigella Lawson , John Hurt , and Jane Horrocks . Also on 31 May 2009 , South African station SABC2 premiered its version , split into two parts , featuring local personalities . An American adaptation of the show premiered on 5 March 2010 on NBC . In Britain , this began airing on BBC One on Sunday 13 June 2010 . In 2010 , the Dutch version called Verborgen Verleden ( `` Hidden Past '' ) of the show started . Thus far , eight series have been produced between 2010 and 2017 . From 2005 to 2008 , four series of the show Verre Verwanten ( `` Distant Relatives '' ) were shown on Dutch television . In September 2010 , the Danish TV station Danmarks Radio aired the first episode of the Danish version , called Ved du hvem du er ? . On 1 September 2010 , France 2 aired two episodes of the French version , Retour aux Sources , featuring Vincent Pérez and Clémentine Célarié In January 2011 , the Norwegian TV station NRK started to air the Norwegian version , called Hvem tror du at du er ? Starting on 9 January 2012 , Finland 's national public - broadcasting company , YLE , aired 15 episodes of the Finnish version , called Kuka oikein olet ? , in which local public figures searched for their origins . A furthering of the concept was developed for American public broadcast TV , called Finding Your Roots , with Henry Louis Gates . This series adds DNA profiling to the format ; including Y - chromosome DNA , mitochondrial DNA and autosomal DNA analyses to infer both ancient and recent genetic relationships . The series started airing on 25 March 2012 . In January 2013 , Czech broadcaster ČT started broadcasting their version of this show , called Tajemství rodu ( `` The secret of the lineage '' ) . Starting 15 January 2013 , RTP1 broadcast a Portuguese version called Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És ? ( `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' ) at the 10 : 30 pm timeslot . The first season featured such names as the comedian Herman José , the actresses Maria do Céu Guerra and Maria João Abreu , the musician Zé Pedro from the Xutos & Pontapés rock band and the fadista Camané . International versions ( edit ) Country Local Name Network Air Dates Australia Who Do You Think You Are ? SBS One January 2008 -- present Canada Quebec Who Do You Think You Are ? CBC Television 11 October 2007 -- 31 January 2008 Qui êtes - vous ? ( Who Are You ? ) ICI Radio - Canada Télé 8 November 2013 Czech Republic Tajemství rodu ( The Secret of the Family ) ČT1 9 January 2013 Denmark Ved du hvem du er ? ( Do You Know Who You Are ? ) DR1 15 September 2010 -- 17 March 2012 Finland Kuka oikein olet ? ( Who Are You ? ) Yle TV1 9 January 2012 France Retour aux Sources ( Back to Basics ) France 2 1 September 2010 Germany Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ( The Secret of My Family ) Das Erste 31 March 2008 -- Ireland Who Do You Think You Are RTÉ One 15 September 2008 -- 19 October 2009 Israel מי אתה חושב שאתה ? ( Mi Ata Hoshev She'ata ) Channel 1 4 February 2010 Netherlands Verborgen verleden ( Hidden Past ) Nederland 2 29 September 2010 -- present Norway Hvem tror du at du er ? NRK1 January 2011 -- present Poland Sekrety rodzinne ( Family Secrets ) TVP1 November 2006 -- March 2007 Portugal Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És ? RTP1 15 January 2013 Russia Моя родословная ( My Family Tree ) Channel One Russia 1 July 2009 -- 12 February 2011 South Africa Who Do You Think You Are ? SABC2 31 May 2009 Sweden Vem tror du att du är ? SVT1 Spring 2009 United States Who Do You Think You Are ? NBC ( 2010 -- 12 ) TLC ( 2013 -- present ) 5 March 2010 -- present Similar programmes ( edit ) BBC Wales has a similar series called Coming Home , which is made by Yellow Duck Productions and features celebrities with a Welsh background . In 2007 , Wall to Wall developed You Do n't Know You 're Born for ITV1 . The series saw various celebrities taking on their ancestors ' jobs . UKTV broadcast My Famous Family in 2007 . A short parody sketch of the show featured in the first series of The Armstrong and Miller Show in which Alexander Armstrong plays a fictionalised version of himself , discovering that his paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother were a child molester and a brothel - owner , respectively . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 6.4 million uncover Davina 's family history '' . Digital Spy. 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? with Nicky Campbell '' . Who Do You Think You Are . 11 July 2007 . BBC . BBC Two . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigella Lawson . BBC Who Do You Think You Are ? , 26 September 2006 ; retrieved 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth Traces Family History '' . BBC News . 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Articles -- BBC launching new series of Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . TheGenealogist.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Submitted by mattelton ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` This year 's Who Do You Think You Are ? celebrities revealed '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ richardm56 ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Yup . Sep 28 , 9pm BBC1 '' . Twitter . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Elton , Matt ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? 2012 : new series celebrities revealed '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? 2013 : new celebrities revealed '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows '' . BBC . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Julie Walters '' . BBC . 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( 9 August 2014 ) . `` Tearful Brian Blessed overcome as he discovers ' real - life Oliver Twist ' in the family '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Carl ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are returns with Paul Hollywood , Derek Jacobi and Jerry Hall '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC reveals WDYTYA ? 2015 running order '' . Who Do You Think You Are Magazine . 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Methven , Nicola ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Danny Dyer discovers he is related to royalty during making of BBC documentary '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Television Awards Winners in 2010 '' . BAFTA. 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AcornMediaUk.com is coming soon '' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series Eight ( DVD ) : Alan Carr , June Brown , J.K. Rowling , Larry Lamb , Robin Gibb , Emilia Fox : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk. 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series Nine ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series 10 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series 11 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are % 3F ( Irish TV series ) '' . RTÉ . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ About The Show ( Series 2 ) Who Do You Think You Are ? RTÉ Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? ( SA ) '' . TVSA . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Retour aux sources , TV Show '' , Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Sarja : Kuka oikein olet ? Ohjelmat Yle.fi '' . YLE . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tajemství rodu '' ( Secrets of the family ) ( in Czech ) . Ceskatelevize.cz. 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home , Coming Soon '' . South East Wales . BBC Wales . 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home Coming Soon '' . Mid Wales . BBC Wales . 28 January 2008 . Jump up ^ YouTube Armstrong and Miller - Who Do You Think You Are Spoof Published on 18 Nov 2007 accessed 15 July 2017 References ( edit ) `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series one : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series two : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series three : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series four : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series five : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? NBC Info Page With Celebrity Links '' . Footnote.com . External Links ( edit ) Who Do You Think You Are ? at BBC Programmes Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine BBC Who Do You Think You Are ? Story Family History at BBC Online Who Do You Think You Are ? on IMDb ( hide ) Who Do You Think You Are ? United Kingdom ( original ) Australia Canada Czech Republic Denmark Ireland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=810041352 '' Categories : 2004 British television programme debuts 2000s British television series 2010s British television series BBC television documentaries Television series about family history Television series by Warner Bros. Television English - language television programs British genealogy Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk فارسی Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who do you think you are season 13	[]	[]
5629898804800444921	Part I of the Constitution of India	Part I of the constitution of India - Wikipedia Part I of the constitution of India Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Part I -- The Union and Its territories is a compilation of laws pertaining to the constitution of India as a country and the union of states that it is made of . This part of the constitution contains the law in the establishment , renaming , merging or altering the borders of the states or union territories . This part contains four articles . These articles were invoked when West Bengal was renamed , and for formation of relatively new states such as Jharkhand , Chhattisgarh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Articles 1 & 2 2 Article 3 3 Article 4 4 See also 5 References 6 External References Articles 1 & 2 ( edit ) Part I of the constitution says that India , that is Bharat , shall be a union of states composed of states and union territories ( as listed in Schedule 1 ) and any acquired territories as admitted in article 2 . Article 1 mandates a federal structure in which all the citizens of the country shall have at least two tier governance with second tier as locally elected state government unless it is not feasible due to unavoidable limitations . With the seventh amendment to the constitution in 1956 , the concept of union territories is brought to administer areas which are very small in area or governed by international agreements or politically not evolved for locally elected governance . Sikkim was admitted as a state in Indian union on 26 April 1975 . There is no other area forming part of India excluding its states and union territories . The representation of seats in council of states ( Rajya Sabha ) shall be given in Schedule 4 of the constitution. The territorial waters and the exclusive economic zones shall also become part of the states or union territories in the absence of any listing of them separately in Schedule 1 and 4 of the constitution . There is no separate representation in parliament though people inhabit on these offshore areas for exploiting resources such as fisheries , oil and gas , etc . The constitution ( 40th amendment ) act , 1976 , was passed during the emergency period and received Presidential assent on 27 May 1976 . It substituted a new Article 297 so as to vest in Union of India all lands , minerals , and other things of value underlying the ocean within the territorial waters or continental shelf or exclusive economic zone of India . The territorial waters , continental shelf , exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones act , 1976 was enacted by the Indian government to notify the sovereign rights on these areas for dealings with other countries . However , it is not clear whether states are debarred from imposing taxes or royalty on the minerals extracted from the territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone ( which are still under states jurisdiction ) as per serial no . 50 of state list in seventh schedule of the constitution . Article 3 ( edit ) Article 3 provision says that the views of the state assembly shall be taken by the president before recommending for changing the boundary of a state . The original proviso of Article 3 was amended by Constitution ( fifth amendment ) Act , 1955 on 24 December 1955 . In case of union territories the provision for finding the views of the assembly is not applicable . The proviso of Article 3 would become redundant / superfluous if the views expressed by the state assembly is not of any concern for the president / central government in reorganisation of a state . The supreme court judgement in the case known as `` Babulal Parate vs The State Of Bombay on 28 August 1959 '' ruled that the Parliament has power to amend / modify substantially the bill sent to it on the recommendation of the president for making law . In this case , the Joint Select Committee of Parliament made its report on 16 July 1956 . Some of the clauses of the bill were amended substantially in Parliament and on being passed by both Houses by simple majority subject to Articles 107 ( 2 ) , 245 and 4 ( 2 ) , it received the President 's assent on 31 August 1956 , and became known as the States Reorganisation Act , 1956 . This legislation is in line with the Supreme Court verdict in Golaknath case , 1967 which states that parliament can also amend the constitution by normal legislation under Article 245 , Article 248 and entry 97 of union list in the seventh schedule . In 1973 , this verdict was over ruled or made invalid by the later judgement of Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati case where it is made clear that constitutional amendments are to be enacted under its constituent power only as per procedure given in Article 368 and no other article or provision of the constitution is applicable . However , in the case of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , the bill sent by the President to the state legislature of undivided Andhra Pradesh for expressing its views was rejected by the state legislature . The rejected bill was further substantially modified by the Central Government and President recommended the bill to Parliament for its enactment without getting views again of the state legislature before recommending to the parliament . The substantially modified bill with an amendment motion was passed by simple majority in to law without referring to the Joint Select Committee of Parliament and discussion on the bill in the Parliament . Many petitions were lodged in the Supreme Court challenging the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 under Article 3 . Article 4 ( edit ) Article 4 is invoked when a law is enacted under Article 2 or 3 for the marginal , incidental and the consequential provisions needed for changing boundary of a state or union territory . As per Article 4 ( 2 ) , no such law framed under Article 4 ( 1 ) , shall be deemed to be an amendment of the constitution for the purposes of article 368 . Before 1971 , there were few articles ( Articles 4 ( 2 ) , 169 ( 3 ) - 1962 , 239A ( 2 ) - 1962 , 244A ( 4 ) - 1969 , para 7 ( 2 ) of Schedule V and para 21 ( 2 ) of Schedule VI ) other than Article 368 which permitted marginal amendments to the constitution . However Article 4 ( 2 ) got superseded by the 24th amendment in the year 1971 to Article 368 ( Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and Procedure there for ) . Article 368 ( 1 ) was added by 24th amendment which says that notwithstanding anything in this Constitution , parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition , variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article . Constituent power means eligibility to frame constitution and make amendments to the constitution . Supreme court observed that article 368 ( 1 ) clearly defined the scope of constituent power which is power to make amendments , variations or deletions to the constitution . Constituent power conferred on the parliament must be exercised by it in accordance with the procedure given in article 368 ( 2 ) and can not be subjected to an inferior legislative procedure under article 4 or delegated to an outside agency . Thus there is only one procedure for bringing an amendment ( including of marginal nature ) to the constitution which is the procedure given in Article 368 . However , these superseded articles ( Articles 4 ( 2 ) , 169 ( 3 ) , 239A ( 2 ) , 244A ( 4 ) , 356 ( 1 ) c , para 7 ( 2 ) of Schedule V and para 21 ( 2 ) of Schedule VI ) have been in use for enacting laws for not contesting their validity in the court of law . See also ( edit ) List of amendments of the Constitution of India ( refer amendments 5 , 7 & 18 for Article 3 ) List of Indian federal legislation Constituent Assembly of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ministry of Law . `` Constitution of India - Part 1 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Mirchandani , G. G ( 1 January 1977 ) . Subverting the Constitution ( pages 187 & 188 ) by G.G. Mirchandani . ISBN 9788170170570 . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The territorial waters , continental shelf , exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones act , 1976 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Proviso : The name of a clause inserted in an act of the legislature , which generally contains a condition that a certain thing shall or shall not be done , in order that an agreement contained in another clause shall take effect Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India , January , 1950 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Amendment '' . Indiacode.nic.in. 1955 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Babulal Parate vs The State Of Bombay And Another on 28 August , 1959 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Paras 41 , 44 & 506e of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , ( AIR 1973 SC 1461 ) '' . 1973 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Invalid Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` supreme court admits petition against formation of telangana '' . Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of `` notwithstanding anything '' `` . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Amendment in India ( page 11 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` constituent power verses legislative power '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . External references ( edit ) Supreme court verdict on Non-obstante clause Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=799840146 '' Categories : Parts and articles of the Constitution of India Federalism in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2014 Use Indian English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 04 : 40 . About Wikipedia	a union of states in the indian constitution derived from	[]	[]
7187576695289393454	Don't Cha	Do n't Cha - wikipedia Do n't Cha Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Cha '' Single by The Pussycat Dolls featuring Busta Rhymes from the album PCD Released April 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 19 ) Format CD single digital download 12 '' Genre R&B dance - pop Length 4 : 47 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Anthony Ray Thomas Callaway Trevor Smith Producer ( s ) Cee - Lo Green The Pussycat Dolls singles chronology `` Sway '' ( 2004 ) `` Do n't Cha '' ( 2005 ) `` Stickwitu '' ( 2005 ) `` Sway '' ( 2004 ) `` Do n't Cha '' ( 2005 ) `` Stickwitu '' ( 2005 ) Busta Rhymes singles chronology `` What 's Happenin ' '' ( 2004 ) What 's Happenin'2004 `` Do n't Cha '' ( 2005 ) Do n't Cha2005 `` Touch It '' ( 2005 ) Touch It 2005 `` Do n't Cha '' is a song by American girl group The Pussycat Dolls from their debut studio album PCD ( 2005 ) . The song features rapper Busta Rhymes who co-wrote the song with its producer , CeeLo Green . The song contains an interpolation of `` Swass '' which is written and performed by Sir Mix - a-Lot . It is an R&B song . `` Do n't Cha '' was originally recorded by Tori Alamaze who released the song as her first single ; however , after minor success and dissatisfaction with her label she gave up her rights to the song . Universal Music Group gave it to the Pussycat Dolls as the label was trying to reinvent the girl group . `` Do n't Cha '' received positive reviews from music critics , many of whom highlighted it as a stand - out ; however , some of them criticized Busta Rhymes ' appearance . The song was a commercial success , peaking at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play and Pop 100 charts . The song reached number - one in fifteen other countries including Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . A music video for the song was directed by Paul Hunter features the group in various activities including jumping on a trampoline and drag racing in Jeeps ; additionally choreographed routines were performed at the chorus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Background 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Recognition 6 Legacy 7 Usage in media and cover versions 8 Live performances 9 Track listing 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 11.4 Century charts 12 Certifications 13 Radio and release history 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Background ( edit ) In January 2004 , Cee Lo Green finished writing and producing the song `` Do n't Cha '' which it 's chorus reprises the hook from Sir Mix - a-Lot 's `` Swass '' taken from album of the same name in a basement studio in Atlanta , Georgia . The song was originally written for Tori Alamaze , a former backing vocalist for the hip hop duo OutKast . In November , Alamaze signed with Universal Records and decided to release the song as her first single from her debut album which was due to release that same year . However , months later , Alamaze decided to part ways with the label as she was `` unhappy '' and felt that she `` got caught up in the middle of egos and favors . '' Thus she agreed to give up her rights to the song to get out of her contract . The song was still playing on radio while copies were available at stores . Her version of the song received minor success reaching number 53 on Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . Meanwhile , Intersope Records signed the Pussycat Dolls , a sextet spun off from the burlesque group which was created by Robin Antin . After Universal Records dropped Almaze , the label was still very much interested in `` Do n't Cha '' . Doug Morris -- then chairman of Universal Music Group -- suggested that `` Do n't Cha '' should be given to the Pussycat Dolls as the label was trying to reinvent the girl group . Initially Green was skeptical saying , `` I did n't know too much about them ( ... ) , but when I found out that ( Universal - owned ) Interscope Records was involved , that was an alliance I did n't hesitate to make . '' The Pussycat Dolls version was recorded around March adding two verses from rapper Busta Rhymes . Lead singer Nicole Scherzinger admitted that two records sounded identical . `` I had ( Alamaze 's ) version as a guide . But ours is just a bit fresher . '' This song was initially offered to both Sugababes and Paris Hilton , but both declined . In 2006 , Hilton claimed that she was presented with the track , but was not impressed with it , commenting . `` I think I did hear the song , but not in the format that we all came to know and love . If I 'd heard that , of course I 'd have jumped at the chance '' . Composition ( edit ) Sample of `` Do n't Cha '' A 30 - second sample of the Pussycat Dolls ' version of `` Do n't Cha '' from PCD featuring the hook `` Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me ? '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Do n't Cha '' is a R&B song that lasts four minutes and thirty - two seconds . The song was written by Thomas Callaway , Anthony Ray and Trevor Smith and produced by Callaway . According to the sheet music published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , `` Do n't Cha '' was composed using common time in the key of B ♭ minor , and set in a moderate hip hop tempo of 120 beats per minute . Naomi West described Busta Rhymes rap as `` garrulous '' . Speaking of their collaboration , Scherzinger said , `` He is so much fun . He 's so humble and he just makes you feel good . We are so grateful that ( Busta ) did it and was a part of it with us . We feel blessed . '' The song 's lyrics is about `` taunting a hapless man with the lyrics , `` Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me / Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was a freak like me '' . The chorus of the song is based on Sir Mix A Lot 's song `` Swass '' ( 1988 ) . Maeve McDermott distinguished `` Do n't Cha '' from other girl group songs like `` Wannabe '' , `` Independent Women '' and `` No Scrubs '' which promote female camaraderie . Marisa Meltzer of The Daily Beast felt that the song 's lyrics `` put forward the belief that a woman 's worth lies solely in her appearance and sexual permissiveness and just furthers the notion that women are in competition with one another over men . '' Critical reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Cha '' received mainly positive reviews . Sal Cinquemani of described the song as `` brassy and sassy '' adding that , `` the Pussycat Dolls have certainly carved a niche for themselves in 21st century pop history . Stephen Thomas Erlewine also favored the song saying `` there has never been a sex song quite as knowingly ironic yet undeniably sexy as this . '' Writing for musicOMH John Murphy described `` Do n't Cha '' as `` a silky , sexy little number that will become ubiquitous by the end of the month . '' However , he added that Busta Rhymes is annoying . `` It 's a shame that Busta Rhymes is as typically annoying as ever , but he does n't spoil the song too much . '' Spence D. from IGN wrote that the track 's `` sultry swagger - n - shuffle is the type of stuff that nasty boys and girls might enjoy grinding to . '' A reviewer from Contactmusic.com gave the song 4 out 5 stars favoring the `` serious dose of high energy and raunchy message , '' while criticized the song for not having `` any vocal talent . '' Lisa Haines from BBC described the track as `` memorable '' . She continued saying `` ( it 's ) a groovy R&B duet with Busta Rhymes , is easily the best . '' Isaac McCalla from About.com praised the song . `` This single is a serious dose of high energy , wickedly fun and slammin ' house music . '' Azeem Ahmad also from musicOMH in a separate review commented , `` strangely enough ' Do n't Cha ' is n't purely eye candy . '' However , he was critical stating : `` not even Busta Rhymes ' cameo appearance can prevent Do n't Cha from seeming like nothing more than a promo for some generic product aimed at young males . '' Chuck Arnold and Ralph Novak of People magazine wrote that the group is `` responsible for ( 2005 ) guiltiest pleasure . '' Billboard named the song # 30 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time . Accolades ( edit ) The song was nominated for Top Selling Single of the Year at the 2005 Billboard Music Awards . At the 2006 Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Awards the song won the award in the category for Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Sales . At the 21st International Dance Music Awards , the song was nominated in the Best R&B / Urban Dance Track and Best Pop Dance Track categories , winning for Best R&B / Urban Dance Track . In May and August the song was listed as one of the recipients of the Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) Pop Awards and Urban Awards . The same year , the song was nominated for Best R&B / Soul Single , Group , Band or Duo at the 2006 Soul Train Music Awards . Chart performance ( edit ) Mariah Carey ( pictured ) blocked `` Do n't Cha '' from the top position in the US with `` We Belong Together '' ( 2005 ) . In the United States , `` Do n't Cha '' debuted at number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated May 7 , 2005 . In its tenth week , `` Do n't Cha '' entered the top ten at number eight . The track reached number two in its sixteenth week , becoming their highest charting single in the country . The song stayed there for three consecutive weeks , being held off the top spot by Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' , which spent a total of 14 non-consecutive weeks at number one . Despite the song not reaching the top position on the Billboard Hot 100 , it reached number one spot on the Hot Dance Club Play and Pop 100 and charts for three and seven consecutive weeks respectively . `` Do n't Cha '' is the second longest - charting song on the Hot Digital Songs chart spending 68 weeks behind Kelly Clarkson 's `` Since U Been Gone '' and Usher 's `` Yeah ! '' which both spent 74 weeks . `` Do n't Cha '' took three - and - a-half years to reach the two million mark in paid downloads , and by May 2011 the song has sold three million copies according to Nielsen Soundscan . The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipment of a million copies of the single . In the United Kingdom , before officially being released as a single , `` Do n't Cha '' debuted at number 44 only on import . Following its single release , the track peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart becoming the first all - American female group to top the singles chart since Destiny 's Child 's `` Survivor '' in 2001 selling 85,021 copies . The track spent three weeks atop and present within top 10 and 40 of the chart for 10 and 23 weeks respectively . By September 2015 the song sold 336,130 digital downloads , 284,200 physical copies and was streamed 2.11 million times . It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipments of 600,000 copies . According to the Official Charts Company `` Do n't Cha '' is the 147th best - selling single of the 21st century . In Ireland , the song debuted at number one on the Irish Singles Chart and stayed for four consecutive weeks . The song has also reached the peak in a number of European countries including Belgium ( Flanders ) , Germany , Norway and Switzerland . Across Oceania , the song topped the charts in its first week in both Australia and New Zealand . `` Do n't Cha '' spent 7 non-consecutive weeks at number one in Australia , where it also remained on the chart for 23 total weeks . It was certified two - times platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . In New Zealand , the song reached number one in its first week and spent more than half of its time on the chart in the top ten . It was certified gold , selling over 7,500 copies , according to the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . Music video ( edit ) The Pussycat Dolls dancing around American rapper Busta Rhymes . Background ( edit ) An accompanying music video for `` Do n't Cha '' was directed by Paul Hunter during the week of April 11 , 2005 . Nicole Scherzinger told MTV News that the video was all about having fun . `` Busta Rhymes is pretty phat , man . He is so much fun . He 's so humble and he just makes you feel good . When you 're around him , you feel magical . The lyrics are , ' Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me . ' ... But if you see the video , it 's all about being who you are , having fun and being confident -- and feeling hot . It 's not so much about looking hot ... although looking hot is important . '' Synopsis ( edit ) The opening sequence of the video features the Pussycat Dolls riding in jeeps and Busta Rhymes rapping his verse , simultaneously . The video continues to switch back and forth from Scherzinger singing her parts separately and the other Pussycat Dolls singing along . Scherzinger is seen throughout the video wearing the infamous `` do n't cha '' hoodie that features the first line of the chorus ( `` Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me '' ) on the top part of her sweater . Once the chorus kicks in , the group is seen performing a dance routine surrounded by walls with graffiti printed on each side . Then , the group is seen at an underground party where each member is jumping from a ground trampoline . The Pussycat Dolls are seen surrounded by party guests as they strut down a case of stairs . Once the girls are on the ground , another dance routine is performed . Busta Rhymes is featured in the next scene where he raps his final verse . The scene continues to switch between Scherzinger and Busta Rhymes together and Scherzinger with the group until chorus starts again and Scherzinger is in the center of the group and then lifts herself and kicks two chairs in front of her . The Pussycat Dolls continue to dance and sing until the video ends . Robin Antin and Cee - Lo Green make appearances in the video towards the end . Recognition ( edit ) Brandee J. Tecson of MTV commented , `` leave it to the Pussycat Dolls to cast someone in their music video who can actually steal attention away from six gyrating half - naked chicks . '' Billy Johnson , Jr. of Yahoo ! Music said , `` front and center , the stunning Nicole Scherzinger , surrounded by good company , pranced around in tank tops and short shorts while drag racing in convertible jeeps . They raised the bar . '' VH1 listed `` Do n't Cha '' at number fourteen on its Top 40 Videos of 2005 . The music video was nominated for Best Dance Video at the 2006 International Dance Music Awards . It was also nominated for the Best R&B video at the 2006 MTV Australia Video Music Awards but lost to Chris Brown 's Run It ! . Billboard described the music video for the song as `` iconic '' for girl groups . Andrew Unterberger of Billboard said , `` It was inevitable that the song and video would become massive , and become massive they did , with the song heating up the Hot 100 chart and the video establishing the group as mainstays on MTV for many subsequent ( though not quite as memorable ) videos to come . '' Legacy ( edit ) In September 2011 , VH1 ranked `` Do n't Cha '' number 96 on its list of The 100 Greatest Songs of the 2000s . Billboard ranked `` Do n't Cha '' third best song of the Summer of 2005 . To acknowledge the most popular films , television shows , celebrities and music of the 2000s decade , `` Do n't Cha '' was featured in VH1 's I Love the 2000s . Billboard also ranked the song number 29 on the list of Top 40 Girl Group Songs Of All Time , and third on the Favorite Girl Group Single poll the same week . `` Do n't Cha '' has appeared on multiple Fuse countdowns including number 41 on Girls Who Run The World , number 51 on Top 100 Pop Breakthroughs , number 14 on Top 100 Sexy Beats. and number 17 on 4Music 's Biggest R&B Hits of the Naughties . Usage in Media and cover versions ( edit ) The song is featured in Disney 's 2009 animation movie G - Force , Date Movie , and Norbit . It was also used in the 2010 comedy film Easy A . The song was used in a 2007 commercial for Heineken beer . In the United Kingdom , the song for was featured as a background music for a 2015 television commercial for Moneysupermarket.com ; it stars Sharon Osbourne . The song was featured in the King of the Hill episode Death Picks Cotton in a scene where Bobby was dancing . Several artists have recorded cover versions of `` Do n't Cha '' . In 2006 , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included the song in his polka medley `` Polkarama ! '' from his 2006 album , Straight Outta Lynwood . In 2006 , the song was performed by Westlife on their Greatest Hits Tour . In 2007 , Dan le Sac Vs Scroobius Pip sampled the song on their song `` Thou Shalt Always Kill '' . Richard Cheese covered the song on his 2009 album Viva La Vodka . The Baseballs also covered the song on their 2009 debut album Strike ! . Garbage gave the impression that their song `` Betcha '' was a cover version of `` Do n't Cha '' ; however , the song alluded to it in the lyrics : Thomas Callaway , Anthony Ray and Trever Smith , the writers of `` Do n't Cha '' are not given any songwriting credit for `` Betcha '' . Colbie Caillat covered the song which she performed for Pepsi . A group auditioning for X Factor ( French TV series ) called Creme de la Femme , covered the song for the audition process . Rylan Clark performed the song during the bootcamp stages on The X Factor in 2012 . A contestant on The Voice named Domo , covered the song during the blind auditions stages of the show in 2012 . Myrtle Sarrosa performed the song in the seventh week of the second season of the Philippine edition of Your Face Sounds Familiar , impersonating Nicole Scherzinger . Live Performances ( edit ) The Pussycat Dolls were the last performers of KIIS - FM 's Wango Tango music festival which was held in Los Angeles , on May 14 , 2005 . Prior the performance Scherzinger said , `` We are so psyched ( to play tonight ) . We ca n't wait . It 's going to be amazing . '' While closing their set with `` Do n't Cha '' , MTV 's Brandee J. Tecson commented , `` Like a lot of the day 's performers , the Dolls were newcomers to the Wango stage , but ended the night like veterans . '' On August 14 , 2005 The Pussycat Dolls performed `` Do n't Cha '' at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards . On December 2005 the group performed for the annual KIIS - FM Jingle Ball wearing `` festive candy - cane - striped belly shirts and red - and - green capri pants . '' The set list included `` Do n't Cha '' , ' Stickwitu '' and `` Wait a Minute '' . On June 30 , 2006 , The Pussycat Dolls performed on Good Morning America as part of its Summer Concert Series along with `` Buttons '' and `` Stickwitu '' . On July 7 , 2007 , The Pussycat Dolls together with other artists performed at the Live Earth Concerts , which were held to raise awareness of global warming . They performed `` Do n't Cha '' , `` Stickwitu '' , and `` Buttons '' . The group then performed the song at the Walmart Soundcheck , along with `` I Hate This Part '' , `` Buttons '' , `` When I Grow Up '' and `` Takin ' Over the World '' . The Pussycat Dolls also performed `` Do n't Cha '' at the Doll Domination Tour ( 2009 ) . Maureen Ellis of the Evening Times said that the `` high - energy encore of ' Do n't Cha ' and ' When I Grow Up ' ensured the Dolls reigned supreme . '' Track listing ( edit ) Australian , German and UK CD maxi single `` Do n't Cha '' ( Main Mix ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 4 : 47 `` Do n't Cha '' ( More Booty Mix ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 4 : 48 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 02 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Video ) German and UK CD single `` Do n't Cha '' ( Main Mix ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 4 : 47 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 02 US CD single / US 12 '' vinyl `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 3 : 40 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 02 US CD single ( Remixes ) `` Do n't Cha '' ( Ralphi 's Hot Freak Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 17 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Kaskade Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 34 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Ralphi 's Hot Freak 12 '' Vox Mix ) -- 9 : 52 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Kaskade Club Mix ) -- 6 : 48 `` Do n't Cha '' ( DJ Dan 's Sqweegee Dub ) -- 8 : 20 UK 12 '' vinyl `` Do n't Cha '' ( Main Mix ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 4 : 47 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 02 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Instrumental ) -- 4 : 43 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of PCD . Sample Contains interpolations of `` Swass '' performed by Sir Mix - a-Lot . Personnel Songwriting -- Anthony Ray , Thomas Callaway , Trevor Smith Production -- Cee - Lo Green Engineering -- Ethan Mates Mixng -- Steve Baughman Trumpet / Horn contractor -- Chris Tedesco Trumpet -- Bill Churchville Trombone -- Nick Lane Saxophone -- Ray Herrmann Guitar -- John Goux Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 -- 06 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Club Tracks ( ARIA ) 11 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canadian Singles Chart ( Nielsen ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 6 Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 22 European Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 56 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 31 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 90 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 73 Century charts ( edit ) Chart ( 21st Century ) Position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 147 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 630,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 3,000,000 Ringtone United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Radio and release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States April 19 , 2005 Contemporary hit radio A&M Interscope Rhythmic radio April 26 , 2005 CD maxi single 12 '' July 19 , 2005 Digital download -- Remixes EP Asia September 5 , 2005 CD maxi single 12 '' Universal Australia Europe A&M Interscope See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2005 ( Australia ) List of best - selling singles of the 2000s in Australia List of number - one singles of 2005 ( Ultratop 50 ) List of European number - one hits of 2005 List of number - one hits of 2005 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2005 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one hits of 2005 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one dance singles of 2005 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( UK ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2005 List of number - one dance airplay hits of 2005 ( U.S. ) List of top 10 singles in 2005 ( UK ) List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( decade ) in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sherburne , Philip ( July 24 , 2005 ) . `` Do n't Cha Blink '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Singles : Top 50 - For the week ending August 25 , 2005 '' . Nielsen SoundScan . Canadian Online Explorer . August 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2005 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200603 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` The Pussycat Dolls -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for The Pussycat Dolls . Jump up ^ `` The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes : Do n't Cha '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 36 , 2005 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 39 , 2005 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes -- Do n't Cha '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 17 , 2005 / Archive Chart : September 17 , 2005 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 17 , 2005 / Archive Chart : September 17 , 2005 '' UK R&B Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Pussycat Dolls -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Pussycat Dolls . Jump up ^ `` The Pussycat Dolls -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for The Pussycat Dolls . Jump up ^ `` The Pussycat Dolls -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for The Pussycat Dolls . Jump up ^ `` The Pussycat Dolls -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for The Pussycat Dolls . Jump up ^ `` The Pussycat Dolls Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 for The Pussycat Dolls . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade singles 2009 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2005 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2009 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year End European Hot 100 Singles Chart 2005 01 - 2005 52 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2005 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2005 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2005 '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2005 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Music Charts . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Singles Chart 2005 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pussycat Dolls Purr Their Way Up Club Play Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Sales -- ARIA End of Decade Singles / Top 100 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Die ultimative Chart Show Hits des neuen Jahrtausends '' . RTL Television . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Radio 1 Chart of the Decade , as presented by Nihal on Tuesday 29th December 2009 Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- The Pussycat Dolls -- Do n't Cha '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Enter The Pussycat Dolls in the field Interpret . Enter Do n't Cha in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( The Pussycat Dolls ; ' Do n't Cha ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- The Pussycat Dolls -- Do n't Cha '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2006 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( The Pussycat Dolls ; ' Do n't Cha ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Pussycat Dolls -- Do n't Cha '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Enter Do n't Cha in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Girlbands vs Boybands -- their biggest songs of the century revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- The Pussycat Dolls -- Do n't Cha '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` FMQB : Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Arbitron Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Pussycat Dolls Featuring Busta Rhymes - Do n't Cha '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Music -- Do n't Cha ( Remixes ) - EP by The Pussycat Dolls '' . iTunes Store ( United States ) . Apple . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pussycat Dolls * Featuring Busta Rhymes - Do n't Cha '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` Do n't Cha '' music video on YouTube The Pussycat Dolls Nicole Scherzinger Carmit Bachar Jessica Sutta Kimberly Wyatt Ashley Roberts Melody Thornton Kaya Jones PCD `` Do n't Cha '' `` Beep '' `` Wait a Minute '' `` Stickwitu '' `` Buttons '' `` I Do n't Need a Man '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Right Now '' `` Sway '' Doll Domination `` When I Grow Up '' `` Bottle Pop '' `` Whatcha Think About That '' `` I Hate This Part '' `` Out of This Club '' `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' `` Hush Hush ; Hush Hush '' `` Top of the World '' Extended plays Doll Domination -- The Mini Collection Live albums Live from London Television Pussycat Dolls Present The Search for the Next Doll Girlicious Concert tours PCD World Tour Doll Domination Tour Related topics Discography Awards and nominations Songs Robin Antin Asia Nitollano `` Bad Girl '' Book Busta Rhymes Discography Albums The Coming When Disaster Strikes ... E.L.E. ( Extinction Level Event ) : The Final World Front Anarchy Genesis It Ai n't Safe No More ... The Big Bang Back on My B.S. Year of the Dragon L.O.N.S. albums A Future Without a Past ... T.I.M.E. ( The Inner Mind 's Eye ) Flipmode albums The Imperial Compilations Total Devastation : The Best of Busta Rhymes Turn It Up ! The Very Best of Busta Rhymes The Artist Collection : Busta Rhymes Rich Gang ( with YMCMB ) Singles `` Woo Hah ! ! Got You All in Check '' `` It 's a Party '' `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' `` Dangerous '' `` Turn It Up ( Remix ) / Fire It Up '' `` Gimme Some More '' `` What 's It Gonna Be ? ! '' `` Break Ya Neck '' `` Make It Clap '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` Where 's Your Money ? '' `` Touch It '' `` I Love My Bitch '' `` New York Shit '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Do n't Get Carried Away '' `` Do n't Touch Me ( Throw da Water on ' em ) '' `` We Made It '' `` Arab Money '' `` Hustler 's Anthem ' 09 '' `` Respect My Conglomerate '' `` World Go Round '' `` Why Stop Now '' `` Twerk It '' `` Thank You '' `` Calm Down '' L.O.N.S. singles `` Case of the P.T.A. '' `` Sobb Story '' `` The International Zone Coaster '' `` Scenario '' `` What 's Next '' `` Classic Material '' Flipmode singles `` Everybody on the Line Outside '' `` Cha Cha Cha '' Featured singles `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Victory '' `` Fire '' `` What 's Happenin ' '' `` Do n't Cha '' `` Hurt '' `` Run the Show '' `` Peace Sign / Index Down '' `` Rotate '' `` C'mon ( Catch ' em by Surprise ) '' `` Look at Me Now '' `` Welcome to My Hood ( remix ) '' `` Worldwide Choppers '' `` The Woman You Love '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Take You There '' Other songs `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Related articles Native Tongues Conglomerate Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Cha&oldid=797374777 '' Categories : 2005 songs 2005 singles The Pussycat Dolls songs Busta Rhymes songs Songs written by CeeLo Green Songs written by Busta Rhymes Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Number - one singles in Australia Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from September 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 17 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings dont you wish your girlfriend was hot like me	[ "The opening sequence of the video features the Pussycat Dolls riding in jeeps and Busta Rhymes rapping his verse, simultaneously. The video continues to switch back and forth from Scherzinger singing her parts separately and the other Pussycat Dolls singing along. Scherzinger is seen throughout the video wearing the infamous \"don't cha\" hoodie that features the first line of the chorus (\"Don't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me\") on the top part of her sweater. Once the chorus kicks in, the group is seen performing a dance routine surrounded by walls with graffiti printed on each side. Then, the group is seen at an underground party where each member is jumping from a ground trampoline. The Pussycat Dolls are seen surrounded by party guests as they strut down a case of stairs. Once the girls are on the ground, another dance routine is performed. Busta Rhymes is featured in the next scene where he raps his final verse. The scene continues to switch between Scherzinger and Busta Rhymes together and Scherzinger with the group until chorus starts again and Scherzinger is in the center of the group and then lifts herself and kicks two chairs in front of her. The Pussycat Dolls continue to dance and sing until the video ends. Robin Antin and Cee-Lo Green make appearances in the video towards the end." ]	[ "The Pussycat Dolls" ]
1840235000938105537	Earth's orbit	Earth 's orbit - wikipedia Earth 's orbit Jump to : navigation , search The Earth at different points in its orbit Earth 's orbit is the trajectory along which Earth travels around the Sun . The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million km ( 92.96 million mi ) , and one complete orbit takes 365.256 days ( 1 sidereal year ) , during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km ( 584 million mi ) . Earth 's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167 . As seen from Earth , the planet 's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1 ° ( or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours ) eastward per solar day . Earth 's orbital speed averages about 30 km / s ( 108,000 km / h ; 67,000 mph ) , which is fast enough to cover the planet 's diameter in 7 minutes and the distance to the Moon in 4 hours . From a vantage point above the north pole of either the Sun or Earth , Earth would appear to revolve in a counter clockwise direction around the Sun . From the same vantage point , both the Earth and the Sun would appear to rotate also in a counterclockwise direction about their respective axes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of study 2 Influence on Earth 3 Events in the orbit 4 Future 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History of study ( edit ) Main article : Heliocentrism Heliocentric Solar System Heliocentrism ( lower panel ) in comparison to the geocentric model ( upper panel ) Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets , including Earth , in its orbit . Historically , heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC . In the 16th century , Nicolaus Copernicus ' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century . This `` Copernican revolution '' resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent . `` Although Copernicus 's groundbreaking book ... had been ( printed ) over a century earlier , ( the Dutch mapmaker ) Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world . '' Influence on Earth ( edit ) Main article : Season Because of Earth 's axial tilt ( often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic ) , the inclination of the Sun 's trajectory in the sky ( as seen by an observer on Earth 's surface ) varies over the course of the year . For an observer at a northern latitude , when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky . This results in warmer average temperatures , as additional solar radiation reaches the surface . When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun , the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler . Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle , an extreme case is reached in which there is no sunlight at all for part of the year . This is called a polar night . This variation in the weather ( because of the direction of the Earth 's axial tilt ) results in the seasons . Events in the orbit ( edit ) By astronomical convention , the four seasons are determined by the solstices -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit of the maximum tilt of the Earth 's axis , towards the Sun or away from the Sun -- and the equinoxes -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit where the Earth 's tilted axis and an imaginary line drawn from the Earth to the Sun are exactly perpendicular to one another . The solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts . In the northern hemisphere winter solstice occurs on or about December 21 ; summer solstice is near June 21 ; spring equinox is around March 20 ; and autumnal equinox is about September 23 . The effect of the Earth 's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere , thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere ( e.g. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice ) . In modern times , Earth 's perihelion occurs around January 3 , and the aphelion around July 4 ( for other eras , see precession and Milankovitch cycles ) . The changing Earth -- Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9 % in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion . Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun , the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year . However , this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt , and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere . The Hill sphere ( gravitational sphere of influence ) of the Earth is about 1,500,000 kilometers ( 0.01 AU ) in radius , or approximately 4 times the average distance to the moon . This is the maximal distance at which the Earth 's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets . Objects orbiting the Earth must be within this radius , otherwise they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun . Orbital characteristics epoch J2000. 0 aphelion 152.10 × 10 ^ km ( 94.51 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.0167 AU perihelion 147.10 × 10 ^ km ( 91.40 × 10 ^ mi ) 0.98329 AU semimajor axis 149.60 × 10 ^ km ( 92.96 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.000001018 AU eccentricity 0.0167086 inclination 7.155 ° to Sun 's equator 1.578690 ° to invariable plane longitude of the ascending node 174.9 ° longitude of perihelion 102.9 ° argument of periapsis 288.1 ° period 365.256 363 004 days average speed 29.78 km / s ( 18.50 mi / s ) 107,200 km / h ( 66,600 mph ) The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth 's elliptical orbit . The orbital ellipse goes through each of the six Earth images , which are sequentially the perihelion ( periapsis -- nearest point to the Sun ) on anywhere from January 2 to January 5 , the point of March equinox on March 19 , 20 , or 21 , the point of June solstice on June 20 , 21 , or 22 , the aphelion ( apoapsis -- farthest point from the Sun ) on anywhere from July 3 to July 5 , the September equinox on September 22 , 23 , or 24 , and the December solstice on December 21 , 22 , or 23 . The diagram shows an exaggerated shape of Earth 's orbit ; the actual orbit is less eccentric than pictured . Because of the axial tilt of the Earth in its orbit , the maximal intensity of Sun rays hits the Earth 23.4 degrees north of equator at the June Solstice ( at the Tropic of Cancer ) , and 23.4 degrees south of equator at the December Solstice ( at the Tropic of Capricorn ) . Future ( edit ) Main article : Stability of the Solar System Mathematicians and astronomers ( such as Laplace , Lagrange , Gauss , Poincaré , Kolmogorov , Vladimir Arnold , and Jürgen Moser ) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions , and this quest led to many mathematical developments and several successive `` proofs '' of stability for the Solar System . By most predictions , Earth 's orbit will be relatively stable over long periods . In 1989 , Jacques Laskar 's work indicated that the Earth 's orbit ( as well as the orbits of all the inner planets ) can become chaotic and that an error as small as 15 meters in measuring the initial position of the Earth today would make it impossible to predict where the Earth would be in its orbit in just over 100 million years ' time . Modeling the Solar System is a subject covered by the n - body problem . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Astronomical unit Barycenter Earth 's axial tilt Earth 's rotation Geocentric orbit -- the orbit of any object orbiting the Earth , such as the Moon or an artificial satellite Satellite Space station Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Our planet takes about 365 days to orbit the Sun . A full orbit has 360 ° . That fact demonstrates that each day , the Earth travels roughly 1 ° in its orbit . Thus , the Sun will appear to move eastward across the sky relative to the stars by that same amount . Jump up ^ For the Earth , the Hill radius is R H = a ( m 3 M ) 1 / 3 , ( \ displaystyle R_ ( H ) = a \ left ( ( \ frac ( m ) ( 3M ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) , ) where m is the mass of the Earth , a is an astronomical unit , and M is the mass of the Sun . So the radius in AU is about ( 1 3 ⋅ 332 946 ) 1 / 3 ≈ 0.01 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 332 \ , 946 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) \ approx 0.01 ) . Jump up ^ All astronomical quantities vary , both secularly and periodically . The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000. 0 of the secular variation , ignoring all periodic variations . ^ Jump up to : aphelion = a × ( 1 + e ) ; perihelion = a × ( 1 -- e ) , where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity . Jump up ^ The reference lists the longitude of perihelion , which is the sum of the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perihelion . Subtracting from that ( 102.937 ° ) the node longitude of 174.873 ° gives − 71.936 ° . Adding 360 ° gives 288.064 ° . That addition does not change the angle but expresses it in the usual 0 -- 360 ° range for longitudes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sun : Facts & Figures '' . Solar System Exploration . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Astronomical Algorithms 2nd ed , ISBN 0 - 943396 - 61 - 1 ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1998 ) 238 . See Ellipse # Circumference . The formula by Ramanujan is accurate enough . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( 2004 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Earth Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . Johannes Petreius. 1543 . Jump up ^ Jerry Brotton , A History of the World in Twelve Maps , London : Allen Lane , 2012 , ISBN 9781846140990 p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` What causes the seasons ? ( NASA ) '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Date & Time of Solstices & Equinoxes '' . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aphelion is 103.4 % of the distance to perihelion . See `` Orbital characteristics '' table . Due to the inverse square law , the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9 % of the radiation at aphelion . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack ( 2005 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Earth 's tilt creates seasons '' . USAToday . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vázquez , M. ; Montañés Rodríguez , P. ; Palle , E. ( 2006 ) . `` The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets '' ( PDF ) . Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ Allen , Clabon Walter ; Cox , Arthur N. ( 2000 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . Springer . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Jump up ^ The figure appears in multiple references , and is derived from the VSOP87 elements from section 5.8. 3 , p. 675 of the following : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer , Tropic of Capricorn , Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle ? '' . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laskar , J. ( 2001 ) . `` Solar System : Stability '' . In Murdin , Paul . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astropvhysics . Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing . article 2198 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , John ( 2004 ) . Deep simplicity : bringing order to chaos and complexity ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6256 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Earth - Venus smash - up possible '' . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Earth 's orbit at Wikimedia Commons Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Horseshoe Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν , θ , f True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_orbit&oldid=841814600 '' Categories : Earth Dynamics of the Solar System Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 07 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the radius of earth's orbit	[]	[]
7648629294945869831	List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters	List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters - Wikipedia List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters in Jeff Kinney 's book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid as well as the film versions of the first , second , and third book . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of graphic novels written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney . The books are written as the journals of the main character named Greg Heffley . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is also a series of films based on the books . Jeff Kinney was an executive producer . Like the books , the movies are the journals of Greg Heffley , played by Zachary Gordon in Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days , and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules , and Jason Drucker in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul . Contents 1 Greg Heffley 2 Rowley Jefferson 3 Frank Heffley 4 Susan Heffley 5 Manny Heffley 6 Rodrick Heffley 7 Greg 's relatives and other family 7.1 Gramma 7.2 Grandpa Heffley 7.3 Joe Heffley 7.4 Joe Heffley 's Wife 7.5 Joe Heffley 's Children 7.6 Charlie Heffley 7.7 Uncle Cecil 7.8 Loretta Heffley 7.9 Aunt Veronica 7.10 Terrence Heffley 7.11 Gammie Heffley 7.12 Reba Heffley 7.13 Gary Heffley 7.13. 1 First wife : Linda 7.13. 2 Second wife : Charlene 7.13. 3 Third wife : Lydia 7.13. 4 Fourth wife : Sonja 7.14 Aunt Dorothy 7.15 Arthur Heffley 7.16 Great Uncle Bruce 7.17 Byron Heffley 7.18 Nana Heffley 7.19 Aunt Cakey 7.20 Aunt Audra 7.21 Aunt Gretchen 7.22 Malvin and Malcolm 7.23 Meemaw and Peepaw 7.24 Gramma 's sisters 7.25 Lawrence Heffley 7.26 Chester `` Remus '' Heffley 7.27 Georgia 7.28 Benjy Heffley 7.29 Tony and Patricia Heffley 7.30 Uncle Larry 7.31 Martina 7.32 Gerald 8 Rowley 's family 8.1 Mr. Jefferson 8.2 Mrs. Jefferson 8.3 Rowley 's grandfather 9 Other characters 9.1 Fregley 9.2 Preston Mudd 9.3 Christopher Brownfield 9.4 Holly Elizabeth Hills 9.5 Chirag Gupta 9.6 Patty Farrell 9.7 Heather Hills 9.8 Albert Sandy 9.9 Mr. Ira 9.10 The Snellas 9.11 Scotty Douglas 9.12 Mr. Underwood 9.13 Bill Walter 9.14 Dr. Salazar Kagan 9.15 Lenwood Heath 9.16 Taylor Pringle 9.17 Jordan Jury 9.18 Angie Steadman 9.19 Pete Hosey 9.20 The Warrens 9.21 The Beardos 9.22 Joshie 9.23 Maddox Selsam 10 Pets and Other Animals 10.1 Dogs 10.1. 1 Sweetie 10.1. 2 Nutty 10.1. 3 Killer 10.1. 4 Rudy 10.1. 5 Henry 10.1. 6 Rebel 10.2 Other pets 10.2. 1 Greg 's Fish 10.2. 2 Rodrick 's Fish 10.2. 3 Aunt Gretchen 's pets 10.2. 4 Squirm 10.2. 5 The Pig 11 References Greg Heffley ( edit ) Main article : Greg Heffley Self - drawing of Greg Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley is 12 years old in the first novel . Greg 's actions can however be antagonistic at times , including terrorizing kids , trying to steal money from a church collection basket , lying in confession , picking on other students , playing pranks on his best friend , selling falsely advertised fitness water and even praying for bad stuff to happen to others . However , he can also be a kind hearted character . He helps his brother with his homework , gets his friend a date for a dance , helps out , and forgives his friends . Greg is portrayed by Zachary Gordon and Jason Drucker in the movie series . He ca n't stop flirting with girls . But after all , he is a funny kid . Rowley Jefferson ( edit ) Rowley as drawn by Greg Rowley Jefferson is Greg 's best friend . In the first book , Rowley is an antagonist in Greg 's point of view while technically in a third - person view , Greg is the antagonist and Rowley is the protagonist . In Dog Days , they separate after Rowley damages Greg 's chances of winning a video game championship , but they get back together at the end of The Ugly Truth . At the end of The Third Wheel , Rowley begins dating Abigail Brown , a girl who was originally Greg 's date for the Valentine 's Day dance . This plot continues in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Hard Luck , where he ditches Greg for his new girlfriend Abigail . At the end of the book , the couple break up and he becomes friends with Greg again . Rowley has what Greg considers strange interests for his age and gender , such as liking a singer for `` six - year - old girls '' named Joshie and action figures Greg believes are for younger kids . Rowley is also the owner of the comic strip Zoo Wee Mama . Rowley claims that Greg had nothing to do with the comic strip in the first book , a rare antagonistic move from him . In the movie series , Rowley is portrayed by Robert Capron & Owen Asztalos . Rowley 's shortest appearance was in The Long Haul , where he is only mentioned on one page . Frank Heffley ( edit ) Francis `` Frank '' Heffley is Greg 's overreactive but well - meaning father . He is interested in U.S. history , and his replica of a Civil War battlefield is a plot point in the series . Frank is edgy around Rowley , does not appreciate Greg 's skill at video games , loathes heavy metal , and adolescents . In Rodrick Rules , during Thanksgiving dinner , Frank turns up the thermostat to make everyone leave . He tries to toughen Greg up and threatens to send him to a military academy in The Last Straw , although ultimately this does not come to fruition , much to Greg 's relief . However , Greg and Frank grow together in Dog Days . Frank is portrayed by Steve Zahn in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . In Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , he is played by Tom Everett Scott . Susan Heffley ( edit ) Susan Heffley is Greg 's mother . Though she is loving and motherly , she sometimes seems naive , absent - minded , embarrassing , and overprotective , apparently thinking she knows about what kids Greg 's age are into when in fact , she does n't . She does n't like technology causing her to have the family to have their differences . She believes that technology is distant to her family . She also wants to become a good mother in front of her peers . She and her husband pays far more attention to Manny than their other two sons . She is portrayed by Rachael Harris in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . In Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , she is portrayed by Alicia Silverstone . In the online version of the first book , Susan was known as Ann Heffley . Manny Heffley ( edit ) Manny as drawn by Greg Manfred `` Manny '' Heffley is Greg and Rodrick 's younger brother . He is an annoying , spoiled child who is constantly doted on by his mother . He makes a great number of demands and throws temper tantrums if they are not fulfilled . Among Manny 's most well - known characteristics are his refusal to be toilet - trained and his complete inability to remain in nursery school . He frequently damages Greg 's property , and uses his age as an excuse for doing so . Whenever they go on vacations , Manny ends up ruining it and gets away with it . The excessive coddling he receives from his parents infuriates Greg . He also takes advantage of his overindulgence . It is revealed in The Third Wheel that Manny has imaginary friends , whom he blames for his misbehavior . Despite his very young age and spoiled attitude , Manny shows signs of actually possessing more intelligence than he appears to have . He surprises his family by his ability to speak Spanish in The Long Haul , but plays this to his advantage by persuading some Mexican men to take them to retrieve their pet pig . He is his grandmother 's favorite , although she denies this . In the three movies based on the first four books , Manny is portrayed by Connor and Owen Fielding . In the movie , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , he is portrayed by Wyatt and Dylan Walters . Manny has similar traits to those of Farley Drexel `` Fudge '' Hatcher . Rodrick Heffley ( edit ) Rodrick is Greg 's formerly aggressive older brother . He is the drummer in a garage band called `` Löded Diper '' ( loaded diaper ) , noted for their substandard heavy metal concerts and limited musical abilities . Rodrick is not an exception to Frank 's notorious distrust of all teenagers . Rodrick is infamous for his stereotypical rebellious nature , feigning illness in Rodrick Rules so as to be allowed to remain at home to throw a chaotic house party during his parents ' absence , only for the evidence to appear in newly developed photographs that are quickly discovered by the boys ' parents . He bullies Greg a lot and pulls awful pranks that ruins Greg 's and his family 's life . Rodrick also possesses incompetent tendencies , as his school assignments are notoriously crude and idiotic . He assumes that Abraham Lincoln was the author of To Kill a Mockingbird and , with Greg 's aid , bases a science presentation around the hypothesis of whether or not plants sneeze . His spelling abilities are also poor , and he devotes a lot of time to tormenting Greg . In the books , Rodrick owns and drives a white van , which sports his band 's name written in large black letters , on either side of it and lacks any back seats , the reason being that Rodrick needs room for his band equipment . In the movie series , the van is revealed to be a 1996 Chevrolet Astro AWD van , which also sports a diaper 's pin drawn on the rear doors . In Rodrick Rules , Greg is haunted by the fact that Rodrick knows about his most mortifying experience during the summertime . This haunts him when he returns to school . However , his fears are quickly eased after the story becomes distorted to Greg 's advantage due to it being passed around by so many people ( à la Chinese Whispers ) , temporarily boosting his popularity . By the end of the film adaptation of Rodrick Rules , he is much closer to Greg , and his actions to him becomes much less aggressive . This is also shown in the film adaptation of Dog Days when Rodrick thanks Greg for getting him a gig at Heather Hills ' Sweet 16 . In the film series based on the books , Rodrick is played by Devon Bostick . In the film , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , Rodrick is played by Charlie Wright . Greg 's relatives and other family ( edit ) Gramma ( edit ) Gramma is Susan 's mother and Greg 's maternal grandmother . Gramma is known to drive a car like the Heffleys ' . Greg often calls her to his home as a way to avoid his dad 's scoldings , since his dad will not do this when she is around . When she is about to leave , Greg quickly goes to accompany her . Grandpa Heffley ( edit ) Greg 's paternal grandfather is a typical unpredictable grandfather who is asked to babysit Rodrick and his brother in Rodrick Rules . He lives in a care home called Leisure Towers and enjoys playing games such as `` Gutbusters '' , which the two boys find boring . Grandpa is a smoker . He has his television tuned to the CCTV in the care home lobby , which he spends his time watching . In Old School , he moves out of Leisure Towers because the rent is too high and moves in with the Heffleys . Grandpa has a girlfriend named Darlene in the book `` Hard Luck '' and broke up with her in the book `` Old School '' . Grandpa dates online . Greg is his favorite . Grandpa is known for making an awful dish named `` Watercress Salad '' which is just cucumber and floating beans in a pool of vinegar . This dish is hated by Greg but Rodrick makes him have more . It 's stated that Grandpa never spent much time with Frank when he was a boy . Joe Heffley ( edit ) Joe Heffley is Frank 's brother and Greg 's uncle . Frank has a sibling rivalry with Joe due to his actions . When Manny started potty training , Uncle Joe insisted that there was a `` potty monster '' that was about to get him , causing him to fear using the bathroom , forcing Frank to change his diapers for a longer time . Greg says that he could hear Frank cursing Joe under his breath every time he changed Manny 's diapers because of this . Uncle Joe 's children call their uncle `` Aunt Fwank '' , which Frank swears he told them to do on purpose ; Susan thinks it 's cute . In Dog Days , Greg mentions that he tried to make Uncle Joe convince Frank to get a dog , but that did not work out . He also mentions that Joe 's dog , Killer ate most of his birthday cake . Joe Heffley 's wife ( edit ) Joe Heffley 's wife is a dark - haired woman and Greg 's aunt . She appears rarely in the books . Joe Heffley 's children ( edit ) Joe Heffley has at least 3 children , who appear to be a bit older than Manny , and are Greg 's cousins . They all call Frank `` Aunt Fwank . '' Charlie Heffley ( edit ) Charlie Heffley is Nana Heffley 's brother and Greg 's great uncle . He is also Greg 's `` secret weapon '' at Christmas , as he asks him to buy him presents that his parents have forbidden him from receiving . However , this backfires as he is usually given the wrong thing . For example , Greg wanted to use a Barbie dollhouse as a fort for his soldier action figures , but Charlie gave him a Barbie doll instead , and Greg got a shoe stuck in his nose . Also , when it was brought up at a family meeting that Greg was into superheroes , he received Wonder Woman underwear . Charlie is a bachelor and spends his spare money well . Greg says he wants to follow in his footsteps . in the first book , Greg thought Charlie got him Twisted Wizard because of the size of the box , but it was just an 8x10 picture of Charlie . In The Last Straw , Charlie got Greg a laundry hoop , hinting that he is tired of being Greg 's secret weapon at Christmas , as the events that transpired meant that Greg effectively got a chore for Christmas . Uncle cecil ( edit ) Cecil is the boys ' uncle but is only 3 or 4 years old . He sits at the grown - ups table at family gatherings because Greg 's Great Aunt Marcie adopted him and since he 's her son , he 's allowed to sit at the grown - ups ' table . He only appears in Hard Luck . Loretta Heffley ( edit ) Loretta Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt and the sister of Grandpa , Arthur and Reba . She got a thank you note for some pants she gave Greg at Christmas . She appeared mainly in Rodrick Rules at the Thanksgiving dinner . She also appeared a couple of times in the Do It Yourself Book and The Ugly Truth . It is implied that Greg and Rodrick dislike her , as they fight over who has to greet her first when she visits . Aunt Veronica ( edit ) Aunt Veronica is Greg 's aunt and Susan 's sister . Greg states that she has never been seen in person since he was 2 or 3 years old , but calls his family members on video chat . When Greg was sitting on the toilet playing games on his brand new phone ( which was actually a hand - me - down from his mother ) , she started a video chat with him . This startled him , leading to him dropping the phone into the toilet ... She appears in Hard Luck multiple times - often in person - but on other occasions by video conference on a tablet and the used phone that Susan gave to Greg . Terrence Heffley ( edit ) Terrence , who has a mustache and glasses , is Frank 's second cousin . It is implied that Greg thinks he is stupid This was suggested when he was explaining that when Terrence was his age , he looked exactly like him , which is true . Greg then mentions he better start saving up for plastic surgery . Gammie Heffley ( edit ) Gammie is Greg 's great - grandmother , and the unofficial head of the Heffley family . She only appears in The Ugly Truth , as a minor character . She also has Legos that Susan bought so that her kids had something to do at her house . Gammie glued them together to make one whole brick because of the mess the blocks make . Gammie is a trickster and knows a lot because of `` experience '' . When someone in the family is about 12 or 13 years old she gives them The Talk , which is about how kids should not be hurrying to grow up . Gammie loves having visitors for dinner . One day she bought a scratch ticket , and matched up two pictures and told all her family members that she had won a lot of money . Everyone was in a very big rush to visit her . When they all arrived Frank told Gammie that to win you had to match up three pictures . When she found this out , she did not really care . She pulled a roast right out of the oven , and Greg figures she got what she really wanted anyway . Gammie is the mother of Grandpa , Arthur , Reba , and Loretta Heffley . Gammie is briefly mentioned by Greg in Cabin Fever when he says she gave a miniature carousel that held spoons from all over the world to Greg 's family five or six years before . Reba Heffley ( edit ) Reba Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt . Gammie forgot to give her an invitation at Christmas , but she came anyway . She made everyone feel guilty . She only appears in The Ugly Truth . She is stubborn . She and Loretta are identical twins . Reba is the sister of Grandpa , Loretta , and Arthur Heffley . Gary Heffley ( edit ) Garrison `` Gary '' Heffeley is Greg 's uncle and has been married four times . In The Ugly Truth it is revealed that all of his wives divorced him as soon as they found out about his financial situation and job . In The Third Wheel he comes to live with Greg 's family after he discovers his job selling shirts in Boston was a ripoff - `` Boston '' was spelled `` Botson '' . Later in the book he is chosen to be the DJ at Greg 's Valentine 's Day dance . In Double Down , Gary cut down a big branch hanging over his driveway and ended up breaking his collarbone . First wife : Linda ( edit ) Reason for divorce : Job unappealing for her ( Gary was working as a mascot at children 's parties ) . Second wife : charlene ( edit ) Reason for divorce : Financial miscommunication ( He had $45 in his bank instead of $45,000 . ) Third wife : Lydia ( edit ) Reason for divorce : Unknown , possibly because of a tattoo that used to read `` Lydia '' ( and was later modified to read `` I am not in love with Lydia anymore '' ) . Fourth wife : Sonja ( edit ) Reason for likely divorce : He was only engaged to her by accident when a plane with a banner saying `` MARRY ME SONJA '' flew over the baseball game where he was going to break up with her because he wanted to start dating her sister . Apparently , there was another Sonja at the baseball stadium . Before Gary could say anything , Sonja turned around and said `` YES , YES ! '' When they divorced , it was after their wedding when Gary 's friend included the story in his speech . Aunt Dorothy ( edit ) Dorothy is Greg 's great aunt who always kisses him on the lips . Greg 's mom , Susan , says it is rude to wipe off the kisses Dorothy gives him . She is overweight and sometimes passes gas loudly , much to Greg 's dismay . She appears on the `` Have You Ever '' page in the Do - It - Yourself Book when Greg asks : `` Have you ever been kissed full on the lips by a relative who 's older than seventy ? '' This probably means she is older than 70 years old , and that she is actually his great - aunt . Arthur Heffley ( edit ) Arthur Heffley is Greg 's great - uncle . He only speaks in grunts or makes random sounds . He never has an actual conversation with anybody , but sometimes Greg tries to respond to him just in case he is trying to communicate . For example , once when he said `` Rrup ? '' , Greg replied `` Umm ... No thank you '' . He wears glasses and a neck tie . Arthur is the brother of Reba , Grandpa , and Loretta Heffley . Great uncle Bruce ( edit ) Great Uncle Bruce is a deceased character who is mentioned in Cabin Fever and The Third Wheel . Greg is presented with a rather luxurious blanket as a Christmas gift , only to be repelled by it upon learning that it had formerly belonged to Great Uncle Bruce before his death . This leads him to give it to an unsuspecting Rodrick as a birthday present . In The Third Wheel , Greg uses Great Uncle Bruce 's old cologne on Valentine 's Day , which ends up attracting some old ladies . Byron Heffley ( edit ) Byron is Frank 's cousin whom Greg is not excited to see because at Gammie 's last meeting , he was sent out to get milk , but hit a pothole halfway home , and got a flat tire . Greg had to get him . He needed supplies , so Greg returned to Gammie 's . Because of his muddy shoes the ladies needed to warn him since he was about to track mud into the house . Unfortunately , he forgot about Byron 's tire , and he was not happy when he got to Gammie 's . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Nana Heffley ( edit ) Not much is known about Nana , but according to a young Greg , she smells like asparagus . She is Greg , Rodrick , and Manny 's paternal grandmother , mother to Frank , Joe and Gary , and Mother - in - law to Susan . She is Grandpa 's wife . It is revealed in Double Down she died when Greg was younger and it makes him uncomfortable to think she is `` watching '' him from heaven . Her first appearance was in Double Down . Aunt Cakey ( edit ) Aunt Cakey is Susan 's oldest sister and does not like kids . She used to have a dog . She despises kids , and Susan now never trusts her to babysit Greg . Aunt Audra ( edit ) Aunt Audra is one of Susan 's sisters . She believed in crystal balls and took Greg along with her to see her fortuneteller a few times . Susan think Audra is wasting her money , but the fortuneteller once told Greg , `` A dark haired woman will try to plant a seed of doubt in your mind . '' The fortuneteller also told Audra that Meemaw 's ring was inside a photo album . It turned out the fortuneteller did not mean it literally . Aunt Gretchen ( edit ) Aunt Gretchen is Susan 's youngest sister . She has two out - of - control twin sons , Malvin and Malcolm . Aunt Gretchen has at least thirty pets . In Hard Luck , her rabbit ( which everyone thought was a male but was actually female ) has a litter of bunnies , angering Frank . Once they played throw and catch with a strong sharp piece of concrete . Malvin had to go to the emergency room to get stitches in his forehead . Malvin and Malcolm ( edit ) Malvin and Malcolm are Gretchen 's two sons . They are out - of control kids , playing catch with rocks and cement chunks . Malcolm is the wilder . He once got hold of Frank 's shaving kit and shaved himself . He also called the police to report Greg 's family for running out of ketchup . This results in Frank angrily making them leave . Meemaw and Peepaw ( edit ) Meemaw and Peepaw are the parents of Gramma and her two sisters , and are the grandparents of Susan . Their first appearance was in Hard Luck . Peepaw is portrayed as old and batty . Meemaw is dead , while Peepaw is still alive . Meemaw was in charge of putting prizes in the Easter eggs , and wore a diamond ring , which was extremely valuable because it had been in her family for three generations . Before she died , she accidentally put her ring in an Easter egg that was found by Greg at the end of the book . Meemaw appears in the film adaption of the Long Haul played by Mimi Gould . Meemaw 's birthday results in Susan 's `` great Heffley road trip '' . Gramma 's sisters ( edit ) Gramma 's sisters are the great - aunts of Rodrick , Greg , and Manny . They are the aunt 's of Susan Heffley and her sisters . Lawrence Heffley ( edit ) Lawrence Heffley is Greg 's uncle who is always traveling , and therefore is unable to make it to family events . He did , however , appear at Great - Grandpa Chester 's funeral by webcam . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Chester `` Remus '' Heffley ( edit ) Chester Heffley was Greg 's great - grandfather and Gammie Heffley 's husband . It was revealed that he died in The Ugly Truth . Greg referred to him as Remus in The Do it Yourself Book . Georgia ( edit ) Georgia is Greg 's cousin who has an extremely loose tooth that she does not want to pull out . She only appears in Hard Luck . Benjy Heffley ( edit ) Benjy Heffley is Greg 's cousin . He can read chapter books and speak in full sentences . However , he still is n't potty trained . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Tony and Patricia Heffley ( edit ) Tony and Patricia Heffley are Greg 's aunt and uncle and the parents of Benjy Heffley . Uncle Larry ( edit ) Uncle Larry is supposedly Greg 's uncle . Greg is not sure if he is an actual relative , and he thinks someone invited him to a family gathering at some point and that he has been coming ever since . When Audra 's fortuneteller told her Meemaw 's ring was in a photo album , Larry helped realize that the ring was in a plastic egg . This was proved to be true , as it was found in a plastic egg by Greg later on . Martina ( edit ) Martina is Susan 's cousin who smashed her collarbone at a buffet in Las Vegas , and ended up suing the hotel . She possibly owns a Porsche . Gerald ( edit ) Gerald is Susan 's cousin who lives in California . He lived with Greg 's family a few months after Greg was born , and even used to change his diapers . Rowley 's family ( edit ) Mr. Jefferson ( edit ) Mr. Jefferson is Rowley 's father , and is far more shrill than Mr. Heffley . He is extremely rude and paranoid , and does not accept any criticism from anyone of himself or his property . He is the strictest father in the series so far . He will not let Rowley play any video game with the slightest bit of violence or fighting in it , as he thinks doing this could change Rowley into a different person . Mr. Jefferson thinks Greg is a `` bad influence '' on his son . It is also shown that Mr. Jefferson had a close bond with Rowley . He shows little interest in sports until Dog Days , where he is found playing tennis with Rowley and golf with a caddy . In Rodrick Rules , Greg and Rowley say in their secret language : `` Your - pa dad - pa smells - pa like - pa a woman - pa ! '' Greg is then sent home early , and questions how Mr. Jefferson cracked the code . In Dog Days , it is revealed that Mr. Jefferson 's first name is Robert . When Susan emailed him because of the note Greg sent her , it had Mr. Jefferson 's first name on it . In `` Old School '' , he is stuck chaperoning the group of extra kids ( which includes Rowley and Greg ) , much to Greg 's dismay . Later , Rowley adds poison ivy to a fire started by him and he has problems breathing on the next morning , which means he and Rowley ( Who had spots on his body ) would be going back home . In the film series , Mr. Jefferson has not spoken until the third film , implying that he is a man of a few words . Mrs. Jefferson ( edit ) Mrs. Jefferson is Rowley 's mother . She often seems to be concerned about Rowley such as the time he broke his big toe after Greg put one of his dad 's dumbbells under a pillow that Rowley kept kicking at Greg 's sleepover . She also had Greg apologize to her for what he did to Rowley . Despite this , Mrs. Jefferson always enjoys Greg 's company with Rowley . Although Mrs. Jefferson loves Greg , she does not let him come over because her husband dislikes him . In day 24 of the online version , it is revealed that her first name is Linda from Greg 's The Boy Whose Family Thinks He 's a DOG comic . In the first film , Rowley 's mother is portrayed by Kaye Capron , Robert Capron 's real life mother ; in Dog Days she is portrayed by Bronwen Smith . Rowley 's grandfather ( edit ) Rowley 's grandfather only appears in Rodrick Rules . It is his birthday and he asks for a chocolate cake for his next birthday . Because of his no lying policy Greg replies : `` If you 're even alive next year '' . He is 90 years old in Rodrick Rules . He is an antagonist . Other characters ( edit ) Fregley ( edit ) Fregley is Greg 's firm and impeccably graspable acquaintance and neighbor noted for his unexplained lot of odd or disgusting eccentricities . He has been known to perplex others with his behavior , and does not have any known friends . Greg has been forced to hang around with Fregley on several occasions , to his chagrin or aggravation . It has been mentioned that Fregley is prohibited from eating sugar by his parents , and the consumption of it in large quantities will send him into hysterical , uncontrollable frenzies . Fregley won the `` Student of the Week '' award in `` Cabin Fever '' for not biting anyone for five days . In the film adaptions of the books , Fregley is played by Grayson Russell . Preston Mudd ( edit ) Preston Francis Mudd is the name of one of Greg 's classmates . He is said to have been the best player in the basketball unit of gym class during sixth grade at Westmore Middle School . Christopher Brownfield ( edit ) Christopher Brownfield is one of Greg 's friends and is shown to have been a great mosquito magnet while hanging out with Greg in the summer . Holly Elizabeth Hills ( edit ) Holly Elizabeth Hills is the name of one of Greg 's classmates ; an older girl who primarily serves as Greg 's unrequited romantic interest and also Heather Hills ' younger sister . She is the youngest daughter of Mr. Hills and Mrs. Hills . A minor character , she earns a prominent role in The Last Straw as the object of Greg 's most recent infatuation . He is continuously motivated to impress her to no avail . Virtually oblivious to Greg 's existence or identity ( Greg stops trying to impress her after she mistakes him for Fregley ) , she appears to take an interest in Rowley 's sweetness , judging by an enthusiastic message which she had signed in his yearbook ( as opposed to the note that she had written for the envious Greg ) . She seldom appears afterwards . Greg 's interest in her is seemingly damaged by events such as this and he starts showing an interest in other girls , including Holly 's older sister Heather . Whereas her personality is hardly explored in the books , Holly 's role was increased in film adaptions , debuting in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules as a newcomer to Greg 's middle school with whom he is instantly besotted . She is depicted as being friendly and good - natured . The relationship she shares with Greg and Rowley is emphasized and exaggerated in the film portrayals , to the extent it can be assumed that the feelings Greg has for her may be mutual . She reappears in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . Her family is portrayed as being wealthy and her sister shown to be tyrannical , spoiled , and selfish . Holly seems to enjoy the boys ' companionship , and shows gratitude for Rodrick Heffley 's unintentional blunders that wind up destroying the undeserving Heather 's birthday party . The party ends with Holly slipping her hand into Greg 's , implying that she likes him as well , and she , Greg and Rowley had a pool party not long after . Holly is portrayed by Peyton R. List . Chirag Gupta ( edit ) Chirag Gupta is one of Greg 's schoolmates and a minor character in the books . He is characterized by his short stature . Although he and Greg are well - acquainted and generally amiable to one another , Greg started the `` Invisible Chirag '' prank in Rodrick Rules . During the summer the Gupta family were to move away but an unexplained alteration in their plans changed this . As a result , Chirag 's classmates teasingly ignore his existence or presence for days on end , which aggravates and shocks him . Though Chirag has apparently forgiven Greg and his fellow schoolmates for concocting the prank , it is mentioned in one book that he takes advantage of his family 's non-observance of the Christmas holiday , and no obligation to behave for Santa Claus , to pick on Greg . In the movie adaptions , Chirag 's role is enhanced and he is a close friend of Greg and Rowley . He also plays a considerably more prominent role in these films , appearing in adaptions of books in which he is absent or hardly mentioned . He is depicted as being Indian - American . He is portrayed by Karan Brar . Patty Farrell ( edit ) Patricia `` Patty '' Farrell is a minor character who shares an intense rivalry with Greg , which is showcased on a few occasions . It is implied she is a hardworking but sanctimonious and domineering student . She earns Greg 's animosity after she suggests a map of the United States displayed in the classroom be covered during a geography quiz . Greg had planned to cheat using the map and this causes great difficulties for him , and makes him agitated . Motivated by his lust for revenge , he volunteers to play a tree in the school 's upcoming production of `` The Wizard of Oz '' after viewing the movie adaption for the first time . He believes the role entails having to bombard the character of Dorothy Gale ( whom Patty would be portraying in the play ) with apples , only to learn that this scene was deleted for the school production . He winds up re-enacting this scene , despite the script , sending his parents into a rage . She has yet to play quite as significant a role in the book series again . She has become something of a minor recurring character whose appearances are rare . In the film adaptions of the books , Patty 's role is enhanced slightly . She is depicted as being monstrously demanding . Her parents are involved with the school board in this portrayal . The motivation given for her hatred of Greg is his recital of an offensive playground chant poking fun at her that sent her bursting into tears in elementary school . She appears in the film adaptions of all three films Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Diary of a Wimpy Kid ; Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . Alterations made to the books include her talent for both wrestling and playing tennis . She snatches any opportunity to assault Greg somehow while engaged in either sport with him . She is played by Laine MacNeil . Heather Hills ( edit ) Heather Hills is the attractive elder sister of Holly Elizabeth Hills , with whom Rodrick is infatuated . A minor character in the books , but the main antagonist in the third film , Heather is only featured in several books as the object of Greg 's unrequited infatuation . However , she seems oblivious to this . A student attending Westmore High School with Rodrick , she has had several minor occupations throughout the course of the books , during each of which Rodrick fecklessly attempts to grab her attention or to impress her . Little insight into her personality is provided in the book series . Similar to her younger sister , Holly , Heather 's personality and role is further enhanced in the only film adaption in which she has appeared , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . In a modification of the events of the books , she is depicted as the oldest daughter of the Hills family . She is spoiled , obnoxious , rude , ignorant , selfish , conceited , ungrateful , unforgiving , cold - hearted , demanding , mistreating her family and acquaintances . Plus , she proves to be even worse than Rodrick . Lovelorn , Rodrick Heffley and his band are hired to perform at Heather 's ostentatious upcoming sixteenth birthday party , and , in an attempt to earn her admiration , Rodrick winds up messing up the celebration and decorations during a boisterous , and substandard performance of Justin Bieber 's `` Baby '' , which makes Heather very upset and the party ends in disaster . She is portrayed by Melissa Roxburgh . Heather has a slight reference to the behavior of the Carnotaur from Disney 's `` Dinosaur ( film ) '' . Albert Sandy ( edit ) Albert Sandy is a minor character , who talks often about rumors he has heard . The validity of his statements are unconfirmed . One of the statement which was not confirmed by Greg was when Albert told him that `` it was medically impossible for a girl to fart '' . Greg knew that it was not true because when his mom hugged Aunt Dorothy on Christmas Eve she farted . Albert has appeared in The Last Straw , The Ugly Truth , Old School , and Double Down . Mr. Ira ( edit ) Only appearing in Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Mr. Ira is a teacher at Greg 's middle school who is on the school newspaper adult staff , and enlists a replacement comic strip for the newspaper . He was made fun of in a comic strip entitled Dumb Teachers , and later bowdlerises Greg 's Creighton the Cretin comic . He does not do the same with Rowley 's Zoo - Wee Mama strip , much to Greg 's chagrin . The Snellas ( edit ) First appearing in The Last Straw , The Snellas are a family that lives in the Heffleys ' neighborhood . They have a lot of children , all of whom are male , with names beginning with the letter S. Five of the children 's names are revealed , and they are ( from oldest to youngest ) : Shawn , Shane , Sam , Scott , and Seth . In The Last Straw , it is revealed that each Snella child has a half birthday party at which the adults perform funny stunts , to attempt to make the babies laugh . According to Greg , however , no baby has laughed once . Mr. Snella records the action on his camcorder . Mr. Snella then sends the videos to America 's Funniest Families , a spoof and parody of America 's Funniest Home Videos , and has never won anything ( though after Greg is filmed wearing Wonder Woman underoos hanging off a tree with his trousers below his ankles at the end of The Last Straw , the footage is sent , and it is never explained if Mr Snella won with it ) . Their most recent appearance was in The Ugly Truth , when they move to another house because of a strange smell they can not get rid of in their home . The smell was deviled eggs , which Greg hates and threw into one of their plant pots when he was having dinner at their house . Despite trying to find the cause of the smell , the Snellas can not figure it out and eventually just move . Greg feels guilty when he sees that they are taking the plant pot with them , but he resolves to try to find a way to sneak deviled eggs into Fregley 's house . In Cabin Fever , it is revealed a man named Mr. Alexander moved into the Snellas ' house . Scotty douglas ( edit ) Scotty is a first grader from Rowley 's karate class . In Rodrick Rules , Scotty was going to do a magic act in the Talent Show with Rowley as his assistant . But after Greg breaks Rowley 's big toe , he has to fill in for Rowley . Greg complains about being a magician 's assistant to Scotty , but Susan tells Scotty 's mother that Greg would be happy to replace Rowley . In the tryouts , Greg messes up the act so badly they are the only ones not to make the auditions . Scotty has a remarkably similar appearance to Greg 's comic character , Creighton The Cretin , except Creighton 's eyes are wide open and Scotty 's eyes are beady just like all the other characters that do not wear glasses . In The Ugly Truth , he becomes the new Peachy Breeze kid , yet can not say the slogan right . Between Rodrick Rules and The Ugly Truth it appears that Scotty has two siblings - an unnamed baby sister and an older brother ( who is supposed to be ugly ) . In The Third Wheel , when Greg and Rowley become private investigators Greg looks through the window at his house to find him playing one of Greg 's video games with Rowley . Mr. Underwood ( edit ) Mr. Underwood is Greg 's Phys Ed coach . In the film series , he is named Coach Malone . Bill Walter ( edit ) Bill Walter is a 35 - year - old high school drop out , and professional singer , who has a rude attitude . Rodrick idolizes him and his lifestyle . In the novel Rodrick Rules , he was voted `` Most Likely to Be a Rock Star '' which influenced Rodrick to persuade him to join the band . Frank Heffley strongly dislikes Bill because he disapproves of his lifestyle , and is afraid Rodrick will follow in his footsteps . In the movie version of Rodrick Rules he is portrayed by Fran Kranz and is an antagonist . He agrees to join Rodrick 's rock band Loded Diper and later attempts to kick him out for an unknown reason . After performing the song Exploded Diper , Rodrick retaliates and kicks him out . He also makes an appearance with Rodrick at the beginning at the roller rink . In the book Greg describes him as unemployed and still living with his parents even though he is 35 years old . Also , in Rodrick Rules Bill appears to be a slob , as he `` slorks '' pot roast . Dr. salazar Kagan ( edit ) Dr. Kagan , Frank 's dentist , makes his debut in The Ugly Truth . Frank takes Greg to Dr. Kagan instead of his usual dentist , a pretty woman named Rachel on whom Greg has a crush . Greg bites Dr. Kagan 's finger when his teeth are being checked . In what Greg believes to be an act of revenge , Dr. Kagan tells Frank that Greg needs headgear to correct his overbite . Greg says Dr. Kagan is scary and evil and that he never fools around . He has sharp metal tools and never smiles -- not even when his picture is taken . He also has billboards on the highway with ads that freak Greg out . His motto is , `` Bad oral health is nothing to smile about . '' Dr. Kagan makes a brief appearance in Double Down when Greg compares him to a book he read called Spineticklers # 67 : My Dentist is The Devil . Lenwood Heath ( edit ) Lenwood Heath only appears in The Last Straw . He is a rebellious teenager , who was Greg 's father 's arch - enemy for about three months before he was sent to military academy . This resulted in him becoming a fine young man who works at the movie theater . In the Dog Days film , he is portrayed by Tom Stevens , and is seen working as a lifeguard at the pool the Heffleys are attending . Taylor Pringle ( edit ) Taylor Pringle is a minor character who only appears in the films , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days and does not appear in the books . She is a girl who is very rude and unforgiving , and is first seen at the end of the opening scene in Rodrick Rules in which during her birthday party at the roller rink , Rodrick embarrasses Greg , prompting Greg to try and tackle him , but he misses and lands in Taylor 's birthday cake , destroying it . As a result of this , Taylor gets angry and she and her friends begin beating up Greg as the intro begins . She appears again in Dog Days , at the country club 's pool , in which she simply asks Heather what time the snack bar closes and Heather rudely states `` What do you think I am , a guide book ? Come back to me when you 're drowning . '' . Later , when Greg attempts to impress Holly by jumping off the high diving board , he becomes nervous , due to it being very high above the water . Taylor then comes up behind Greg and states that he is talking to himself , due to being scared . When Greg gives Taylor a brush - off that he is not scared and that she is `` just a little kid '' , she pressures him to jump . When Greg jumps , he loses his swimsuit on the board , and Taylor chucks it onto a nearby fence to get back at Greg for berating her . As a result , Greg is forced to borrow a girl 's swimsuit that reads Holly on it until he goes to the fence to retrieve his own swimsuit , and as he does so , he gets taunted by Patty . Taylor is portrayed by Dalila Bela . Jordan Jury ( edit ) Only appearing in The Ugly Truth , Jordan Jury is the popular boy in the grade above Greg , who 's known for always throwing huge boy - girl parties that have little to no adult - supervision . Greg is amazed when he discovers that he has been given a textbook that used to belong to him . Jordan invites Greg and Rowley to his latest party , but Greg can not not go because of his Uncle Gary 's fourth wedding . But at the end of the book , Greg discovers that it 's actually a good thing he did n't go to the party -- as it would seem , the only reason Jordan invited the kids in Greg and Rowley 's grade to his party was to basically use them as servants . Angie Steadman ( edit ) Angie Steadman only appears as an additional character in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film . She is in seventh grade , has a pink streak of hair , works for the school newspaper , and hates middle school , calling it an `` intellectual wasteland . '' In the film , Greg and Rowley meet her under the bleachers during a game of `` Gladiator '' . She gets along with Rowley , but starts a rocky relationship with Greg after he egotistically declines her offer to join the school newspaper . Greg later tells the whole school he ate the cheese instead of Rowley and she compliments and accepts him when she sees that Greg is learning the errors of his ways . In the film , she is portrayed by Chloë Grace Moretz . Pete Hosey ( edit ) Pete Hosey is the leader of the teenagers who attacked Greg and Rowley on Halloween . He is an antagonist in the first film . He is unnamed in the first book and he is replaced by Herbie Reamer in the online version . After hassling Greg and Rowley on Halloween , Greg yells that he will call the cops , and they chase him to Greg 's grandmother 's house . In the book , Greg and Rowley sneak back home , but in the movie , they try to intimidate Pete and his friends with a weed hacker , before Pete scratches his car and they are chased into the woods . In both the book and the movie , the teens hold a vendetta against Greg and Rowley . Near the end they corner them on the school field and decide to force them to eat the moldy cheese . Rowley is forced to eat the cheese , but Greg avoids it by saying he 's lactose intolerant . In the movie they are chased off by the coach . The Warrens ( edit ) Although his family is vaguely referenced in the books , the Warren 's are what got Frank thinking of making Greg more manly . Frank is deeply jealous of the Warrens . In stark contrast to Greg , the Warrens ' children are shown to be athletic and sporty . In the third film , Stan , the father of the family , is shown to be a neighbor of the Heffley 's . He had a childhood rivalry with Frank , that they appear to have gotten over as adults . Greg finds out that Stan has been making fun of his father behind his back and comes up with an elaborate prank to get back at him . In the movie , Mr Warren is the troop master of the Wilderness Explorers , and invites everyone over for an Independence Day party . They only appear in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . The Beardos ( edit ) Only appearing in The Long Haul , the Beardos are the main antagonists of the book . They are a couple with three sons . The Heffleys indirectly met them during their road trip , though only Greg knows who they are . Their first encounter is at a motel , where Greg angrily berates one of the Beardo children , who then tells his father on him , causing Greg to fear running into them again . Greg and his family are convinced that the Beardos have stolen their luggage and belongings at a place they both attended called `` Soak Central . '' They try to track them down though it was revealed at the end that Greg actually had the key to their locker in Soak Central , and that he got the number wrong . Their belongings were actually there . The Beardos were known for driving a purple van , similar to the Heffleys ' minivan . The family 's real surname is unknown , as Greg himself does not who they are . It is likely he dubbed them this because of the patriarch 's noticeably long beard . In the film adaption of The Long Haul , Mr. and Mrs. Beardo are portrayed by Chris Coppola and Kimberli Lincoln , and have a daughter named Brandi and two sons named Brandon and Brent . Joshie ( edit ) Joshie is a singer who is famous in Europe and is Rowley 's favorite singer and idol . Greg believes that Joshie is for six - year old girls , but Rowley ignores him , saying that Greg is jealous because he was the one who `` discovered '' Joshie . Maddox Selsam ( edit ) Maddox Selsam is a boy who lives in the middle of the woods . He is not allowed to have any screen time , and does not have a TV at his house . He enjoys playing with his Legos and practicing his violin . He met Greg in Double Down when he found Greg 's balloon for the Balloon Brigade at his school . Pets and other animals ( edit ) Dogs ( edit ) Sweetie ( edit ) Sweetie is a dog that first appeared in Dog Days . Greg 's dad buys him after discovering that his father lied about accidentally killing his childhood dog , Nutty . Sweetie wreaks havoc in the Heffley household and is given to Gramma at the end of the book . Sweetie undergoes drastic weight gain at Gramma 's house because he is fed lots of table scraps . Eventually Gramma dresses him up in a suit and tie like a little human . Greg and Rodrick like playing with him by going up behind him and making flatulence sounds . He will then sniff his rear end until he goes to sleep . Nutty ( edit ) Nutty is Frank 's old dog which he had when he was around Greg 's age . Grandpa accidentally ran over and killed Nutty with his station wagon when he backed out of the driveway . Grandpa covered the truth by saying that Nutty ran away to a butterfly farm . Frank is very angry when he finds out the truth during a Father 's Day brunch . Killer ( edit ) Killer is Joe Heffley 's family dog . In Dog Days , he wreaks havoc by eating part of Greg 's birthday cake . Rudy ( edit ) Rudy was Aunt Cakey 's dog . He was usually oblivious to what was going on around him , opting to stare straight ahead doing nothing . It is not known how Rudy died . Henry ( edit ) Henry is Gramma 's dog who died around the time of the dog days of summer . Rebel ( edit ) Rebel is a Rottweiler that used to chase Greg and Rowley on their way to school before his owner installed an electric fence around the front yard . He only appears in Hard Luck . Other pets ( edit ) Greg 's fish ( edit ) In Dog Days , Greg buys an angel fish from a pet store . He also buys a journal to log the actions of his fish but later realizes he can not put much in it . Greg 's fish was later made to share a tank with Rodrick 's fish , who ate it while Greg and his family were at the water park on Father 's Day . Rodrick 's fish ( edit ) Rodrick 's fish is a piranha - type fish that was picked out the fish at a pet store in Dog Days , because it was described as aggressive . Due to Rodrick 's neglect at cleaning the tank it was made to share a tank with Greg 's fish , which it ate . The fish has not appeared since Dog Days , with no further mention of its eventual fate . Aunt Gretchen 's pets ( edit ) Aunt Gretchen has about thirty pets that the Heffleys pet - sit in Hard Luck , while she is sightseeing . Her pets include three dogs , two cats , a mouse , a parakeet , a turtle , a snake , a lizard , and a litter of bunnies that her rabbit gave birth to while Gretchen is away . Squirm ( edit ) Squirm was an inchworm Greg found and took care of when he was nine . It was stood on and squashed by Manny when he began learning how to walk . The pig ( edit ) The Heffley 's pet pig has appeared in all books except The Getaway since The Long Haul , in which Manny Heffley won it at a country fair for correctly guessing the weight of a hog . To the annoyance of Greg , the pig exhibits extraordinary intelligence and gains human characteristics . One running gag is that despite not having opposable thumbs , the pig opens objects such as soda cans or a jar full of candy corn . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCarron , Heather ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Nothing ' Wimpy ' about local author 's success '' . Milford Daily News . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Sequel to Bow Next March . Moviefone.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ All about Jeff Kinney ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2007 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Amulet Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2009 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 7068 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2010 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Jump up ^ Kenney , Jeff ( 2011 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . hide The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway The Meltdown Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_characters&oldid=856129188 '' Categories : Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2012 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2012 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use American English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 02 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the dad name in diary of a wimpy kid	[ " Francis \"Frank\" Heffley is Greg's overreactive but well-meaning father. He is interested in U.S. history, and his replica of a Civil War battlefield is a plot point in the series.[5] Frank is edgy around Rowley,[5] does not appreciate Greg's skill at video games, loathes heavy metal,[4] and adolescents.[6] In Rodrick Rules, during Thanksgiving dinner, Frank turns up the thermostat to make everyone leave. He tries to toughen Greg up and threatens to send him to a military academy in The Last Straw, although ultimately this does not come to fruition, much to Greg's relief.[6] However, Greg and Frank grow together in Dog Days. Frank is portrayed by Steve Zahn in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. In Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, he is played by Tom Everett Scott.\n" ]	[ "Francis \"Frank\" Heffley" ]
1616390074881040752	U.S. Route 66	US Route 66 - wikipedia US Route 66 Jump to : navigation , search U.S. Route 66 Will Rogers Memorial Highway Route information Length : 2,448 mi ( 3,940 km ) Existed : November 26 , 1926 ( 1926 - 11 - 26 ) -- June 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 26 ) Tourist routes : Historic Route 66 Major intersections ( in 1947 ) West end : US 101 Alt. in Santa Monica , Cal . US 6 / US 99 / US 101 in Los Angeles , Cal . US 91 / US 395 in San Bernardino , Cal . US 89 from Ash Fork to Flagstaff , Ariz . US 85 in Albuquerque , N.M. US 60 / US 87 / US 287 in Amarillo , Tex . US - 81 in El Reno , Okla . US - 64 in Tulsa , Okla . US 71 from Joplin to Carthage , Mo . US 40 / US 50 / US 61 in St. Louis , Mo . US 51 in Normal , Ill . East end : US 41 / US 54 in Chicago , Ill . Location States : California , Arizona , New Mexico , Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , Missouri , Illinois Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided Replaced U.S. Route 66 ( US 66 or Route 66 ) , also known as the Will Rogers Highway , the Main Street of America or the Mother Road , was one of the original highways within the U.S. Highway System . US 66 was established on November 11 , 1926 , with road signs erected the following year . The highway , which became one of the most famous roads in the United States , originally ran from Chicago , Illinois , through Missouri , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona before ending at Santa Monica , California , covering a total of 2,448 miles ( 3,940 km ) . It was recognized in popular culture by both the hit song `` ( Get Your Kicks on ) Route 66 '' and the Route 66 television show in the 1960s . US 66 served as a major path for those who migrated west , especially during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s , and the road supported the economies of the communities through which it passed . People doing business along the route became prosperous due to the growing popularity of the highway , and those same people later fought to keep the highway alive in the face of the growing threat of being bypassed by the new Interstate Highway System . US 66 underwent many improvements and realignments over its lifetime , and it was officially removed from the United States Highway System in 1985 , after it had been replaced in its entirety by segments of the Interstate Highway System . Portions of the road that passed through Illinois , Missouri , New Mexico , and Arizona have been designated a National Scenic Byway of the name `` Historic Route 66 '' , which is returning to some maps . Several states have adopted significant bypassed sections of the former US 66 into the state road network as State Route 66 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the U.S. Highway System 1.2 Birthplace and rise of US 66 1.3 Changes in routing 1.4 Decline 1.5 After decertification 1.6 Revival 1.7 National Museum of American History 1.8 Autry National Center 2 Route description 2.1 California 2.2 Arizona 2.3 New Mexico 2.4 Texas 2.5 Oklahoma and Kansas 2.6 Missouri 2.7 Illinois 3 Special routes 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Works cited 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lengths ( 1926 alignment ) mi km California 314 505 Arizona 401 645 New Mexico 487 784 Texas 186 299 Oklahoma 432 695 Kansas 13 21 Missouri 317 510 Illinois 301 484 Total 2,448 3,940 Before the US highway system ( edit ) A remnant of an original state right - of - way marker serves as a reminder of the early days of the road 's construction . This was part of the 1927 construction of US 66 . In 1857 , Lt. Edward Fitzgerald Beale , a Naval officer in the service of the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers , was ordered by the War Department to build a government - funded wagon road along the 35th Parallel . His secondary orders were to test the feasibility of the use of camels as pack animals in the southwestern desert . This road became part of US 66 . Parts of the original Route 66 from 1913 , prior to its official naming and commissioning , can still be seen north of the Cajon Pass . The paved road becomes a dirt road , south of Cajon , which was also the original Route 66 . Before a nationwide network of numbered highways was adopted by the states , named auto trails were marked by private organizations . The route that would become US 66 was covered by three highways . The Lone Star Route passed through St. Louis on its way from Chicago to Cameron , Louisiana , though US 66 would take a shorter route through Bloomington rather than Peoria . The transcontinental National Old Trails Road led via St. Louis to Los Angeles , but was not followed until New Mexico ; instead US 66 used one of the main routes of the Ozark Trails system , which ended at the National Old Trails Road just south of Las Vegas , New Mexico . Again , a shorter route was taken , here following the Postal Highway between Oklahoma City and Amarillo . Finally , the National Old Trails Road became the rest of the route to Los Angeles . While legislation for public highways first appeared in 1916 , with revisions in 1921 , it was not until Congress enacted an even more comprehensive version of the act in 1925 that the government executed its plan for national highway construction . The original inspiration for a roadway between Chicago and Los Angeles was planned by entrepreneurs Cyrus Avery of Tulsa , Oklahoma and John Woodruff of Springfield , Missouri . The pair lobbied the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO ) for the creation of a route following the 1925 plans . From the outset , public road planners intended US 66 to connect the main streets of rural and urban communities along its course for the most practical of reasons : most small towns had no prior access to a major national thoroughfare . Birthplace and rise of US 66 ( edit ) The route sign from 1926 to 1948 The numerical designation 66 was assigned to the Chicago - to - Los Angeles route on April 30 , 1926 in Springfield , Missouri . A placard in Park Central Square was dedicated to the city by the Route 66 Association of Missouri , and traces of the `` Mother Road '' are still visible in downtown Springfield along Kearney Street , Glenstone Avenue , College , and St. Louis streets and on Route 266 to Halltown , Missouri . Championed by Avery when the first talks about a national highway system began , US 66 was first signed into law in 1927 as one of the original U.S. Highways , although it was not completely paved until 1938 . Avery was adamant that the highway have a round number and had proposed number 60 to identify it . A controversy erupted over the number 60 , largely from delegates from Kentucky who wanted a Virginia Beach -- Los Angeles highway to be US 60 and US 62 between Chicago and Springfield , Missouri . Arguments and counterarguments continued throughout February , including a proposal to split the proposed route through Kentucky into Route 60 North ( to Chicago ) and Route 60 South ( to Newport News ) . The final conclusion was to have US 60 run between Virginia Beach , Virginia , and Springfield , Missouri , and the Chicago -- L.A. route be US 62 . Avery and highway engineer John Page settled on `` 66 , '' which was unassigned , because he thought the double - digit number would be easy to remember as well as pleasant to say and hear . Both Avery and Page also appreciated the number 66 's use in numerology as a master number bringing material pleasure and success . The state of Missouri released its 1926 state highway map with the highway labeled as US 60 . After the new federal highway system was officially created , Cyrus Avery called for the establishment of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to promote the complete paving of the highway from end to end and to promote travel down the highway . In 1927 , in Tulsa , the association was officially established with John T. Woodruff of Springfield , Missouri , elected the first president . In 1928 , the association made its first attempt at publicity , the `` Bunion Derby , '' a footrace from Los Angeles to New York City , of which the path from Los Angeles to Chicago would be on US 66 . The publicity worked : several dignitaries , including Will Rogers , greeted the runners at certain points on the route . The race ended in Madison Square Garden , where the $25,000 first prize ( equal to $348,692 in 2016 ) was awarded to Andy Hartley Payne , a Cherokee runner from Oklahoma . The U.S. Highway 66 Association also placed its first advertisement in the July 16 , 1932 , issue of the Saturday Evening Post . The ad invited Americans to take US 66 to the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . A U.S. Highway 66 Association office in Oklahoma received hundreds of requests for information after the ad was published . The association went on to serve as a voice for businesses along the highway until it disbanded in 1976 . Traffic grew on the highway because of the geography through which it passed . Much of the highway was essentially flat and this made the highway a popular truck route . The Dust Bowl of the 1930s saw many farming families , mainly from Oklahoma , Arkansas , Kansas , and Texas , heading west for agricultural jobs in California . US 66 became the main road of travel for these people , often derogatorily called `` Okies '' or `` Arkies . '' During the Depression , it gave some relief to communities located on the highway . The route passed through numerous small towns and , with the growing traffic on the highway , helped create the rise of mom - and - pop businesses , such as service stations , restaurants , and motor courts , all readily accessible to passing motorists . The Chain of Rocks Bridge across the Mississippi River was built to carry the growing traffic of US 66 around the city of St. Louis Restored Magnolia gasoline station museum on Route 66 in Shamrock in Wheeler County , TX Much of the early highway , like all the other early highways , was gravel or graded dirt . Due to the efforts of the U.S. Highway 66 Association , US 66 became the first highway to be completely paved in 1938 . Several places were dangerous : more than one part of the highway was nicknamed `` Bloody 66 '' and gradually work was done to realign these segments to remove dangerous curves . However , one section through the Black Mountains outside Oatman , Arizona , was fraught with hairpin turns and was the steepest along the entire route , so much so that some early travelers , too frightened at the prospect of driving such a potentially dangerous road , hired locals to navigate the winding grade . The section remained as US 66 until 1953 and is still open to traffic today as the Oatman Highway . Despite such hazards in some areas , US 66 continued to be a popular route . Notable buildings include the art deco -- styled U-Drop Inn , constructed in 1936 in Shamrock , in Wheeler County east of Amarillo , Texas , listed on the National Register of Historic Places . A restored Magnolia fuel station is also located in Shamrock as well as Vega , in Oldham County , west of Amarillo . During World War II , more migration west occurred because of war - related industries in California . US 66 , already popular and fully paved , became one of the main routes and also served for moving military equipment . Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri was located near the highway , which was locally upgraded quickly to a divided highway to help with military traffic . When Richard Feynman was working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , he used to travel nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to visit his wife , who was dying of tuberculosis , in a sanatorium located on US 66 in Albuquerque . In the 1950s , US 66 became the main highway for vacationers heading to Los Angeles . The road passed through the Painted Desert and near the Grand Canyon . Meteor Crater in Arizona was another popular stop . This sharp increase in tourism in turn gave rise to a burgeoning trade in all manner of roadside attractions , including teepee - shaped motels , frozen custard stands , Indian curio shops , and reptile farms . Meramec Caverns near St. Louis , began advertising on barns , billing itself as the `` Jesse James hideout . '' The Big Texan advertised a free 72 - ounce ( 2.0 kg ) steak dinner to anyone who could consume the entire meal in one hour . It also marked the birth of the fast - food industry : Red 's Giant Hamburg in Springfield , Missouri , site of the first drive - through restaurant , and the first McDonald 's in San Bernardino , California . Changes like these to the landscape further cemented 66 's reputation as a near - perfect microcosm of the culture of America , now linked by the automobile . Changes in routing ( edit ) Modern - day sign in New Mexico , along a section of Route 66 named a National Scenic Byway Many sections of US 66 underwent major realignments . In 1930 , between the Illinois cities of Springfield and East St. Louis , US 66 was shifted farther east to what is now roughly Interstate 55 ( I - 55 ) . The original alignment followed the current Illinois Route 4 ( IL 4 ) . From downtown St. Louis to Gray Summit , Missouri , US 66 originally went down Market Street and Manchester Road , which is largely Route 100 . In 1932 , this route was changed and the original alignment never viewed as anything more than temporary . The planned route was down Watson Road , which is now Route 366 but Watson Road had not been completed yet . In Oklahoma , from west of El Reno to Bridgeport , US 66 turned north to Calumet and then west to Geary , then southwest across the South Canadian River over a suspension toll bridge into Bridgeport . In 1933 , a straighter cut - off route was completed from west of El Reno to one mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Bridgeport , crossing over a 38 - span steel pony truss bridge over the South Canadian River , bypassing Calumet and Geary by several miles . From west of Santa Rosa , New Mexico , to north of Los Lunas , New Mexico , the road originally turned north from current I - 40 along much of what is now US 84 to near Las Vegas , New Mexico , followed ( roughly ) I - 25 -- then the decertified US 85 through Santa Fe and Albuquerque to Los Lunas and then turned northwest along the present New Mexico State Road 6 ( NM 6 ) alignment to a point near Laguna . In 1937 , a straight - line route was completed from west of Santa Rosa through Moriarty and east -- west through Albuquerque and west to Laguna . This newer routing saved travelers as much as four hours of travel through New Mexico . According to legend , the rerouting was done at the behest of Democratic Governor Arthur T. Hannett to punish the Republican Santa Fe Ring , which had long dominated New Mexico out of Santa Fe . In 1940 , the first freeway in Los Angeles was incorporated into US 66 ; this was the Arroyo Seco Parkway , later known as the Pasadena Freeway ; now again known as Arroyo Seco Parkway . Route 66 between Oatman and Kingman In 1953 , the Oatman Highway through the Black Mountains was completely bypassed by a new route between Kingman , Arizona , and Needles , California ; by the 1960s , Oatman , Arizona , was virtually abandoned as a ghost town . Since the 1950s , as Interstates were being constructed , sections of US 66 not only saw the traffic drain to them , but often the route number itself was moved to the faster means of travel . In some cases , such as to the east of St. Louis , this was done as soon as the Interstate was finished to the next exit . The displacement of US 66 signage to the new freeways , combined with restrictions in the 1965 Highway Beautification Act that often denied merchants on the old road access to signage on the freeway , became factors in the closure of many established US 66 businesses as travelers could no longer easily find or reach them . In 1936 , US 66 was extended from downtown Los Angeles to Santa Monica to end at US 101 Alt. , today the intersection of Olympic and Lincoln Boulevards . Even though there is a plaque dedicating US 66 as the Will Rogers Highway placed at the intersection of Ocean Boulevard and Santa Monica Boulevard , the highway never terminated there . US 66 was rerouted around several larger cities via bypass or beltline routes to permit travelers to avoid city traffic congestion . Some of those cities included Springfield , Illinois ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Rolla , Missouri ; Springfield , Missouri ; Joplin , Missouri ; and Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The route was also a foundation for many chain stores back in the 1920s , sprouting up next to it to increase business and sales . Decline ( edit ) Abandoned , fire - damaged Whiting Brothers gas station . All along the route , preservation efforts are under way to preserve original buildings such as this . An abandoned early US 66 alignment in central Illinois , 2006 The ghost town of Two Guns , Arizona , once featured a zoo , gift shop , restaurant , campground , gas station , and `` death cave '' . The beginning of the decline for US 66 came in 1956 with the signing of the Interstate Highway Act by President Dwight D. Eisenhower who was influenced by his experiences in 1919 as a young Army officer crossing the country in a truck convoy ( following the route of the Lincoln Highway ) , and his appreciation of the autobahn network as a necessary component of a national defense system . During its nearly 60 - year existence , US 66 was under constant change . As highway engineering became more sophisticated , engineers constantly sought more direct routes between cities and towns . Increased traffic led to a number of major and minor realignments of US 66 through the years , particularly in the years immediately following World War II when Illinois began widening US 66 to four lanes through virtually the entire state from Chicago to the Mississippi River just east of St. Louis , and included bypasses around virtually all of the towns . By the early to mid-1950s , Missouri also upgraded its sections of US 66 to four lanes complete with bypasses . Most of the newer four - lane 66 paving in both states was upgraded to freeway status in later years . One of the remnants of US 66 is the highway now known as Veterans Parkway , east and south of Normal , Illinois , and Bloomington , Illinois . The two sweeping curves on the southeast and southwest of the cities originally were intended to easily handle traffic at speeds up to 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) , as part of an effort to make Illinois 66 an Autobahn equivalent for military transport . In 1953 , the first major bypassing of US 66 occurred in Oklahoma with the opening of the Turner Turnpike between Tulsa and Oklahoma City . The new 88 - mile ( 142 km ) toll road paralleled US 66 for its entire length and bypassed each of the towns along 66 . The Turner Turnpike was joined in 1957 by the new Will Rogers Turnpike , which connected Tulsa with the Oklahoma - Missouri border west of Joplin , Missouri , again paralleling US 66 and bypassing the towns in northeastern Oklahoma in addition to its entire stretch through Kansas . Both Oklahoma turnpikes were soon designated as I - 44 , along with the US 66 bypass at Tulsa that connected the city with both turnpikes . In some cases , such as many areas in Illinois , the new interstate highway not only paralleled the old US 66 , it actually incorporated much of it . A typical approach was to build one new set of lanes , then move one direction of traffic to it , while retaining the original road for traffic flowing in the opposite direction . Then a second set of lanes for traffic flowing in the other direction would be constructed , finally followed by abandoning the other old set of lanes or converting them into a frontage road . The same scenario was used in western Oklahoma when US 66 was initially upgraded to a four - lane highway such as from Sayre through Erick to the Texas border at Texola in 1957 and 1958 where the old paving was retained for westbound traffic and a new parallel lane built for eastbound traffic ( much of this section was entirely bypassed by I - 40 in 1975 ) , and on two other sections ; from Canute to Elk City in 1959 and Hydro to Weatherford in 1960 , both of which were upgraded with the construction of a new westbound lane in 1966 to bring the highway up to full interstate standards and demoting the old US 66 paving to frontage road status . In the initial process of constructing I - 40 across western Oklahoma , the state also included projects to upgrade the through routes in El Reno , Weatherford , Clinton , Canute , Elk City , Sayre , Erick , and Texola to four - lane highways not only to provide seamless transitions from the rural sections of I - 40 from both ends of town but also to provide easy access to those cities in later years after the I - 40 bypasses were completed . The leaning water tower , east of Groom , TX , along I - 40 ( old US 66 ) In New Mexico , as in most other states , rural sections of I - 40 were to be constructed first with bypasses around cities to come later . However , some business and civic leaders in cities along US 66 were completely opposed to bypassing fearing loss of business and tax revenues . In 1963 , the New Mexico Legislature enacted legislation that banned the construction of interstate bypasses around cities by local request . This legislation was short - lived , however , due to pressures from Washington and threat of loss of federal highway funds so it was rescinded by 1965 . In 1964 , Tucumcari and San Jon became the first cities in New Mexico to work out an agreement with state and federal officials in determining the locations of their I - 40 bypasses as close to their business areas as possible in order to permit easy access for highway travelers to their localities . Other cities soon fell in line including Santa Rosa , Moriarty , Grants and Gallup although it was n't until well into the 1970s that most of those cities would be bypassed by I - 40 . Old Route 66 near Amboy , CA By the late 1960s , most of the rural sections of US 66 had been replaced by I - 40 across New Mexico with the most notable exception being the 40 - mile ( 64 km ) strip from the Texas border at Glenrio west through San Jon to Tucumcari , which was becoming increasingly treacherous due to heavier and heavier traffic on the narrow two - lane highway . During 1968 and 1969 , this section of US 66 was often referred to by locals and travelers as `` Slaughter Lane '' due to numerous injury and fatal accidents on this stretch . Local and area business and civic leaders and news media called upon state and federal highway officials to get I - 40 built through the area ; however , disputes over proposed highway routing in the vicinity of San Jon held up construction plans for several years as federal officials proposed that I - 40 run some five to six miles ( 8 to 10 km ) north of that city while local and state officials insisted on following a proposed route that touched the northern city limits of San Jon . In November 1969 , a truce was reached when federal highway officials agreed to build the I - 40 route just outside the city , therefore providing local businesses dependent on highway traffic easy access to and from the expressway via the north -- south highway that crossed old US 66 in San Jon . I - 40 was completed from Glenrio to the east side of San Jon in 1976 and extended west to Tucumcari in 1981 , including the bypasses around both cities . US 66 , going to Oatman , AZ in 2007 Originally , highway officials planned for the last section of US 66 to be bypassed by interstates in Texas , but as was the case in many places , lawsuits held up construction of the new interstates . The US Highway 66 Association had become a voice for the people who feared the loss of their businesses . Since the interstates only provided access via ramps at interchanges , travellers could not pull directly off a highway into a business . At first , plans were laid out to allow mainly national chains to be placed in interstate medians . Such lawsuits effectively prevented this on all but toll roads . Some towns in Missouri threatened to sue the state if the US 66 designation was removed from the road , though lawsuits never materialized . Several businesses were well known to be on US 66 , and fear of losing the number resulted in the state of Missouri officially requesting the designation `` Interstate 66 '' for the St. Louis to Oklahoma City section of the route , but it was denied . In 1984 , Arizona also saw its final stretch of highway decommissioned with the completion of I - 40 just north of Williams , Arizona . Finally , with decertification of the highway by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials the following year , US 66 officially ceased to exist . With the decommissioning of US 66 , no single interstate route was designated to replace it . I - 55 covered the section from Chicago to St. Louis ; I - 44 carried the traffic on to Oklahoma City ; I - 40 took the largest chunk , replacing 66 to Barstow , California ; I - 15 took over for the route to San Bernardino ; and I - 210 and State Route 2 ( SR 2 ) or I - 10 carried the traffic of US 66 across the Los Angeles metropolitan area to Santa Monica , and the seashore . After decertification ( edit ) `` Sidewalk highway '' section of US 66 near Miami , OK When the highway was decommissioned , sections of the road were disposed of in various ways . Within many cities , the route became a `` business loop '' for the interstate . Some sections became state roads , local roads , private drives , or were abandoned completely . Although it is no longer possible to drive US 66 uninterrupted all the way from Chicago to Los Angeles , much of the original route and alternate alignments are still drivable with careful planning . Some stretches are quite well preserved , including one between Springfield , Missouri , and Tulsa , Oklahoma . Some sections of US 66 still retain their historic 9 - foot - wide ( 2.7 m ) `` sidewalk highway '' form , never having been resurfaced to make them into full - width highways . These old sections have a single , paved lane , concrete curbs to mark the edge of the lane , and gravel shoulders for passing . Some states have kept the 66 designation for parts of the highway , albeit as state roads . In Missouri , Routes 366 , 266 , and 66 are all original sections of the highway . State Highway 66 ( SH - 66 ) in Oklahoma remains as the alternate `` free '' route near its turnpikes . `` Historic Route 66 '' runs for a significant distance in and near Flagstaff , Arizona . Farther west , a long segment of US 66 in Arizona runs significantly north of I - 40 , and much of it is designated as State Route 66 ( SR 66 ) . This runs from Seligman to Kingman , Arizona , via Peach Springs . A surface street stretch between San Bernardino and La Verne ( known as Foothill Boulevard ) to the east of Los Angeles retains its number as SR 66 . Several county roads and city streets at various places along the old route have also retained the `` 66 '' number . Revival ( edit ) Restored service station in Mt Olive , IL The first Route 66 associations were founded in Arizona in 1987 and Missouri in 1989 ( incorporated in 1990 ) . Other groups in the other US 66 states soon followed . In 1990 , the state of Missouri declared US 66 in that state a `` State Historic Route '' . The first `` Historic Route 66 '' marker in Missouri was erected on Kearney Street at Glenstone Avenue in Springfield , Missouri ( now replaced -- the original sign has been placed at Route 66 State Park near Eureka ) . Other historic markers now line -- at times sporadically -- the entire 2,400 - mile ( 3,900 km ) length of road . In many communities , local groups have painted or stencilled the `` 66 '' and U.S. Route shield or outline directly onto the road surface , along with the state 's name . This is common in areas where conventional signage for `` Historic Route 66 '' is a target of repeated theft by souvenir hunters . Delgadillo 's Snow Cap Drive - In in Seligman , AZ . The eatery is still a popular tourist stop . Various sections of the road itself have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Arroyo Seco Parkway in the Los Angeles Area and US 66 in New Mexico have been made into National Scenic Byways . Williams Historic Business District and Urban Route 66 , Williams were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and 1989 , respectively . In 2005 , the State of Missouri made the road a state scenic byway from Illinois to Kansas . In the cities of Rancho Cucamonga , Rialto , and San Bernardino in California , there are US 66 signs erected along Foothill Boulevard , and also on Huntington Drive in the city of Arcadia . `` Historic Route 66 '' signs may be found along the old route on Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena , San Dimas , LaVerne , and along Foothill Boulevard in Claremont , California . The city of Glendora , California , renamed Alosta Avenue , its section of US 66 , by calling it `` Route 66 '' . Flagstaff , Arizona , renamed all but a few blocks of Sante Fe Avenue as `` Route 66 '' . Until 2017 , when it was moved to the nearby Millennium Park , the annual June Chicago Blues Festival was held each year in Grant Park and included a `` Route 66 Roadhouse '' stage on Columbus Avenue , a few yards north of old US 66 / Jackson Boulevard ( both closed to traffic for the festival ) , and a block west of the route 's former eastern terminus at US 41 Lake Shore Drive . Since 2001 , Springfield , Illinois has annually held its `` International Route 66 Mother Road Festival '' in its downtown district surrounding the Old State Capitol . Many preservation groups have tried to save and even landmark the old motels and neon signs along the road in different states . In 1999 , President Bill Clinton signed a National Route 66 Preservation Bill that provided for $10 million in matching fund grants for preserving and restoring the historic features along the route . In 2008 , the World Monuments Fund added US 66 to the World Monuments Watch as sites along the route such as gas stations , motels , cafés , trading posts and drive - in movie theaters are threatened by development in urban areas and by abandonment and decay in rural areas . The National Park Service developed a Route 66 Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary describing over one hundred individual historic sites . As the popularity and mythical stature of US 66 has continued to grow , demands have begun to mount to improve signage , return US 66 to road atlases and revive its status as a continuous routing . The U.S. Route 66 Recommissioning Initiative is a group that seeks to recertify US 66 as a US Highway along a combination of historic and modern alignments . The group 's redesignation proposal does not enjoy universal support , as requirements the route to meet modern US Highway system specifications could force upgrades that compromise its historic integrity or require US 66 signage be moved to Interstate highways for some portions of the route . US 66 has been a fixture in popular culture . Pixar 's 2006 animated film Cars describes the decline of a once - booming Radiator Springs , nearly a ghost town once its mother road , US 66 , was bypassed by Interstate 40 . Pixar 's creative director John Lasseter , inspired by what he saw during a cross-country road trip with his family in 2000 , contacted road historian Michael Wallis who led the creative team down the still - drivable parts of the route as research for the film . The fictional Radiator Springs is based on multiple real places visited on the five - state research trip through Peach Springs , Arizona , Baxter Springs , Kansas , and countless small towns along the way . The movie 's success generated a resurgence of public interest in US 66 . National Museum of American History ( edit ) The National Museum of American History in Washington , D.C. has a section on US 66 in its `` America on the Move '' exhibition . In the exhibit is a portion of pavement of the route taken from Bridgeport , Oklahoma and a restored car and truck of the type that would have been driven on the road in the 1930s . Also on display is a `` Hamons Court '' neon sign that hung at a gas station and tourist cabins near Hydro , Oklahoma , a `` CABINS '' neon sign that pointed to Ring 's Rest tourist cabins in Muirkirk , Maryland , as well as several post cards a traveler sent back to his future wife while touring the route . Autry National Center ( edit ) The Autry National Center in Los Angeles opened an exhibition about the fact and fiction of US 66 on June 8 , 2014 , which ran through January 4 , 2015 . The exhibit includes the original manuscript of Jack Kerouac 's `` On The Road , '' the original scribbled song lyrics for `` Route 66 '' by Bobby Troup ( and multiple versions of the song itself ) , a neon motel sign , maps , the `` Green Book for Negro Travelers , '' Woody Guthrie 's Martin guitar ( and recordings of his dust - bowl - era songs ) , and many other interesting artifacts . Route Description ( edit ) Over the years , US 66 received many nicknames . Right after US 66 was commissioned , it was known as `` The Great Diagonal Way '' because the Chicago - to - Oklahoma City stretch ran northeast to southwest . Later , US 66 was advertised by the U.S. Highway 66 Association as `` The Main Street of America '' . The title had also been claimed by supporters of US 40 , but the US 66 group was more successful . In the John Steinbeck novel The Grapes of Wrath , the highway is called `` The Mother Road '' , its prevailing title today . Lastly , US 66 was unofficially named `` The Will Rogers Highway '' by the U.S. Highway 66 Association in 1952 , although a sign along the road with that name appeared in the John Ford film , The Grapes of Wrath , which was released in 1940 , twelve years before the association gave the road that name . A plaque dedicating the highway to Will Rogers is still located in Santa Monica , California . There are more plaques like this ; one can be found in Galena , Kansas . It was originally located on the Kansas - Missouri state line , but moved to the Howard Litch Memorial Park in 2001 . California ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in California The sign of US 66 's western terminus at the Santa Monica Pier US 66 had its western terminus in California , and covered 315 miles ( 507 km ) in the state . The terminus was located at the Pacific Coast Highway , then US 101 Alternate and now SR 1 , in Santa Monica , California . The highway ran through major cities such as Santa Monica , Los Angeles , and San Bernardino . San Bernardino also contains one of the two surviving Wigwam Motels along US 66 . The highway had major intersections with US 101 in Hollywood , I - 5 in Los Angeles , I - 15 , and I - 40 in Barstow , and US 95 in Needles . It also ran concurrent to I - 40 at California 's very eastern end . Arizona ( edit ) US 66 marker on the corner of Navajo Boulevard and Hopi Drive in Holbrook , AZ Main article : U.S. Route 66 in Arizona In Arizona , the highway originally covered 401 miles ( 645 km ) in the state . Along much of the way , US 66 paralleled I - 40 . It entered across the Topock Gorge , passing through the ghost town of Oatman along the way to Kingman . Between Kingman and Seligman , the route is still signed as SR 66 . Notably , just between Seligman and Flagstaff , Williams was the last point on US 66 to be bypassed by an Interstate . Holbrook also contains one of the two surviving Wigwam Motels on the route . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in New Mexico US 66 covered 380 miles ( 610 km ) in the state and passed through many Indian reservations in the western half of New Mexico . East of those reservations , the highway passed through Albuquerque , Santa Fe , and Las Vegas . As in Arizona , in New Mexico , U.S. 66 paralleled I - 40 . Texas ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in Texas The Midpoint Café in Adrian , TX , at the midpoint of the route US 66 covered 178 miles ( 286 km ) in the Texas Panhandle , travelling in an east -- west line between Glenrio , New Mexico and Texas and Texola , Oklahoma . Adrian , in the western Panhandle , was notable as the midpoint of the route . East of there , the highway passed through Amarillo , famous for the Cadillac Ranch , Conway , Groom , and Shamrock . Oklahoma and Kansas ( edit ) Main articles : U.S. Route 66 in Oklahoma and U.S. Route 66 in Kansas The highway covered 267 miles ( 430 km ) in Oklahoma . Today , it is marked by I - 40 west of Oklahoma City , and SH - 66 east of there . After entering at Texola , US 66 passed through Sayre , and Elk City before entering Oklahoma City . Beyond Oklahoma City , the highway passed through Edmond on its way to Tulsa . Past there , US 66 passed through northeastern Oklahoma before entering Kansas where it covered only 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) . Only three towns are located on the route in Kansas : Galena , Riverton and Baxter Springs . Missouri ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in Missouri US 66 covered 292 miles ( 470 km ) in Missouri . Upon entering from Galena , Kansas , the highway passed through Joplin . From there , it passed through Carthage , Springfield , where Red 's Giant Hamburg , the world 's first drive - thru stands , Waynesville , Devils Elbow , and Rolla before passing through St. Louis . Illinois ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in Illinois US 66 sign , Adams Street , Chicago US 66 covered 301 miles ( 484 km ) in Illinois . It entered Illinois in East St. Louis after crossing the Mississippi River . Near there , it passed by Cahokia Mounds , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The highway then passed through Hamel , Springfield , passing by the Illinois State Capitol , Pontiac , and Gardner . It then entered the Chicago area . After passing through the suburbs , U.S. 66 entered Chicago itself , where it terminated at Lake Shore Drive . Special routes ( edit ) Main article : Special routes of U.S. Route 66 Several alternate alignments of US 66 occurred because of traffic issues . Business routes ( BUS ) , bypass routes ( BYP ) , alternate routes ( ALT ) , and `` optional routes '' ( OPT ) ( an early designation for alternate routes ) came into being . U.S. Route 66 Alternate : Bolingbrook -- Gardner , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : Towanda -- Bloomington , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : Lincoln , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : Springfield , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : Mitchell -- East St. Louis , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : St. Louis -- Sunset Hills , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Optional : Venice , Illinois -- St. Louis , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Bypass : Mitchell , Illinois -- Sunset Hills , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Business : Springfield , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Bypass : Springfield , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Alternate Business : Springfield , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Alternate : Carthage , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Business : Carterville -- Webb City , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Alternate : Webb City -- Joplin , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Business : Joplin , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Bypass : Joplin , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Business : Tulsa , Oklahoma U.S. Route 66 Business : Oklahoma City , Oklahoma U.S. Route 66 Business : Clinton , Oklahoma U.S. Route 66 Business : Amarillo , Texas U.S. Route 66 Business : San Bernardino , California U.S. Route 66 Alternate : Pasadena -- Los Angeles , California In popular culture ( edit ) American pop - culture artists publicized US 66 and the experience , through song and television . Bobby Troup wrote `` ( Get Your Kicks on ) Route 66 '' , and the highway lent its name to a TV series in the 1960s . Other appearances in popular culture include : Billy Connolly 's Route 66 , a documentary covering a road trip along the highway by Scottish personality Billy Connolly . Cars , the Disney Pixar film , is set in large part in Radiator Springs , a composite of multiple real towns located on US 66 . Part of the film 's storyline revolves around how the once vibrant town fell into decline after the town was bypassed when US 66 was superseded by the new Interstate . The Grapes of Wrath ( novel ) and The Grapes of Wrath ( film ) , in which the Joad family is evicted from their small farm in Oklahoma and travels to California on US 66 . Songs of the Heart , by rock band Daniel Amos , tracked an elderly couple traveling along US 66 throughout the concept album . See also ( edit ) U.S. Roads portal National Register of Historic Places portal Book : U.S. Route 66 Phillips 66 , a petroleum company named for the route National Old Trails Highway , precursor to western portion of US 66 Southern Transcon railroad equivalent , runs parallel to US 66 for significant portions of its length Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino , named after US 66 Tulsa 66ers , named after US 66 References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials ( November 11 , 1926 ) . United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( Map ) . 1 : 7,000,000 . Washington , DC : United States Geological Survey . OCLC 32889555 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 -- via Wikimedia Commons . ^ Jump up to : Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering ( June 26 , 1985 ) . `` Route Numbering Committee Agenda '' ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Duluth , MN : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 -- via Wikimedia Commons . Jump up ^ Rand McNally & Company ( 1947 ) . Road and Reference Atlas ( Map ) . Chicago : Rand McNally & Company . pp. 20 -- 21 , 25 , 38 -- 39 , 54 -- 55 , 72 -- 73 , 80 , 104 , 107 , 110 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 Timeline '' . Legends of America . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Table of Mileposts for the Original US 66 Alignment of 1926 '' . Route 66 Web & Atlas . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Illinois Department of Transportation ( 2007 ) . Illinois Highway Map ( Map ) ( 2007 -- 08 ed . ) . ( 1 : 762,500 ) . Springfield : Illinois Department of Transportation . OCLC 244286974 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 -- via Illinois Digital Archives . Jump up ^ Google ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` Bloomington , IL '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Route 66 : Description '' . Historic66.com . Swa Frantzen . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2014 ) . `` Beale 's Wagon Road from New Mexico to California '' . Legends of America . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cajon Pass '' . BackRoadsWest.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Old Spanish Trail Association . Map of the Ozark Trails ( Map ) . Old Spanish Trail Association . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rand McNally ( 1926 ) . Auto Road Atlas ( Map ) . Chicago : Rand McNally . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 -- via Broer Maps Online . ^ Jump up to : Tremeear ( 2013 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 Birthplace Festival Set for Springfield , Missouri '' . Hemmings Motor News . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Then , Now and In Between '' . Springfield , Missouri , Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exactly Where Is Route 66 '' . Route66 Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2014 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Weingroff , Richard F. ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` From Names to Numbers : The Origins of the U.S. Numbered Highway System '' . Highway History . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2014 ) , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Missouri State Highway Commission ( 1926 ) . Road Map of Missouri ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Jefferson City : Missouri State Highway Commission . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Foot Race '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dedek ( 2007 ) , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : `` Route 66 History '' . Route 66 World . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Station '' . Texas Historic Sites Atlas . Texas Historical Commission . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( n.d. ) . `` Texas : Wheeler County '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vega , Texas '' . TheRoadWanderer.net . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , John ; Feynman , Richard ( 1997 ) . A Life in Science . p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( n.d. ) . `` Route 66 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe , Pre 1938 Rt. 66 Alignment '' . Shadows of Old Route 66 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Route 66 in Arizona Multiple Property Submission '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . April 5 , 1989 . pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Petroski , Henry ( 2006 ) . `` On the Road '' . American Scientist. 94 ( 5 ) : 396 -- 399 . ISSN 0003 - 0996 . doi : 10.1511 / 2006.61. 396 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 Sidewalk Highway '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Nathan ( May 3 , 1992 ) . `` Searching for Route 66 '' . Boston Globe . p. 18 -- via ProQuest Archiver . Jump up ^ `` Historic Route 66 Association of Missouri website '' . Missouri66.org. April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sonderman , Joe . `` A Bit of Missouri 66 History '' . 66Postcards.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Your Way on Route 66 '' . Route-66.tv . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthews , David ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago Blues Festival 2017 Lineup , New Location Revealed '' . DNAinfo . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whiteis , David ; Dahl , Bill ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` 20th Annual Chicago Blues Festival : The Reader 's Guide '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual International Route 66 Mother Road Festival & Car Show '' . Route66fest.com . The Promotion Company . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Juozapavicius , Justin ( May 20 , 2007 ) . `` Route 66 Motels an Endangered Species '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welch , Kevin ( July 1 , 1999 ) . `` House OKs Route 66 Bill '' . Amarillo Globe - News . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Route 66 '' . World Monuments Fund . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( n.d. ) . `` List of Sites '' . Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary : Route 66 . National Park Service . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Fred M. `` The Plan '' . Route 66 Recommissioning Initiative . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ drmcreif ; paladin - 64 ; preshusbane ( 2014 ) . `` Synopsis for Cars ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Amazon . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Warnick , Ron ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` Pixar 's Route 66 Inspirations '' . Route66News.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Historic Route 66 Association '' . KSHistoricRoute66.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Peoples Highway '' . America on the Move . National Museum of American History . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Autry 's ' Route 66 ' Exhibition Looks for Its Funding Kicks Online '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClure , Rosemary ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Get Your Kicks on Route 66 -- and 499 Other Great Highways '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Keith . `` Historic Route 66 : Galena , Kansas '' . KansasTravel.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 California '' . Road Trip USA . Avalon Travel . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2010 ) . `` About California Route 66 - Info & History '' . Legends of America . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Old Route 66 : Oatman '' . Road Trip USA . Avalon Travel . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holbrook : Wigwam Village '' . Road Trip USA . Avalon Travel . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 '' . AmericanSouthwest.net . John Crossley . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 History '' . Albuquerque Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2011 ) . `` About Texas Route 6 : L Info & History '' . Legends of America . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2013 ) . `` Route 66 Through Oklahoma '' . Legends of America . p. 2 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Route 66 Main Page '' . Legends of America . 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2012 ) . `` About Missouri Route 66 : Info & History '' . Legends of America . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Route 66 : Illinois '' . Historic66.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Illinois Division of Highways ( April 1 , 1955 ) . Illinois Official Highway Map ( Map ) . 1 : 805,000 . Springfield : Illinois Division of Highways . Chicago and Vicinity inset . OCLC 713840599 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 -- via Illinois Digital Collections . Jump up ^ Snyder , Tom ( 2000 ) . Welcome to the Old Road . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. xii . Jump up ^ James , Clive ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Clive James on ... Billy Connolly 's Route 66 , Sandhurst and Downton Abbey '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( January 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Real Route 66 Inspirations Behind Disney 's Cars Land '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` The Grapes of Wrath Revisited : Same Road , Same Grim Story , Same Sense of Optimism '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Amos : Then & Now '' . CCMclassic.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Works cited ( edit ) Arizona Highways . Phoenix : Arizona Department of Transportation . July 1981 . ISSN 0004 - 1521 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Entire issue about Route 66 . Dedek , Peter B. ( 2007 ) . Hip to the Trip : A Cultural History of Route 66 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 9780826341945 . Freeth , Nick ( 2001 ) . Route 66 . St. Paul , MN : MBI Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0864 - 0 . Kelly , Susan Croce ( 2014 ) . Father of Route 66 : The Story of Cy Avery . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 806 - 14778 - 9 . Krim , Arthur ; Wood , Denis ( 2005 ) . Route 66 : Iconography of the American Highway ( 1st ed . ) . Sante Fe , NM : Center for American Places . ISBN 9781930066359 . Mahar , Lisa ( 2002 ) . American Signs : Form and Meaning on Route 66 . New York : Monacelli Press . ISBN 9781580931199 . Rittenhouse , Jack D. ( 1989 ) ( 1946 ) . A Guide Book to Highway 66 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1148 - 2 . Schneider , Jill ( 1991 ) . Route 66 Across New Mexico : A Wanderer 's Guide . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1280 - 2 . Scott , Quinta ; Kelly , Susan Croce ( 1988 ) . Route 66 : A Highway and Its People . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2291 - 9 . Tremeear , Janice ( 2013 ) . Illinois ' Haunted Route 66 . History Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 626 - 19252 - 2 . Wallis , Michael ( 2001 ) . Route 66 : The Mother Road . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28167 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Baker , T. Lindsay . Portrait of Route 66 : Images from the Curt Teich Postcard Archives . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806153414 . OCLC 932618601 . Bischoff , Matt D. ( 2005 ) . Life in the Past Lane the Route 66 Experience : Historic Management Contexts for the Route 66 Corridor in California . Statistical Research , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1879442887 . OCLC 68569034 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 66 . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for U.S. Route 66 . Route 66 at DMOZ Route 66 : In the beginning why was it named 66 , 1928 maps , details of the daughters of Route 66 Route 66 Guide Route 66 World , a website dedicated to the preservation of Route 66 as well as educating travelers of the continuous growth and popularity of Route 66 . Route 66 Motor Cycle : Guide , History , Directions , Maps , Message Board New Zealand travel experts explain Route 66 Route 66 News , a blog about recent events of Route 66 and inspirations thereof , including the television show Route 66 Route 66 : The Allure of the Road on YouTube , Dan Rice , Past President , California Historic Route 66 Association route66map , map of US 66 routings Endpoints of U.S. Highway 66 United States Numbered Highway System 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 163 400 412 425 Mainline highways Divided routes Special routes Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system . Highlighted routes are considered main routes of the system . U.S. Routes related to US 66 US 166 Special US 266 US 366 1927 -- 1932 1932 -- 1939 US 466 US 566 US 666 Special Italics denotes former route VIAF : 315527102 LCCN : sh88002477 BNF : cb125515150 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_66&oldid=803192024 '' Categories : U.S. Route 66 Former U.S. Highways All - American Roads National Scenic Byways History of Springfield , Missouri Scenic highways in Arizona 1926 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Accuracy disputes from June 2016 Use mdy dates from April 2015 Infobox road temporary tracking category 1 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages with citations lacking titles Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does route 66 start on the east coast	[ "U.S. Route 66 (US 66 or Route 66), also known as the Will Rogers Highway, the Main Street of America or the Mother Road, was one of the original highways within the U.S. Highway System. US 66 was established on November 11, 1926, with road signs erected the following year.[4] The highway, which became one of the most famous roads in the United States, originally ran from Chicago, Illinois, through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona before ending at Santa Monica, California, covering a total of 2,448 miles (3,940 km).[5] It was recognized in popular culture by both the hit song \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\" and the Route 66 television show in the 1960s." ]	[ "Chicago" ]
-2815151456271794532	2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament	2017 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament - wikipedia 2017 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Classification Division I Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 14 Site Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Champions Michigan ( 1st title ) Winning coach John Beilein ( 1st title ) MVP Derrick Walton Jr . ( Michigan ) Television BTN , ESPN / 2 , CBS Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2016 2018 → 2016 -- 17 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT No. 15 Purdue 14 -- . 778 27 -- 8 . 771 No. 25 Wisconsin 12 -- 6 . 667 27 -- 10 . 730 Maryland 12 -- 6 . 667 24 -- 9 . 727 Minnesota 11 -- 7 . 611 24 -- 10 . 706 No. 23 Michigan † 10 -- 8 . 556 26 -- 12 . 684 Northwestern 10 -- 8 . 556 24 -- 12 . 667 Michigan State 10 -- 8 . 556 20 -- 15 . 571 Iowa 10 -- 8 . 556 19 -- 15 . 559 Illinois 8 -- 10 . 444 20 -- 15 . 571 Ohio State 7 -- 11 . 389 17 -- 15 . 531 Indiana 7 -- 11 . 389 18 -- 16 . 529 Penn State 6 -- 12 . 333 15 -- 18 . 455 Nebraska 6 -- 12 . 333 12 -- 19 . 387 Rutgers -- 15 . 167 15 -- 18 . 455 † 2017 Big Ten Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2017 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men 's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 8 through March 12 , 2017 at the Verizon Center in Washington , D.C. It was the first Big Ten Conference Tournament held outside the conference 's traditional heartland in the Midwest . The championship was won by Michigan , which defeated Wisconsin in the championship game . As a result , Michigan received the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament . The championship was Michigan 's first ( after having their win of the inaugural tournament vacated ) and they became the lowest - seeded team ever to win the Big Ten Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule 3 Game summaries 3.1 First round 3.2 Second round 3.3 Quarterfinals 3.4 Semifinals 3.5 Championship 4 Bracket 5 All - Tournament Team 6 References 7 External links Seeds ( edit ) All 14 Big Ten schools participated in the tournament . Teams were seeded by conference record , with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with identical conference records . The top 10 teams received a first round bye and the top four teams received a double bye . Tiebreaking procedures remained unchanged from the 2016 Tournament . Seed School Conf . Tiebreaker Purdue 14 -- 4 Wisconsin 12 -- 6 1 -- 0 vs Maryland Maryland 12 -- 6 0 -- 1 vs Wisconsin Minnesota 11 -- 7 5 Michigan State 10 -- 8 3 -- 1 vs Northwestern , Iowa , Michigan 6 Northwestern 10 -- 8 2 -- 1 vs Michigan State , Iowa , Michigan 7 Iowa 10 -- 8 1 -- 2 vs Michigan State , Northwestern , Michigan 8 Michigan 10 -- 8 1 -- 3 vs Michigan State , Northwestern , Iowa 9 Illinois 8 -- 10 10 Indiana 7 -- 11 1 -- 0 vs Ohio State 11 Ohio State 7 -- 11 0 -- 1 vs Indiana 12 Nebraska 6 -- 12 1 -- 0 vs Penn State 13 Penn State 6 -- 12 0 -- 1 vs Nebraska 14 Rutgers 3 -- 15 Schedule ( edit ) Session Game Time * Matchup Score Television Attendance First round -- Wednesday , March 8 4 : 30 pm No. 13 Penn State vs. No. 12 Nebraska 76 -- 67 ESPN2 7 : 00 pm No. 14 Rutgers vs. No. 11 Ohio State 66 -- 57 BTN Second round -- Thursday , March 9 12 : 00 pm No. 9 Illinois vs. No. 8 Michigan 55 -- 75 BTN 12,189 2 : 45 pm No. 13 Penn State vs. No. 5 Michigan State 51 -- 78 5 6 : 30 pm No. 10 Indiana vs. No. 7 Iowa 95 -- 73 ESPN2 12,408 6 9 : 00 pm No. 14 Rutgers vs. No. 6 Northwestern 61 -- 83 Quarterfinals -- Friday , March 10 7 12 : 00 pm No. 8 Michigan vs. No. 1 Purdue 74 -- 70 ESPN 12,334 8 2 : 30 pm No. 5 Michigan State vs. No. 4 Minnesota 58 -- 63 5 9 6 : 30 pm No. 10 Indiana vs. No. 2 Wisconsin 60 -- 70 BTN 15,624 10 9 : 00 pm No. 6 Northwestern vs. No. 3 Maryland 72 -- 64 Semifinals -- Saturday , March 11 6 11 1 : 00 pm No. 8 Michigan vs. No. 4 Minnesota 84 -- 77 CBS 13,984 12 3 : 30 pm No 6 Northwestern vs. No. 2 Wisconsin 48 - 76 Championship -- Sunday , March 12 7 13 3 : 00 pm No. 8 Michigan vs. No. 2 Wisconsin 71 -- 56 CBS 12,902 * Game times in Eastern Time . Rankings denote tournament seed Jump up ^ The United States began Daylight saving time at 2 : 00 am on Sunday , March 12 . As a result , times through the semifinal games are in Eastern Standard Time while the Championship game time is in Eastern Daylight Time . Game summaries ( edit ) First round ( edit ) ESPN2 Mar 8 4 : 30 pm Recap No. 12 Nebraska 67 , No. 13 Penn State 76 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 33 -- 38 , 27 -- 22 Overtime : 7 -- 16 Pts : E. Taylor 15 Rebs : E. Morrow Jr. 10 Asts : G. Watson Jr. / T. Webster 3 Pts : M. Watkins 18 Rebs : M. Watkins 11 Asts : T. Carr 6 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Referees : Lamont Simpson , Terry Oglesby , Rob Riley BTN Mar 8 7 : 00 pm Recap No. 11 Ohio State 57 , No. 14 Rutgers 66 Scoring by half : 32 -- 29 , 25 -- 37 Pts : J. Tate 18 Rebs : T. Thompson 11 Asts : C.J. Jackson 6 Pts : N. Johnson 21 Rebs : M. Wiliams 9 Asts : C. Sanders 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Referees : Gene Steratore , Paul Szelc , Steve McJunkins Second round ( edit ) BTN Mar 9 Noon Recap No. 8 Michigan 75 , No. 9 Illinois 55 Scoring by half : 40 -- 29 , 35 -- 26 Pts : D. Walton Jr. 19 Rebs : Z . Irvin 7 Asts : D. Walton Jr. 5 Pts : T. Abrams 23 Rebs : M. Finke 7 Asts : T. Lucas 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,189 Referees : Terry Oglesby , Chris Beaver , Kelly Pfeifer BTN Mar 9 2 : 45 pm Recap No. 5 Michigan State 78 , No. 13 Penn State 51 Scoring by half : 45 -- 27 , 33 -- 24 Pts : M. Bridges / N. Ward 15 Rebs : M. Bridges / N. Ward 9 Asts : L. Nairn Jr. 9 Pts : T. Carr / L. Stevens 16 Rebs : S. Garner 7 Asts : T. Carr 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,189 Referees : Terry Wymer , Larry Scirotto , Paul Szelc ESPN2 Mar 9 6 : 30 pm Recap No. 7 Iowa 73 , No. 10 Indiana 95 Scoring by half : 40 -- 43 , 33 -- 52 Pts : J. Bohannon 24 Rebs : C. Pemsl 11 Asts : J. Bohannon 10 Pts : J. Blackmon Jr. 23 Rebs : J. Blackmon Jr. / J. Morgan 8 Asts : J. Blackmon Jr. / R. Johnson 4 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,408 Referees : D.J. Carstensen , Bo Boroski , Steve McJunkins ESPN2 Mar 9 9 : 00 pm Recap No. 6 Northwestern 83 , No. 14 Rutgers 61 Scoring by half : 42 -- 24 , 41 -- 37 Pts : V. Law / S. Lindsey 16 Rebs : D. Pardon 8 Asts : V. Law / S. Lindsey 4 Pts : N. Johnson 21 Rebs : D. Freeman / C.J. Gettys 5 Asts : C. Sanders 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,408 Referees : Lamont Simpson , Rob Riley , Donnie Eppley Quarterfinals ( edit ) ESPN Mar 10 Noon Recap No. 1 Purdue 70 , No. 8 Michigan 74 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 37 -- 38 , 29 -- 28 Overtime : 4 -- 8 Pts : C. Edwards / I. Haas 17 Rebs : C. Swanigan 13 Asts : C. Swanigan 5 Pts : D.J. Wilson 26 Rebs : D.J. Wilson 8 Asts : D. Walton Jr. 4 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,189 Referees : D.J. Carstensen , Paul Szelc , Rob Riley ESPN Mar 10 2 : 25 pm Recap No. 4 Minnesota 63 , No. 5 Michigan State 58 Scoring by half : 28 -- 26 , 35 -- 32 Pts : R. Lynch 16 Rebs : J. Murphy 13 Asts : N. Mason 3 Pts : M. Bridges 20 Rebs : N. Ward 11 Asts : K. Goins 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,189 Referees : Terry Wymer , Larry Scirotto , Paul Szelc BTN Mar 10 6 : 30 pm Recap No. 2 Wisconsin 70 , No. 10 Indiana 60 Scoring by half : 33 -- 27 , 37 -- 33 Pts : B. Koenig 16 Rebs : E. Happ 12 Asts : B. Koenig 5 Pts : J. Blackmon Jr. 17 Rebs : J. Blackmon Jr. 8 Asts : J. Newkirk 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 15,624 Referees : Lamont Simpson , Larry Scirotto , Lewis Garrison BTN Mar 10 8 : 55 pm Recap No. 3 Maryland 64 , No. 6 Northwestern 72 Scoring by half : 36 -- 34 , 28 -- 38 Pts : M. Trimble 20 Rebs : M. Trimble 6 Asts : K. Huerter / M. Trimble 4 Pts : V. Law / S. Lindsey 17 Rebs : D. Pardon 8 Asts : B. McIntosh 6 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 15,624 Referees : Terry Wymer , Terry Oglesby , Kelly Pfeifer Semifinals ( edit ) CBS Mar 11 1 : 00 pm Recap No. 4 Minnesota 77 , No. 8 Michigan 84 Scoring by half : 36 -- 47 , 41 -- 37 Pts : N. Mason 23 Rebs : J. Murphy 9 Asts : A. Coffey / N. Mason 4 Pts : D. Walton Jr. 29 Rebs : Z . Irvin / D. Walton Jr. 5 Asts : D. Walton Jr. 9 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 13,984 Referees : Gene Steratore , Paul Szelc , Rob Riley CBS Mar 11 3 : 30 pm Recap No. 2 Wisconsin 76 , No. 6 Northwestern 48 Scoring by half : 38 -- 21 , 38 -- 27 Pts : N. Hayes 18 Rebs : N. Hayes 10 Asts : D. Trice 3 Pts : S. Lindsey 16 Rebs : D. Pardon 7 Asts : J. Ash / I. Brown / V. Law / B. McIntosh / N. Taphorn 1 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 13,984 Referees : Terry Wymer , Terry Oglesby , Larry Scirotto Championship ( edit ) CBS Mar 12 3 : 00 pm Recap No. 2 Wisconsin 56 , No. 8 Michigan 71 Scoring by half : 32 -- 33 , 24 -- 38 Pts : B. Koenig 15 Rebs : N. Hayes / E. Happ 11 Asts : E. Happ / D. Trice 3 Pts : D. Walton , Jr. 22 Rebs : Z . Irvin 7 Asts : D. Walton , Jr. 7 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,902 Referees : D.J. Carstensen , Lamont Simpson , Bo Boroski Bracket ( edit ) First round Wednesday , March 8 ESPN2 / BTN Second round Thursday , March 9 ESPN2 / BTN Quarterfinals Friday , March 10 ESPN / BTN Semifinals Saturday , March 11 CBS Championship Sunday , March 12 CBS Purdue 70 8 Michigan 74 * 8 Michigan 75 9 Illinois 55 8 Michigan 84 Minnesota 77 Minnesota 63 5 Michigan State 58 5 Michigan State 78 13 Penn State 51 12 Nebraska 67 13 Penn State 76 * 8 Michigan 71 Wisconsin 56 Wisconsin 70 10 Indiana 60 7 Iowa 73 10 Indiana 95 Wisconsin 76 6 Northwestern 48 Maryland 64 6 Northwestern 72 6 Northwestern 83 14 Rutgers 61 11 Ohio State 57 14 Rutgers 66 * denotes overtime period All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Derrick Walton , Michigan -- Most Outstanding Player Zak Irvin , Michigan Ethan Happ , Wisconsin Nigel Hayes , Wisconsin Bronson Koenig , Wisconsin References ( edit ) College basketball portal Jump up ^ Hawkins , James ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Eighth wonders ! Low - seed UM trounces Wisconsin , wins Big Ten title '' . Detroit News . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Big Ten Men 's Basketball Tournament Tiebreaking Procedures '' . Big Ten Conference . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Big Ten Men 's Basketball Tournament Tiebreaking Procedures Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . www.bigten.org . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Big Ten Men 's Basketball All - Tournament Team '' . BigTen.org . CBS Interactive . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 Big Ten Men 's Basketball Tournament at BigTen.org Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 1998 2017 2018 Broadcasters 2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Big_Ten_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=835735283 '' Categories : Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2016 -- 17 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball season Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 13 : 18 . About Wikipedia	who won the big ten basketball championship in 2017	[ "The 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 8 through March 12, 2017 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C. It was the first Big Ten Conference Tournament held outside the conference's traditional heartland in the Midwest. The championship was won by Michigan, which defeated Wisconsin in the championship game. As a result, Michigan received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The championship was Michigan's first (after having their win of the inaugural tournament vacated) and they became the lowest-seeded team ever to win the Big Ten Tournament.[1]" ]	[ "by Michigan" ]
1428079314427098302	G.I. Joe	G.I. Joe - wikipedia G.I. Joe Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see G.I. Joe ( disambiguation ) . G.I. Joe Created by Hasbro Donald Levine Original work America 's movable fighting man Print publications Comics G.I. Joe comics Films and television Film ( s ) The Rise of Cobra Retaliation Animated series 1985 series 1989 series Extreme Sigma 6 Resolute Renegades Games Video game ( s ) List of video games Miscellaneous Toys List of toy series Related franchises Transformers Action Force G.I. Joe is a line of action figures produced and owned by the toy company Hasbro . The initial product offering represented four of the branches of the U.S. armed forces with the Action Soldier ( U.S. Army ) , Action Sailor ( U.S. Navy ) , Action Pilot ( Air Force ) , Action Marine ( Marine Corps ) and later on , the Action Nurse . The name derived from the usage of `` G.I. Joe '' for the generic U.S. soldier , itself derived from the more general term `` G.I. '' . The development of G.I. Joe led to the coining of the term `` action figure '' . G.I. Joe 's appeal to children has made it an American icon among toys . The G.I. Joe trademark has been used by Hasbro for several different toy lines , although only two have been successful . The original 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) line introduced on February 2 , 1964 centered on realistic action figures . In the United Kingdom , this line was licensed to Palitoy and known as Action Man . In 1982 the line was relaunched in a 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) scale complete with vehicles , playsets , and a complex background story involving an ongoing struggle between the G.I. Joe Team and the evil Cobra Command which seeks to take over the Free World through terrorism . As the American line evolved into the Real American Hero series , Action Man also changed , by using the same molds and being renamed as Action Force . Although the members of the G.I. Joe team are not superheroes , they all had expertise in areas such as martial arts , weapons , and explosives . G.I. Joe was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester , New York , in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) figures 1.1 Stan Weston 's original design ( 1963 ) 1.2 America 's movable fighting man ( 1964 -- 1969 ) 1.3 Adventure Team ( 1970 -- 1976 ) 1.4 International G.I. Joe licensees 1.5 Hall of Fame ( 1991 -- 1994 ) 1.6 Classic Collection ( 1995 -- 2004 ) 1.7 Masterpiece ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 1.8 Timeless Collection ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 2 History of the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures 2.1 A Real American Hero ( 1982 -- 1994 ) 2.2 Stars & Stripes Forever -- TRU Exclusives ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 2.3 A Real American Hero Collection ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 2.4 G.I. Joe vs Cobra ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 2.5 Direct to Consumer ( DTC ) ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 2.6 25th Anniversary ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2.7 The Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) 2.8 The Pursuit of Cobra ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 2.9 30th Anniversary ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 2.10 Retaliation ( 2013 ) 2.11 50th Anniversary ( 2014 -- present ) 3 Other licensees 3.1 Super Joe ( 1977 -- 1978 ) 3.2 Short - lived lines ( 1994 -- 1997 ) 3.3 Sigma 6 ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 3.4 Sideshow Collectibles ( 2009 -- present ) 3.5 Real people honored with G.I. Joe figures 4 In other media 4.1 Book & Record Sets 4.2 Film 4.3 Comics 4.4 Television 4.5 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Official sites History of the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) figures ( edit ) Original G.I. Joe lineup . Stan Weston 's original design ( 1963 ) ( edit ) The original idea for the action figure that would become G.I. Joe was developed in 1963 by Stan Weston , a Manhattan licensing agent . Weston made rudimentary prototypes of the figure and basic marketing materials that showed the sales potential of a military action figure . When he showed these materials to Donald Levine , a Hasbro executive , Levine told Weston `` You will make a fortune with these . '' Weston subsequently licensed the entire concept to Hasbro for $100000 USD . America 's movable fighting Man ( 1964 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : America 's Movable Fighting Man The conventional marketing wisdom of the early 1960s was that boys would not play with dolls , thus the word `` doll '' was never used by Hasbro or anyone involved in the development or marketing of G.I. Joe . `` Action figure '' was the only acceptable term , and has since become the generic description for any poseable doll intended for boys . `` America 's movable fighting man '' is a registered trademark of Hasbro , and was prominently displayed on every boxed figure package . The Hasbro prototypes were originally named `` Rocky '' ( marine / soldier ) `` Skip '' ( sailor ) and `` Ace '' ( pilot ) , before the more universal name G.I. Joe was adopted . One of the prototypes would later sell in a Heritage auction in 2003 for $200,001 . Aside from the obvious trademarking on the right buttock , other aspects of the figure were copyrighted features that allowed Hasbro to successfully pursue cases against producers of cheap imitations , since the human figure itself can not be copyrighted or trademarked . The scar on the right cheek was one ; another , unintentional at first , was the placement of the right thumbnail on the underside of the thumb . Early trademarking , with `` G.I. Joe TM '' , was used through some point in 1965 ; the markings changed once G.I. Joe was a registered trademark ; `` G.I. Joe ® '' now appears on the first line . Subsequently , the stamped trademarking was altered after the patent was granted ( in late 1966 ) , and assigned a number ; 3,277,602 . Figures with this marking would have entered the retail market during 1967 . Adventure Team ( 1970 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe Adventure Team By the late 1960s , in the wake of the Vietnam War , Hasbro sought to downplay the war theme that had initially defined `` G.I. Joe '' . The line became known as `` The Adventures of G.I. Joe '' . In 1970 , Hasbro settled on the name `` Adventure Team '' . Highlights of the line included : To coincide with the new direction , `` Life - Like '' flocked hair and beard , an innovation developed in England by Palitoy for their licensed version of Joe , Action Man , is introduced in 1970 . A retooled African American Adventurer was also introduced , which came in two versions as did the others in the series , bearded or shaven . In 1974 , named after the increasingly popular martial art , Hasbro introduced `` Kung - Fu Grip '' to the G.I. Joe line . This was another innovation that had been developed in the UK for Action Man . The hands were molded in a softer plastic that allowed the fingers to grip objects in a more lifelike fashion . In 1976 , G.I. Joe was given eagle eye vision ; a movable eye mechanism to allow the toy to appear to be looking around when a lever in the back of the head was moved . This would be the last major innovation for the original line of 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) figures . Mike Power , Atomic Man A shift in play patterns For its first ten years , G.I. Joe was a generic soldier / adventurer with only the slightest hints of a team concept existing . In 1975 , after a failed bid to purchase the toy rights to the Six Million Dollar Man , Hasbro issued a bionic warrior figure : Mike Power , Atomic Man . One million units were sold . Also added to the Adventure Team was a superhero , Bullet Man . This character had recurring enemies , The Intruders -- Strongmen from Another World . Comics included with figures at the time featured `` Eagle Eye '' Joe , Atomic Man , and Bullet Man operating together ; the Adventure Team was finally an actual team . The original 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) G.I. Joe line ended in America in 1976 . At this time , Hasbro released a line of inexpensive , rotationally molded mannequins in the G.I. Joe style called The Defenders . International G.I. Joe licensees ( edit ) Main articles : Action Man and Action Force From 1966 through 1984 , Palitoy Ltd. produced a British version of the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) G.I. Joe line , under the Action Man name for the UK market . Initially , these were exactly the same designs as the American figures , and at first the same military theme which included figures from World War II . The line later expanded the line to include all men of action , like football players and other sports figures . In the early 1980s , Palitoy responded to falling sales of Action Man by launching `` Action Force '' , a new range of smaller military - themed figures in the style of the then - popular Star Wars line from Kenner . Later , when the U.S. Real American Hero line was released in the UK , they were released under the ' Action Force ' title , since the term `` G.I. '' is not in common use in Britain . The figures had the same appearance and code names as the American G.I. Joes , but their identities and histories were international rather than purely American or British . The range was later renamed G.I. Joe to bring it into line with international markets ; however , the Action Man line retained its original name when it was revived in the early 1990s . The G.I. Joe line was also licensed to Germany under the Action Team name . In Spain , Geyperman was the Hasbro license , although the products were more based on Palitoy 's line , down to the logo design . In France the name was Action Joe , in Japan , Takara and Tsukuda licensed the figures under the names `` G.I. Joe '' and `` Combat Man '' . In Italy , Polistil licensed the figures under the Action Team name ( same as they were called in Germany ) . In Australia , the line was released as `` G.I. Joe '' by Kenbrite ; Palitoy also licensed their `` ActionMan '' line to TolToys , now Hasbro is producing G.I. Joe figures in Australia under the name `` Falcon '' and the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures under the name `` Comandos em Ação '' . In Brazil , it was licensed to Brinquedos Estrela ; the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) line was called `` Falcon '' and the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures were called `` Comandos em Ação '' ( `` Action Commandos '' ) . In Argentina , the G.I. Joe figures were licensed by Veri - li enterprises under the name `` Joe Super Temerario '' , and `` Los Temerarios '' . The G.I. Joe toy line was produced in India under the Funskool brand . Hall of Fame ( 1991 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : Hall of Fame Hasbro began releasing new 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) G.I. Joe figures in 1991 . The first figure , Duke , was marketed exclusively to Target retail stores . Based on the Real American Hero toyline , the Hall of Fame series featured Mission Gear Outfits , vehicles , and featured popular characters like Snake - Eyes , Stalker , Gung - Ho , Cobra Commander , Destro , and Storm Shadow among others . This was followed by an anniversary series based on the 1960s line -- and was followed by the Hall of Fame Limited Editions , also based on 60s releases . Classic collection ( 1995 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe Classic Collection G.I. Janes were introduced in a series called the Classic Collection , the first 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) female dolls in the G.I. Joe line - up since 1967 ; this doll was a helicopter pilot . The Classic Collection hearkened back to the original all military theme of G.I. Joe with fairly realistic uniforms and gear . Soldiers from Australia , Britain , and other nations , as well as United States forces were featured . The line also presented an all - new articulated G.I. Joe figure that formed the basis of many offerings until the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) line was discontinued in the new millennium . In 2000 , a Navajo Code Talker was introduced , one of only two 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) G.I. Joe talking figures ( until this time ) since the 1970s . In 2001 , G.I. Joe honored the events of the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor by releasing a line of Pearl Harbor figures . In 2003 Hasbro announced the release of the 40th Anniversary G.I. Joe line . This line featured reproductions of the earliest G.I. Joe figures and accessories originally made in 1964 . In November 2006 a reproduction Land Adventurer G.I. Joe figure was released as an exclusive to Hot Topic stores . The figure was a reproduction of the Land Adventurer with the Kung - Fu Grip and came in the `` Coffin '' style box . A reproduction Talking Adventure Team Commander was also released in a limited run of 1,970 issues . Masterpiece ( 1996 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : Masterpiece Edition In 1997 , the original G.I. Joe figure returned via the G.I. Joe Masterpiece Edition , a unique book - and - figure product created by Chronicle Books with assistance from Don Levine , former creative director of Hasbro Toys and the driving force behind the original Joe concept . Timeless collection ( 1998 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : Timeless Collection During the late 1990s Hasbro built on the renewed interest in authentic reproductions of G.I. Joe established by the Masterpiece Edition reproduction book / figure set ; they bought the rights to the ME figure and released a range of store exclusive reproduction figure sets , with the character of the sixties G.I. Joe boxed sets . History of the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures ( edit ) A Real American Hero ( 1982 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero The year 1982 saw the highly successful relaunch of the G.I. Joe product line in a smaller , 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) scale . The scale was the same scale used by the Kenner 's Star Wars figures , but with many more points of articulation much like the 1970s Mego 's Micronauts toy line which itself was licensed directly from Takara 's Microman toy line . This relaunch pioneered several tactics in toy marketing , combining traditional advertising with an animated television mini-series and an ongoing comic book . The decision to use a smaller 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) scale for the figures also made it possible for Hasbro to produce a variety of matching vehicles and playsets that further expanded the appeal and commercial potential of the line . G.I. Joe 's increasing popularity supported an array of spin - off merchandising that included posters , t - shirts , video games , board games , and kites . In 1985 , both Toy & Lamp and Hobby World magazines ranked G.I. Joe as the top - selling American toy . The 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) line was canceled at the end of 1994 . This was also the 30th Anniversary of G.I. Joe and accordingly , Hasbro released a series of 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) and 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures based on the Original Action Team figures from 1964 . Stars & stripes forever -- tru exclusives ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) A select assortment of figures from the `` Real American Hero '' line were released as Toys `` R '' Us exclusives to celebrate the 15th anniversary . A second assortment followed in 1998 . A Real American Hero collection ( 2000 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) In 2000 , Hasbro re-released a selection of 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) G.I. Joe figures and vehicles . This line lasted until 2002 . The figures were sold in packs of two and consisted of repainted versions of figures from the Real American Hero line . Some of these repainted figures were assigned new identities : for example , the Baroness figure was repainted and sold as a new character called Chameleon , described on the packaging as `` the illegitimate half sister of Baroness '' . G.I. Joe vs. Cobra ( 2002 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe vs. Cobra Beginning in 2002 , newly designed collections of 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) G.I. Joe figures and vehicles were released . Each collection centered on a storyline or theme , such as `` Spy Troops '' and `` Valor vs. Venom '' . Direct - to - DVD features were animated for both the G.I. Joe : Spy Troops and G.I. Joe : Valor vs. Venom collections , as well as a new trading card game based on the G.I. Joe vs. Cobra storyline . Both the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) and 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) lines were put on hiatus prior to the release of the Sigma 6 line in 2005 . Direct to consumer ( dtc ) ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) The 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) line was reintroduced after a very brief hiatus via Hasbro 's direct - to - consumer website HasbroToyShop.com and various online retailers . As a result of the line 's success , some figures also became available at certain retailers , such as Toys `` R '' Us . 25th Anniversary ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 25th Anniversary 2007 marked the 25th anniversary of the `` Real American Hero '' line . To commemorate the event , Hasbro released a `` 25th Anniversary '' collection of newly sculpted 4 - inch ( 10 cm ) figures ( as opposed to the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) scale of the RAH line ) based on classic and new designs of many of the line 's best known and most popular characters . The 25th - anniversary figures replaced the classic O - ring construction with a swivel chest feature and increased points of articulation beyond the standard shoulder , elbow and knees to swivel wrists , ankles and double - hinged knees . The 25th - anniversary figures also include `` Specialist Trakker '' , otherwise known as Matt Trakker the leader of M.A.S.K. Originally planned to consist of only two sets of five figures each ( one G.I. Joe and one Cobra ) , the `` 25th Anniversary '' collection was well received by retailers and collectors and has since been expanded by Hasbro into a full - fledged toyline that ran through 2009 . The most recent releases in this line do not include the `` 25th Anniversary '' branding , but in all other respects constitute a continuation of the `` 25th Anniversary '' collection . Other waves released in 2009 include the Resolute figures , which were introduced in wave 13 , and had an animated feature premiere in April 2009 . The `` 25th Anniversary '' line was later canceled , in favor of releasing figures for the upcoming live - action movie . Some of the planned figures from canceled waves , totaling 14 figures , were instead released as two 7 - figure exclusive packs . Entitled `` Defense and Attack of Cobra Island , '' each set contained figures from one opposing side . The canceled future waves included Night Force Falcon , the Python Patrol Trooper and Tele - Viper , and an Iron Klaw / Resolute Crimson Guard Trooper Comic Pack . The Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) ( edit ) In July 2009 , a series of figures based on the G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra movie was released in the United States and Australia . The line was a mixture of the Rise of Cobra movie designs , some G.I. Joe vs Cobra designs , some 25th Anniversary figure molds and new molds . The pursuit of Cobra ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) In 2010 , a new series of figures was released , based on four battlegrounds : Desert , City , Jungle and Arctic . The packaging was an update to the 25th Anniversary design . 30th Anniversary ( 2011 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) In 2011 , a new series of figures has been released , including characters from both G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero and the G.I. Joe : Renegades cartoon series . This series was continued through 2012 . Retaliation ( 2013 ) ( edit ) A series of figures based on the movie G.I. Joe : Retaliation was confirmed by Hasbro in February 2012 . Despite the movie 's release being moved from June 2012 to March 2013 , the initial assortments of figures , vehicles , and role - play items were shipped to retailers , and appeared on store shelves in May 2012 . A Variety article was published stating that the already released figures had been pulled from the shelves and recalled by Hasbro , although the companies official statement indicated that existing product would be sold through . New product shipments were halted by Hasbro , but existing Retaliation figures were available in Target , Wal - Mart , and Toys R Us as late as December 2012 . The toyline was re-released in the United States in February 2013 . 50th Anniversary ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2014 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of G.I. Joe , a new line of figures was released , using characters from the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero cartoon series . This series continues in 2015 . Other licensees ( edit ) Super Joe ( 1977 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) In 1977 , Hasbro released the Super Joe Adventure Team , and took the battle between good and evil to the stars . The figures were scaled down to 81⁄2 inches , similar in size to Mego 's Superheroes line of action figures . The line was a hybrid of superhero and space action figures with new features incorporated such as battery powered back - pack lights and motorized accessories . The hero Super Joe characters , Super Joe Commander ( Caucasian / African American ) and Super Joe ( Caucasian / African American ) had a `` One - Two Punch '' that could be activated by pressing panels on the figure 's back . The majority of these figures used Kung - Fu grip style plastic in the joints and hands . Unfortunately , with age , the material degrades , leaving even unopened figures missing limbs and hands . Unlike the original G.I. Joe collection , the Super Joe collection was developed from the start with a play - pattern of Good vs Evil . Super Joe Commander and the Adventure Team ( Man of Action , and Adventurer ) with their alien comrades `` The Night Fighters , '' Luminos and The Shield , fight against the evil Gor , King of the Terrons , Terron , The Beast from Beyond , and his orange - eyed ally Darkon , the half - man half - monster . Super Joe was discontinued by the end of 1978 . The same basic body molds were used later by a subsidiary of Hasbro to produce a line of action figures based on the TV series Space Academy . Short - lived lines ( 1994 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) As a follow - up to the Real American Hero toyline , Sgt . Savage and his Screaming Eagles figures debuted in late 1994 . It was canceled after only two waves of figures were released , due to a combination of scarce marketing and , therefore , low sales . In 1995 , G.I. Joe Extreme figures were introduced by Kenner Toys ( who had merged with Hasbro in late 1994 , taking over their boys toys production ) . Along with the release of toys , G.I. Joe Extreme featured a comic book , published by Dark Horse Comics , and a Gunther - Wahl - produced cartoon series which ran for two seasons . Sigma 6 ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 2005 saw the introduction of a new line called G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 , consisting initially of an 8 '' scale selection of action figures distinguished by their extensive articulation and accessories . Sigma 6 combined entirely new characters with already familiar characters from the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) `` Real American Hero '' line . Its release was accompanied by a television series produced by the Japanese animation studio GONZO , and a comic book mini-series published by Devil 's Due . Hasbro also expanded the Sigma 6 line to include a 21⁄2 '' scale selection of vehicles , play sets , and figurines with limited articulation . 2007 saw the re-branding of the 8 '' line . The Sigma Six branding was dropped in the spring of 2007 . Subsequent 8 '' figures were branded simply as `` G.I. Joe '' action figures and divided into differently packaged sub-groups such as Combat Squad , Commandos , and Adventure Team . The entire 8 '' product line was canceled by the end of 2007 , although Hasbro considers the 8 '' figures a success and may revisit the scale in the future . Sideshow Collectibles ( 2009 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2009 , Sideshow Collectibles began releasing its own line of G.I. Joe figures under license from Hasbro . These highly detailed figures offer new looks at key characters . In addition , Sideshow also created `` Figure Environments '' , which were small diorama pieces intended to enhance the display of their figures . A line of figures was featured at Comic - Con 2012 . Real people honored with G.I. Joe figures ( edit ) Main article : List of real people honored with G.I. Joe figures The G.I. Joe brand has made promotional action figures based on real - life persons , both military and civilian , that the company deems Real American Heroes . In other Media ( edit ) Book & record sets ( edit ) In the 1960s , Hanna - Barbera released a record titled `` The Story of the Green Beret '' as a G.I. Joe tie - in . Later , four Book and Record 45 rpm sets were released by Peter Pan Records , which tied into accessory packages . Three of these were combined into a LP . The art of the original Peter Pan book and record sets was created by Carl Pfeufer . The same recordings were also repackaged as material for G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero . Film ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe ( film series ) See also : G.I. Joe ( disambiguation ) § Films Many movies have been made based upon G.I. Joe and the toy lines that developed from the action figure . The G.I. Joe : Real American Hero cartoon series was followed up by G.I. Joe : The Movie . The film had been released direct - to - video in 1987 because of the perceived box office failure of another animated movie -- The Transformers : The Movie . Inspired by viewers ' reaction to Optimus Prime 's death , G.I. Joe : The Movie was re-dubbed , cutting out the death of one of the main characters , Duke . Instead , he falls into a coma and recovers ( unseen ) at the movie 's end . Also , the main villain , Cobra Commander , met his own demise when he was turned into a living snake by mutant spores created by a new enemy , Cobra - La . A direct to video animated series was created for the Sgt . Savage line , packaged with an exclusive Sgt . Savage figure in 1994 . Next in the G.I. Joe - based line of movies was the 2003 release of Spy Troops : The Movie , Hasbro 's first computer animated feature which coincided with the release of its `` Spy Troops '' header line . Next followed Valor vs. Venom ( 2004 ) , in response to sales from `` Spy Troops '' . This was Hasbro 's second commissioned feature using computer graphics to coincide with the line of the same name . By 2005 , Hasbro had entered into an exclusive agreement with Paramount Pictures to have them distribute any future , features based on the `` Real American Heroes '' line , but by the time a third movie was to be created , this time called , Attack of the BATS , Hasbro 's sales on the `` Real American Heroes '' line had once again slumped , and the project was scrapped . In 2009 Stephen Sommers directed a big budget Hollywood live - action movie based on G.I. Joe . The first film in what is intended to be a franchise , is G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra , stars Channing Tatum in the role of Duke , Ray Park in the role of Snake - Eyes , Jonathan Pryce in the role of The President of the United States , and Joseph Gordon - Levitt in the role of Cobra Commander . Tatum describes the film as being a cross between X-Men , Transformers and Mission Impossible : `` It 's a huge $170 million movie . It 's just a big kid sort of driven film . '' The movie showcased the main members of G.I. Joe and Cobra . While some characters held true to the cartoon adaptations , others differed markedly in significant respects . As well , the storyline gave a different foundation for the battle between G.I. Joe and Cobra . The movie is based in present time ( however at the beginning of the movie it states `` In the not too distant future '' ) and shows glimpses of each character 's history . In the movie , Cobra sets out to cause destruction using high tech weapons and sell them to ruthless terrorists . The G.I. Joe members join together to stop Cobra from becoming a global terrorist organization . To promote the film , G.I. Joe : The Invasion of Cobra Island was produced as a viral campaign . The short animated two - parter used stop motion and puppet animation utilizing Hasbro 's toy line , and was produced by R.M. Productions Ltd . The sequel G.I. Joe : Retaliation was scheduled to be released in June 2012 but was delayed until March 2013 . In the film , the Joes are framed as traitors by Zartan , who is still impersonating the President of the United States , and Cobra Commander now has all the world leaders under Cobra 's control , with their advanced warheads aimed at innocent populaces around the world . Outnumbered and out gunned , the Joes form a plan with the original G.I. Joe General Joseph Colton to overthrow the Cobra Commander and his allies Zartan , Storm Shadow and Firefly . Comics ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe ( comics ) G.I. Joe originated from a comic strip in the 1940s called `` Private Breger '' . G.I. Joe re-appeared in the 1980s as a promotional comic book , produced by Marvel Comics . The success of the main title led Marvel Comics to produce a secondary title , G.I. Joe : Special Missions which lasted 28 issues . The main series released its final issue # 155 in December 1994 , coinciding with the end of the Real American Hero toy line . In July 2001 , Devil 's Due Publishing acquired the rights to G.I. Joe and released a four - issue limited series entitled G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( Reinstated ) . The new series picked up seven years after the end of the Marvel Comics series , and also used elements from the animated TV series . Strong sales led to Reinstated being upgraded to ongoing , and DDP also published other G.I. Joe titles outside the existing continuity . DDP 's license with Hasbro expired in 2008 and was not renewed . In 2009 , IDW Publishing began to publish the series again . IDW 's G.I. Joe series is a complete reboot of the property , ignoring the continuity from the Marvel and Devil 's Due incarnations of the comic . However , the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero series originally published by Marvel Comics in the 1980s and 1990s was revived as an ongoing series in May 2010 with a special # 155 1⁄2 issue , and followed by # 156 onwards in July 2010 . The series directly picks up from the end of the Marvel Comics series and ignores the Devil 's Due continuity completely . Television ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe ( disambiguation ) § Television The premise of the 1985 cartoon series was `` good vs. evil '' . The show 's opening theme song included the narration : `` G.I. Joe is the code name for America 's daring , highly trained special mission force . Its purpose : to defend human freedom against Cobra , a ruthless terrorist organization determined to rule the world . '' The show featured physical fighting and high - tech weapons as a way to compensate for toned - down violence and lack of bullets in what was intended to be a children 's program . The show also featured public service announcements placed at the end of each show . These PSAs ended with the phrase : `` Now I know ! '' `` And knowing is half the battle . '' The series ran for a total of 95 episodes , from 1985 to 1986 . The animated series was canceled after the release of G.I. Joe : The Movie , but made a significant return in 1989 , with the animation company DiC taking over where Sunbow / Marvel left off . That year , DiC released a 5 - part mini-series entitled `` Operation : Dragonfire '' , in which the Joes faced off once again against Cobra as they tried to take control of an energy source known only as ' dragonfire . ' In this mini-series , Cobra Commander was also returned to a semi-human state by the energy itself while Serpentor , the Cobra emperor , was turned into an iguana by the dragonfire . The animated series proved to be a bit of a success as DIC made 2 more seasons ( 1990 -- 91 ) ; however , the series ended after 1991 . Following the `` Operation : Dragonfire '' series was the `` G.I. Joe Extreme '' series in 1995 created by Sunbow Productions . This new animated series was based upon the G.I. Joe Extreme toy line . This series was canceled after 2 seasons ( 1995 -- 97 ) , along with the toy line . G.I. Joe had no series on the air until its resurgence in the 2000s which accompanied a new interest in the Real American Hero toy line , and new lines including Spy Troops ( 2003 ) , Valor vs. Venom ( 2004 ) , and Sigma 6 ( 2005 - 2007 ) . This short - lived series was followed by G.I. Joe : Resolute ( 2008 ) , which was originally released as mini webisodes , with the full series later broadcast on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim . This new series was more realistic and contained graphic violence and dark themes , with Cobra portrayed as a serious threat , which was different from the original and preceding series . In 2010 , The Hub launched G.I. Joe : Renegades , in which the Joes became fugitives seeking to clear their names and Cobra worked towards world domination under the guise of a pharmaceutical company . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of G.I. Joe video games There were several video game adaptations of G.I. Joe , including G.I. Joe : Cobra Strike by Parker Brothers for the Atari 2600 and Intellivision ( 1983 ) , G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero by Epyx for the Apple II and the Commodore 64 ( 1985 ) , Action Force by Virgin Games for the Commodore 64 ( 1987 ) , a G.I. Joe video game by Taxan for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( 1991 ) , a G.I. Joe arcade game by Konami for arcades ( 1992 ) , and G.I. Joe : The Atlantis Factor by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( 1992 ) . A game for Wii , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 2 , PSP and Nintendo DS was released to coincide with the first live - action G.I. Joe film , G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . See also ( edit ) Toys portal 1 : 6 Scale Modeling , a.k.a. Playscale Miniaturism Action Figure Action Force Action Man Big Jim , a similar action figure series made by Mattel Eagle Force G.I. Joe 's , a former sports store unrelated to the series closed in 2009 Donald Levine , a Hasbro executive credited as the `` father '' of G.I. Joe List of G.I. Joe series The Story of G.I. Joe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Father of G.I. Joe Donald Levine Dead at 86 '' . Haaretz.com . Jump up ^ `` Donald Levine , toy exec who developed G.I. Joe , dies at 86 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Dan ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) . `` A BRIEF HISTORY OF G.I. Joe '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( 1994 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Boys and Their Toys '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do We Say `` g.i. '' ? `` . Jump up ^ `` Gi Define Gi at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com. 1999 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wordorigins.org '' . Wordorigins.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Gittleson , Kim ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) . `` BBC News - How did GI Joe become the world 's most successful boys ' toy ? '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` February 2 , 1964 : G.I. Joe Released '' . Day in Tech History - Daily Tech History Podcast & Blog 365 Days a Year . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Larry Hama relaunches his ' 80s ' G.I. Joe ' series '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Stan Weston , 84 , Dies ; Sent G.I. Joe Marching Into Childhoods of Millions '' . Retrieved 27 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Ronald L. Jackson ; Jamie E. Moshin ( 2013 ) . Communicating Marginalized Masculinities : Identity Politics in TV , Film , and New Media . Routledge . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 62307 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tim Walsh ( 1 October 2005 ) . Timeless Toys : Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them . Andrews McMeel Publishing . pp. 196 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 5571 - 2 . Jump up ^ Janice Jorgensen ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands : Durable goods . St. James Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55862 - 338 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe -- Original Prototype ( Hasbro , 1964 ) . Ten - HUT ! Stand at attention for the five - star general of G.I. Joe collectibles . Th ... Memorabilia : Miscellaneous '' . Comics.ha.com. 2003 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The life and time of G.I. Joe '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 -- 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 129 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes '' . Fullyarticulated.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ A History of G.I. Joe Releases , p. 6 , http://www.halfbattle.com/history6.html , accessed 30 June 2014 Jump up ^ YoJoe.com , http://www.yojoe.com/action/98/ accessed 30 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe Toys , Action Figures , Vehicles , and more at '' . Hasbrotoyshop.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ G.I. Joe Action Figure and Toy Collecting News - A Real American Hero ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Hasbro Reveals G.I. Joe : Retaliation Lineup '' . Arealamericanhero.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser ( 2012 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Yanking G.I. Joe toys with retailers '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Target Toy Clearance Haul '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` GI JOE Retaliation : 2012 Movie Line '' . Hasbro.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Collectibles Sideshow Collectibles '' . Sideshowtoy.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Nikole Zivalich ( 2012 - 07 - 25 ) . `` G.I. Joe Collectibles From Sideshow At Comic - Con 2012 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Book & Record Sets '' . Vintage3DJoes . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Channing Tatum : Fighting '' . SuicideGirls.com. 24 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ; Boucher , Geoff ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` Paramount delays ' G.I. Joe : Retaliation ' release until 2013 '' . Latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` MTV Grills Channing Tatum About His `` Death '' In GI Joe Retaliation - GI Joe News `` . Hisstank.com. 2012 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Vosloo Returns As Zartan In GI Joe II Retaliation - GI Joe News '' . Hisstank.com. 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe A Real American Hero : Season Two '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Aug 7 , 2009 @ 03 : 13 PM ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) . `` All 28 original G.I. Joe cartoon PSAs '' . Gametrailers.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Games '' . Yojoe.Com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : G.I. Joe YoJoe.com - The Comprehensive G.I. Joe Database G.I. Joe and the Action Figure Official sites ( edit ) Official G.I. Joe Hasbro site The Official G.I. Joe Collectors ' Club -- Licensed by Hasbro The Official G.I. Joe Collectors ' Convention -- Licensed by Hasbro The Official Canadian G.I. Joe Convention - Approved by Hasbro Canada G.I. Joe Characters G.I. 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Joe Playscale figures 1960s toys Hasbro brands 1970s toys 1980s toys 1990s toys 2000s toys 2010s toys Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 15 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did gi joe action figure come out	[ "The G.I. Joe trademark has been used by Hasbro for several different toy lines, although only two have been successful. The original 12-inch (30 cm) line introduced on February 2, 1964 centered on realistic action figures.[9] In the United Kingdom, this line was licensed to Palitoy and known as Action Man. In 1982 the line was relaunched in a 3.75-inch (9.5 cm) scale complete with vehicles, playsets, and a complex background story involving an ongoing struggle between the G.I. Joe Team and the evil Cobra Command which seeks to take over the Free World through terrorism. As the American line evolved into the Real American Hero series, Action Man also changed, by using the same molds and being renamed as Action Force. Although the members of the G.I. Joe team are not superheroes, they all had expertise in areas such as martial arts, weapons, and explosives.[10]" ]	[ "February 2, 1964" ]
6098231053189471574	Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)	Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) - wikipedia Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) For other Thoroughbred Triple Crowns , see Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing . Sir Barton , the first Triple Crown winner , at the 1919 Preakness Stakes Justify , the 13th winner , at the 2018 Preakness Stakes . In the United States , the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing , commonly known as the Triple Crown , is a title awarded to a three - year - old Thoroughbred horse who wins the Kentucky Derby , Preakness Stakes , and Belmont Stakes . The three races were inaugurated in different years , the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875 . These races are now run annually in May and early June of each year . The Triple Crown Trophy , commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950 , is awarded to a Triple Crown winner . The first winner of all three Triple Crown races was Sir Barton in 1919 . Some journalists began using the term Triple Crown to refer to the three races as early as 1923 , but it was not until Gallant Fox won the three events in 1930 that Charles Hatton of the Daily Racing Form put the term into common use . In the history of the Triple Crown , 13 horses have won all three races : Sir Barton ( 1919 ) , Gallant Fox ( 1930 ) , Omaha ( 1935 ) , War Admiral ( 1937 ) , Whirlaway ( 1941 ) , Count Fleet ( 1943 ) , Assault ( 1946 ) , Citation ( 1948 ) , Secretariat ( 1973 ) , Seattle Slew ( 1977 ) , Affirmed ( 1978 ) , American Pharoah ( 2015 ) , and Justify ( 2018 ) . As of 2018 , American Pharoah and Justify are the only living Triple Crown winners . James E. `` Sunny Jim '' Fitzsimmons was the first trainer to win the Triple Crown more than once ; he trained both Gallant Fox and his son Omaha for the Belair Stud breeding farm . Gallant Fox and Omaha are the only father - son duo to win the Triple Crown . Bob Baffert became the second trainer to win the Triple Crown twice , training American Pharoah and Justify . Belair Stud and Calumet Farm are tied as the owners with the most Triple Crown victories with two apiece . Calumet Farms won with Whirlaway and Citation . Eddie Arcaro rode both of Calumet Farms ' Triple Crown champions and is the only jockey to win more than one Triple Crown . Secretariat holds the stakes record time for each of the three races . His time of 2 : 24 for 1 ⁄ miles in the 1973 Belmont Stakes also set a world record that still stands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Winners 2.1 Records 2.2 Other notable achievements 3 Gaps between wins 4 Unsuccessful bids 5 Sponsorship and broadcasting 6 Individual race winners 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) The three Triple Crown races had been run for decades before the series received its name ; the Belmont Stakes was first run in 1867 ; the Preakness , in 1873 ; and the Kentucky Derby , in 1875 . The term was in use at least by 1923 , although Daily Racing Form writer Charles Hatton is commonly credited with originating the term in 1930 . Their order has varied . Before 1931 , the Preakness was run before the Kentucky Derby eleven times . On May 12 , 1917 , and May 13 , 1922 , the Kentucky Derby and Preakness were run on the same day . Since 1931 , the Kentucky Derby has been run first , followed by the Preakness , and then the Belmont . Each Triple Crown race is open to both colts and fillies . Although fillies have won each of the individual Triple Crown races , none has won the Triple Crown itself . Despite attempts to develop a `` Filly Triple Crown '' or a `` Triple Tiara '' for fillies only , no set series of three races has consistently remained in the public eye , and at least four different configurations of races have been used . Two fillies won the series of the Kentucky Oaks , the Pimlico Oaks ( now the Black - Eyed Susan Stakes ) , and the Coaching Club American Oaks , in 1949 and 1952 , but the racing press did not designate either accomplishment as a `` triple crown '' . In 1961 , the New York Racing Association created a filly triple crown of in - state races only , but the races changed over the years . Eight fillies won the NYRA Triple Tiara between 1968 and 1993 . Gelded colts may run in any of the three races today , but they were prohibited from entering the Belmont between 1919 and 1957 . Geldings have won each of the individual races , but like fillies , no gelding has ever won the Triple Crown . The closest was Funny Cide , who won the Derby and the Preakness in 2003 . All the races are held on dirt tracks , rather than the turf commonly used for important races in Europe . Triple Crown races Race Date Current Track Location Distance Background Cite Trophy Kentucky Derby `` The Run for the Roses '' First Saturday in May Churchill Downs Louisville , Kentucky 1 ⁄ miles ( 2,000 m ) Inaugurated in 1875 , the race was originally 1 ⁄ miles ( 2,400 m ) until 1896 when it was shortened to its current distance . It is the only one of the three races to have been continuously run from its inception . Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) and fillies 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) . The field has been limited to 20 horses since 1975 . The Kentucky Derby Trophy Preakness Stakes `` The Run for the Black - Eyed Susans '' Third Saturday in May Pimlico Race Course Baltimore , Maryland 1 ⁄ miles ( 1,900 m ) Started in 1873 and continuously run since 1894 , it is the shortest of the three races . Pimlico was the home of the race from 1873 to 1889 and again from 1908 until the present . The Preakness was not run from 1891 to 1893 . Weights are the same as for the Derby . Field is limited to 14 horses . The Woodlawn Vase Belmont Stakes `` The Test of the Champion '' Third Saturday following the Preakness ( first or second Saturday in June ) Belmont Park Elmont , New York 1 ⁄ miles ( 2,400 m ) Begun in 1867 , it is the oldest of the three races and the longest , though not held in 1911 and 1912 due to anti-gambling legislation in New York . Race was held at various New York tracks until 1905 when Belmont Park became the permanent location . Distance varied from 1 ⁄ to 1 ⁄ miles ( 2,600 to 1,800 m ) until set at 1 ⁄ miles ( 2,400 m ) in 1926 . Weight assignments are the same as the other two races . Field is limited to 16 horses . The August Belmont Trophy Winners ( edit ) The Triple Crown Trophy The sixth winner , Count Fleet , in the 1943 Kentucky Derby The seventh winner , Assault in 1946 with Warren Mehrtens , jockey Triple Crown winners Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Breeder Colors 1919 Sir Barton Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross John E. Madden 1930 Gallant Fox Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud Belair Stud 1935 Omaha Willie `` Smokey '' Saunders Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud Belair Stud 1937 War Admiral Charles Kurtsinger George Conway Samuel D. Riddle Samuel D. Riddle 1941 Whirlaway Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm Calumet Farm 1943 Count Fleet Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz Fannie Hertz 1946 Assault Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch King Ranch 1948 Citation Eddie Arcaro Horace A. `` Jimmy '' Jones Calumet Farm Calumet Farm 1973 Secretariat Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable Meadow Stable 1977 Seattle Slew Jean Cruguet William H. Turner , Jr . Mickey and Karen L. Taylor , Tayhill Stable / Jim Hill , et al . Ben S. Castleman 1978 Affirmed Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm Harbor View Farm 2015 American Pharoah Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Ahmed Zayat Ahmed Zayat 2018 Justify Mike Smith Bob Baffert China Horse Club Head of Plains Partners Starlight Racing WinStar Farm John D. Gunther and † † During his 2018 bid for the Triple Crown , Justify used the colors of WinStar Farms ( white , green and black star ) for the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes . The colors of China Horse Club ( red , yellow stars and sleeves ) were used in the Belmont Stakes . At completion of the 2016 season , the three Triple Crown races have attracted 4,224 entrants . Of these , 292 horses have won a single leg of the Triple Crown , 52 horses have won two of the races ( 23 the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes , 18 the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes , and 11 the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes ) , and 13 horses have won all three races . Pillory won both the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes in 1922 , a year when it was impossible to win the Triple Crown because the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were run on the same day . 10 of the 13 winners have been `` homebreds '' , owned at the time of their win by their breeders . Jim Fitzsimmons and Bob Baffert are the only two trainers to have two horses win the Triple Crown , with Fitzsimmons training the sire / son combination of 1930 winner Gallant Fox and 1935 winner Omaha and Baffert training 2015 winner American Pharoah and 2018 winner Justify . The wins by Fitzsimmons were also the first time that an owner and the first time that a breeder , Belair Stud holding both duties , had a repeat win of the Triple Crown . Calumet Farm is the only other owner with two Triple Crown horses , 1941 winner Whirlaway and 1948 winner Citation . Eddie Arcaro is the only jockey to ride two horses to the Triple Crown , both for Calumet , Whirlaway and Citation . Those two horses ' trainers , Ben Jones and Jimmy Jones , were father and son . All 13 horses , and most owners , trainers , and jockeys were born in the United States . The exceptions were jockey Johnny Longden , born in England and raised in Canada ; French - born jockey Jean Cruguet ; trainer Laz Barrera , from Cuba ; and jockey Victor Espinoza , from Mexico . Secretariat 's trainer , Lucien Laurin and jockey , Ron Turcotte were both Canadians . Owner Fannie Hertz was married to John D. Hertz , who was born in Slovakia ; owner Ahmed Zayat was born in Egypt . Jockey Willie Saunders is considered a Canadian jockey because he grew up and established his career there , but was born in Montana . The horse Sir Barton was foaled in the United States but had a Canadian owner , J.K.L. Ross , at the time of his Triple Crown win , while Justify 's owners were from both the United States and China . Records ( edit ) Secretariat holds the stakes record for each of the Triple Crown races , the Kentucky Derby ( 1 : 59 2 / 5 ) , the Preakness Stakes ( 1 : 53 ) , and the Belmont Stakes ( 2 : 24 ) . At 18 , Steve Cauthen became the youngest jockey to win the Triple Crown , riding Affirmed in 1978 . At 52 , Mike Smith became the oldest jockey to win the Triple Crown , riding Justify in 2018 . Other notable achievements ( edit ) Only one horse , Alydar , has placed ( finished second ) in all three races . He was defeated by Affirmed in all three races in 1978 by a combined margin of two lengths . His trainer John Veitch is the only trainer to have done this with one horse . In 1995 , D. Wayne Lukas became the first and only major figure ( owner , jockey , or trainer ) to win all three Triple Crown races with different horses , Thunder Gulch in the Derby and Belmont , Timber Country in the Preakness . Lukas also is the only trainer to have won six straight Triple Crown races , adding his 1995 wins , having won the 1994 Preakness and Belmont with Tabasco Cat and the 1996 Derby with Grindstone . Like Veitch , only with two different horses , Bob Baffert also had second - place finishes in all three legs of the Triple Crown , both owned by Ahmed Zayat : in 2012 , Bodemeister finished second in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness stakes to I 'll Have Another , then Paynter was entered and finished second to Union Rags . Baffert and Zayat teamed up again for the 2015 Triple Crown victory of American Pharoah . Gallant Fox is the only Triple Crown winner to sire another U.S. Triple Crown winner , Omaha . Affirmed sired Peteski , winner of the 1993 Canadian Triple Crown . Whirlaway , in addition to winning the 1941 Triple Crown , also won the Travers Stakes that year , becoming the first and only horse to date to accomplish that feat . American Pharoah , in addition to winning the 2015 Triple Crown , also won the Breeders ' Cup Classic that year . As the Breeders ' Cup was not established until 1984 , American Pharoah was the first ( and , as of 2018 , only ) horse to sweep all four races , a feat that came to be known as the Grand Slam . Gaps between wins ( edit ) California Chrome ( second from right ) was stepped on by the number 3 horse while leaving the starting gate at the 2014 Belmont Stakes After the first Triple Crown winner , Sir Barton , in 1919 , there was not another winner until Gallant Fox in 1930 , a gap of 11 years . Between 1930 and 1948 , seven horses won the Triple Crown , with five years being the longest gap between winners . However , following the 1948 win of Citation , there was a considerable gap of 25 years before Secretariat ended the drought of Triple Crown champions in 1973 . Between 1973 and 1978 , there were three Triple Crown winners . After Affirmed 's Triple Crown in 1978 , the longest drought in Triple Crown history began in 1979 with Spectacular Bid 's failed Triple Crown attempt at the Belmont Stakes , and lasted until American Pharoah won in 2015 . Between 1979 and 2014 thirteen horses won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes , but either failed to win the Belmont Stakes or could not start in the race . Of those , Real Quiet came the closest to winning the Triple Crown , losing the Belmont Stakes by a nose in 1998 . Spectacular Bid finished 3rd in 1979 . Pleasant Colony finished 3rd in 1981 . Alysheba finished 4th in 1987 . Sunday Silence finished 2nd in 1989 . Real Quiet finished 2nd in 1998 . Charismatic finished 3rd in 1999 . War Emblem finished 8th in 2002 . Funny Cide finished 3rd in 2003 . Smarty Jones finished 2nd in 2004 . Big Brown did not finish in 2008 . I 'll Have Another did not start ( injury ) 2012 . California Chrome finished 4th in 2014 . In the 1979 - 2015 period , horses who contested all three races , losing the Kentucky Derby but winning the Preakness and the Belmont were Risen Star in 1988 , Hansel in 1991 , Tabasco Cat in 1994 , Point Given in 2001 , and Afleet Alex in 2005 . In 1984 , Swale and in 1995 , Thunder Gulch ran all three races , winning the Derby and the Belmont , but not the Preakness . The 37 - year gap between the Triple Crown wins of Affirmed and American Pharoah drew criticism of the system . As far back as 1986 , reporters noted that horses who were fresh for the Belmont had an advantage . In 2003 , Gary Stevens stated in an interview with Charlie Rose that he did not believe there would be another Triple Crown winner because of the tendency for owners to put fresh horses in the Preakness and Belmont Stakes . California Chrome co-owner Steve Coburn was particularly critical of the Triple Crown system in post-Belmont remarks in 2014 ; he considered the system to be unfair , arguing that there would never be another Triple Crown winner in his lifetime unless only horses that competed in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness competed at the Belmont . By 2014 , six of the previous eight Belmont winners had not competed in either of the first two legs of the Triple Crown . Additionally , from 2006 to 2014 , the Belmont winner was a horse who had not competed in the Preakness . American Pharoah was the first Belmont winner since Afleet Alex in 2005 to have run all three Triple Crown races . Unsuccessful bids ( edit ) Big Brown , the winner of the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes , at the 2008 Belmont Stakes , where he was pulled up and did not finish . Since all three races were inaugurated , as of 2017 , 23 horses have won the Derby and Preakness but not the Belmont : 1932 : Burgoo King did not enter the Belmont due to lameness . 1936 : Bold Venture did not enter the Belmont due to lameness . 1944 : Pensive was the first horse to contest but lose the Belmont after winning the first two legs . He placed second to Bounding Home , who had neither run in the Derby nor the Preakness . 1958 : Tim Tam , defeated by six lengths by Cavan , who had neither contested the Derby nor Preakness . 1961 : Carry Back , `` sore '' after the race , was seventh of nine entries , 14 ⁄ lengths behind the winner , a longshot named Sherluck . 1964 : Northern Dancer , defeated by Quadrangle . 1966 : Kauai King , defeated by Amberoid . 1968 : Forward Pass , defeated by Stage Door Johnny by 1 ⁄ lengths . 1969 : Majestic Prince , second by 5 ⁄ lengths to Arts and Letters . Loss attributed to fatigue and lameness . 1971 : Cañonero II , fourth in the Belmont to 34 -- 1 longshot Pass Catcher , the loss attributed to a hoof problem . 1979 : Spectacular Bid , third in Belmont , was alleged to have stepped on a safety pin the morning of the race , though another theory blamed rider error by an inexperienced young jockey moving him too soon . He finished 3 ⁄ lengths behind Coastal and a neck behind the second - place horse , Golden Act . 1981 : Pleasant Colony , third in Belmont , 1 ⁄ lengths behind Summing and the second - place horse , Highland Blade . 1987 : Alysheba finished fourth in Belmont behind Bet Twice , Cryptoclearance , and Gulch . 1989 : Sunday Silence , second in Belmont , eight lengths behind Easy Goer . 1997 : Silver Charm , second in Belmont , ⁄ length behind Touch Gold . 1998 : Real Quiet , second in Belmont after a photo finish , a nose behind Victory Gallop . 1999 : Charismatic , third in Belmont , 1 ⁄ lengths behind Lemon Drop Kid and second - place Vision and Verse . Charismatic was pulled up soon after the finish , vanned off with a bone fracture . He survived and was retired to stud . 2002 : War Emblem stumbled at gate in Belmont , finished eighth out of 11 . Winner Sarava scored upset at record odds of 70 - 1 . 2003 : Funny Cide , third in Belmont , five lengths behind Empire Maker , and 4 ⁄ lengths behind second - place horse , Ten Most Wanted . 2004 : Smarty Jones , second in Belmont , one length behind Birdstone . 2008 : Big Brown was pulled up in the home stretch of the Belmont , eased to a last - place finish . Winner was Da ' Tara . A hoof problem had limited Big Brown 's training , and may have been a factor in his defeat . 2012 : I 'll Have Another was scratched from the Belmont the day before the race due to a tendon injury . 2014 : California Chrome finished in a dead heat for 4th in the Belmont after being stepped on by another horse leaving the gate and running the race with an injury to his heel and a scrape on his tendon . Sponsorship and broadcasting ( edit ) See also : Sports broadcasting contracts in the United States Originally , the three races largely organized their own nominations procedure , marketing and television broadcast rights . In 1985 , Triple Crown Productions was created when the owner of Spend a Buck chose not to run in the other two Triple Crown races because of a financial incentive offered to any Kentucky Derby winner who could win a set of competing races in New Jersey . The organizers of the three races realized that they needed to work together . Efforts to unify the sponsorship and marketing of all three Triple Crown races began in 1987 when ABC Sports negotiated a deal with Chrysler to pay $5 million to any horse that swept all three races , and $1 million each year there was no Triple Crown sweep to the horse with the highest combined Triple Crown finish . This sponsorship lasted until 1993 . The end of the $1 million participation bonus was linked to the breakdown of Prairie Bayou at the Belmont Stakes that year and the uncomfortable situation that arose when the Kentucky Derby winner , Sea Hero , was given the bonus following a seventh - place finish . In 1995 , Visa USA took over the sponsorship with a 10 - year contract , naming the series the Visa Triple Crown and offering only the $5 million bonus to a horse that could sweep the Triple Crown . Along with sponsorship by VISA , NBC Sports paid $51.5 million for broadcast rights to all three races , with the revenue split giving 50 % of the total to Churchill Downs and 25 % each to Pimlico and to the New York Racing Association ( NYRA ) . The Visa deal -- and the cooperative effort -- ended after 2005 . The NYRA felt that they did not get a fair share of the revenue , particularly when the Belmont had the highest ratings of all three races in the years where a Triple Crown was on the line . From 2001 through 2013 , average viewership for the Belmont was 7 million when the Triple Crown was not at stake , whereas viewership averaged 13 million when it was . With the contract term ending , the NYRA went to ESPN on ABC for the 2006 Belmont , while the broadcasts of the Derby and Preakness remained with NBC . Visa chose to remain as a sponsor of only Kentucky Derby for the next five years . As a result of the divided broadcast , Triple Crown Productions was unable to obtain a new sponsor . Years Sponsor Bonuses 1987 -- 1993 Chrysler Corporation $1 million ( best overall record ) $5 million ( three wins ) 1995 -- 2005 Visa USA $5 million ( three wins ) 2006 -- present Triple Crown Productions None In February 2011 , ABC / ESPN dropped out of the negotiations to renew broadcast rights to the Belmont Stakes . NBC obtained the contract through 2015 , once again uniting all three races on the same network . In 2014 , NBC extended their contract for the Kentucky Derby through 2025 . As of August 2015 , NBC obtained a broadcast contract for the Belmont through 2020 and the Preakness through 2022 . Individual race winners ( edit ) See also : Triple Crown Productions § Highest combined Triple Crown finish Key for full list of race winners Denotes winners of the Triple Crown * Denotes winners of the Derby and Preakness but not the Belmont # Denotes other winners of any other combination of 2 out of the 3 Triple Crown races Full list of race winners Year Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes 1867 Ruthless 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Survivor Springbok 1874 Culpepper Saxon 1875 Aristides Tom Ochiltree Calvin 1876 Vagrant Shirley Algerine 1877 Baden - Baden # Cloverbrook # Cloverbrook 1878 Day Star # Duke of Magenta # Duke of Magenta 1879 Lord Murphy Harold Spendthrift 1880 Fonso # Grenada # Grenada 1881 Hindoo # Saunterer # Saunterer 1882 Apollo Vanguard Forester 1883 Leonatus Jacobus George Kinney 1884 Buchanan Knight of Ellerslie Panique 1885 Joe Cotton Tecumseh Tyrant 1886 Ben Ali The Bard Inspector B 1887 Montrose Dunboyne Hanover 1888 Macbeth II Refund Sir Dixon 1889 Spokane Buddhist Eric 1890 Riley Montague Burlington 1891 Kingman Foxford 1892 Azra Patron 1893 Lookout Commanche 1894 Chant Assignee Henry of Navarre 1895 Halma # Belmar # Belmar 1896 Ben Brush Margrave Hastings 1897 Typhoon II Paul Kauvar Scottish Chieftain 1898 Plaudit Sly Fox Bowling Brook 1899 Manuel Half Time Jean Bereaud 1900 Lieut . Gibson Hindus Ildrim 1901 His Eminence The Parader Commando 1902 Alan - a-Dale Old England Masterman 1903 Judge Himes Flocarline Africander 1904 Elwood Bryn Mawr Delhi 1905 Agile Cairngorm Tanya 1906 Sir Huon Whimsical Burgomaster 1907 Pink Star Don Enrique Peter Pan I 1908 Stone Street Royal Tourist Colin 1909 Wintergreen Effendi Joe Madden 1910 Donau Layminster Sweep 1911 Meridian Watervale 1912 Worth Colonel Holloway 1913 Donerail Buskin Prince Eugene 1914 Old Rosebud Holiday Luke McLuke 1915 Regret Rhine Maiden The Finn 1916 George Smith Damrosch Friar Rock 1917 Omar Khayyam Kalitan Hourless 1918 Exterminator War Cloud Jack Hare , Jr . Johren 1919 Sir Barton Sir Barton Sir Barton 1920 Paul Jones # Man o ' War # Man o ' War 1921 Behave Yourself Broomspun Grey Lag 1922 Morvich # Pillory # Pillory 1923 # Zev Vigil # Zev 1924 Black Gold Nellie Morse Mad Play 1925 Flying Ebony Coventry American Flag 1926 Bubbling Over Display Crusader 1927 Whiskery Bostonian Chance Shot 1928 Reigh Count Victorian Vito 1929 Clyde Van Dusen Dr. Freeland Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox Gallant Fox Gallant Fox 1931 # Twenty Grand Mate # Twenty Grand 1932 * Burgoo King * Burgoo King Faireno 1933 Brokers Tip Head Play Hurryoff 1934 Cavalcade High Quest Peace Chance 1935 Omaha Omaha Omaha 1936 * Bold Venture * Bold Venture Granville 1937 War Admiral War Admiral War Admiral 1938 Lawrin Dauber Pasteurized 1939 # Johnstown Challedon # Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion # Bimelech # Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway Whirlaway Whirlaway 1942 # Shut Out Alsab # Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet Count Fleet Count Fleet 1944 * Pensive * Pensive Bounding Home 1945 Hoop Jr . Polynesian Pavot 1946 Assault Assault Assault 1947 Jet Pilot Faultless Phalanx 1948 Citation Citation Citation 1949 Ponder # Capot # Capot 1950 # Middleground Hill Prince # Middleground 1951 Count Turf Bold Counterpoint 1952 Hill Gail Blue Man One Count 1953 Dark Star # Native Dancer # Native Dancer 1954 Determine Hasty Road High Gun 1955 Swaps # Nashua # Nashua 1956 # Needles Fabius # Needles 1957 Iron Liege Bold Ruler Gallant Man 1958 * Tim Tam * Tim Tam Cavan 1959 Tomy Lee Royal Orbit Sword Dancer 1960 Venetian Way Bally Ache Celtic Ash 1961 * Carry Back * Carry Back Sherluck 1962 Decidedly Greek Money Jaipur 1963 # Chateaugay Candy Spots # Chateaugay 1964 * Northern Dancer * Northern Dancer Quadrangle 1965 Lucky Debonair Tom Rolfe Hail To All 1966 * Kauai King * Kauai King Amberoid 1967 Proud Clarion # Damascus # Damascus 1968 * Forward Pass * Forward Pass Stage Door Johnny 1969 * Majestic Prince * Majestic Prince Arts and Letters 1970 Dust Commander Personality High Echelon 1971 * Canonero II * Canonero II Pass Catcher 1972 # Riva Ridge Bee Bee Bee # Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat Secretariat Secretariat Cannonade # Little Current # Little Current Foolish Pleasure Master Derby Avatar 1976 # Bold Forbes Elocutionist # Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew Seattle Slew Seattle Slew 1978 Affirmed Affirmed Affirmed 1979 * Spectacular Bid * Spectacular Bid Coastal 1980 Genuine Risk Codex Temperence Hill 1981 * Pleasant Colony * Pleasant Colony Summing 1982 Gato Del Sol Aloma 's Ruler Conquistador Cielo Sunny 's Halo Deputed Testamony Caveat 1984 # Swale Gate Dancer # Swale 1985 Spend A Buck Tank 's Prospect Creme Fraiche 1986 Ferdinand Snow Chief Danzig Connection * Alysheba * Alysheba Bet Twice 1988 Winning Colors # Risen Star # Risen Star 1989 * Sunday Silence * Sunday Silence Easy Goer 1990 Unbridled Summer Squall Go And Go 1991 Strike the Gold # Hansel # Hansel 1992 Lil E. Tee Pine Bluff A.P. Indy 1993 Sea Hero Prairie Bayou Colonial Affair 1994 Go for Gin # Tabasco Cat # Tabasco Cat 1995 # Thunder Gulch Timber Country # Thunder Gulch Grindstone Louis Quatorze Editor 's Note 1997 * Silver Charm * Silver Charm Touch Gold 1998 * Real Quiet * Real Quiet Victory Gallop 1999 * Charismatic * Charismatic Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus Red Bullet Commendable 2001 Monarchos # Point Given # Point Given 2002 * War Emblem * War Emblem Sarava 2003 * Funny Cide * Funny Cide Empire Maker * Smarty Jones * Smarty Jones Birdstone 2005 Giacomo # Afleet Alex # Afleet Alex 2006 Barbaro Bernardini Jazil 2007 Street Sense Curlin Rags to Riches 2008 * Big Brown * Big Brown Da ' Tara 2009 Mine That Bird Rachel Alexandra Summer Bird Super Saver Lookin at Lucky Drosselmeyer 2011 Animal Kingdom Shackleford Ruler on Ice 2012 * I 'll Have Another * I 'll Have Another Union Rags 2013 Orb Oxbow Palace Malice 2014 * California Chrome * California Chrome Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah American Pharoah American Pharoah 2016 Nyquist Exaggerator Creator 2017 Always Dreaming Cloud Computing Tapwrit 2018 Justify Justify Justify 2019 Notes Jump up ^ These were 2002 for War Emblem , 2003 for Funny Cide and 2004 for Smarty Jones . Jump up ^ The 1890 Preakness Stakes was held at Morris Park Racecourse in The Bronx , New York . ^ Jump up to : From 1894 to 1908 , the Preakness Stakes were held at Gravesend Race Track on Coney Island , New York . ^ Jump up to : In 1917 and 1922 , the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were held on the same day . ^ Jump up to : The 1918 Preakness Stakes was held in two divisions due to a large field . War Cloud won one and Jack Hare , Jr. the other . ^ Jump up to : Due to reconstruction at Belmont Park , the Belmont Stakes were held at Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens , New York from 1963 to 1967 . Jump up ^ Dancer 's Image was disqualified as the winner of the 1968 Kentucky Derby due to a post-race failed drug test . Jump up ^ I 'll Have Another was scratched the afternoon prior to the Belmont due to tendonitis and was unable to attempt to win the race . Denotes a filly . Fillies won the Kentucky Derby in 1915 , 1980 , and 1988 , Preakness Stakes in 1903 , 1906 , 1915 , 1924 , and 2009 , and Belmont Stakes in 1867 , 1905 , and 2007 . Race not run . The Belmont was not run in 1911 and 1912 due to anti-betting legislation passed in New York State . The Preakness did not run 1891 -- 1893 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Kentucky Derby , Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes . Book : Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) American thoroughbred racing top attended events British Classic Races French Classic Races Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Grand Slam of Thoroughbred racing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Christine , Bill ( June 4 , 1989 ) . `` The Spoilers : Last Jewel of Triple Crown Has Been Stolen 11 Times -- Will Sunday Silence Be Next Victim of an Upset ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Bennett ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Rail : The Race for the Triple Crown - Origins of Triple Crown '' . The New York Times . New York , NY . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History & Tradition of the Triple Crown '' . OD Action . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` Where Are the Fillies ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Genaro , Teresa ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Triple Tiara '' . Hello Race Fans . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Where No Gelding Has Gone Before '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History : Horses '' . Belmont Stakes . Archived from the original on 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kane , Mike ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` 10 things to know about the Triple Crown '' . Courier - Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drager , Marvin . `` Kentucky Derby '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drager , Marvin . `` Preakness Stakes '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Preakness Stakes '' . Triple Crown Productions . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drager , Marvin . `` Belmont Stakes '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes '' . Triple Crown Productions . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes History '' . Belmont - Stakes Info . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winners '' . The New York Racing Association . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Angst , Frank ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Figs : American Pharoah 's Triple Crown '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sham : In the Shadow of a Superhorse '' . California Thoroughbred . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hegarty , Matt ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Secretariat awarded Preakness record at 1 : 53 after review '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christine , Bill ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` 10 most unbreakable records ( 10 - 6 ) '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Kentucky Derby -- I 'll Have Another rallies to win at Churchill Downs - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Triple Crown Winner Peteski Dies from Colic '' . BloodHorse.com. April 8 , 2001 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grand Slam - ESPN.com Jump up ^ American Pharoah - Breeder 's Cup.com Jump up ^ `` The Courier - Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charlie Rose ( July 21 , 2003 ) . `` A rebroadcast of a discussion about the film Seabiscuit '' . Charlie Rose . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brennan : Cherry - pick races and Triple Crown extinct '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Betting against California Chrome ? Fresh horses typically win Belmont Stakes '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ESPN News Service ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` American Pharoah claims first Triple Crown since 1978 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Drape , Joe ( 2008 ) . To the swift : classic Triple Crown horses and their race for glory ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9780312357955 . Jump up ^ Drager , Marvin . `` Majestic Prince '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glauber , Bill ( May 19 , 1991 ) . `` Canonero II came close to Triple Crowning glory '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` American Pharoah Eyes Triple Crown Sweep '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oakford , Glenye Cain ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Spectacular Bid , 27 , dead '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hovdey , Jay ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Triple Crown near - misses : Pleasant Colony , 1981 '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( June 7 , 1987 ) . `` BELMONT STAKES ; On Bumpy Road to Crown , Alysheba Is Left Behind '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( June 8 , 1997 ) . `` Touch Gold Sneaks In to Steal Silver Charm 's Crown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( June 7 , 1998 ) . `` THE 130TH BELMONT STAKES ; Victory Gallop 's Charge Keeps Real Quiet Short of Posterity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph . `` HORSE RACING ; Charismatic 's Bid Ends in Injury and Defeat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( June 9 , 2002 ) . `` Early Stumble Dooms War Emblem 's Triple Crown Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( June 8 , 2003 ) . `` Empire Maker Ends Funny Cide 's Triple Crown Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( June 6 , 2004 ) . `` At Smarty Jones 's Coronation , Birdstone Makes Off With the Crown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` The Story Behind Big Brown 's Bad Belmont May Never Be Known '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Claire Novak ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Chrome ' Co-Owner Has No Regrets for Comments '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Paulick , Ray ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Selling Triple Crown As A Package Deal '' . Paulick Report . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler to Sponsor Triple Crown Challenge '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . September 24 , 1987 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` VIsa to End Triple Crown Challenge Sponsorship '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Looking for a Sure Thing in the Belmont Stakes ? Bet on NBC '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC reaches deal to keep Kentucky Derby rights through 2015 '' . Daily Hampshire Gazette - GazetteNet.com . Associated Press . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharrow , Ryan ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` NBC re-ups deal to carry Preakness through 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` NBC Signs Five Year Deal To Televise Belmont Stakes '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Pact Keeps Kentucky Derby in NBC Stable Through 2025 '' ( Press Release ) . February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liz Mullen ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Nbc Sports Group Extends Belmont Contract Through 2020 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preakness Stakes - History '' . preakness-stakes.info . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website BloodHorse.com Triple Crown Mania Ten Things You Should Know About the Triple Crown at Hello Race Fans Triple Crown Winners -- slideshow by Life magazine Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff Kentucky Derby Races 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Churchill Downs Top 4 finishers Festival Museum Road to the Kentucky Derby `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Triple Crown Trophy Mint julep Derby pie Kentucky Oaks Broadcasters `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' Kentucky Derby Winners Preakness Stakes Pimlico 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1885 1886 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 ( 1891 - 1893 race not run ) Gravesend 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Pimlico 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Top four finishers Broadcasters `` Maryland , My Maryland '' Woodlawn Vase Triple Crown Preakness Stakes Winners Belmont Stakes Jerome Park 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Belmont Park 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Aqueduct 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Belmont Park 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Top three finishers Broadcasters August Belmont Trophy `` The Sidewalks of New York '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' Triple Crown Belmont Stakes Winners American Thoroughbred horse racing honor for winning three specific stakes races as a three - year - old Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing_(United_States)&oldid=846146651 '' Categories : Belmont Stakes Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015 Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the first leg of the triple crown	[]	[]
-5753975599668624931	Mace Windu	Mace Windu - wikipedia Mace Windu `` Windu '' redirects here . For the cycle of 8 lunar years , see Javanese calendar . Mace Windu Star Wars character Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu . First appearance The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Last appearance The Clone Wars : Legacy -- `` Dark Disciple '' ( 2016 , novel ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson Voiced by Terrence C. Carson ( most media ) Samuel L. Jackson ( The Clone Wars ) Kevin Michael Richardson ( Jedi Power Battles , Obi - Wan and Jedi Starfighter ) Donald Glover ( Robot Chicken ) Adrian Holmes ( The Yoda Chronicles and Droid Tales ) Information Species Human Gender Male Occupation Jedi Padawan ( former ) Jedi Master Jedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic Affiliation Jedi Order Galactic Republic Homeworld Haruun Kal Mace Windu is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed by actor Samuel L. Jackson in the prequel films and voiced by voice - actor Terrence C. Carson in other projects . He appears as a human male , Master of the Jedi High Council and one of the last members of the order 's upper echelons before the Galactic Republic 's fall . He is the Council 's primary liaison , although the Clone Wars caused him to question his most firmly held beliefs . Contents 1 Character conception and overview 2 Appearances 2.1 Film 2.2 Animated series 2.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) 2.3 Comics 2.4 Legends 2.4. 1 Clone Wars ( 2003 ) 2.4. 2 Novels and comics 3 Merchandising 4 Reception 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links Character conception and overview ( edit ) Several early incarnations of the character who would become Mace Windu were developed in the original Star Wars drafts as the narrator , Princess Leia 's brother and Luke Skywalker 's friend . Through the process of redrafting and copyediting , his character was removed from the original trilogy ( Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back , and Return of the Jedi ) but was reintroduced in 1994 when series creator George Lucas began writing the prequel trilogy . According to an interview on the Late Show with David Letterman on May 13 , 2005 , the character 's purple lightsaber was a personal request from Jackson to Lucas as a quid pro quo for appearing in the films , as well as a way of making the character unique and easily distinguishable . Appearances ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Mace Windu 's Jedi robes from Episode III Introduced in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Windu appears as the Master of the Jedi High Council . The maverick Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn comes before the Council and offers to train Anakin Skywalker , believing that the boy is the Chosen One of Jedi prophecy . Windu and the other Council members refuse , deeming Anakin too old and dangerously full of fear and anger . After the corrupt Trade Federation is defeated and Obi - Wan Kenobi apparently defeats Darth Maul , who also kills Qui - Gon Jinn , Windu realizes that the Sith have returned , and he and the Council reluctantly allow Obi - Wan to train Anakin in Qui - Gon 's stead . In Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , Windu initially refuses to believe that the assassination attempt on Padmé Amidala on Coruscant was authorized by former Jedi master Count Dooku . Having learned of Obi - Wan 's whereabouts on Geonosis , Windu arrives to save Obi - Wan , Padmé and Anakin from their death sentence in the stadium . At the Battle of Geonosis , Windu kills the bounty hunter Jango Fett . With his fellow Jedi and the clone army for the Galactic Republic attacking the planet , Dooku flees . At the end of the film , Windu resolves to keep a closer eye on the increasingly corrupt Galactic Senate . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Windu and the other members of the Jedi Council are concerned that Palpatine may not relinquish his emergency powers when the Clone Wars end . Their suspicions only grow when the Senate grants Palpatine a vote on the Jedi Council by appointing Anakin a personal representative . The Council grants Anakin a seat , but denies him the rank of Jedi Master and orders him to spy on Palpatine , causing Anakin 's faith in the Jedi to diminish significantly . After Obi - Wan kills General Grievous , Anakin informs Windu of Palpatine 's true identity as the Sith Lord Darth Sidious . Acting swiftly on this revelation , Windu and three other Jedi Masters attempt to arrest him , but Palpatine mercilessly kills Windu 's companions and fights the Jedi Master . Windu subdues Palpatine by knocking away his lightsaber and deflecting the Sith Lord 's Force lightning back into his face just as Anakin arrives , causing Palpatine 's face to become disfigured as it was in the original trilogy . Ignoring Anakin 's objections not to kill Palpatine , Windu counters that Palpatine has control of both the Senate and the courts , and is therefore too dangerous to be left alive . However , Anakin intervenes on Palpatine 's behalf , severing Windu 's lightsaber hand and leaving him helpless . Palpatine then uses his Force lightning to send Windu plummeting out a large window to his death . In his fourth film appearance ; in the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars , Mace Windu has a supporting role . During the early development of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Jackson expressed interest to reprise his role as Windu as a Force ghost , due the fact that Windu was killed half - way through the last film . Animated series ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith ) , Mace Windu has a supporting role . Comics ( edit ) In 2017 , Marvel released Star Wars : Jedi of the Republic -- Mace Windu , a 5 - issue series centered around Mace Windu during the early days of the Clone Wars . He leads a small team of Jedi on a mission to the planet Hissrich , to find out what the Separatists are doing there . During the mission , Windu 's faith in the Jedi path is tested by his interactions with two new characters : AD - W4 , a mercenary droid with a thirst for murdering Jedi ; and Prosset Dibs , a literally blind Jedi Master who becomes disillusioned with the Jedi Order and turns on Windu . Ultimately , Windu ends up besting both adversaries in single combat , respectively , and his faith in the Jedi way is strengthened by the experience . Legends ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Windu appears extensively in the Star Wars Legends of novels and comic books . Clone Wars ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Mace Windu is a supporting character in Genndy Tartakovsky 's Star Wars : Clone Wars micro-series , which is set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . The character 's likeness in the series is based on that in The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . In the first chapters , he defends the grasslands planet Dantooine against a large hovering `` fortress '' , and over the course , he loses his lightsaber , forcing him to instead use a lethal form of unarmed combat powered by the Force . In final chapters , he and fellow Jedi Master Yoda help defend the planet Coruscant from an attack by General Grievous . In the midst of the battle , he realizes that the attack is a ruse to distract the Jedi from Grievous 's true objective : to `` kidnap '' Palpatine . Despite being too late to save the Supreme Chancellor , the Jedi Master uses the Force to crush Grievous 's chest , inflicting upon the cyborg general a wheezing , asthmatic cough , setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith . Novels and comics ( edit ) Windu is the central character of Matthew Stover 's novel Shatterpoint , in which he is called to his home planet of Haruun Kal to defeat his former apprentice Depa Billaba who has turned to the dark side of the Force . The novel establishes that Windu has the unique talent of seeing `` shatterpoints '' , or faultlines in the Force that could affect the destinies of certain individuals and indeed the galaxy itself . Mace 's `` shatterpoint '' ability also enables him to see people 's weaknesses , allowing him to exploit their flaws and defeat them . It also explains that Windu is the creator and sole master of a style of lightsaber combat called Vaapad ( Form VII ) , in which the user skirts dangerously close to the dark side -- without giving into it -- by actually enjoying the fight and the thrill of victory . All others who attempted to master the form either gave in to the dark side or were unable to properly master the technique . Stover also referenced these abilities in his Revenge of the Sith novelization . It was said that without his unique style only Yoda and Dooku could match him . However , with the use of Vaapad he was the greatest swordsman of his time , able to defeat Darth Sidious in lightsaber combat which even Yoda could not achieve . He was also able to overwhelm Dooku in lightsaber combat during the battle of Boz Pity which took place between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . Besides Shatterpoint , Windu has appeared in other Expanded Universe novels , such as Cloak of Deception , Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter , Rogue Planet , Outbound Flight , The Cestus Deception , Jedi Trial , Yoda : Dark Rendezvous and Labyrinth of Evil . Merchandising ( edit ) A Mace Windu action figure was added to the Star Wars Transformers toy line in 2006 . It was a remold of the toy first used for Obi - Wan Kenobi . He becomes an Eta - 2 Actis - class light interceptor starfighter with Astromech droid R4 - M6 . Reception ( edit ) IGN reported Mace Windu as the 27th top Star Wars character , stating that he is an important component of the series . Further reading ( edit ) Star Wars portal Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Novelization - Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 Shatterpoint ( novel ) , 1st edition , 2003 . Matthew Woodring Stover , ISBN 0 - 345 - 45573 - 8 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2002 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 Revised Core Rulebook ( Star Wars Roleplaying Game ) , 1st edition , 2002 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , J.D. Wiker , Steve Sansweet , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2876 - X Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Power of the Jedi Sourcebook , hardcover , 2002 . Michael Mikaelian , Jeff Grubb , Owen K.C. Stephens , James Maliszewski , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2781 - X Star Wars Galaxy Guide 7 : Mos Eisley , softcover , 1993 . Martin Wixted , ISBN 0 - 87431 - 187 - X References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ James Whitlark , Ph. D. `` Stage Eight in The Star Wars and Harry Potter Series ? '' . whitlarks.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film Jump up ^ `` Samuel L. Jackson '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 1999 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2002 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ `` Mace Windu '' . StarWars.com . LucasFilm . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode III : Attack of the Clones ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2005 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ `` Samuel L. Jackson Wants To Play Mace Windu For Star Wars : Episode VII '' . 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Mace Windu in the StarWars.com Databank Mace Windu on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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-9217314145154242135	Niagara Falls	Niagara Falls - wikipedia Niagara Falls Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Niagara Falls ( disambiguation ) . Niagara Falls Location Border of Ontario , Canada , and New York , United States Coordinates 43 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 79 ° 04 ′ 29 '' W / 43.0799 ° N 79.0747 ° W / 43.0799 ; - 79.0747 ( Niagara Falls ) Coordinates : 43 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 79 ° 04 ′ 29 '' W / 43.0799 ° N 79.0747 ° W / 43.0799 ; - 79.0747 ( Niagara Falls ) Type Cataract Total height 167 ft ( 51 m ) Number of drops Watercourse Niagara River Average flow rate 85,000 cu ft / s ( 2,400 m / s ) Niagara Falls ( / naɪˈæɡrə / ) is the collective name for three waterfalls that straddle the international border between Canada and the United States ; more specifically , between the province of Ontario and the state of New York . They form the southern end of the Niagara Gorge . From largest to smallest , the three waterfalls are the Horseshoe Falls , the American Falls and the Bridal Veil Falls . The Horseshoe Falls lies on the border of the United States and Canada with the American Falls entirely on the United States ' side , separated by Goat Island . The smaller Bridal Veil Falls are also on the United States ' side , separated from the other waterfalls by Luna Island . Located on the Niagara River , which drains Lake Erie into Lake Ontario , the combined falls form the highest flow rate of any waterfall in North America that has a vertical drop of more than 165 feet ( 50 m ) . During peak daytime tourist hours , more than six million cubic feet ( 168,000 m ) of water goes over the crest of the falls every minute . Horseshoe Falls is the most powerful waterfall in North America , as measured by flow rate . The falls are 17 miles ( 27 km ) north - northwest of Buffalo , New York , and 75 miles ( 121 km ) south - southeast of Toronto , between the twin cities of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and Niagara Falls , New York . Niagara Falls was formed when glaciers receded at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation ( the last ice age ) , and water from the newly formed Great Lakes carved a path through the Niagara Escarpment en route to the Atlantic Ocean . Niagara Falls is famed both for its beauty and as a valuable source of hydroelectric power . Balancing recreational , commercial , and industrial uses has been a challenge for the stewards of the falls since the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Geology 3 History 3.1 History of freezing over 4 Impact on industry and commerce 4.1 Hydroelectric power 4.2 Transport 5 Preservation efforts 6 Over the falls 6.1 Jumps and pimmels 6.2 Walks 7 Other entertainment 7.1 Movies and television 7.2 Music 7.3 Literature 7.4 Fine art 8 Tourism 8.1 American side 8.2 Canadian side 9 Panoramic views 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Fiction 13.2 Non-fiction Characteristics ( edit ) Canadian Horseshoe Falls as viewed from Skylon Tower American Falls ( large waterfall on the left ) and Bridal Veil Falls ( smaller waterfall on the right ) as viewed from Skylon Tower The Horseshoe Falls drop about 188 feet ( 57 m ) , while the height of the American Falls varies between 70 and 100 feet ( 21 and 30 m ) because of the presence of giant boulders at its base . The larger Horseshoe Falls are about 2,600 feet ( 790 m ) wide , while the American Falls are 1,060 feet ( 320 m ) wide . The distance between the American extremity of the Niagara Falls and the Canadian extremity is 3,409 feet ( 1,039 m ) . The peak flow over Horseshoe Falls was recorded at 225,000 cubic feet ( 6,400 m ) per second . The average annual flow rate is 85,000 cubic feet ( 2,400 m ) per second . Since the flow is a direct function of the Lake Erie water elevation , it typically peaks in late spring or early summer . During the summer months , at least 100,000 cubic feet ( 2,800 m ) per second of water traverses the falls , some 90 % of which goes over the Horseshoe Falls , while the balance is diverted to hydroelectric facilities . This is accomplished by employing a weir -- the International Control Dam -- with movable gates upstream from the Horseshoe Falls . The falls ' flow is further halved at night , and , during the low tourist season in the winter , remains a minimum of 50,000 cubic feet ( 1,400 m ) per second . Water diversion is regulated by the 1950 Niagara Treaty and is administered by the International Niagara Board of Control ( IJC ) . The verdant green colour of the water flowing over the Niagara Falls is a byproduct of the estimated 60 tonnes / minute of dissolved salts and `` rock flour '' ( very finely ground rock ) generated by the erosive force of the Niagara River itself . Geology ( edit ) The features that became Niagara Falls were created by the Wisconsin glaciation about 10,000 years ago . The same forces also created the North American Great Lakes and the Niagara River . All were dug by a continental ice sheet that drove through the area , deepening some river channels to form lakes , and damming others with debris . Scientists argue there is an old valley , St David 's Buried Gorge , buried by glacial drift , at the approximate location of the present Welland Canal . Aerial view of Niagara Falls , showing parts of Canada ( left ) and the United States ( upper right ) When the ice melted , the upper Great Lakes emptied into the Niagara River , which followed the rearranged topography across the Niagara Escarpment . In time , the river cut a gorge through the north - facing cliff , or cuesta . Because of the interactions of three major rock formations , the rocky bed did not erode evenly . The top rock formation was composed of erosion - resistant limestone and Lockport dolostone . That hard layer of stone eroded more slowly than the underlying materials . The aerial photo on the right clearly shows the hard caprock , the Lockport Formation ( Middle Silurian ) , which underlies the rapids above the falls , and approximately the upper third of the high gorge wall . Immediately below the hard - rock formation , comprising about two thirds of the cliff , lay the weaker , softer , sloping Rochester Formation ( Lower Silurian ) . This formation was composed mainly of shale , though it has some thin limestone layers . It also contains ancient fossils . In time , the river eroded the soft layer that supported the hard layers , undercutting the hard caprock , which gave way in great chunks . This process repeated countless times , eventually carving out the falls . Submerged in the river in the lower valley , hidden from view , is the Queenston Formation ( Upper Ordovician ) , which is composed of shales and fine sandstones . All three formations were laid down in an ancient sea , their differences of character deriving from changing conditions within that sea . About 10,900 years ago , the Niagara Falls was between present - day Queenston , Ontario , and Lewiston , New York , but erosion of their crest has caused the waterfalls to retreat approximately 6.8 miles ( 10.9 km ) southward . The Horseshoe Falls , which are approximately 2,600 feet ( 790 m ) wide , have also changed their shape through the process of erosion ; evolving from a small arch , to a horseshoe bend , to the present day gigantic V. Just upstream from the falls ' current location , Goat Island splits the course of the Niagara River , resulting in the separation of the mostly Canadian Horseshoe Falls to the west from the American and Bridal Veil Falls to the east . Engineering has slowed erosion and recession . The current rate of erosion is approximately 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) per year , down from a historical average of 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) per year . According to the timeline of the far future , in roughly 50,000 years Niagara Falls will have eroded away the remaining 20 miles ( 32 km ) to Lake Erie and ceased to exist . History ( edit ) Father Louis Hennepin is depicted in front of the falls in this 1698 print . Thomas Davies , An East View of the Great Cataract of Niagara , 1762 Hugh Lee Pattinson 's daguerreotype of the Niagara Falls ( left - right inverted ) , the first known photograph of them , circa 1840 Voute sous la Chute du Niagara - Niagara Falls , circa 1841 Theories differ as to the origin of the name of the falls . According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger , Niagara is derived from the name given to a branch of the local native Neutral Confederacy , who are described as being called the Niagagarega people on several late - 17th - century French maps of the area . According to George R. Stewart , it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called Ongniaahra , meaning `` point of land cut in two '' . Henry Schoolcraft reported : Niagara Falls . This name is Mohawk . It means , according to Mrs. Kerr , the neck ; the term being first applied to the portage or neck of land , between lakes Erie and Ontario . By referring to Mr. Elliott 's vocabulary , ( chapter xi ) it will be seen that the human neck , that is , according to the concrete vocabulary , his neck , is onyara . Red Jacket pronounced the word Niagara to me , in the spring of 1820 , as if written O - ne - au - ga - rah . A number of figures have been suggested as first circulating an eyewitness description of Niagara Falls . The Frenchman Samuel de Champlain visited the area as early as 1604 during his exploration of Canada , and members of his party reported to him the spectacular waterfalls , which he described in his journals . The Finnish - Swedish naturalist Pehr Kalm explored the area in the early 18th century and is credited with the first scientific description of the falls . The consensus honoree for the first description is the Belgian missionary Louis Hennepin , who observed and described the falls in 1677 , earlier than Kalm , after traveling with the explorer René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle , thus bringing the falls to the attention of Europeans . Further complicating matters , there is credible evidence the French Jesuit missionary Paul Ragueneau visited the falls some 35 years before Hennepin 's visit , while working among the Huron First Nation in Canada . Jean de Brébeuf also may have visited the falls , while spending time with the Neutral Nation . Man and woman on Canadian side of Niagara Falls , circa 1858 View of Canadian side from Goat Island , 1880 In 1762 , Captain Thomas Davies , a British Army officer and artist , surveyed the area and painted the watercolor , An East View of the Great Cataract of Niagara , the first eyewitness painting of the falls . During the 19th century , tourism became popular , and by mid-century , it was the area 's main industry . Theodosia Burr Alston , daughter of Vice President Aaron Burr and her husband Joseph Alston , were the first recorded couple to honeymoon there in 1801 . Napoleon Bonaparte 's brother Jérôme visited with his bride in the early 19th century . In 1837 during the Caroline affair , a rebel supply ship , the Caroline , was burned and sent over the falls . In March 1848 , ice blockage caused the falls to stop ; no water ( or at best a trickle ) fell for as much as 40 hours . Waterwheels stopped , mills and factories shut down for having no power . Later that year , demand for passage over the Niagara River led to the building of a footbridge and then Charles Ellet 's Niagara Suspension Bridge . This was supplanted by German - born John Augustus Roebling 's Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge in 1855 . After the American Civil War , the New York Central Railroad publicized Niagara Falls as a focus of pleasure and honeymoon visits . With increased railroad traffic , in 1886 , Leffert Buck replaced Roebling 's wood and stone bridge with the predominantly steel bridge that still carries trains over the Niagara River today . The first steel archway bridge near the falls was completed in 1897 . Known today as the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge , it carries passenger vehicles and trains between Canada ( through Canadian Customs Border Control ) and the U.S.A. just downstream of the falls . In about 1840 , the English industrial chemist Hugh Lee Pattinson travelled to Canada , stopping at the Niagara Falls long enough to make the earliest known photograph of the falls , a daguerreotype in the collection of Newcastle University . It was once believed that the small figure standing silhouetted with a top hat was added by an engraver working from imagination as well as the daguerreotype as his source , but the figure is clearly present in the photograph . Because of the very long exposure required , of ten minutes or more , the figure is assumed by Canada 's Niagara Parks agency to be Pattinson himself . The image is left - right inverted , and taken from the Canadian side . Pattinson made other photographs of the Horseshoe Falls as well as of Rome and Paris . These were then transferred to engravings to illustrate Noël Marie Paymal Lerebours ' Excursions Daguerriennes ( Paris , 1841 -- 1864 ) . In 1941 , the Niagara Falls Bridge Commission completed the third current crossing in the immediate area of Niagara Falls with the Rainbow Bridge , carrying both pedestrian and vehicular traffic between the two countries and Canadian and U.S. customs for each country . After the First World War , tourism boomed again , as automobiles made getting to the falls much easier . The story of Niagara Falls in the 20th century is largely that of efforts to harness the energy of the falls for hydroelectric power , and to control the development on both sides that threaten the area 's natural beauty . A team from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dammed the American Falls in June 1969 to clear rock from the base of the falls . Rockslides caused a significant buildup of rock at the bottom of the American side of the falls , and the engineers were to clean up the rock and repair some faults to prevent eventual erosion of the American side of the waterfall . A temporary dam was built to divert the flow of water to the Canadian side ; the dam measured 600 feet ( 180 m ) across and was made of nearly 30,000 tons of rock . The engineers cleared the rock debris and tested for safety , finishing the project in November of that year . Water flow was restored on November 25 , 1969 . Before the late 20th century , the northeastern end of the Horseshoe Falls was in the United States , flowing around the Terrapin Rocks , which were once connected to Goat Island by a series of bridges . In 1955 , the area between the rocks and Goat Island was filled in , creating Terrapin Point . In the early 1980s , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers filled in more land and built diversion dams and retaining walls to force the water away from Terrapin Point . Altogether , 400 feet ( 120 m ) of the Horseshoe Falls were eliminated , including 100 feet ( 30 m ) on the Canadian side . According to author Ginger Strand , the Horseshoe Falls is now entirely in Canada . Other sources say `` most of '' Horseshoe Falls is in Canada . History of freezing over ( edit ) The only recorded freeze up of the river and falls was due to an ice jam on March 29 , 1848 . Although the falls commonly ices up most winters , the river and the falls do not freeze completely . The years 1885 , 1906 , 1902 , 1911 , 1932 , 1936 , 2014 and 2017 are noted for the falls icing up . In 1912 , much of the water coming over the American Falls froze , though a trickle still ran and the falls ran at the other two sites . Impact on industry and commerce ( edit ) Hydroelectric power ( edit ) New York side of Niagara Gorge , c. 1901 Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant in Lewiston , New York The enormous energy of Niagara Falls has long been recognized as a potential source of power . The first known effort to harness the waters was in 1759 , when Daniel Joncaire built a small canal above the falls to power his sawmill . Augustus and Peter Porter purchased this area and all of American Falls in 1805 from the New York state government , and enlarged the original canal to provide hydraulic power for their gristmill and tannery . In 1853 , the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Mining Company was chartered , which eventually constructed the canals that would be used to generate electricity . In 1881 , under the leadership of Jacob F. Schoellkopf , the Niagara River 's first hydroelectric generating station was built . The water fell 86 feet ( 26 m ) and generated direct current electricity , which ran the machinery of local mills and lit up some of the village streets . The Niagara Falls Power Company , a descendant of Schoellkopf 's firm , formed the Cataract Company headed by Edward Dean Adams , with the intent of expanding Niagara Falls ' power capacity . In 1890 , a five - member International Niagara Commission headed by Sir William Thomson among other distinguished scientists deliberated on the expansion of Niagara hydroelectric capacity based on seventeen proposals , but could not select any as the best combined project for hydraulic development and distribution . In 1893 , Westinghouse Electric ( which had built the smaller - scale Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant near Ophir , Colorado , two years earlier ) was hired to design a system to generate alternating current on Niagara Falls , and three years after that this large - scale AC power system was created ( activated on August 26 , 1895 ) . The Adams Power Plant Transformer House remains as a landmark of the original system . By 1896 , financing from moguls including J.P. Morgan , John Jacob Astor IV , and the Vanderbilts had fueled the construction of giant underground conduits leading to turbines generating upwards of 100,000 horsepower ( 75 MW ) , sent as far as Buffalo , 20 miles ( 32 km ) away . Some of the original designs for the power transmission plants were created by the Swiss firm Faesch & Piccard , which also constructed the original 5,000 HP waterwheels . Private companies on the Canadian side also began to harness the energy of the falls . The Government of Ontario eventually brought power transmission operations under public control in 1906 , distributing Niagara 's energy to various parts of the Canadian province . Other hydropower plants were also being built along the Niagara River . But in 1956 , disaster struck when the region 's largest hydropower station was partially destroyed in a landslide . This drastically reduced power production and put tens of thousands of manufacturing jobs at stake . In 1957 , Congress passed the Niagara Redevelopment Act , which granted the New York Power Authority the right to fully develop the United States ' share of the Niagara River 's hydroelectric potential . In 1961 , when the Niagara Falls hydroelectric project went online , it was the largest hydropower facility in the Western world . Today , Niagara is still the largest electricity producer in New York state , with a generating capacity of 2.4 gigawatts ( million kilowatts ) . Up to 375,000 U.S. gallons ( 1,420 m ) of water a second is diverted from the Niagara River through conduits under the city of Niagara Falls to the Lewiston and Robert Moses power plants . Currently between 50 % and 75 % of the Niagara River 's flow is diverted via four huge tunnels that arise far upstream from the waterfalls . The water then passes through hydroelectric turbines that supply power to nearby areas of Canada and the United States before returning to the river well past the falls . This water spins turbines that power generators , converting mechanical energy into electrical energy . When electricity demand is low , the Lewiston units can operate as pumps to transport water from the lower bay back up to the plant 's reservoir , allowing this water to be used again during the daytime when electricity use peaks . During peak electrical demand , the same Lewiston pumps are reversed and actually become generators , similar to those at the Moses plant . To preserve Niagara Falls ' natural beauty , a 1950 treaty signed by the U.S. and Canada limited water usage by the power plants . The treaty allows higher summertime diversion at night when tourists are fewer and during the winter months when there are even fewer tourists . This treaty , designed to ensure an `` unbroken curtain of water '' flowing over the falls , states that during daylight time during the tourist season ( April 1 to October 31 ) there must be 100,000 cubic feet per second ( 2,800 m / s ) of water flowing over the falls , and during the night and off - tourist season there must be 50,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,400 m / s ) of water flowing over the falls . This treaty is monitored by the International Niagara Board of Control , using a NOAA gauging station above the falls . During winter , the Power Authority of New York works with Ontario Power Generation to prevent ice on the Niagara River from interfering with power production or causing flooding of shoreline property . One of their joint efforts is an 8,800 - foot - long ( 2,700 m ) ice boom , which prevents the buildup of ice , yet allows water to continue flowing downstream . In addition to minimum water volume , the crest of the Horseshoe falls was reduced to maintain an uninterrupted `` curtain of water . '' The most powerful hydroelectric stations on the Niagara River are the Sir Adam Beck 1 and 2 on the Canadian side and the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant and the Lewiston Pump Generating Plant on the American side . Together , Niagara 's generating stations can produce about 4.4 gigawatts of power . In August 2005 Ontario Power Generation , which is responsible for the Sir Adam Beck stations , started a major civil engineering project , called the Niagara Tunnel Project , to increase power production by building a new 12.7 - metre ( 42 ft ) diameter , 10.2 - kilometre - long ( 6.3 mi ) water diversion tunnel . It was officially placed into service in March 2013 , helping to increase the generating complex 's nameplate capacity by 150 megawatts . It did so by tapping water from farther up the Niagara River than was possible with the preexisting arrangement . The tunnel provided new hydroelectricity for approximately 160,000 homes . Transport ( edit ) Rainbow Bridge Ships can bypass Niagara Falls by means of the Welland Canal , which was improved and incorporated into the Saint Lawrence Seaway in the mid-1950s . While the seaway diverted water traffic from nearby Buffalo and led to the demise of its steel and grain mills , other industries in the Niagara River valley flourished with the help of the electric power produced by the river . However , since the 1970s the region has declined economically . The cities of Niagara Falls , Ontario , Canada , and Niagara Falls , New York , United States , are connected by two international bridges . The Rainbow Bridge , just downriver from the falls , affords the closest view of the falls and is open to non-commercial vehicle traffic and pedestrians . The Whirlpool Rapids Bridge lies one mile ( 1.6 km ) north of the Rainbow Bridge and is the oldest bridge over the Niagara River . Nearby Niagara Falls International Airport and Buffalo Niagara International Airport were named after the waterfall , as were Niagara University , countless local businesses , and even an asteroid . Preservation efforts ( edit ) Niagara Falls have long been a source of inspiration for explorers , travelers , artists , authors , filmmakers , residents and visitors , few of whom realize the falls were nearly devoted solely to industrial and commercial use . In the 1870s , sightseers had limited access to Niagara Falls and often had to pay for a glimpse , and industrialization threatened to carve up Goat Island to further expand commercial development . Other industrial encroachments and lack of public access led to a conservation movement in the U.S. known as Free Niagara , led by such notables as Hudson River School artist Frederic Edwin Church , landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted , and architect Henry Hobson Richardson . Church approached Lord Dufferin , governor - general of Canada , with a proposal for international discussions on the establishment of a public park . Goat Island was one of the inspirations for the American side of the effort . William Dorsheimer , moved by the scene from the island , brought Olmsted to Buffalo in 1868 to design a city park system and helped promote Olmsted 's career . In 1879 , the New York state legislature commissioned Olmsted and James T. Gardner to survey the falls and to create the single most important document in the Niagara preservation movement , a Special Report on the preservation of Niagara Falls . The report advocated for State purchase , restoration and preservation through public ownership of the scenic lands surrounding Niagara Falls . Restoring the former beauty of the falls was described in the report as a `` sacred obligation to mankind . '' In 1883 , New York Governor Grover Cleveland drafted legislation authorizing acquisition of lands for a state reservation at Niagara , and the Niagara Falls Association , a private citizens group founded in 1882 , mounted a great letter - writing campaign and petition drive in support of the park . Professor Charles Eliot Norton and Olmsted were among the leaders of the public campaign , while New York Governor Alonzo Cornell opposed . Preservationists ' efforts were rewarded on April 30 , 1885 , when Governor David B. Hill signed legislation creating the Niagara Reservation , New York 's first state park . New York State began to purchase land from developers , under the charter of the Niagara Reservation State Park . In the same year , the province of Ontario established the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park for the same purpose . On the Canadian side , the Niagara Parks Commission governs land usage along the entire course of the Niagara River , from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . In 1887 , Olmsted and Calvert Vaux issued a supplemental report detailing plans to restore the falls . Their intent was `` to restore and conserve the natural surroundings of the Falls of Niagara , rather than to attempt to add anything thereto , '' and the report anticipated fundamental questions . How would preservationists provide access without destroying the beauty of the falls ? How would they restore natural landscapes damaged by man ? They planned a park with scenic roadways , paths and a few shelters designed to protect the landscape while allowing large numbers of visitors to enjoy the falls . Commemorative statues , shops , restaurants , and a 1959 glass and metal observation tower were added later . Preservationists continue to strive to strike a balance between Olmsted 's idyllic vision and the realities of administering a popular scenic attraction . Preservation efforts continued well into the 20th century . J. Horace McFarland , the Sierra Club , and the Appalachian Mountain Club persuaded the United States Congress in 1906 to enact legislation to preserve the falls by regulating the waters of the Niagara River . The act sought , in cooperation with the Canadian government , to restrict diversion of water , and a treaty resulted in 1909 that limited the total amount of water diverted from the falls by both nations to approximately 56,000 cubic feet ( 1,600 m ) per second . That limitation remained in effect until 1950 . American Falls `` shut off '' during erosion control efforts in 1969 Erosion control efforts have always been of extreme importance . Underwater weirs redirect the most damaging currents , and the top of the falls has also been strengthened . In June 1969 , the Niagara River was completely diverted away from the American Falls for several months through construction of a temporary rock and earth dam ( clearly visible in the photo at right ) . During this time , two bodies were removed from under the falls , including a man who had been seen jumping over the falls , and the body of a woman , which was discovered once the falls dried . While the Horseshoe Falls absorbed the extra flow , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers studied the riverbed and mechanically bolted and strengthened any faults they found ; faults that would , if left untreated , have hastened the retreat of the American Falls . A plan to remove the huge mound of talus deposited in 1954 was abandoned owing to cost , and in November 1969 , the temporary dam was dynamited , restoring flow to the American Falls . Even after these undertakings , Luna Island , the small piece of land between the main waterfall and the Bridal Veil , remained off limits to the public for years owing to fears that it was unstable and could collapse into the gorge . Commercial interests have continued to encroach on the land surrounding the state park , including the construction of several tall buildings ( most of them hotels ) on the Canadian side . The result is a significant alteration and urbanisation of the landscape . One study indicated it has caused the airflow near the falls to change direction . Students at the University of Guelph demonstrated , using scale models , that as air passes over the top of the new hotels it causes a breeze to roll down the south sides of the buildings and spill into the gorge below the falls , where it feeds into a whirlpool of moisture and air . The inference was that a documented rise in the number of `` mist days '' was a result of these breezes , where mist days refers to the mist plume of the falls reaching landside . In 1996 there were 29 mist days recorded , but by 2003 that number had risen to 68 . Another study has discounted this opinion and linked mist production to the difference in air and water temperature at the falls . However , this study does not offer opinion as to why mist days have been increasing , just that the hotel breezes are an unlikely cause . In 2013 , New York State began an effort to renovate The Sisters Islands located on Goat Island . New York State used funds from the re-licensing of the New York Power Authority hydroelectric plant downriver in Lewiston , New York , to rebuild walking paths on the Three Sisters Islands and to plant native vegetation on the islands . The state also renovated the area around Prospect Point at the brink of the American Falls in the state park . Over the Falls ( edit ) Bobby Leach and his barrel after his trip over Niagara Falls , 1911 See also : List of objects that have gone over Niagara Falls In October 1829 , Sam Patch , who called himself `` the Yankee Leapster '' , jumped from a high tower into the gorge below the falls and survived ; this began a long tradition of daredevils trying to go over the falls . Jumps and pimmels ( edit ) On October 24 , 1901 , 63 - year - old Michigan school teacher Annie Edson Taylor became the first person to go over the falls in a barrel as a publicity stunt ; she survived , bleeding , but otherwise unharmed . Soon after exiting the barrel , she said , `` No one ought ever do that again . '' Before Taylor 's attempt , on October 19 a domestic cat named Iagara was sent over the Horseshoe Falls in her barrel to test its strength . Contrary to rumours at the time , the cat survived the plunge unharmed and later posed with Taylor in photographs . Since Taylor 's historic ride , 14 people have intentionally gone over the falls in or on a device , despite her advice . Some have survived unharmed , but others have drowned or been severely injured . Survivors face charges and stiff fines , as it is illegal , on both sides of the border , to attempt to go over the falls . In 1918 , there was a near disaster when a barge , known locally as the Niagara Scow , working upriver broke its tow , and almost plunged over the falls . Fortunately , the two workers on board saved themselves by grounding the vessel on rocks just short of the falls , where it has remained ever since . Englishman Captain Matthew Webb , the first man to swim the English Channel , drowned in 1883 trying to swim the rapids downriver from the falls . In the `` Miracle at Niagara '' , Roger Woodward , a seven - year - old American boy , was swept over the Horseshoe Falls protected only by a life vest on July 9 , 1960 , as two tourists pulled his 17 - year - old sister Deanne from the river only 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) from the lip of the Horseshoe Falls at Goat Island . Minutes later , Woodward was plucked from the roiling plunge pool beneath the Horseshoe Falls after grabbing a life ring thrown to him by the crew of the Maid of the Mist boat . On July 2 , 1984 , Canadian Karel Soucek from Hamilton , Ontario , plunged over the Horseshoe Falls in a barrel with only minor injuries . Soucek was fined $500 for performing the stunt without a license . In 1985 , he was fatally injured while attempting to re-create the Niagara drop at the Houston Astrodome . His aim was to climb into a barrel hoisted to the rafters of the Astrodome and to drop 180 feet ( 55 m ) into a water tank on the floor . After his barrel released prematurely , it hit the side of the tank and he died the next day from his injuries . In August 1985 , Steve Trotter , an aspiring stuntman from Rhode Island , became the youngest person ever ( age 22 ) and the first American in 25 years to go over the falls in a barrel . Ten years later , Trotter went over the falls again , becoming the second person to go over the falls twice and survive . It was also the second - ever `` duo '' ; Lori Martin joined Trotter for the barrel ride over the falls . They survived the fall but their barrel became stuck at the bottom of the falls , requiring a rescue . On September 28 , 1989 , Niagara natives Peter DeBernardi ( age 42 ) and Jeffery James Petkovich ( age 25 ) became the first `` team '' to make it over the falls in a two - person barrel . The stunt was conceived by DeBenardi , who wanted to discourage youth from following in his path of addictive drug use . The pair emerged shortly after going over with minor injuries and were charged with performing an illegal stunt under the Niagara Parks Act . On June 5 , 1990 , Jesse Sharp , a whitewater canoeist from Tennessee paddled over the falls in a closed deck canoe . He neglected to wear a helmet to make his face more visible for photographs of the event . He also did not wear a life vest because he believed it would hinder his escape from the hydraulics at the base of the falls . His boat flushed out of the falls , but his body was never found . On September 27 , 1993 , John `` David '' Munday , of Caistor Centre , Ontario , completed his second journey over the falls . On October 1 , 1995 , Robert Douglas `` Firecracker '' Overacker went over the falls on a Jet Ski to raise awareness for the homeless . His rocket - propelled parachute failed to open and he plunged to his death . Overacker 's body was recovered before he was pronounced dead at Niagara General Hospital . Kirk Jones of Canton , Michigan , became the first known person to survive a plunge over the Horseshoe Falls without a flotation device on October 20 , 2003 . Though Jones had attempted to commit suicide , he survived the 16 - story fall with only battered ribs , scrapes , and bruises . Jones died in another attempt to go over the falls in an inflatable ball in 2017 . A second person survived an unprotected trip over the Horseshoe Falls on March 11 , 2009 , and when rescued from the river , was reported to be suffering from severe hypothermia and a large wound to his head . His identity has not been released . Eyewitnesses reported seeing the man intentionally enter the water . On May 21 , 2012 , an unidentified man in his early 40s became the third person to survive an unprotected trip over the Horseshoe Falls . Eyewitness reports show he `` deliberately jumped '' into the Niagara River after climbing over a railing . Walks ( edit ) Blondin carrying his manager , Harry Colcord , on a tightrope Other daredevils have made crossing the gorge their goal , starting with the successful passage by Jean François `` Blondin '' Gravelet , who crossed Niagara Gorge in 1859 . Between 1859 and 1896 a wire - walking craze emerged , resulting in frequent feats over the river below the falls . One inexperienced walker slid down his safety rope . Only one man fell to his death , at night and under mysterious circumstances , at the anchoring place for his wire . These tightrope walkers drew huge crowds to witness their exploits . Their wires ran across the gorge , near the current Rainbow Bridge , not over the waterfall itself . Among the many was Ontario 's William Hunt , who billed himself as `` The Great Farini '' and competed with Blondin in performing outrageous stunts over the gorge . On three occasions Blondin carried his manager , Harry Colcord , on his back -- on the final time being watched by the Prince of Wales . Maria Spelterini walking a tightrope across Niagara Gorge , from the United States to Canada , with her feet in peach baskets , 1876 In 1876 , 23 - year - old Italian Maria Spelterini was the only woman ever to cross the Niagara Gorge on a tightrope , making four crossings over 18 days . On July 12 , she crossed wearing peach baskets strapped to her feet , on July 19 blind - folded , on July 22 with her ankles and wrists manacled and finally on July 26 . Tightrope crossings of the falls ended -- by law -- in 1896 , when James Hardy crossed . On June 15 , 2012 , high wire artist Nik Wallenda became the first person to walk across the falls in 116 years , after receiving special permission from both governments . The full length of his tightrope was 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) . Wallenda crossed near the brink of the Horseshoe Falls , unlike walkers who had crossed farther downstream . According to Wallenda , it was the longest unsupported tightrope walk in history . He carried his passport on the trip and was required to present it upon arrival on the Canadian side of the falls . Other entertainment ( edit ) Movies and television ( edit ) Already a huge tourist attraction and favorite spot for honeymooners , Niagara Falls visits rose sharply in 1953 after the release of Niagara , a movie starring Marilyn Monroe and Joseph Cotten . In 1956 , the Woody Woodpecker series released the episode Niagara Fools . The 1974 ABC Movie of the Week , The Great Niagara , featuring Richard Boone and Randy Quaid and filmed on location , told the story of a family of daredevils who challenged the falls . The falls was a featured location in the 1980 movie Superman II , and was itself the subject of a popular IMAX movie , Niagara : Miracles , Myths and Magic . Much of the episode `` Return of the Technodrome '' in the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon series takes place near the Niagara Falls and its hydroelectric plant . Illusionist David Copperfield performed a trick in which he appeared to travel over the Horseshoe Falls in 1990 . The falls , or more particularly , the tourist - supported complex near the falls , was the setting of the short - lived Canadian - shot US television show Wonderfalls in early 2004 . Location footage of the falls was shot in October 2006 to portray `` World 's End '' of the movie Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Professional kayaker Rafa Ortiz 's preparation to paddle over the falls in a kayak is documented in the 2015 film Chasing Niagara . Music ( edit ) Composer Ferde Grofé was commissioned by the Niagara Falls Power Generation project in 1960 to compose the Niagara Falls Suite in honor of the completion of the first stage of hydroelectric work at the falls . Each movement is dedicated to the falls , or to the history of the greater Buffalo region . In 1997 , composer Michael Daugherty composed Niagara Falls , a piece for concert band inspired by the falls . Literature ( edit ) The Niagara Falls area features as the base camp for a German aerial invasion of the United States in the H.G. Wells novel The War in the Air . Many poets have been inspired to write about the falls . Among them was the Cuban poet José Maria Heredia , who wrote the poem `` Niagara '' . There are commemorative plaques on both sides of the falls recognising the poem . In the original 1920s and 1930s Buck Rogers stories and newspaper cartoons , Buck Rogers , in his adventures in the 25th century that take place on Earth , helps in the fight for a free Northern America from the liberated zone around Niagara , New York ( which by then has grown to a large metropolis -- the capital of the liberated zone -- that includes Niagara Falls , New York , Niagara Falls , Ontario , and Buffalo , New York ) , against the Red Mongol Empire , a Chinese empire of the future which in the 25th century rules most of North America . The Bulgarian writer Aleko Konstantinov portrays the impressiveness of the Niagara Falls in his book , `` To Chicago and back '' . Fine Art ( edit ) Niagara Fälle . Les chûtes du Niagara . Niagara Falls ( circa 1832 ) : aquatint by Karl Bodmer Albert Bierstadt 's ( 1830 -- 1902 ) oil painting of Niagara Falls Arthur Parton , Niagara Falls ( Brooklyn Museum ) View of Niagara Falls , by Ferdinand Richardt Underneath Niagara Falls , by Richardt at the Met , 1862 Louis Rémy Mignot , Niagara , Brooklyn Museum Thomas Cole , Distant View of Niagara Falls 1830 , Art Institute of Chicago Alvan Fisher , A General View of the Falls of Niagara , 1820 , Smithsonian Institution Frederic Edwin Church , Niagara Falls , 1857 , Corcoran Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. William Morris Hunt , Niagara Falls , 1878 Tourism ( edit ) Niagara Falls at night Peak visitor traffic occurs in the summertime , when Niagara Falls are both a daytime and evening attraction . From the Canadian side , floodlights illuminate both sides of the falls for several hours after dark ( until midnight ) . The number of visitors in 2007 was expected to total 20 million , and by 2009 the annual rate was expected to top 28 million tourists . The oldest and best known tourist attraction at Niagara Falls is the Maid of the Mist boat cruise , named for an ancient Ongiara Indian mythical character , which has carried passengers into the rapids immediately below the falls since 1846 . Cruise boats operate from boat docks on both sides of the falls , with the Maid of the Mist operating from the American side and Hornblower Cruises from the Canadian side . American side ( edit ) Niagara Falls : U.S. side From the U.S. side , the American Falls can be viewed from walkways along Prospect Point Park , which also features the Prospect Point Observation Tower and a boat dock for the Maid of the Mist . Goat Island offers more views of the falls and is accessible by foot and automobile traffic by bridge above the American Falls . From Goat Island , the Cave of the Winds is accessible by elevator and leads hikers to a point beneath Bridal Veil Falls . Also on Goat Island are the Three Sisters Islands , the Power Portal where a huge statue of Nikola Tesla ( the inventor whose patents for the AC induction motor and other devices for AC power transmission helped make the harnessing of the falls possible ) can be seen , and a walking path that enables views of the rapids , the Niagara River , the gorge , and all of the falls . Most of these attractions lie within the Niagara Falls State Park . The Niagara Scenic Trolley offers guided trips along the American Falls and around Goat Island . Panoramic and aerial views of the falls can also be viewed from the Flight of Angels helium balloon ride , or by helicopter . The Niagara Gorge Discovery Center showcases the natural and local history of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Gorge . A casino and luxury hotel was opened in Niagara Falls , New York , by the Seneca Indian tribe . The Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel occupies the former Niagara Falls Convention Center . The new hotel is the first addition to the city 's skyline since completion of the United Office Building in the 1920s . Canadian side ( edit ) The Skylon Tower On the Canadian side , Queen Victoria Park features manicured gardens , platforms offering views of both the American and Horseshoe Falls , and underground walkways leading into observation rooms that yield the illusion of being within the falling waters . The observation deck of the nearby Skylon Tower offers the highest view of the falls , and in the opposite direction gives views as far as Toronto . Along with the Minolta Tower ( formerly the Seagrams Tower and the Konica Minolta Tower , and since 2010 called the Tower Hotel ) , it is one of two towers in Canada with a view of the falls . Along the Niagara River , the Niagara River Recreational Trail runs 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Fort Erie to Fort George , and includes many historical sites from the War of 1812 . The Whirlpool Aero Car , built in 1916 from a design by Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres y Quevedo , is a cable car that takes passengers over the Niagara Whirlpool on the Canadian side . The Journey Behind the Falls consists of an observation platform and series of tunnels near the bottom of the Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side . There are two casinos on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls , the Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort and Casino Niagara . Panoramic views ( edit ) Niagara Falls , c. 1921 The American , Bridal Veil , and Horseshoe Falls as seen from the Skylon Tower in May 2002 View of American , Bridal Veil ( the single fall to the right of the American Falls ) and Horseshoe Falls from Canada with the Maid of the Mist boat near the falls , 2007 See also ( edit ) Ontario portal New York portal Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation Incline railways at Niagara Falls List of Niagara Falls hydroelectric generating plants Table Rock , Niagara Falls References ( edit ) Jump up ^ USGS 1995 Niagara Falls Map Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls Geology Facts and Figures '' . Niagara Parks . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` City Profile for Niagara Falls , Ontario '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures . Niagara Parks , Government of Ontario , Canada . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls History of Power -- Historical and engineering data on the U.S. and Canadian power stations '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls -- World Waterfall Database '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ( INBC ) -- International Niagara Board of Control '' . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2009 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures '' . Niagara Parks . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ InfoNiagara.com , Niagara Falls Geological History . Retrieved March 3 , 2007 . Archived October 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Parker E. Calkin and Carlton E. Brett , `` Ancestral Niagara River drainage : Stratigraphic and paleontologic setting '' , GSA Bulletin , August 1978 , v. 89 ; no . 8 , pp. 1140 -- 1154 Jump up ^ `` Geological Past of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Region '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Irving H. Tesmer , Jerold C. Bastedo , Colossal Cataract : The Geologic History of Niagara Falls ( SUNY Press , 1981 , ISBN 0 - 87395 - 522 - 6 ) , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Saut ou chute d'eau de Niagara , qui se voit entre le Lac Ontario , & le Lac Erié , Jump up ^ Bruce Trigger , The Children of Aataentsic ( McGill - Queen 's University Press , Kingston and Montreal , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 7735 - 0626 - 8 ) , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1967 ) Names on the Land . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company ; p. 83 . Jump up ^ Schoolcraft , Henry R. ( 1847 ) Notes on the Iroquois . pp. 453 -- 454 . Jump up ^ `` The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents Volume 33 '' . Puffin.creighton.edu . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Thomas Davies ( 1737 -- 1812 ) : An East View of the Great Cataract of Niagara '' . Christie 's . April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dickenson , Victoria ( 1998 ) . Drawn from Life : Science and Art in the Portrayal of the New World . University of Toronto Press . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 08020 - 8073 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sherman Zavitz ( City of Niagara Falls Official Historian ) , ' Niagara Falls Moment ' , CJRN 710 Radio , June 26 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls is such a cool honeymoon destination even Napoleon 's Brother chose it '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Alfred , Randy ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` March 30 , 1848 : Niagara Falls Runs Dry This Day in Tech '' . Wired.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backgrounder : Pattinson Daguerreotype '' . Niagara Parks , an agency of the Government of Ontario since 1885 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . The assumption explained on the web page is that as Pattinson had ample time to walk into the picture , he opened the shutter and then positioned himself at the chosen spot , keeping still there for some minutes . Jump up ^ `` Photo : Niagara Falls , 1840 '' . How academics found the first photograph to be taken in Canada . The Walrus . July -- August 2009 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Lee Pattinson '' . Newcastle University . 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Graham ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` The day Niagara Falls ran dry : Newly discovered photos show the moment the iconic waterfall came to a standstill '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berton , Pierre ( 2009 ) . Niagara : A History of the Falls . SUNY Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 2928 - 1 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Strand , Ginger ( 2009 ) . Inventing Niagara : Beauty , Power , and Lies . Simon & Schuster . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4657 - 3 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vanderwilt , Dirk ( 2007 ) . Niagara Falls : With the Niagara Parks , Clifton Hill , and Other Area Attractions , p. 35 . Channel Lake , Inc. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9792043 - 7 - 1 Jump up ^ https://www.niagarafallsmarriott.com/niagara-seasons/does-niagara-falls-freeze-winter Jump up ^ https://www.snopes.com/photos/natural/niagarafalls.asp Jump up ^ Honor for E.D. Adams : Engineers to Award the John Fritz Medal for Niagara Development . ( March 17 , 1926 ) . The New York Times ( 1857 -- Current file ) , 6 . ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times ( 1851 -- 2004 ) database . ( Document ID : 119063396 ) . Jump up ^ The electrical features of Niagara The Electrical world , Volume 29 . Electrical World , 1897 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYPA Niagara '' . Nypa.gov . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls Original Turbines '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Power Goes Under Ground '' Popular Mechanics , April 1952 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Macfarlane , Daniel ( 9 January 2018 ) . `` How engineers created the icy wonderland at Niagara Falls '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Niagara Tunnel Project Technical Facts , NiagaraFrontier.com website , updated November 2012 . Jump up ^ March 21 , 2013 : Niagara Tunnel Now In - Service Archived November 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Ontario Power Generation website , March 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Asteroid 12382 Niagara Falls was named after the falls . Jump up ^ Laura Wood Roper , FLO : A Biography of Frederick Law Olmsted . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press ( 1973 ) , pp. 378 -- 81 Jump up ^ New York ( State ) . Commissioners of state reservation at Niagara . Albany : The Argus Company , printers , 1887 Jump up ^ The New York State Preservationist , Vol. 6 , No. 1 , Fall -- Winter 2002 , `` Falling for Niagara '' , pp. 14 , 15 Jump up ^ Burton Act Jump up ^ U.S. Statutes at Large , Vol. 34 , Part 1 , Chap. 3621 , pp. 626 -- 28 . `` An Act For the control and regulation of the waters of Niagara River , for the preservation of Niagara Falls , and for other purposes . '' H.R. 18024 ; Public Act No. 367 Jump up ^ This remarkable event had occurred only once before , when an upstream ice jam stopped almost all water flow over Niagara Falls on March 29 , 1848 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Nancy ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` Niagara Falls is going to go dry -- again '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls Geological History -- The American Dry Falls -- Niagara Falls USA '' . niagarafallsinfo.com . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What causes the mist rising from Niagara Falls ? '' . OPSEU - 217 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bursik , Marcus . `` Temperatures , Not Hotels , Likely Alter Niagara Falls ' Mist '' . University at Buffalo . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Carolyn ( July 2 , 2000 ) . `` Seeking Out Death -- Or Defying It : For Niagara Falls , It 's a Busy Season for Tourism , Suicide and Daredevils '' . Sun - Sentinel . Fort Lauderdale . p. 3A . Jump up ^ Parish , Charles Carlin , Queen of the Mist : The Story of Annie Edson Taylor , First Person Ever to Go Over Niagara Falls and Survive ( Empire State Books , Interlaken NY , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 932334 - 89 - X ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Stranded on Brink of Niagara Falls ; Scow with Two Workmen Aboard It Fast Upon a Rock 1,000 Feet from Cataract '' . The New York Times . August 7 , 1918 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls Daredevils : a history '' . Niagarafrontier.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Falls '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Account of Roger Woodward 's Niagara Falls incident '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pictures from the Niagara Falls Public Library ( Ont . ) Includes a stamp issued to commemorate the event '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Info Niagara Karel Soucek '' . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls Daredevils : a history '' . Niagarafrontier.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls Daredevils : a history '' . Niagarafrontier.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neill , Michael ( 25 June 1990 ) . `` Tennessee Outdoorsman Jessie Sharp Challenged Niagara 's Mighty Falls in a Tiny Canoe -- and Lost -- Vol. 33 No. 25 '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Info Niagara Dave Munday '' . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Info Robert Overacker '' . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Law , John ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Kirk Jones could not survive Falls a second time '' . Niagara Falls Review . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls survivor : Stunt was ' impulsive ' '' . CNN . October 22 , 2003 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` thesurvivorsclub.org '' . thesurvivorsclub.org . Jump up ^ `` Man dies after going over Niagara Falls inside inflatable ball '' . CTV News . The Associated Press . 2017 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Man survives plunge into Niagara Falls '' . CBC News . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man survives plunge over Niagara Falls '' . CNN . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Man survives plunge over Niagara Falls ; only 3rd person without safety device to survive Jump up ^ Staff ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Man Survives Plunge over Horseshoe Falls '' . Niagara Gazette . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History , Travel , Arts , Science , People , Places -- Smithsonian '' . smithsonianmag.com . Jump up ^ `` Blondin broadsheet -- Details '' . Nflibrary.ca . February 27 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Neville , `` Daredevils who wire - walked before Wallenda '' , buffalonews.com ^ Jump up to : `` Niagara Falls Daredevils : a history '' . Niagarafrontier.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Niagara Falls Public Library ^ Jump up to : Emily Senger ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Nik Wallenda makes historic Niagara Falls walk '' . CTV News . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Danny ; Leyden , Liz ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Niagara Falls Fills with Excitement in Wait of Tightrope Walk '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Niagara Falls tightrope walk : Nik Wallenda succeeds . guardian.co.uk . June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Woods ; Liam Casey ( June 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wallenda 's plan for the falls '' . Toronto Star . NiagaraThisWeek.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls IMAX Movie Ontario , Canada '' . Imaxniagara.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Return of the Technodrome '' . Ninjaturtles . December 31 , 1988 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Chasing Niagara '' . July 5 , 2016 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ The Collected Works of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century 1969 Chelsea House -- Introduction by Ray Bradbury -- Reprints of the original Buck Rogers comic strips Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls '' . Travelooce.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maid of the Mist '' . Maid of the Mist Steamboat Company , Ltd . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Indian Legends -- Legend of the Maid of the Mist '' . www.firstpeople.us . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Niagara Falls State Park '' . Niagara Falls State Park . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Flight of Angels '' . The Great American Balloon Company . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Let 's Go Travel Guide , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Niagara River Recreation Trail '' . Niagara Parks Commission . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Journey Behind the Falls '' . Niagara Parks Commission . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Berton , Pierre ( 2009 ) . Niagara : A History of the Falls . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 2928 - 1 Grant , Grant ; Ray Jones ( 2006 ) . Niagara Falls : an intimate portrait . Insiders / Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 4025 - 6 Holley , George Washington ( 1883 ) . The Falls of Niagara . A.C. Armstrong & Son . McGreevy , Patrick ( 2009 ) . Imagining Niagara : The Meaning and Making of Niagara Falls . Univ of Massachusetts . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 771 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Niagara Falls Wikimedia Commons has media related to Niagara Falls image gallery . Niagara Falls travel guide from Wikivoyage Panorama Niagara Falls Panorama found at Queen 's Park , Toronto . Historic Niagara Digital Collections U.S. Army Corps of Engineers The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completely blocked the flow of water over the American Falls in 1969 . The History of Niagara Falls `` Niagara Power Goes Under Ground '' Popular Mechanics , April 1952 , pp. 115 -- 117 . Niagara Power Vista -- visitors center for the Niagara Falls hydro electric plant with displays , a scaled down map of the project , and documentaries on construction , situated atop the cement wall of the plant on the Niagara Gorge . Fiction ( edit ) The Day the Falls Stood Still by Cathy Marie Buchanan The Whirlpool by Jane Urquhart Non-fiction ( edit ) Inventing Niagara : Beauty , Power , and Lies by Ginger Strand Niagara : A History of the Falls by Pierre Berton Imagining Niagara : The Meaning and Making of Niagara Falls by Patrick McGreevy Geography of the provinces and territories of Canada National Geography of Canada Centre of Canada Provinces British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland and Labrador Territories Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut See also Regions of Canada Islands Rivers Lakes Mountains National Parks Volcanoes Portal WikiProject Geography of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the water come from for niagra falls	[]	[]
-7137598063154668049	Railroad engineer	Railroad engineer - wikipedia Railroad engineer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the operator of a train . For the professional engineer who designs railway systems , see Railway engineering . The cab of a New South Wales Xplorer diesel multiple unit A railroad engineer 's workplace on a German ICE train An engineer ( American and Canadian ) , engine driver , train driver , loco pilot , motorman , train operator ( British and Commonwealth English ) , is a person who operates a train . The driver is in charge of , and responsible for driving the engine , as well as the mechanical operation of the train , train speed , and all train handling . The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer . For many American railroads , the following career progression is typical : assistant conductor ( brakeman ) , conductor and finally driver . In the US , drivers are required to be certified and re-certified every two to three years . In American English a hostler moves engines around train yards , but does not take them out on the normal tracks . In India , a driver starts as a diesel assistant or electrical assistant ( in case of electric locomotives ) . They then get promoted on a scale : goods , passenger , Mail / Express and Rajdhani / Shatabdi / Duronto . In the United States and Canada , train drivers are historically known as `` locomotive engineers '' , or `` handelers '' . In the United Kingdom , South Africa , New Zealand , and Australia they are known as `` train drivers '' , `` engine drivers '' , `` locomotive drivers '' , or `` locomotive operators '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable railroad engineers 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Notable Railroad engineers ( edit ) Ben Chifley , former Prime Minister of Australia Casey Jones , American engineer whose wreck on the Illinois Central Railroad on April 30 , 1900 was immortalized in verse and music . The United Kingdom ( UK ) - based transport historian Christian Wolmar stated in October 2013 that train operators employed by the Rio Tinto Group to transport iron ore across the Australian outback are most likely the highest - paid members of the occupation in the world at that time . See also ( edit ) Fireman ( steam engine ) Motorman Stormy Kromer cap References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2003 CFR Title 49 , Volume 4 ; Part 240 : Qualification and Certification of Locomotive Engineers '' . Code of Federal Regulations . United States National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Train Crew '' . FAQ : Railway Operations . Indian Railways Fan Club . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Waterson , D.B. `` Chifley , Joseph Benedict ( Ben ) ( 1885 -- 1951 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Behrmann ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Rio Replacing Train Drivers Paid Like U.S. Surgeons '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Huibregtse , Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal , 1919 - 1935 ( University Press of Florida ; 2010 ; 172 pages ) Licht , Walter . Working for the Railroad : the organization of work in the nineteenth century ( 1983 ) Orr , John W. Set Up Running : The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman , 1904 - 1949 ( 2001 ) Tuck , Joseph Hugh . `` Canadian Railways and the International Brotherhoods : Labour Organizations in the Railway Running Trades in Canada , 1865 - 1914 '' Dissertation Abstracts International , 1977 , Vol. 37 Issue 10 , p6681 - 6681 White , John H. , Jr . `` Oh , To Be a Locomotive Engineer , '' Railroad History , Dec 2003 , Issue 189 , pp12 -- 33 , and Summer 2004 , Issue 190 , pp 56 -- 76 ; Examines the role of the railroad engineer 1890 to 1919 , discussing qualifications for becoming an engineer and typical experiences on the job . External links ( edit ) Media related to Locomotive drivers at Wikimedia Commons A detailed explanation of what train driving involves , and becoming a train driver in the UK Run - A-Locomotive . Link to a site that offers an engineer experience program at a museum in California . Train Conductor Job Information How to become a train driver guide The Center Of A Future Train Conductor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railroad_engineer&oldid=835410034 '' Categories : Railroad engineers Railway occupations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 15 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a person that drives a train is called what	[ "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer." ]	[ "engineer", "engine driver", "train driver", "loco pilot", "motorman", "train operator" ]
-4643979451607235268	Stealing Beauty	Stealing Beauty - wikipedia Stealing Beauty Jump to : navigation , search Stealing Beauty Theatrical release poster Directed by Bernardo Bertolucci Produced by Jeremy Thomas Screenplay by Susan Minot Story by Bernardo Bertolucci Starring Jeremy Irons Liv Tyler Sinéad Cusack Jean Marais Donal McCann D.W. Moffett Stefania Sandrelli Rachel Weisz Music by Richard Hartley Cinematography Darius Khondji Edited by Pietro Scalia Production company Fox Searchlight Pictures Recorded Picture Company UGC Images Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date March 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 29 ) ( Italy ) May 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) ( France ) June 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 06 - 14 ) ( US ) Running time 113 minutes 119 minutes ( DVD ) Country France Italy United Kingdom United States Language English French Italian Spanish German Box office $4.7 million Stealing Beauty ( French : Beauté volée ; Italian : Io ballo da sola ) is a 1996 drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci and starring Liv Tyler , Joseph Fiennes , Jeremy Irons , Sinéad Cusack , and Rachel Weisz . Written by Bertolucci and Susan Minot , the film is about an American teenage girl who travels to a lush Tuscan villa near Siena to stay with family friends of her poet mother , who recently died . The film was an international co-production between France , Italy , the United Kingdom , and the United States , and was actress Liv Tyler 's first leading film role . Stealing Beauty premiered in Italy in March 1996 , and was officially selected for the 1996 Cannes Film Festival in France in May . It was released in the United States on June 14 , 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Box Office 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Lucy Harmon , a nineteen - year - old American , is the daughter of well - known ( now deceased ) poet and model , Sara Harmon . The film opens as Lucy arrives for a vacation at the Tuscan villa of Sara 's old friends , Ian and Diana Grayson ( played by Donal McCann and Cusack , respectively ) . Other guests include a prominent New York art gallery owner , an Italian advice columnist and an English writer , Alex Parrish ( Irons ) , who is dying of an unspecified disease . Diana 's daughter from a previous marriage , Miranda Fox ( Weisz ) , is also there with her boyfriend , entertainment lawyer Richard Reed ( D.W. Moffett ) . Miranda 's brother , Christopher ( Fiennes ) , is supposed to be there , but he is off on a road trip with the Italian son of a neighboring villa , Niccoló Donati ( Roberto Zibetti ) . Lucy was particularly excited to see Niccoló , whom she had met on a previous visit to the villa , four years earlier , and who was the first boy she 'd ever kissed . Lucy and Niccoló had briefly exchanged letters after this first visit . One letter in particular Lucy had admired so much she memorized it . Lucy reveals to the gallerist that she is there to have her portrait made by Ian , who is a sculptor . She says it 's really just an excuse for her father to send her to Italy , `` as a present . '' Smoking marijuana with Parrish , Lucy reveals that she is a virgin . When Parrish shares this information with the rest of the villa the next day , Lucy is furious and decides to cut her visit short . While she is on the telephone booking a flight to New York , however , Christopher and Niccoló return from their road trip , and Lucy is once again happy , although she is disappointed that Niccoló did not immediately recognize her . That evening , Niccoló comes to the Grayson villa for dinner , accompanied by his brother , Osvaldo ( Ignazio Oliva ) . After dinner , the young people separate from the adults to smoke marijuana . Lucy is now able to laugh about Parrish 's betrayal , and the group take turns recounting when they each lost their virginity . When the question comes around to Osvaldo , he demurs , saying , `` I do n't know which is more ridiculous , this conversation or the silly political one going on over there ( at the grown - ups ' table ) . '' Lucy fawns over Niccoló but abruptly vomits in his lap . The next day Lucy rides a bicycle to the Donati villa , looking for Niccoló . A servant informs her that he is in the garden , where Lucy finds him kissing another girl . Hastily bicycling away from the compound , she passes Osvaldo , who has been hunting with his dog . As she passes , Osvaldo holds up a jackrabbit he has killed and cries , `` Ciao , Lucy ! '' Lucy does n't stop but loses control of the bicycle at the next turn . Osvaldo tries to help but Lucy rebuffs his efforts and rides on . The next day , Lucy poses outdoors for Ian 's sketch studies , at one point exposing one of her breasts . Niccoló and Osvaldo arrive in a car . Niccoló ogles Lucy , but Osvaldo looks away , decrying Lucy 's lack of propriety . Ian dismisses Lucy , who wanders off into an adjacent olive grove , followed by Niccoló . They begin to make out , but Lucy eventually pushes him away . Retreating to the guest house , Lucy shares her notebook with Parrish . Up to this point , the viewer has been led to believe that this notebook contains Lucy 's writings . Now it is made clear that this is one of Sara Harmon 's last notebooks . It contains an enigmatic poem that Lucy thinks holds clues to the identity of her real father . Throughout the film , she has been asking probing questions about her mother . Did Parrish ever know Sara to wear green sandals ? Had Ian ever eaten grape leaves ? Had Carlo Lisca ( a war correspondent friend of the Graysons whom Sara had known ) ever killed a viper ? All of these images are found in the poem , which Lucy now reads to Parrish . Lucy and Parrish agree that the poem must refer to Lucy 's real father . That evening , Lucy wears her mother 's dress to the Donati 's annual party . Almost immediately after arriving , Lucy sees Niccoló with another girl and the two do not speak . Lucy sees Osvaldo playing clarinet in the band that is providing musical entertainment . She later sees Osvaldo dancing with a girl , but they exchange earnest glances . Lucy picks up a young Englishman to take back to the Grayson 's villa . On the way out , Osvaldo chases Lucy down and says that he 's interested in visiting America and would like advice . They agree to meet the next day . Lucy leaves with the Englishman , who spends the night at the Grayson 's villa but without having sex with Lucy . The next day , Parrish 's health takes a turn for the worse , and he is taken to the hospital . After the ambulance goes , Lucy skulks around Parrish 's quarters in the guest house . Looking out one of his windows , she sees one of Ian 's sculptures of a mother and child . The expression on her face suggests that she has had an epiphany . She goes to Ian 's studio and asks him where he was in August 1975 , when she was conceived . Ian says he was here , fixing up the villa . He says he thinks that might have been when Lucy 's mother was at the villa , having her own portrait made . Lucy says , `` That 's what I thought . '' Ian says they could ask Diana , but then he remembers that Diana was back in London at the time , finalizing her divorce . Without explicitly saying so , the two appear to acknowledge that Ian is Lucy 's biological father , and Lucy promises to keep the secret . In the meantime , Osvaldo has arrived at the villa . When Lucy exits Ian 's studio , she is stung by a bee . Osvaldo rescues her and takes her to a brook , giving her wet clay for her stings . As they walk through the countryside , Osvaldo confesses that he wrote to Lucy once , pretending to be Niccoló . This letter turns out to be the letter that Lucy loved above all the others , the letter which she memorized . Lucy ca n't believe it , but Osvaldo recites part of the letter and takes Lucy to a tree he had described in the letter as `` my tree . '' Lucy and Osvaldo spend the night under the tree , where Lucy finally loses her virginity . As they part the next morning , Osvaldo reveals that it was his first time too . Cast ( edit ) Liv Tyler as Lucy Harmon Joseph Fiennes as Christopher Fox Jeremy Irons as Alex Parrish Sinéad Cusack as Diana Grayson Donal McCann as Ian Grayson Rebecca Valpy as Daisy Grayson Jean Marais ( in his last film role ) as M. Guillaume Rachel Weisz as Miranda Fox D.W. Moffett as Richard Reed Carlo Cecchi as Carlo Lisca Jason Flemyng as Gregory Anna Maria Gherardi as Chiarella Donati Ignazio Oliva as Osvaldo Donati Stefania Sandrelli as Noemi Francesco Siciliano as Michele Lisca Mary Jo Sorgani as Maria Leonardo Treviglio as Lieutenant Alessandra Vanzi as Marta Roberto Zibetti as Niccoló Donati Soundtrack ( edit ) `` 2 Wicky '' ( Burt Bacharach ) by Hooverphonic `` Glory Box '' by Portishead `` If 6 Was 9 '' ( Jimi Hendrix ) by Axiom Funk `` Annie Mae '' by John Lee Hooker `` Rocket Boy '' by Liz Phair `` Superstition '' by Stevie Wonder `` My Baby Just Cares For Me '' ( Walter Donaldson ) by Nina Simone `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' ( Sammy Fain ) by Billie Holiday `` Rhymes Of An Hour '' ( Hope Sandoval ) by Mazzy Star `` Alice '' by Cocteau Twins `` You Wo n't Fall '' by Lori Carson `` I Need Love '' by Sam Phillips `` Say It Ai n't So '' by Roland Gift `` Horn concerto in D K412 , 2nd movement '' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart `` Clarinet concerto in A K622 , 2nd movement '' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Additional songs `` Rock Star '' by Hole was also used in the film . Tyler is shown dancing and singing wildly along to the track , listening with her headphones and walkman . Björk 's song `` Bachelorette '' of her 1997 album Homogenic was originally written to be part of the soundtrack and its first working title was `` Bertolucci '' . Björk later faxed Bertolucci to inform him the song would be used on her upcoming album instead . Reception ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The critical reception for the film was mixed , with some critics praising the Italian setting and the slow pace , while others criticised it for its apparent self - indulgence , and lack of character development and drama . According to Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times , who gave it 2 / 4 stars , `` The movie plays like the kind of line a rich older guy would lay on a teenage model , suppressing his own intelligence and irony in order to spread out before her the wonderful world he would like to give her as a gift ... The problem here is that many 19 - year - old women , especially the beautiful international model types , would rather stain their teeth with cigarettes and go to discos with cretins on motorcycles than have all Tuscany as their sandbox . '' Critics such as Desson Thomson of the Washington Post , Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle , and James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave negative reviews , with Berardinelli in particular , calling the movie ' an atmosphere study , lacking characters ' , and Thompson calling it ' inscrutable ' . Others , such as Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone , Janet Maslin of The New York Times , and Jack Mathews of the Los Angeles Times were more positive , with Rosenbaum in particular praising the movie 's ' mellowness ' and ' charm ' . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 53 % based on 47 reviews . Despite the mixed reception to the film , Liv Tyler 's performance was met with critical acclaim , making the movie her breakthrough role . Box Office ( edit ) The film had admissions in France of 184,721 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stealing Beauty ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stealing Beauty '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Stealing Beauty '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for Stealing Beauty '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 28 , 1996 ) . `` Stealing Beauty '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : ' Bertolucci 's Shallow Beauty ' , Washington Post , June 28 , 1996 . retrieved on July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( November 8 , 1996 ) . `` FILM REVIEW -- ` Beauty ' -- It Has Nice Scenery Liv Tyler miscast in Bertolucci 's film '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Berardinelli , James ( 1996 ) . `` ReelViews '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( 1996 ) . `` Stealing Beauty '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( June 14 , 1996 ) . `` Stealing Beauty Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 14 , 1996 ) . `` Stealing Beauty '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ( June 21 , 1996 ) . `` Stealing Beauty - Bertolucci 's ' Beauty ' Searches for Identity , ' 60s Idealism '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Stealing Beauty '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Figures for Jean Marais films '' . Box Office Story . External links ( edit ) Stealing Beauty on IMDb Stealing Beauty at AllMovie Stealing Beauty at Rotten Tomatoes Stealing Beauty at Discogs Stealing Beauty at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Bernardo Bertolucci La commare secca ( 1962 ) Before the Revolution ( 1964 ) Partner ( 1968 ) Segment `` Agony '' in Love and Anger ( 1969 ) The Spider 's Stratagem ( 1970 ) The Conformist ( 1970 ) Last Tango in Paris ( 1972 ) 1900 ( 1976 ) La Luna ( 1979 ) Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man ( 1981 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) The Sheltering Sky ( 1990 ) Little Buddha ( 1993 ) Stealing Beauty ( 1996 ) Besieged ( 1998 ) Segment `` Histoire d'eaux '' in Ten Minutes Older ( 2002 ) The Dreamers ( 2003 ) Me and You ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealing_Beauty&oldid=800688921 '' Categories : 1996 films British films British romantic drama films British coming - of - age films French films French drama films Italian films Italian drama films English - language films 1990s romantic drama films Teen romance films Films about virginity Films set in Italy Films directed by Bernardo Bertolucci Films produced by Jeremy Thomas Fox Searchlight Pictures films 1990s teen films Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 USA - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 02 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is lucy's father in stealing beauty	[]	[]
-1222402514237316688	The Fellowship of the Ring	The Fellowship of the Ring - wikipedia The Fellowship of the Ring Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Fellowship of the Ring ( disambiguation ) . The Fellowship of the Ring First edition Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Subject Tolkien 's legendarium Genre Fantasy Publisher George Allen & Unwin Publication date 29 July 1954 Preceded by The Hobbit Followed by The Two Towers The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings by the English author J.R.R. Tolkien . It is followed by The Two Towers and The Return of the King . It takes place in the fictional universe of Middle - earth . It was originally published on 29 July 1954 in the United Kingdom . The volume consists of a prologue titled `` Concerning Hobbits , and other matters '' followed by Book I and Book II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title and publication 2 Plot summary 2.1 Book I : The Ring Sets Out 2.2 Book II : The Ring Goes South 3 Members of the Company of the Ring 4 Critical reception 5 See also 6 Editions 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Title and publication ( edit ) Tolkien envisioned The Lord of the Rings as a single volume work divided into six sections he called `` books '' along with extensive appendices . The original publisher made the decision to split the work into three parts . It was also the publisher 's decision to place the fifth and sixth books and the appendices into one volume under the title The Return of the King , in reference to Aragorn 's assumption of the throne of Gondor . Tolkien indicated he would have preferred The War of the Ring as a title , as it gave away less of the story . Before the decision to publish The Lord of the Rings in three volumes was made , Tolkien had hoped to publish the novel in one volume , possibly also combined with The Silmarillion . However , he had proposed titles for the individual six sections . Of the two books that comprise what became The Fellowship of the Ring the first was to be called The First Journey or The Ring Sets Out . The name of the second was The Journey of the Nine Companions or The Ring Goes South . The titles The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South were used in the Millennium edition . Plot summary ( edit ) See also : The Lord of the Rings § Plot summary The Prologue is meant partly to help people who have not read The Hobbit to understand the events of that book . It also contains other background information to set the stage for the novel . Book I : the Ring Sets out ( edit ) The first chapter in the book begins in a light vein , following the tone of The Hobbit . Bilbo Baggins celebrates his 111th ( or eleventy - first , as it is called in Hobbiton ) birthday on the same day , 22 September , that his younger cousin and adopted heir Frodo Baggins celebrates his coming of age at thirty - three . At the birthday party , Bilbo departs from the Shire , the land of the Hobbits , for what he calls a permanent holiday . Bilbo does so by using the magic ring ( that he had found on his journey ) to disappear and is aided by Gandalf the Wizard with a flash and puff of smoke , leading many in the Shire to believe he has gone mad . He leaves Frodo his remaining belongings , including his home , Bag End , and the Ring . It becomes apparent that Bilbo has been strained over the past several years , and he is at first unwilling to give up the Ring , which concerns Gandalf . Eventually , he gives up the Ring and appears to be relieved of a huge burden . Gandalf leaves on his own business , warning Frodo to keep the Ring secret . Over the next seventeen years , Gandalf periodically pays short visits to Bag End . One spring night , he arrives to enlighten Frodo about Bilbo 's ring ; it is the One Ring of Sauron the Dark Lord . He proves this by flinging the Ring into the fireplace , the heat of which causes the Ring to display Elf - writing in the language of Mordor . Sauron had forged the Ring to subdue and rule Middle - earth , but in the War of the Last Alliance , he had been defeated by Gil - galad the Elven King and Elendil , High King of Arnor and Gondor , though they themselves perished in the deed . Isildur , Elendil 's son , cut the Ring from Sauron 's finger . Sauron was overthrown , but the Ring itself was not destroyed as it should have been , for Isildur kept it for himself . Isildur was slain soon afterwards in the Battle of the Gladden Fields , and the Ring was lost in Great River Anduin . Thousands of years later , it was found by the hobbit Déagol ; but Déagol was thereupon murdered by his friend Sméagol , who wanted the Ring for himself . Sméagol took the Ring and kept it for hundreds of years , and under its influence he became a wretched creature named Gollum . The Ring was found by Bilbo Baggins , as told in The Hobbit , and Bilbo left it behind for Frodo . Frodo wonders why Bilbo did not kill the creature when he had the chance , but Gandalf reminds him that Bilbo 's pity saved him in the end and did not make him like Gollum . Gandalf tells how Sauron has risen again and has returned to his stronghold in Mordor and is bending all his power toward the hunting of the Ring . Gandalf speaks of the evil powers of the Ring and its ability to influence the bearer and those near him if it is worn for too long . Gandalf warns Frodo that the Ring is no longer safe in the Shire . He has learned through his investigations that Gollum had gone to Mordor , where he was captured and tortured until he revealed to Sauron that the Ring was in the keeping of a hobbit named Baggins from the Shire . Gandalf hopes Frodo can reach the elf - haven Rivendell , east of the Shire , where he believes Frodo and the Ring will be safe from Sauron , and where the Ring 's fate can be decided . Samwise Gamgee , Frodo 's gardener and friend , is discovered eavesdropping on the conversation . Out of loyalty to his master , Sam agrees to accompany Frodo on his journey . Over the summer , Frodo makes plans to leave his home at Bag End , under the pretence that he is moving to the eastern end of the Shire ( Buckland ) to retire . Helping with the plans are Frodo 's friends Sam , Peregrin Took ( Pippin for short ) , Meriadoc Brandybuck ( Merry ) , and Fredegar Bolger ( Fatty ) , though Frodo does not tell them of the Ring or of his intention to leave the Shire . At midsummer , Gandalf leaves on pressing business , but promises to return before Frodo leaves . Frodo 's birthday and the date of his departure approach , but Gandalf does not appear , so Frodo decides to leave without him . Black Riders pursue Frodo 's party . These turn out to be Nazgûl or Ringwraiths , `` the most terrible servants of the Dark Lord '' ( men who have been corrupted by Sauron through the Nine Rings ) , who are searching for `` Baggins '' and the Ring . One of the Riders comes to the door of Sam 's father , the Gaffer , the very evening before they depart . With the help of some elves led by Gildor and a hobbit named Farmer Maggot , the hobbits cross the Brandywine River and reach Crickhollow on the eastern border of the Shire . There Merry , Pippin , and Fatty reveal that they know of the Ring and of Frodo 's plan to leave the Shire . Merry and Pippin decide to join Frodo and Sam , while Fatty stays behind as a decoy . In hopes of eluding the Nazgûl , the hobbits travel through the Old Forest . There the group fall asleep by a willow - tree and wake up to realize that its roots are trying to strangle them , but luckily Tom Bombadil comes to their aid . They then go to the house of Bombadil and meet his wife Goldberry . There they discover that the Ring has no power over Bombadil -- he does not disappear while wearing it and can see Frodo even after he has vanished from his friends ' sight . In the evening , Frodo has a dream about Gandalf standing on the pinnacle of a tower and then a vision of a rain curtain in front of a ship on which he is sailing . They then leave Bombadil 's only to be captured by a barrow wight in the Barrow - downs , but they again escape with help from Tom and finally reach the gate of the village of Bree . In Bree , the hobbits go to The Prancing Pony Inn , where Barliman Butterbur is the owner . Frodo goes by the name of `` Underhill '' rather than Baggins . While visiting with other hobbits and men from Bree , Frodo makes eye contact with a mysterious - looking man in the corner . The man then warns Frodo that Pippin is close to revealing who the hobbits really are , so Frodo begins to recite a poem that earns the applause of everyone in the inn . When he recites it a second time , Frodo gets carried away and falls off the table and accidentally lets the Ring slip on his finger causing him to disappear . The incident causes a major commotion , and several rough - looking men leave the inn . Frodo reappears and said that he slipped away out of embarrassment , but few buy the explanation . The hobbits then retire from the common room only to find that they have been followed by the mysterious man , who goes by the name Strider , a Ranger . He claims to be a friend of Gandalf and warns that the Nazgûl are after them and only he can guide them to Rivendell . Frodo doubts Strider until Butterbur comes in with a note from Gandalf to Frodo left some time earlier . Gandalf says to trust Strider and ask him his real name . Without even being asked , Strider reveals his name as Aragorn son of Arathorn and is the heir of Isildur in the North . Merry then comes in and says he was waylaid by the Nazgûl . Strider has them spend the night in another room . The Nazgûl then attack both the house at Crickhollow and the inn at Bree but do not find Frodo in either spot . The next morning , Frodo learns that their riding ponies have been driven off by the Nazgûl and their allies . They manage to secure one beast from one of the Nazgûl collaborators , Bill Ferny , one of the men of Bree . Curious because of all the events , the whole town turns out to see them off . The hobbits and Strider make their way cross-country , through the Midgewater Marshes , to the hill of Weathertop , where they spot five of the Nazgûl on the road below . They then see evidence of a major fire fight and a stone that might indicate Gandalf got there ahead of them . That night , five of the Nazgûl attack the travellers . Frodo yields to the temptation and puts on the Ring , and see the Nazgûl in their full form . He attempts to attack them , but the chief of the Nazgûl stabs Frodo in the shoulder with a cursed knife before Aragorn drives them off with torches . A splinter of the blade remains within the wound , causing Frodo to fall very ill as they travel to Rivendell . Aragorn warns them that , unless treated soon , Frodo will become a wraith like the Nazgûl himself . As the travellers near their destination , they meet Glorfindel , an elf - lord from Rivendell , who helps them reach the River Bruinen near Rivendell . But the Nazgûl , all nine now gathered together , ambush the party at the Ford of Bruinen . Glorfindel 's horse outruns the pursuers and carries Frodo across the Ford . As the Nazgûl attempt to follow , a giant wave commanded by Elrond , the lord of Rivendell , sweeps them away and Frodo collapses . Book II : the Ring goes South ( edit ) Book II opens in Rivendell at the house of Elrond . Frodo is healed by Elrond and discovers that Bilbo has been residing there . Bilbo asks to see the Ring again , but Frodo resists because of the Ring 's power , which leads Bilbo to understand at last . Frodo also meets many notable figures , including Glóin -- one of the dwarves who accompanied Bilbo on his journey to the Lonely Mountain -- and Legolas , Prince of the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood . Frodo learns about the remaining dwarves , including Balin , Ori , and Óin who had not been heard from in some time . Elrond convenes a Council , attended by Gandalf , Bilbo , Frodo , Aragorn and many others , including Boromir , son of Denethor , the Steward of Gondor . Glóin explains that Balin had led an expedition to reclaim the old dwarf kingdom of Moria , but they had not heard from him in years . Furthermore , Glóin tells the group that the Nazgûl had come to Dale and the Lonely Mountain looking for Bilbo and the Ring . Legolas then tells the council that Gollum had escaped from his captivity with the Elves and was also abroad and hunting for the Ring . Boromir then stands and relates the details of a dream he and his brother Faramir both received , telling them to seek `` the Sword That Was Broken '' and `` Isildur 's Bane '' in Rivendell . Elrond then has Frodo bring out the Ring , which is revealed as `` Isildur 's Bane '' . Gandalf explains that he had gone to Isengard , where the wizard Saruman , the chief of all wizards in Middle - earth , dwells , to seek help and counsel . However , Saruman had turned against them , desiring the Ring for himself . Saruman imprisoned Gandalf in his tower , Orthanc , rightly suspecting that Gandalf knew where the Ring was . Gandalf , however , did not yield and managed to escape from Orthanc . He learns that Saruman is not yet in Sauron 's service , and is mustering his own force of Orcs . As the Council of Elrond concludes , a plan is hatched to cast the One Ring into the fires of Mount Doom in Mordor , which will destroy the Ring and end Sauron 's power for good . Boromir objects and argues for using the Ring to overcome Sauron and relieve Gondor , but Elrond says that the Ring can not be used for good because of its intrinsic evil and its corrupting power even on those with the best intentions . Frodo offers to undertake this dangerous quest , and is thus chosen to be the Ring - bearer . Frodo sets forth from Rivendell with eight companions : two Men , Aragorn and Boromir ; Legolas ; Gandalf ; Gimli the Dwarf , the son of Glóin ; and Frodo 's three Hobbit companions . These Nine Walkers ( called the Fellowship or , more properly , the Company of the Ring ) are chosen to represent all the free races of Middle - earth and as a balance to the Nazgûl . They are also accompanied by Bill the Pony , whom Aragorn and the Hobbits acquired in Bree as a pack horse . The Fellowship attempt to cross the Misty Mountains is foiled by heavy snow , and then they are attacked by a host of Wargs that have moved west of the Mountains to hunt for the Ring . Thus , they are forced to take a path under the mountains , through the mines of Moria , the ancient dwarf kingdom . There , they discover that Balin , Ori , and Óin were all killed by Orcs and other evil creatures that thwarted their attempt to retake Moria . Those same orcs then attack the travellers , and during the battle that ensues , Gandalf encounters a Balrog of Morgoth , an ancient demon of fire and shadow . Gandalf challenges the Balrog , but both fall into an abyss . The remaining eight members of the Fellowship escape from Moria and head toward the elf - haven of Lothlórien , where they are given gifts from the rulers Celeborn and Galadriel that in many cases prove useful later during the Quest . After leaving Lothlórien the Fellowship reach Amon Hen . There Frodo tries to decide the future course of the Fellowship . Boromir succumbs to the Ring 's corruptive influence and tries to take it for himself , and Frodo ends up putting on the Ring to escape from Boromir . While the rest of the Fellowship scatters to hunt for Frodo , Frodo decides the Fellowship has to be broken , and he must depart secretly for Mordor alone to prevent the rest of his companions from becoming enslaved by the influence of the Ring . Sam insists on coming along , however , and they set off together to Mordor . The Fellowship is thus broken . Members of the Company of the Ring ( edit ) See also : List of Middle - earth characters The Company was formed at Rivendell in late T.A. 3018 following the Council of Elrond . It was decided that it should be a relatively small company ; the number was set at nine to symbolically oppose the nine Nazgûl . In order of announcement the members of the Fellowship were : Member Race Age Frodo Baggins Hobbit 50 Adopted heir of Bilbo and the Ring - bearer . Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee Hobbit 38 Frodo 's gardener ; becomes Frodo 's companion on the quest . Gandalf the Grey Istari primeval Wizard who leads the Fellowship until the Bridge of Khazad - dûm in Moria , where he falls in combat with a Balrog . Legolas Elf 500 + Son of Thranduil , king of the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood . He came to inform Elrond of the escape of Gollum . Gimli Dwarf 139 Son of Glóin . He came to Rivendell from the Lonely Mountain with his father to seek advice on the disappearance of Balin , and to warn Bilbo that Sauron 's agents are seeking him . Aragorn `` Strider '' Man 87 Chief Ranger of the North and heir of Isildur and Elendil ; he had accompanied the hobbits from Bree to Rivendell . Boromir Man 40 Son and heir of Denethor II , Steward of Gondor . He came to Rivendell seeking the meaning of a prophetic dream . Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck Hobbit 36 Son and heir of the Master of Buckland , cousin to both Pippin and Frodo . He is particularly close to Pippin . Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took Hobbit 28 Son and heir of the Thain in Tookland , he is the youngest member of the group and cousin to both Merry and Frodo . In The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien speaks more often of `` the Company '' of the Ring rather than `` the Fellowship '' , as reflected in the page references in Robert Foster 's The Complete Guide to Middle - earth . The Jackson film adaptions have resulted in `` the Fellowship '' becoming the more familiar , if less correct term . Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2010 ) The poet W.H. Auden wrote a positive review in The New York Times , praising the excitement and saying `` Tolkien 's invention is unflagging , and , on the primitive level of wanting to know what happens next , The Fellowship of the Ring is at least as good as The Thirty - Nine Steps '' . However , he noted that the light humour in the beginning was `` not Tolkien 's forte '' . It was also favourably reviewed by nature writer Loren Eiseley . Literary critic Edmund Wilson titled his unflattering review Oo , those awful Orcs . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 animated film ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 live - action film ) The Lord of the Rings in theater -- Two adaptations that have important musical elements , but the producers do not consider these to be standard `` stage musicals '' . The History of The Lord of the Rings -- a collection of material from early drafts of Lord of the Rings . Editions ( edit ) Some editions are listed below . A more complete list , including non-English editions , may be found at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database . ISBN 0 - 345 - 24032 - 4 ( paperback , 1974 ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 00222 - 7 ( paperback , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 345 - 33970 - 3 ( paperback , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 34625 - 2 ( paperback , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 57494 - 8 ( paperback , 2005 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The negotiations between Tolkien and Allen & Unwin over the publication of The Lord of the Rings and the possibility of including The Silmarillion ( which was still incomplete ) are covered passim in the entries for 1950 through 1952 in the Chronology of The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide by Scull and Hammond ( p. 355 -- 393 ) . Several of Tolkien 's letters in The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , edited by Humphrey Carpenter , touch on this matter , notably Letters 123 , 124 ( in which Tolkien explicitly desires to have the works published together ) , 125 , 126 , 131 , and 133 . Jump up ^ At the time of the Fellowship 's formation . N.B. : all of the Fellowship ( possibly except Boromir ) were from races or sub-races who had lifespans much longer than ordinary humans . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Between the Covers . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Jane Chance . Tolkien ' Art : A Mythology for England . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 140 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , George Allen & Unwin , 2nd edition ( 1966 ) , book 3 ch. 6 p. 111 ; ISBN 0 04 823046 4 . Jump up ^ Auden , W.H. ( 31 October 1954 ) . `` The Hero Is a Hobbit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Auden , W.H. ( 22 January 1956 ) . `` At the end of the Quest , Victory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Edmund ( 14 April 1956 ) , `` Oo , Those awful Orcs ! : A review of The Fellowship of the Ring '' , The Nation . Jump up ^ `` Title : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Internet Speculative Fiction Database . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fellowship of the Ring Detailed summary and analysis of The Fellowship of the Ring Detailed summary and analysis of characters , themes , and symbols of The Fellowship of the Ring The Fellowship of the Ring at the Internet Book List J.R.R. Tolkien Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists ( 1936 ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Leaf by Niggle ( 1947 ) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun ( 1945 / 2016 ) Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm 's Son ( 1953 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( 1962 ) Tree and Leaf ( 1964 ) The Tolkien Reader ( 1966 ) The Road Goes Ever On ( 1967 ) Smith of Wootton Major ( 1967 ) Posthumous fiction Bilbo 's Last Song ( 1974 ) The Father Christmas Letters ( 1976 ) The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) Poems and Stories ( 1980 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Mr. Bliss ( 1982 ) The History of Middle - earth ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Tales from the Perilous Realm ( 1997 ) Roverandom ( 1998 ) The Children of Húrin ( 2007 ) The History of The Hobbit ( 2007 ) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún ( 2009 ) The Fall of Arthur ( 2013 ) The Story of Kullervo ( 2015 ) Beren and Lúthien ( 2017 ) The Fall of Gondolin ( 2018 ) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English text , 1925 ) The Devil 's Coach Horses ( 1925 ) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad ( 1929 ) Sigelwara Land ( 1932 -- 34 ) Chaucer as a Philologist : The Reeve 's Tale ( 1934 ) Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) On Fairy - Stories ( 1939 ) On Translating Beowulf ( 1940 ) Sir Orfeo ( 1944 ) Ancrene Wisse ( 1962 ) English and Welsh ( 1963 ) Jerusalem Bible ( as translator and lexicographer , 1966 ) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo ( Modern English translations , 1975 ) Finn and Hengest ( 1982 ) The Monsters and the Critics , and Other Essays ( 1983 ) Beowulf and the Critics ( 2002 ) Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell ( 2014 ) A Secret Vice ( 1983 / 2016 ) List of Tolkien 's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography ( 1977 , authorized biography ) Tolkien ( biographical film ) Tolkien : Maker of Middle - earth Family Edith Tolkien ( wife ) Christopher Tolkien ( son ) Simon Tolkien ( grandson ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King The Silmarillion Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Bilbo 's Last Song Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring&oldid=842623441 '' Categories : 1954 British novels Sequel novels The Lord of the Rings 1954 fantasy novels British novels adapted into films Allen & Unwin books British novels adapted into plays Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2010 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles to be expanded from December 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Ænglisc Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 16 : 23 . 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1204656784207623760	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Universal Declaration of Human Rights - wikipedia Universal Declaration of Human Rights Jump to : navigation , search Universal Declaration of Human Rights Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish language version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Created 1948 Ratified 10 December 1948 Location Palais de Chaillot , Paris Author ( s ) Draft Committee Purpose Human rights Poster The human rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly of its 183rd meeting , held in Paris on 10 December 1948 Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris , France . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations , 48 voted in favor , none against , eight abstained , and two did not vote . The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual 's rights which , although not legally binding in themselves , have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties , economic transfers , regional human rights instruments , national constitutions , and other laws . The Declaration was the first step in the process of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights , which was completed in 1966 , and came into force in 1976 , after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them . Some legal scholars have argued that because countries have constantly invoked the Declaration for more than 50 years , it has become binding as a part of customary international law . However , in the United States , the Supreme Court in Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain ( 2004 ) , concluded that the Declaration `` does not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international law . '' Courts of other countries have also concluded that the Declaration is not in and of itself part of domestic law . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and content 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Creation and drafting 2.3 Adoption 3 International Human Rights Day 4 Significance and legal effect 4.1 Significance 4.2 Legal effect 5 Reaction 5.1 Praise 5.2 Criticism 5.2. 1 Islamic countries 5.2. 2 `` The Right to Refuse to Kill '' 5.2. 3 American Anthropological Association 5.2. 4 Bangkok Declaration 6 Organizations promoting the UDHR 6.1 International Federation for Human Rights 6.2 Amnesty International 6.3 Unitarian Universalist Service Committee 6.4 Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee 6.5 American Library Association 6.6 Youth for Human Rights International 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Audiovisual materials Structure and content The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft , which was prepared by René Cassin . Cassin worked from a first draft , which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey . The structure was influenced by the Code Napoléon , including a preamble and introductory general principles . Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple , with a foundation , steps , four columns , and a pediment . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Declaration consists of a preamble and thirty articles : The preamble sets out the historical and social causes that led to the necessity of drafting the Declaration . Articles 1 -- 2 established the basic concepts of dignity , liberty , equality , and brotherhood . Articles 3 -- 11 established other individual rights , such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery . Articles 6 -- 11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defence when violated . Articles 12 -- 17 established the rights of the individual towards the community ( including such things as freedom of movement ) . Articles 18 -- 21 sanctioned the so - called `` constitutional liberties '' , and with spiritual , public , and political freedoms , such as freedom of thought , opinion , religion and conscience , word , and peaceful association of the individual . Articles 22 -- 27 sanctioned an individual 's economic , social and cultural rights , including healthcare . Article 25 states : `` Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well - being of himself and of his family , including food , clothing , housing and medical care and necessary social services . '' It also makes additional accommodations for security in case of physical debilitation or disability , and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or childhood . Articles 28 -- 30 established the general ways of using these rights , the areas in which these rights of the individual can not be applied , and that they can not be overcome against the individual . These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organisation . History Background State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( 6 January 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's 6 January 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main article : History of human rights During World War II , the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms -- freedom of speech , freedom of religion , freedom from fear , and freedom from want -- as their basic war aims . The United Nations Charter `` reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights , and dignity and worth of the human person '' and committed all member states to promote `` universal respect for , and observance of , human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion '' . When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became fully apparent after World War II , the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred . A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter 's provisions on human rights . Creation and drafting Main article : Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights In June 1946 , the UN Economic and Social Council established the Commission on Human Rights , comprising 18 members from various nationalities and political backgrounds . The Commission , a standing body of the United Nations , was constituted to undertake the work of preparing what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights . The Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee , chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt , to write the articles of the Declaration . The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years . Canadian John Peters Humphrey , Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat , was called upon by the United Nations Secretary - General to work on the project and became the Declaration 's principal drafter . At the time , Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat . Other well - known members of the drafting committee included René Cassin of France , Charles Malik of Lebanon , P.C. Chang of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Humphrey provided the initial draft which became the working text of the Commission . According to Allan Carlson , the Declaration 's pro-family phrases were the result of the Christian Democratic movement 's influence on Cassin and Malik . Once the Committee finished its work in May 1948 , the draft was further discussed by the Commission on Human Rights , the Economic and Social Council , the Third Committee of the General Assembly before being put to vote in December 1948 . During these discussions many amendments and propositions were made by UN Member States . British representatives were extremely frustrated that the proposal had moral but no legal obligation . ( It was not until 1976 that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force , giving a legal status to most of the Declaration . ) Adoption The Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 on 10 December 1948 . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations , 48 voted in favor , none against , eight abstained and Honduras and Yemen failed to vote or abstain . In miniature book . The meeting record provides firsthand insight into the debate . South Africa 's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid , which clearly violated several articles in the Declaration . The Saudi Arabian delegation 's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration 's articles : Article 18 , which states that everyone has the right `` to change his religion or belief '' ; and Article 16 , on equal marriage rights . The six communist countries abstentions centred around the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism . Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the abstention of Soviet bloc countries to Article 13 , which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries . The 48 countries which voted in favour of the Declaration are : Voters and abstainers in the Plenary session . In green countries that voted in favour , in orange those who abstained . In black , countries which failed to abstain or vote . In grey , countries which were not part of the UN at the time of voting Afghanistan Argentina Australia Belgium Bolivia Brazil Burma Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia France Greece Guatemala Haiti Iceland India Iran Iraq Lebanon Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Thailand Sweden Syria Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela a . ^ Despite the central role played by the Canadian John Peters Humphrey , the Canadian Government at first abstained from voting on the Declaration 's draft , but later voted in favor of the final draft in the General Assembly . 8 countries abstained : Byelorussian SSR ( Byelorussia ) Czechoslovakia Poland Saudi Arabia Soviet Union Ukrainian SSR ( Ukraine ) Union of South Africa Yugoslavia Other countries only gained sovereignty and joined the United Nations later , which explains the relatively small number of states entitled to the historical vote , and in no way reflects opposition to the universal principles . International Human Rights Day Main article : Human Rights Day The Declaration of Human Rights Day is commemorated every year on December 10 , the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration , and is known as Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day . The commemoration is observed by individuals , community and religious groups , human rights organizations , parliaments , governments , and the United Nations . Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and human rights . 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration , and was accompanied by year - long activities around the theme `` Dignity and justice for all of us '' . Significance and legal effect Significance In 1948 , the UN Resolution A / RES / 217 ( III ) ( A ) adopted the Declaration on a bilingual document in English and French , and official translations in Chinese , Russian and Spanish . In 2009 , the Guinness Book of Records described the Declaration as the world 's `` Most Translated Document '' ( 370 different languages and dialects ) . The Unicode Consortium stores 431 of the 503 official translations available at the OHCHR ( as of June 2017 ) . In its preamble , governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures which secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration . Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the Declaration as a declaration rather than as a treaty because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States . In this , she proved to be correct . Even though it is not legally binding , the Declaration has been adopted in or has influenced most national constitutions since 1948 . It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws , international laws , and treaties , as well as for a growing number of regional , sub national , and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights . For the first time in international law , the term `` the rule of law '' was used in the preamble of the Declaration . The third paragraph of the preamble of the Declaration reads as follows : `` Whereas it is essential , if man is not to be compelled to have recourse , as a last resort , to rebellion against tyranny and oppression , that human rights should be protected by the rule of law . '' Legal effect While not a treaty itself , the Declaration was explicitly adopted for the purpose of defining the meaning of the words `` fundamental freedoms '' and `` human rights '' appearing in the United Nations Charter , which is binding on all member states . For this reason , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations . In addition , many international lawyers believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate any of its articles . The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration `` constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community '' to all persons . The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding UN human rights covenants : the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in international treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women , the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , the United Nations Convention Against Torture , and many more . The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments , academics , advocates , and constitutional courts , and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights . Reaction Praise The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people . The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it `` an international document of the first order of importance '' , while Eleanor Roosevelt -- first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights ( CHR ) that drafted the Declaration -- stated that it `` may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere . '' In a speech on 5 October 1995 , Pope John Paul II called the Declaration `` one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time '' but the Vatican never adopted the Declaration . In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union , Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration `` placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community . '' Criticism Islamic countries Turkey -- which was a secular state with an overwhelmingly Muslim population -- signed the Declaration in 1948 . However , the same year , Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on the Declaration , claiming that it violated Sharia law . Pakistan -- which had signed the declaration -- disagreed and critiqued the Saudi position . Pakistani minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan strongly argued in favor of including freedom of religion . In 1982 , the Iranian representative to the United Nations , Said Rajaie - Khorassani , said that the Declaration was `` a secular understanding of the Judeo - Christian tradition '' which could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia . On 30 June 2000 , members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam , an alternative document that says people have `` freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah '' , without any discrimination on grounds of `` race , colour , language , sex , religious belief , political affiliation , social status or other considerations '' . Some Muslim diplomats would go on later to help draft other UN human rights treaties . For example , Iraqi diplomat Bedia Afnan 's insistence on wording that recognized gender equality resulted in Article 3 within the ICCPR and ICESCR . Pakistani diplomat Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah also spoke in favor of recognizing women 's rights . A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration 's alleged Western bias . These include Irene Oh , Abdulaziz Sachedina , Riffat Hassan , and Faisal Kutty . Hassan has argued : What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest , or sole , model , of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings , is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration , the `` universality '' of the assumptions on which it is based is -- at the very least -- problematic and subject to questioning . Furthermore , the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general , or particular religions such as Islam , needs to be examined in an unbiased way . Irene Oh argues that one solution is to approach the issue from the perspective of comparative ( descriptive ) ethics . Kutty writes : `` A strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home ... It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights . '' Ironically , a number of Islamic countries that as of 2014 are among the most resistant to UN intervention in domestic affairs , played an invaluable role in the creation of the Declaration , with countries such as Syria and Egypt having been strong proponents of the universality of human rights and the right of countries to self - determination . `` The right to Refuse to Kill '' Groups such as Amnesty International and War Resisters International have advocated for `` The Right to Refuse to Kill '' to be added to the Universal Declaration . War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from -- but not yet explicit in -- Article 18 of the UDHR : the right to freedom of thought , conscience , and religion . Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right more explicit , but -- to date ( 2017 ) -- those steps have been limited to less significant United Nations documents . Sean MacBride -- Assistant Secretary - General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate -- has said : `` To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might , with relevance , be added . It is ' The Right to Refuse to Kill ' . '' American Anthropological Association The American Anthropological Association criticized the UDHR while it was in its drafting process . The AAA warned that the document would be defining universal rights from a Western paradigm which would be unfair to countries outside of that scope . They further argued that the West 's history of colonialism and evangelism made them a problematic moral representative for the rest of the world . They proposed three notes for consideration with underlying themes of cultural relativism : `` 1 . The individual realizes his personality through his culture , hence respect for individual differences entails a respect for cultural differences '' , `` 2 . Respect for differences between cultures is validated by the scientific fact that no technique of qualitatively evaluating cultures has been discovered '' , and `` 3 . Standards and values are relative to the culture from which they derive so that any attempt to formulate postulates that grow out of the beliefs or moral codes of one culture must to that extent detract from the applicability of any Declaration of Human Rights to mankind as a whole . '' Bangkok Declaration During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held in 1993 , ministers from Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration , reaffirming their governments ' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . They stated their view of the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality , objectivity , and non-selectivity of human rights . However , at the same time , they emphasized the principles of sovereignty and non-interference , calling for greater emphasis on economic , social , and cultural rights -- in particular , the right to economic development over civil and political rights . The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of the Asian values perspective , which offers an extended critique of human rights universalism . Organizations promoting the UDHR This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) International Federation for Human Rights The International Federation for Human Rights ( FIDH ) is nonpartisan , nonsectarian , and independent of any government , and its core mandate is to promote respect for all the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . Amnesty International In 1988 , director Stephen R. Johnson and 41 international animators , musicians , and producers created a 20 - minute video for Amnesty International to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration . The video was to bring to life the Declaration 's 30 articles . Amnesty International celebrated Human Rights Day and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration all over the world by organizing the `` Fire Up ! '' event . Unitarian Universalist Service Committee The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee ( UUSC ) is a non-profit , nonsectarian organization whose work around the world is guided by the values of Unitarian Universalism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . It works to provide disaster relief and promote human rights and social justice around the world . Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee The Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service Committee work on many human rights issues , including improving education on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . They have developed a Curriculum to help introduce High School students to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . American Library Association In 1997 , the council of the American Library Association ( ALA ) endorsed Article 19 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Along with Article 19 , Article 18 and 20 are also fundamentally tied to the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights . Censorship , the invasion of privacy , and interference of opinions are human rights violations according to the ALA . Youth for Human Rights International Youth for Human Rights International ( YHRI ) is a non-profit organization founded in 2001 by Mary Shuttleworth , an educator born and raised in apartheid South Africa , where she witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of discrimination and the lack of basic human rights . The purpose of YHRI is to teach youth about human rights , specifically the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights , and inspire them to become advocates for tolerance and peace . YHRI has now grown into a global movement , including hundreds of groups , clubs and chapters around the world . See also Human rights portal United Nations portal Freedom of speech portal Human rights History of human rights Timeline of young people 's rights in the United Kingdom in the United States in France Non-binding agreements Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam ( 1990 ) Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action ( 1993 ) United Nations Millennium Declaration ( 2000 ) International human rights law Fourth Geneva Convention ( 1949 ) European Convention on Human Rights ( 1952 ) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ( 1954 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ( 1969 ) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( 1976 ) International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( 1976 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( 1981 ) Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1990 ) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2000 ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( 2007 ) Thinkers influencing the Declaration Charles Malik Jacques Maritain John Peters Humphrey Tommy Douglas John Sankey , 1st Viscount Sankey Wu Teh Yao Peng Chun Chang Other Slavery in the United States in Russia Slavery in international law Slave Trade Acts Human rights in China ( PRC ) Command responsibility Moral universalism Declaration on Great Apes , an as - yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to other great apes . `` Consent of the governed '' Racial equality proposal ( 1919 ) The Farewell Sermon ( 632 CE ) Youth for Human Rights International List of literary works by number of translations References Jump up ^ Included John Peters Humphrey ( Canada ) , René Cassin ( France ) , P.C. Chang ( Republic of China ) , Charles Malik ( Lebanon ) , Hansa Mehta ( India ) and Eleanor Roosevelt ( United States ) ; see Creation and drafting section above . Citations Jump up ^ Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston , International Human Rights in Context : Law , Politics , Morals , ( 2nd ed ) , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 2000 . Jump up ^ Hurst Hannum , The UDHR in National and International Law , p. 145 Jump up ^ Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain , 542 U.S. 692 , 734 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights , United Nations , 1948 Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , Chapter 10 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Charter , preamble and article 55 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Cataclysm and World Response in Drafting and Adoption : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , udhr.org . Jump up ^ `` UDHR50 : Did n't Nazi tyranny end all hope for protecting human rights in the modern world ? '' . Udhr.org. 1998 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` UDHR -- History of human rights '' . Universalrights.net . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 133 Jump up ^ The Declaration was drafted during the Chinese Civil War . P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the Republic of China , then the recognised government of China , but which was driven from mainland China and now administers only Taiwan and nearby islands ( history.com ) . Jump up ^ Carlson , Allan : Globalizing Family Values , 12 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Research Guides . United Nations . Dag Hammarskjöld Library . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Final authorized text . The British Library . September 1952 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Growth in United Nations membership , 1945 - present '' . www.un.org . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Schabas , William ( 1998 ) . `` Canada and the Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' ( PDF ) . McGill Law Journal . 43 : 403 . Jump up ^ `` OHCHR - Human Rights in the World '' . www.ohchr.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : 1948 -- 2008 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A / RES / 217 ( III ) '' . UNBISNET . Retrieved 13 Jun 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most translated document '' . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . Jump up ^ `` UDHR in Unicode - Translations '' , Unicode , retrieved 8 - 6 - 2017 Jump up ^ `` Search by Translation '' , UDHR Translation Project , United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights , retrieved 13 - 8 - 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ John Peters , Humphrey ( 23 May 1979 ) . `` The universal declaration of human rights , Its history , impact andjuridical character '' . In Bertrand G. , Ramcharan . Human Rights : Thirty Years After the Universal Declaration : Commemorative Volume on the Occasion of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The Hage : Nijhoff . p. 37 . ISBN 90 - 247 - 2145 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sohn , Louis B. ( 1977 ) . `` The human rights law of the charter '' . Texas International Law Journal . 12 : 133 . ISSN 0163 - 7479 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Myres S. , McDougal ; Lasswell , Harold D. ; Chen , Lung - chu ( 1969 ) . `` Human Rights and World Public Order : A Framework for Policy - Oriented Inquiry '' . Faculty Scholarship Series . Yale Law School . pp. 273 -- 274 , 325 -- 327 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Anthony A. D'Amato ( 1987 ) . International law : process and prospect . Transnational Publishers . pp. 123 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941320 - 35 - 1 . Jump up ^ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . `` Digital record of the UDHR '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration '' . 6 November 1948 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Eidenmuller ( 1948 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Eleanor Roosevelt : Address to the United Nations General Assembly '' . Americanrhetoric.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` John Paul II , Address to the U.N. , October 2 , 1979 and October 5 , 1995 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nisrine Abiad ( 2008 ) . Sharia , Muslim states and international human rights treaty obligations : a comparative study . BIICL . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905221 - 41 - 7 . Jump up ^ Price 1999 , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Hashemi , Nader and Emran Qureshi . `` Human Rights . '' In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . Jump up ^ Littman , D ( February -- March 1999 ) . `` Universal Human Rights and Human Rights in Islam '' . Midstream . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution No 60 / 27 - P '' . Organisation of the Islamic Conference . 2000 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Are Human Rights Compatible with Islam ? '' . religiousconsultation.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Rights of God '' . Georgetown University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Western Societies Have Influenced Human Rights '' . in Jacqueline Langwith ( ed . ) , Opposing Viewpoints : Human Rights , Gale / Greenhaven Press : Chicago , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor Susan Waltz : Universal Rights Group , Syria calls for greater UN intervention in domestic human rights situations ... Jump up ^ Out of the margins : the right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe : An announcement of Amnesty International 's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN Commission on Human Rights , 31 March 1997 . Amnesty International . ^ Jump up to : A Conscientious Objector 's Guide to the UN Human Rights System , Parts 1 , 2 & 3 , Background Information on International Law for COs , Standards which recognise the right to conscientious objection , War Resisters ' International . Jump up ^ Sean MacBride , The Imperatives of Survival , Nobel Lecture , 12 December 1974 , The Nobel Foundation -- Official website of the Nobel Foundation . ( English index page ; hyperlink to Swedish site . ) From Nobel Lectures in Peace 1971 -- 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Human Rights '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Final Declaration Of The Regional Meeting For Asia Of The World Conference On Human Rights '' . Law.hku.hk . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Contribution to the EU Multi-stakeholder Forum on CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibility ) , 10 February 2009 ; accessed on 9 November 2009 Jump up ^ Information Partners , web site of the UNHCR , last updated 25 February 2010 , 16 : 08 GMT ( web retrieval 25 February 2010 , 18 : 11 GMT ) Jump up ^ `` UDHR film '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Up ! '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UNHCR Partners '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFSC Universal Declaration of Human Rights web page '' . American Friends Service Committee . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution on IFLA , Human Rights and Freedom of Expression '' . ala.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Right to Free Expression : '' . ala.org . Jump up ^ `` Youth for Human Rights '' . Youth for Human Rights . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Sources Brown , Gordon ( 2016 ) . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century : A Living Document in a Changing World . Open Book Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 783 - 74218 - 9 . Glendon , Mary Ann ( 2002 ) . A world made new : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76046 - 4 . Hashmi , Sohail H. ( 2002 ) . Islamic political ethics : civil society , pluralism , and conflict . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11310 - 4 . Morsink , Johannes ( 1999 ) . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : origins , drafting , and intent . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1747 - 6 . Price , Daniel E. ( 1999 ) . Islamic political culture , democracy , and human rights : a comparative study . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96187 - 9 . Williams , Paul ( 1981 ) . The International bill of human rights . United Nations General Assembly . Entwhistle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 934558 - 07 - 5 . Further reading Feldman , Jean - Philippe . `` Hayek 's Critique Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights '' . Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines , Volume 9 , Issue 4 ( December 1999 ) : 1145 - 6396 . Nurser , John . `` For All Peoples and All Nations . Christian Churches and Human Rights . '' . ( Geneva : WCC Publications , 2005 ) . Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University ( Centre for the Study of Human Rights ) , including article by article commentary , video interviews , discussion of meaning , drafting and history . Introductory note by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and procedural history on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law External links This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . 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-5532046134559430428	Cyclone Aila	Cyclone Aila - Wikipedia Cyclone Aila This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2015 ) Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila Severe cyclonic storm ( IMD scale ) Category 1 ( Saffir -- Simpson scale ) Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila at peak intensity Formed May 26 , 2009 Dissipated May 27 , 2009 Highest winds 3 - minute sustained : 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) 1 - minute sustained : 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) Lowest pressure 968 hPa ( mbar ) ; 28.59 inHg Fatalities 339 total Damage $295.6 million ( 2009 USD ) Areas affected India , Bangladesh Part of the 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila was the worst natural disaster to affect Bangladesh since Cyclone Sidr in November 2007 . The second tropical cyclone of the 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season , Aila formed over the Bay of Bengal on May 23 . A relatively strong tropical cyclone , it caused extensive damage in India and Bangladesh . The storm was responsible for at least 339 deaths across Bangladesh and India ; more than 1 million people were left homeless . Health officials in Bangladesh confirmed a deadly outbreak of diarrhoea on 29 May , with more than 7,000 people being infected and four dying . In Bangladesh , an estimated 20 million people were at risk of post-disaster diseases due to Aila . Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact 3.1 India 3.2 Bangladesh 3.3 Environmental impact 4 Aftermath 4.1 India 4.2 Bangladesh 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Meteorological history ( edit ) Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale Late on May 21 , 2009 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center reported that a Tropical Disturbance had persisted about 950 kilometres ( 590 mi ) to the south of Kolkata , in India and had developed within the Southwest Monsoon . The disturbance at this time had a broad and poorly organized area of deep convection , which was located to the southeast of the low level circulation center which had consolidated into a single circulation during the previous 12 hours . Environmental analysis indicated that the system was in an area of favorable conditions to develop with low vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperaures . During May 22 , 2009 , the disturbance developed further with a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert being issued early the next day by the JTWC as the low level circulation center had become stronger and more defined . Later that morning RSMC New Delhi designated the disturbance as Depression BOB 02 . During the day Depression BOB02 continued to slowly intensify until early the next day when it was upgraded to a Deep Depression by RSMC New Delhi , and designated as Tropical Cyclone 02B by the JTWC . This came as satellite imagery had shown further organization of the depression . Later that day , RSMC New Delhi reported that the deep depression had intensified into a Cyclonic storm and had been named as Aila whilst located about 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) to the southeast of Sagar Island . Aila became a severe cyclonic storm at 06UTC on May 25 and made landfall at its peak intensity ( 60kt , 967hPa ) between 08 and 09UTC . Preparations ( edit ) Officials in India evacuated thousands of residents from coastal areas ahead of Cyclone Aila . In addition , several warning alerts were issued before the cyclone hit Kolkata ; however , no alarm bells were rung . In the Bhola District of Bangladesh , an estimated 500,000 people evacuated to higher areas and shelters as Aila neared landfall . Tourists were advised to stay in their hotels due to the short amount of time to prepare for the storm . Impact ( edit ) India ( edit ) Aila downed thousands of trees , like this one . In India , at least 149 people were killed , two by electrocution , and hundreds others were left homeless as torrential rains led to flooding . High winds uprooted numerous trees , blocking roads throughout the region . More than 15,000 people in eight villages were reportedly isolated from relief crews by severe flooding . At least 18 of the 45 fatalities in West Bengal were in Kolkata , the region where Aila made landfall . All transit systems in the city of Kolkata were halted and daily life was at a standstill due to the storm . The areas and districts affected by the cyclone in West Bengal include East Midnapore , Howrah , Hooghly , Burdwan , South 24 Parganas and Kolkata . In the West Bengal state , more than 100,000 people were left homeless as a result of Aila . At least 100 river embankments were breached by storm surge produced by the cyclone . Throughout the country , at least 150,000 people were left homeless . In northern areas of the state , heavy rains triggered numerous landslides in Darjeeling that killed 22 people and left 6 others missing . At least 500 homes were also damaged in the area . At least 50,000 hectares of agricultural land was lost during the storm , costing an estimated Rs. 125 crore ( US $26.3 million ) . Throughout the state , an estimated 40,000 homes were destroyed and 132,000 others were damaged . At least 350,000 people affected by Aila . Later reports indicated that upwards of 2.3 million were displaced by the storm as 175,000 homes were destroyed and 270,000 were damaged . The outer bands of the storm also produced torrential rains and high winds in eastern portions of Orissa state , with the heaviest rainfall being recorded at Paradip at 260 mm ( 10 in ) and winds peaked at 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) . Numerous trees were uprooted and power lines were downed , causing widespread power outages . High waves produced by the storm inundated coastal villages , forcing residents to evacuate to safer areas . Roads were also blocked by floodwaters or debris , hampering relief efforts . An estimated 1,000 acres ( 4.0 km ) of Orissa cropland were lost due to Aila . The remnants of Aila produced gusty winds and heavy rains in the eastern Indian state of Meghalaya between May 25 and 26 . Rainfall amounts peaked at 213.4 mm ( 8.40 in ) and winds reached 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) . Several homes were damaged in the area and power was cut due to fallen trees and power lines . No injuries were reported in the state . Several streets were flooded and some homes were reported to have standing water . Bangladesh ( edit ) Affected area in Bangladesh Torrential rains from Aila resulted in 190 fatalities and at least 7,000 injuries across the Khulna and Satkhira Districts . Across 11 of the nation 's 64 districts , approximately 600,000 thatched homes , 8,800 km ( 5,500 mi ) of roads , 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) of embankments , and 123,000 hectares ( 300,000 acres ) of land were damaged or destroyed . Approximately 9.3 million people were affected by the cyclone , of which 1 million were rendered homeless . One year after the storm , 200,000 people remained homeless . Total damage amounted to 18.85 billion taka ( US $269.28 million ) . More than 400,000 people were reportedly isolated by severe flooding in coastal regions of Bangladesh . Numerous villages were either completely submerged in floodwaters or destroyed . Dozens of people are reportedly missing throughout the country . A storm surge of 3 m ( 10 ft ) impacted western regions of Bangladesh , submerging numerous villages . Several rivers broke through embankments , causing widespread inland flooding . In Dacope Upazila alone , more than 50,000 people were left homeless . Despite warnings to remain at port , numerous fishing vessels sailed into the storm . Port officials stated that more than 500 fishermen had gone missing since the storm made landfall . In Patuakhali , a dam broke and submerged five villages . Numerous homes were destroyed by the subsequent flooding and tens of thousands of people were left stranded in the villages . In Chandpur , two pontoons sank while docked in port . An estimated 58,950 animals were killed by the storm with up to 50,000 deer missing . On the island of Nizum Dwip , nearly all structures were severely damaged or destroyed , leaving roughly 20,000 people homeless . Environmental impact ( edit ) The Sunderbans , a region which houses 265 of the endangered Bengal tigers , was inundated with 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) of water . Dozens of the tigers are feared to have drowned in Aila 's storm surge along with deer and crocodiles . As of 27 May 2009 , one tiger has been found alive ; it was found in a waterlogged cowshed following the cyclone 's landfall . Additionally the forest remains under an estimated 2.4 m ( 7.9 ft ) of water . On 27 May , conservationists have begun a search for the tigers throughout the forest . The search teams were supplied with fresh drinking water for the tigers as their natural water source was inundated with salt water from Aila 's storm surge . Aftermath ( edit ) India ( edit ) State Government in co-operation with the central counterparts took up the rescue and the rehabilitation program . Army was deployed to the affected areas . The next day , the army used helicopters to provide food to the affected population . About 2,500 troops were deployed to West Bengal on May 26 , 2009 . Several naval relief teams were deployed to the Sunderbans region where an estimated 400,000 people were marooned by flooding . Roughly 100 relief camps were established in West Bengal shortly after the storm passed . On 27 May , 400 troops form the National Disaster Response Force were deployed to the state for relief operations . The Government of India released Indian rupee 10,000,000 ( US $209,775 ) in relief funds to the affected areas on 26 May . Two MI - 17 helicopters were also sent to air - drop food supplies to the worst affected areas in West Bengal . Bangladesh ( edit ) Immediately following the storm , a 33 - member team of the Bangladesh Navy was deployed to the affected regions . The Red Cross also quickly responded , supplying water purifying tablets and other relief items . The Deputy Commissioner of Satkhira district allocated ten tonnes of rice and Tk. 100,000 ( US $ 1,450 ) in immediate relief funds for that district . The government later allocated Tk . 1.2 million ( US $17,143 ) and 1,000 tonnes of rice for the affected areas . These amounts further increased to Tk . 12.3 million ( US $175,714 ) and 2,500 tonnes of rice . Five days following the impacts of Aila , the Bangladeshi Health Organization confirmed that a widespread outbreak of diarrhea which has infected over 7,000 people . Another outbreak of water borne diseases , namely dysentery , has infected over 3,000 people . At least two people have been confirmed to have died from diarrhea and two other fatalities were reported . Officials feared that the outbreak would lead to many fatalities in isolated areas that have not received aid and have been without food and clean water for nearly a week . See also ( edit ) 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Cyclone Mora - a strong tropical cyclone in May 2017 that devastated Bangladesh and neighbouring countries . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean 2009 - 05 - 21 18z '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . May 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` JTWC Advisory 24 - 05 - 2009 00z '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . May 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert 23 - 05 - 2009 05z '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . May 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` C Wind Advisory 2009 - 05 - 23 06z '' . India Meteorological Department . May 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Weather Outlook 2009 - 05 - 24 06z '' . India Meteorological Department . May 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Aila Advisory 1 24 - 05 - 09 12z '' . India Meteorological Department . May 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/aila.pdf Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` 2 killed in India as cyclone Aila approaches '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Storm Aila kills 32 across Bengal '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone slams Bangladesh and India , 33 dead '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` West Bengal : Cyclone toll rises to 45 , rescue ops begin '' . The Times of India . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Press Trust of India ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` 21 killed , over a lakh hit as cyclone Aila strikes '' . Business Standard . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` 17 killed as cyclonic storm hits Kolkata '' . Rediff News . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` UPDATE 4 - Cyclone slams Bangladesh and India , 33 dead '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone Aila lashes eastern India , Bangladesh '' . CBC News . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` 18 killed as cyclone Aila hits West Bengal coast '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aila claims 29 in B '' . The Statesman . Kolkata . Statesman News Service . May 26 , 2009 . ( Dateline : May 25 ) Preliminary reports say that at least 1 lakh people were rendered homeless . Of them 80,000 people have been rescued till late this afternoon , Mr Dasgupta ( West Bengal Minister for Finance ) said . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Worst storm in 20 years hits Kolkata '' . Indian Express . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` 22 killed in Darjeeling landslides after cyclone '' . Sify News . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Biswabrata Goswami ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Aila brings more than damage in Tamluk '' . The Statesman . Kolkata . ( Dateline : May 26 ) Mr Mamud Hossain , saha - sabhadhipati of the zilla parishad , said ... the number of affected people would be not less than 3.5 lakh ... The Midnapore East district zilla parishad has claimed that over 50,000 ha of crop land has been ruined due to a large scale inundation by river and sea waters . They have also estimated that the loss would be around Rs125 crore . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Toll at 81 as Aila hits North Bengal '' . Press Trust of India . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sujoy Dhar ( Reuters ) ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Millions displaced by cyclone in India , Bangladesh '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tidal waves lash Orissa coast '' . The Statesman . Kolkata . May 26 , 2009 . ( Dateline : May 25 ) Parts of coastal Orissa ... heavy rains accompanied by high - velocity winds ... gale with speed as high as 80 - 90 kmph uprooted a large number of trees in Jagatsinghpur , Kendrapara and Cuttack districts , blocking several roads and disrupting vehicular movement , ( official sources ) said . Life was paralysed in Satabhaya and Kanhupur villages in Kendrapara district after tidal waves lashed into human settlements since yesterday , forcing residents to shift to higher grounds and safer places . Water - logging severely affected road traffic in several places including Cuttack , Paradip and Jagatsinghpur ... In Bhubaneswar , power supply was disrupted for about seven hours in Bapuji Nagar , Ashok Nagar , Patia , Chandrasekharpur and Jayadev Vihar localities this morning ... The port town of Paradip witnessed its highest rainfall of 26 cm today . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Coastal Orissa badly hit by cyclonic storm '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Heavy rains lash Assam , Meghalaya '' . Sifly News . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone Aila brings monsoon to North - East '' . The Times of India . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Still feeling the toll of Cyclone Aila '' . ReliefWeb . Islamic Relief . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyclone Aila losses in Bangladesh estimated at 269 mln USD '' . Dakha , Bangladesh : ReliefWeb . Xinhua . June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh : Cyclone Aila recovery slower than Sidr '' . Dakha , Bangladesh : Integrated Regional Information Networks . July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh : Hundreds of thousands still homeless three months after cyclone Aila '' . Dakha , Bangladesh : ReliefWeb . Emergency Capacity Building Project . August 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh : In pictures : One year on from Cyclone Aila '' . ReliefWeb . BBC . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone Aila claims 28 lives '' . Radio Netherlands . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` 18 killed as Cyclone Aila lashes coast '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Wind , rains batter coastal regions '' . Bangladesh News 24 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Xinhua News Agency ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Death toll rises to 91 in cyclone - hit Bangladesh '' . Xinhuanet . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone Aila swallows Sunderbans tigers '' . The Times of India . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Fears for rare tigers after SAsia cyclone '' . Dawn . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Centre rushes 2500 troops for relief work in cyclon hit WB '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anis Ahmed ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone Aila kills nearly 120 in Bangladesh , India '' . Portfolio . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone Aila Lashes Eastern India , Bangladesh '' . VOA News . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Centre sends National Disaster Response Force '' . The Hindu . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone Aila toll rises to 87 in West Bengal '' . Thaindian News . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Xinhua News Agency ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone leaves 81 people killed , 2.6 mln affected in Bangladesh '' . Xinhuanet . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Xinhua News Agency ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Cyclone kills 91 in Bangladesh , rescue operation continues '' . Xinhuanet . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` Diarrhoea outbreak after Bangladesh cyclone '' . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nita Bhalla ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Disease fears mount after cyclone Aila '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclone Aila . RSMC New Delhi Joint Typhoon Warning Center Tropical cyclones of the 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season CS Bijli SCS Aila ARB 01 DD BOB 03 DD BOB 04 ARB 03 CS Phyan CS Ward Book Portal WikiProject Commons Disasters in India in 2009 ( 2009 ) February onwards Gujarat hepatitis outbreak March Uranium poisoning in Punjab May onwards Swine flu outbreak May 23 - 26 Cyclone Aila July Floods August 11 Andaman Islands earthquake September 2 Andhra Pradesh CM helicopter crash September 23 Korba chimney collapse September 30 Thekkady boat disaster October 29 Jaipur fire November 4 - 7 Cyclone Phyan Incidents resulting in at least 50 deaths shown in italics Deadliest incident shown in Bold smallcaps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Aila&oldid=842711834 '' Categories : 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Tropical cyclones in India Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh 2009 in Bangladesh Severe cyclonic storms 2009 disasters in India May 2009 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 05 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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7384576443925751436	Interpolation search	Interpolation search - wikipedia Interpolation search Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Interpolation search is an algorithm for searching for a given key in an indexed array that has been ordered by numerical values assigned to the keys ( key values ) . It parallels how humans search through a telephone book for a particular name , the key value by which the book 's entries are ordered . In each search step it calculates where in the remaining search space the sought item might be , based on the key values at the bounds of the search space and the value of the sought key , usually via a linear interpolation . The key value actually found at this estimated position is then compared to the key value being sought . If it is not equal , then depending on the comparison , the remaining search space is reduced to the part before or after the estimated position . This method will only work if calculations on the size of differences between key values are sensible . By comparison , the binary search always chooses the middle of the remaining search space , discarding one half or the other , depending on the comparison between the key found at the estimated position and the key sought -- it does not require numerical values for the keys , just a total order on them . The remaining search space is reduced to the part before or after the estimated position . The linear search uses equality only as it compares elements one - by - one from the start , ignoring any sorting . On average the interpolation search makes about log ( log ( n ) ) comparisons ( if the elements are uniformly distributed ) , where n is the number of elements to be searched . In the worst case ( for instance where the numerical values of the keys increase exponentially ) it can make up to O ( n ) comparisons . In interpolation - sequential search , interpolation is used to find an item near the one being searched for , then linear search is used to find the exact item . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performance 2 Adaptation to different datasets 3 Book - based searching 4 Sample implementation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Performance ( edit ) Using big - O notation , the performance of the interpolation algorithm on a data set of size n is O ( n ) ; however under the assumption of a uniform distribution of the data on the linear scale used for interpolation , the performance can be shown to be O ( log log n ) . However , Dynamic Interpolation Search is possible in o ( log log n ) time using a novel data structure . Practical performance of interpolation search depends on whether the reduced number of probes is outweighed by the more complicated calculations needed for each probe . It can be useful for locating a record in a large sorted file on disk , where each probe involves a disk seek and is much slower than the interpolation arithmetic . Index structures like B - trees also reduce the number of disk accesses , and are more often used to index on - disk data in part because they can index many types of data and can be updated online . Still , interpolation search may be useful when one is forced to search certain sorted but unindexed on - disk datasets . Adaptation to different datasets ( edit ) When sort keys for a dataset are uniformly distributed numbers , linear interpolation is straightforward to implement and will find an index very near the sought value . On the other hand , for a phone book sorted by name , the straightforward approach to interpolation search does not apply . The same high - level principles can still apply , though : one can estimate a name 's position in the phone book using the relative frequencies of letters in names and use that as a probe location . Some interpolation search implementations may not work as expected when a run of equal key values exists . The simplest implementation of interpolation search wo n't necessarily select the first ( or last ) element of such a run . Book - based searching ( edit ) The conversion of names in a telephone book to some sort of number clearly will not provide numbers having a uniform distribution ( except via immense effort such as sorting the names and calling them name # 1 , name # 2 , etc . ) and further , it is well known that some names are much more common than others ( Smith , Jones , ) Similarly with dictionaries , where there are many more words starting with some letters than others . Some publishers go to the effort of preparing marginal annotations or even cutting into the side of the pages to show markers for each letter so that at a glance a segmented interpolation can be performed . Sample implementation ( edit ) The following C++ code example is a simple implementation . At each stage it computes a probe position then as with the binary search , moves either the upper or lower bound in to define a smaller interval containing the sought value . Unlike the binary search which guarantees a halving of the interval 's size with each stage , a misled interpolation may reduce / increase the mid index by only one , thus resulting in a worst - case efficiency of O ( n ) . / * T must implement the operators - , ! = , = = , > = , < = and < such that > = , < = , ! = , = = and < define a total order on T and such that ( tm - tl ) * k / ( th - tl ) is an int between 0 and k ( inclusive ) for any tl , tm , th in T with tl < = tm < = th , tl ! = th . arr must be sorted according to this ordering . \ returns An index i such that arr ( i ) = = key or - 1 if there is no i that satisfies this . * / template < typename T > int interpolation_search ( T arr ( ) , int size , T key ) ( int low = 0 ; int high = size - 1 ; int mid ; while ( ( arr ( high ) ! = arr ( low ) ) && ( key > = arr ( low ) ) && ( key < = arr ( high ) ) ) ( mid = low + ( ( key - arr ( low ) ) * ( high - low ) / ( arr ( high ) - arr ( low ) ) ) ; if ( arr ( mid ) < key ) low = mid + 1 ; else if ( key < arr ( mid ) ) high = mid - 1 ; else return mid ; ) if ( key = = arr ( low ) ) return low ; else return - 1 ; ) Notice that having probed the list at index mid , for reasons of loop control administration , this code sets either high or low to be not mid but an adjacent index , which location is then probed during the next iteration . Since an adjacent entry 's value will not be much different , the interpolation calculation is not much improved by this one step adjustment , at the cost of an additional reference to distant memory such as disc . Each iteration of the above code requires between five and six comparisons ( the extra is due to the repetitions needed to distinguish the three states of < > and = via binary comparisons in the absence of a three - way comparison ) plus some messy arithmetic , while the binary search algorithm can be written with one comparison per iteration and uses only trivial integer arithmetic . It would thereby search an array of a million elements with no more than twenty comparisons ( involving accesses to slow memory where the array elements are stored ) ; to beat that , the interpolation search , as written above , would be allowed no more than three iterations . See also ( edit ) Linear search Binary search Exponential search Ternary search Hash table Newton 's Method References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiss , Mark Allen ( 2006 ) . Data structures and problem solving using Java , Pearson Addison Wesley Jump up ^ Armenakis , A.C. , Garey , L.E. , Gupta , R.D. , An adaptation of a root finding method to searching ordered disk files , BIT Numerical Mathematics , Volume 25 , Number 4 / December , 1985 . Jump up ^ Sedgewick , Robert ( 1990 ) , Algorithms in C , Addison - Wesley Jump up ^ Andersson , Arne , and Christer Mattsson . ' Dynamic Interpolation Search in o ( log log n ) Time ' . In Automata , Languages and Programming , edited by Andrzej Lingas , Rolf Karlsson , and Svante Carlsson , 700 : 15 -- 27 . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg , 1993 . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 56939 - 1_58 External links ( edit ) Interpolation search National Institute of Standards and Technology Interpolation Search - A Log LogN Search Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpolation_search&oldid=810993648 '' Categories : Search algorithms Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 21 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	runtime complexity of interpolation search algorithm is equal to	[]	[]
8685075217881826119	Self-cleaning oven	Self - cleaning oven - wikipedia Self - cleaning oven Jump to : navigation , search A self - cleaning oven is an oven which uses high temperature ( approximately 500 degrees Celsius or 900 degrees Fahrenheit ) to burn off leftovers from baking , without the use of any chemical agents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process 2 Alternative technologies 3 See also 4 References Process ( edit ) Self - cleaning ovens have a pyrolytic ground coat , which reduces foodstuffs to ash with exposure to temperature around 500 ° C ( 932 ° F ) . The oven walls are coated with heat - and acid - resistant porcelain enamel . A self - cleaning oven is designed to stay locked until the high temperature process is completed . A mechanical interlock is used to keep the oven door locked and closed during and immediately after the high - temperature cleaning cycle , which lasts approximately three hours , to prevent possible burn injuries . Usually , the door can be opened after the temperature cools to approximately 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) . Self - cleaning ovens usually have more insulation than standard ovens to reduce the possibility of fire . The insulation also reduces the amount of energy needed for normal cooking . Self - cleaning ovens are considered more convenient and time saving , and therefore more cost effective . However , because of the high temperatures of burning , they produce smoke and odors . In some cases , this may set off a fire alarm . According to most professionals , this can be avoided by regular usage of the self - cleaning program . Alternative technologies ( edit ) Two alternative types of self - cleaning oven are available : Non-self - cleaning ground coat Catalytic continuous clean enamels The former requires aggressive cleaners to remove soils . The latter relies on high - metals , porous enamels to catalyze the reduction of soils to ash at normal cooking temperatures . The walls of catalytic self - cleaning ovens are coated with materials acting as oxidation catalysts , usually in the form of catalyst particles in a binder matrix . Cerium ( IV ) oxide is one of the common materials used . Other possibilities are copper , vanadium , bismuth , molybdenum , manganese , iron , nickel , tin , niobium , chromium , tungsten , rhenium , platinum , cobalt , and their oxides , either alone or in mixtures . Highly active coatings typically contain a copper oxide , manganese oxide or cobalt oxide , and copper and manganese oxides are often used together . The binder may be a fluoropolymer or an enamel frit . In the 1990s , SRI International performed a study for Whirlpool Corporation , and changed the composition and application of the porcelain enamel surface found in ovens to one with low ionic content , and a film that makes fat into water - soluble esters . Another alternative to self cleaning ovens is steam cleaning ovens . It uses water with lower temperatures to clean the oven . See also ( edit ) List of cooking appliances Steam cleaning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Patent # US20120034472 : Enamel coating , coated article and method of coating an article '' . www.freepatentsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` How do self - cleaning ovens work ? '' . www.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kelly , John . `` How Self - cleaning Ovens Work '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . As a bonus , pyrolytic ovens save energy during normal baking because of the extra insulation that 's added to contain the high heat . Jump up ^ `` Pros & Cons of Self - Cleaning Ovens '' . homeguides.sfgate.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Patent # 3988514 : Catalytic Material '' . www.freepatentsonline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nielson , Donald ( 2006 ) . A Heritage of Innovation : SRI 's First Half Century . Menlo Park , California : SRI International . p. 11 - 1 . ISBN 978 - 0974520810 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Cleaning Ovens VS Steam Cleaning Ovens Allen & Petersen Appliance Blog '' . www.aphome.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-cleaning_oven&oldid=773741035 '' Categories : Ovens Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2017 , at 03 : 05 . About Wikipedia	how hot is an oven on self clean	[ "A self-cleaning oven is an oven which uses high temperature (approximately 500 degrees Celsius or 900 degrees Fahrenheit) to burn off leftovers from baking, without the use of any chemical agents." ]	[ "approximately 500 degrees Celsius or 900 degrees Fahrenheit" ]
-6311637879774397360	Will Poulter	Will Poulter - wikipedia Will Poulter Jump to : navigation , search Will Poulter Poulter at the Paris premiere of The Revenant in January 2016 . William Jack Poulter ( 1993 - 01 - 28 ) 28 January 1993 ( age 24 ) Hammersmith , London , England , United Kingdom Nationality English Occupation Actor Years active 2007 -- present William Jack Poulter ( born 28 January 1993 ) is an English actor known for his work in the films The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) , Son of Rambow , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) , We 're the Millers ( 2013 ) , The Revenant ( 2015 ) , and Detroit ( 2017 ) . For his work in We 're the Millers , Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Poulter was born in Hammersmith , London , the son of Caroline ( Barrah ) , a former nurse , and Neil Poulter , a professor of cardiology . His mother was raised in an Anglo family in Kenya , where her father was a game warden . Poulter studied at Harrodian School . Career ( edit ) Poulter played various acting roles before landing the role of Lee Carter in the 2007 movie Son of Rambow , which was released to positive reviews , and praise for the performances of Poulter and his co-star Bill Milner . He also performed with other young comedic actors in School of Comedy , which aired its pilot on Channel 4 's Comedy Lab on 21 August 2008 . School of Comedy was then commissioned for a full series by Channel 4 , which began airing on 2 October 2009 . The programme finished after a second series . In 2009 , he was selected to play the role of Eustace Scrubb in the film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( filmed in Queensland , Australia ) , and was accompanied by some members of his family . The movie was first screened on 10 December 2010 . The film opened to mixed reviews , but Poulter 's performance was well received . In 2010 , he appeared in the BBC Three pilot The Fades , a 60 - minute supernatural thriller written by Skins writer , Jack Thorne . The pilot has been commissioned to be written as six - part series with almost entirely a new cast . Poulter began filming a small British independent film called Wild Bill , directed by Dexter Fletcher , at the end of 2010 . It centres around Bill Hayward , played by Charlie Creed - Miles , who , on parole after spending eight years in prison , finds his two sons , Dean ( Poulter ) and Jimmy ( Sammy Williams ) , living alone abandoned by their mother . With the attention of social services now focused on the boys , Bill struggles to play good dad while keeping out of jail as Jimmy gets in trouble with some dangerous acquaintances of Bill 's past . The film was released on 23 March 2012 to extremely positive reviews , with praise for Poulter 's performance . In 2011 , Poulter appeared with the popular British blogger and his School of Comedy co-star Jack Harries on his YouTube channel by the name of JacksGap in a video called Jack and Will . Poulter at the London premiere of We 're the Millers in August 2013 In 2013 , he played Kenny in We 're the Millers , starring Jennifer Aniston and Jason Sudeikis . While the film opened to mixed reviews , the performances of the cast were well - received , especially Poulter . He also appeared as a caretaker in the music video for Rizzle Kicks ' song `` Skip to the Good Bit '' . In 2014 , he played Fordy in the crime film Plastic , directed by Julian Gilbey and starring Ed Speleers , Alfie Allen , Sebastian De Souza and Emma Rigby . The film was critically panned on release . The same year , he played Gally in the film adaptation , The Maze Runner , alongside Dylan O'Brien and Kaya Scodelario . The film was a critical and commercial success , with the performances of the cast being praised . In 2015 , Poulter starred as Shane in the Irish indie film Glassland , directed by Gerard Barrett and co-starring Jack Reynor and Toni Collette . The film was a critical success , with many reviewers praising Poulter 's performance in particular as being his most diverse role to date . In an interview with BBC Radio 1 , Poulter stated the film was `` the proudest I 've been to be a part of a movie '' . In 2014 , Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award , voted for by the public . Other actors nominated for the award were Lupita Nyong'o , George MacKay , Léa Seydoux and Dane DeHaan . The same year , he also won the MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and the MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss ( shared with his co-stars Jennifer Aniston and Emma Roberts ) for his performance in We 're the Millers . In 2014 , Poulter was chosen as one of 23 upcoming actors to feature in July 's issue of Vanity Fair , with all actors being named `` Hollywood 's Next Wave '' . Other actors featured included Dylan O'Brien ( Poulter 's co-star in The Maze Runner ) , Jack Reynor ( Poulter 's co-star in Glassland ) , and Tye Sheridan ( Poulter 's co-star in The Yellow Birds ) . Poulter played Jim Bridger in the revenge - thriller The Revenant , directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu , and starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy . The film centers on an 1820s frontiersman on a path of vengeance against those who left him for dead after a bear mauling . In 2017 , he played a police officer in the film Detroit , about the 1967 Detroit riots . Poulter was initially cast as Pennywise the Clown in the 2017 remake of the Stephen King miniseries It . However , it was announced in June 2016 that Bill Skarsgård was cast instead , since Poulter was forced to drop out , due both to scheduling conflicts ( the film was set to shoot at the same time as Poulter was set to begin work on Detroit ) , as well as the departure of its initial director , Cary Fukunaga . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2007 Son of Rambow Lee Carter The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Eustace Scrubb 2012 Wild Bill Dean 2013 We 're the Millers Kenny Rossmore 2014 Plastic Fordy The Maze Runner Gally A Plea for Grimsby Jone Short film Glassland Shane 2015 The Revenant Jim Bridger 2016 Kids in Love Jack 2017 War Machine Rick Ortega Detroit Philip Krauss 2018 Maze Runner : The Death Cure Gally Post-production The Little Stranger Roderick Ayres Filming Television Year Title Role Notes 2007 Comedy : Shuffle Find Your Folks Presenter 2008 Comedy Lab Various Lead Balloon Sweet Throwing Boy 2009 -- 2010 School of Comedy Various The Fades Mac Pilot Voice Year Title Role Notes 2015 The Incredible True Story Christopher Smith Album Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2008 British Independent Film Awards Most Promising Newcomer Son of Rambow Nominated 2009 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in an International Feature Film -- Leading Young Performers Shared with Bill Milner Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role -- Male The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Nominated 2011 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Shared with Georgie Henley and Skandar Keynes Nominated Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle Young British Performer of the Year Nominated 2013 Wild Bill Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Liplock Shared with Emma Roberts and Jennifer Aniston We 're the Millers Nominated MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Won Best Kiss Shared with Emma Roberts and Jennifer Aniston Won Best Musical Moment Nominated British Academy Film Awards EE Rising Star Award Won Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Nominated 2015 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ( shared with Dylan O'Brien ) The Maze Runner Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2014 : Full list of winners '' . BBC . 16 February 2014 ^ Jump up to : Son of Rambow : ready for action at www.telegraph.co.uk ( accessed 22 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ Hello . `` Scotland '' . Scotsman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lee , Robin ( 16 August 2007 ) . `` School of Comedy '' . The List . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Labs on Channel 4 '' . Jump up ^ Will Poulter Cast as Eustace Scrubb at www.narniaweb.com ( accessed 22 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ It 's luvverly Cockney sparra Keira at www.dailymail.co.uk ( accessed 22 June 2008 Jump up ^ Will Poulter Cast in Narnia 3 at www.comingsoon.net ( accessed 22 June 2008 Jump up ^ `` ScreenTerrier : The Fades '' . Screenterrier.blogspot.com. 2010 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sibayan , Genevieve . `` Touch -- A new supernatural drama series for BBC3 ( TV ) '' . Frost Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia stars switch on London 's Christmas lights ! '' . The Hollywood News . 2010 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://wildbillthefilm.com/ Jump up ^ `` Approximate Release Date for Wild Bill -- The Unofficial Will Poulter Fansite '' . Willpoulterfans.webs.com. 2011 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2014 : Full list of winners '' . BBC . 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ; Harris , Jamie ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` BAFTA Film Awards 2014 - nominations in full '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Will Poulter , Emma Roberts & Jennifer Aniston Win MTV Best Kiss '' . Hollywood life . 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Krista ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Hollywood 's Next Wave '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 25 June 2014 ) . `` We 're the Millers '' Will Poulter Joins Leonardo DiCaprio in ' The Revenant ' ( Exclusive ) `` . Variety . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Adaptation Finds Its Pennywise the Clown ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Will Poulter on IMDb Awards for Will Poulter BAFTA Rising Star Award 2006 -- present James McAvoy ( 2006 ) Eva Green ( 2007 ) Shia LaBeouf ( 2008 ) Noel Clarke ( 2009 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2010 ) Tom Hardy ( 2011 ) Adam Deacon ( 2012 ) Juno Temple ( 2013 ) Will Poulter ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2015 ) John Boyega ( 2016 ) Tom Holland ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Next Generation Best Breakthrough Performance Edward Furlong ( 1992 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1993 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1994 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1995 ) George Clooney ( 1996 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 1997 ) Heather Graham ( 1998 ) James Van Der Beek & Katie Holmes ( 1999 ) Haley Joel Osment & Julia Stiles ( 2000 ) Sean Patrick Thomas & Erika Christensen ( 2001 ) Orlando Bloom & Mandy Moore ( 2002 ) Eminem & Jennifer Garner ( 2003 ) Shawn Ashmore & Lindsay Lohan ( 2004 ) Jon Heder & Rachel McAdams ( 2005 ) Isla Fisher ( 2006 ) Jaden Smith ( 2007 ) Zac Efron ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Ashley Tisdale ( 2009 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2012 ) Rebel Wilson ( 2013 ) Will Poulter ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien ( 2015 ) Daisy Ridley ( 2016 ) Best Breakout Star Anna Kendrick ( 2010 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2011 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky & Macaulay Culkin in My Girl ( 1992 ) Christian Slater & Marisa Tomei in Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) Demi Moore & Woody Harrelson in Indecent Proposal ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey & Lauren Holly in Dumb and Dumber ( 1995 ) Natasha Henstridge & Anthony Guidera in Species ( 1996 ) Will Smith & Vivica A. Fox in Independence Day ( 1997 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore in The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) Gwyneth Paltrow & Joseph Fiennes in Shakespeare in Love ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar & Selma Blair in Cruel Intentions ( 2000 ) Julia Stiles & Sean Patrick Thomas in Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Jason Biggs & Seann William Scott in American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Tobey Maguire & Kirsten Dunst in Spider - Man ( 2003 ) Owen Wilson , Carmen Electra & Amy Smart in Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Ryan Gosling & Rachel McAdams in The Notebook ( 2005 ) Heath Ledger & Jake Gyllenhaal in Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell & Sacha Baron Cohen in Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2007 ) Briana Evigan & Robert Hoffman in Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in Twilight ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence & Bradley Cooper in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2013 ) Emma Roberts , Jennifer Aniston & Will Poulter in We 're the Millers ( 2014 ) Ansel Elgort & Shailene Woodley in The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Rebel Wilson & Adam DeVine in Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2016 ) Ashton Sanders & Jharrel Jerome in Moonlight ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker -- Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney -- The Craft ( 1997 ) Will Smith vs. Cockroach -- Men in Black ( 1998 ) Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog -- There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne -- The Matrix ( 2000 ) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar -- Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang -- Rush Hour 2 ( 2002 ) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee -- Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama -- Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2004 ) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah -- Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt -- Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2006 ) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet -- 300 ( 2007 ) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet -- Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet -- Twilight ( 2009 ) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter -- Obsessed ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel -- The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig -- The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston -- The Avengers ( 2013 ) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs -- The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter -- The Maze Runner ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool ( 2016 ) VIAF : 100950963 LCCN : no2008133277 ISNI : 0000 0000 7246 3558 GND : 138413762 BIBSYS : 9019900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Poulter&oldid=802059703 '' Categories : 1993 births 21st - century English male actors English male child actors English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors BAFTA winners ( people ) Male actors from London People educated at The Harrodian School People from Hammersmith Living people Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Aragonés Arpetan Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Bislama Brezhoneg Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig 한국어 Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Picard Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Walon Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 18 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played kenny in we're the millers	[ "William Jack Poulter (born 28 January 1993) is an English actor known for his work in the films The Maze Runner (2014), Son of Rambow, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), We're the Millers (2013), The Revenant (2015), and Detroit (2017). For his work in We're the Millers, Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award.[1]" ]	[ "William Jack Poulter" ]
3048429523721807071	World Oceans Day	World Oceans Day - wikipedia World Oceans Day Jump to : navigation , search `` Ocean Day '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Marine Day , China National Maritime Day , or Día del Mar . World Oceans Day A sunset in the White Sea Observed by All UN member states Date June 8 Next time 8 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) Frequency annual World Oceans Day takes place every June 8 . It has been celebrated unofficially since its original proposal in 1992 by Canada 's International Centre for Ocean Development ( ICOD ) and the Ocean Institute of Canada ( OIC ) at the Earth Summit - UN Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The Brundtland Commission , i.e. the World Commission on Environment and Development , provided the inspiration for a global oceans day . The 1987 Brundtland Report noted that the ocean sector lacked a strong voice compared to other sectors . At the first World Oceans Day in 1992 , the objectives were to move the oceans from the sidelines to the center of the intergovernmental and NGO discussions and policy and to strengthen the voice of ocean and coastal constituencies world wide . World Oceans Day was officially recognized by the United Nations in late 2008 . The Ocean Project , working in partnership with the World Ocean Network , Association of Zoos and Aquariums , and many other partners in its network of 2,000 organizations , has been promoting World Oceans Day since 2002 and led a three - year global petition movement to secure official UN recognition . World Oceans Day events are celebrated on June 8 , the closest weekend , the week , and the month of June . The day is marked in a variety of ways , including launching new campaigns and initiatives , special events at aquariums and zoos , outdoor explorations , aquatic and beach cleanups , educational and conservation action programs , art contests , film festivals , and sustainable seafood events . Youth have been playing an increasingly important role since 2015 , including the development in 2016 of a World Oceans Day Youth Advisory Council . The 2017 World Oceans Day will coincide with the United Nations Ocean Conference . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 By year 2.1 2017 2.2 2016 2.3 2015 2.4 2014 2.5 2013 2.6 2012 2.7 2011 2.8 2010 2.9 2009 ( first recognized by the UN ) 2.10 2008 2.11 2002 - 2007 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Purpose ( edit ) World Oceans Day is an annual observation to honor , help protect , and conserve the world 's oceans . The ocean provides us with many resources and services including oxygen , climate regulation , food sources , medicine , and more . World Oceans Day also provides an opportunity to take personal and community action to conserve the ocean and its resources . By year ( edit ) 2017 ( edit ) The theme for World Oceans Day 2017 was `` Our Oceans , Our Future '' , and the conservation action focus is on encouraging solutions to plastic pollution and preventing marine litter for a healthier ocean and a better future . For World Oceans Day 2017 , hundreds of events are planned around the world , including the first United Nations Ocean Conference being held in New York City during the week of World Oceans Day . 2016 ( edit ) The theme for World Oceans Day 2016 was `` Healthy Oceans , Healthy Planet . '' World Oceans Day 2016 was celebrated in over 100 countries with over 700 registered events . World Oceans Day trended second on Twitter . Instagram posts about World Oceans Day reached over 290 million people , and over 65 million people were reached on Twitter . Celebrities like Richard Branson , Ellie Goulding , Pharrell Williams , Adrian Grenier , Nelson Mandela and more shared photos and tweeted their support for our oceans . Notable organizations such as the United Nations , CNN , National Geographic , LIFE , the White House and more joined in spreading messages of ocean conservation . In the coordination of World Oceans Day , The Ocean Project continued to place a strong focus on youth engagement in 2016 . The Ocean Project recognizes the impact youth can have in ocean conservation , and provides youth with the resources and networks needed to have their voices heard . For World Oceans Day 2016 , the World Oceans Day Youth Advisory Council was established . There are 11 members on the council all coming from different countries around the world . The new advisory council will help expand the reach and impact of World Oceans Day , on June 8 , and year - round . The Ocean Project plans to focus increasing attention on youth engagement and - leadership . The Ocean Project also teamed up with Youth Ocean Conservation Summit and The Big Blue and You to create Sea Youth Rise Up , which brought seven youth ocean conservation leaders to NYC and Washington DC . The youth spoke about pressing ocean issues and solutions in a live google hangout at the New York Aquarium . The youth then headed to Washington DC to meet with ocean leaders at the White House . 2015 ( edit ) The world celebrated `` Healthy oceans , healthy planet '' in the first year of a two - year theme for World Oceans Day . Nearly 1,000 events were held at aquariums , zoos , museums , recreational centers , youth clubs , schools , businesses , and countless individuals marked the day by doing something to keep our ocean healthy . Thousands took The Better Bag Challenge for World Oceans Day -- promising to use reusable bags rather than disposable plastic bags for a year to help address the problem of marine debris . Action online increased signficantly around World Oceans Day 2015 . Millions learned about the Day and ways to help through social media , and tens of thousands were talking about it . The volume of discussion online doubled again in 2015 . More high - profile events were held , including celebrities getting more involved : United Nations Headquarters in New York City . The Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea held a reception honoring the Day and the winners of the 2nd Annual World Oceans Day Photo Contest . UNESCO in Paris : The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO organized a full day dedicated to the critical role of the ocean for a healthy climate . The program brought together scientists , political decision - makers , civil society , and youth to develop strategies to reduce climate pollution . The UNEP report on microplastics in cosmetics was released . The study , entitled Plastic in Cosmetics : Are We Polluting the Environment Through our Personal Care : Plastic ingredients that contribute to marine microplastic litter is a compilation of currently available knowledge on the linkages between cosmetics and plastic pollution in the oceans . The Economist in Lisbon , Portugal : The Economist 's third World Ocean Summit was held just prior to World Oceans Day with the aim to set a new global agenda for the ocean economy . The Summit convened more than 250 leaders from various sectors and ignited a constructive dialogue on developing a blue economy in which economic opportunity is balanced by responsible investment in sustainability . The US Department of State , in 16 cities worldwide : The US Department of State 's annual Fishackathon event was organized to make fishing more sustainable through a weekend of connection and coding . Coders volunteered their talents at institutions including aquariums and universities to develop new tools that help fishers work smarter , more safely , and more sustainably . Support from great ambassadors : Jack Johnson celebrated with 5 Gyres and youth in the Bahamas , SpongeBob SquarePants went on a tour to zoos and aquariums across the US , Jeff Corwin and Jack Hanna made a splash on TV through a World Oceans Day campaign with Litton Entertainment , and the Octonauts were in many locations and highlighted in numerous publications around the planet to celebrate World Oceans Day . 2014 ( edit ) The World Oceans Day 2014 theme was `` Together we have the power to protect the ocean '' , and focused on raising awareness and promoting personal and community action in fun and positive ways , leading to a more aware , engaged , and sustainable society , and a healthier ocean . More than 700 events took place . 2013 ( edit ) The World Oceans Day 2013 & 2014 theme was `` Together we have the power to protect the ocean . '' Events totaled more than 600 . 2012 ( edit ) The World Oceans Day 2012 theme was `` Youth : the Next Wave for Change '' . The Ocean Project launched a completely revamped site for World Oceans Day 2012 . There were over 500 events in 55 countries . 2011 ( edit ) The World Oceans Day 2011 theme was the same as its 2012 celebration . Events increased worldwide . World Oceans Day 2010 's theme was `` Oceans of Life : Pick your favorite * Protect your favorite . '' It partnered with Dr. Seuss and the Census of Marine Life . The Ocean Project and World Ocean Network recorded over 300 events for WOD 2010 , a 26 % increase over 2009 . Participation in the United States increased by 32 % ( with participation in 37 states , as compared to 25 states the previous year ) . 45 countries participated in World Oceans Day 2010 , including Bangladesh , Belgium , French Polynesia , Nigeria , Ghana , Kenya , Malta , Malaysia , Venezuela , and Portugal . 2009 ( first recognized by the UN ) ( edit ) On the first UN-recognized World Oceans Day events number over 200 worldwide , and the Secretary - General of the United Nations gave the following message : The first observance of World Oceans Day allows us to highlight the many ways in which oceans contribute to society . It is also an opportunity to recognize the considerable challenges we face in maintaining their capacity to regulate the global climate , supply essential ecosystem services and provide sustainable livelihoods and safe recreation . Indeed , human activities are taking a terrible toll on the world 's oceans and seas . Vulnerable marine ecosystems , such as corals , and important fisheries are being damaged by over-exploitation , illegal , unreported and unregulated fishing , destructive fishing practices , invasive alien species and marine pollution , especially from land - based sources . Increased sea temperatures , sea - level rise and ocean acidification caused by climate change pose a further threat to marine life , coastal and island communities and national economies . Oceans are also affected by criminal activity . Piracy and armed robbery against ships threaten the lives of seafarers and the safety of international shipping , which transports 90 per cent of the world 's goods . Smuggling of illegal drugs and the trafficking of persons by sea are further examples of how criminal activities threaten lives and the peace and security of the oceans . Several international instruments drawn up under the auspices of the United Nations address these numerous challenges . At their centre lies the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . It provides the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out , and is the basis for international cooperation at all levels . In addition to aiming at universal participation , the world must do more to implement this Convention and to uphold the rule of law on the seas and oceans . The theme of World Oceans Day , `` Our oceans , our responsibility '' , emphasizes our individual and collective duty to protect the marine environment and carefully manage its resources . Safe , healthy and productive seas and oceans are integral to human well - being , economic security and sustainable development . 2008 ( edit ) Annual participation increased to over 100 events . 2002 - 2007 ( edit ) In the early years of coordinated efforts by The Ocean Project , with World Ocean Network , events numbered in the dozens . During this time , www.WorldOceansDay.org launched , to help promote the event and generate more involvement through dissemination of resources , ideas , and tools free for everyone to use to celebrate World Oceans Day . Also during this time , TOP and WON launched a petition to the United Nations to officially recognize June 8 as World Oceans Day ( UN General Assembly passed resolution in December 2008 officially recognizing the Day ) . See also ( edit ) European Maritime Day Global issue Spaceship Earth Sustainability and environmental management § Oceans Ocean governance Resource management Plastic pollution Marine pollution Overfishing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ World Oceans Day History The Ocean Project Jump up ^ Resolution adopted by the General Assembly , 63 / 111 . Oceans and the law of the sea , paragraph 171 : `` Resolves that , as from 2009 , the United Nations will designate 8 June as World Oceans Day '' . 5 December 2008 Jump up ^ `` A healthier planet '' . The Nation . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://fijisun.com.fj/2017/05/28/a-wave-of-pacific-partnerships-in-action-for-our-ocean-health/ . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ RAMANI , VARSHA . `` SAVE our moana '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Minister Edna Molewa - United Nations Ocean Conference '' . Government of South Africa ( Pretoria ) . 7 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Neill , Peter ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` United Nations Ocean Conference : Our Ocean , Our Future '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seeking a more sustainable future for our oceans '' . Free Malaysia Today . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Oceans Day - 8 June '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Thanks to those who celebrated World Oceans Day 2016 World Oceans Day Jump up ^ Introducing the World Oceans Day Youth Advisory Council World Oceans Day Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Sea Youth Rise Up Jump up ^ Sea Youth Rise Up LIVE Broadcast World Oceans Day Sea Youth Rise Up Jump up ^ `` UN calls for global action to protect health of oceans - Xinhua English.news.cn '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saving oceans for a healthy planet '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under the sea '' . Nature . 16 June 2016 . pp. 296 -- 296 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 534Q. 296 ... doi : 10.1038 / 534296a . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) IUCN finds empowering local communities key to ocean conservation Jump up ^ `` World Oceans Day 2014 : Together , We Have the Power to Protect the Ocean '' . National Geographic Society ( blogs ) . 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Protecting the world 's oceans '' . The Nation . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Together We Have the Power to Protect the Ocean : Celebrate World Oceans Day '' . UICN ( in Spanish ) . 8 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Oceans Day 2011 : Youth are the Next Wave for Change '' . UICN ( in Spanish ) . 28 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pinoy marine biologists lauded by leading coral scientist '' . GMA News Online . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Oceans Day '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wu , Shicun ; Valencia , Mark ( 2016 ) . UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the South China Sea . Routledge . ISBN 9781317005612 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/oceansday2009.pdf Message of the Secretary - General External links ( edit ) United Nations -- World Oceans Day World Oceans Day -- The Ocean Project World Ocean Day -- World Ocean Network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Oceans_Day&oldid=823792066 '' Categories : June observances Oceans Environmental awareness days World ocean 1992 introductions United Nations days Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from February 2012 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday fixed day All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Shqip தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 12 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the 1st ocean festival held by un this year	[]	[]
6394964137488458959	New Girl (season 7)	New Girl ( season 7 ) - wikipedia New Girl ( season 7 ) New Girl ( season 7 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network Fox Original release April 10 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) -- May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of New Girl episodes The seventh and final season of the American comedy series New Girl premiered April 10 , 2018 on Fox at 9 : 30 pm ( Eastern ) . Developed by Elizabeth Meriwether under the working title Chicks & Dicks , the series revolves around offbeat teacher Jess ( Zooey Deschanel ) after her moving into an LA loft with three men , Nick ( Jake Johnson ) , Schmidt ( Max Greenfield ) , and Winston ( Lamorne Morris ) ; Jess 's best friend Cece ( Hannah Simone ) also appears regularly . The characters , who are in their thirties , deal with maturing relationships and career choices . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Zooey Deschanel as Jessica `` Jess '' Day Jake Johnson as Nick Miller Max Greenfield as Schmidt Lamorne Morris as Winston Bishop Hannah Simone as Cece Danielle Rockoff and Rhiannon Rockoff as Ruth Special guest ( edit ) Damon Wayans , Jr. as Coach Recurring ( edit ) Brian Huskey as Merle Streep Dermot Mulroney as Russell Nasim Pedrad as Aly Rob Reiner as Bob Day Guest ( edit ) David Neher as Benjamin Nelson Franklin as Robby David Walton as Sam Sam Richardson as Dunston Steve Agee as Outside Dave Ayden Mayeri as Leslie Gillian Vigman as Kim JB Smoove as Van Bishop Sarah Baker as Judith Quinta Brunson as Annabelle Rebecca Reid as Nadia Jamie Lee Curtis as Joan Ralph Ahn as Tran June Diane Raphael as Sadie Brian Posehn as Bio Teacher Curtis Armstrong as Principal Foster Zoe Lister Jones as Fawn Moscato Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of New Girl episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 139 `` About Three Years Later '' Erin O'Malley Berkley Johnson April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 7ATM01 1.83 Three years after the events of the season six finale , Jess and Nick return to Los Angeles after a worldwide tour promoting Nick 's latest Pepperwood Chronicles novel . Within that time Jess and Nick are still not married which worries Jess ' father Bob . Schmidt and Cece celebrate their daughter Ruth 's third birthday , however their house party soon goes out of control . Schmidt has also grown a mustache , which bothers Nick . Winston and Aly are expecting their first child , but Aly gets stressed when Winston wants her to decide on their pregnancy glamour photo . 140 `` Tuesday Meeting '' Josh Greenbaum Sarah Tapscott April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 7ATM02 1.58 Jess feels neglected at work ; after getting advice from a drunk and caffeinated Cece , she confronts her boss Russell about it . When Nick 's draft on a new Pepperwood Chronicles novel is turned down by his editor Merle , Nick gets writer 's block , so Schmidt and Winston try to help him with ideas . When Ruth and Schmidt visit Nick at the loft , Winston sees correlations between the lives of the three former roommates and the Three Men and a Baby films . 141 `` Lillypads '' Trent O'Donnell J.J. Philbin April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 7ATM03 1.51 Schmidt and Cece ask Jess to help Ruth prepare for her audition for a prestigious pre-school ; however , Schmidt disagrees with and constantly intrudes on Jess 's teaching process . Nick must write a twenty - page draft on his new book , while also helping Winston , who has been promoted to detective , get over his stage fright in testifying in a court case . 142 `` Where the Road Goes '' Michael Schultz Noah Garfinkel May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 7ATM04 1.33 The gang celebrates the one - year anniversary of Furguson 's death , and everyone is worried that Winston has not had his `` big cry '' over the cat . Sensing animosity between Nick and their former roommate Coach , Jess asks Nick to open up , and learns that Coach had borrowed a large amount of money from Nick , and reveals she might have contributed to Furguson 's death . Meanwhile , Schmidt gets worried about what Cece would do if she were widowed . 143 5 `` Godparents '' Lamorne Morris Lamar Woods May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 7ATM05 1.32 Winston and Aly select Jess to be their baby 's godparent . Schmidt returns to work and finds that the company has changed . Cece , who has to deal with Ruth that day , forgets her phone which has the gate code to enter the preschool , and asks Nick , who thinks he is a godparent by relationship to Jess , to retrieve it . Meanwhile , Jess surprises Winston by finding his missing father Van ( JB Smoove ) , but Aly later tells Jess that she made a mistake . 144 6 `` Mario '' Jay Chandrasekhar Joe Wengert May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 7ATM06 1.32 Schmidt and Cece plan a sex date by hiring a babysitter and going out , but Cece mentions that she is ovulating and is ready to have another baby . Winston tries out some glasses that allow him to see color for the first time . Nick has been planning a dinner date leading to the marriage proposal , but Jess surprises Nick by preparing the apartment for a home visit in order to adopt a dog . 145 7 `` The Curse of the Pirate Bride '' Josh Greenbaum Ann Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 7ATM07 1.47 Following their rehearsal dinner , Nick and Jess ignore the superstition about sleeping together the night before the wedding being bad luck . However , the next day , Jess injures her eye and has to wear an eyepatch , while Nick loses his book deal . Aly experiences labor pains , and Russell takes an opportunity to be alone with Jess to woo her one more time . 146 8 `` Engram Pattersky '' Erin O'Malley Story by : Dave Finkel & Brett Baer Teleplay by : Elizabeth Meriwether May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 7ATM08 1.47 One month after getting married , Nick and Jess call Cece , Schmidt and Winston to inform them that they 're being evicted by `` Engram Pattersky '' , along with everyone else on the building . Jess tries to make everyone express their feelings about leaving the loft forever . Although the others have already let go , they see how much it means to Jess , so they go along with her activity , nostalgically going through old items and also trying things they have never done at the loft before . They then play True American : Packing Edition , during which a flash - forward is shown of them and their kids playing the game . After the truck is loaded , Winston reveals that the eviction was an elaborate hoax : `` Engram Pattersky '' is an anagram for `` My Greatest Prank '' . Nick and Jess decide to move anyway , and the group drive off . Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds an approval rating of 100 % based on 10 reviews , with an average rating of 6.78 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` After seven years of friendship , New Girl signs off with a thoughtful , funny final season that bids a proper adieu to its colorful cast of characters . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne , The Middle , Lethal Weapon adjust up , Black - ish down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Girl : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) New Girl episode listings at The Futon Critic New Girl Awards and nominations Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Normal '' `` Prince '' 5 6 7 Characters Jessica Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Girl_(season_7)&oldid=848479132 '' Categories : New Girl 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 04 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	new girl season 7 will have how many episodes	[ "New Girl (season 7) \nPromotional posterCountry of origin\nUnited StatesNo. of episodes\n8ReleaseOriginal network\nFoxOriginal release\nApril 10 (2018-04-10) – May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)Season chronology\n← PreviousSeason 6 \nList of New Girl episodes" ]	[ "8" ]
5616063158174494988	Jason Mesnick	Jason Mesnick - wikipedia Jason Mesnick Jump to : navigation , search Jason Mesnick Jason Scott Mesnick ( 1976 - 07 - 05 ) July 5 , 1976 ( age 41 ) Cleveland , Ohio Residence Kirkland , Washington , United States Occupation Account Executive Spouse ( s ) Hilary Buckholz ( m . 2003 ; div. 2007 ) Molly Malaney ( m . 2010 ) Children Jason Scott Mesnick is a reality television celebrity . He was the runner - up on Season 4 of The Bachelorette and was the Bachelor of the 13th season of the reality dating show The Bachelor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Reality television 3 References 4 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Mesnick was born in Cleveland , Ohio , and has two brothers , Sean and Larry . His family moved to Washington state when he was eight . When he was a teenager , his parents divorced . He attended Lake Washington High School , graduating in 1994 , then attended the University of Washington , graduating in 1998 with a BA in Psychology . He is also a brother of the Theta Chi Fraternity , Alpha Rho Chapter . In 2003 , Mesnick married Hilary Buckholz . The couple had a son , Ty , in 2005 , and divorced in 2007 , with Mesnick retaining custody of Ty . Mesnick now resides in the Seattle suburb of Kirkland . He is a Residential Consultant at NWG Real Estate specializing in working with families . Reality television ( edit ) Mesnick competed on the fourth season of The Bachelorette , which premiered in May 2008 , as one of the suitors of DeAnna Pappas , even proposing in the final rose ceremony before Pappas stopped him . Mesnick was then chosen to be featured on the 13th season of The Bachelor , which premiered in January 2009 . On The Bachelor , Mesnick proposed and became engaged to Melissa Rycroft , a 25 - year - old Dallas native and former squad member of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders . On the season 's finale , Mesnick revealed that he changed his mind . When Rycroft was brought out , he broke up with her , and she returned the engagement ring . Molly Malaney , the runner - up , was then brought out . Mesnick asked for another chance with her , and she accepted . Mesnick was a guest on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! the day after the final episode , After the Final Rose , was aired . He said the chemistry was different between him and Rycroft . Kimmel asked Mesnick why he proposed marriage to Rycroft and Mesnick replied that Rycroft was exactly what he wanted at the time , but he did not want to lead Rycroft on . In June 2009 Rycroft announced her engagement to a man ( Tye Strickland ) she had been dating in Dallas . In October 2009 , while vacationing in New Zealand , Mesnick asked Malaney to marry him and she accepted . They were married on February 27 , 2010 , in Rancho Palos Verdes , California . Their wedding aired in a two - hour special called The Bachelor : Jason and Molly 's Wedding , on March 8 , 2010 . On October 12 , 2012 , the Mesnicks announced that they were expecting their first child together , telling their son Ty ( 7 years old at the time ) during a game of Hangman . Molly and Jason welcomed daughter Riley Anne Mesnick on March 14 , 2013 . She was born in Seattle and weighed 6 lbs. , 8 oz . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Bachelorette contestant Jason Mesnik 's first wedding photos '' . Celebgalz. 2008 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( 2008 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Meet Jason Mesnick Bachelor Dad '' . People . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Chansanchai , Athima ( 2009 - 01 - 04 ) . `` ' The Bachelor 's ' Jason Mesnick gets his turn '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Nicole Tsong ( January 4 , 2009 ) . Kirkland 's Jason Mesnick spills about `` The Bachelor '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Bachelor ' s Jason Mesnick : ' I 'm Engaged ' '' . TV Watch . People.com. 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bachelor ' Changes Mind , Picks Runner - Up '' . ABC News . March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anna Diamond ( 30 June 2009 ) . `` Melissa Rycroft Is Engaged '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng . `` Bachelor 's Jason Mesnick and Molly Malaney Get Engaged '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ http://tvwatch.people.com/2010/02/27/its-official-bachelors-jason-and-molly-get-hitched/ Jump up ^ `` ABC to Air Bachelor Jason Mesnick 's Wedding Next Month '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Bachelor ' couple Jason & Molly Expecting a Baby '' . 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ http://celebritybabies.people.com/2013/03/14/bachelor-jason-molly-mesnick-welcome-daughter-riley-anne/ External links ( edit ) `` Bios : The Bachelor '' . ABC.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . B&C : After The Final Rose Preceded by Matt Grant The Bachelor Season 13 Succeeded by Jake Pavelka ( hide ) The Bachelor U.S. seasons 5 6 7 8 : Paris 9 : Rome 10 : Officer and a Gentleman 11 12 : London Calling 13 14 : On the Wings of Love 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bachelors Alex Michel Aaron Buerge Andrew Firestone Bob Guiney Jesse Palmer Byron Velvick Charlie O'Connell Travis Lane Stork Prince Lorenzo Borghese Andrew Baldwin Brad Womack Matt Grant Jason Mesnick Jake Pavelka Brad Womack Ben Flajnik Sean Lowe Juan Pablo Galavis Chris Soules Ben Higgins Nick Viall Arie Luyendyk Jr . Contestants Mandy Clemens Catherine Warren Shayne Lamas Melissa Rycroft Tenley Molzahn Gia Allemand Keltie Colleen Jamie Otis Catherine Giudici Brittany Fetkin Ashley Iaconetti The Bachelorette Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bachelorettes Trista Rehn Meredith Phillips Jen Schefft DeAnna Pappas Jillian Harris Ali Fedotowsky Ashley Hebert Emily Maynard Desiree Hartsock Andi Dorfman Kaitlyn Bristowe JoJo Fletcher Rachel Lindsay Contestants Evan Bass Jesse Csincsak Ryan Hoag David Homyk Chad Johnson Kenny Layne Jordan Rodgers Ryan Sutter Ed Swiderski International versions Australia 1 : Sam Frost 2 : Georgia Love 3 : Sophie Monk Canada India Germany Romania Switzerland Other spin - offs Bachelor Pad Bachelor in Paradise Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Episodes Bachelor Live The Bachelor Winter Games International Spin - offs Bachelor in Paradise Australia Hosts Chris Harrison Melissa Rycroft ( Bachelor Pad Season 1 only ) International versions Australia 1 : Tim Robards 2 : Blake Garvey 3 : Sam Wood 4 : Richie Strahan 5 : Matty Johnson Brazil 1 : Gianluca Perino Canada 1 : Brad Smith 2 : Tim Warmels 3 : Chris Leroux Romania 1 : Cătălin Botezatu 2 : Edward Popescu Strohlen 3 : Sergiu Barboni 4 : Bogdan Vlădău United Kingdom 1 : David Donald 2 : Jamie Williams 3 : Anthony Thomas 4 : Gavin Henson 5 : Spencer Matthews New Zealand 1 : Arthur Green 2 : Jordan Mauger 3 : Zac Franich italics - Non-selected roles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Mesnick&oldid=791038134 '' Categories : 1976 births Living people Participants in American reality television series Television personalities from Cleveland People from Kirkland , Washington University of Washington alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 July 2017 , at 18 : 51 . About Wikipedia	which bachelor changed his mind after the final rose	[]	[]
2014410964523094918	Oprah Winfrey Network	Oprah Winfrey Network - wikipedia Oprah Winfrey Network For the Canadian network , see Oprah Winfrey Network ( Canadian TV channel ) . Oprah Winfrey Network Launched January 1 , 2011 ; 7 years ago ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) Owned by Discovery , Inc . ( Majority ) Harpo Productions ( Minority ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) 480i ( SDTV ) Broadcast area United States Canada Australia Headquarters West Hollywood , California , United States Replaced Discovery Health Channel Sister channel ( s ) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Español Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network Great American Country HGTV Investigation Discovery Science Channel TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website http://www.oprah.com/own Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 279 ( HD / SD ) Channel 1279 ( VOD ) Dish Network Channel 189 ( HD / SD ) Channel 9533 ( HD ) Cable Verizon FiOS Channel 145 ( SD ) Channel 645 ( HD ) Available on most American cable systems Channel slots vary on each provider IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 170 ( SD ) Channel 1170 ( HD ) Zazeen ( Canada ) Channel 118 ( HD ) Streaming media PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television The Oprah Winfrey Network ( OWN ) is an American pay television channel jointly owned by Harpo Studios and Discovery , Inc . It debuted on January 1 , 2011 , in approximately 80 million homes , replacing the Discovery Health Channel ( DHC ) . In late 2012 , Tyler Perry partnered with OWN to provide it with scripted television programming . One of Perry 's series , The Haves and the Have Nots has consistently posted very successful ratings and has set a preeminent record on OWN , providing the network with its highest ratings to date . A March 11 , 2014 episode of the series brought in 3.6 million viewers , surpassing the 3.5 million that tuned in for an Oprah 's Next Chapter episode which was the network 's previous highest rated viewing . As of February 2015 , OWN is available to approximately 81.9 million pay television households ( 70.3 % of households with television ) in the United States . On December 4 , 2017 , Winfrey sold a majority of her stake in OWN to Discovery Communications , rendering them majority shareholder of OWN , and will continue in her role as Chief Executive Officer of the network . Contents 1 Availability 2 Network executives 3 Programming 4 International 5 Tyler Perry on OWN 6 Viewership 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Availability ( edit ) OWN broadcasts in both standard - definition resolution ( 480i ) and high - definition resolution ( 1080i ) . All markets of DirecTV , AT&T Uverse , Dish Network , Cablevision and Bright House Networks carry the channel in HD . Charter Communications , Comcast , Cox , Spectrum and Verizon FiOS carry the HD feed of the channel only in some markets . PlayStation Vue carries the channel at ( 720p ) on its service , which is broadcast over the internet . Network executives ( edit ) Oprah Winfrey -- CEO Sherri Salata -- Co-President Erik Logan -- Co-President Neal Kirsch -- COO and CFO Debi Pomerantz -- Senior Vice President of Research Programming ( edit ) Main article : List of programs broadcast by Oprah Winfrey Network ( U.S. TV channel ) As of March 2014 , the network 's programming primarily consists of marathons , with eight - hour daytime blocks airing multiple episodes of the same series , usually a different show each day . The primetime programming varies and is repeated in late night , followed by an overnight movie and a morning block of talk shows including Dr. Phil , Rachel Ray , and The Nate Berkus Show . The programming includes a mix of original programs , specials , documentaries , and acquired movies . The channel does not air infomercials . International ( edit ) In Canada , the former Canadian version of Discovery Health , owned by Shaw Media , did not become a Canadian version of OWN , instead shifting to a reality - based format known as Twist TV . Instead , Corus Entertainment agreed to launch a Canadian version of OWN -- its existing channel Viva was re-launched as OWN on March 1 , 2011 . During January and February 2011 , selected OWN programming aired on both Viva and the co-owned W Network . Both Shaw Media and Corus share common ownership interests from the J.R. Shaw family , but are considered separate companies . Winfrey revealed to The New York Times that she is in final negotiations to release the channel in Brazil and Argentina . An OWN Programming Block that features popular series such as Oprah 's Next Chapter , Oprah 's Lifeclass and Super Soul Sunday began airing on TLC UK in April 2013 . The same programming block began airing Discovery Home & Health in Australia on August 4 , 2013 . It was announced on September 20 , 2013 , that the OWN Programming Block would begin airing in South Africa on DStv beginning October 17 , 2013 . OWN Programming Block also debuted in Poland and Russia in August and September ; it also debuted on October 28 , 2013 , in Balkans / Romania / Bulgaria . Tyler Perry on OWN ( edit ) In October 2012 , Tyler Perry entered into a partnership with OWN . According to the terms , all of Perry 's new TV projects would air on the OWN network . These TV projects would comprise a total of 90 episodes and help the network fill its programming schedule with original content . These shows include a drama , The Haves and the Have Nots , a new original comedy , Love Thy Neighbor , as well as a third season of the comedy series Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse which formerly aired on TBS . All three series were renewed after their respective first seasons on OWN . Within its first season , the drama series The Haves and the Have Nots has been critically acclaimed as being `` one of OWN 's biggest success stories '' and achieved numerous heavily publicized season highs in ratings . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that OWN ordered a drama series If Loving You Is Wrong . The show premiered on September 9 , 2014 . As of 2015 , OWN has ordered even more Perry - produced shows because all of Perry 's shows gross more than a million viewers each episode . According to network president Erik Logan , `` Oprah Winfrey 's partnership with Tyler Perry has been a tremendous success , garnering millions of viewers for OWN and setting ratings records , Tyler 's original series have quickly become appointment viewing for a passionate audience and OWN is pleased to deliver 87 new episodes . '' Other shows on the network like LifeClass and Lisa Ling 's ' Our America ' have done fairly well , but nowhere near the success of Perry 's shows . Viewership ( edit ) During its first week after launch in January 2011 , OWN was watched by an average of 505,000 viewers . On March 8 , 2011 , the channel announced that it would undergo a major overhaul . On May 6 , 2011 , Discovery executive Peter Liguori replaced Christina Norman as chief executive officer . On July 13 , 2011 , Winfrey announced she herself would take over as chief executive officer and chief creative officer of the channel . The average prime - time audience for 2011 was 264,000 . As a result , Lisa Erspamer , Executive Vice President of Production and Development , left the network effective January 26 , 2012 . The channel 's losses were estimated to be $330 million as of May 2012 . The channel responded by raising the channel 's retransmission consent fee ( OWN was provided to cable providers effectively for free for its first two years on air ) to a level more in line with other basic cable channels , a move that Discovery expected to allow the channel to break even in late 2013 . The heavily promoted Oprah 's Next Chapter episodes featuring former cyclist Lance Armstrong , in which Armstrong publicly confessed his usage of performance - enhancing drugs for the first time , drew 4.3 million viewers over two nights according to Nielsen ratings data . The Thursday night installment drew 3.2 million viewers , the second - highest total in the network 's history to date , and the second installment on Friday night was seen by 1.1 million viewers . Oprah 's interview with Whitney Houston 's family in March 2012 retains the distinction of being OWN 's highest - rated show , while the first installment of Armstrong 's interview on January 17 , 2013 and its repeat later that evening provided the network with its highest - rated evening to date . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal List of United States cable and satellite television networks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oprah Will Have a Primetime Show of Her Own '' . Multichannel News . April 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kissell @ ratesrick ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` ' Haves and Have Nots ' Sets OWN Ratings Record With Its Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Increases Ownership Interest in OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network -- Discovery Communications , Inc '' . corporate.discovery.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` Discovery Communications Ups Stake In OWN Via $70 Million Harpo Deal , Oprah Winfrey Extends Contract Through 2025 '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Health Rebrands As Twist TV '' Archived September 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Corus Entertainment ( news release ) ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` OWN : The Oprah Winfrey Network Comes to Canada '' . CNW Group . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corus Entertainment Announces March 1 , 2011 as the Canadian Launch Date for OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network '' . CNW . November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corus Entertainment ( June 19 , 1999 ) . `` Shaw Communications ' Broadcast Properties Take on New Corporate Identity '' . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Época ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey quer trazer seu canal para o Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tambay A. Obenson ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey & Discovery Networks Int'l Partner To Launch OWN Programming Block In The UK '' . IndieWire . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Launching Oprah Winfrey Block on TLC 's New U.K. Effort ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network and Discovery Networks International to Launch OWN Programming Block in Australia , Exclusively on Discovery Home & Health '' . The Futon Critic . June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network and Discovery Networks International Announce Exclusive OWN Programming Block in South Africa '' . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah Winfrey is on TLC in the UK and Poland - @ OWNTV '' . Oprah.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah Strikes Exclusive Multi-Year Partnership with Tyler Perry '' . oprah.com . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim . `` Aaron O'Connell & Gavin Houston On ' The Haves And The Have Nots ' Gay Story '' . thebacklot.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` OWN Orders Series Based on Tyler Perry 's ' Single Moms Club ' '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OWN Wants More Tyler Perry - And Gets It '' . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Ling 's New Documentary Series Premieres to Strong Ratings on OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network '' . Jump up ^ `` Oprah 's OWN Network Undergoes an Overhaul '' . The Huffington Post . March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah Replaces OWN CEO , Says Network Is ' Not Where I Want It to Be ' '' . TV Guide . May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah Winfrey Expanding Role at OWN Channel '' . WLS - TV . July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` At Oprah Winfrey Network , the Revolving Door Spins Again '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cook , Wendy ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Oprah OWN Losses Mounting -- Network Off a Reported $330 Million , Off The Air Soon ? '' . The National Ledger . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( January 18 , 2013 ) . Winfrey 's low - rated cable channel is poised to break through . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : James , Meg. ( 2013 , January 19 ) . Lance Armstrong : 4.3 million watch interview with Oprah on OWN . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Pergament , Alan ( January 18 , 2013 ) . Armstrong interview not a big ratings deal here . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . 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-7541835656391760051	Peter Rabbit (film)	Peter Rabbit ( film ) - wikipedia Peter Rabbit ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Peter Rabbit Theatrical release poster Directed by Will Gluck Produced by Will Gluck Zareh Nalbandian Screenplay by Will Gluck Rob Lieber Based on Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter Starring Rose Byrne Domhnall Gleeson Sam Neill Daisy Ridley Elizabeth Debicki Margot Robbie James Corden Music by Dominic Lewis Cinematography Peter Menzies Jr . Edited by Christian Gazal Production company Columbia Pictures Sony Pictures Animation Olive Bridge Entertainment Animal Logic 2.0 Entertainment Screen Australia Screen NSW Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) ( The Grove ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) ( Australia ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Australia Language English Budget $50 million Box office $74.6 million Peter Rabbit is a 2018 3D live - action animated comedy film directed by Will Gluck from a screenplay by Gluck and Rob Lieber , based on the stories of the character of the same name created by Beatrix Potter . The film stars Domhnall Gleeson , Rose Byrne and Sam Neill , with the voices of James Corden , Daisy Ridley , Margot Robbie and Elizabeth Debicki . The film was released on February 9 , 2018 . It has grossed over $74 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Trailer criticism 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 `` Allergy bullying '' controversy 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Peter Rabbit , his cousin Benjamin , and his triplet sisters Flopsy , Mopsy and Cottontail , spend most of their days picking on Mr. McGregor and stealing his vegetables from his garden . They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature . Bea takes on a mother - like relationship with the rabbits due to the passing of their mother and father . One day Peter accidentally leaves his jacket back in McGregor 's garden and goes back to retrieve it . McGregor spots and catches him , but suddenly dies of a heart attack . Enthralled , Peter invites all of the woodland critters , and then takes over McGregor 's old house . Meanwhile in London , McGregor 's nephew Thomas works at the Harrod 's department store where he awaits for a promotion . He coldly accepts the news about his uncle 's death , but is infuriated over not getting the promotion and is fired . When he learns that his uncle 's house is valuable , he decides to refurbish it so he can sell it and start his own toy store to rival Harrod 's . He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to secretly wall up the garden , despite Bea 's objections . When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden , Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown him . Peter and the triplets rescue him and Thomas accidentally tosses the binoculars that Bea had given him earlier . Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances . Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more . Bea soon gets mad at Peter for unintentionally ruining her paintings during one excursion and soon she also turns on Thomas when his violent tendencies begin to show . This all culminates when Thomas throws dynamite at Peter 's burrow , and uses it to attack Peter in the garden , before telling him that his antics caused him to become aggressive . When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it , he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow , which crushes Bea 's art studio . Thinking that Thomas was responsible for the detonation , Bea breaks up with him , and he goes back to London to work at Harrod 's again . Peter feels bad for what he has done , and upon learning that Bea intends to leave Peter and his family , he and Benjamin head to London and finds Thomas at the store . They make up and rush back to the country where Peter reveals that he had activated the detonator , and he and Thomas apologize to Bea for their fighting . Thomas discovers that he can not go home because a snobbish couple , whom Thomas had an ugly encounter with prior , had just bought the house . Peter and his friends use their tricks to kick the couple out of the house . During the end credits , it is shown that Bea , Thomas , and the rabbits eventually moved to London together where Thomas has his own toy shop and Bea begins to write and illustrate books based on Peter and his friends . Cast ( edit ) Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor Rose Byrne as Bea Sam Neill as Mr. McGregor Marianne Jean - Baptiste as General Manager Felix Williamson as Derek Voice cast ( edit ) James Corden as Peter Rabbit Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit Margot Robbie also voices the narrator . Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny Domhnall Gleeson as Mr. Jeremy Fisher Rose Byrne as Jemima Puddle - Duck Sam Neill as Tommy Brock Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland Christian Gazal as Felix D'eer Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit Bryan Brown as Mr. Rabbit David Wenham as Johnny Town - Mouse Alexandra Gluck and Taryn Gluck as London Street Rats Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman , Shana Halligan , Katharine Hoye , Chris Man , Chad Reisser , and Fletcher Sheridan Production ( edit ) The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack . The official announcement of the film came that December . On August 4 , 2016 , it was reported that Will Gluck would be directing the live action / animated film from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber , with James Corden cast to voice Peter Rabbit and Rose Byrne to play one of the live - action roles . Gluck will also be producing the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic , which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film . On September 26 , 2016 , Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki had joined the cast , with the live action production scheduled to commence in Sydney , Australia in January 2017 . On October 18 , Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Mr McGregor , known for chasing rabbits out of his vegetable garden , and on October 24 , Margot Robbie joined the cast , expected to voice a bunny . On November 7 , Sia was casted to join the film as Mrs Tiggy - Winkle . Filming ( edit ) On December 18 , 2016 , a first image of the title character , along with the movie 's logo , had been revealed . Production began in December 2016 . Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney . In March 2017 , filming took place at Central railway station , Sydney which was depicted as London Paddington station . In April 2017 , a film crew were seen in Ambleside and Windermere in the Lake District . A local toy shop on Compston Road , Ambleside , was adapted to be Mr McGregors ' . Release ( edit ) Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23 , 2018 , but it was moved up to February 9 , 2018 . Trailer criticism ( edit ) The first trailer was met with negative reception from critics and fans of the character , many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter 's works . Collider slammed the trailer as `` garbage '' and a `` low brow ' comedy ' cringe fest '' . Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that `` the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling ( ... ) there 's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit -- gentle , Edwardian Peter Rabbit -- thoughtlessly injuring some birds , or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club , or literally twerking '' and argued `` there is no way on Earth that ( Beatrix Potter would ) have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this . '' Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was `` so gut wrenchingly bad '' and that `` if the movie lives up to its two minute preview -- ( it ) is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie . '' He finished by writing `` Listen carefully , and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter , turning furiously in her grave . '' On November 7 , a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of February 25 , 2018 , Peter Rabbit has grossed $71.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $74.6 million , against a production budget of $50 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15 : 17 to Paris , and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend , with some estimates as high as $25 million . It ended up making $25 million over the weekend , finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ( $38.8 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 58 % based on 77 reviews and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter 's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . `` Allergy bullying '' controversy ( edit ) In the first week after the film 's release , groups in multiple countries criticized it for `` allergy bullying '' and called for an apology from Sony . The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor -- whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries -- is , in an act of self - defense by Peter Rabbit and his cohorts , pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth , causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen . In response , Sony published a statement saying `` We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue , and we truly apologise '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dominic Lewis to Score ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . Film Music Reporter . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film set takes shape in Sydney '' . Jump up ^ Pressburg , Matt ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why Sony , LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart : Flops , ' Ghostbusters ' and Feet on Desk ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Steven ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Leaked Sony emails reveal ' Peter Rabbit ' feature film is in the works '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Emoji Movie , Animated Spider - Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` James Corden , Rose Byrne in Talks to Star in Sony 's ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Daisy Ridley , Elizabeth Debicki Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Live - Action / Animated Pic ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaul , Lou ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wish ' list : Bruce Willis to fill Charles Bronson 's shoes '' . Burlington County Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit Movie Coming from Columbia Pictures '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr McGregor in Live - Action ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Margot Robbie in Talks to Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ sia . `` The new UK trailer for # PeterRabbitMovie has arrived ! Catch Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle in 2018 - Team Siapic.twitter.com/2fNIdnJwX5 '' . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit Images Offers First Look at New Beatrix Potter Adaptation - Screen Rant '' . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit First Look Photo Shows Off The Bunny Voice by James Corden '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Byrne , look alike body double , Domhnall Gleeson begin filming for Peter Rabbit in Centennial Park '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ These new signs at Central station are freaking Sydneysiders out Smoothfm March 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First ' Peter Rabbit ' Trailer Gives Us Another Reason to Be Mad at James Corden '' . Collider . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden 's Peter Rabbit : another kids ' classic wrecked forever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the trailer for the new Peter Rabbit movie -- and it 's a total disaster '' . Metro . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony launches trailer for upcoming Peter Rabbit film '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film criticised for depicting allergy bullying '' . The Guardian . February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seselja , Edwina ; Dawes , Samantha ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit : Calls for Sony Pictures to apologise after food allergy bullying scene in new movie '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film accused of food bullying as rabbits pelt allergic man with blackberries '' . The Daily Telegraph . February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film producers apologise over allergy scene '' . BBC News . February 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Rabbit movie set , Centennial Park . Official website Peter Rabbit on IMDb Beatrix Potter The Tales The Tale of Peter Rabbit The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin The Tailor of Gloucester The Tale of Benjamin Bunny The Tale of Two Bad Mice The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle The Tale of the Pie and the Patty - Pan The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit The Story of Miss Moppet The Tale of Tom Kitten The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly - Poly Pudding The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies The Tale of Ginger and Pickles The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes The Tale of Mr. Tod The Tale of Pigling Bland Appley Dapply 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Johnny Town - Mouse Cecily Parsley 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Little Pig Robinson Other books Tom Kitten 's Painting Book Jemima Puddle - Duck 's Painting Book Peter Rabbit 's Almanac for 1929 The Fairy Caravan Sister Anne Wag - by - Wall The Tale of the Faithful Dove The Sly Old Cat The Tale of Kitty - in - Boots Other media The Tales of Beatrix Potter The Tailor of Gloucester The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends Miss Potter Beswick Pottery The Game of Peter Rabbit Peter Rabbit Beatrix Potter 's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends Peter Rabbit People Annie Moore Norman Warne Hardwicke Rawnsley Charlie McIntosh Leslie Linder Judy Taylor Locations Hill Top , Cumbria Beatrix Potter Gallery Near and Far Sawrey Dalguise Lake District Derwentwater St Herbert 's Island Little Town , Cumbria Newlands Church Newlands Valley Hawkshead Keswick , Cumbria Carleton Crematorium and Cemetery Armitt Library Esthwaite Water Sawrey Near Sawrey Melford Hall Moss Eccles Tarn Characters Peter Rabbit Mr. McGregor Tabitha Twitchit Publishers Frederick Warne & Co David McKay The Horn Book Magazine Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! 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( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- 2015 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons Films directed by Will Gluck Fired Up ! 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8076043001083754456	The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)	The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Phantom of the Opera Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Schumacher Produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber Screenplay by Andrew Lloyd Webber Joel Schumacher Based on The Phantom of the Opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe Gaston Leroux Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux Starring Gerard Butler Emmy Rossum Patrick Wilson Miranda Richardson Simon Callow Ciarán Hinds Minnie Driver Jennifer Ellison Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Cinematography John Mathieson Edited by Terry Rawlings Production company Joel Schumacher Productions Really Useful Films Scion Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( United States ) Odyssey Entertainment ( International ) Release date 10 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) 22 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $70 million Box office $154.6 million The Phantom of the Opera is a 2004 musical drama film based on Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical of the same name , which in turn is based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux . Produced and co-written by Lloyd Webber and directed by Joel Schumacher , it stars Gerard Butler in the title role , as the Phantom . Emmy Rossum as Christine Daaé , Patrick Wilson as Raoul , Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry , Minnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli , and Jennifer Ellison as Meg Giry . The film was announced in 1989 but production did not start until 2002 due to Lloyd Webber 's divorce and Schumacher 's busy career . It was shot entirely at Pinewood Studios , with scenery created with miniatures and computer graphics . Rossum , Wilson and Driver had singing experience , but Butler had none and so had music lessons . The Phantom of the Opera grossed $154.6 million worldwide , despite receiving mixed to negative reviews , which praised the visuals and acting ( particularly Rossum 's performance ) but criticized the writing and directing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Release and awards 4.2 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1919 , the Opéra Populaire holds a public auction to clear the theatre 's vaults . Raoul , Viscount de Chagny purchases a papier - mâché music box in the shape of a monkey and eyes it sadly as Madame Giry , an aged woman dressed in black , Inspects him . The auctioneer then presents a shattered chandelier as the next item up for bid , claiming that it once played a key role in `` the strange affair of the Phantom of the Opera '' . As it flickers to life and slowly ascends to its original place in the rafters , the auction is transported back in time to the year 1870 . Back to this time , while the company rehearses for a performance of the grand opera Hannibal , manager Monsieur Lefèvre announces that he has decided to retire and that the opera has been purchased by Richard Firmin and Gilles André , two men who have no experience with the arts whatsoever . When resident soprano Carlotta Giudicelli begins to sing for the managers , a backdrop collapses and causes everyone to blame the `` Opera Ghost '' , a mysterious figure who is rumored to live in the catacombs beneath the theater . Carlotta refuses to sing and storms offstage , leaving Firmin and André no choice but to cancel the performance . At the last minute , ballet mistress Madame Giry suggests that dancer Christine Daaé take Carlotta 's place as she has been `` well taught . '' The managers reluctantly agree and , to their surprise , Christine wins them over . Later that night , after Christine 's triumphant stage debut , she explains to Madame Giry 's daughter , Meg , that she is being coached by a mysterious tutor who she refers to as the `` Angel of Music '' ; a tutor who her late father said would teach her to sing . Christine returns to her dressing room to find Raoul , the opera 's new patron and her former childhood sweetheart , waiting for her . The two reminisce about their youth as Christine tells Raoul her secret , only for him to laugh at her `` fantasy '' and invite her to dinner despite her protests . Unbeknownst to everyone , except Madame Giry , the Phantom of the Opera locks Christine in her dressing room and reveals himself in her mirror to her before hypnotizing her and taking her to his subterranean lair . The Phantom reveals to her that he loves her and wants her to love him back . He shows Christine a bust of herself , wearing a wedding dress and veil , causing her to faint , and the Phantom places her in a bed . The next morning she awakes to find the Phantom writing music . She approaches him and removes his mask out of curiosity . He bursts into a fit of rage , covering his face with his hand . He at first says she must stay forever because she saw his deformities , revealing that he `` dreams of beauty '' . Pitying him Christine hands him back his mask and the two have a moment of understanding . He then decides to return her to the opera house . That morning , the two managers lament Christine 's disappearance , as well as series of notes they received from the Opera Ghost trying to blackmail them for his payment and ordering them on how to run the opera house . When Carlotta returns , she is furious to find a note sent to her saying if she sang as the countess in Il Muto that night instead of Christine , then disaster `` beyond ( their ) imagination '' would occur . Firmin and André ignore the ghost 's warnings and give Carlotta the lead role . That night , the Phantom interrupts the performance and criticizes their failure to follow his orders . Carlotta continues to sing , but her voice croaks ( as a result of the Phantom tampering with her throat spray ) and the lead role is given to Christine . While the ballet is being performed , the Phantom , not realizing the performance change , encounters the chief stagehand Joseph Buquet and strangles him before hanging him from above , creating chaos . Christine flees to the roof with Raoul . She reveals to him that she has seen the Phantom 's face and fears him , but also pities him because of his sadness . Raoul tells Christine he loves her and will protect her forevermore . Christine returns his love , kissing him passionately and they both leave the roof . The Phantom , who witnessed the scene , becomes heartbroken . He then hears them both singing together . Growing furious at Raoul , he vows revenge on them both . Three months later , a masquerade party ensues in the opera house . At the party , Christine wears her new engagement ring from Raoul . The event is interrupted once again by the Phantom , who is dressed as Red Death . The Phantom brings his own composition , Don Juan Triumphant , and orders the managers to stage the opera . Raoul exits the room and Christine approaches the Phantom . At the sight of the engagement ring , the Phantom rips it from Christine and disappears into a trap on the floor . Raoul tries to follow him but is stopped by Madame Giry , who privately tells him the story of the Phantom 's past . When she was a little girl , she went to a freak circus where they featured a deformed child in a cage . The child was beaten while everyone watched and laughed . The ringmaster then removed a burlap sack covering the child 's face , revealing his deformity . Only the young Madame Giry pitied him . She was the last to leave and saw the child strangle the ringmaster with a rope . Chased by the police , Madame Giry helped him escape and found shelter for him beneath the opera house , where she has hidden him from the world ever since . Christine takes a carriage to visit her father 's grave , but the Phantom secretly takes over the reins . Raoul follows when he realizes she 's gone . Christine arrives and laments over her father 's death . The Phantom tries to win her back by pretending to be her father 's angel , but Raoul arrives and stops him . A sword fight ensues in the cemetery , where Raoul eventually disarms the Phantom and is about to kill him , but Christine pleads for him not to . His rage seemingly augmented , the Phantom watches angrily as Christine and Raoul ride away . Christine admits she is afraid of the Phantom and tells Raoul he will never stop trying to recapture her . Raoul realizes that they can use the Phantom 's opera to capture him , as he will surely attend . Don Juan Triumphant is performed , and the Phantom makes his entrance ( having secretly replaced the lead ) with Christine . Raoul can do nothing but watch from his box as Christine falls for the Phantom yet again . However , she once again removes his mask , revealing his deformities to the entire audience , who scream in fear . He escapes with her by dropping the chandelier and setting the opera house on fire . The Phantom brings Christine back down to his lair . Madame Giry shows Raoul where the Phantom lives , and he goes to rescue Christine . The Phantom forces Christine to don the wedding dress and once again professes his love , and orders Christine to marry him . Christine tries to convince the Phantom that she does not fear his ugliness , but rather his anger and willingness to kill to get what he wants . Just then , Raoul enters the lair , and the Phantom ties him to a gate and threatens to kill him if Christine refuses to marry him . Christine reflects over the impossible choice before passionately kissing the Phantom to show him he is not alone in the world . The Phantom is shocked from experiencing real human love for the first time in his life . Ashamed of his murderous actions , he allows Christine and Raoul to leave and orders them to never return . He finds comfort in a little monkey music box . Christine approaches the Phantom , who tells her that he loves her , and she silently gives him the diamond ring from her finger to remember her by . After Christine and Raoul leave , the Phantom smashes every mirror in his underground lair and disappears through a secret passage behind a velvet curtain just before the police arrive . Upon entering , Meg finds only the Phantom 's white mask . Moving back to 1919 , the elderly Raoul visits Christine 's gravesite and places the music box near her tombstone . He stands in silence for a moment and then turns to leave , but stops upon noticing a fresh red rose with a black ribbon tied around the stem with Christine 's engagement ring attached to it ; implying that the Phantom is alive , and still loves Christine . Cast ( edit ) Gerard Butler as The Phantom Emmy Rossum as Christine Daaé Patrick Wilson as Viscount Raoul de Chagny Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry Minnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli Margaret Preece as Carlotta 's singing voice except for `` Learn to Be Lonely '' Simon Callow as Gilles André Ciarán Hinds as Richard Firmin Victor McGuire as Ubaldo Piangi Jennifer Ellison as Meg Giry Murray Melvin as Monsieur Reyer Kevin McNally as Joseph Buquet James Fleet as Monsieur Lefèvre Ramin Karimloo as Gustave Daaé Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to The Phantom of the Opera in early 1989 , granting Andrew Lloyd Webber total artistic control . Despite interest from A-list directors , Lloyd Webber and Warner Bros. instantly hired Joel Schumacher to direct ; Lloyd Webber had been impressed with Schumacher 's use of music in The Lost Boys . The duo wrote the screenplay that same year , while Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman were cast to reprise their roles from the original stage production . Filming was set to begin at Pinewood Studios in England in July 1990 , under a $25 million budget . However , the start date was pushed to November 1990 at both Babelsberg Studios in Munich , Germany and Barrandov Studios in Prague , Czech Republic . Production for The Phantom of the Opera was stalled with Lloyd Webber and Brightman 's divorce . `` Everything got tied up in settlements '' , Schumacher reflected . `` Then my career took off and I was really busy . '' As a result , The Phantom of the Opera languished in development limbo for Warner Bros. throughout the 1990s . In February 1997 , Schumacher considered returning , but eventually dropped out in favour of Batman Unchained , Runaway Jury and Dreamgirls . The studio was keen to cast John Travolta for the lead role , but also held discussions with Antonio Banderas , who undertook vocal preparation and sang the role of the Phantom in the TV special Andrew Lloyd Webber : The Royal Albert Hall Celebration . Schumacher and Lloyd Webber restarted development for The Phantom of the Opera in December 2002 . It was then announced in January 2003 that Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group had purchased the film rights from Warner Bros. in an attempt to produce The Phantom of the Opera independently . As a result , Lloyd Webber invested $6 million of his own money . The Phantom of the Opera was produced on a $55 million budget . A further $15 million was used for marketing , bringing the final budget to $70 million . Warner Bros. was given a first look deal for distribution ; the studio did not sign on until June 2003 , when the principal cast was chosen . Casting ( edit ) Hugh Jackman was offered the chance to audition for the Phantom , but he faced scheduling conflicts with Van Helsing . `` They rang to ask about my availability '' , Jackman explained in an April 2003 interview , `` probably about 20 other actors as well . I was n't available , unfortunately . So , that was a bummer . '' `` We needed somebody who has a bit of rock and roll sensibility in him '' , Andrew Lloyd Webber explained . `` He 's got to be a bit rough , a bit dangerous ; not a conventional singer . Christine is attracted to the Phantom because he 's the right side of danger . '' Director Joel Schumacher had been impressed with Gerard Butler 's performance in Dracula 2000 . Prior to his audition , Butler had no professional singing experience and had only taken four voice lessons before singing `` The Music of the Night '' for Lloyd Webber . Katie Holmes , who began working with a vocal coach , was the front - runner for Christine Daaé in March 2003 . She was later replaced by Anne Hathaway , a classically trained soprano , in 2004 . However , Hathaway dropped out of the role because the production schedule of the film overlapped with The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement , which she was contractually obligated to make . Hathaway was then replaced with Emmy Rossum . The actress modeled the relationship between the Phantom and Christine after Suzanne Farrell and George Balanchine . Patrick Wilson was cast as Raoul based on his previous Broadway theatre career . For the role of Carlotta , Minnie Driver devised an over-the - top , camp performance as the egotistical prima donna . Despite also lacking singing experience , Ciarán Hinds was cast by Schumacher as Richard Firmin ; the two had previously worked together on Veronica Guerin . Ramin Karimloo also briefly appears as the portrait of Gustave Daaé , Christine 's father . Karimloo later played the Phantom as well as the role of Raoul on London 's West End . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography lasted from 15 September 2003 to 15 January 2004 . The film was shot entirely using eight sound stages at Pinewood Studios , where , on the Pinewood backlot , the bottom half exterior of the Palais Garnier was constructed . The top half was implemented using a combination of computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) and a scale model created by Cinesite . The surrounding Paris skyline for `` All I Ask of You '' was entirely composed of matte paintings . Cinesite also created a miniature falling chandelier , since a life - size model was too big for the actual set . Production designer Anthony D.G. Pratt was influenced by French architect Charles Garnier , designer of the original Paris opera house , as well as Edgar Degas , John Singer Sargent , Gustave Caillebotte , the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and Dante Gabriel Rossetti . Schumacher was inspired by Jean Cocteau 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1946 ) , where a hallway is lined with arms holding candelabra . The cemetery was based on the Père Lachaise and Montparnasse . Costume designer Alexandra Byrne utilised a limited black , white , gold and silver colour palette for the Masquerade ball . Reception ( edit ) Release and Awards ( edit ) The Phantom of the Opera was released in the United States on 22 December 2004 . With a limited release of 622 theaters , it opened at tenth place at the weekend box office , grossing $6.5 million across five days . After expanding to 907 screens on 14 January 2005 the film obtained the 9th spot at the box office , which it retained during its 1,511 screens wide release on 21 January 2005 . The total domestic gross was $51,225,796 . With a further $107 million earned internationally , The Phantom of the Opera reached a worldwide total of $158,225,796 . A few foreign markets were particularly successful , such as Japan , where the film 's ¥ 4.20 billion ( $35 million ) gross stood as the 6th most successful foreign film and 9th overall of the year . The United Kingdom and South Korea both had over $10 million in receipts , with $17.5 million and $11.9 million , respectively . Anthony Pratt and Celia Bobak were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , as was John Mathieson for Cinematography . However , both categories were awarded to The Aviator . Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyricist Charles Hart were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( `` Learn to Be Lonely '' ) but lost to `` Al otro lado del río '' from The Motorcycle Diaries . The song was also nominated for the Golden Globe but it lost to Alfie 's `` Old Habits Die Hard '' . In the same ceremony , Emmy Rossum was nominated for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , losing to Annette Bening in Being Julia . At the Saturn Awards , Rossum won for Best Performance by a Younger Actor , while The Phantom of the Opera was nominated for Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film and Alexandra Byrne was nominated for Costume Design . The soundtrack of the film was released in two separate CD formats on 23 November 2004 as a two - disc deluxe edition which includes dialogue from the film and a single - disc highlights edition . The film had its initial North America video release on DVD and VHS on 3 May 2005 , following its first digital release on HD - DVD on 18 April 2006 and a Blu - ray edition on 31 October 2006 . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed to negative reviews from film critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it 32 % rotten with an average score of 5 / 10 . `` The music of the night has hit something of a sour note : Critics are calling the screen adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's popular musical histrionic , boring and lacking in both romance and danger '' , the consensus read . `` Still , some have praised the film for its sheer spectacle '' . By comparison , Metacritic calculated an average score of 40 / 100 from its 39 reviews collected . `` The film looks and sounds fabulous and I think it 's an extraordinarily fine document of the stage show . While it does n't deviate much from the stage material , the film has given it an even deeper emotional centre . It 's not based on the theatre visually or direction-wise , but it 's still got exactly the same essence . And that 's all I could have ever hoped for . '' -- Andrew Lloyd Webber Despite having been impressed with the cast , Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader wrote that `` Teen romance and operetta - style singing replace the horror elements familiar to film - goers , and director Joel Schumacher obscures any remnants of classy stage spectacle with the same disco overkill he brought to Batman Forever . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com believed that Phantom of the Opera `` takes everything that 's wrong with Broadway and puts it on the big screen in a gaudy splat . '' In a mixed review for Newsweek , David Ansen praised Rossum 's performance , but criticized the filmmakers for their focus on visual design rather than presenting a cohesive storyline . `` Its kitschy romanticism bored me on Broadway and it bores me here -- I may not be the most reliable witness . Still , I can easily imagine a more dashing , charismatic Phantom than Butler 's . Rest assured , however , Lloyd Webber 's neo-Puccinian songs are reprised and reprised and reprised until you 're guaranteed to go out humming . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly believed Schumacher did not add enough dimension in adapting The Phantom of the Opera . `` Schumacher , the man who added nipples to Batman 's suit , has staged Phantom chastely , as if his job were to adhere the audience to every note '' . Roger Ebert reasoned that `` part of the pleasure of movie - going is pure spectacle -- of just sitting there and looking at great stuff and knowing it looks terrific . There was n't much Schumacher could have done with the story or the music he was handed , but in the areas over which he held sway , he has triumphed . '' In contrasting between the popularity of the Broadway musical , Michael Dequina of Film Threat magazine explained that `` it conjures up this unexplainable spell that leaves audiences sad , sentimental , swooning , smiling -- in some way transported and moved . Now , in Schumacher 's film , that spell lives on . '' See also ( edit ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 soundtrack ) The Phantom of the Opera References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2004 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Movie Preview : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of The Phantom of the Opera , ( DVD , 2005 ) , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : DVD production notes Jump up ^ Susan Heller Anderson ( 1990 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lawrence Van Gelder ( 1990 - 08 - 10 ) . `` At the Movies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Movie Preview : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Todd Gilchrist ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Interview : Joel Schumacher '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) . `` ' Phantom ' cues Wilson for tuner 's adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 1997 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Helmer 's 3rd At Bat '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 1997 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Krane Takes Bull By Horns '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Lloyd Webber back on ' Phantom ' prowl '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Phoebe Hoban ( 2004 - 12 - 24 ) . `` In the ' Phantom ' Movie , Over-the - Top Goes Higher '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Adam Dawtrey ( 2003 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ' Phantom ' pic announces latest castings '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zaromski ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) . `` An Interview with Michael Jakson '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hirschberg ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Trading Faces '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 03 - 13 ) . `` ' Men ' treads carefully into sequel territory '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2003 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Production Commences On ' Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Skweres , Mary Ann ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Phantom of the Opera : A Classic in Miniature '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Missy Schwartz ( 2004 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Behind the Music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gentile , Gary ( 2004 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Audiences glad to ' Meet the Fockers ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel ( 2005 - 01 - 13 ) . `` ' Fockers ' finds foes '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Blank , Ed ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) . `` ' Coach Carter ' tops local , national box office in slow weekend '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2005 - 01 - 21 ) . `` '' The Phantom of the Opera '' Opens Nationwide Jan. 21 `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 21 -- 23 , 2005 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bresnan , Conor ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Around the World Round Up : ' Fockers ' Inherit the World '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIES WITH BOX OFFICE GROSS RECEIPTS EXCEEDING 1 BILLION YEN '' . Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Japan Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Opera , The '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ David Ansen ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera : Into the Night '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( 2005 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michael Dequina ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) Official website The Phantom of the Opera on IMDb The Phantom of the Opera at the TCM Movie Database The Phantom of the Opera at Box Office Mojo The Phantom of the Opera at Rotten Tomatoes The Phantom of the Opera at Metacritic Michael Williams ; Benedict Carver ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Banderas drawn to ' Phantom ' '' . Variety . Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Films directed by Joel Schumacher The Incredible Shrinking Woman ( 1981 ) D.C. 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7253389348812231482	Moral hazard	Moral hazard - wikipedia Moral hazard Jump to : navigation , search For the novel , see Moral Hazard ( novel ) . In economics , moral hazard occurs when someone increases their exposure to risk when insured . This can happen , for example , when a person takes more risks because someone else bears the cost of those risks . A moral hazard may occur where the actions of one party may change to the detriment of another after a financial transaction has taken place . A party makes a decision about how much risk to take , while another party bears the costs if things go badly , and the party isolated from risk behaves differently from how it would if it were fully exposed to the risk . Moral hazard can occur under a type of information asymmetry where the risk - taking party to a transaction knows more about its intentions than the party paying the consequences of the risk . More broadly , moral hazard can occur when the party with more information about its actions or intentions has a tendency or incentive to behave inappropriately from the perspective of the party with less information . Moral hazard also arises in a principal - agent problem , where one party , called an agent , acts on behalf of another party , called the principal . The agent usually has more information about his or her actions or intentions than the principal does , because the principal usually can not completely monitor the agent . The agent may have an incentive to act inappropriately ( from the viewpoint of the principal ) if the interests of the agent and the principal are not aligned . Contents ( hide ) 1 Example 2 History of the term 3 Finance 4 Insurance industry 5 Economic theory 6 Management 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Example ( edit ) For example , with respect to the originators of subprime loans , many may have suspected that the borrowers would not be able to maintain their payments in the long run and that , for this reason , the loans were not going to be worth much . Still , because there were many buyers of these loans ( or of pools of these loans ) willing to take on that risk , the originators did not concern themselves with the potential long - term consequences of making these loans . After selling the loans , the originators bore none of the risk so there was little to no incentive for the originators to investigate the long - term value of the loans . History of the term ( edit ) According to research by Dembe and Boden , the term dates back to the 17th century and was widely used by English insurance companies by the late 19th century . Early usage of the term carried negative connotations , implying fraud or immoral behavior ( usually on the part of an insured party ) . Dembe and Boden point out , however , that prominent mathematicians studying decision making in the 18th century used `` moral '' to mean `` subjective '' , which may cloud the true ethical significance in the term . The concept of moral hazard was the subject of renewed study by economists in the 1960s and then did not imply immoral behavior or fraud . Economists would use this term to describe inefficiencies that can occur when risks are displaced or can not be fully evaluated , rather than a description of the ethics or morals of the involved parties . Rowell and Connelly offer a detailed description of the genesis of the term moral hazard , by identifying salient changes in economic thought , which are identified within the medieval theological and probability literature . Their paper compares and contrasts the predominantly normative conception of moral hazard found within the insurance - industry literature with the largely positive interpretations found within the economic literature . Often what is described as `` moral hazard ( s ) '' in the insurance literature is upon closer reading , a description of the closely related concept , adverse selection . Finance ( edit ) Economist Paul Krugman described moral hazard as `` any situation in which one person makes the decision about how much risk to take , while someone else bears the cost if things go badly . '' Financial bailouts of lending institutions by governments , central banks or other institutions can encourage risky lending in the future if those that take the risks come to believe that they will not have to carry the full burden of potential losses . Lending institutions need to take risks by making loans , and usually the most risky loans have the potential for making the highest return . Taxpayers , depositors , and other creditors often have to shoulder at least part of the burden of risky financial decisions made by lending institutions . Many have argued that certain types of mortgage securitization contribute to moral hazard . Mortgage securitization enables mortgage originators to pass on the risk that the mortgages they originate might default and not hold the mortgages on their balance sheets and assume the risk . In one kind of mortgage securitization , known as `` agency securitizations '' , default risk is retained by the securitizing agency that buys the mortgages from originators . These agencies thus have an incentive to monitor originators and check loan quality . `` Agency Securitizations '' refer to securitizations by either Ginnie Mae , a government agency , or by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac , for - profit government - sponsored enterprises ( `` GSEs '' ) . They are similar to the `` covered bonds '' that are commonly used in Western Europe in that the securitizing agency retains default risk . Under both models , investors take on only interest - rate risk , not default risk . In another type of securitization , known as `` private label '' securitization , default risk is generally not retained by the securitizing entity . Instead , the securitizing entity passes on default risk to investors . The securitizing entity , therefore , has relatively little incentive to monitor originators and maintain loan quality . `` Private label '' securitization refers to securitizations structured by financial institutions such as investment banks , commercial banks , and non-bank mortgage lenders . During the years leading up to the subprime mortgage financial crisis , private label securitizations grew as a share of overall mortgage securitization by purchasing and securitizing low - quality , high - risk mortgages . Agency Securitizations appear to have somewhat lowered their standards , but Agency mortgages remained considerably safer than mortgages in private label securitizations , and performed far better in terms of default rates . Economist Mark Zandi of Moody 's Analytics described moral hazard as a root cause of the subprime mortgage crisis . He wrote that `` the risks inherent in mortgage lending became so widely dispersed that no one was forced to worry about the quality of any single loan . As shaky mortgages were combined , diluting any problems into a larger pool , the incentive for responsibility was undermined . '' He also wrote , `` Finance companies were n't subject to the same regulatory oversight as banks . Taxpayers were n't on the hook if they went belly up ( pre-crisis ) , only their shareholders and other creditors were . Finance companies thus had little to discourage them from growing as aggressively as possible , even if that meant lowering or winking at traditional lending standards . '' Moral hazard can also occur with borrowers . Borrowers may not act prudently ( in the view of the lender ) when they invest or spend funds recklessly . For example , credit card companies often limit the amount borrowers can spend with their cards because without such limits borrowers may spend borrowed funds recklessly , leading to default . Securitization of mortgages in America started in 1983 at Salomon Brothers and where the risk of each mortgage passed to the next purchaser instead of remaining with the original mortgaging institution . These mortgages and other debt instruments were put into a large pool of debt , and then shares in the pool were sold to many creditors . Thus , there is no one person responsible for verifying that any one particular loan is sound , that the assets securing that one particular loan are worth what they are supposed to be worth , that the borrower responsible for making payments on the loan can read and write the language that the papers that he / she signed were written in , or even that the paperwork exists and is in good order . It has been suggested that this may have caused subprime mortgage crisis . Brokers , who were not lending their own money , pushed risk onto the lenders . Lenders , who sold mortgages soon after underwriting them , pushed risk onto investors . Investment banks bought mortgages and chopped up mortgage - backed securities into slices , some riskier than others . Investors bought securities and hedged against the risk of default and prepayment , pushing those risks further along . In a purely capitalist scenario , the last one holding the risk ( like a game of musical chairs ) is the one who faces the potential losses . In the sub-prime crisis , however , national credit authorities ( the Federal Reserve in the US ) assumed the ultimate risk on behalf of the citizenry at large . Others believe that financial bailouts of lending institutions do not encourage risky lending behavior since there is no guarantee to lending institutions that a bailout will occur . Decreased valuation of a corporation before any bailout would prevent risky , speculative business decisions by executives who conduct due diligence in their business transactions . The risk and the burdens of loss became apparent to Lehman Brothers ( who did not benefit from a bailout ) and other financial institutions and mortgage companies such as Citibank and Countrywide Financial Corporation , whose valuation plunged during the subprime mortgage crisis . Insurance industry ( edit ) This section includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The name comes originally from the insurance industry . Insurance companies worried that protecting their clients from risks ( like fire , or car accidents ) might encourage those clients to behave in riskier ways ( like smoking in bed or not wearing seat belts ) . This problem may inefficiently discourage those companies from protecting their clients as much as the clients would like to be protected . Economists argue that this inefficiency results from information asymmetry . If insurance companies could perfectly observe the actions of their clients , they could deny coverage to clients choosing risky actions ( like smoking in bed or not wearing seat belts ) , allowing them to provide thorough protection against risk ( fire , accidents ) without encouraging risky behavior . However , since insurance companies can not perfectly observe their clients ' actions , they are discouraged from providing the amount of protection that would be provided in a world with perfect information . Economists distinguish moral hazard from adverse selection , another problem that arises in the insurance industry , which is caused by hidden information rather than by hidden actions . The same underlying problem of non-observable actions also affects other contexts besides the insurance industry . It also arises in banking and finance : if a financial institution knows it is protected by a lender of last resort , it may make riskier investments than it would in the absence of this protection . In insurance markets , moral hazard occurs when the behavior of the insured party changes in a way that raises costs for the insurer , since the insured party no longer bears the full costs of that behavior . Because individuals no longer bear the cost of medical services , they have an added incentive to ask for pricier and more elaborate medical service , which would otherwise not be necessary . In these instances , individuals have an incentive to over consume , simply because they no longer bear the full cost of medical services . Two types of behavior can change . One type is the risky behavior itself , resulting in a before the event moral hazard . In this case , insured parties behave in a more risky manner , resulting in more negative consequences that the insurer must pay for . For example , after purchasing automobile insurance , some may tend to be less careful about locking the automobile or choose to drive more , thereby increasing the risk of theft or an accident for the insurer . After purchasing fire insurance , some may tend to be less careful about preventing fires ( say , by smoking in bed or neglecting to replace the batteries in fire alarms ) . A further example has been identified in flood risk management where it is proposed that the possession of insurance undermines efforts to encourage people to integrate flood protection and resilience measures in properties exposed to flooding . A second type of behavior that may change is the reaction to the negative consequences of risk , once they have occurred and once insurance is provided to cover their costs . This may be called ex post ( after the event ) moral hazard . In this case , insured parties do not behave in a more risky manner that results in more negative consequences , but they do ask an insurer to pay for more of the negative consequences from risk as insurance coverage increases . For example , without medical insurance , some may forgo medical treatment due to its costs and simply deal with substandard health . But after medical insurance becomes available , some may ask an insurance provider to pay for the cost of medical treatment that would not have occurred otherwise . Sometimes moral hazard is so severe it makes insurance policies impossible . Coinsurance , co-payments , and deductibles reduce the risk of moral hazard by increasing the out - of - pocket spending of consumers , which decreases their incentive to consume . Thus , the insured have a financial incentive to avoid making a claim . Moral hazard has been studied by insurers and academics ; such as in the work of Kenneth Arrow , Tom Baker , and John Nyman . John Nyman suggests that two types of moral hazard exist : efficient and inefficient moral hazard . Efficient moral hazard is the viewpoint that the over consumption of medical care brought forth by insurance does not always produce a welfare loss to society . Rather , individuals attain better health through the increased consumption of medical care , making them more productive and netting an overall benefit to societal welfare . Also , Nyman suggests that individuals purchase insurance to obtain an income transfer when they become ill , as opposed to the traditionalist stance that individuals diversify risk via insurance . Economic theory ( edit ) In economic theory , moral hazard is a situation where the behavior of one party may change to the detriment of another after the transaction has taken place . For example , a person with insurance against automobile theft may be less cautious about locking their car because the negative consequences of vehicle theft are now ( partially ) the responsibility of the insurance company . A party makes a decision about how much risk to take , while another party bears the costs if things go badly , and the party insulated from risk behaves differently from how it would if it were fully exposed to the risk . According to contract theory , moral hazard results from a situation in which a hidden action occurs . Bengt Holmström said this : It has long been recognized that a problem of moral hazard may arise when individuals engage in risk sharing under conditions such that their privately taken actions affect the probability distribution of the outcome . Moral hazard can be divided into two types when it involves asymmetric information ( or lack of verifiability ) of the outcome of a random event . An ex-ante moral hazard is a change in behavior prior to the outcome of the random event , whereas ex-post involves behavior after the outcome . For example , in the case of a health insurance company insuring an individual during a specific time - period , the final health of the individual can be thought of as the outcome . The individual taking greater risks during the period would be ex-ante moral hazard whereas lying about a fictitious health problem to defraud the insurance company would be ex-post moral hazard . A second example is the case of a bank making a loan to an entrepreneur for a risky business venture . The entrepreneur becoming overly risky would be ex-ante moral hazard , but willful default ( wrongly claiming the venture failed when it was profitable ) is ex-post moral hazard . According to Hart and Holmström ( 1987 ) , moral hazard models can be subdivided in models with hidden action and models with hidden information . In the former case , after the contract has been signed the agent chooses an action ( e.g. an effort level ) that can not be observed by the principal . In the latter case , after the contract has been signed there is a random draw by nature that determines the agent 's type ( e.g. , his valuation for a good or his costs of effort ) . In the literature , two reasons have been discussed why moral hazard may imply that the first - best solution ( i.e. , the solution that would be attained under complete information ) is not achieved . First , the agent may be risk - averse , so there is a trade - off between providing the agent with incentives and insuring the agent . Second , the agent may be risk - neutral but wealth - constrained , so the agent can not make a payment to the principal and there is a trade - off between providing incentives and minimizing the agent 's limited - liability rent . Among the early contributors to the contract - theoretic literature on moral hazard were Oliver Hart and Sanford J. Grossman . In the meantime , the moral hazard model has been extended to the cases of multiple periods and multiple tasks , both with risk - averse and risk - neutral agents . There are also models that combine hidden action and hidden information . Since there is no data on unobservable variables , the contract - theoretic moral hazard model is difficult to test directly , but there have been some successful indirect tests with field data . Management ( edit ) This section includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Moral hazard problems also occur in employment relationships . When a firm is unable to observe all actions taken by its employees , it may be impossible to achieve efficient behavior in the workplace : for example , workers ' effort may be inefficiently low . This is called the principal -- agent problem , which is one possible explanation for the existence of involuntary unemployment . Similar problems may also occur at the managerial level because owners of firms ( shareholders ) may be unable to observe the actions of a firm 's managers , opening the door to careless or self - serving decision - making . Moral hazard can occur when upper management is shielded from the consequences of poor decision making . This situation can occur in a variety of situations , such as the following : When a manager has a secure position and can not be readily removed . When a manager is protected by someone higher in the corporate structure , such as in cases of nepotism or pet projects . When funding and / or managerial status for a project is independent of the project 's success . When the failure of the project is of minimal overall consequence to the firm , regardless of the local impact on the managed division . When a manager may readily lay blame on an innocent subordinate . When there is no clear means of determining who is accountable for a given project . The software development industry has specifically identified this kind of risky behavior as a management anti-pattern , but it can occur in any field . When senior management has its own remuneration as its primary motivation for decision making ( hitting short - term quarterly earnings targets or creating high medium term earnings , without due regard for the medium term effects on , or risks for the business so that large bonuses can be justified in the current periods ) . The shielding occurs because any eventual hit to earnings can most likely be explained away , and in the worst case , if an executive is terminated , usually the executive keeps the high salary and bonuses from years past . When a numbered company is used for construction projects as a subsidiary of a larger enterprise . An example is a numbered company is incorporated to construct a condominium in Vancouver , British Columbia . It is built to meet the minimum building code requirements , but is not designed for Vancouver 's typical weather patterns ( mild temperatures , much moisture ) . A few years later , the exterior cladding of the building is disintegrating with mold and rot . The numbered company that built it has no assets , so the condominium owners must suffer a large expense to rebuild it . In this scenario , the senior officers of the numbered company , and its shareholders used the protection of a numbered limited liability company to take higher risks in the design and construction . Unless the law and the regulators have some effective means to hold those responsible to account , moral hazard would be expected to continue to future building projects . In extreme cases , moral hazard can lead to or permit control fraud to occur , where actual illegal activities take place . See also ( edit ) Conflict of interest Externality Feedback Free rider problem Game theory Information economics Offset hypothesis Perverse incentive Risk compensation Samaritan 's dilemma Systemic risk Unintended consequences References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dembe , Allard E. and Boden , Leslie I. ( 2000 ) . `` Moral Hazard : A Question of Morality ? '' Archived 2016 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . New Solutions 2000 10 ( 3 ) . 257 -- 79 ^ Jump up to : Arrow , Kenneth ( 1963 ) . `` Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care '' . The American Economic Review . American Economic Association . 53 ( 5 ) : 941 -- 73 . JSTOR 1812044 . Jump up ^ Pauly , Mark V ( 1968 ) . `` The economics of moral hazard : comment '' . The American Economic Review . American Economic Association . 58 ( 3 ) : 531 -- 37 . JSTOR 1813785 . Jump up ^ D Rowell , LB Connelly ( 2012 ) `` A history of the term `` moral hazard '' '' Journal of Risk and Insurance 79 ( 4 ) , 1051 -- 75 Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2009 ) . The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 . W.W. Norton Company Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 07101 - 6 . Jump up ^ Summers , Lawrence ( 2007 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Beware moral hazard fundamentalists '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Brown , Bill ( 2008 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Uncle Sam as sugar daddy '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Common ( Stock ) Sense about Risk - Shifting and Bank Bailouts '' . SSRN.com . December 29 , 2009 . SSRN 1321666 . Jump up ^ `` Debt Overhang and Bank Bailouts '' . SSRN.com . February 2 , 2009 . SSRN 1336288 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Simkovic , Competition and Crisis in Mortgage Securitization Jump up ^ Zandi , Mark ( 2009 ) . Financial Shock . FT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 701663 - 1 . Jump up ^ Holden Lewis ( 2007 - 04 - 18 ) . `` ' Moral hazard ' helps shape mortgage mess '' . Bankrate.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ David Wighton ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) . `` ' Paulson bailout : seizing moral high ground can be hazardous ' '' . TimesOnline . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ HFM ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) . `` ' The SEC Makes Wall Street More Fraudlent ' '' . Justput.com Post # 17 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Frank Ahrens ( 2008 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Moral Hazard ' : Why Risk Is Good ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ O'Hare , P. ; White , I. ; Connelly , A. ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Insurance as maladaptation : Resilience and the ' business as usual paradox '' . Environment and Planning C : Government and Policy . 34 ( 6 ) : 1175 -- 93 . doi : 10.1177 / 0263774x15602022 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Everett ( 1905 ) . `` Fire Prevention '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . American Academy of Political and Social Science . 26 ( 2 ) : 224 -- 38 . doi : 10.1177 / 000271620502600215 . JSTOR 1011015 . Crosby was one of the founders of the National Fire Protection Association , NFPA.org Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arrow , Kenneth ( 1965 ) . Aspects of the Theory of Risk Bearing . Finland : Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö . OCLC 228221660 . Jump up ^ Arrow , Kenneth ( 1971 ) . Essays in the Theory of Risk - Bearing . Chicago : Markham . ISBN 0 - 8410 - 2001 - 9 . Jump up ^ Baker , Tom ( 1996 ) . `` On the Genealogy of Moral hazard '' . Texas Law Review . 75 : 237 . ISSN 0040 - 4411 . Jump up ^ A. Mas - Colell , M. Whinston , and J. Green ( 1995 ) , Microeconomic Theory . Chapter 14 , ' The Principal - Agent Problem ' , p. 477 . Jump up ^ Holmstrom , B. ( 1979 ) , `` Moral hazard and observability '' . Bell Journal of Economics , pp. 74 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Mark William Jenkins . `` Essays on consumer credit markets '' . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Hart , Oliver ; Holmström , Bengt ( 1987 ) . `` The theory of contracts '' . In Bewley , T. Advances in Economics and Econometrics . Cambridge University Press . pp. 71 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Laffont , Jean - Jacques ; Martimort , David ( 2002 ) . The theory of incentives : The principal - agent model . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Rogerson , William P. ( 1985 ) . `` Repeated Moral Hazard '' . Econometrica. 53 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 1911724 . JSTOR 1911724 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Patrick W. ( 2005 ) . `` Allocating Control in Agency Problems with Limited Liability and Sequential Hidden Actions '' . RAND Journal of Economics . 36 : 318 -- 36 . JSTOR 4135244 . Jump up ^ Aghion , Philippe ; Fudenberg , Drew ; Holden , Richard ; Kunimoto , Takashi ; Tercieux , Olivier ( 2012 ) . `` Subgame - Perfect Implementation Under Information Perturbations * '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 127 ( 4 ) : 1843 -- 1881 . doi : 10.1093 / qje / qjs026 . ISSN 0033 - 5533 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Patrick W. ( 2002 ) . `` On the Interplay of Hidden Action and Hidden Information in Simple Bilateral Trading Problems '' . Journal of Economic Theory . 103 ( 2 ) : 444 -- 60 . doi : 10.1006 / jeth. 2001.2790 . Jump up ^ Prendergast , Canice ( 1999 ) . `` The Provision of Incentives in Firms '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 37 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 63 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 37.1. 7 . ISSN 0022 - 0515 . Jump up ^ Lazear , Edward P ( 2000 ) . `` Performance Pay and Productivity '' . American Economic Review . 90 ( 5 ) : 1346 -- 61 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 90.5. 1346 . ISSN 0002 - 8282 . Jump up ^ C. Shapiro and J. Stiglitz ( 1984 ) , ' Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline device ' . American Economic Review 74 ( 3 ) , pp. 433 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` ( News Focus ) Gov 't debt relief plan raises specter of moral hazard '' . Yonhap News . External links ( edit ) Dewan , Shaila ( February 26 , 2012 ) . `` Moral Hazard : A Tempest - Tossed Idea '' . The New York Times . Gladwell , Malcolm ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` The Moral Hazard Myth '' . The New Yorker . `` What 's so Moral about the Moral Hazard ? '' . Press.illinois.edu `` Inside the Meltdown '' , PBS 's Frontline episode uses the idea as a central theme Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moral_hazard&oldid=824011622 '' Categories : Anti-patterns Asymmetric information Ethically disputed business practices Financial risk Insurance Market failure United States housing bubble Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2012 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 20 : 10 . 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-3744846981197303770	Chuck Yeager	Chuck Yeager - Wikipedia Chuck Yeager Chuck Yeager Birth name Charles Elwood Yeager Nickname ( s ) `` Chuck '' ( 1923 - 02 - 13 ) February 13 , 1923 ( age 95 ) Myra , West Virginia , U.S. Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Army Air Forces United States Air Force Years of service 1941 -- 1975 Rank Brigadier general Battles / wars World War II Cold War Vietnam War Awards Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Army Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star ( 2 ) Legion of Merit ( 2 ) Distinguished Flying Cross ( 3 ) Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart Others ( see below ) Spouse ( s ) Glennis Dickhouse ( m . 1945 ; d . 1990 ) Victoria Scott D'Angelo ( m . 2003 ) Children Relations Steve Yeager ( cousin ) Other work Flight instructor and test pilot Signature Website http://www.chuckyeager.com/ Charles Elwood Yeager ( / ˈjeɪɡər / ; born February 13 , 1923 ) is a former United States Air Force officer , flying ace , and record - setting test pilot . In 1947 , he became the first pilot confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight . Yeager 's career began in World War II as a private in the United States Army Air Forces . After serving as an aircraft mechanic , in September 1942 he entered enlisted pilot training and upon graduation was promoted to the rank of flight officer ( the World War II USAAF equivalent to warrant officer ) and became a P - 51 fighter pilot . After the war , Yeager became a test pilot of many types of aircraft , including experimental rocket - powered aircraft . As the first human to officially break the sound barrier , on October 14 , 1947 , he flew the experimental Bell X-1 at Mach 1 at an altitude of 45,000 ft ( 13,700 m ) , for which he won both the Collier and Mackay trophies in 1948 . He then went on to break several other speed and altitude records . Yeager later commanded fighter squadrons and wings in Germany , and in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War , and in recognition of the outstanding performance ratings of those units he was promoted to brigadier general . Yeager 's flying career spans more than 60 years and has taken him to many parts of the world , including the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 World War II 2.2 Post-World War II 2.2. 1 Test pilot -- breaking the sound barrier 2.2. 2 Military command 2.3 Post-retirement career 3 Awards and decorations 3.1 Other achievements 4 Personal life 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 6.3 Bibliography 7 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Yeager was born February 13 , 1923 , to farming parents Susie Mae ( Sizemore ) and Albert Hal Yeager in Myra , West Virginia , and graduated from high school in Hamlin , West Virginia , in June 1941 . He had two brothers , Roy and Hal Jr. , and two sisters , Doris Ann ( accidentally killed at age 2 by 6 - year - old Roy playing with a shotgun ) and Pansy Lee . His first experience with the military was as a teen at the Citizens Military Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison , Indianapolis , Indiana , during the summers of 1939 and 1940 . On February 26 , 1945 , Yeager married Glennis Dickhouse , and the couple had four children . Glennis died in 1990 . The name `` Yeager '' ( / ˈjeɪɡər / ) is an Anglicized form of the German name Jäger or Jaeger ( German : `` hunter '' ) . He is the cousin of former baseball catcher Steve Yeager . Career ( edit ) World War II ( edit ) Yeager enlisted as a private in the U.S. Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) on September 12 , 1941 , and became an aircraft mechanic at George Air Force Base , Victorville , California . At enlistment , Yeager was not eligible for flight training because of his age and educational background , but the entry of the U.S. into World War II less than three months later prompted the USAAF to alter its recruiting standards . Having unusually sharp vision ( a visual acuity rated 20 / 10 ) , which once enabled him to shoot a deer at 600 yards ( 550 m ) , Yeager displayed natural talent as a pilot and was accepted for flight training . He received his wings and a promotion to flight officer at Luke Field , Arizona , where he graduated from class 43C on March 10 , 1943 . Assigned to the 357th Fighter Group at Tonopah , Nevada , he initially trained as a fighter pilot , flying Bell P - 39 Airacobras ( being grounded for seven days for clipping a farmer 's tree during a training flight ) , and shipped overseas with the group on November 23 , 1943 . P - 51D - 20NA , Glamorous Glen III , is the aircraft in which Yeager achieved most of his aerial victories . Stationed in the United Kingdom at RAF Leiston , Yeager flew P - 51 Mustangs in combat with the 363d Fighter Squadron . He named his aircraft Glamorous Glen after his girlfriend , Glennis Faye Dickhouse , who became his wife in February 1945 . Yeager had gained one victory before he was shot down over France in his first aircraft ( P - 51B - 5 - NA s / n 43 - 6763 ) on March 5 , 1944 during his eighth mission . He escaped to Spain on March 30 with the help of the Maquis ( French Resistance ) and returned to England on May 15 , 1944 . During his stay with the Maquis , Yeager assisted the guerrillas in duties that did not involve direct combat ; he helped construct bombs for the group , a skill that he had learned from his father . He was awarded the Bronze Star for helping a B - 24 navigator , `` Pat '' Patterson , who was shot in the knee during the escape attempt , to cross the Pyrenees . Yeager cut off the tendon by which Patterson 's leg was hanging below the knee , then tied off the leg with a spare shirt made of parachute silk . Despite a regulation prohibiting `` evaders '' ( escaped pilots ) from flying over enemy territory again , the purpose of which was to prevent a second capture from compromising resistance groups , Yeager was reinstated to flying combat . He had joined another evader , fellow P - 51 pilot 1st Lt Fred Glover , in speaking directly to the Supreme Allied Commander , General Dwight D. Eisenhower , on June 12 , 1944 . With Glover pleading their case , they argued that because the Allies had invaded France and the Maquis were by then openly fighting the Nazis alongside Allied troops , if Yeager or Glover were shot down again , there was little about those who had previously helped them evade capture that could be revealed to the enemy . Eisenhower , after gaining permission from the War Department to decide the requests , concurred with Yeager and Glover . Yeager later credited his postwar success in the Air Force to this decision , saying that his test pilot career followed naturally from his having been a decorated combat pilot , along with having been an aircraft mechanic before attending pilot school . In part , because of his maintenance background , he also frequently served as a maintenance officer in his flying units . Yeager demonstrated outstanding flying skills and combat leadership . On October 12 , 1944 , he became the first pilot in his group to make `` ace in a day , '' downing five enemy aircraft in a single mission . Two of these kills were scored without firing a single shot : when he flew into firing position against a Messerschmitt Bf 109 , the pilot of the aircraft panicked , breaking to starboard and colliding with his wingman . Yeager said both pilots bailed out . He finished the war with 11.5 official victories , including one of the first air - to - air victories over a jet fighter , a German Messerschmitt Me 262 that he shot down as it was on final approach for landing . In his 1986 memoirs , Yeager recalled with disgust that `` atrocities were committed by both sides '' said he went on a mission with orders from the Eighth Air Force to `` strafe anything that moved . '' During the mission briefing , he whispered to Major Donald H. Bochkay , `` If we are going to do things like this , we sure as hell better make sure we are on the winning side . '' Yeager said , `` I 'm certainly not proud of that particular strafing mission against civilians . But it is there , on the record and in my memory . '' He has also expressed bitterness at his treatment in England during WWII , describing the British as `` arrogant '' and `` nasty '' . Yeager was commissioned a second lieutenant while at Leiston , and was promoted to captain before the end of his tour . He flew his 61st and final mission on January 15 , 1945 , and returned to the United States in early February . As an evader , he received his choice of assignments and , because his new wife was pregnant , chose Wright Field to be near his home in West Virginia . His high number of flight hours and maintenance experience qualified him to become a functional test pilot of repaired aircraft , which brought him under the command of Colonel Albert Boyd , head of the Aeronautical Systems Flight Test Division . Post-world War II ( edit ) Test pilot -- breaking the sound barrier ( edit ) Play media Yeager broke the sound barrier on October 14 , 1947 , in the X-1 . Yeager remained in the Air Force after the war , becoming a test pilot at Muroc Army Air Field ( now Edwards Air Force Base ) , following graduation from Air Materiel Command Flight Performance School ( Class 46C ) . After Bell Aircraft test pilot Chalmers `` Slick '' Goodlin demanded $150,000 ( $1.6 million in 2015 dollars ) to break the sound `` barrier , '' the USAAF selected Yeager to fly the rocket - powered Bell XS - 1 in a NACA program to research high - speed flight . Yeager in front of the Bell X-1 , which , as with all of the aircraft assigned to him , he named Glamorous Glennis ( or some variation thereof ) , after his wife . Yeager in the Bell X-1 cockpit Such was the difficulty in this task that the answer to many of the inherent challenges was along the lines of `` Yeager better have paid - up insurance . '' Two nights before the scheduled date for the flight , Yeager broke two ribs when he fell from a horse . He was worried that the injury would remove him from the mission and reported that he went to a civilian doctor in nearby Rosamond , who taped his ribs . Yeager told only his wife , as well as friend and fellow project pilot Jack Ridley , about the accident . On the day of the flight , Yeager was in such pain that he could not seal the X-1's hatch by himself . Ridley rigged up a device , using the end of a broom handle as an extra lever , to allow Yeager to seal the hatch . Yeager broke the sound barrier on October 14 , 1947 , flying the X-1 Glamorous Glennis at Mach 1.07 at an altitude of 45,000 ft ( 13,700 m ) . over the Rogers Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert . The success of the mission was not announced to the public until June 1948. Yeager was awarded the Mackay Trophy and the Collier Trophy in 1948 for his mach - transcending flight , and the Harmon International Trophy in 1954 . The X-1 he flew that day was later put on permanent display at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Air and Space Museum . Yeager went on to break many other speed and altitude records . He was also one of the first American pilots to fly a MiG - 15 , after its pilot , No Kum - sok , defected to South Korea . Returning to Muroc , during the latter half of 1953 , Yeager was involved with the USAF team that was working on the X-1A , an aircraft designed to surpass Mach 2 in level flight . That year , he flew a chase aircraft for the civilian pilot Jackie Cochran as she became the first woman to fly faster than sound . On November 20 , 1953 , the U.S. Navy program involving the D - 558 - II Skyrocket and its pilot , Scott Crossfield , became the first team to reach twice the speed of sound . After they were bested , Ridley and Yeager decided to beat rival Crossfield 's speed record in a series of test flights that they dubbed `` Operation NACA Weep . '' Not only did they beat Crossfield by setting a new record at Mach 2.44 on December 12 , 1953 , but they did it in time to spoil a celebration planned for the 50th anniversary of flight in which Crossfield was to be called `` the fastest man alive . '' The new record flight , however , did not entirely go to plan , since shortly after reaching Mach 2.44 , Yeager lost control of the X-1A at about 80,000 ft ( 24,000 m ) due to inertia coupling , a phenomenon largely unknown at the time . With the aircraft simultaneously rolling , pitching , and yawing out of control , Yeager dropped 51,000 feet ( 16,000 m ) in less than a minute before regaining control at around 29,000 feet ( 8,800 m ) . He then managed to land without further incident . For this achievement , Yeager was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) in 1954 . Military command ( edit ) Chuck Yeager in 1950 Yeager was foremost a fighter pilot and held several squadron and wing commands . From May 1955 to July 1957 he commanded the F - 86H Sabre - equipped 417th Fighter - Bomber Squadron ( 50th Fighter - Bomber Wing ) at Hahn AB , Germany , and Toul - Rosieres Air Base , France ; and from 1957 to 1960 the F - 100D Super Sabre - equipped 1st Fighter Day Squadron ( later , while still under Yeager 's command , re-designated the 306th Tactical Fighter Squadron ) at George Air Force Base , California , and Morón Air Base , Spain . Now a full colonel in 1962 , after completion of a year 's studies at the Air War College , Yeager became the first commandant of the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School , which produced astronauts for NASA and the USAF , after its redesignation from the USAF Flight Test Pilot School . ( Yeager himself had only a high school education , so he was not eligible to become an astronaut like those he trained . ) Between December 1963 and January 1964 , Yeager completed five flights in the NASA M2 - F1 lifting body . An accident during a December 1963 test flight in one of the school 's NF - 104s eventually put an end to his record attempts . In 1966 Yeager took command of the 405th Tactical Fighter Wing at Clark Air Base , the Philippines , whose squadrons were deployed on rotational temporary duty ( TDY ) in South Vietnam and elsewhere in Southeast Asia . There he accrued another 414 hours of combat time in 127 missions , mostly in a Martin B - 57 Canberra light bomber . In February 1968 , Yeager was assigned command of the 4th Tactical Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base , North Carolina , and led the McDonnell Douglas F - 4 Phantom II wing in South Korea during the Pueblo crisis . On June 22 , 1969 , Yeager was promoted to brigadier general and was assigned in July as the vice-commander of the Seventeenth Air Force . From 1971 to 1973 , at the behest of Ambassador Joe Farland , Yeager was assigned to Pakistan to advise the Pakistan Air Force . In one of the numerous raids carried out by Indian pilots against Pakistani airfields , Yeager 's plane was destroyed while it was parked at Islamabad airport . Edward C. Ingraham , a U.S diplomat who had served as political counselor to Ambassador Farland in Islamabad recalled this incident in the Washington Monthly of October , 1985 : `` After Yeager 's Beechcraft was destroyed during an Indian air raid , he raged to his cowering colleagues that the Indian pilot had been specifically instructed by Indira Gandhi to blast his plane . ' It was , ' he later wrote , ' the Indian way of giving Uncle Sam the finger . ' '' Post-retirement career ( edit ) Brigadier General Yeager in 2000 On March 1 , 1975 , following assignments in Germany and Pakistan , Yeager retired from the Air Force at Norton Air Force Base after serving over 33 years on active duty , although he continued to occasionally fly for the USAF and NASA as a consulting test pilot at Edwards AFB . Yeager made a cameo appearance in the movie The Right Stuff ( 1983 ) . He played `` Fred , '' a bartender at `` Pancho 's Place '' , which was most appropriate , as Yeager said , `` if all the hours were ever totaled , I reckon I spent more time at her place than in a cockpit over those years . '' His own role in the movie was played by Sam Shepard . For several years in the 1980s , Yeager was connected to General Motors , publicizing AC Delco , the company 's automotive parts division . In 1986 he was invited to drive the Chevrolet Corvette pace car for the 70th running of the Indianapolis 500 . In 1988 , Yeager was again invited to drive the pace car , this time at the wheel of an Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme . In 1986 , President Reagan appointed Yeager to the Rogers Commission that investigated the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Yeager set several light general aircraft performance records for speed , range , and endurance . Most notable were flights conducted on behalf of Piper Aircraft . On one such flight , Yeager performed an emergency landing as a result of fuel exhaustion . On another , he piloted Piper 's turboprop Cheyenne 400LS to a time - to - height record : FL350 ( 35,000 feet ) in 16 minutes , exceeding the climb performance of a Boeing 737 at gross weight . During this time Yeager also served as a technical adviser for three Electronic Arts flight simulator video games . The games include Chuck Yeager 's Advanced Flight Trainer , Chuck Yeager 's Advanced Flight Trainer 2.0 , and Chuck Yeager 's Air Combat . The game manuals featured quotes and anecdotes from Yeager , and were well received by players . Missions featured several of Yeager 's accomplishments and let players attempt to top his records . Chuck Yeager 's Advanced Flight Trainer was Electronic Art 's top selling game for 1987 . In 2009 , Yeager participated in the documentary The Legend of Pancho Barnes and the Happy Bottom Riding Club , a profile of his friend Pancho Barnes . The documentary was screened at film festivals , aired on public television in the United States and won an Emmy Award . Yeager is fully retired from military test flying , after having maintained that status for three decades after his official retirement from the Air Force . On October 14 , 1997 , on the 50th anniversary of his historic flight past Mach 1 , he flew a new Glamorous Glennis III , an F - 15D Eagle , past Mach 1 . The chase plane for the flight was an F - 16 Fighting Falcon piloted by Bob Hoover , a longtime test , fighter and aerobatic pilot who had been Yeager 's wingman for the first supersonic flight . This was Yeager 's last official flight with the U.S. Air Force . At the end of his speech to the crowd , Yeager concluded , `` All that I am ... I owe to the Air Force . '' Later that month , he was the recipient of the Tony Jannus Award for his achievements . On October 14 , 2012 , on the 65th anniversary of breaking the sound barrier , Yeager did it again at the age of 89 , riding in a McDonnell Douglas F - 15 Eagle piloted by Captain David Vincent out of Nellis Air Force Base . Awards and decorations ( edit ) Special Congressional Silver Medal awarded to Yeager in 1976 In 1973 , Yeager was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame , arguably aviation 's highest honor . In December 1975 , the U.S. Congress awarded Yeager a silver medal `` equivalent to a noncombat Medal of Honor ... for contributing immeasurably to aerospace science by risking his life in piloting the X-1 research airplane faster than the speed of sound on October 14 , 1947 . '' President Gerald Ford presented the medal to Yeager in a ceremony at the White House on December 8 , 1976 . Yeager , who never attended college and was often modest about his background , is considered by many , including Flying Magazine , the California Hall of Fame , the State of West Virginia , National Aviation Hall of Fame , a few U.S. presidents , and the United States Army Air Force , to be one of the greatest pilots of all time . Despite his lack of higher education , he has been honored in his home state . Marshall University has named its highest academic scholarship , the Society of Yeager Scholars , in his honor . Yeager was also the chairman of Experimental Aircraft Association 's Young Eagle Program from 1994 -- 2004 , and has been named the program 's chairman emeritus . In 1966 , Yeager was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame . Yeager Airport in Charleston , West Virginia , is named in his honor . The Interstate 64 / Interstate 77 bridge over the Kanawha River in Charleston is named in his honor . On October 19 , 2006 , the state of West Virginia also honored Yeager with a marker along Corridor G ( part of U.S. 119 ) in his home Lincoln County , and also renamed part of the highway the Yeager Highway . Yeager is an honorary board member of the humanitarian organization Wings of Hope . On August 25 , 2009 , Governor Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver announced that Yeager would be one of 13 California Hall of Fame inductees in The California Museum 's yearlong exhibit . The induction ceremony was on December 1 , 2009 , in Sacramento , California . Flying Magazine ranked Yeager number 5 on its 2013 list of The 51 Heroes of Aviation ; he is the highest - ranked living person on the list . The Civil Air Patrol , the volunteer auxiliary of the USAF , awards the Charles E. `` Chuck '' Yeager Award to its Senior Members as part of its Aerospace Education program . The General Chuck Yeager Cadet Squadron ( SER - FL - 237 ) , associated with the Florida Wing , Civil Air Patrol , and based in Brandon , Florida , is also named in his honor . This table needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Badges , patches and tabs U.S. Air Force Command Pilot Badge Personal decorations Air Force Distinguished Service Medal ( retirement award in 1975 ) Distinguished Service Medal ( Army design awarded in 1954 ) Silver Star with bronze oak leaf cluster ( for shooting down five Messerschmitt Bf 109s in one day ) Legion of Merit with bronze oak leaf cluster Distinguished Flying Cross with two bronze oak leaf clusters ( for a Messerschmitt Me 262 kill and first to break the sound barrier ) Bronze Star Medal with bronze valor device ( for helping rescue a fellow airman from Occupied France ) Purple Heart Air Medal with two silver oak leaf clusters Air Force Commendation Medal Presidential Medal of Freedom Unit awards Presidential Unit Citation with bronze oak leaf cluster Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Campaign and service medals American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal European - African - Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with silver and three bronze service stars World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal with `` Germany '' clasp National Defense Service Medal with star Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Vietnam Service Medal with two campaign stars Air Force Longevity Service Ribbon with one silver and one bronze oak leaf clusters Air Force Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal Other achievements ( edit ) Official emblem of the General Chuck Yeager Cadet Squadron ( Civil Air Patrol ) 1940 -- 1949 Harmon Trophy : Citation of Honorable Mention 1953 Harmon Trophy 1976 Congressional Silver Medal for breaking the sound barrier for the first time . 1976 Collier Trophy and Mackay Trophy , for breaking the sound barrier for the first time . Personal Life ( edit ) Yeager named his plane after his wife Glennis as a good - luck charm ; `` You 're my good - luck charm , hon . Any airplane I name after you always brings me home '' . Yeager and Glennis moved to Grass Valley , California , after his retirement from the Air Force in 1975 . The couple prospered because of Yeager 's best - selling autobiography , speaking engagements and commercial ventures . Glennis Yeager died of ovarian cancer in 1990 . They had four children ( Susan , Don , Mickey and Sharon ) . In 2000 , Yeager met actress Victoria Scott D'Angelo on a hiking trail in Nevada County . The pair started dating shortly thereafter , and married in August 2003 . Subsequent to the commencement of their relationship , a bitter dispute arose between Yeager , his children and D'Angelo . The children contended that D'Angelo , 41 years Yeager 's junior , had married him for his fortune . Yeager and D'Angelo both denied the charge . Litigation ensued , in which his children accused D'Angelo of `` undue influence '' on Yeager , and Yeager accused his children of diverting hundreds of thousands of dollars from his pension fund . In August 2008 , the California Court of Appeal ruled for Yeager , finding that his daughter Susan had breached her duty as trustee . Yeager and Victoria reside in Penn Valley , California , the location of the General Chuck Yeager Foundation , which supports programs that `` teach the ideals by which General Yeager has lived . '' See also ( edit ) List of firsts in aviation Chuck Yeager 's Advanced Flight Trainer Chuck Yeager 's Air Combat References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chuck Yeager is not related to Jeana Yeager , one of the two pilots of the Rutan Voyager aircraft , which circled the world without landing or refueling . Jump up ^ In some versions of the story , the doctor was a veterinarian ; however , local residents have noted that Rosamond was so small that it had neither a medical doctor nor a veterinarian . Jump up ^ There is anecdotal evidence that American pilot George Welch may have broken the sound barrier two weeks before Yeager , while diving an XP - 86 Sabre on October 1 , 1947 , and again on October 14 , just 30 minutes before Yeager 's X-1 flight . However , the precision instruments used to carefully document the speed of Yeager 's flight were not used during Welch 's flights . Even earlier , German pilot Lothar Sieber was estimated to have broken the speed of sound during his fatal test - flight of the rocket - powered Bachem Natter on March 1 , 1945 , although the speed was not officially measured . In his 1990 book Me - 163 , former Messerschmitt Me 163 `` Komet '' pilot Mano Ziegler claims that his friend , test pilot Heini Dittmar , broke the sound barrier and that on 6 July 1944 he reached 1,130 km / h in dive , and that several people on the ground heard the sonic booms . There was also a disputed claim by German pilot Hans Guido Mutke that he was the first person to break the sound barrier , on April 9 , 1945 , in a Me 262 . Jump up ^ Yeager received the DSM in the Army design , since the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal was not awarded until 1965 . Jump up ^ For his consultant work to the Test Pilot School Commander at Edwards Air Force Base , Yeager was paid one dollar annually , along with all the flying time he wanted . The $1 allowed him to be covered by workers ' compensation insurance . Jump up ^ This is apparently a unique award , as the law that created it states it is equivalent to a noncombat Medal of Honor . It is referred to as a Special Congressional Silver Medal in the President 's Daily Diary ( also see for a list of ceremony attendees ) . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yeager had not been in an airplane prior to January 1942 , when his Engineering Officer invited him on a test flight after maintenance of an AT - 11 . He related that he got really sick on the flight : `` After puking all over myself I said , ' Yeager , you made a big mistake ' '' . My First Time , Air & Space / Smithsonian , Vol. 17 No. 2 ( June / July 2002 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Esquire Magazine -- Chuck Yeager : What I 've Learned Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Houvouras , John H. `` The Man . '' The Huntington Quarterly , Winter 1998 , p. 21 . Retrieved : April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( April 6 , 2006 ) . `` Q + A Steve Yeager '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . He 's not my uncle , he 's a cousin . That 's a misprint . You ca n't believe everything you read . Jump up ^ `` Jeana Yeager Was Not Just Along for the Ride '' . Los Angeles Times . December 24 , 1986 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Take Off magazine , Issue 36 , p. 991 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Yeager downs five -- becomes an `` Ace in a Day '' `` . World War II Today . n.d. Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 12 October 1944 '' . This Day in Aviation . n.d. Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape and Evasion Case File for Flight Officer Charles ( Chuck ) E. Yeager . '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . narademo.umiacs.umd.edu . Retrieved : December 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Miller , Donald L. ( 2007 - 09 - 25 ) . Masters of the Air : America 's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany ( in en p. 270 ) . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780743235457 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Disney 2016 . Jump up ^ Niderost , Eric . `` Chuck Yeager : Fighter Pilot '' . Warfare History Network . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Encounter Report '' . 6 November 1944 . ^ Jump up to : Samuel 2004 , p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : Coady 2008 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , pp. 63 , 80 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/05/british-people-are-nasty-and-arrogant-says-wwii-flying-ace-chuck/ Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ `` Test pilot Capt Chuck Yeager . '' Getting schooled with the Air Force 's elite test pilots . Retrieved : April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Wolfe 1979 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Craig ( August 17 , 2015 ) . Sonic Wind : The Story of John Paul Stapp and How a Renegade Doctor Became the Fastest Man on Earth . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 9781631490798 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New U.S. Plane Said to Fly Faster Than Speed of Sound . '' The New York Times , December 22 , 1947 . Quote : `` An experimental rocket plane , the Bell XS - 1 , has flown faster than the speed of sound a number of times recently , Aviation Week reports in an issue to be released tomorrow . '' Jump up ^ Blackburn , Al . `` Mach match : Did an XP - 86 beat Yeager to the punch ? '' Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine , January 1999 . Retrieved : April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Marea ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Pilot Chuck Yeager 's resolve to break the sound barrier was made of the right stuff '' . The Daily Telegraph . Newscorp Australia . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Joe ( 7 October 2004 ) . `` Me 262 & the Sound Barrier '' . Aerospaceweb . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This day in history : Yeager breaks the sound barrier . '' Jump up ^ Clark 1954 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Kum - Suk and Osterholm 2007 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Yeager ( n.d. ) . To New Heights : 1961 -- 1975 Jump up ^ `` The Crash of Chuck Yeager 's NF - 104A '' . check-six.com , December 10 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , pp. 398 . Jump up ^ `` The Right Stuff in the Wrong Place '' . Washington Monthly . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 418 . Jump up ^ `` Brigadier General Charles E. Yeager . '' The 456th Fighter Interceptor Squadron . Retrieved : December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Games '' Chuck Yeager 's Advanced Flight Trainer Retrieved : June 9th , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Keith . `` Famous pilot Yeager re-enacting right stuff 65 years later . '' Las Vegas Review - Journal , October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Law 94 - 179 . '' United States Statutes . Retrieved : September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Diary of President Gerald R. Ford . '' fordlibrarymuseum.gov . Retrieved : September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Harrison . `` Freedom and Responsibility '' . Sport Aviation , September 2010 . Jump up ^ Sprekelmeyer , Linda , editor . These We Honor : The International Aerospace Hall of Fame . Donning Co . Publishers , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57864 - 397 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Yeager Comes Home . '' Archived 2006 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . WOWK - TV , August 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Yeager . '' Wings of Hope . Retrieved : December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Yeager . '' Flying Magazine 's 51 Heroes of Aviation , August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved : April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yeager Award -- Civil Air Patrol . '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Members.gocivilairpatrol.com . Retrieved : July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Yeager and Janos 1985 , pp. 413 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Frost , John ( 1990 ) . How is it done ? . London : The Reader 's Digest Association Limited . p. 202 . Jump up ^ Moller , Dave . `` Yeager children sue their father . '' The Union ( Nevada County , California ) , February 19 , 2004 . Retrieved : September 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tresniowski , Alex . `` The Wife Stuff -- Feuds , Trials & Lawsuits , Bills , Bills , Bills , Chuck Yeager . '' People , March 8 , 2004 . Retrieved : September 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hubler , Shawn . `` Far from heavens . '' Los Angeles Times , July 2 , 2004 . Retrieved : September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Record - Setting Pilot Chuck Yeager Sues His Children . '' The New York Times , June 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` C.A. rules against Chuck Yeager 's daughter in dispute with stepmother . '' MetNews , August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved : November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yeager v. D'Angelo , no . C052483 ( Cal. App. 3rd , Aug. 22 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Mission Statement . '' Chuck Yeager Foundation via Engineer 's Council of San Fernando Valley , California . Retrieved : November 18 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Clark , Mark . From the Danube to the Yalu . New York : Harper , 1954 . Coady , C.A.J. Morality and Political Violence . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 70548 - 6 . Disney , Ryan . `` Escape & Evasion Report No. 686 : The True Story of an American Fighter Pilot 's Escape from Nazi - Occupied France '' . Amazon Digital Services , 2016 . ASIN : B01N9LBA0H . Hallion , Richard P. Designers and Test Pilots . New York : Time - Life Books , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 3316 - 8 . Kum - Suk , No and J. Roger Osterholm . A MiG - 15 to Freedom : Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co. , 2007 , First edition 1996 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0210 - 5 . Pisano , Dominick A. , R. Robert van der Linden and Frank H. Winter . Chuck Yeager and the Bell X-1 : Breaking the Sound Barrier . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum ( in association with Abrams , New York ) , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 5535 - 0 . Samuel , Wolfgang , W.E. American Raiders : The Race to Capture the Luftwaffe 's Secrets. Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 649 - 0 . Wolfe , Tom . The Right Stuff . New York : Farrar - Straus - Giroux , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 25033 - 2 . Yeager , Chuck , Bob Cardenas , Bob Hoover , Jack Russell and James Young . The Quest for Mach One : A First - Person Account of Breaking the Sound Barrier . New York : Penguin Studio , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87460 - 4 . Yeager , Chuck and Charles Leerhsen . Press on ! Further Adventures in the Good Life . New York : Bantam Books , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 05333 - 7 . Yeager , Chuck and Leo Janos . Yeager : An Autobiography . New York : Bantam , 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 25674 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Official website U.S. Air Force : Chuck Yeager biography Biographical sketch at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 2 , 2006 ) `` Chuck Yeager & the Sound Barrier '' Space.com : Chuck Yeager The Crash of Yeager 's NF - 104 Yeager 's biography in the National Aviation Hall of Fame United States World War II flying aces with 15 + aerial victories 30 + Richard Bong ( 40 ) Thomas McGuire ( 38 ) David McCampbell ( 34 ) 25 -- 29 Gabby Gabreski ( 28 ) Gregory Boyington ( 28 ) Robert S. Johnson ( 27 ) Charles H. MacDonald ( 27 ) George Preddy ( 26.83 ) Joe Foss ( 26 ) Robert M. Hanson ( 25 ) 20 -- 24 John C. Meyer ( 24 ) Cecil E. Harris ( 24 ) Eugene A. Valencia ( 23 ) Lance C. Wade ( 23 ) David C. Schilling ( 22.5 ) Gerald R. Johnson ( 22 ) Neel E. Kearby ( 22 ) Jay T. Robbins ( 22 ) Dominic Salvatore Gentile ( 21.83 ) Fred J. Christensen ( 21.5 ) Ray Shuey Wetmore ( 21.25 ) John J. Voll ( 21 ) Kenneth A. Walsh ( 21 ) Walker Mahurin ( 20.75 ) Donald N. Aldrich ( 20 ) Thomas J. Lynch ( 20 ) Robert B. Westbrook ( 20 ) 15 -- 19 Glenn E. Duncan ( 19 ) Patrick D. Fleming ( 19 ) Cornelius N. Nooy ( 19 ) John Lucian Smith ( 19 ) Alexander Vraciu ( 19 ) Arthur J. Benko ( 18.5 ) Marion E. Carl ( 18.5 ) Leonard K. Carson ( 18.5 ) Glenn T. Eagleston ( 18.5 ) Wilbur J. Thomas ( 18.5 ) Walter C. Beckham ( 18 ) Herschel Green ( 18 ) John C. `` Pappy '' Herbst ( 18 ) Charles Older ( 18 ) Hubert Zemke ( 17.75 ) John B. England ( 17.5 ) Duane Beeson ( 17.33 ) John F. Thornell ( 17.25 ) Gerald W. Johnson ( 17 ) James S. Varnell Jr. ( 17 ) John Trevor Godfrey ( 16.33 ) Bud Anderson ( 16.25 ) Douglas Baker ( 16 ) Bill Harris ( 16 ) Ira C. Kepford ( 16 ) Charles R. Stimpson ( 16 ) George S. Welch ( 16 ) Don M. Beerbower ( 15.25 ) Richard A. Peterson ( 15.25 ) William T. Whisner Jr. ( 15.25 ) James E. Swett ( 15.25 ) David Lee `` Tex '' Hill ( 15.25 ) Jack T. Bradley ( 15 ) Samuel J. Brown ( 15 ) Edward `` Porky '' Cragg ( 15 ) Kenneth H. Dahlberg ( 15 ) William D. Dunham ( 15 ) James A. Goodson ( 15 ) Robert W. Foy ( 15 ) Ralph K. Hofer ( 15 ) Cyril F. Homer ( 15 ) Harold L. Spears ( 15 ) List of United States World War II aces List of top World War II aces WorldCat Identities BNE : XX5432959 BNF : cb12533502q ( data ) GND : 118824058 ISNI : 0000 0001 1073 9464 LCCN : n84181234 NDL : 00461584 SNAC : w6t17d24 SUDOC : 034595163 VIAF : 84481591 Portals Access related topics Aviation portal Biography portal United States Air Force portal World War II portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Yeager&oldid=866405611 '' Categories : United States Air Force generals American World War II flying aces Aviation pioneers Aviation history of the United States American military personnel of the Vietnam War Shot - down aviators Harmon Trophy winners Collier Trophy recipients Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Recipients of the Silver Star Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United States ) Recipients of the Legion of Merit Recipients of the Air Medal People from Lincoln County , West Virginia 1923 births Living people U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni American test pilots United States Army Air Forces soldiers United States Army Air Forces officers United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II Aviators from West Virginia Military personnel from West Virginia National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees American expatriates in Pakistan Mackay Trophy winners Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents American aviation record holders Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the pilot who finished in first is older than sam	[]	[]
-8033977932371455699	United States presidential eligibility legislation	United States presidential eligibility legislation - wikipedia United States presidential eligibility legislation Jump to : navigation , search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism Article Two , Section 1 of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as President of the United States : No person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . The Twenty - second Amendment to the United States Constitution also sets constraints on who may be elected to the Presidency : No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice , and no person who has held the office of President , or acted as President , for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once . The controversy arising from conspiracy theories over Barack Obama 's citizenship and eligibility for the presidency prompted a number of Republican state and federal legislators to propose legislation aimed at requiring future presidential candidates to release copies of their birth certificates . The Hawaii State legislature went in the opposite direction , to limit the lengths that proponents can go in pursuit of this issue , as the pursuits have drained resources from the state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal initiatives 1.1 Electoral College 1.2 Birth certificate 1.3 Hawaii statehood 2 State initiatives 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Arizona 2.3 Colorado 2.4 Connecticut 2.5 Georgia 2.6 Hawaii 2.7 Indiana 2.8 Iowa 2.9 Kansas 2.10 Louisiana 2.11 Maine 2.12 Michigan 2.13 Missouri 2.13. 1 Constitutional amendment 2.13. 2 Legislation 2.13. 3 Other 2.14 Montana 2.15 Nebraska 2.16 New Hampshire 2.17 Oklahoma 2.18 Pennsylvania 2.19 Tennessee 2.20 Texas 3 See also 4 References Federal initiatives ( edit ) Electoral College ( edit ) Activists lobbied members of Congress to reject the Electoral College vote and block Obama 's election as president in its sitting on January 8 , 2009 , to certify and tally the results of the election . Two Republican members of the House of Representatives , John Linder and Ron Paul , were heavily lobbied by activists who believed that the two lawmakers would be more willing than other members of Congress to raise objections to Obama 's confirmation . The lobbying was unsuccessful and Congress unanimously declared Obama to be the winner of the election . Birth certificate ( edit ) `` H.R. 1503 '' redirects here . For the star , see Beta Caeli . Wikisource has original text related to this article : H.R. 1503 ( 2009 ) In March 2009 , Representative Bill Posey , a newly elected Republican from Florida 's 15th congressional district , introduced a bill , H.R. 1503 , in the U.S. House of Representatives . Had this bill been enacted into law , it would have amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to require candidates for the Presidency `` to include with the ( campaign ) committee 's statement of organization a copy of the candidate 's birth certificate '' plus supporting documentation . The bill did not initially have any co-sponsors and was introduced without the Republican leadership being informed . Florida Today , the newspaper serving his constituency , commented that the bill `` stems from fringe opponents of President Barack Obama who , during the 2008 election campaign , questioned whether Obama was born in Hawaii , '' but added that Posey 's office `` does not question Obama 's citizenship . '' Posey explained his motivation as being to `` prevent something like this ( controversy ) from happening in the future '' by requiring `` the birth certificate up front and take ( the issue ) off the table '' . His initiative was strongly criticized by Florida Democrats , who accused Posey of trying to `` fan the rumors on the extreme fringe of the Republican Party '' and `` pandering to the right wing '' . Satirist Stephen Colbert also mocked Posey for not addressing rumors that he was `` part alligator '' ; Posey responded by commenting that there was `` no reason to say that I 'm the illegitimate grandson of an alligator '' . He also stated that there was now `` no reason to question '' that Obama is a U.S. citizen . Posey 's bill gained the support of twelve Republican co-sponsors - Representatives John R. Carter , Kenny Marchant , Louie Gohmert , John Culberson , Randy Neugebauer , Mike Conaway and Ted Poe ( all from Texas ) , Rep. John Campbell ( California ) , Rep. Bob Goodlatte ( Virginia ) , Rep. Dan Burton ( Indiana ) , Rep. Marsha Blackburn ( Tennessee ) , and Rep. Trent Franks ( Arizona ) . Republican Senator Tom Coburn ( Oklahoma ) also stated that he would `` likely support it '' if the bill reached the Senate , saying that Obama `` meets the constitutional requirement to be president , '' and that `` It is each state 's responsibility to determine the eligibility of those running for federal office . '' H.R. 1503 was never voted upon by either house of Congress and died when the 111th Congress adjourned at the end of 2010 . Hawaii statehood ( edit ) On July 27 , 2009 , the House of Representatives passed a resolution commemorating the 50th anniversary of Hawaii 's statehood . The resolution , containing language recognizing Hawaii as President Obama 's birth state , passed by a vote of 378 to 0 . Some of the cosponsors of the Posey bill , namely Campbell , Carter and Marchant , did not cast a vote . The House has 435 members when all seats are filled . State initiatives ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Senator Slade Blackwell would require any candidate running for an office with an age requirement to present their birth certificate . Arizona ( edit ) On April 19 , 2010 , the Arizona House of Representatives voted in favor of a rider to require presidential candidates `` to submit documents proving they meet the constitutional requirements to be president '' . If enacted , the law would give the Arizona Secretary of State the power to omit a candidate 's name on the state ballot if there is `` reasonable cause '' to believe that the documents are not adequate proof of the requirements for office . The rider passed the Arizona House of Representatives on a 31 -- 29 vote , with only Republicans voting in favor and some Republicans joining with Democrats to oppose . The bill then went to the Arizona State Senate , which declined to vote on the bill before the April 2010 end of legislative session , the deadline for the bill 's passage . In reaction to the proposed legislation , The Arizona Republic referred to it as a `` nutty birther bill '' that would make Arizona seem to be a place where `` any crackpot whim can be enshrined in law '' . Arizona Republican State Representative Cecil Ash , who supported the bill , appeared on CNN 's Anderson Cooper 360 ° to discuss the bill . Ash stated that he believed President Obama was an American citizen , but there has been `` a lot of controversy over the issue '' . Cooper then likened the people who believe there is a birth certificate controversy to people who believe the moon is made of cheese and asked Ash if he knew the moon was not made of cheese without investigation . Ash responded in the affirmative . In January 2011 , similar legislation again was introduced in the Arizona House of Representatives . On April 14 , 2011 the Arizona legislature passed a bill requiring presidential and vice presidential candidates to show the Arizona secretary of state proof that they are natural - born citizens . Such proof could be either a long - form birth certificate or at least two other forms of accepted proof , such as an early baptismal certificate , circumcision certificate or hospital birth record . On April 18 , Governor Jan Brewer vetoed the bill . A state legislator introduced a similar bill in 2012 . In March 2012 , a senate committee voted favorably on a bill that would require candidates for the presidency and vice presidency to submit an affidavit attesting to their eligibility to serve . Colorado ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by 11 Republican state legislators would require any elected official to provide proof of citizenship before being sworn in . The bill was not voted out of committee . Connecticut ( edit ) In January 2011 , Connecticut state Sen. Michael McLachlan introduced legislation that would mandate presidential and vice presidential candidates to provide their birth certificates for their names to be placed on the ballot . The bill did not make it out of committee . Georgia ( edit ) In April 2010 , Georgia state representative Mark Hatfield introduced legislation that would require presidential and vice presidential candidates to submit an affidavit `` stating the candidate 's citizenship and age and shall append to the affidavit documents that prove the candidate is a natural born citizen , prove the candidate 's age , and prove that the candidate meets the residency requirements for President of the United States . '' In February 2011 , Hatfield again introduced similar legislation , but it was not voted out of committee . Hawaii ( edit ) In May 2010 , Hawaii enacted a law allowing the state to ignore requests for information if deemed `` duplicative or substantially similar '' to a prior query . In January 2011 , Hawaii state representative Rida Cabanilla introduced legislation allowing the Hawaii Department of Health to provide upon request a copy of the birth certificate of a `` Person of civic prominence '' ( that is , a candidate or officeholder for which United States citizenship is required ) , and to charge the requesting party a surcharge of $100 . Indiana ( edit ) In January 2011 , Indiana state senator Mike Delph introduced legislation requiring presidential candidates to file a certified copy of a birth certificate along with additional documentation to be on the Indiana ballot . The legislation was not voted out of committee . Iowa ( edit ) In March 2011 , Iowa state Senator Kent Sorenson introduced legislation that would require presidential or vice presidential candidates to submit certified copies of their birth certificates , which would be available for public inspection . Kansas ( edit ) In February 2012 , a committee in the Kansas House of Representatives approved a bill that would require candidates for state and federal offices to provide proof of citizenship . Louisiana ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Senator A.G. Crowe and state Representative Alan Seabaugh would require candidates for federal office to file a birth certificate . The legislation was not voted out of committee . Maine ( edit ) State representative Richard Cebra introduced legislation requiring candidates to submit a birth certificate and government - issued identification . Michigan ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Mike Callton would require presidential candidates to submit their birth certificates . Missouri ( edit ) Constitutional amendment ( edit ) Fifteen Republican members of the Missouri House of Representatives sponsored an amendment to the Missouri Constitution in March 2009 that would require `` candidates who are required by the Constitution of the United States to be natural born citizens '' to provide a birth certificate to the Missouri Secretary of State to confirm their eligibility . A certificate of live birth would not be accepted . Failure to comply would result in the candidate being deemed ineligible to stand . The only political offices to be affected would be the President and Vice President , which are the only two positions for which there is a specific constitutional citizenship requirement . The proposed amendment is part of a `` voter 's bill of rights '' , which would serve `` as a defense against corruption , fraud , and tyranny '' . Political commentators interpreted the proposal as being `` aimed at advancing the claims of the fringe movement that doubts President Barack Obama 's eligibility to serve as president '' . The proposed amendment , House Joint Resolution No. 34 , was subsequently withdrawn . Legislation ( edit ) In January 2011 , Republican State Representative Lyle Rowland introduced legislation that would require `` proof of identity and proof of United States citizenship '' for all presidential and vice-presidential candidates . '' In May 2011 , the requirement that presidential candidates present proof of natural born citizenship was added but later trimmed from an omnibus election law reform bill . Rowland introduced similar legislation in 2012 . On March 29 , 2012 , the House of Representatives passed legislation that would require presidential or vice presidential candidates to prove their U.S. citizenship before appearing on the ballot . The bill then passed a Missouri senate committee . Other ( edit ) A number of Missouri Republican politicians have continued to support claims and litigation on the citizenship issue . State Representatives Cynthia L. Davis , Timothy W. Jones and Casey Guernsey have committed to participating as plaintiffs in a lawsuit filed in Missouri challenging Obama 's citizenship . State Representative Edgar G.H. Emery told reporters in July 2009 that he `` questions Obama 's citizenship and ... believes his alleged lack of a legitimate birth certificate ignores the Constitution . '' Montana ( edit ) In January 2011 , Montana state representative Bob Wagner introduced legislation requiring all candidates for federal office file affidavits with the Montana secretary of state verifying that they are qualified ; presidential candidates would be required to provide the state with a valid copy of their birth certificates . Nebraska ( edit ) Proposed legislation introduced in January 2011 would have required a presidential or vice presidential candidate to provide proof of birth that includes the names of the candidate 's parents , and proof that the parents were United States citizens at the time of the candidate 's birth ; the candidate would also have to swear of affirm , `` I was born a citizen of the United States of America and was subject exclusively to the jurisdiction of the United States of America , owing allegiance to no other country at the time of my birth . On the day I was born , both my birth mother and birth father were citizens of the United States of America . '' The proposed legislation failed to be voted out of committee . New Hampshire ( edit ) Legislation introduced in March 2011 would have required presidential candidates to present their birth certificates when filing their nomination papers ; the proposed enactment date was changed to 2013 and thus would not have affected the 2012 presidential elections . The proposed legislation was not voted out of committee . Similar legislation proposed in 2012 also was not voted out of committee . Oklahoma ( edit ) Oklahoma Republican state Representative Mike Ritze proposed a bill in December 2008 , requiring any candidate for public office in Oklahoma to show proof of citizenship . Ritze declared that he `` does not believe Obama submitted an authentic copy of his birth certificate '' . He also unsuccessfully approached Oklahoma Republican Senators Tom Coburn and James Inhofe to persuade them to mount a challenge to Obama 's confirmation by Congress . The bill , House Bill 1329 , was criticized by The Norman Transcript newspaper as `` an outright attempt to embarrass President Barack Obama whose own citizenship was questioned , mostly by those pajama guerrillas trolling on the Internet '' . The bill gained a 23 -- 20 vote in favor , but failed to meet the 25 - vote threshold required to pass . In February 2011 , similar legislation was reintroduced in the Oklahoma state senate . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Daryl Metcalfe would require candidates for president and vice president to provide proof of citizenship to qualify for a spot on the state ballot . Tennessee ( edit ) In Tennessee , four Republican state Representatives -- Stacey Campfield , Glen Casada , Frank S. Niceley and Eric H. Swafford -- announced in February 2009 that they would be joining a legal action to force Obama to release his birth certificate and prove his citizenship . Casada , the Tennessee House Republican caucus chairman , said that he believes Obama has further proof of eligibility , and would like him to make it available : `` Yes , people may say , you 're just chasing some conspiracy theory ... ( but ) it 's a simple act on his part to just do , and we 're done -- move on . '' The alternative newspaper Nashville Scene described Swafford as joining a `` wacky legal action '' and quoted Tennessee house Democrat Larry Miller as saying : `` What is the mentality of these kind of people who continuously make these kind of goofy statements ? It 's embarrassing . '' Attorney Orly Taitz of California said she planned to file the suit , representing the Defend Our Freedoms Foundation . Legislation proposed in January 2011 would require anyone running for elected office to furnish a birth certificate before being declared an eligible candidate . '' It failed to be voted out of a subcommittee . In January 2016 , two Democratic legislators proposed barring the Secretary of State from placing on the ballot any presidential or vice-presidential candidate who was not a natural - born citizen . Texas ( edit ) On November 16 , 2010 , Texas state representative Leo Berman introduced legislation requiring any candidate for president or vice president running in Texas to submit to the Texas Secretary of State an `` original birth certificate indicating that the person is a natural - born United States citizen . '' In introducing the bill , Berman said that the `` bill is necessary because we have a president whom the American people do n't know whether he was born in Kenya or some other place . '' If signed into law , the bill would take effect September 1 , 2011 , about 6 months ahead of the Texas presidential primaries for the 2012 presidential election . By inserting the word `` original '' into the bill , Berman addressed concerns by conspiracy theorists that other bills that do not contain that word are `` flawed '' . His bill would therefore specifically disallow the use of the reproduced certificate that Obama has used since June 2008 as evidence . The legality of such a bill is unknown , as reproduced certificates are generally accepted by government agencies as proof of birth . See also ( edit ) Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution With Declaration of Independence , US Government Printing Office Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution With Declaration of Independence , US Government Printing Office Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Hawaii 's ' birther bill ' '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : Weigel , David ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` GOP Senators Give Hope to Anti-Obama Activists '' . Washington Independent . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jim ( 2009 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Congress Declares Obama the Next President '' . Seattle , Washington : Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . In centuries - old tradition , Congress confirms Obama as the next president Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Birther bill hits Congress '' . Politico.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Preston , Mark ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Republican wants WH candidates to prove citizenship '' . Political Ticker blog . CNN . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim Eun Kyung ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Posey to president hopefuls : Prove it '' . Florida Today . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Mark ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Posey : Future presidential candidates should show their birth certificates ; wo n't say whether he believes Obama is a US citizen '' . Orlando Sentinel . Florida . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Colbert , Stephen ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` Bill Posey Alligator Rumors '' . The Colbert Report . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Mark K. ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` New Rep. Bill Posey gains his footing after rough start '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status : 111th Congress ( 2009 - 2010 ) : H.R. 1503 : Cosponsors Jump up ^ thomas.loc.govthomas.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Coburn backing Birther bill '' . Politico.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status : 111th Congress ( 2009 - 2010 ) : H.R. 1503 Jump up ^ Stein , Sam ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` Resolution Proclaiming Hawaii Obama 's Birthplace Passes House Unanimously '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Final vote results for roll call 647 '' . Clerk of the House of Representatives . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beyerle , Dana ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` DANA BEYERLE : Have senators offered ' birther ' bill ? '' . Gadsden Times . Jump up ^ `` Ariz House : Check Obama 's Citizenship '' . April 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona birthers : No clue , but plenty of company '' . The Washington Post . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona ' birther bill ' wo n't get Senate vote '' . The Arizona Republic . Phoenix , Arizona . Associated Press . April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Arizona State Legislature '' . Phoenix , Arizona : Arizona Legislature . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . The 49th Legislature , 2nd Regular Session Adjourned Sine Die on Thursday , April 29 , 2010 at 11 : 07 p.m. Jump up ^ `` Bill Status Overview -- SB1024 '' . Phoenix , Arizona : Arizona Legislature . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lawmakers , bury the ' birther bill ' '' . Editorial . Arizona Republic . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Birthers Reemerge ; Will Ash Cloud Threat Continue ? '' . Anderson Cooper . CNN . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anderson Cooper Confronts Birther Legislator '' . Jason Linkins . Huffington Post . April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birther Bill ' back in Arizona ; Rep. Judy Burges pitches birth certificate legislation again '' . Michael Sheridan . Daily News . January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Condon , Stephanie ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` '' Birther '' bill passes in Arizona legislature `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Brewer Vetoes Birther Bill , Guns on Campus '' . myfoxphoenix.com . Phoenix : KSAZ - TV . April 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Political Insider : For Arpaio , all publicity is good '' . Arizona Republic . December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ashley ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Arizona Senate panel joins Sheriff Arpaio on ' birther ' bandwagon '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` GOP introduces ' birther ' resolution at state legislature '' . KDVR. April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Birther '' bill killed in committee `` . The Colorado Independent . May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Stacy ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` McLachlan sponsors birth certificate bill in Hartford '' . The News - Times . Danbury , Connecticut : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perrefort , Dirk ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Danbury lawmaker 's ' birther ' bill dead '' . The News - Times . Danbury , Connecticut : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Jim ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` A measure to force Obama to address citizenship in 2012 '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunt , April ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` 94 Georgia lawmakers back ' birther ' bill '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunt , April ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Birther bill sponsor tries , fails to get vote '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii considering law to ignore ' birthers ' '' . msnbc.com . Associated Press . March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Niesse , Mark ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Hawaii Mulls Law to Ignore Obama ' Birthers ' '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Michael ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Aloha ' Birthers ' : Hawaii law lets state ignore repeated demands for Obama 's birth certificate '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Legislature 2010 Regular Session SB2937 SD1 HD1 CD1 '' . Jump up ^ `` New Hawaii law shuns Obama birth document requests '' . KHON - TV . Associated Press . May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Niesse , Mark ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Hawaii lawmakers want release of Obama birth info '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Social issues return to agenda '' . Niki Kelly . Journal Gazette . January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birther ' bill fails , will be studied again '' . Ty Jepson . The Exponent . March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Jason ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Birther ' legislation introduced by Sorenson '' . Iowa Independent . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Tim ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` House panel passes bill derided as ' birther ' inspired '' . Topeka Capital - Journal . Jump up ^ Moller , Jan ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. Jindal will sign ' birther ' bill if it reaches his desk '' . Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ Moller , Jan ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Author of presidential birth - certificate bill gives up without a hearing '' . Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ Mistler , Steve ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Secretary of state backs bill requiring proof of citizenship to run for state office '' . Sun Journal . Jump up ^ McMillin , Zane ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Pres . hopefuls could face certificate requirements '' . State News . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Missouri Republicans push birth certificate questions to oppose ' tyranny ' '' . Politico.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House Joint Resolution No. 34 , 95th General Assembly '' . Missouri House of Representatives . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House Joint Resolution No. 34 '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Republicans Still Concerned With Obama 's Citizenship '' . Fired Up ! Missouri . January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birther ' provision removed from election bill '' . Missouri News Horizon . May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , John ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Missouri Lawmaker Says Show Me Your Papers '' . KMOX . Jump up ^ Crisp , Elizabeth ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Missouri House approves `` birther '' bill `` . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Karr , Cole ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` '' Born in the USA '' Bill Takes Another Step Forward `` . KMOX . Jump up ^ Noble , Jason ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Orly Taitz questions Obama 's citizenship in Jeff City ; receives support from 5 state lawmakers '' . Prime Buzz blog . Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Messenger , Tony ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Missouri Republicans continue to question Obama citizenship '' . Political Fix blog . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Lawmaker Introduces ' Birther ' Bill '' . Kellyn Brown . Flathead Beacon . January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` The Trouble with Birther Bills '' . Slate . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schulte , Grant ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Neb. legislative committee kills bill requiring birth certificates for presidential hopefuls '' . The Republic . Associated Press . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` N.H. birther bill defanged '' . Politico . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire narrowly rejects seeking birth records from candidates '' . Daily Caller . Associated Press . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spolar , Matthew ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Committee votes down birther bill '' . Concord Monitor . Jump up ^ McNutt , Michael ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Law sought to prove candidate citizenship in Oklahoma '' . The Oklahoman . Oklahoma City . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma 's department of frivolous '' . The Norman Transcript . Norman , Oklahoma . February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill to require citizenship proof fails '' . The Edmond Sun . Associated Press . April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bar , Andy ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Birther debate alive across U.S. '' Politico . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Latimer , John ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Local reps support birth certificate bill '' . Lebanon Daily News . Jump up ^ Emery , Theo ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Four Tennessee legislators want Obama to prove citizenship '' . The Tennessean . Nashville . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woods , Jeff ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Democrats Ridicule Lawmaker for Demanding Obama 's Birth Certificate '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Daly , Kyle ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Birther bills flood state houses across USA , somehow avoiding Colorado '' . The Colorado Independent . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Two misguided bills crash in Nashville '' . Knoxville News Sentinel. April 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tennessee Dems want eligibility check on presidential ballot '' . WRCB . Jump up ^ Enrique Rangel ; Terry Greenberg ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` State representatives file birth certificate bill filed for presidential candidates '' . Lubbock Avalanche Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Texas Republican Files Birther Bill '' . Slate . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_eligibility_legislation&oldid=843600816 '' Categories : United States constitutional law Article Two of the United States Constitution United States nationality law Barack Obama presidential campaign , 2008 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old do you need to be to be president of the united states	[]	[]
-3410812845709907898	She's a Bad Mama Jama (She's Built, She's Stacked)	She 's a Bad Mama Jama ( She 's Built , She 's Stacked ) - wikipedia She 's a Bad Mama Jama ( She 's Built , She 's Stacked ) Jump to : navigation , search `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama ( She 's Built , She 's Stacked ) '' Single by Carl Carlton B - side `` This Feeling 's Rated X-tra '' Released August 1981 Format 7 '' single Genre R&B , soul , funk , disco Length 4 : 32 Label 20th Century Songwriter ( s ) Leon Haywood Carl Carlton singles chronology `` This Feeling 's Rated X-Tra '' ( 1980 ) `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama ( She 's Built , She 's Stacked ) '' ( 1981 ) `` I Think It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1982 ) `` This Feeling 's Rated X-Tra '' ( 1980 ) `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama ( She 's Built , She 's Stacked ) '' ( 1981 ) `` I Think It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1982 ) `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama ( She 's Built , She 's Stacked ) '' is a single by Carl Carlton . The song was written by Leon Haywood and became a major R&B hit , earning Carlton a Grammy Award nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance , Male in 1982 . The track peaked at # 22 in the U.S. , and became a Gold record . It spent 21 weeks on the American charts , six weeks longer than his bigger hit , `` Everlasting Love . '' It reached # 34 in the UK Singles Chart . `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama '' also spent eight weeks at number two on the R&B / Soul chart . It was blocked from the top spot by Diana Ross 's and Lionel Richie 's song , `` Endless Love '' . Carlton 's subsequent album , Carl Carlton , went gold in 1981 . `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama '' has since become a staple of compilation albums and soundtracks and is often sampled in rap music , including Foxy Brown and Dru Hill 's Big Bad Mamma . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 References Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 - 82 ) Peak position New Zealand 27 UK 34 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Billboard Soul Singles US Cash Box Top 100 23 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 136 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L.A. Times `` The Envelope '' awards database , ( Accessed August 15 , 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 94 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Samples of She 's a Bad Mama Jama '' . whosampled.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , February 14 , 1982 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2005 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Year End '' . Bullfrogspond.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27s_a_Bad_Mama_Jama_(She%27s_Built,_She%27s_Stacked)&oldid=815713919 '' Categories : 1981 singles Songs written by Leon Haywood 1981 songs 20th Century Fox Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 16 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang she's a bad mammer jammer	[]	[]
-3012842912612879135	University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street	University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street - wikipedia University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street Hospital in London , United Kingdom University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street in March 2015 Location within Westminster Geography Location London , United Kingdom Organisation Care system NHS Hospital type Teaching Affiliated university University College London Services Emergency department No Accident & Emergency Beds 95 Speciality Thoracic surgery and urology services History Founded 1857 Links Website University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Lists Hospitals in the United Kingdom University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street , named The Heart Hospital until refurbished and renamed in 2015 , was a specialist cardiac hospital located in London , United Kingdom until 2015 . It is part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and is closely associated with University College London ( UCL ) . After the 2015 refurbishment the hospital now provides thoracic surgery , and urology services . Before the 2015 refurbishment the Heart Hospital conducted over 1,000 surgical heart operations each year , had 95 in - patient beds , and was one of the largest cardiac centres in the UK . It treated around 1,700 new outpatients , 5,500 follow - up outpatients and 1,200 inpatients each year . It was a centre for cardiac research , home to the UCL Centre for Cardiology in the Young , and part of the UCLH / UCL Biomedical Research Centre and the UCL Partners academic health science centre . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Services 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) National Heart Hospital , Westmoreland Street The National Heart Hospital was founded in 1857 in Margaret Street by Dr Eldridge Spratt . The hospital was relocated to Newman Street off Oxford Street around 1869 and then to Soho Square in 1874 , with various changes of name en route , including in 1872 `` The National Hospital for the special treatment of Paralysis , Epilepsy , Nervousness , and the Primary Stages of Insanity and other diseases from Affectations of the Heart . '' In 1913 new premises were constructed in the current location on Westmoreland Street near Harley Street . It was one of the first hospitals in the world specifically built for the treatment of cardiovascular disease , as well as for postgraduate training and research . In 1991 the hospital was closed and its services moved to the Royal Brompton Hospital . In 1994 the hospital building was sold to the private Gleneagles Hospital UK , and in 1997 was re-opened as a private cardiac hospital , with new accommodation and equipment . After falling into debt as a private institution , the hospital was acquired by University College London Hospitals NHS Trust ( now University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust ) , thereby rejoining the NHS . The hospital was renamed The Heart Hospital and re-opened as the new home for all of the trust 's cardiac services , which had previously been based in the Middlesex Hospital . In 2015 , all cardiac services moved to the Bart 's Heart Centre at St Bartholomew 's Hospital , following a review of cardiac servies in north and east London by NHS England and agreement by the boards of UCLH NHS Foundation Trust and Barts Health NHS Trust to combine their specialist cardiovascular services at the one site . Services ( edit ) The hospital currently provides thoracic surgery and urology services . Cardiothoracic surgery and Cardiology services were provided at the hospital until 2015 : See also ( edit ) Francis Crick Institute References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NHS buys private heart hospital '' . BBC News . 8 August 2001 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` UCLH trust chronology '' . University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street ( formerly the Heart Hospital ) '' . Uclh.nhs.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ UCLH Web site : Refurbishment of the Heart Hospital , 18 May 2015 , retrieved 15 September 2015 `` The Heart Hospital is being refurbished and will reopen at the beginning of the summer to provide thoracic surgery and urology services ... it will be called University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street . '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Heart Hospital '' . University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Centre for Cardiology in the Young '' . University College London . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . UCLH / UCL Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . UCL Partners . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ AIM25 , London Metropolitan Archives , The Heart Hospital , 1903 - 1962 Jump up ^ London , NHS England . `` NHS England London '' Engagement and public meetings `` . england.nhs.uk . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plans for world - leading cardiac centre '' . University College London Hospital . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` University College London Hospitals : Cardiac services '' . University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust UCLH / UCL Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre UCL Partners UCL Medical School UCL School of Life & Medical Sciences University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Hospitals Current Eastman Dental Hospital Hospital for Tropical Diseases National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine Royal National Throat , Nose and Ear Hospital UCH Macmillan Cancer Centre University College Hospital University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street Former Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital Middlesex Hospital People Robert Naylor Other Institute of Sport Exercise and Health QS Enterprises UCLH / UCL Biomedical Research Centre UCL Partners University College London Category University College London Academics Faculties , schools and groupings Faculty of Arts and Humanities ( Slade School of Fine Art ) Faculty of Brain Sciences Division of Psychology and Language Sciences Faculty of the Built Environment ( The Bartlett ) Faculty of Engineering Sciences School of Energy and Resources School of Management Faculty of Laws Faculty of Life Sciences School of Pharmacy Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Faculty of Medical Sciences Medical School Faculty of Population Health Sciences Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences School of Slavonic and East European Studies Institute of Education Neuroscience Centres and departments Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis Centre for Digital Humanities Centre for the History of Medicine Centre for Neuroimaging The Constitution Unit Department of Information Studies Department of Science and Technology Studies Department of Space and Climate Physics EPPI - Centre London Centre for Nanotechnology London Knowledge Lab Slade Centre for Electronic Media in Fine Art Thomas Young Centre Urban Laboratory Institutes and laboratories Ear Institute Eastman Dental Institute Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Institute of Archaeology Institute for Global Health Institute of Jewish Studies Institute of Neurology Institute of Ophthalmology Institute of Security and Crime Science Pedestrian Accessibility and Movement Environment Laboratory Other Edwards Professor of Egyptian Archaeology and Philology Grote Chair of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic Pender Chair Papers from the Institute of Archaeology Public Archaeology Quain Professor Slade Professor of Fine Art Transcribe Bentham University Campus Bloomsbury Bloomsbury Theatre Church of Christ the King Euston Road Gordon Square Gower Street Gray 's Inn Road Halls of residence Holmbury St Mary Main Building Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology Queen Square Somers Town Tavistock Square Tottenham Court Road University of London Observatory Woburn Square People Academics List of notable people List of Nobel laureates Jeremy Bentham Michael Arthur ( Provost ) Student life UCL Boat Club The Cheese Grater University College Opera Pi Magazine Rare FM Royal Free , University College and Middlesex Medical Students RFC UCL Union Student Central Other Citrus Saturday UCL Business Filming at UCL History Rivalry with King 's College London Third - oldest university in England hide Affiliates Medical Francis Crick Institute Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust Great Ormond Street Hospital Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Moorfields Eye Hospital Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust The Royal Free Hospital Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital UCLH / UCL Biomedical Research Centre UCL Partners University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Eastman Dental Hospital Hospital for Tropical Diseases National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine Royal National Throat , Nose and Ear Hospital UCH Macmillan Cancer Centre University College Hospital University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street Whittington Hospital Other Alan Turing Institute Anna Freud Centre Association of Commonwealth Universities European Network for Training Economic Research G5 Golden triangle Institute of Advanced Legal Studies League of European Research Universities Russell Group SES - 5 Thomas Young Centre UCL Academy University College School University of London Category Commons Coordinates : 51 ° 31 ′ 11 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 59 '' W / 51.51968 ° N 0.14973 ° W / 51.51968 ; - 0.14973 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_College_Hospital_at_Westmoreland_Street&oldid=843331973 '' Categories : University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust NHS hospitals in London Teaching hospitals in London Hospitals established in 1857 1857 establishments in England Specialist hospitals in England Hidden categories : EngvarB from October 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 12 : 49 . About Wikipedia	university college hospital at westmoreland street (formerly the heart hospital)	[]	[]
8524574106495690209	Federal Reserve System	Federal Reserve System - Wikipedia Federal Reserve System This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 August 2018 . `` The Fed '' redirects here . For the Welsh trade union , see South Wales Miners ' Federation . For other uses , see The Fed ( disambiguation ) . Federal Reserve System Seal of the Federal Reserve System Flag of the Federal Reserve System Headquarters Eccles Building , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Established December 23 , 1913 ( 104 years ago ) ( 1913 - 12 - 23 ) Chairman Jerome Powell Central bank of United States Currency United States dollar USD ( ISO 4217 ) Reserve requirements 0 to 10 % Bank rate 2.25 % Interest rate target 1.75 % to 2.00 % Interest on reserves 1.95 % Interest paid on excess reserves ? Yes Website Official website Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Regulation Monetary policy Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment and transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment United States portal The Federal Reserve System ( also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed ) is the central banking system of the United States of America . It was created on December 23 , 1913 , with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act , after a series of financial panics ( particularly the panic of 1907 ) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises . Over the years , events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System . The U.S. Congress established three key objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act : maximizing employment , stabilizing prices , and moderating long - term interest rates . The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate . Its duties have expanded over the years , and currently also include supervising and regulating banks , maintaining the stability of the financial system , and providing financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions . The Fed conducts research into the economy and provides numerous publications , such as the Beige Book and the FRED database . The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers . It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board ( FRB ) . Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , located in cities throughout the nation , regulate and oversee privately owned commercial banks . Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in , and can elect some of the board members of , the Federal Reserve Bank of their region . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) sets monetary policy . It consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents , though only five bank presidents vote at a time ( the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one - year voting terms ) . There are also various advisory councils . Thus , the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components . It has a structure unique among central banks , and is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury , an entity outside of the central bank , prints the currency used . The federal government sets the salaries of the board 's seven governors . The federal government receives all the system 's annual profits , after a statutory dividend of 6 % on member banks ' capital investment is paid , and an account surplus is maintained . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve earned net income of $100.2 billion and transferred $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . Although an instrument of the US Government , the Federal Reserve System considers itself `` an independent central bank because its monetary policy decisions do not have to be approved by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government , it does not receive funding appropriated by the Congress , and the terms of the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms . '' Contents 1 Purpose 1.1 Addressing the problem of bank panics 1.1. 1 Check clearing system 1.1. 2 Lender of last resort 1.1. 3 Fluctuations 1.2 Central bank 1.2. 1 Federal funds 1.3 Bank regulation 1.3. 1 Government regulation and supervision 1.3. 1.1 Regulatory and oversight responsibilities 1.4 National payments system 2 Structure 2.1 Board of Governors 2.1. 1 List of members of the Board of Governors 2.1. 2 Nominations , confirmations and resignations 2.2 Federal Open Market Committee 2.3 Federal Advisory Council 2.4 Federal Reserve Banks 2.4. 1 Legal status of regional Federal Reserve Banks 2.5 Member banks 2.6 Accountability 3 Monetary policy 3.1 Interbank lending 3.2 Tools 3.2. 1 Federal funds rate and open market operations 3.2. 1.1 Repurchase agreements 3.2. 2 Discount rate 3.2. 3 Reserve requirements 3.2. 4 New facilities 3.2. 4.1 Term auction facility 3.2. 4.2 Term securities lending facility 3.2. 4.3 Primary dealer credit facility 3.2. 4.4 Interest on reserves 3.2. 4.5 Term deposit facility 3.2. 4.6 Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility 3.2. 4.7 Commercial Paper Funding Facility 3.2. 5 Quantitative policy 4 History 4.1 Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 4.1. 1 First Central Bank , 1791 and Second Central Bank , 1816 4.1. 2 Creation of Third Central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 4.1. 2.1 Federal Reserve Act , 1913 4.2 Federal Reserve era , 1913 -- present 5 Measurement of economic variables 5.1 Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations 5.2 Money supply 5.3 Personal consumption expenditures price index 5.3. 1 Inflation and the economy 5.4 Unemployment rate 6 Budget 7 Net worth 7.1 Balance sheet 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Recent 11.2 Historical 12 External links Purpose ( edit ) The Eccles Building in Washington , D.C. , which serves as the Federal Reserve System 's headquarters The primary motivation for creating the Federal Reserve System was to address banking panics . Other purposes are stated in the Federal Reserve Act , such as `` to furnish an elastic currency , to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper , to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States , and for other purposes '' . Before the founding of the Federal Reserve System , the United States underwent several financial crises . A particularly severe crisis in 1907 led Congress to enact the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 . Today the Federal Reserve System has responsibilities in addition to ensuring the stability of the financial system . Current functions of the Federal Reserve System include : To address the problem of banking panics To serve as the central bank for the United States To strike a balance between private interests of banks and the centralized responsibility of government To supervise and regulate banking institutions To protect the credit rights of consumers To manage the nation 's money supply through monetary policy to achieve the sometimes - conflicting goals of maximum employment stable prices , including prevention of either inflation or deflation moderate long - term interest rates To maintain the stability of the financial system and contain systemic risk in financial markets To provide financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions , including playing a major role in operating the nation 's payments system To facilitate the exchange of payments among regions To respond to local liquidity needs To strengthen U.S. standing in the world economy Addressing the problem of Bank panics ( edit ) Further information : Bank run and Fractional - reserve banking Banking institutions in the United States are required to hold reserves‍ -- ‌amounts of currency and deposits in other banks‍ -- ‌equal to only a fraction of the amount of the bank 's deposit liabilities owed to customers . This practice is called fractional - reserve banking . As a result , banks usually invest the majority of the funds received from depositors . On rare occasions , too many of the bank 's customers will withdraw their savings and the bank will need help from another institution to continue operating ; this is called a bank run . Bank runs can lead to a multitude of social and economic problems . The Federal Reserve System was designed as an attempt to prevent or minimize the occurrence of bank runs , and possibly act as a lender of last resort when a bank run does occur . Many economists , following Milton Friedman , believe that the Federal Reserve inappropriately refused to lend money to small banks during the bank runs of 1929 . Check clearing System ( edit ) Because some banks refused to clear checks from certain other banks during times of economic uncertainty , a check - clearing system was created in the Federal Reserve System . It is briefly described in The Federal Reserve System‍ -- ‌Purposes and Functions as follows : By creating the Federal Reserve System , Congress intended to eliminate the severe financial crises that had periodically swept the nation , especially the sort of financial panic that occurred in 1907 . During that episode , payments were disrupted throughout the country because many banks and clearinghouses refused to clear checks drawn on certain other banks , a practice that contributed to the failure of otherwise solvent banks . To address these problems , Congress gave the Federal Reserve System the authority to establish a nationwide check - clearing system . The System , then , was to provide not only an elastic currency‍ -- ‌that is , a currency that would expand or shrink in amount as economic conditions warranted‍ -- ‌but also an efficient and equitable check - collection system . Lender of last resort ( edit ) In the United States , the Federal Reserve serves as the lender of last resort to those institutions that can not obtain credit elsewhere and the collapse of which would have serious implications for the economy . It took over this role from the private sector `` clearing houses '' which operated during the Free Banking Era ; whether public or private , the availability of liquidity was intended to prevent bank runs . Fluctuations ( edit ) Through its discount window and credit operations , Reserve Banks provide liquidity to banks to meet short - term needs stemming from seasonal fluctuations in deposits or unexpected withdrawals . Longer term liquidity may also be provided in exceptional circumstances . The rate the Fed charges banks for these loans is called the discount rate ( officially the primary credit rate ) . By making these loans , the Fed serves as a buffer against unexpected day - to - day fluctuations in reserve demand and supply . This contributes to the effective functioning of the banking system , alleviates pressure in the reserves market and reduces the extent of unexpected movements in the interest rates . For example , on September 16 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve Board authorized an $85 billion loan to stave off the bankruptcy of international insurance giant American International Group ( AIG ) . Central Bank ( edit ) Further information : Central bank Obverse of a Federal Reserve $1 note issued in 2009 In its role as the central bank of the United States , the Fed serves as a banker 's bank and as the government 's bank . As the banker 's bank , it helps to assure the safety and efficiency of the payments system . As the government 's bank or fiscal agent , the Fed processes a variety of financial transactions involving trillions of dollars . Just as an individual might keep an account at a bank , the U.S. Treasury keeps a checking account with the Federal Reserve , through which incoming federal tax deposits and outgoing government payments are handled . As part of this service relationship , the Fed sells and redeems U.S. government securities such as savings bonds and Treasury bills , notes and bonds . It also issues the nation 's coin and paper currency . The U.S. Treasury , through its Bureau of the Mint and Bureau of Engraving and Printing , actually produces the nation 's cash supply and , in effect , sells the paper currency to the Federal Reserve Banks at manufacturing cost , and the coins at face value . The Federal Reserve Banks then distribute it to other financial institutions in various ways . During the Fiscal Year 2013 , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing delivered 6.6 billion notes at an average cost of 5.0 cents per note . Federal funds ( edit ) Main article : Federal funds Federal funds are the reserve balances ( also called Federal Reserve Deposits ) that private banks keep at their local Federal Reserve Bank . These balances are the namesake reserves of the Federal Reserve System . The purpose of keeping funds at a Federal Reserve Bank is to have a mechanism for private banks to lend funds to one another . This market for funds plays an important role in the Federal Reserve System as it is what inspired the name of the system and it is what is used as the basis for monetary policy . Monetary policy is put into effect partly by influencing how much interest the private banks charge each other for the lending of these funds . Federal reserve accounts contain federal reserve credit , which can be converted into federal reserve notes . Private banks maintain their bank reserves in federal reserve accounts . Bank regulation ( edit ) The Federal Reserve regulates private banks . The system was designed out of a compromise between the competing philosophies of privatization and government regulation . In 2006 Donald L. Kohn , vice chairman of the Board of Governors , summarized the history of this compromise : Agrarian and progressive interests , led by William Jennings Bryan , favored a central bank under public , rather than banker , control . But the vast majority of the nation 's bankers , concerned about government intervention in the banking business , opposed a central bank structure directed by political appointees . The legislation that Congress ultimately adopted in 1913 reflected a hard - fought battle to balance these two competing views and created the hybrid public - private , centralized - decentralized structure that we have today . The balance between private interests and government can also be seen in the structure of the system . Private banks elect members of the board of directors at their regional Federal Reserve Bank while the members of the Board of Governors are selected by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate . Government regulation and supervision ( edit ) Ben Bernanke ( lower - right ) , Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors , at a House Financial Services Committee hearing on February 10 , 2009 . Members of the Board frequently testify before congressional committees such as this one . The Senate equivalent of the House Financial Services Committee is the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . The Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , enacted in 1978 as Public Law 95 - 320 and 31 U.S.C. section 714 establish that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve banks may be audited by the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . The GAO has authority to audit check - processing , currency storage and shipments , and some regulatory and bank examination functions , however , there are restrictions to what the GAO may audit . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , 31 U.S.C. section 714 ( b ) , audits of the Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve banks do not include ( 1 ) transactions for or with a foreign central bank or government or non-private international financing organization ; ( 2 ) deliberations , decisions , or actions on monetary policy matters ; ( 3 ) transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee ; or ( 4 ) a part of a discussion or communication among or between members of the Board of Governors and officers and employees of the Federal Reserve System related to items ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , or ( 3 ) . See Federal Reserve System Audits : Restrictions on GAO 's Access ( GAO / T - GGD - 94 - 44 ) , statement of Charles A. Bowsher . The Board of Governors in the Federal Reserve System has a number of supervisory and regulatory responsibilities in the U.S. banking system , but not complete responsibility . A general description of the types of regulation and supervision involved in the U.S. banking system is given by the Federal Reserve : The Board also plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of the U.S. banking system . It has supervisory responsibilities for state - chartered banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System , bank holding companies ( companies that control banks ) , the foreign activities of member banks , the U.S. activities of foreign banks , and Edge Act and `` agreement corporations '' ( limited - purpose institutions that engage in a foreign banking business ) . The Board and , under delegated authority , the Federal Reserve Banks , supervise approximately 900 state member banks and 5,000 bank holding companies . Other federal agencies also serve as the primary federal supervisors of commercial banks ; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency supervises national banks , and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation supervises state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System . Some regulations issued by the Board apply to the entire banking industry , whereas others apply only to member banks , that is , state banks that have chosen to join the Federal Reserve System and national banks , which by law must be members of the System . The Board also issues regulations to carry out major federal laws governing consumer credit protection , such as the Truth in Lending , Equal Credit Opportunity , and Home Mortgage Disclosure Acts . Many of these consumer protection regulations apply to various lenders outside the banking industry as well as to banks . Members of the Board of Governors are in continual contact with other policy makers in government . They frequently testify before congressional committees on the economy , monetary policy , banking supervision and regulation , consumer credit protection , financial markets , and other matters . The Board has regular contact with members of the President 's Council of Economic Advisers and other key economic officials . The Chair also meets from time to time with the President of the United States and has regular meetings with the Secretary of the Treasury . The Chair has formal responsibilities in the international arena as well . Regulatory and oversight responsibilities ( edit ) The board of directors of each Federal Reserve Bank District also has regulatory and supervisory responsibilities . If the board of directors of a district bank has judged that a member bank is performing or behaving poorly , it will report this to the Board of Governors . This policy is described in United States Code : Each Federal reserve bank shall keep itself informed of the general character and amount of the loans and investments of its member banks with a view to ascertaining whether undue use is being made of bank credit for the speculative carrying of or trading in securities , real estate , or commodities , or for any other purpose inconsistent with the maintenance of sound credit conditions ; and , in determining whether to grant or refuse advances , rediscounts , or other credit accommodations , the Federal reserve bank shall give consideration to such information . The chairman of the Federal reserve bank shall report to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System any such undue use of bank credit by any member bank , together with his recommendation . Whenever , in the judgment of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , any member bank is making such undue use of bank credit , the Board may , in its discretion , after reasonable notice and an opportunity for a hearing , suspend such bank from the use of the credit facilities of the Federal Reserve System and may terminate such suspension or may renew it from time to time . National payments System ( edit ) The Federal Reserve plays a role in the U.S. payments system . The twelve Federal Reserve Banks provide banking services to depository institutions and to the federal government . For depository institutions , they maintain accounts and provide various payment services , including collecting checks , electronically transferring funds , and distributing and receiving currency and coin . For the federal government , the Reserve Banks act as fiscal agents , paying Treasury checks ; processing electronic payments ; and issuing , transferring , and redeeming U.S. government securities . In the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 , Congress reaffirmed that the Federal Reserve should promote an efficient nationwide payments system . The act subjects all depository institutions , not just member commercial banks , to reserve requirements and grants them equal access to Reserve Bank payment services . The Federal Reserve plays a role in the nation 's retail and wholesale payments systems by providing financial services to depository institutions . Retail payments are generally for relatively small - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's retail clients‍ -- ‌individuals and smaller businesses . The Reserve Banks ' retail services include distributing currency and coin , collecting checks , and electronically transferring funds through the automated clearinghouse system . By contrast , wholesale payments are generally for large - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's large corporate customers or counterparties , including other financial institutions . The Reserve Banks ' wholesale services include electronically transferring funds through the Fedwire Funds Service and transferring securities issued by the U.S. government , its agencies , and certain other entities through the Fedwire Securities Service . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the Federal Reserve System Organization of the Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System has a `` unique structure that is both public and private '' and is described as `` independent within the government '' rather than `` independent of government '' . The System does not require public funding , and derives its authority and purpose from the Federal Reserve Act , which was passed by Congress in 1913 and is subject to Congressional modification or repeal . The four main components of the Federal Reserve System are ( 1 ) the Board of Governors , ( 2 ) the Federal Open Market Committee , ( 3 ) the twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , and ( 4 ) the member banks throughout the country . District # Letter Federal Reserve Bank Branches Website President Boston http://www.bos.frb.org Eric S. Rosengren New York City Buffalo , New York ( closed as of October 31 , 2008 ) http://www.newyorkfed.org William C. Dudley Philadelphia http://www.philadelphiafed.org Patrick T. Harker Cleveland Cincinnati , Ohio Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania http://www.clevelandfed.org Loretta J. Mester 5 Richmond Baltimore , Maryland Charlotte , North Carolina http://www.richmondfed.org Thomas Barkin 6 Atlanta Birmingham , Alabama Jacksonville , Florida Miami , Florida Nashville , Tennessee New Orleans , Louisiana http://www.frbatlanta.org Raphael Bostic 7 Chicago Detroit , Michigan Des Moines , Iowa http://www.chicagofed.org Charles L. Evans 8 St Louis Little Rock , Arkansas Louisville , Kentucky Memphis , Tennessee http://www.stlouisfed.org James B. Bullard 9 Minneapolis Helena , Montana https://www.minneapolisfed.org Neel Kashkari 10 Kansas City Denver , Colorado Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Omaha , Nebraska http://www.kansascityfed.org Esther George 11 Dallas El Paso , Texas Houston , Texas San Antonio , Texas http://www.dallasfed.org Robert Steven Kaplan 12 San Francisco Los Angeles , California Portland , Oregon Salt Lake City , Utah Seattle , Washington http://www.frbsf.org John C. Williams Board of Governors ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Board of Governors The seven - member Board of Governors is a federal agency . It is charged with the overseeing of the 12 District Reserve Banks and setting national monetary policy . It also supervises and regulates the U.S. banking system in general . Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14 - year terms . One term begins every two years , on February 1 of even - numbered years , and members serving a full term can not be renominated for a second term . `` ( U ) pon the expiration of their terms of office , members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified . '' The law provides for the removal of a member of the board by the President `` for cause '' . The board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives . The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors . They both serve a four - year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses , until their terms on the Board of Governors expire . According to US Code 12 - 241 the Chair and Vice Chair may be chosen either from among the sitting Governors or outsiders , the law does not specify a preferred choice . List of members of the Board of Governors ( edit ) Board of Governors in 2018 . As of 2018 four of the seven seats are vacant The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows : Photo Governor Political Party Entered office Term expires Jerome Powell ( Chairman ) Republican February 5 , 2018 ( as Chairman ) May 25 , 2012 ( as Governor ) June 16 , 2014 ( new term ) February 5 , 2022 ( as Chairman ) January 31 , 2028 ( as Governor ) Richard Clarida ( Vice Chairman ) Republican TBD ( as Vice Chairman ) TBD N / A ( as Vice Chairman ) January 31 , 2022 ( as Governor ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chairman for Supervision ) Republican October 13 , 2017 ( as Vice Chairman for Supervision ) October 13 , 2017 October 13 , 2021 ( as Vice Chairman for Supervision ) January 31 , 2032 ( as Governor ) Lael Brainard Democratic June 16 , 2014 January 31 , 2026 Vacant January 31 , 2020 Vacant January 31 , 2024 Vacant January 31 , 2030 Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position . Nominations , confirmations and resignations ( edit ) In late December 2011 , President Barack Obama nominated Jeremy C. Stein , a Harvard University finance professor and a Democrat , and Jerome Powell , formerly of Dillon Read , Bankers Trust and The Carlyle Group and a Republican . Both candidates also have Treasury Department experience in the Obama and George H.W. Bush administrations respectively . `` Obama administration officials ( had ) regrouped to identify Fed candidates after Peter Diamond , a Nobel Prize - winning economist , withdrew his nomination to the board in June ( 2011 ) in the face of Republican opposition . Richard Clarida , a potential nominee who was a Treasury official under George W. Bush , pulled out of consideration in August ( 2011 ) '' , one account of the December nominations noted . The two other Obama nominees in 2011 , Janet Yellen and Sarah Bloom Raskin , were confirmed in September . One of the vacancies was created in 2011 with the resignation of Kevin Warsh , who took office in 2006 to fill the unexpired term ending January 31 , 2018 , and resigned his position effective March 31 , 2011 . In March 2012 , U.S. Senator David Vitter ( R , LA ) said he would oppose Obama 's Stein and Powell nominations , dampening near - term hopes for approval . However , Senate leaders reached a deal , paving the way for affirmative votes on the two nominees in May 2012 and bringing the board to full strength for the first time since 2006 with Duke 's service after term end . Later , on January 6 , 2014 , the United States Senate confirmed Yellen 's nomination to be Chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors ; she is slated to be the first woman to hold the position and will become Chair on February 1 , 2014 . Subsequently , President Obama nominated Stanley Fischer to replace Yellen as the Vice Chair . In April 2014 , Stein announced he was leaving to return to Harvard May 28 with four years remaining on his term . At the time of the announcement , the FOMC `` already is down three members as it awaits the Senate confirmation of ... Fischer and Lael Brainard , and as ( President ) Obama has yet to name a replacement for ... Duke ... Powell is still serving as he awaits his confirmation for a second term . '' Allan R. Landon , former president and CEO of the Bank of Hawaii , was nominated in early 2015 by President Obama to the board . In July 2015 , President Obama nominated University of Michigan economist Kathryn M. Dominguez to fill the second vacancy on the board . The Senate had not yet acted on Landon 's confirmation by the time of the second nomination . Daniel Tarullo submitted his resignation from the board on February 10 , 2017 , effective on or around April 5 , 2017 . Federal open market Committee ( edit ) Main article : Federal Open Market Committee The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) consists of 12 members , seven from the Board of Governors and 5 of the regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents . The FOMC oversees and sets policy on open market operations , the principal tool of national monetary policy . These operations affect the amount of Federal Reserve balances available to depository institutions , thereby influencing overall monetary and credit conditions . The FOMC also directs operations undertaken by the Federal Reserve in foreign exchange markets . The FOMC must reach consensus on all decisions . The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is a permanent member of the FOMC ; the presidents of the other banks rotate membership at two - and three - year intervals . All Regional Reserve Bank presidents contribute to the committee 's assessment of the economy and of policy options , but only the five presidents who are then members of the FOMC vote on policy decisions . The FOMC determines its own internal organization and , by tradition , elects the Chair of the Board of Governors as its chair and the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as its vice chair . Formal meetings typically are held eight times each year in Washington , D.C. Nonvoting Reserve Bank presidents also participate in Committee deliberations and discussion . The FOMC generally meets eight times a year in telephone consultations and other meetings are held when needed . Federal advisory Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Advisory Council The Federal Advisory Council , composed of twelve representatives of the banking industry , advises the board on all matters within its jurisdiction . Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Bank Map of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts , with the twelve Federal Reserve Banks marked as black squares , and all Branches within each district ( 24 total ) marked as red circles . The Washington DC Headquarters is marked with a star . ( Also , a 25th branch in Buffalo , NY had been closed in 2008 . ) The twelve Reserve Banks buildings in 1936 There are 12 Federal Reserve Banks , each of which is responsible for member banks located in its district . They are located in Boston , New York , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Richmond , Atlanta , Chicago , St. Louis , Minneapolis , Kansas City , Dallas , and San Francisco . The size of each district was set based upon the population distribution of the United States when the Federal Reserve Act was passed . The charter and organization of each Federal Reserve Bank is established by law and can not be altered by the member banks . Member banks , do however , elect six of the nine members of the Federal Reserve Banks ' boards of directors . Each regional Bank has a president , who is the chief executive officer of their Bank . Each regional Reserve Bank 's president is nominated by their Bank 's board of directors , but the nomination is contingent upon approval by the Board of Governors . Presidents serve five - year terms and may be reappointed . Each regional Bank 's board consists of nine members . Members are broken down into three classes : A , B , and C. There are three board members in each class . Class A members are chosen by the regional Bank 's shareholders , and are intended to represent member banks ' interests . Member banks are divided into three categories : large , medium , and small . Each category elects one of the three class A board members . Class B board members are also nominated by the region 's member banks , but class B board members are supposed to represent the interests of the public . Lastly , class C board members are appointed by the Board of Governors , and are also intended to represent the interests of the public . Legal status of regional Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) The Federal Reserve Banks have an intermediate legal status , with some features of private corporations and some features of public federal agencies . The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax - exempt federally created instrumentalities whose profits belong to the federal government , but this interest is not proprietary . In Lewis v. United States , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that : `` The Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA ( the Federal Tort Claims Act ) , but are independent , privately owned and locally controlled corporations . '' The opinion went on to say , however , that : `` The Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal instrumentalities for some purposes . '' Another relevant decision is Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , in which the distinction is made between Federal Reserve Banks , which are federally created instrumentalities , and the Board of Governors , which is a federal agency . Regarding the structural relationship between the twelve Federal Reserve banks and the various commercial ( member ) banks , political science professor Michael D. Reagan has written that : ... the `` ownership '' of the Reserve Banks by the commercial banks is symbolic ; they do not exercise the proprietary control associated with the concept of ownership nor share , beyond the statutory dividend , in Reserve Bank `` profits . '' ... Bank ownership and election at the base are therefore devoid of substantive significance , despite the superficial appearance of private bank control that the formal arrangement creates . Plaque marking a bank as a member Member banks ( edit ) A member bank is a private institution and owns stock in its regional Federal Reserve Bank . All nationally chartered banks hold stock in one of the Federal Reserve Banks . State chartered banks may choose to be members ( and hold stock in their regional Federal Reserve bank ) upon meeting certain standards . The amount of stock a member bank must own is equal to 3 % of its combined capital and surplus . However , holding stock in a Federal Reserve bank is not like owning stock in a publicly traded company . These stocks can not be sold or traded , and member banks do not control the Federal Reserve Bank as a result of owning this stock . From the profits of the Regional Bank of which it is a member , a member bank receives a dividend equal to 6 % of its purchased stock . The remainder of the regional Federal Reserve Banks ' profits is given over to the United States Treasury Department . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve Banks made a profit of $100.2 billion and distributed $2.5 billion in dividends to member banks as well as returning $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . About 38 % of U.S. banks are members of their regional Federal Reserve Bank . Accountability ( edit ) The GAO and an outside auditor regularly audit the Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve banks , and individual member banks . Audits do not cover `` most of the Fed 's monetary policy actions or decisions , including discount window lending ( direct loans to financial institutions ) , open - market operations and any other transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee '' ... ( nor may the GAO audit ) `` dealings with foreign governments and other central banks . '' As of August 27 , 2012 , the Federal Reserve Board has been publishing unaudited financial reports for the Federal Reserve banks every quarter . November 7 , 2008 , Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 . Bloomberg , L.P. won at the trial court and the Fed 's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court . The data was released on March 31 , 2011 . Monetary policy ( edit ) Further information : Monetary policy of the United States The term `` monetary policy '' refers to the actions undertaken by a central bank , such as the Federal Reserve , to influence the availability and cost of money and credit to help promote national economic goals . What happens to money and credit affects interest rates ( the cost of credit ) and the performance of an economy . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve authority to set monetary policy in the United States . Interbank lending ( edit ) The Federal Reserve sets monetary policy by influencing the federal funds rate , which is the rate of interbank lending of excess reserves . The rate that banks charge each other for these loans is determined in the interbank market and the Federal Reserve influences this rate through the three `` tools '' of monetary policy described in the Tools section below . The federal funds rate is a short - term interest rate that the FOMC focuses on , which affects the longer - term interest rates throughout the economy . The Federal Reserve summarized its monetary policy in 2005 : The Federal Reserve implements U.S. monetary policy by affecting conditions in the market for balances that depository institutions hold at the Federal Reserve Banks ... By conducting open market operations , imposing reserve requirements , permitting depository institutions to hold contractual clearing balances , and extending credit through its discount window facility , the Federal Reserve exercises considerable control over the demand for and supply of Federal Reserve balances and the federal funds rate . Through its control of the federal funds rate , the Federal Reserve is able to foster financial and monetary conditions consistent with its monetary policy objectives . Effects on the quantity of reserves that banks used to make loans influence the economy . Policy actions that add reserves to the banking system encourage lending at lower interest rates thus stimulating growth in money , credit , and the economy . Policy actions that absorb reserves work in the opposite direction . The Fed 's task is to supply enough reserves to support an adequate amount of money and credit , avoiding the excesses that result in inflation and the shortages that stifle economic growth . Tools ( edit ) There are three main tools of monetary policy that the Federal Reserve uses to influence the amount of reserves in private banks : Tool Description Open market operations Purchases and sales of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities‍ -- ‌the Federal Reserve 's principal tool for implementing monetary policy . The Federal Reserve 's objective for open market operations has varied over the years . During the 1980s , the focus gradually shifted toward attaining a specified level of the federal funds rate ( the rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed ) , a process that was largely complete by the end of the decade . Discount rate The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Bank 's lending facility‍ -- ‌the discount window . Reserve requirements The amount of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities . Federal funds rate and open market operations ( edit ) Further information : Open market operations , money creation , and federal funds rate The Federal Reserve System implements monetary policy largely by targeting the federal funds rate . This is the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed . This rate is actually determined by the market and is not explicitly mandated by the Fed . The Fed therefore tries to align the effective federal funds rate with the targeted rate by adding or subtracting from the money supply through open market operations . The Federal Reserve System usually adjusts the federal funds rate target by 0.25 % or 0.50 % at a time . Open market operations allow the Federal Reserve to increase or decrease the amount of money in the banking system as necessary to balance the Federal Reserve 's dual mandates . Open market operations are done through the sale and purchase of United States Treasury security , sometimes called `` Treasury bills '' or more informally `` T - bills '' or `` Treasuries '' . The Federal Reserve buys Treasury bills from its primary dealers . The purchase of these securities affects the federal funds rate , because primary dealers have accounts at depository institutions . The Federal Reserve education website describes open market operations as follows : Open market operations involve the buying and selling of U.S. government securities ( federal agency and mortgage - backed ) . The term ' open market ' means that the Fed does n't decide on its own which securities dealers it will do business with on a particular day . Rather , the choice emerges from an ' open market ' in which the various securities dealers that the Fed does business with‍ -- ‌the primary dealers‍ -- ‌compete on the basis of price . Open market operations are flexible and thus , the most frequently used tool of monetary policy . Open market operations are the primary tool used to regulate the supply of bank reserves . This tool consists of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments , usually securities issued by the U.S. Treasury , Federal agencies and government - sponsored enterprises . Open market operations are carried out by the Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York under direction from the FOMC . The transactions are undertaken with primary dealers . The Fed 's goal in trading the securities is to affect the federal funds rate , the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other . When the Fed wants to increase reserves , it buys securities and pays for them by making a deposit to the account maintained at the Fed by the primary dealer 's bank . When the Fed wants to reduce reserves , it sells securities and collects from those accounts . Most days , the Fed does not want to increase or decrease reserves permanently so it usually engages in transactions reversed within a day or two . That means that a reserve injection today could be withdrawn tomorrow morning , only to be renewed at some level several hours later . These short - term transactions are called repurchase agreements ( repos ) ‍ -- ‌the dealer sells the Fed a security and agrees to buy it back at a later date . Repurchase agreements ( edit ) Further information : Repurchase agreement To smooth temporary or cyclical changes in the money supply , the desk engages in repurchase agreements ( repos ) with its primary dealers . Repos are essentially secured , short - term lending by the Fed . On the day of the transaction , the Fed deposits money in a primary dealer 's reserve account , and receives the promised securities as collateral . When the transaction matures , the process unwinds : the Fed returns the collateral and charges the primary dealer 's reserve account for the principal and accrued interest . The term of the repo ( the time between settlement and maturity ) can vary from 1 day ( called an overnight repo ) to 65 days . Discount rate ( edit ) Further information : Discount window The Federal Reserve System also directly sets the `` discount rate '' , which is the interest rate for `` discount window lending '' , overnight loans that member banks borrow directly from the Fed . This rate is generally set at a rate close to 100 basis points above the target federal funds rate . The idea is to encourage banks to seek alternative funding before using the `` discount rate '' option . The equivalent operation by the European Central Bank is referred to as the `` marginal lending facility '' . Both the discount rate and the federal funds rate influence the prime rate , which is usually about 3 percentage points higher than the federal funds rate . Reserve requirements ( edit ) Another instrument of monetary policy adjustment employed by the Federal Reserve System is the fractional reserve requirement , also known as the required reserve ratio . The required reserve ratio sets the balance that the Federal Reserve System requires a depository institution to hold in the Federal Reserve Banks , which depository institutions trade in the federal funds market discussed above . The required reserve ratio is set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . The reserve requirements have changed over time and some history of these changes is published by the Federal Reserve . Reserve Requirements in the U.S. Federal Reserve System Liability Type Requirement Percentage of liabilities Effective date Net transaction accounts $0 to $11.5 million 0 December 29 , 2011 More than $11.5 million to $71 million December 29 , 2011 More than $71 million 10 December 29 , 2011 Nonpersonal time deposits 0 December 27 , 1990 Eurocurrency liabilities 0 December 27 , 1990 As a response to the financial crisis of 2008 , the Federal Reserve now makes interest payments on depository institutions ' required and excess reserve balances . The payment of interest on excess reserves gives the central bank greater opportunity to address credit market conditions while maintaining the federal funds rate close to the target rate set by the FOMC . New facilities ( edit ) In order to address problems related to the subprime mortgage crisis and United States housing bubble , several new tools have been created . The first new tool , called the Term Auction Facility , was added on December 12 , 2007 . It was first announced as a temporary tool but there have been suggestions that this new tool may remain in place for a prolonged period of time . Creation of the second new tool , called the Term Securities Lending Facility , was announced on March 11 , 2008 . The main difference between these two facilities is that the Term Auction Facility is used to inject cash into the banking system whereas the Term Securities Lending Facility is used to inject treasury securities into the banking system . Creation of the third tool , called the Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) , was announced on March 16 , 2008 . The PDCF was a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now the Fed is able to lend directly to primary dealers , which was previously against Fed policy . The differences between these three new facilities is described by the Federal Reserve : The Term Auction Facility program offers term funding to depository institutions via a bi-weekly auction , for fixed amounts of credit . The Term Securities Lending Facility will be an auction for a fixed amount of lending of Treasury general collateral in exchange for OMO - eligible and AAA / Aaa rated private - label residential mortgage - backed securities . The Primary Dealer Credit Facility now allows eligible primary dealers to borrow at the existing Discount Rate for up to 120 days . Some measures taken by the Federal Reserve to address this mortgage crisis have not been used since the Great Depression . The Federal Reserve gives a brief summary of these new facilities : As the economy has slowed in the last nine months and credit markets have become unstable , the Federal Reserve has taken a number of steps to help address the situation . These steps have included the use of traditional monetary policy tools at the macroeconomic level as well as measures at the level of specific markets to provide additional liquidity . The Federal Reserve 's response has continued to evolve since pressure on credit markets began to surface last summer , but all these measures derive from the Fed 's traditional open market operations and discount window tools by extending the term of transactions , the type of collateral , or eligible borrowers . A fourth facility , the Term Deposit Facility , was announced December 9 , 2009 , and approved April 30 , 2010 , with an effective date of June 4 , 2010 . The Term Deposit Facility allows Reserve Banks to offer term deposits to institutions that are eligible to receive earnings on their balances at Reserve Banks . Term deposits are intended to facilitate the implementation of monetary policy by providing a tool by which the Federal Reserve can manage the aggregate quantity of reserve balances held by depository institutions . Funds placed in term deposits are removed from the accounts of participating institutions for the life of the term deposit and thus drain reserve balances from the banking system . Term Auction Facility ( edit ) Further information : Term auction facility The Term Auction Facility is a program in which the Federal Reserve auctions term funds to depository institutions . The creation of this facility was announced by the Federal Reserve on December 12 , 2007 , and was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets . The reason it was created is that banks were not lending funds to one another and banks in need of funds were refusing to go to the discount window . Banks were not lending money to each other because there was a fear that the loans would not be paid back . Banks refused to go to the discount window because it is usually associated with the stigma of bank failure . Under the Term Auction Facility , the identity of the banks in need of funds is protected in order to avoid the stigma of bank failure . Foreign exchange swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were opened so the banks in Europe could have access to U.S. dollars . Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke briefly described this facility to the U.S. House of Representatives on January 17 , 2008 : the Federal Reserve recently unveiled a term auction facility , or TAF , through which prespecified amounts of discount window credit can be auctioned to eligible borrowers . The goal of the TAF is to reduce the incentive for banks to hoard cash and increase their willingness to provide credit to households and firms ... TAF auctions will continue as long as necessary to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets , and we will continue to work closely and cooperatively with other central banks to address market strains that could hamper the achievement of our broader economic objectives . It is also described in the Term Auction Facility FAQ The TAF is a credit facility that allows a depository institution to place a bid for an advance from its local Federal Reserve Bank at an interest rate that is determined as the result of an auction . By allowing the Federal Reserve to inject term funds through a broader range of counterparties and against a broader range of collateral than open market operations , this facility could help ensure that liquidity provisions can be disseminated efficiently even when the unsecured interbank markets are under stress . In short , the TAF will auction term funds of approximately one - month maturity . All depository institutions that are judged to be in sound financial condition by their local Reserve Bank and that are eligible to borrow at the discount window are also eligible to participate in TAF auctions . All TAF credit must be fully collateralized . Depositories may pledge the broad range of collateral that is accepted for other Federal Reserve lending programs to secure TAF credit . The same collateral values and margins applicable for other Federal Reserve lending programs will also apply for the TAF . Term securities lending Facility ( edit ) The Term Securities Lending Facility is a 28 - day facility that will offer Treasury general collateral to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 's primary dealers in exchange for other program - eligible collateral . It is intended to promote liquidity in the financing markets for Treasury and other collateral and thus to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . Like the Term Auction Facility , the TSLF was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank . The resource allows dealers to switch debt that is less liquid for U.S. government securities that are easily tradable . The currency swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were increased . Primary dealer credit Facility ( edit ) The Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) is an overnight loan facility that will provide funding to primary dealers in exchange for a specified range of eligible collateral and is intended to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . This new facility marks a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now primary dealers can borrow directly from the Fed when this used to be prohibited . Interest on reserves ( edit ) Main article : Interest on excess reserves in the United States As of October 2008 , the Federal Reserve banks will pay interest on reserve balances ( required and excess ) held by depository institutions . The rate is set at the lowest federal funds rate during the reserve maintenance period of an institution , less 75 bp . As of October 23 , 2008 , the Fed has lowered the spread to a mere 35 bp . Term deposit Facility ( edit ) The Term Deposit Facility is a program through which the Federal Reserve Banks will offer interest - bearing term deposits to eligible institutions . By removing `` excess deposits '' from participating banks , the overall level of reserves available for lending is reduced , which should result in increased market interest rates , acting as a brake on economic activity and inflation . The Federal Reserve has stated that : Term deposits will be one of several tools that the Federal Reserve could employ to drain reserves when policymakers judge that it is appropriate to begin moving to a less accommodative stance of monetary policy . The development of the TDF is a matter of prudent planning and has no implication for the near - term conduct of monetary policy . The Federal Reserve initially authorized up to five `` small - value offerings are designed to ensure the effectiveness of TDF operations and to provide eligible institutions with an opportunity to gain familiarity with term deposit procedures . '' After three of the offering auctions were successfully completed , it was announced that small - value auctions would continue on an ongoing basis . The Term Deposit Facility is essentially a tool available to reverse the efforts that have been employed to provide liquidity to the financial markets and to reduce the amount of capital available to the economy . As stated in Bloomberg News : Policy makers led by Chairman Ben S. Bernanke are preparing for the day when they will have to start siphoning off more than $1 trillion in excess reserves from the banking system to contain inflation . The Fed is charting an eventual return to normal monetary policy , even as a weakening near - term outlook has raised the possibility it may expand its balance sheet . Chairman Ben S. Bernanke , testifying before House Committee on Financial Services , described the Term Deposit Facility and other facilities to Congress in the following terms : Most importantly , in October 2008 the Congress gave the Federal Reserve statutory authority to pay interest on balances that banks hold at the Federal Reserve Banks . By increasing the interest rate on banks ' reserves , the Federal Reserve will be able to put significant upward pressure on all short - term interest rates , as banks will not supply short - term funds to the money markets at rates significantly below what they can earn by holding reserves at the Federal Reserve Banks . Actual and prospective increases in short - term interest rates will be reflected in turn in higher longer - term interest rates and in tighter financial conditions more generally ... As an additional means of draining reserves , the Federal Reserve is also developing plans to offer to depository institutions term deposits , which are roughly analogous to certificates of deposit that the institutions offer to their customers . A proposal describing a term deposit facility was recently published in the Federal Register , and the Federal Reserve is finalizing a revised proposal in light of the public comments that have been received . After a revised proposal is reviewed by the Board , we expect to be able to conduct test transactions this spring and to have the facility available if necessary thereafter . The use of reverse repos and the deposit facility would together allow the Federal Reserve to drain hundreds of billions of dollars of reserves from the banking system quite quickly , should it choose to do so . When these tools are used to drain reserves from the banking system , they do so by replacing bank reserves with other liabilities ; the asset side and the overall size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet remain unchanged . If necessary , as a means of applying monetary restraint , the Federal Reserve also has the option of redeeming or selling securities . The redemption or sale of securities would have the effect of reducing the size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet as well as further reducing the quantity of reserves in the banking system . Restoring the size and composition of the balance sheet to a more normal configuration is a longer - term objective of our policies . In any case , the sequencing of steps and the combination of tools that the Federal Reserve uses as it exits from its currently very accommodative policy stance will depend on economic and financial developments and on our best judgments about how to meet the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability . In sum , in response to severe threats to our economy , the Federal Reserve created a series of special lending facilities to stabilize the financial system and encourage the resumption of private credit flows to American families and businesses . As market conditions and the economic outlook have improved , these programs have been terminated or are being phased out . The Federal Reserve also promoted economic recovery through sharp reductions in its target for the federal funds rate and through large - scale purchases of securities . The economy continues to require the support of accommodative monetary policies . However , we have been working to ensure that we have the tools to reverse , at the appropriate time , the currently very high degree of monetary stimulus . We have full confidence that , when the time comes , we will be ready to do so . Asset backed commercial paper money market Mutual Fund liquidity Facility ( edit ) The Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility ( ABCPMMMFLF ) was also called the AMLF . The Facility began operations on September 22 , 2008 , and was closed on February 1 , 2010 . All U.S. depository institutions , bank holding companies ( parent companies or U.S. broker - dealer affiliates ) , or U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks were eligible to borrow under this facility pursuant to the discretion of the FRBB . Collateral eligible for pledge under the Facility was required to meet the following criteria : was purchased by Borrower on or after September 19 , 2008 from a registered investment company that held itself out as a money market mutual fund ; was purchased by Borrower at the Fund 's acquisition cost as adjusted for amortization of premium or accretion of discount on the ABCP through the date of its purchase by Borrower ; was rated at the time pledged to FRBB , not lower than A1 , F1 , or P1 by at least two major rating agencies or , if rated by only one major rating agency , the ABCP must have been rated within the top rating category by that agency ; was issued by an entity organized under the laws of the United States or a political subdivision thereof under a program that was in existence on September 18 , 2008 ; and had stated maturity that did not exceed 120 days if the Borrower was a bank or 270 days for non-bank Borrowers . Commercial paper funding Facility ( edit ) On October 7 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve further expanded the collateral it will loan against to include commercial paper using the new Commercial Paper Funding Facility ( CPFF ) . The action made the Fed a crucial source of credit for non-financial businesses in addition to commercial banks and investment firms . Fed officials said they 'll buy as much of the debt as necessary to get the market functioning again . They refused to say how much that might be , but they noted that around $1.3 trillion worth of commercial paper would qualify . There was $1.61 trillion in outstanding commercial paper , seasonally adjusted , on the market as of October 1 , 2008 , according to the most recent data from the Fed . That was down from $1.70 trillion in the previous week . Since the summer of 2007 , the market has shrunk from more than $2.2 trillion . This program lent out a total $738 billion before it was closed . Forty - five out of 81 of the companies participating in this program were foreign firms . Research shows that Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) recipients were twice as likely to participate in the program than other commercial paper issuers who did not take advantage of the TARP bailout . The Fed incurred no losses from the CPFF . Quantitative policy ( edit ) A little - used tool of the Federal Reserve is the quantitative policy . With that the Federal Reserve actually buys back corporate bonds and mortgage backed securities held by banks or other financial institutions . This in effect puts money back into the financial institutions and allows them to make loans and conduct normal business . The bursting of the United States housing bubble prompted the Fed to buy mortgage - backed securities for the first time in November 2008 . Over six weeks , a total of $1.25 trillion were purchased in order to stabilize the housing market , about one - fifth of all U.S. government - backed mortgages . History ( edit ) Timeline of central banking in the United States Dates System 1782 -- 1791 Bank of North America ( de facto , under the Confederation Congress ) 1791 -- 1811 First Bank of the United States 1811 -- 1816 No central bank 1816 -- 1836 Second Bank of the United States 1837 -- 1862 Free Banking Era 1846 -- 1921 Independent Treasury System 1863 -- 1913 National Banks 1913 -- present Federal Reserve System Sources : Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of central banking in the United States The first attempt at a national currency was during the American Revolutionary War . In 1775 , the Continental Congress , as well as the states , began issuing paper currency , calling the bills `` Continentals '' . The Continentals were backed only by future tax revenue , and were used to help finance the Revolutionary War . Overprinting , as well as British counterfeiting , caused the value of the Continental to diminish quickly . This experience with paper money led the United States to strip the power to issue Bills of Credit ( paper money ) from a draft of the new Constitution on August 16 , 1787 , as well as banning such issuance by the various states , and limiting the states ' ability to make anything but gold or silver coin legal tender on August 28 . In 1791 , the government granted the First Bank of the United States a charter to operate as the U.S. central bank until 1811 . The First Bank of the United States came to an end under President Madison because Congress refused to renew its charter . The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 , and lost its authority to be the central bank of the U.S. twenty years later under President Jackson when its charter expired . Both banks were based upon the Bank of England . Ultimately , a third national bank , known as the Federal Reserve , was established in 1913 and still exists to this day . First central Bank , 1791 and second central Bank , 1816 ( edit ) The first U.S. institution with central banking responsibilities was the First Bank of the United States , chartered by Congress and signed into law by President George Washington on February 25 , 1791 , at the urging of Alexander Hamilton . This was done despite strong opposition from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , among numerous others . The charter was for twenty years and expired in 1811 under President Madison , because Congress refused to renew it . In 1816 , however , Madison revived it in the form of the Second Bank of the United States . Years later , early renewal of the bank 's charter became the primary issue in the reelection of President Andrew Jackson . After Jackson , who was opposed to the central bank , was reelected , he pulled the government 's funds out of the bank . Jackson was the only President to completely pay off the debt . The bank 's charter was not renewed in 1836 . From 1837 to 1862 , in the Free Banking Era there was no formal central bank . From 1846 to 1921 , an Independent Treasury System ruled . From 1863 to 1913 , a system of national banks was instituted by the 1863 National Banking Act during which series of bank panics , in 1873 , 1893 , and 1907 occurred Creation of third central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve System The main motivation for the third central banking system came from the Panic of 1907 , which caused renewed demands for banking and currency reform . During the last quarter of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century , the United States economy went through a series of financial panics . According to many economists , the previous national banking system had two main weaknesses : an inelastic currency and a lack of liquidity . In 1908 , Congress enacted the Aldrich -- Vreeland Act , which provided for an emergency currency and established the National Monetary Commission to study banking and currency reform . The National Monetary Commission returned with recommendations which were repeatedly rejected by Congress . A revision crafted during a secret meeting on Jekyll Island by Senator Aldrich and representatives of the nation 's top finance and industrial groups later became the basis of the Federal Reserve Act . The House voted on December 22 , 1913 , with 298 voting yes to 60 voting no . The Senate voted 43 -- 25 on December 23 , 1913 . President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill later that day . Federal Reserve Act , 1913 ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Act Newspaper clipping , December 24 , 1913 The head of the bipartisan National Monetary Commission was financial expert and Senate Republican leader Nelson Aldrich . Aldrich set up two commissions -- one to study the American monetary system in depth and the other , headed by Aldrich himself , to study the European central banking systems and report on them . In early November 1910 , Aldrich met with five well known members of the New York banking community to devise a central banking bill . Paul Warburg , an attendee of the meeting and longtime advocate of central banking in the U.S. , later wrote that Aldrich was `` bewildered at all that he had absorbed abroad and he was faced with the difficult task of writing a highly technical bill while being harassed by the daily grind of his parliamentary duties '' . After ten days of deliberation , the bill , which would later be referred to as the `` Aldrich Plan '' , was agreed upon . It had several key components , including a central bank with a Washington - based headquarters and fifteen branches located throughout the U.S. in geographically strategic locations , and a uniform elastic currency based on gold and commercial paper . Aldrich believed a central banking system with no political involvement was best , but was convinced by Warburg that a plan with no public control was not politically feasible . The compromise involved representation of the public sector on the Board of Directors . Aldrich 's bill met much opposition from politicians . Critics charged Aldrich of being biased due to his close ties to wealthy bankers such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , Aldrich 's son - in - law . Most Republicans favored the Aldrich Plan , but it lacked enough support in Congress to pass because rural and western states viewed it as favoring the `` eastern establishment '' . In contrast , progressive Democrats favored a reserve system owned and operated by the government ; they believed that public ownership of the central bank would end Wall Street 's control of the American currency supply . Conservative Democrats fought for a privately owned , yet decentralized , reserve system , which would still be free of Wall Street 's control . The original Aldrich Plan was dealt a fatal blow in 1912 , when Democrats won the White House and Congress . Nonetheless , President Woodrow Wilson believed that the Aldrich plan would suffice with a few modifications . The plan became the basis for the Federal Reserve Act , which was proposed by Senator Robert Owen in May 1913 . The primary difference between the two bills was the transfer of control of the Board of Directors ( called the Federal Open Market Committee in the Federal Reserve Act ) to the government . The bill passed Congress on December 23 , 1913 , on a mostly partisan basis , with most Democrats voting `` yea '' and most Republicans voting `` nay '' . Federal Reserve Era , 1913 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve have been : Federal Reserve Act , 1913 Glass -- Steagall Act Banking Act of 1935 Employment Act of 1946 Federal Reserve - Treasury Department Accord of 1951 Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the amendments of 1970 Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 International Banking Act of 1978 Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act ( 1978 ) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( 1980 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act ( 2006 ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act ( 2008 ) Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( 2010 ) Measurement of economic variables ( edit ) The Federal Reserve records and publishes large amounts of data . A few websites where data is published are at the Board of Governors Economic Data and Research page , the Board of Governors statistical releases and historical data page , and at the St. Louis Fed 's FRED ( Federal Reserve Economic Data ) page . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) examines many economic indicators prior to determining monetary policy . Some criticism involves economic data compiled by the Fed . The Fed sponsors much of the monetary economics research in the U.S. , and Lawrence H. White objects that this makes it less likely for researchers to publish findings challenging the status quo . Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations ( edit ) Total Net Worth‍ -- ‌Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations 1949 -- 2012 The net worth of households and nonprofit organizations in the United States is published by the Federal Reserve in a report titled Flow of Funds . At the end of the third quarter of fiscal year 2012 , this value was $64.8 trillion . At the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2014 , this value was $95.5 trillion . Money supply ( edit ) Further information : Money supply The most common measures are named M0 ( narrowest ) , M1 , M2 , and M3 . In the United States they are defined by the Federal Reserve as follows : Measure Definition M0 The total of all physical currency , plus accounts at the central bank that can be exchanged for physical currency . M1 M0 + those portions of M0 held as reserves or vault cash + the amount in demand accounts ( `` checking '' or `` current '' accounts ) . M2 M1 + most savings accounts , money market accounts , and small denomination time deposits ( certificates of deposit of under $100,000 ) . M3 M2 + all other CDs , deposits of eurodollars and repurchase agreements . The Federal Reserve stopped publishing M3 statistics in March 2006 , saying that the data cost a lot to collect but did not provide significantly useful information . The other three money supply measures continue to be provided in detail . CPI vs M2 money supply increases Personal consumption expenditures price index ( edit ) Further information : Personal consumption expenditures price index The Personal consumption expenditures price index , also referred to as simply the PCE price index , is used as one measure of the value of money . It is a United States - wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption . Using a variety of data including United States Consumer Price Index and U.S. Producer Price Index prices , it is derived from the largest component of the gross domestic product in the BEA 's National Income and Product Accounts , personal consumption expenditures . One of the Fed 's main roles is to maintain price stability , which means that the Fed 's ability to keep a low inflation rate is a long - term measure of their success . Although the Fed is not required to maintain inflation within a specific range , their long run target for the growth of the PCE price index is between 1.5 and 2 percent . There has been debate among policy makers as to whether the Federal Reserve should have a specific inflation targeting policy . Inflation and the economy ( edit ) Most mainstream economists favor a low , steady rate of inflation . Low ( as opposed to zero or negative ) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn , and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy . The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities . Unemployment rate ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment rate § United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , and List of U.S. states by unemployment rate United States unemployment rates 1975 -- 2010 showing variance between the fifty states One of the stated goals of monetary policy is maximum employment . The unemployment rate statistics are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , and like the PCE price index are used as a barometer of the nation 's economic health . Budget ( edit ) The Federal Reserve is self - funded . The vast majority ( 90 % + ) of Fed revenues come from open market operations , specifically the interest on the portfolio of Treasury securities as well as `` capital gains / losses '' that may arise from the buying / selling of the securities and their derivatives as part of Open Market Operations . The balance of revenues come from sales of financial services ( check and electronic payment processing ) and discount window loans . The Board of Governors ( Federal Reserve Board ) creates a budget report once per year for Congress . There are two reports with budget information . The one that lists the complete balance statements with income and expenses as well as the net profit or loss is the large report simply titled , `` Annual Report '' . It also includes data about employment throughout the system . The other report , which explains in more detail the expenses of the different aspects of the whole system , is called `` Annual Report : Budget Review '' . These detailed comprehensive reports can be found at the Board of Governors ' website under the section `` Reports to Congress '' Federal Reserve remittance payments to the treasury Net worth ( edit ) Balance sheet ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2015 ) Federal Reserve total assets , treasuries , and mortages One of the keys to understanding the Federal Reserve is the Federal Reserve balance sheet ( or balance statement ) . In accordance with Section 11 of the Federal Reserve Act , the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System publishes once each week the `` Consolidated Statement of Condition of All Federal Reserve Banks '' showing the condition of each Federal Reserve bank and a consolidated statement for all Federal Reserve banks . The Board of Governors requires that excess earnings of the Reserve Banks be transferred to the Treasury as interest on Federal Reserve notes . Below is the balance sheet as of July 6 , 2011 ( in billions of dollars ) : Note : The Fed balance sheet shown in this article has assets , liabilities and net equity that do not add to the balance . The Fed balance sheet is missing the item `` Reserve Balances with Federal Reserve Banks '' which would make the figures balance . ASSETS : Gold Stock 11.04 Special Drawing Rights Certificate Acct . 5.20 Treasury Currency Outstanding ( Coin ) 43.98 Securities Held Outright 2647.94 U.S. Treasury Securities 1623.78 Bills 18.42 Notes and Bonds , nominal 1530.79 Notes and Bonds , inflation - indexed 65.52 Inflation Compensation 9.04 Federal Agency Debt Securities 115.30 Mortgage - Backed Securities 908.85 Repurchase Agreements 0 Loans 12.74 Primary Credit 12 Secondary Credit 0 Seasonal Credit 53 Credit Extended to AIG Inc . 0 Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility 12.67 Other Credit Extended 0 Commercial Paper Funding Facility LLC 0 Net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane LLC , Maiden Lane II LLC , and Maiden Lane III LLC 60.32 Preferred Interest in AIG Life - Insurance Subsidiaries 0 Net Holdings of TALF LLC 0.75 Float - 1.05 Central Bank Liquidity Swaps 0 Other Assets 133.56 Total Assets 2914.51 LIABILITIES : Currency in Circulation 1031.30 Reverse repurchase agreements 68.09 Deposits 91.12 Term Deposits 0 U.S. Treasury , general account 76.56 U.S. Treasury , supplementary financing account 5 Foreign official 0.17 Service Related 2.53 Other Deposits 6.85 Funds from AIG , held as agent 0 Other Liabilities 73.06 Total liabilities 1263.73 CAPITAL ( AKA Net Equity ) Capital Paid In 26.71 Surplus 25.91 Other Capital 4.16 Total Capital 56.78 MEMO ( off - balance - sheet items ) Marketable securities held in custody for foreign official and international accounts 3445.42 U.S. Treasury Securities 2708 Federal Agency Securities 737.31 Securities lent to dealers 30.46 Overnight 30.46 Term 0 Total combined assets for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks Total combined liabilities for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks In addition , the balance sheet also indicates which assets are held as collateral against Federal Reserve Notes . Federal Reserve Notes and Collateral Federal Reserve Notes Outstanding 1128.63 Less : Notes held by F.R. Banks 200.90 Federal Reserve notes to be collateralized 927.73 Collateral held against Federal Reserve notes 927.73 Gold certificate account 11.04 Special drawing rights certificate account 5.20 U.S. Treasury , agency debt , and mortgage - backed securities pledged 911.50 Other assets pledged 0 Criticism ( edit ) Money supply decreased significantly between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States Main articles : Criticism of the Federal Reserve and Causes of the Great Depression The Federal Reserve System has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1913 . Critique of the organization and system has come from sources such as writers , journalists , economists , and financial institutions as well as politicians and various government employees . Criticisms include transparency , doubt of efficacy due to what is seen by some as poor historical performance and traditionalist concerns about the debasement of the value of the dollar . From the beginning , the Federal Reserve has been the subject of many popular conspiracy theories , that typically link the Fed to numerous other supposed conspiracies . See also ( edit ) Consumer Leverage Ratio Core inflation Farm Credit System Fed model Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Reserve Police Federal Reserve Statistical Release Free banking Gold standard Government debt Greenspan put History of Federal Open Market Committee actions History of central banking in the United States Independent Treasury Legal Tender Cases List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies Securities market participants ( United States ) Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Bullion Depository ‍ -- ‌known as Fort Knox References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window & Payment System Risk Website '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2014 . http://www.frbdiscountwindow.org/ Jump up ^ `` FRB : Open Market Operations Archive '' . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a panic : Forming the Federal Reserve System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . August 1988 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/born-of-a-panic-forming-the-fed-system ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 `` Just before the founding of the Federal Reserve , the nation was plagued with financial crises . At times , these crises led to ' panics , ' in which people raced to their banks to withdraw their deposits . A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act . Initially created to address these banking panics , the Federal Reserve is now charged with a number of broader responsibilities , including fostering a sound banking system and a healthy economy . '' Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Panic of 1907 : J.P. Morgan Saves the Day '' . US-history.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a Panic : Forming the Fed System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abigail Tucker ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Financial Panic of 1907 : Running from History '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 `` It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer , more flexible , and more stable monetary and financial system . Over the years , its role in banking and the economy has expanded . '' Jump up ^ Patrick , Sue C. ( 1993 ) . Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930s : The Politics of Money and Banking . Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0970 - 3 . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 225a Jump up ^ `` The Congress established two key objectives for monetary policy - maximum employment and stable prices - in the Federal Reserve Act . These objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Mission '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. v ( See structure ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Districts '' . Federal Reserve Online . n.d . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ -- Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' . Federal Reserve website . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lapidos , Juliet ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Is the Fed Private or Public ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toma , Mark ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Federal Reserve System '' . EH . Net Encyclopedia . Economic History Association . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . https://eh.net/encyclopedia/federal-reserve-system/ Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . FactCheck . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coins and Currency '' . US Dept of Treasury website . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Press Release -- Federal Reserve Board announces Reserve Bank income and expense data and transfers to the Treasury for 2015 '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ From `` Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' , Current FAQs , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , at ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Act '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . May 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke Before the National Economists Club , Washington , D.C. ( November 21 , 2002 ) . `` Deflation : Making Sure `` It '' Does n't Happen Here `` . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( October 24 , 2003 ) . `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke : At the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Conference on the Legacy of Milton and Rose Friedman 's Free to Choose , Dallas , Texas '' ( text ) . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 Jump up ^ lender of last resort , Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , Retrieved May 21 , 2010 , Jump up ^ Humphrey , Thomas M. ( 1 January 1989 ) . `` Lender of Last Resort : The Concept in History '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 2125371 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Reserve , Monetary Policy and the Economy -- Everyday Economics '' . Dallasfed.org . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . https://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/educate/everyday/ev4.pdf Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Federal Reserve Board , with full support of the Treasury Department , authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group ( AIG ) '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ; de la Merced , Michael J. ; Walsh , Mary Williams ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Fed 's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How Currency Gets into Circulation '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . June 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Production Figures '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.bep.treas.gov/resources/productionannual.html Jump up ^ `` Chief Financial Officer Performance and Accountability Report '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . p. 25 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Funds '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cook , Timothy Q. ; Laroche , Robert K. , eds. ( 1993 ) . `` Instruments of the Money Market '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speech -- Kohn , The Evolving Role of the Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Federal Reserve System '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . The Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve Banks , and the Federal Reserve System as a whole are all subject to several levels of audit and review . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) has conducted numerous reviews of Federal Reserve activities Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System Current and Future Challenges Require System - wide Attention : Statement of Charles A. Bowsher '' ( PDF ) . United States General Accounting Office . July 26 , 1996 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ See example : `` Advantages of Being / Becoming a State Chartered Bank '' . Arkansas State Bank Department . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code Title 12 , Chapter 3 , Subchapter 7 , Section 301 . Powers and duties of board of directors ; suspension of member bank for undue use of bank credit '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` The Role of the Federal Reserve System '' . Innovation and Education : Renewing the Northeast Ohio Economy . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Who Owns the Federal Reserve ? . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is The Fed Public Or Private ? '' Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Fed Announces Closing of Buffalo Branch , Effective October 31 '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 247 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Board Members '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 242 . ^ Jump up to : See 12 U.S.C. § 241 ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Steve ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to nominate Stein , Powell to Fed board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Powell : Visiting Scholar '' Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224732/http://bipartisanpolicy.org/about/economic-policy-project/jerome-powell . Bipartisan Policy Center . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ; Runningen , Roger ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to Choose Powell , Stein for Fed Board '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Obama nominates 3 to Federal Reserve board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Yellen , Raskin Win Senate Approval for Fed Board of Governors '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Censky , Annalyn ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fed inflation hawk Warsh resigns '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sole Fed Governor With Close Ties to Conservatives Resigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Senator to block quick vote on Fed picks : report '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg , `` Stein sworn in as Fed governor '' , MarketWatch , May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Senate Confirms Yellen as Fed Chairwoman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fischer to Serve as Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve '' . Israel National News . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Steve , `` Jeremy Stein to resign from Federal Reserve '' , MarketWatch , April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin , `` Allan Landon , Community Banker , Nominated to Federal Reserve '' , The New York Times , January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leubsdorf , Ben , `` Kathryn Dominguez to Be Nominated for Fed Governor '' , Wall Street Journal , July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System '' . Federal Reserve . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Woodward , G. Thomas ( July 31 , 1996 ) . `` Money and the Federal Reserve System : Myth and Reality -- CRS Report for Congress , No. 96 - 672 E '' . Congressional Research Service Library of Congress . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank Presidents '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Code : Title 12 , Subchapter VII -- Directors of Federal Reserve Banks ; Reserve Agents and Assistants '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy C. Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , et al. , 406 F. 3d 532 Archived May 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 8th Cir. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ 680 F. 2d 1239 Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 9th Cir. 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Michael D. Reagan , `` The Political Structure of the Federal Reserve System , '' American Political Science Review , Vol. 55 ( March 1961 ) , pp. 64 -- 76 , as reprinted in Money and Banking : Theory , Analysis , and Policy , p. 153 , ed. by S. Mittra ( Random House , New York 1970 ) . Jump up ^ `` Section 2.3 Subscription to Stock by National Banks '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5.1 Amount of Shares ; Increase and Decrease of Capital ; Surrender and Cancellation of Stock '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_14986.htm Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Membership '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Sudeep ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` What would a federal reserve audit show '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board begins practice of publishing Reserve Bank financial reports on a quarterly basis '' . Federal Reserve Bank . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan Chittum ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Docket entry 31 , Bloomberg , L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , case no . 1 : 08 - cv - 09595 - LAP , U.S. District Court for the District of New York . Jump up ^ Keoun , Kuntz , Benedetti - Valentini , Buhayar , Campbell , Condon , Finch , Frye , Griffin , Harper , Hyuga , Ivry , Kirchfeld , Kopecki , Layne , Logutenkova , Martens , Moore , Mustoe , Son , Sterngold . `` The Fed 's Secret Liquidity Lifelines '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Torres , Craig ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Fed Releases Discount - Window Loan Records Under Court Order '' . Businessweek . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Open Market Committee '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Education -- Monetary Policy Basics Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2005 , pp. 27 Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System in Action '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Policy , Open Market Operations '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2001 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Monetary Policy , the Discount Rate '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monetary Policy , Reserve Requirements '' . Federalreserve.gov . October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . New York Federal Reserve Bank . August 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions '' . Ny.frb.org . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank San Francisco ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Patricia S. Pollard ( February 2003 ) . `` A Look Inside Two Central Banks : The European Central Bank And The Federal Reserve '' . Review . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 85 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 30 . doi : 10.3886 / ICPSR01278 . OCLC 1569030 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Feinman , Joshua N. ( June 1993 ) . `` Reserve Requirements : History , Current Practice , and Potential Reform '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bulletin : 569 -- 589 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board announces that it will begin to pay interest on depository institutions required and excess reserve balances '' . Federal Reserve . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Temporary Auction Facility FAQ '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve intends to continue term TAF auctions as necessary '' . Federalreserve.gov . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Securities Lending Facility '' . Federal Reserve . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Seeks to Limit Slump by Taking Mortgage Debt '' . bloomberg.com . March 12 , 2008 . `` The step goes beyond past initiatives because the Fed can now inject liquidity without flooding the banking system with cash ... Unlike the newest tool , the past steps added cash to the banking system , which affects the Fed 's benchmark interest rate ... By contrast , the TSLF injects liquidity by lending Treasuries , which does n't affect the federal funds rate . That leaves the Fed free to address the mortgage crisis directly without concern about adding more cash to the system than it wants '' Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Announces Establishment of Primary Dealer Credit Facility -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Fed Says Securities Firms Borrow $28.8 Bln With New Financing '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primary Dealer Credit Facility : Frequently Asked Questions -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Announces Emergency Steps to Ease Credit Crisis -- Economy '' . Cnbc.com . Reuters . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Examining the Federal Reserve 's New Liquidity Measures '' . Frbatlanta.org. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions Policy on Payment System Risk , '' 75 Federal Register 86 ( May 5 , 2010 ) , pp. 24384 -- 24389 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Auction Facility -- FRB : Press Release -- Federal Reserve and other central banks announce measures designed to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets '' . federalreserve.gov . December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US banks borrow $50 bn via new Fed facility '' . Financial Times . February 18 , 2008 . Before its introduction , banks either had to raise money in the open market or use the so - called `` discount window '' for emergencies . However , last year many banks refused to use the discount window , even though they found it hard to raise funds in the market , because it was associated with the stigma of bank failure Jump up ^ `` Fed Boosts Next Two Special Auctions to $30 Billion '' . Bloomberg . January 4 , 2008 . The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System established the temporary Term Auction Facility , dubbed TAF , in December to provide cash after interest - rate cuts failed to break banks ' reluctance to lend amid concern about losses related to subprime mortgage securities . The program will make funding from the Fed available beyond the 20 authorized primary dealers that trade with the central bank Jump up ^ `` A dirty job , but someone has to do it '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . The Fed 's discount window , for instance , through which it lends direct to banks , has barely been approached , despite the soaring spreads in the interbank market . The quarter - point cuts in its federal funds rate and discount rate on December 11 were followed by a steep sell - off in the stockmarket ... The hope is that by extending the maturity of central - bank money , broadening the range of collateral against which banks can borrow and shifting from direct lending to an auction , the central bankers will bring down spreads in the one - and three - month money markets . There will be no net addition of liquidity . What the central bankers add at longer - term maturities , they will take out in the overnight market . But there are risks . The first is that , for all the fanfare , the central banks ' plan will make little difference . After all , it does nothing to remove the fundamental reason why investors are worried about lending to banks . This is the uncertainty about potential losses from subprime mortgages and the products based on them , and -- given that uncertainty -- the banks ' own desire to hoard capital against the chance that they will have to strengthen their balance sheets . Jump up ^ `` Unclogging the system '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robb , Greg ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Fed , top central banks to flood markets with cash '' . Marketwatch.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived December 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Term Securities Lending Facility : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Newyorkfed.org . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board approves amendments to Regulation D authorizing Reserve Banks to offer term deposits '' . Federalreserve.gov. April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes ongoing small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zumbrun , Joshua ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fed to Sell Term Deposits to Ensure Exit ' Readiness ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services regarding `` Unwinding Emergency Federal Reserve Liquidity Programs and Implications for Economic Recovery . '' March 25 , 2010 . Archived October 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://financialservices.house.gov/Hearings/hearingDetails.aspx?NewsID=1087 , also at GPO Access Serial No. 111 -- 118 Retrieved September 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Asset - Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fed Action Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/081007/financial_meltdown.html Jump up ^ Wilson , Linus ; Wu , Yan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Does Receiving TARP Funds Make it Easier to Roll Your Commercial Paper Onto the Fed ? '' . Social Science Electronic Publishing . SSRN 1911454 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Mortgage Purchase Program : Planet Money '' . NPR . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chairman Alan Greenspan ( May 2 , 1998 ) . `` Our banking history '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Reserve '' . Federal reserve education.org . `` Chapter 1 . Early Experiments in Central Banking '' . Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve ( PDF ) . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of U.S. Currency History '' . U.S. Currency Education Program . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mr. Govr . MORRIS moved to strike out `` and emit bills on the credit of the U. States '' -- If the United States had credit such bills would be unnecessary : if they had not , unjust & useless ... On the motion for striking out N.H. ay . Mas . ay . Ct ay . N.J. no . Pa. ay . Del . ay . Md. no . Va . ay . N.C. ay . S.C. ay . Geo . ay. `` '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 , Section 10 . `` no state shall ... emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; '' Jump up ^ Flamme , Karen . `` 1995 Annual Report : A Brief History of Our Nation 's Paper Money '' . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary reports on international finance : the Cunliffe Committee and the Macmillan Committee reports . Ayer Publishing . 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11212 - 6 . description of the founding of Bank of England : ' Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans . Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament , certain privileges of issuing bank notes . The corporation commenced , with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year 's notice . Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State ' ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roger ( December 1999 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . p. 8 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pay off the national debt WSJ Jump up ^ Herrick , Myron ( March 1908 ) . `` The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . JSTOR 1010701 . ^ Jump up to : Flaherty , Edward ( June 16 , 1997 ) . `` A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States '' . Netherlands : University of Groningen . ^ Jump up to : Whithouse , Michael ( May 1989 ) . `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For years members of the Jekyll Island Club would recount the story of the secret meeting and by the 1930s the narrative was considered a club tradition '' . Jekyllislandhistory.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Papers of Frank A. Vanderlip `` I wish I could sit down with you and half a dozen others in the sort of conference that created the Federal Reserve Act '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 -- A Legislative History '' . Llsdc.org . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Affixes His Signature at 6 : 02 P.M. , Using Four Gold Pens . '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . December 24 , 1913 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Unknown Enemy : Beyond Conspiracy '' ( PDF ) . American Institute of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- House '' . Scribd.com . December 22 , 1913 . p. 1465 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- Senate '' . Scribd.com . December 23 , 1913 . p. 1468 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 2 Jump up ^ `` FRB : Economic Research & Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics : Releases and Historical Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Fed : Economic Data -- FRED '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Education -- Economic Indicators Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ White , Lawrence H. ( August 2005 ) . `` The Federal Reserve System 's Influence on Research in Monetary Economics '' . Econ Journal Watch . 2 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 354 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FRB : Z. 1 Release -- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States , Release Dates See the pdf documents from 1945 to 2007 . The value for each year is on page 94 of each document ( the 99th page in a pdf viewer ) and duplicated on page 104 ( 109th page in pdf viewer ) . It gives the total assets , total liabilities , and net worth . This chart is of the net worth . Jump up ^ Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations Archived August 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , June 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Discontinuance of M3 '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 10 , 2005 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2006 , pp. 10 Jump up ^ `` Is the Fed 's Definition of Price Stability Evolving ? '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke -- A perspective on inflation targeting '' . Federalreserve.gov . March 25 , 2003 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What 's The Fuss Over Inflation Targeting ? '' . Businessweek.com . November 7 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben S. ( 2005 ) . The Inflation - Targeting Debate . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 04471 - 2 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo3534750.html Jump up ^ Hummel , Jeffrey Rogers . `` Death and Taxes , Including Inflation : the Public versus Economists '' ( January 2007 ). ( 4 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation : The Foolproof Way and Others '' Lars E.O. Svensson , Journal of Economic Perspectives , Volume 17 , Issue 4 Fall 2003 , pp. 145 -- 166 Jump up ^ Chicago Fed -- Demonstrating Knowledge of the Fed : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A -- Z Listing of Board Publications '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 96th Annual Report 2008 Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . June 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Factors Affecting Reserve Balances of Depository Institutions and Condition Statement of Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Record June 10 , 1932 , Louis T McFadden '' . June 10 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Roger T. ( February 2010 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver - Greenberg , Jessica ; Protess , Ben ; Eavis , Peter ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Rising Security as Banks Hire from the Fed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grace Wyler ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Ron Paul Is Hosting A Hearing On Ending The Federal Reserve Right Now '' . Business Insider Inc . Jump up ^ Brian Lamb ( October 28 , 1994 ) . Book Discussion on The Road to Serfdom. C - SPAN . Milton Friedman . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Jump up ^ For example , see Jim Marrs , The Rise of the Fourth Reich : The Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America ( 2009 ) excerpt . Bundled references Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Bibliography ( edit ) Recent ( edit ) Sarah Binder & Mark Spindel. 2017 . The Myth of Independence : How Congress Governs the Federal Reserve . Princeton University Press . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2005 ) . The Federal Reserve System : Purposes and Functions ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 11 , 2014 . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2006 ) . The Federal Reserve in Plain English . from the St. Louis Fed Congressional Research Service Changing the Federal Reserve 's Mandate : An Economic Analysis Congressional Research Service Federal Reserve : Unconventional Monetary Policy Options Conti - Brown , Peter . The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve ( Princeton UP , 2016 ) . Epstein , Lita & Martin , Preston ( 2003 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Federal Reserve . Alpha Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864323 - 2 . Greider , William ( 1987 ) . Secrets of the Temple . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 67556 - 7 ; nontechnical book explaining the structures , functions , and history of the Federal Reserve , focusing specifically on the tenure of Paul Volcker Hafer , R.W. The Federal Reserve System : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press , 2005 . 451 pp , 280 entries ; ISBN 0 - 313 - 32839 - 0 . Meyer , Laurence H. ( 2004 ) . A Term at the Fed : An Insider 's View . HarperBusiness . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054270 - 5 ; focuses on the period from 1996 to 2002 , emphasizing Alan Greenspan 's chairmanship during the 1997 Asian financial crisis , the stock market boom and the financial aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Woodward , Bob . Maestro : Greenspan 's Fed and the American Boom ( 2000 ) study of Greenspan in the 1990s . Historical ( edit ) Broz , J. Lawrence . The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System . Cornell University Press . 1997 . Carosso , Vincent P . `` The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina '' , Business History Review ( 1973 ) 47 : 421 -- 437 Chandler , Lester V. American Monetary Policy , 1928 -- 41 . ( 1971 ) . Epstein , Gerald and Thomas Ferguson . `` Monetary Policy , Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict : Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932 '' . Journal of Economic History 44 ( December 1984 ) : 957 -- 984 . in JSTOR Friedman , Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ) Goddard , Thomas H. ( 1831 ) . History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States . Carvill . pp. 48ff . Kubik , `` Paul J. Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression : The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit '' . Journal of Economic Issues . Volume : 30 . Issue : 3 . Publication Year : 1996 . pp. 829 + . Link , Arthur . Wilson : The New Freedom ( 1956 ) pp. 199 -- 240 . Livingston , James . Origins of the Federal Reserve System : Money , Class , and Corporate Capitalism , 1890 -- 1913 ( 1986 ) , Marxist approach to 1913 policy Lowenstein , Roger . America 's Bank : The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve ( Penguin Press , 2015 ) . 368 pp . Marrs , Jim ( 2000 ) . `` Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System '' . Rule by Secrecy . HarperCollins : 64 -- 78 . Mayhew , Anne . `` Ideology and the Great Depression : Monetary History Rewritten '' . Journal of Economic Issues 17 ( June 1983 ) : 353 -- 360 . Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 1 : 1913 -- 1951 ( 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51999 - 9 ( cloth ) and ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52000 - 1 ( paper ) Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 1 , 1951 -- 1969 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52001 - 8 Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 2 , 1969 -- 1985 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51994 - 4 ; In three volumes published so far , Meltzer covers the first 70 years of the Fed in considerable detail Mullins , Eustace C. The Secrets of the Federal Reserve , 1952 . John McLaughlin . ISBN 0 - 9656492 - 1 - 0 Roberts , Priscilla . ' Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes ? ' The Federal Reserve System 's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War `` , Business History Review ( 1998 ) 72 : 585 -- 603 Rothbard , Murray ( 2007 ) . The Case Against the Fed . Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 978 - 1467934893 . Bernard Shull , `` The Fourth Branch : The Federal Reserve 's Unlikely Rise to Power and Influence '' ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 56720 - 624 - 7 Steindl , Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression . ( 1995 ) . Temin , Peter . Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression ? ( 1976 ) . Wells , Donald R . The Federal Reserve System : A History ( 2004 ) West , Robert Craig . Banking Reform and the Federal Reserve , 1863 -- 1923 ( 1977 ) Wicker , Elmus . `` A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920 -- 1921 Depression '' , Journal of Economic History ( 1966 ) 26 : 223 -- 238 , in JSTOR Wicker , Elmus . Federal Reserve Monetary Policy , 1917 -- 33 . ( 1966 ) . Wicker , Elmus . The Great Debate on Banking Reform : Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed Ohio State University Press , 2005 . Wood , John H. A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States ( 2005 ) Wueschner ; Silvano A. Charting Twentieth - Century Monetary Policy : Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong , 1917 -- 1927 Greenwood Press . ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFederal Reserve Systemat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Federal Reserve Banking System . Official website Records of the Federal Reserve System in the National Archives ( Record Group 82 ) Federal Reserve System Federal Open Market Committee Chair Governors Federal Reserve Bank Banknotes Federal Reserve Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Reports Beige Book Federal Reserve Statistical Release Monetary Policy Report to the Congress Fedspeak Federal funds Discount window Federal funds Federal funds rate Primary dealer History Antecedents Currency Acts ( 1751 ; 1764 ) Bank of North America ( 1781 -- 1791 ) First Bank of the United States ( 1791 -- 1811 ) Second Bank of the United States ( 1816 -- 1836 ) Suffolk Bank ( 1818 -- 1858 ) Suffolk System ( 1824 -- 1858 ) Bank War ( 1832 -- 1836 ) New York Clearing House ( 1853 -- 1913 ) National Bank Acts ( 1863 ; 1864 ) Specie Payment Resumption Act ( 1875 ) Aldrich -- Vreeland Act ( 1908 ) Official Federal Reserve Act ( 1913 ) Post -- World War I recession ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Depression of 1920 -- 21 Wall Street Crash of 1929 Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Recession of 1937 -- 38 Employment Act of 1946 Late 1940s recession ( 1948 -- 1949 ) U.S. Treasury Department Accord ( 1951 ) Early 1950s recession ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Bank Holding Company Act ( 1956 ) Late 1950s recession ( 1957 -- 1958 ) Recession of 1960 -- 61 Federal Open Market Committee actions ( 1961 -- 2015 ) Recession of 1969 -- 70 1970s recession ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Federal Reserve Reform Act ( 1977 ) Humphrey -- Hawkins Full Employment Act ( 1978 ) Early 1980s recession ( 1980 ; 1981 -- 1982 ) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( 1980 ) Board of Governors , FRS v. Investment Co . Institute ( 1981 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery , and Enforcement Act ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th mini-crash ( 1989 ) Early 1990s recession ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act ( 1991 ) 1997 mini-crash Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Dot - com bubble bursting ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 9 / 11 economic effects ( 2001 ) Stock market downturn of 2002 Early 2000s recession ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 Great Recession ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2007 -- 2009 U.S. bear market Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve ( 2009 ) Flash Crash ( 2010 ) August 2011 stock markets fall 2015 -- 16 stock market selloff Chairs Charles S. Hamlin ( 1914 -- 1916 ) William P.G. Harding ( 1916 -- 1922 ) Daniel R. Crissinger ( 1923 -- 1927 ) Roy A. Young ( 1927 -- 1930 ) Eugene Meyer ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Eugene R. Black ( 1933 -- 1934 ) Marriner S. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who oversees all of the federal reserve banks	[ "The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers. It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board (FRB). Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, located in cities throughout the nation, regulate and oversee privately owned commercial banks.[15][16][17] Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in, and can elect some of the board members of, the Federal Reserve Bank of their region. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets monetary policy. It consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents, though only five bank presidents vote at a time (the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one-year voting terms). There are also various advisory councils. Thus, the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components.[list 2] It has a structure unique among central banks, and is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury, an entity outside of the central bank, prints the currency used.[22]\n" ]	[ "Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board (FRB)" ]
-4024105018644858251	Renaissance	Renaissance - wikipedia Renaissance Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th -- 17th centuries . For the earlier European Renaissance , see Renaissance of the 12th century . For other uses , see Renaissance ( disambiguation ) . David , by Michelangelo ( Accademia di Belle Arti , Florence , Italy ) is a masterpiece of Renaissance and world art . Renaissance Topics Humanism Exploration Architecture Dance Fine arts Literature Music Philosophy Science Technology Warfare Regions Bengal England France Germany Italy Poland Portugal Spain Scotland Northern Europe Low Countries The Renaissance ( UK : / rɪˈneɪsəns / , US : / rɛnəˈsɑːns / ) was a period in European history , from the 14th to the 17th century , regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history . It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe , marking the beginning of the Modern age . The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its own invented version of humanism , derived from the concept of Roman Humanitas and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy , such as that of Protagoras , who said that `` Man is the measure of all things . '' This new thinking became manifest in art , architecture , politics , science and literature . Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete . Although the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century , the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe . As a cultural movement , the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures , beginning with the 14th - century resurgence of learning based on classical sources , which contemporaries credited to Petrarch ; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting ; and gradual but widespread educational reform . In politics , the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy , and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning . Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits , as well as social and political upheaval , it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , who inspired the term `` Renaissance man '' . The Renaissance began in Florence , in the 14th century . Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics , focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time : its political structure ; the patronage of its dominant family , the Medici ; and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks . Other major centres were northern Italian city - states such as Venice , Genoa , Milan , Bologna , and finally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy . The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography , and , in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations , there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th - century glorification of the `` Renaissance '' and individual culture heroes as `` Renaissance men '' , questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation . The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of `` Renaissance '' : It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization -- historians of economic and social developments , political and religious situations , and , most particularly , natural science -- but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art . Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural `` advance '' from the Middle Ages , instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for classical antiquity , while social and economic historians , especially of the longue durée , have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras , which are linked , as Panofsky observed , `` by a thousand ties '' . The word Renaissance , literally meaning `` Rebirth '' in French , first appeared in English in the 1830s . The word also occurs in Jules Michelet 's 1855 work , Histoire de France . The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements , such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Origins 2.1 Latin and Greek phases of Renaissance humanism 2.2 Social and political structures in Italy 2.3 Black Death / Plague 2.4 Cultural conditions in Florence 3 Characteristics 3.1 Humanism 3.2 Art 3.3 Science 3.4 Music 3.5 Religion 3.6 Self - awareness 4 Spread 4.1 Northern Europe 4.2 England 4.3 France 4.4 Germany 4.5 Netherlands 4.6 Spain 4.7 Portugal 4.8 Hungary 4.9 Poland 4.10 Russia 4.11 Further countries 5 Historiography 5.1 Conception 5.2 Debates about progress 6 Other Renaissances 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Primary sources 11 External links Overview The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period . Beginning in Italy , and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century , its influence was felt in literature , philosophy , art , music , politics , science , religion , and other aspects of intellectual inquiry . Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study , and searched for realism and human emotion in art . Renaissance humanists such as Poggio Bracciolini sought out in Europe 's monastic libraries the Latin literary , historical , and oratorical texts of Antiquity , while the Fall of Constantinople ( 1453 ) generated a wave of émigré Greek scholars bringing precious manuscripts in ancient Greek , many of which had fallen into obscurity in the West . It is in their new focus on literary and historical texts that Renaissance scholars differed so markedly from the medieval scholars of the Renaissance of the 12th century , who had focused on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural sciences , philosophy and mathematics , rather than on such cultural texts . Portrait of a Young Woman ( c. 1480 - 85 ) ( Simonetta Vespucci ) by Sandro Botticelli In the revival of neo-Platonism Renaissance humanists did not reject Christianity ; quite the contrary , many of the Renaissance 's greatest works were devoted to it , and the Church patronized many works of Renaissance art . However , a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life . In addition , many Greek Christian works , including the Greek New Testament , were brought back from Byzantium to Western Europe and engaged Western scholars for the first time since late antiquity . This new engagement with Greek Christian works , and particularly the return to the original Greek of the New Testament promoted by humanists Lorenzo Valla and Erasmus , would help pave the way for the Protestant Reformation . Well after the first artistic return to classicism had been exemplified in the sculpture of Nicola Pisano , Florentine painters led by Masaccio strove to portray the human form realistically , developing techniques to render perspective and light more naturally . Political philosophers , most famously Niccolò Machiavelli , sought to describe political life as it really was , that is to understand it rationally . A critical contribution to Italian Renaissance humanism Giovanni Pico della Mirandola wrote the famous text `` De hominis dignitate '' ( Oration on the Dignity of Man , 1486 ) , which consists of a series of theses on philosophy , natural thought , faith and magic defended against any opponent on the grounds of reason . In addition to studying classical Latin and Greek , Renaissance authors also began increasingly to use vernacular languages ; combined with the introduction of printing , this would allow many more people access to books , especially the Bible . In all , the Renaissance could be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly , both through the revival of ideas from antiquity , and through novel approaches to thought . Some scholars , such as Rodney Stark , play down the Renaissance in favor of the earlier innovations of the Italian city - states in the High Middle Ages , which married responsive government , Christianity and the birth of capitalism . This analysis argues that , whereas the great European states ( France and Spain ) were absolutist monarchies , and others were under direct Church control , the independent city republics of Italy took over the principles of capitalism invented on monastic estates and set off a vast unprecedented commercial revolution that preceded and financed the Renaissance . Origins Main article : Italian Renaissance View of Florence , birthplace of the Renaissance Many argue that the ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th - century Florence , in particular with the writings of Dante Alighieri ( 1265 -- 1321 ) and Petrarch ( 1304 -- 1374 ) , as well as the paintings of Giotto di Bondone ( 1267 -- 1337 ) . Some writers date the Renaissance quite precisely ; one proposed starting point is 1401 , when the rival geniuses Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi competed for the contract to build the bronze doors for the Baptistery of the Florence Cathedral ( Ghiberti won ) . Others see more general competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi , Ghiberti , Donatello , and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance . Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy , and why it began when it did . Accordingly , several theories have been put forward to explain its origins . During the Renaissance , money and art went hand in hand . Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent . Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th , 15th , and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia and Europe . Silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money . Luxuries from the Eastern world , brought home during the Crusades , increased the prosperity of Genoa and Venice . Jules Michelet defined the 16th - century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe 's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . Latin and Greek phases of Renaissance humanism See also : Transmission of the Greek Classics The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coluccio Salutati In stark contrast to the High Middle Ages , when Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science , philosophy and mathematics , Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary , historical , and oratorical texts . Broadly speaking , this began in the 14th century with a Latin phase , when Renaissance scholars such as Petrarch , Coluccio Salutati ( 1331 -- 1406 ) , Niccolò de ' Niccoli ( 1364 -- 1437 ) and Poggio Bracciolini ( 1380 -- 1459 ) scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such Latin authors as Cicero , Lucretius , Livy and Seneca . By the early 15th century , the bulk of such Latin literature had been recovered ; the Greek phase of Renaissance humanism was under way , as Western European scholars turned to recovering ancient Greek literary , historical , oratorical and theological texts . Unlike with Latin texts , which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity , the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe . Ancient Greek works on science , maths and philosophy had been studied since the High Middle Ages in Western Europe and in the medieval Islamic world ( normally in translation ) , but Greek literary , oratorical and historical works ( such as Homer , the Greek dramatists , Demosthenes and Thucydides ) were not studied in either the Latin or medieval Islamic worlds ; in the Middle Ages these sorts of texts were only studied by Byzantine scholars . One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity . Arab logicians had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant . Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Iberia and Sicily , which became important centers for this transmission of ideas . From the 11th to the 13th century , many schools dedicated to the translation of philosophical and scientific works from Classical Arabic to Medieval Latin were established in Iberia . Most notably the Toledo School of Translators . This work of translation from Islamic culture , though largely unplanned and disorganized , constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history . This movement to reintegrate the regular study of Greek literary , historical , oratorical and theological texts back into the Western European curriculum is usually dated to the 1396 invitation from Coluccio Salutati to the Byzantine diplomat and scholar Manuel Chrysoloras ( c. 1355 -- 1415 ) to teach Greek in Florence . This legacy was continued by a number of expatriate Greek scholars , from Basilios Bessarion to Leo Allatius . Social and political structures in Italy A political map of the Italian Peninsula circa 1494 The unique political structures of late Middle Ages Italy have led some to theorize that its unusual social climate allowed the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence . Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early modern period . Instead , it was divided into smaller city states and territories : the Kingdom of Naples controlled the south , the Republic of Florence and the Papal States at the center , the Milanese and the Genoese to the north and west respectively , and the Venetians to the east . Fifteenth - century Italy was one of the most urbanised areas in Europe . Many of its cities stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings ; it seems likely that the classical nature of the Renaissance was linked to its origin in the Roman Empire 's heartland . Historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner points out that Otto of Freising ( c. 1114 -- 1158 ) , a German bishop visiting north Italy during the 12th century , noticed a widespread new form of political and social organization , observing that Italy appeared to have exited from Feudalism so that its society was based on merchants and commerce . Linked to this was anti-monarchical thinking , represented in the famous early Renaissance fresco cycle Allegory of Good and Bad Government in Siena by Ambrogio Lorenzetti ( painted 1338 -- 1340 ) , whose strong message is about the virtues of fairness , justice , republicanism and good administration . Holding both Church and Empire at bay , these city republics were devoted to notions of liberty . Skinner reports that there were many defences of liberty such as the Matteo Palmieri ( 1406 -- 1475 ) celebration of Florentine genius not only in art , sculpture and architecture , but `` the remarkable efflorescence of moral , social and political philosophy that occurred in Florence at the same time '' . Even cities and states beyond central Italy , such as the Republic of Florence at this time , were also notable for their merchant Republics , especially the Republic of Venice . Although in practice these were oligarchical , and bore little resemblance to a modern democracy , they did have democratic features and were responsive states , with forms of participation in governance and belief in liberty . The relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement . Likewise , the position of Italian cities such as Venice as great trading centres made them intellectual crossroads . Merchants brought with them ideas from far corners of the globe , particularly the Levant . Venice was Europe 's gateway to trade with the East , and a producer of fine glass , while Florence was a capital of textiles . The wealth such business brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study . Black Death / plague One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death , which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350 , resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th - century Italy . Italy was particularly badly hit by the plague , and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth , rather than on spirituality and the afterlife . It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety , manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art . However , this does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred specifically in Italy in the 14th century . The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described , not only Italy . The Renaissance 's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors . The plague was carried by fleas on sailing vessels returning from the ports of Asia , spreading quickly due to lack of proper sanitation : the population of England , then about 4.2 million , lost 1.4 million people to the bubonic plague . Florence 's population was nearly halved in the year 1347 . As a result of the decimation in the populace the value of the working class increased , and commoners came to enjoy more freedom . To answer the increased need for labor , workers traveled in search of the most favorable position economically . The demographic decline due to the plague had economic consequences : the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30 to 40 % in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400 . Landholders faced a great loss , but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall . The survivors of the plague found not only that the prices of food were cheaper but also that lands were more abundant , and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives . The spread of disease was significantly more rampant in areas of poverty . Epidemics ravaged cities , particularly children . Plagues were easily spread by lice , unsanitary drinking water , armies , or by poor sanitation . Children were hit the hardest because many diseases , such as typhus and syphilis , target the immune system , leaving young children without a fighting chance . Children in city dwellings were more affected by the spread of disease than the children of the wealthy . The Black Death caused greater upheaval to Florence 's social and political structure than later epidemics . Despite a significant number of deaths among members of the ruling classes , the government of Florence continued to function during this period . Formal meetings of elected representatives were suspended during the height of the epidemic due to the chaotic conditions in the city , but a small group of officials was appointed to conduct the affairs of the city , which ensured continuity of government . Cultural conditions in Florence Lorenzo de ' Medici , ruler of Florence and patron of arts ( Portrait by Girolamo Macchietti ) It has long been a matter of debate why the Renaissance began in Florence , and not elsewhere in Italy . Scholars have noted several features unique to Florentine cultural life that may have caused such a cultural movement . Many have emphasized the role played by the Medici , a banking family and later ducal ruling house , in patronizing and stimulating the arts . Lorenzo de ' Medici ( 1449 -- 1492 ) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage , encouraging his countrymen to commission works from the leading artists of Florence , including Leonardo da Vinci , Sandro Botticelli , and Michelangelo Buonarroti . Works by Neri di Bicci , Botticelli , da Vinci and Filippino Lippi had been commissioned additionally by the convent di San Donato agli Scopeti of the Augustinians order in Florence . The Renaissance was certainly underway before Lorenzo de ' Medici came to power -- indeed , before the Medici family itself achieved hegemony in Florentine society . Some historians have postulated that Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance as a result of luck , i.e. because `` Great Men '' were born there by chance : Leonardo da Vinci , Botticelli and Michelangelo were all born in Tuscany . Arguing that such chance seems improbable , other historians have contended that these `` Great Men '' were only able to rise to prominence because of the prevailing cultural conditions at the time . Characteristics Humanism Main article : Renaissance humanism Pico della Mirandola wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man , which has been called the `` Manifesto of the Renaissance '' . In some ways humanism was not a philosophy but a method of learning . In contrast to the medieval scholastic mode , which focused on resolving contradictions between authors , humanists would study ancient texts in the original and appraise them through a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence . Humanist education was based on the programme of ' Studia Humanitatis ' , the study of five humanities : poetry , grammar , history , moral philosophy and rhetoric . Although historians have sometimes struggled to define humanism precisely , most have settled on `` a middle of the road definition ... the movement to recover , interpret , and assimilate the language , literature , learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome '' . Above all , humanists asserted `` the genius of man ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind '' . Humanist scholars shaped the intellectual landscape throughout the early modern period . Political philosophers such as Niccolò Machiavelli and Thomas More revived the ideas of Greek and Roman thinkers and applied them in critiques of contemporary government . Pico della Mirandola wrote the `` manifesto '' of the Renaissance , the Oration on the Dignity of Man , a vibrant defence of thinking . Matteo Palmieri ( 1406 -- 1475 ) , another humanist , is most known for his work Della vita civile ( `` On Civic Life '' ; printed 1528 ) , which advocated civic humanism , and for his influence in refining the Tuscan vernacular to the same level as Latin . Palmieri drew on Roman philosophers and theorists , especially Cicero , who , like Palmieri , lived an active public life as a citizen and official , as well as a theorist and philosopher and also Quintilian . Perhaps the most succinct expression of his perspective on humanism is in a 1465 poetic work La città di vita , but an earlier work , Della vita civile ( On Civic Life ) , is more wide - ranging . Composed as a series of dialogues set in a country house in the Mugello countryside outside Florence during the plague of 1430 , Palmieri expounds on the qualities of the ideal citizen . The dialogues include ideas about how children develop mentally and physically , how citizens can conduct themselves morally , how citizens and states can ensure probity in public life , and an important debate on the difference between that which is pragmatically useful and that which is honest . The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body , which could be attained with education . The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably in virtually any situation . This ideology was referred to as the uomo universale , an ancient Greco - Roman ideal . Education during the Renaissance was mainly composed of ancient literature and history as it was thought that the classics provided moral instruction and an intensive understanding of human behavior . Art Main articles : Renaissance art , Renaissance painting , and Renaissance architecture See also : Islamic influences on Western art The tomb of Michelangelo in the Basilica of Santa Croce , Florence Renaissance art marks a cultural rebirth at the close of the Middle Ages and rise of the Modern world . One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective . Giotto di Bondone ( 1267 -- 1337 ) is credited with first treating a painting as a window into space , but it was not until the demonstrations of architect Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377 -- 1446 ) and the subsequent writings of Leon Battista Alberti ( 1404 -- 1472 ) that perspective was formalized as an artistic technique . The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts . Painters developed other techniques , studying light , shadow , and , famously in the case of Leonardo da Vinci , human anatomy . Underlying these changes in artistic method was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature and to unravel the axioms of aesthetics , with the works of Leonardo , Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were much imitated by other artists . Other notable artists include Sandro Botticelli , working for the Medici in Florence , Donatello , another Florentine , and Titian in Venice , among others . Leonardo da Vinci 's Vitruvian Man ( c. 1490 ) demonstrates the effect writers of Antiquity had on Renaissance thinkers . Based on the specifications in Vitruvius ' De architectura ( 1st century BC ) , Leonardo tried to draw the perfectly proportioned man . In the Netherlands , a particularly vibrant artistic culture developed . The work of Hugo van der Goes and Jan van Eyck was particularly influential on the development of painting in Italy , both technically with the introduction of oil paint and canvas , and stylistically in terms of naturalism in representation ( see Renaissance in the Netherlands ) . Later , the work of Pieter Brueghel the Elder would inspire artists to depict themes of everyday life . In architecture , Filippo Brunelleschi was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical buildings . With rediscovered knowledge from the 1st - century writer Vitruvius and the flourishing discipline of mathematics , Brunelleschi formulated the Renaissance style that emulated and improved on classical forms . His major feat of engineering was building the dome of the Florence Cathedral . Another building demonstrating this style is the church of St. Andrew in Mantua , built by Alberti . The outstanding architectural work of the High Renaissance was the rebuilding of St. Peter 's Basilica , combining the skills of Bramante , Michelangelo , Raphael , Sangallo and Maderno . During the Renaissance , architects aimed to use columns , pilasters , and entablatures as an integrated system . The Roman orders types of columns are used : Tuscan , Doric , Ionic , Corinthian and Composite . These can either be structural , supporting an arcade or architrave , or purely decorative , set against a wall in the form of pilasters . One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy ( 1421 -- 1440 ) by Brunelleschi . Arches , semi-circular or ( in the Mannerist style ) segmental , are often used in arcades , supported on piers or columns with capitals . There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch . Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental . Renaissance vaults do not have ribs ; they are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan , unlike the Gothic vault , which is frequently rectangular . Renaissance artists were not pagans , although they admired antiquity and kept some ideas and symbols of the medieval past . Nicola Pisano ( c. 1220 -- c. 1278 ) imitated classical forms by portraying scenes from the Bible . His Annunciation , from the Baptistry at Pisa , demonstrates that classical models influenced Italian art before the Renaissance took root as a literary movement Science Main articles : History of science in the Renaissance and Renaissance technology Portrait of Luca Pacioli , father of accounting , painted by Jacopo de ' Barbari , 1495 , ( Museo di Capodimonte ) . 1543 ' Vesalius ' studies inspired interest in human anatomy . Galileo Galilei . Portrait in ink by Renaissance sculptor Leone Leoni The rediscovery of ancient texts and the invention of printing democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of more widely distributed ideas . In the first period of the Italian Renaissance , humanists favoured the study of humanities over natural philosophy or applied mathematics , and their reverence for classical sources further enshrined the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic views of the universe . Writing around 1450 , Nicholas Cusanus anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Copernicus , but in a philosophical fashion . Science and art were intermingled in the early Renaissance , with polymath artists such as Leonardo da Vinci making observational drawings of anatomy and nature . Da Vinci set up controlled experiments in water flow , medical dissection , and systematic study of movement and aerodynamics , and he devised principles of research method that led Fritjof Capra to classify him as the `` father of modern science '' . Other examples of Da Vinci 's contribution during this period include machines designed to saw marbles and lift monoliths and new discoveries in acoustics , botany , geology , anatomy and mechanics . A suitable environment had developed to question scientific doctrine . The discovery in 1492 of the New World by Christopher Columbus challenged the classical worldview . The works of Ptolemy ( in geography ) and Galen ( in medicine ) were found to not always match everyday observations . As the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation clashed , the Northern Renaissance showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristotelean natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences ( botany , anatomy , and medicine ) . The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements . Some view this as a `` scientific revolution '' , heralding the beginning of the modern age , others as an acceleration of a continuous process stretching from the ancient world to the present day . Significant scientific advances were made during this time by Galileo Galilei , Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler . Copernicus , in De Revolutionibus , posited that the Earth moved around the Sun . De humani corporis fabrica ( On the Workings of the Human Body ) , by Andreas Vesalius , gave a new confidence to the role of dissection , observation , and the mechanistic view of anatomy . Another important development was in the process for discovery , the scientific method , focusing on empirical evidence and the importance of mathematics , while discarding Aristotelian science . Early and influential proponents of these ideas included Copernicus , Galileo , and Francis Bacon . The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy , physics , biology , and anatomy . Applied innovation extended to commerce . At the end of the 15th century Luca Pacioli published the first work on bookkeeping , making him the founder of accounting . Music Main article : Renaissance music From this changing society emerged a common , unifying musical language , in particular the polyphonic style of the Franco - Flemish school . The development of printing made distribution of music possible on a wide scale . Demand for music as entertainment and as an activity for educated amateurs increased with the emergence of a bourgeois class . Dissemination of chansons , motets , and masses throughout Europe coincided with the unification of polyphonic practice into the fluid style that culminated in the second half of the sixteenth century in the work of composers such as Palestrina , Lassus , Victoria and William Byrd . Religion Main articles : Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation Alexander VI , a Borgia Pope infamous for his corruption The new ideals of humanism , although more secular in some aspects , developed against a Christian backdrop , especially in the Northern Renaissance . Much , if not most , of the new art was commissioned by or in dedication to the Church . However , the Renaissance had a profound effect on contemporary theology , particularly in the way people perceived the relationship between man and God . Many of the period 's foremost theologians were followers of the humanist method , including Erasmus , Zwingli , Thomas More , Martin Luther , and John Calvin . Adoration of the Magi and Solomon adored by the Queen of Sheba from the Farnese Hours by Giulio Clovio marks the end of the Italian Renaissance of illuminated manuscript together with the Index Librorum Prohibitorum . The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil . The late Middle Ages was a period of political intrigue surrounding the Papacy , culminating in the Western Schism , in which three men simultaneously claimed to be true Bishop of Rome . While the schism was resolved by the Council of Constance ( 1414 ) , a resulting reform movement known as Conciliarism sought to limit the power of the pope . Although the papacy eventually emerged supreme in ecclesiastical matters by the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( 1511 ) , it was dogged by continued accusations of corruption , most famously in the person of Pope Alexander VI , who was accused variously of simony , nepotism and fathering four children ( most of whom were married off , presumably for the consolidation of power ) while a cardinal . Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the Church , often based on humanist textual criticism of the New Testament . In October 1517 Luther published the 95 Theses , challenging papal authority and criticizing its perceived corruption , particularly with regard to instances of sold indulgences . The 95 Theses led to the Reformation , a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in Western Europe . Humanism and the Renaissance therefore played a direct role in sparking the Reformation , as well as in many other contemporaneous religious debates and conflicts . Pope Paul III came to the papal throne ( 1534 -- 1549 ) after the sack of Rome in 1527 , with uncertainties prevalent in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation . Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres ) to Paul III , who became the grandfather of Alessandro Farnese ( cardinal ) , who had paintings by Titian , Michelangelo , and Raphael , as well as an important collection of drawings , and who commissioned the masterpiece of Giulio Clovio , arguably the last major illuminated manuscript , the Farnese Hours . Self - awareness Leonardo Bruni By the 15th century , writers , artists , and architects in Italy were well aware of the transformations that were taking place and were using phrases such as modi antichi ( in the antique manner ) or alle romana et alla antica ( in the manner of the Romans and the ancients ) to describe their work . In the 1330s Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua ( ancient ) and to the Christian period as nova ( new ) . From Petrarch 's Italian perspective , this new period ( which included his own time ) was an age of national eclipse . Leonardo Bruni was the first to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People ( 1442 ) . Bruni 's first two periods were based on those of Petrarch , but he added a third period because he believed that Italy was no longer in a state of decline . Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire ( 1439 -- 1453 ) . Humanist historians argued that contemporary scholarship restored direct links to the classical period , thus bypassing the Medieval period , which they then named for the first time the `` Middle Ages '' . The term first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas ( middle times ) . The term la rinascita ( rebirth ) first appeared , however , in its broad sense in Giorgio Vasari 's Lives of the Artists , 1550 , revised 1568 ) . Vasari divides the age into three phases : the first phase contains Cimabue , Giotto , and Arnolfo di Cambio ; the second phase contains Masaccio , Brunelleschi , and Donatello ; the third centers on Leonardo da Vinci and culminates with Michelangelo . It was not just the growing awareness of classical antiquity that drove this development , according to Vasari , but also the growing desire to study and imitate nature . Spread Château de Chambord ( 1519 -- 1547 ) , one of the most famous examples of Renaissance architecture In the 15th century , the Renaissance spread rapidly from its birthplace in Florence to the rest of Italy and soon to the rest of Europe . The invention of the printing press by German printer Johannes Gutenberg allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas . As it spread , its ideas diversified and changed , being adapted to local culture . In the 20th century , scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements . Northern Europe Main article : Northern Renaissance The Renaissance in Northern Europe has been termed the `` Northern Renaissance '' . While Renaissance ideas were moving north from Italy , there was a simultaneous southward spread of some areas of innovation , particularly in music . The music of the 15th century Burgundian School defined the beginning of the Renaissance in music , and the polyphony of the Netherlanders , as it moved with the musicians themselves into Italy , formed the core of the first true international style in music since the standardization of Gregorian Chant in the 9th century . The culmination of the Netherlandish school was in the music of the Italian composer Palestrina . At the end of the 16th century Italy again became a center of musical innovation , with the development of the polychoral style of the Venetian School , which spread northward into Germany around 1600 . Pieter Bruegel 's The Triumph of Death ( c. 1562 ) reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed the plague that devastated medieval Europe . The paintings of the Italian Renaissance differed from those of the Northern Renaissance . Italian Renaissance artists were among the first to paint secular scenes , breaking away from the purely religious art of medieval painters . Northern Renaissance artists initially remained focused on religious subjects , such as the contemporary religious upheaval portrayed by Albrecht Dürer . Later , the works of Pieter Bruegel influenced artists to paint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes . It was also during the Northern Renaissance that Flemish brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck perfected the oil painting technique , which enabled artists to produce strong colors on a hard surface that could survive for centuries . A feature of the Northern Renaissance was its use of the vernacular in place of Latin or Greek , which allowed greater freedom of expression . This movement had started in Italy with the decisive influence of Dante Alighieri on the development of vernacular languages ; in fact the focus on writing in Italian has neglected a major source of Florentine ideas expressed in Latin . The spread of the printing press technology boosted the Renaissance in Northern Europe as elsewhere , with Venice becoming a world center of printing . England Main article : English Renaissance `` What a piece of work is a man , how noble in reason , how infinite in faculties , in form and moving how express and admirable , in action how like an angel , in apprehension how like a god ! '' -- from William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . In England , the sixteenth century marked the beginning of the English Renaissance with the work of writers William Shakespeare , Christopher Marlowe , Edmund Spenser , Sir Thomas More , Francis Bacon , Sir Philip Sidney , as well as great artists , architects ( such as Inigo Jones who introduced Italianate architecture to England ) , and composers such as Thomas Tallis , John Taverner , and William Byrd . France Main article : French Renaissance The word `` Renaissance '' is borrowed from the French language , where it means `` re-birth '' . It was first used in the eighteenth century and was later popularized by French historian Jules Michelet ( 1798 -- 1874 ) in his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) . In 1495 the Italian Renaissance arrived in France , imported by King Charles VIII after his invasion of Italy . A factor that promoted the spread of secularism was the inability of the Church to offer assistance against the Black Death . Francis I imported Italian art and artists , including Leonardo da Vinci , and built ornate palaces at great expense . Writers such as François Rabelais , Pierre de Ronsard , Joachim du Bellay and Michel de Montaigne , painters such as Jean Clouet , and musicians such as Jean Mouton also borrowed from the spirit of the Renaissance . In 1533 , a fourteen - year - old Caterina de ' Medici ( 1519 -- 1589 ) , born in Florence to Lorenzo II de ' Medici and Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne , married Henry II of France , second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude . Though she became famous and infamous for her role in France 's religious wars , she made a direct contribution in bringing arts , sciences and music ( including the origins of ballet ) to the French court from her native Florence . Germany Main article : German Renaissance The Arnolfini Portrait , by Jan van Eyck , 1434 In the second half of the 15th century , the Renaissance spirit spread to Germany and the Low Countries , where the development of the printing press ( ca . 1450 ) and early Renaissance artists such as the painters Jan van Eyck ( 1395 -- 1441 ) and Hieronymus Bosch ( 1450 -- 1516 ) and the composers Johannes Ockeghem ( 1410 -- 1497 ) , Jacob Obrecht ( 1457 -- 1505 ) and Josquin des Prez ( 1455 -- 1521 ) predated the influence from Italy . In the early Protestant areas of the country humanism became closely linked to the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation , and the art and writing of the German Renaissance frequently reflected this dispute . However , the gothic style and medieval scholastic philosophy remained exclusively until the turn of the 16th century . Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg ( ruling 1493 -- 1519 ) was the first truly Renaissance monarch of the Holy Roman Empire . Netherlands Main articles : Renaissance in the Netherlands and Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting Erasmus of Rotterdam in 1523 , as depicted by Hans Holbein the Younger Culture in the Netherlands at the end of the 15th century was influenced by the Italian Renaissance through trade via Bruges , which made Flanders wealthy . Its nobles commissioned artists who became known across Europe . In science , the anatomist Andreas Vesalius led the way ; in cartography , Gerardus Mercator 's map assisted explorers and navigators . In art , Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting ranged from the strange work of Hieronymus Bosch to the everyday life depictions of Pieter Brueghel the Elder . Spain Main article : Spanish Renaissance The Renaissance arrived in the Iberian peninsula through the Mediterranean possessions of the Aragonese Crown and the city of Valencia . Many early Spanish Renaissance writers come from the Kingdom of Aragon , including Ausiàs March and Joanot Martorell . In the Kingdom of Castile , the early Renaissance was heavily influenced by the Italian humanism , starting with writers and poets such as the Marquis of Santillana , who introduced the new Italian poetry to Spain in the early 15th century . Other writers , such as Jorge Manrique , Fernando de Rojas , Juan del Encina , Juan Boscán Almogáver and Garcilaso de la Vega , kept a close resemblance to the Italian canon . Miguel de Cervantes 's masterpiece Don Quixote is credited as the first Western novel . Renaissance humanism flourished in the early 16th century , with influential writers such as philosopher Juan Luis Vives , grammarian Antonio de Nebrija and natural historian Pedro de Mexía . Later Spanish Renaissance tended towards religious themes and mysticism , with poets such as fray Luis de León , Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross , and treated issues related to the exploration of the New World , with chroniclers and writers such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Bartolomé de las Casas , giving rise to a body of work , now known as Spanish Renaissance literature . The late Renaissance in Spain produced artists such as El Greco and composers such as Tomás Luis de Victoria and Antonio de Cabezón . Portugal Main article : Portuguese Renaissance São Pedro Papa , 1530 - 1535 , by Grão Vasco Fernandes . A pinnacle piece from when the Portuguese Renaissance had considerable external influence . Although Italian Renaissance had a modest impact in Portuguese arts , Portugal was influential in broadening the European worldview , stimulating humanist inquiry . Renaissance arrived through the influence of wealthy Italian and Flemish merchants who invested in the profitable commerce overseas . As the pioneer headquarters of European exploration , Lisbon flourished in the late 15th century , attracting experts who made several breakthroughs in mathematics , astronomy and naval technology , including Pedro Nunes , João de Castro , Abraham Zacuto and Martin Behaim . Cartographers Pedro Reinel , Lopo Homem , Estêvão Gomes and Diogo Ribeiro made crucial advances in mapping the world . Apothecary Tomé Pires and physicians Garcia de Orta and Cristóvão da Costa collected and published works on plants and medicines , soon translated by Flemish pioneer botanist Carolus Clusius . In architecture , the huge profits of the spice trade financed a sumptuous composite style in the first decades of the 16th century , the Manueline , incorporating maritime elements . The primary painters were Nuno Gonçalves , Gregório Lopes and Vasco Fernandes . In music , Pedro de Escobar and Duarte Lobo produced four songbooks , including the Cancioneiro de Elvas . In literature , Sá de Miranda introduced Italian forms of verse . Bernardim Ribeiro developed pastoral romance , plays by Gil Vicente fused it with popular culture , reporting the changing times , and Luís de Camões inscribed the Portuguese feats overseas in the epic poem Os Lusíadas . Travel literature especially flourished : João de Barros , Castanheda , António Galvão , Gaspar Correia , Duarte Barbosa , and Fernão Mendes Pinto , among others , described new lands and were translated and spread with the new printing press . After joining the Portuguese exploration of Brazil in 1500 , Amerigo Vespucci coined the term New World , in his letters to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de ' Medici . The intense international exchange produced several cosmopolitan humanist scholars , including Francisco de Holanda , André de Resende and Damião de Góis , a friend of Erasmus who wrote with rare independence on the reign of King Manuel I. Diogo and André de Gouveia made relevant teaching reforms via France . Foreign news and products in the Portuguese factory in Antwerp attracted the interest of Thomas More and Dürer to the wider world . There , profits and know - how helped nurture the Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age , especially after the arrival of the wealthy cultured Jewish community expelled from Portugal . Hungary After Italy , Hungary was the first European country where the renaissance appeared . The Renaissance style came directly from Italy during the Quattrocento to Hungary first in the Central European region , thanks to the development of early Hungarian - Italian relationships -- not only in dynastic connections , but also in cultural , humanistic and commercial relations -- growing in strength from the 14th century . The relationship between Hungarian and Italian Gothic styles was a second reason -- exaggerated breakthrough of walls is avoided , preferring clean and light structures . Large - scale building schemes provided ample and long term work for the artists , for example , the building of the Friss ( New ) Castle in Buda , the castles of Visegrád , Tata and Várpalota . In Sigismund 's court there were patrons such as Pipo Spano , a descendant of the Scolari family of Florence , who invited Manetto Ammanatini and Masolino da Pannicale to Hungary . The new Italian trend combined with existing national traditions to create a particular local Renaissance art . Acceptance of Renaissance art was furthered by the continuous arrival of humanist thought in the country . Many young Hungarians studying at Italian universities came closer to the Florentine humanist center , so a direct connection with Florence evolved . The growing number of Italian traders moving to Hungary , specially to Buda , helped this process . New thoughts were carried by the humanist prelates , among them Vitéz János , archbishop of Esztergom , one of the founders of Hungarian humanism . During the long reign of emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg the Royal Castle of Buda became probably the largest Gothic palace of the late Middle Ages . King Matthias Corvinus ( r . 1458 -- 1490 ) rebuilt the palace in early Renaissance style and further expanded it . After the marriage in 1476 of King Matthias to Beatrice of Naples , Buda became one of the most important artistic centres of the Renaissance north of the Alps . The most important humanists living in Matthias ' court were Antonio Bonfini and the famous Hungarian poet Janus Pannonius . András Hess set up a printing press in Buda in 1472 . Matthias Corvinus 's library , the Bibliotheca Corviniana , was Europe 's greatest collections of secular books : historical chronicles , philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century . His library was second only in size to the Vatican Library . ( However , the Vatican Library mainly contained Bibles and religious materials . ) In 1489 , Bartolomeo della Fonte of Florence wrote that Lorenzo de ' Medici founded his own Greek - Latin library encouraged by the example of the Hungarian king . Corvinus 's library is part of UNESCO World Heritage . Other important figures of Hungarian Renaissance include Bálint Balassi ( poet ) , Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos ( poet ) , Bálint Bakfark ( composer and lutenist ) , and Master MS ( fresco painter ) . Poland Main article : Renaissance in Poland Poznań Town Hall rebuilt from the Gothic style by Giovanni Batista di Quadro ( 1550 -- 1555 ) An early Italian humanist who came to Poland in the mid-15th century was Filippo Buonaccorsi . Many Italian artists came to Poland with Bona Sforza of Milan , when she married King Sigismund I the Old in 1518 . This was supported by temporarily strengthened monarchies in both areas , as well as by newly established universities . The Polish Renaissance lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and was the Golden Age of Polish culture . Ruled by the Jagiellon dynasty , the Kingdom of Poland ( from 1569 known as the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ) actively participated in the broad European Renaissance . The multi-national Polish state experienced a substantial period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars -- aside from conflicts in the sparsely populated eastern and southern borderlands . The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country ( giving rise to the Polish Brethren ) , while living conditions improved , cities grew , and exports of agricultural products enriched the population , especially the nobility ( szlachta ) who gained dominance in the new political system of Golden Liberty . The Polish Renaissance architecture has three periods of development . The greatest monument of this style in the territory of the former Duchy of Pomerania is the Ducal Castle in Szczecin . Russia Renaissance trends from Italy and Central Europe influenced Russia in many ways . Their influence was rather limited , however , due to the large distances between Russia and the main European cultural centers and the strong adherence of Russians to their Orthodox traditions and Byzantine legacy . Prince Ivan III introduced Renaissance architecture to Russia by inviting a number of architects from Italy , who brought new construction techniques and some Renaissance style elements with them , while in general following the traditional designs of Russian architecture . In 1475 the Bolognese architect Aristotele Fioravanti came to rebuild the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin , which had been damaged in an earthquake . Fioravanti was given the 12th - century Vladimir Cathedral as a model , and he produced a design combining traditional Russian style with a Renaissance sense of spaciousness , proportion and symmetry . The Palace of Facets on the Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin In 1485 Ivan III commissioned the building of the royal residence , Terem Palace , within the Kremlin , with Aloisio da Milano as the architect of the first three floors . He and other Italian architects also contributed to the construction of the Kremlin walls and towers . The small banquet hall of the Russian Tsars , called the Palace of Facets because of its facetted upper story , is the work of two Italians , Marco Ruffo and Pietro Solario , and shows a more Italian style . In 1505 , an Italian known in Russia as Aleviz Novyi or Aleviz Fryazin arrived in Moscow . He may have been the Venetian sculptor , Alevisio Lamberti da Montagne . He built 12 churches for Ivan III , including the Cathedral of the Archangel , a building remarkable for the successful blending of Russian tradition , Orthodox requirements and Renaissance style . It is believed that the Cathedral of the Metropolitan Peter in Vysokopetrovsky Monastery , another work of Aleviz Novyi , later served as an inspiration for the so - called octagon - on - tetragon architectural form in the Moscow Baroque of the late 17th century . Theotokos and The Child , the late 17th century Russian icon by Karp Zolotaryov , with notably realistic depiction of faces and clothing . Between the early 16th and the late 17th centuries , an original tradition of stone tented roof architecture developed in Russia . It was quite unique and different from the contemporary Renaissance architecture elsewhere in Europe , though some research terms the style ' Russian Gothic ' and compares it with the European Gothic architecture of the earlier period . The Italians , with their advanced technology , may have influenced the invention of the stone tented roof ( the wooden tents were known in Russia and Europe long before ) . According to one hypothesis , an Italian architect called Petrok Maly may have been an author of the Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye , one of the earliest and most prominent tented roof churches . By the 17th century the influence of Renaissance painting resulted in Russian icons becoming slightly more realistic , while still following most of the old icon painting canons , as seen in the works of Bogdan Saltanov , Simon Ushakov , Gury Nikitin , Karp Zolotaryov and other Russian artists of the era . Gradually the new type of secular portrait painting appeared , called parsúna ( from `` persona '' -- person ) , which was transitional style between abstract iconographics and real paintings . In the mid 16th - century Russians adopted printing from Central Europe , with Ivan Fyodorov being the first known Russian printer . In the 17th century printing became widespread , and woodcuts became especially popular . That led to the development of a special form of folk art known as lubok printing , which persisted in Russia well into the 19th century . A number of technologies from the European Renaissance period were adopted by Russia rather early and subsequently perfected to become a part of a strong domestic tradition . Mostly these were military technologies , such as cannon casting adopted by at least the 15th century . The Tsar Cannon , which is the world 's largest bombard by caliber , is a masterpiece of Russian cannon making . It was cast in 1586 by Andrey Chokhov and is notable for its rich , decorative relief . Another technology , that according to one hypothesis originally was brought from Europe by the Italians , resulted in the development of vodka , the national beverage of Russia . As early as 1386 Genoese ambassadors brought the first aqua vitae ( `` water of life '' ) to Moscow and presented it to Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy . The Genoese likely developed this beverage with the help of the alchemists of Provence , who used an Arab - invented distillation apparatus to convert grape must into alcohol . A Moscovite monk called Isidore used this technology to produce the first original Russian vodka c. 1430 . Further countries Renaissance in Croatia Renaissance in Scotland Historiography Conception A cover of the Lives of the Artists by Giorgio Vasari The Italian artist and critic Giorgio Vasari ( 1511 -- 1574 ) first used the term rinascita retrospectively in his book The Lives of the Artists ( published 1550 ) . In the book Vasari attempted to define what he described as a break with the barbarities of gothic art : the arts ( he held ) had fallen into decay with the collapse of the Roman Empire and only the Tuscan artists , beginning with Cimabue ( 1240 -- 1301 ) and Giotto ( 1267 -- 1337 ) began to reverse this decline in the arts . Vasari saw antique art as central to the rebirth of Italian art . However , only in the 19th century did the French word Renaissance achieve popularity in describing the self - conscious cultural movement based on revival of Roman models that began in the late - 13th century . French historian Jules Michelet ( 1798 -- 1874 ) defined `` The Renaissance '' in his 1855 work Histoire de France as an entire historical period , whereas previously it had been used in a more limited sense . For Michelet , the Renaissance was more a development in science than in art and culture . He asserted that it spanned the period from Columbus to Copernicus to Galileo ; that is , from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century . Moreover , Michelet distinguished between what he called , `` the bizarre and monstrous '' quality of the Middle Ages and the democratic values that he , as a vocal Republican , chose to see in its character . A French nationalist , Michelet also sought to claim the Renaissance as a French movement . The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt ( 1818 -- 1897 ) in his The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy ( 1860 ) , by contrast , defined the Renaissance as the period between Giotto and Michelangelo in Italy , that is , the 14th to mid-16th centuries . He saw in the Renaissance the emergence of the modern spirit of individuality , which the Middle Ages had stifled . His book was widely read and became influential in the development of the modern interpretation of the Italian Renaissance . However , Buckhardt has been accused of setting forth a linear Whiggish view of history in seeing the Renaissance as the origin of the modern world . More recently , some historians have been much less keen to define the Renaissance as a historical age , or even as a coherent cultural movement . The historian Randolph Starn , of the University of California Berkeley , stated in 1998 : `` Rather than a period with definitive beginnings and endings and consistent content in between , the Renaissance can be ( and occasionally has been ) seen as a movement of practices and ideas to which specific groups and identifiable persons variously responded in different times and places . It would be in this sense a network of diverse , sometimes converging , sometimes conflicting cultures , not a single , time - bound culture '' . Debates about progress See also : Continuity thesis Painting of the St. Bartholomew 's Day Massacre , an event in the French Wars of Religion , by François Dubois There is debate about the extent to which the Renaissance improved on the culture of the Middle Ages . Both Michelet and Burckhardt were keen to describe the progress made in the Renaissance towards the modern age . Burckhardt likened the change to a veil being removed from man 's eyes , allowing him to see clearly . In the Middle Ages both sides of human consciousness -- that which was turned within as that which was turned without -- lay dreaming or half awake beneath a common veil . The veil was woven of faith , illusion , and childish prepossession , through which the world and history were seen clad in strange hues . -- Jacob Burckhardt , The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy On the other hand , many historians now point out that most of the negative social factors popularly associated with the medieval period -- poverty , warfare , religious and political persecution , for example -- seem to have worsened in this era , which saw the rise of Machiavellian politics , the Wars of Religion , the corrupt Borgia Popes , and the intensified witch - hunts of the 16th century . Many people who lived during the Renaissance did not view it as the `` golden age '' imagined by certain 19th - century authors , but were concerned by these social maladies . Significantly , though , the artists , writers , and patrons involved in the cultural movements in question believed they were living in a new era that was a clean break from the Middle Ages . Some Marxist historians prefer to describe the Renaissance in material terms , holding the view that the changes in art , literature , and philosophy were part of a general economic trend from feudalism towards capitalism , resulting in a bourgeois class with leisure time to devote to the arts . Johan Huizinga ( 1872 -- 1945 ) acknowledged the existence of the Renaissance but questioned whether it was a positive change . In his book The Waning of the Middle Ages , he argued that the Renaissance was a period of decline from the High Middle Ages , destroying much that was important . The Latin language , for instance , had evolved greatly from the classical period and was still a living language used in the church and elsewhere . The Renaissance obsession with classical purity halted its further evolution and saw Latin revert to its classical form . Robert S. Lopez has contended that it was a period of deep economic recession . Meanwhile , George Sarton and Lynn Thorndike have both argued that scientific progress was perhaps less original than has traditionally been supposed . Finally , Joan Kelly argued that the Renaissance led to greater gender dichotomy , lessening the agency women had had during the Middle Ages . Some historians have begun to consider the word Renaissance to be unnecessarily loaded , implying an unambiguously positive rebirth from the supposedly more primitive `` Dark Ages '' , the Middle Ages . Most historians now prefer to use the term `` early modern '' for this period , a more neutral designation that highlights the period as a transitional one between the Middle Ages and the modern era . Others such as Roger Osborne have come to consider the Italian Renaissance as a repository of the myths and ideals of western history in general , and instead of rebirth of ancient ideas as a period of great innovation . Other renaissances The term Renaissance has also been used to define periods outside of the 15th and 16th centuries . Charles H. Haskins ( 1870 -- 1937 ) , for example , made a case for a Renaissance of the 12th century . Other historians have argued for a Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th and 9th centuries , and still later for an Ottonian Renaissance in the 10th century . Other periods of cultural rebirth have also been termed `` renaissances '' , such as the Bengal Renaissance , Tamil Renaissance , Nepal Bhasa renaissance , al - Nahda or the Harlem Renaissance . See also Main article : Outline of the Renaissance Italian Renaissance Weser Renaissance Gilded woodcarving List of Renaissance figures List of Renaissance structures Renaissance Humanism Medical Renaissance Age of Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Western culture Haskalah References Notes Jump up ^ It is sometimes thought that the Church , as an institution , formally sold indulgences at the time . This , however , was not the practice . Donations were often received , but only mandated by individuals that were condemned . ( See Indulgence . ) Citations Jump up ^ French pronunciation : ( ʁənɛsɑ̃s ) , from French : Renaissance `` re-birth '' , Italian : Rinascimento ( rinaʃʃiˈmento ) , from rinascere `` to be reborn '' `` Online Etymology Dictionary : `` Renaissance '' `` . Etymonline.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC Science and Nature , Leonardo da Vinci Retrieved May 12 , 2007 Jump up ^ BBC History , Michelangelo Retrieved May 12 , 2007 Jump up ^ Burke , P. , The European Renaissance : Centre and Peripheries 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Strathern , Paul The Medici : Godfathers of the Renaissance ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim , Sergey Shiyan , Michelangelo : Mysteries of Medici Chapel , SLOVO , Moscow , 2006 . ISBN 5 - 85050 - 825 - 2 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Renaissance , 2008 , O. Ed . Jump up ^ Har , Michael H. History of Libraries in the Western World , Scarecrow Press Incorporate , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3724 - 2 Jump up ^ Norwich , John Julius , A Short History of Byzantium , 1997 , Knopf , ISBN 0 - 679 - 45088 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Brotton , J. , The Renaissance : A Very Short Introduction , OUP , 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 280163 - 5 . Jump up ^ Panofsky , Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art 1969 : 38 ; Panofsky 's chapter `` ' Renaissance -- self - definition or self - deception ? '' succinctly introduces the historiographical debate , with copious footnotes to the literature . ^ Jump up to : Huizanga , Johan , The Waning of the Middle Ages ( 1919 , trans . 1924 ) ^ Jump up to : Starn , Randolph ( 1998 ) . `` Renaissance Redux '' . The American Historical Review . 103 ( 1 ) : 122 -- 124 . doi : 10.2307 / 2650779 . JSTOR 2650779 . Jump up ^ Panofsky 1969 : 6 . Jump up ^ The Oxford English Dictionary cites W Dyce and CH Wilson 's Letter to Lord Meadowbank ( 1837 ) : `` A style possessing many points of rude resemblance with the more elegant and refined character of the art of the renaissance in Italy . '' And the following year in Civil Engineer & Architect 's Journal : `` Not that we consider the style of the Renaissance to be either pure or good per se . '' See Oxford English Dictionary , `` Renaissance '' ^ Jump up to : Murray , P. and Murray , L. ( 1963 ) The Art of the Renaissance . London : Thames & Hudson ( World of Art ) , p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 20008 - 7 . `` ... in 1855 we find , for the first time , the word ' Renaissance ' used -- by the French historian Michelet -- as an adjective to describe a whole period of history and not confined to the rebirth of Latin letters or a classically inspired style in the arts . '' Jump up ^ Perry , M. Humanities in the Western Tradition , Ch. 13 ^ Jump up to : Open University , Looking at the Renaissance : Religious Context in the Renaissance ( Retrieved May 10 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Open University , Looking at the Renaissance : Urban economy and government ( Retrieved May 15 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney , The Victory of Reason , Random House , NY : 2005 Jump up ^ Walker , Paul Robert , The Feud that sparked the Renaissance : How Brunelleschi and Ghiberti Changed the Art World ( New York , Perennial - Harper Collins , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Severy , Merle ; Thomas B Allen ; Ross Bennett ; Jules B Billard ; Russell Bourne ; Edward Lanoutte ; David F Robinson ; Verla Lee Smith ( 1970 ) . The Renaissance -- Maker of Modern Man . National Geographic Society . ISBN 0 - 87044 - 091 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brotton , Jerry ( 2002 ) . The Renaissance Bazaar . Oxford University Press . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ For information on this earlier , very different approach to a different set of ancient texts ( scientific texts rather than cultural texts ) see Latin translations of the 12th century , and Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe . Jump up ^ Reynolds and Wilson , pp. 113 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Reynolds and Wilson , pp. 123 , 130 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Western Civilization : Ideas , Politics , and Society , Marvin Perry , Myrna Chase , Margaret C. Jacob , James R. Jacob , 2008 , 903 pages , p. 261 / 262 . Jump up ^ Reynolds and Wilson , pp. 119 , 131 . Jump up ^ Kirshner , Julius , Family and Marriage : A socio - legal perspective , Italy in the Age of the Renaissance : 1300 -- 1550 , ed . John M. Najemy ( Oxford University Press , 2004 ) p. 89 ( Retrieved on May 10 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Burckhardt , Jacob , The Revival of Antiquity ' , The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Archived April 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( trans . by S.G.C. Middlemore , 1878 ) Jump up ^ Skinner , Quentin , The Foundations of Modern Political Thought , vol I : The Renaissance ; vol II : The Age of Reformation , Cambridge University Press , p. 69 Jump up ^ Skinner , Quentin , The Foundations of Modern Political Thought , vol I : The Renaissance ; vol II : The Age of Reformation , Cambridge University Press , p. 69 ) Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney , The Victory of Reason , New York , Random House , 2005 Jump up ^ Martin , J. and Romano , D. , Venice Reconsidered , Baltimore , Johns Hopkins University , 2000 ^ Jump up to : Burckhardt , Jacob , The Republics : Venice and Florence , The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Archived April 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , translated by S.G.C. Middlemore , 1878 . Jump up ^ Barbara Tuchman ( 1978 ) A Distant Mirror , Knopf ISBN 0 - 394 - 40026 - 7 . Jump up ^ The End of Europe 's Middle Ages : The Black Death University of Calgary website . ( Retrieved on April 5 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Netzley , Patricia D. Life During the Renaissance. San Diego : Lucent Books , Inc. , 1998 . Jump up ^ Hause , S. & Maltby , W. ( 2001 ) . A History of European Society . Essentials of Western Civilization ( Vol. 2 , p. 217 ) . Belmont , CA : Thomson Learning , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Renaissance And Reformation France '' Mack P. Holt pg. 30 , 39 , 69,166 Jump up ^ Hatty , Suzanne ( 1999 ) . `` Disordered Body : Epidemic Disease and Cultural Transformation '' . ebscohost . State University of New York . p. 89 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guido Carocci , I dintorni di Firenze , Vol. II , Galletti e Cocci , Firenze , 1907 , pagg. 336 - 337 ^ Jump up to : Burckhardt , Jacob , The Development of the Individual , The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy , translated by S.G.C. Middlemore , 1878 . Jump up ^ Stephens , J. , Individualism and the cult of creative personality , The Italian Renaissance , New York , 1990 p. 121 . Jump up ^ Oration on the Dignity of Man ( 1486 ) wsu.edu Jump up ^ Burke , P. , `` The spread of Italian humanism '' , in The Impact of Humanism on Western Europe , ed . A. Goodman and A. MacKay , London , 1990 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ As asserted by Gianozzo Manetti in On the Dignity and Excellence of Man , cited in Clare , J. , Italian Renaissance . Jump up ^ Hause , S. & Maltby , W. ( 2001 ) . A History of European Society . Essentials of Western Civilization ( Vol. 2 , pp. 245 -- 246 ) . Belmont , CA : Thomson Learning , Inc . Jump up ^ Clare , John D. & Millen , Alan , Italian Renaissance , London , 1994 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stork , David G. Optics and Realism in Renaissance Art Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved May 10 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Vasari , Giorgio , Lives of the Artists , translated by George Bull , Penguin Classics , 1965 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 044164 - 6 . Jump up ^ Peter Brueghel Biography , Web Gallery of Art ( Retrieved May 10 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Hooker , Richard , Architecture and Public Space Archived May 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved May 10 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Saalman , Howard ( 1993 ) . Filippo Brunelleschi : The Buildings . Zwemmer . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01067 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hause , S. & Maltby , W. ( 2001 ) . A History of European Society . Essentials of Western Civilization ( Vol. 2 , pp. 250 -- 251 ) . Belmont , CA : Thomson Learning , Inc . Jump up ^ Capra , Fritjof , The Science of Leonardo ; Inside the Mind of the Great Genius of the Renaissance , New York , Doubleday , 2007 . Exhaustive 2007 study by Fritjof Capra shows that Leonardo was a much greater scientist than previously thought , and not just an inventor . Leonardo was innovative in science theory and in conducting actual science practice . In Capra 's detailed assessment of many surviving manuscripts , Leonardo 's science in tune with holistic non-mechanistic and non-reductive approaches to science , which are becoming popular today . Jump up ^ Columbus and Vesalius -- The Age of Discoverers . JAMA. 2015 ; 313 ( 3 ) : 312 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2014.11534 Jump up ^ Allen Debus , Man and Nature in the Renaissance ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Butterfield , Herbert , The Origins of Modern Science , 1300 -- 1800 , p. viii Jump up ^ Shapin , Steven . The Scientific Revolution , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1996 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Revolution '' in Encarta. 2007 . ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Brotton , J. , `` Science and Philosophy '' , The Renaissance : A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press , 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 280163 - 5 . Jump up ^ Van Doren , Charles ( 1991 ) A History of Knowledge Ballantine , New York , pp. 211 -- 212 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 37316 - 2 Jump up ^ Burke , Peter ( 2000 ) A Social History of Knowledge : From Gutenberg to Diderot Polity Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , p. 40 , ISBN 0 - 7456 - 2484 - 7 Jump up ^ Joseph Ben - David wrote : Rapid accumulation of knowledge , which has characterized the development of science since the 17th century , had never occurred before that time . The new kind of scientific activity emerged only in a few countries of Western Europe , and it was restricted to that small area for about two hundred years . ( Since the 19th century , scientific knowledge has been assimilated by the rest of the world ) . Jump up ^ Hunt , Shelby D. ( 2003 ) . Controversy in marketing theory : for reason , realism , truth , and objectivity . M.E. Sharpe . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0932 - 0 . Jump up ^ DIWAN , Jaswith . ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS & THEORIES . LONDON : MORRE . pp. 001 -- 002 . id # 94452 . Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia , Western Schism ( Retrieved May 10 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia , Alexander VI ( Retrieved May 10 , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Mommsen , Theodore ( 1942 ) . `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' . Speculum . Cambridge MA : Medieval Academy of America . 17 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 242 . doi : 10.2307 / 2856364 . JSTOR 2856364 . Jump up ^ Leonardo Bruni , James Hankins , History of the Florentine people , Volume 1 , Books 1 -- 4 ( 2001 ) , p. xvii . Jump up ^ Albrow , Martin , The Global Age : state and society beyond modernity ( 1997 ) , Stanford University Press , p. 205 ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2870 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Panofsky , Erwin . Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art , New York : Harper and Row , 1960 . Jump up ^ The Open University Guide to the Renaissance , Defining the Renaissance Archived July 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved May 10 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Sohm , Philip . Style in the Art Theory of Early Modern Italy ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 78069 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Láng , Paul Henry ( 1939 ) . `` The So Called Netherlands Schools '' . The Musical Quarterly . 25 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 59 . doi : 10.1093 / mq / xxv. 1.48 . JSTOR 738699 . Jump up ^ Painting in Oil in the Low Countries and Its Spread to Southern Europe , Metropolitan Museum of Art website . ( Retrieved April 5 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Celenza , Christopher ( 2004 ) , The Lost Italian Renaissance : Humanists , Historians , and Latin 's Legacy . Baltimore , Johns Hopkins University Press ^ Jump up to : Michelet , Jules . History of France , trans . G.H. Smith ( New York : D. Appleton , 1847 ) Jump up ^ Vincent Cronin ( 30 June 2011 ) . The Florentine Renaissance . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4464 - 6654 - 4 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Gerald ( 1965 ) . `` The Religious Renaissance of the German Humanists '' . English Historical Review . 80 ( 314 ) : 156 -- 157 . JSTOR 560776 . ^ Jump up to : Heughebaert , H. ; Defoort , A. ; Van Der Donck , R. ( 1998 ) . Artistieke opvoeding . Wommelgem , Belgium : Den Gulden Engel bvba . ISBN 90 - 5035 - 222 - 7 . Jump up ^ Janson , H.W. ; Janson , Anthony F. ( 1997 ) . History of Art ( 5th , rev . ed . ) . New York : Harry N. Abrams , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3442 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : University , Brown , The John Carter Brown Library . `` Portuguese Overseas Travels and European Readers '' . Portugal and Renaissance Europe . JCB Exhibitions . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Speake , Jennifer and Thomas G. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5451 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Speake , Jennifer and Thomas G. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation . Infobase Publishing . p. 490 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5451 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bietenholz , Peter G. ; Deutscher , Thomas Brian ( 2003 ) . Contemporaries of Erasmus : a biographical register of the Renaissance and Reformation , Volumes 1 -- 3 . University of Toronto Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8577 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lach , Donald Frederick ( 1994 ) . Asia in the making of Europe : A century of wonder . The literary arts . The scholarly disciplines ( University of Chicago Press , 1994 ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46733 - 3 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Farbaky ; Louis A. Waldman ( November 7 , 2011 ) . Italy & Hungary : Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance . Harvard University Press . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Title : Hungary ( 4th edition ) Authors : Zoltán Halász / András Balla ( photo ) / Zsuzsa Béres ( translation ) Published by Corvina , in 1998 ISBN 963 - 13 - 4129 - 1 , 963 - 13 - 4727 - 3 Jump up ^ `` the influences of the florentine renaissance in hungary '' . Fondazione-delbianco.org . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ History section : Miklós Horler : Budapest műemlékei I , Bp : 1955 , pp. 259 -- 307 Jump up ^ Post-war reconstruction : László Gerő : A helyreállított budai vár , Bp , 1980 , pp. 11 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Czigány , Lóránt , A History of Hungarian Literature , `` The Renaissance in Hungary '' ( Retrieved May 10 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Marcus Tanner , The Raven King : Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library ( New Haven : Yale U.P. , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Documentary heritage concerning Hungary and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World International Register . portal.unesco.org Jump up ^ Bona Sforza ( 1494 -- 1557 ) . poland.gov.pl ( Retrieved April 4 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ For example , the re-establishment Archived November 20 , 2002 , at the Wayback Machine . of Jagiellonian University in 1364 . Jump up ^ The first stone tented roof church and the origins of the tented roof architecture by Sergey Zagraevsky at RusArch.ru ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Pokhlebkin V.V. / Похлёбкин В . В. ( 2007 ) . The history of vodka / История водки . Moscow : Tsentrpoligraph / Центрполиграф . p. 272 . ISBN 5 - 9524 - 1895 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defining the Renaissance , Open University '' . Open.ac.uk . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burckhardt , Jacob . The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Archived September 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( trans . S.G.C Middlemore , London , 1878 ) Jump up ^ Gay , Peter , Style in History , New York : Basic Books , 1974 . Jump up ^ Burckhardt , Jacob . `` The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Savonarola 's popularity is a prime example of the manifestation of such concerns . Other examples include Philip II of Spain 's censorship of Florentine paintings , noted by Edward L. Goldberg , `` Spanish Values and Tuscan Painting '' , Renaissance Quarterly ( 1998 ) p. 914 Jump up ^ Renaissance Forum at Hull University , Autumn 1997 ( Retrieved on May 10 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Lopez , Robert S. & Miskimin , Harry A. ( 1962 ) . `` The Economic Depression of the Renaissance '' . Economic History Review . 14 ( 3 ) : 408 -- 26 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1962. tb00059. x . JSTOR 2591885 . Jump up ^ Thorndike , Lynn ; Johnson , F.R. ; Kristeller , P.O. ; Lockwood , D.P. ; Thorndike , L. ( 1943 ) . `` Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 4 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 74 . doi : 10.2307 / 2707236 . JSTOR 2707236 . Jump up ^ Kelly - Gadol , Joan . `` Did Women Have a Renaissance ? '' Becoming Visible : Women in European History . Edited by Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1977 . Jump up ^ Stephen Greenblatt Renaissance Self - Fashioning : From More to Shakespeare , University of Chicago Press , 1980 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Roger ( November 1 , 2006 ) . Civilization : a new history of the Western world . Pegasus Books . pp. 180 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933648 - 19 - 4 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haskins , Charles Homer , The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1927 ISBN 0 - 674 - 76075 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hubert , Jean , L'Empire carolingien ( English : The Carolingian Renaissance , translated by James Emmons , New York : G. Braziller , 1970 ) . Bibliography Burckhardt , Jacob , The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy ( 1860 ) , a famous classic ; excerpt and text search 2007 edition ; also complete text online . Reynolds , L.D. and Wilson , Nigel , Scribes and Scholars : A guide to the transmission of Greek and Latin Literature , Clarendon Press , Oxford , 1974 . Further reading Cronin , Vincent ( 1969 ) , The Flowering of the Renaissance , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 9884 - 1 Cronin , Vincent ( 1992 ) , The Renaissance , ISBN 0 - 00 - 215411 - 0 Campbell , Gordon . The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance . ( 2003 ) . 862 pp. online at OUP Davis , Robert C. Renaissance People : Lives that Shaped the Modern Age . ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 078 - 0 Ergang , Robert ( 1967 ) , The Renaissance , ISBN 0 - 442 - 02319 - 7 Ferguson , Wallace K. ( 1962 ) , Europe in Transition , 1300 -- 1500 , ISBN 0 - 04 - 940008 - 8 Fisher , Celia . Flowers of the Renaissance . ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 062 - 9 Fletcher , Stella . The Longman Companion to Renaissance Europe , 1390 -- 1530 . ( 2000 ) . 347 pp . Grendler , Paul F. , ed . The Renaissance : An Encyclopedia for Students. ( 2003 ) . 970 pp . Hale , John . The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance . ( 1994 ) . 648 pp. ; a magistral survey , heavily illustrated ; excerpt and text search Hall , Bert S. Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe : Gunpowder , Technology , and Tactics ( 2001 ) ; https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801869943 excerpt and text search ) Hattaway , Michael , ed . A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture . ( 2000 ) . 747 pp . Jensen , De Lamar ( 1992 ) , Renaissance Europe , ISBN 0 - 395 - 88947 - 2 Johnson , Paul . The Renaissance : A Short History . ( 2000 ) . 197 pp. ; excerpt and text search Keene , Bryan C. Gardens of the Renaissance . ( 2013 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 143 - 5 King , Margaret L. Women of the Renaissance ( 1991 ) excerpt and text search Kristeller , Paul Oskar , and Michael Mooney . Renaissance Thought and its Sources ( 1979 ) ; excerpt and text search Nauert , Charles G. Historical Dictionary of the Renaissance . ( 2004 ) . 541 pp . Patrick , James A. , ed . Renaissance and Reformation ( 5 vol 2007 ) , 1584 pages ; comprehensive encyclopedia Plumb , J.H. The Italian Renaissance ( 2001 ) ; excerpt and text search Paoletti , John T. and Gary M. Radke . Art in Renaissance Italy ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Potter , G.R. ed . The New Cambridge Modern History : Volume 1 : The Renaissance , 1493 -- 1520 ( 1957 ) online ; major essays by multiple scholars . Summarizes the viewpoint of 1950s . Robin , Diana ; Larsen , Anne R. ; and Levin , Carole , eds . Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance : Italy , France , and England ( 2007 ) 459p . Rowse , A.L. The Elizabethan Renaissance : The Life of the Society ( 2000 ) ; excerpt and text search Ruggiero , Guido . The Renaissance in Italy : A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento ( Cambridge University Press , 2015 ) . 648 pp. online review Rundle , David , ed . The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance . ( 1999 ) . 434 pp. ; numerous brief articles online edition Turner , Richard N. Renaissance Florence ( 2005 ) ; excerpt and text search Ward , A . The Cambridge Modern History . Vol 1 : The Renaissance ( 1902 ) ; older essays by scholars ; emphasis on politics Historiography Bouwsma , William J. `` The Renaissance and the drama of Western history . '' American Historical Review ( 1979 ) : 1 - 15 . in JSTOR Caferro , William . Contesting the Renaissance ( 2010 ) ; excerpt and text search Ferguson , Wallace K . `` The Interpretation of the Renaissance : Suggestions for a Synthesis . '' Journal of the History of Ideas ( 1951 ) : 483 - 495 . online in JSTOR Ferguson , Wallace K. `` Recent trends in the economic historiography of the Renaissance . '' Studies in the Renaissance ( 1960 ) : 7 - 26 . Ferguson , Wallace Klippert . The Renaissance in historical thought ( AMS Press , 1981 ) Grendler , Paul F. `` The Future of Sixteenth Century Studies : Renaissance and Reformation Scholarship in the Next Forty Years , '' Sixteenth Century Journal Spring 2009 , Vol. 40 Issue 1 , pp 182 + Ruggiero , Guido , ed . A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance . ( 2002 ) . 561 pp . Starn , Randolph . `` A Postmodern Renaissance ? '' Renaissance Quarterly 2007 60 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 24 in Project MUSE Summit , Jennifer . `` Renaissance Humanism and the Future of the Humanities . '' Literature Compass ( 2012 ) 9 # 10 pp : 665 - 678 . Trivellato , Francesca . `` Renaissance Italy and the Muslim Mediterranean in Recent Historical Work , '' Journal of Modern History ( March 2010 ) , 82 # 1 pp : 127 -- 155 . Woolfson , Jonathan , ed . Palgrave advances in Renaissance historiography ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2005 ) Primary sources Bartlett , Kenneth , ed . The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance : A Sourcebook ( 2nd ed. 2011 ) Ross , James Bruce , and Mary M. McLaughlin , eds . The Portable Renaissance Reader ( 1977 ) ; excerpt and text search External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Renaissance . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Wikiquote has quotations related to : Renaissance Notable Medieval and Renaissance Women Renaissance Style Guide Interactive Resources Florence : 3D Panoramas of Florentine Renaissance Sites ( English / Italian ) Interactive Glossary of Terms Relating to the Renaissance Multimedia Exploration of the Renaissance RSS News Feed : Get an entry from Leonardo 's Journal delivered each day Virtual Journey to Renaissance Florence Exhibits Collection -- Renaissance Lectures and Galleries Leonardo da Vinci , Gallery of Paintings and Drawings The Bagatti Valsecchi Museum Renaissance in the `` History of Art '' The Society for Renaissance Studies Inquiring Eye : European Renaissance Art Renaissance General Renaissance Early modern Europe 12th century High Renaissance By field Architecture Art Dance Latin Literature Magic Medicine Music Philosophy Science Technology Theatre Warfare By region Bengali English Flemish French German Italian Northern Papacy Polish Portugal Scotland Spain Lists Composers Figures Structures See also Nuclear renaissance Medieval renaissances Periods of the history of Europe Prehistoric Europe Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages Renaissance Early modern Modern Art movements Medieval Early Christian Migration Period Anglo - 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5951801388191844972	IKEA	IKEA - wikipedia IKEA This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Gobadgers5 ( talk contribs ) at 19 : 21 , 28 August 2017 ( → ‎ Advertising : added award won ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 19 : 21 , 28 August 2017 by Gobadgers5 ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Advertising : added award won ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) IKEA Type Private Industry Retail Founded 1943 ; 74 years ago ( 1943 ) Älmhult , Sweden Founder Ingvar Kamprad Headquarters Delft , Netherlands Number of locations 400 ( August 2017 ) Area served Worldwide Key people Peter Agnefjäll ( Chairman and CEO of INGKA Holding ) Torbjörn Lööf ( Chairman and CEO of the Inter IKEA Group ) Products Self - assembly furniture Revenue € 35.074 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income € 4.499 billion ( 2016 ) Net income € 4.200 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets € 53.967 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity € 38.907 billion ( 2016 ) Owner Stichting INGKA Foundation Inter IKEA Group Number of employees 183,000 ( 2016 ) Website www.ikea.com www.inter.ikea.com IKEA ( / aɪ ˈkiːə / or / ɪˈkiːə / ; Swedish : ( ɪ2keːa ) ) is a multinational group , headquartered in the Netherlands , that designs and sells ready - to - assemble furniture , kitchen appliances and home accessories . It has been the world 's largest furniture retailer since at least 2008 . Founded in Sweden in 1943 by then - 17 - year - old Ingvar Kamprad , who was listed by Forbes Magazine ( in its 2 November , 2015 issue ) as one of the ten richest people in the world and the owner of a more than 40 billion dollar fortune , the company 's name is an acronym that consists of the initials of Ingvar Kamprad ( name of founder ) , Elmtaryd ( the farm where he grew up ) , and Agunnaryd ( his hometown in Småland , southern Sweden ) . The company is known for its modernist designs for various types of appliances and furniture , and its interior design work is often associated with an eco-friendly simplicity . In addition , the firm is known for its attention to cost control , operational details , and continuous product development , corporate attributes that allowed IKEA to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent over the decade to 2010 during a period of global expansion . The IKEA group has a complex corporate structure , which the European Union has alleged was designed to avoid over 1 billion Euros in tax payments over the 2009 - 2014 period . It is controlled by several foundations based in the Netherlands , Luxembourg and Liechtenstein . As of August 2017 , IKEA owns and operates 400 stores in 49 countries . In fiscal year 2016 , € 36.4 billion worth of goods were sold , a total that represented a 7.6 percent increase over 2015 . The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and is the closest representation of the entire IKEA range . There were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA 's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016 . The company is responsible for approximately 1 % of world commercial - product wood consumption , making it one of the largest users of wood in the retail sector . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Store design 2.1 Layout 2.2 Food markets 2.3 Småland 2.4 Alternative designs 3 Products and services 3.1 Furniture 3.2 Houses and flats 3.2. 1 Solar PV systems 3.3 Retail shopping centres 3.4 Family Mobile 3.5 Manufacturing 3.6 Product names 3.7 Smart Home 3.8 Catalogue 3.9 IKEA Family card 4 Corporate structure 4.1 Profits 4.2 Control by Kamprad 4.3 Charitable giving 5 IKEA Social Initiative 6 Environmental performance 7 Advertising 8 Other ventures 9 Awards 10 Countries with IKEA presence 11 References 12 External links History Main article : List of countries with IKEA stores Map of IKEA stores around the world Legend : Current market locations Future market locations No current or planned market locations The first IKEA store , located in Älmhult in Sweden , not far from where the founder was born . In June 2016 , it became the IKEA Museum . The world 's largest IKEA store located near the KTX Gwangmyeong Station in Seoul Capital Area , South Korea . The world 's second largest IKEA store , situated at Kungens Kurva in Huddinge Municipality , Sweden . This IKEA store was opened in 1965 . IKEA store in Shenzhen , China . IKEA store in Frisco , Texas , United States . IKEA store at Port Island in Kobe , Japan , one of the very few IKEA stores with direct mass transit access . Entrance to an IKEA store at the 4th floor of MegaBox in Kowloon Bay , Hong Kong . An IKEA 4.5 Museum display at the outer precinct of the Meiji Shrine in Tokyo , Japan . Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA in 1943 as a mostly mail - order sales business . It began to sell furniture five years later . The first Möbel - IKÉA store was opened in Älmhult , Småland , in 1958 ( Möbel means `` furniture '' in Swedish ) . The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway ( 1963 ) and Denmark ( 1969 ) . The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s , with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland ( 1973 ) , followed by West Germany ( 1974 ) . Amid a high level of success , the company 's West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz in 1973 instead of Koblenz . Later that decade , stores opened in other parts of the world , such as Japan ( 1974 ) , Australia , Canada , Hong Kong ( 1975 ) , and Singapore ( 1978 ) . IKEA further expanded in the 1980s , opening stores in countries such as France and Spain ( 1981 ) , Belgium ( 1984 ) , the United States ( 1985 ) , the United Kingdom ( 1987 ) , Italy ( 1989 ) . The company later expanded into more countries in the 1990s and 2000s . Germany , with 50 stores , is IKEA 's biggest market , followed by the United States , with 44 stores . At the end of the 2009 financial year , the IKEA group operated 267 stores in 25 countries . The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . As of July 2013 , the company 's presence in developing countries remains minimal . The world 's five largest IKEA stores are : Gwangmyeong , Gyeonggi , South Korea : 59,000 m ( 635,070.7 sq ft ) Stockholm Kungens Kurva , Sweden : 55,200 m ( 594,167.9 sq ft ) Shanghai Baoshan , China : 55,032 m ( 592,359.5 sq ft ) Shanghai Pudong Beicai , China : 49,400 m ( 531,737.2 sq ft ) Wuxi , China : 49,117 m ( 528,691.0 sq ft ) In December 2014 , it was announced that the world 's largest IKEA store at 59,000 m ( 635,070.7 sq ft ) , opened near the KTX Gwangmyeong Station , located at the heart of South Korea 's Seoul Capital Area . The next store opening in Goyang in 2017 will be even larger at 164,000 m ( 1,765,281.3 sq ft ) in gross floor area , breaking the previous world record holder 's 131,550 m ( 1,415,992.4 sq ft ) . IKEA plans to have 6 stores in the country by 2020 , four in the Seoul Capital Area , one in Daejeon and one in Busan . The largest store in the Southern Hemisphere is located in Tempe , Sydney , Australia with a total area of 39,000 m ( 420,000 sq ft ) . The biggest store in North America is located in Montreal , in the province of Quebec , Canada . The store was opened in 1986 in the Ville - St - Laurent area , and was completely renovated and expanded in 2012 - 2013 . Built in 1986 , the store 's initial area was 22,062 m ( 237,470 sq ft ) , while the renovated store now measures 43,636 m ( 469,690 sq ft ) . In March 2013 , IKEA opened its first outlet in Qatar , after a delay of several months . Like others in the Gulf Cooperation Council , the Doha outlet is operated by the Al - Futtaim Group . In August 2013 , the first store in the Baltic States was opened in the Vilnius region of Lithuania . Construction of the 285,243 sq ft ( 26,000 m ) store commenced in 2011 and the store employs over 200 people . It is the biggest furniture - selling mall in the Baltic states . In 2014 , IKEA opened its first warehouse in Croatia , near Zagreb . Due to problems with building permissions , the construction was postponed to 28 August 2014 . Eventually , the warehouse opened its doors on 21 August 2014 . The shopping center in Zagreb with a total area of 38,000 m ( 410,000 sq ft ) is one of the 5 biggest in Europe and among the 10 biggest IKEA stores in the world . On 26 March 2015 , a set of 19 storage buildings holding various film and TV props , owned by Western Studio Services , were demolished in favor of construction of the largest IKEA in the United States . Located in Burbank , California , this store replaced Burbank 's existing IKEA located less than a mile away from the new construction site , which was nearly double the size of the existing store ( 456,000 sq ft ) . The new store also houses a 600 - seat restaurant serving Swedish specialties . The existing store ceased operations on 4 February 2017 , and the grand opening of the new store took place on 8 February 2017 . The first 26 customers in line were given a free Landskrona sofa , the first 100 customers were given a Poang armchair , and the first 200 children were given a Famning Hjarta heart cushion . IKEA began constructing its first store in India on 11 August 2016 . The 400,000 sq ft store in Hyderabad is being built at a cost of ₹ 7 billion ( US $110 million ) , and is scheduled to open in early 2018 . The company began construction of its second Indian store at Navi Mumbai , Maharashtra on 18 May 2017 and it is scheduled to open in January 2019 . IKEA plans to open 5 stores in the state of Maharashtra and also build a distribution centre in Pune . Per Indian regulations , IKEA will have to locally source at least 30 % of the products sold at its Indian stores . The company plans to open a total of 25 stores across 8 cities in the country by 2025 . It predicts that Hyderabad , Delhi , Mumbai and Bangalore will be the company 's largest markets , while Chennai , Pune , Ahmedabad , Surat and smaller cities will also receive IKEA stores . On 31 January 2017 , IKEA announced that it will open a new store in Latvia . It will be the second store to open in the Baltic States , housing around 400 employees . The store will be located near Riga and is planned to open in August 2018 . On 10 August 2017 , IKEA opened it 's first store in Serbia . It was it 's 400th store and it employed around 350 people . IKEA invested 70 million EUR and is planning on opening it 's second store in Belgrade in the future . Store design IKEA Restaurant The IKEA Marketplace The Warehouse Layout Older IKEA stores are usually blue buildings with yellow accents ( also Sweden 's national colours ) and few windows . They are often designed in a one - way layout , leading customers counter clockwise along what IKEA calls `` the long natural way '' designed to encourage the customer to see the store in its entirety ( as opposed to a traditional retail store , which allows a customer to go directly to the section where the desired goods and services are displayed ) . There are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom . Newer IKEA stores , like the one in Mönchengladbach , Germany , make more use of glass , both for aesthetics and functionality . Skylights are also now common in the self - serve warehouses ; natural lighting reduces energy costs , improves worker morale and gives a better impression of the products . The sequence first involves going through furniture showrooms making note of selected items . The customer then collects a shopping cart and proceeds to an open - shelf `` Market Hall '' warehouse for smaller items , then visits the `` Self Serve '' furniture warehouse to collect previously noted showroom products in flat pack form . Sometimes , they are directed to collect products from an external warehouse on the same site or at a site nearby after purchase . Finally , customers pay for their products at a cash register . Today , most stores follow the same layout of having the showroom upstairs with the marketplace and self - service warehouse downstairs . Some stores are single level , while others have separate warehouses to allow more stock to be kept on - site . Single - level stores are found predominantly in areas where the cost of land would be less than the cost of building a 2 - level store , such as the Saarlouis , Germany and Haparanda , Sweden locations . Some stores have dual - level warehouses with machine - controlled silos to allow large quantities of stock to be accessed throughout the selling day . Most IKEA stores offer an `` as - is '' area at the end of the warehouse , just before the cash registers . Returned , damaged and formerly showcased products are displayed here and sold with a significant discount , but also with a no - returns policy . Most IKEA stores communicate the IKEA policy on environmental issues in this part of the store . The area , which is painted red , is named according to local customs , in the United Kingdom this is referred to as `` Bargain Corner '' , in Sweden `` FYND '' ( Bargains ) and in Denmark , `` Rodebutikken '' ( Rummage boutique ) . In Hong Kong , where shop space is limited and costly , IKEA has opened three outlets in the city , most of which have the one - way layout . They are part of shopping malls , and while being tiny compared to common store design , are huge by Hong Kong standards . Food markets Every store includes a restaurant serving traditional Swedish food , including potatoes with Swedish meatballs , cream sauce and lingonberry jam , although there are variations . In Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , the usual boiled or mashed potatoes have been replaced with French fries . Besides these Swedish foods , hot dogs and drinks are also sold , along with a few varieties of the local cuisine , and beverages such as lingonberry juice . Also items such as prinsesstårta ( princess cake ) are sold as desserts . Stores in Israel sell kosher food with a high degree of rabbinical supervision . The kosher restaurants are separated into dairy and meat areas ; falafel and non-dairy ice cream are available at the exit . IKEA stores in Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Qatar and the United Arab Emirates serve chicken shawarma at the exit café as well as beef hot dogs , while in United Kingdom , a Quorn hot dog is available in the exit café . Coffee , soft drinks , and tea refills are free , as like in Sweden within store premises . All of the stores have equipped with Nordic fruit drinks since 2017 , replacing Coca - Cola & Pepsi . In many locations , the IKEA restaurants open daily before the rest of the store and serve an inexpensive breakfast . Every store also has a Swedish Food Market that , until 2011 , sold branded Swedish prepared specialist foods , such as meatballs , packages of gravy , lingonberry jam , various biscuits and crackers , and salmon and fish roe spread . Later IKEA replaced most of the branded foods and extended its product range with the introduction of the IKEA food label . The new label has a variety of items including chocolates , meatballs , jams , pancakes , salmon , along with various drinks . All food products are based on Swedish recipes and traditions . Småland Every store has a kids play area , named Småland ( Swedish for small lands ; it is also the Swedish province where Kamprad was born ) . Parents drop off their children at a gate to the playground , and pick them up after they arrive at another entrance . In some stores , parents are given free pagers by the on - site staff , which the staff can use to summon parents whose children need them earlier than expected ; in others , staff summon parents through announcements over the in - store public address system . Alternative designs The vast majority of IKEA stores are located outside of city centers , primarily because of land cost and traffic access . Several smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in the past ( the `` midi '' concept in the early ' 90s , which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with 9,300 m ( 100,000 sq ft ) , or a `` boutique '' shop in Manhattan ) . A new format for a full - size , city centre store was introduced with the opening of the Manchester ( United Kingdom ) store , situated in Ashton - Under - Lyne in 2006 . Another store , in Coventry opened in December 2007 . The store has seven floors and a different flow from other IKEA stores . IKEA 's Southampton store which opened in February 2009 is also in the city centre and built in an urban style similar to the Coventry store . IKEA built these stores in response to UK government restrictions blocking retail establishment outside city centres . In 2015 , IKEA announced that it would be attempting a smaller store design at several locations in Canada . This modified store will feature only a display gallery and small warehouse . One location planned for Kitchener is in the place formerly occupied by a Sears Home store . The warehouses will not keep furniture stocked , and so customers will not be able to drop in to purchase and leave with furniture the same day . Instead , they will purchase the furniture in advance online or in store and order the furniture delivered to one of the new stores , for a greatly reduced rate . IKEA claims that this new model will allow them to expand quickly into new markets rather than spending years opening a full - size store . Products and services IKEA in Athens , Greece Furniture Rather than being sold pre-assembled , much of IKEA 's furniture is designed to be self - assembled . The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air ; the volume of a bookcase , for example , is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled . This is also practical for many of the chain 's European customers , where public transport is commonly used , because the flat - pack methods allow for easier transport via public transportation . IKEA contends that it has been a pioneering force in sustainable approaches to mass consumer culture ... Kamprad calls this `` democratic design , '' meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to manufacturing and design ( see also environmental design ) . In response to the explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st centuries , the company implements economies of scale , capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down , such as the extensive use of Medium - Density Fiberboard ( `` MDF '' ) , also called `` particle board . '' It is an engineered wood fibre glued under heat and pressure to create a building material of superior strength which is resistant to warp . IKEA uses cabinet - grade and furniture - grade MDF in all of its MDF products , such as PAX wardrobes and kitchen cupboards . IKEA also uses wood , plastic , and other materials for furniture and other products . The intended result is flexible , adaptable home furnishings , scalable both to smaller homes and dwellings as well as large houses . Not all furniture is stocked at the store level , such as particular sofa colours needing to be shipped from a warehouse to the customer 's home ( for a delivery charge ) . The item can also be shipped from the warehouse to the store . Some stores charge an extra fee for this service , but not all . Notable items of IKEA furniture include the Poäng armchair , the Billy bookcase and the Klippan sofa , all of which have sold by the tens of millions since the late 1970s . Houses and flats IKEA has also expanded its product base to include flat - pack houses and apartments , in an effort to cut prices involved in a first - time buyer 's home . ( This practice is not new ; the defunct Canadian retailer Eaton 's sold houses in a similar fashion ) , The IKEA product , named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska . Now working in the Nordic countries and in the UK , sites confirmed in England include London , Ashton - under - Lyne , Leeds , Gateshead , Warrington and Liverpool . Solar pv Systems At the end of September 2013 , the company announced that solar panel packages , so - called `` residential kits '' , for houses will be sold at 17 UK stores by mid-2014 . The decision followed a successful pilot project at the Lakeside IKEA store , whereby one photovoltaic system was sold almost every day . The solar CIGS panels are manufactured by Solibro GmbH a German - based subsidiary of the Chinese company Hanergy . By the end of 2014 , IKEA began to sell Solibro 's solar residential kits in the Netherlands and in Switzerland . In November 2015 IKEA ended its contract with Hanergy and in April 2016 started working with Solarcentury IKEA announced in April 2016 , that it was doing a second attempt with SolarCity to sell solar panels in the United Kingdom . It allows users to be able to order them online and starting with three stores and by the end of summer available in all United Kingdom stores . Retail shopping centres IKEA owns and operates the MEGA Family Shopping Centre chain in Russia . Family mobile Main article : IKEA Family Mobile On 8 August 2008 , IKEA UK launched Family Mobile , a virtual mobile phone network , running on T - Mobile . Manufacturing IKEA Anagnina in Rome , Italy Although IKEA household products and furniture are designed in Sweden , they are largely manufactured in developing countries to keep costs down . For most of its products , the final assembly is performed by the end - user ( consumer ) . Swedwood , an IKEA subsidiary , handles production of all of the company 's wood - based products , with the largest Swedwood factory located in Southern Poland . According to the subsidiary , over 16,000 employees across 50 sites in 10 countries manufacture the 100 million pieces of furniture that IKEA sells annually . IKEA furniture uses the hardwood alternative particle board and Hultsfred , a factory in southern Sweden , is the company 's sole supplier . Product names IKEA products are identified by one - word ( rarely two - word ) names . Most of the names are Scandinavian in origin . Although there are some exceptions , most product names are based on a special naming system developed by IKEA . Upholstered furniture , coffee tables , rattan furniture , bookshelves , media storage , doorknobs : Swedish placenames ( for example : Klippan ) Beds , wardrobes , hall furniture : Norwegian place names Dining tables and chairs : Finnish place names Bookcase ranges : Occupations Bathroom articles : Scandinavian lakes , rivers and bays Kitchens : grammatical terms , sometimes also other names Chairs , desks : men 's names Fabrics , curtains : women 's names Garden furniture : Swedish islands Carpets : Danish place names Lighting : terms from music , chemistry , meteorology , measures , weights , seasons , months , days , boats , nautical terms Bedlinen , bed covers , pillows / cushions : flowers , plants , precious stones Children 's items : mammals , birds , adjectives Curtain accessories : mathematical and geometrical terms Kitchen utensils : foreign words , spices , herbs , fish , mushrooms , fruits or berries , functional descriptions Boxes , wall decoration , pictures and frames , clocks : colloquial expressions , also Swedish place names For example , DUKTIG ( meaning : clever , well - behaved ) is a line of children 's toys , OSLO is a name of a bed , BILLY ( a Swedish masculine name ) is a popular bookcase , DINERA ( meaning : ( to ) dine ) for tableware , KASSETT ( meaning : cassette ) for media storage . One range of office furniture is named EFFEKTIV ( meaning : efficient , effective ) , SKÄRPT ( meaning : sharp or clever ) is a line of kitchen knives . A notable exception is the IVAR shelving system , which dates back to the early 1970s . This item is named after the item 's designer . Some of IKEA 's Swedish product names have amusing or unfortunate connotations in other languages , sometimes resulting in the names being withdrawn in certain countries . Notable examples for English include the `` Jerker '' computer desk ( discontinued several years ago as of 2013 ) , `` Fukta '' plant spray , `` Fartfull '' workbench , and `` Lyckhem '' ( meaning bliss ) . Kitchen legs are called FAKTUM ( called AKURUM in the United States ) . The latest addition is the new `` Askholmen '' outdoor suite . Similar blunders happen with other multinational companies . See also : Lufsig Company founder Kamprad , who is dyslexic , found that naming the furniture with proper names and words , rather than a product code , made the names easier to remember . IKEA uses a sales technique called `` bulla bulla '' in which a bunch of items are purposefully jumbled in bins , to create the impression of volume , and therefore , inexpensiveness . Smart home In 2017 Ikea started move into the smart home area . The Tradfri smart lighting kit was one of the first signalling this change . IKEA 's media team has confirmed that smart home will be a big move , they also started a partnership with Philip Hue . Catalogue Main article : IKEA Catalogue IKEA publishes an annual catalogue , first published in Swedish in 1951 . IKEA published 197 million catalogues in 2010 , in twenty languages and sixty - one editions . It is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant , consuming 70 % of the company 's annual marketing budget . The catalogue is distributed both in stores and by mail , with most of it being produced by IKEA Communications AB in IKEA 's hometown of Älmhult , Sweden where IKEA operates the largest photo studio in northern Europe at 8,000 square metres ( 86,000 sq ft ) . The catalogue itself is printed on chlorine - free paper of 10 -- 15 % post-consumer waste , and prints approximately 175 million copies worldwide annually , more than 3 times as much as the Bible . The 2013 catalogue is smartphone compatible , containing videos and photo galleries that can be accessed via an app by scanning the catalogue 's pages , while the 2014 catalog incorporates an augmented reality app that projects an item into a real - time photograph image of the user 's room . The augmented reality app also provides an indication of the scale of IKEA objects in relation to the user 's living environment . IKEA family card IKEA Family card , issued in Canada , ca . 2012 In common with some other retailers , IKEA launched a loyalty card called `` IKEA family '' . The card is free of charge and can be used to obtain discounts on a special range of products found in each IKEA store . It is available worldwide . In conjunction with the card , IKEA also publishes and sells a printed quarterly magazine titled IKEA Family Live which supplements the card and catalogue . The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the United Kingdom was launched in February 2007 . It is expected to have a subscription of over 500,000 . IKEA Family , like other loyalty programs , allows members to obtain lower prices on certain items . Its signature difference from other such programs is that it allows for free tea or coffee ( from Monday to Friday at most locations ) at the IKEA restaurant . Corporate structure Main articles : Stichting INGKA Foundation , IKANO , and Ingvar Kamprad IKEA Concept Center - The head office of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. which owns the IKEA trademark and concept IKEA is owned and operated by a complicated array of not - for - profit and for - profit corporations . The corporate structure is divided into two main parts : operations and franchising . The ownership of Inter ms is exceedingly complicated and not publicly known . Inter IKEA Systems is owned by Inter IKEA Holding , a company registered in Luxembourg . The Inter IKEA Holding , in turn , is owned by the Interogo Foundation , based in Liechtenstein . In 2016 , the INGKA Holding sold its design , manufacturing and logistics subsidiaries to the Inter IKEA Holding . In June 2013 , Ingvar Kamprad resigned from the board of Inter IKEA Holding SA and his youngest son Mathias Kamprad replaced Per Ludvigsson as the chairman of the holding company . Following his decision to step down , the 87 - year - old founder explained , `` I see this as a good time for me to leave the board of Inter IKEA Group . By that we are also taking another step in the generation shift that has been ongoing for some years . '' After the 2016 company restructure , Inter IKEA Holding SA no longer exists . Mathias Kamprad became board member of the Inter IKEA Group and the Interogo Foundation . Mathias and his two older brothers , who also have leadership roles at IKEA , work on the corporation 's overall vision and long - term strategy . Profits IKEA Twin Cities in Bloomington , Minnesota , USA IKEA store in Tangerang , Indonesia The net profit of IKEA Group ( which does not include Inter IKEA systems ) in fiscal year 2009 ( after paying franchise fees to Inter IKEA systems ) was € 2.538 billion on sales of € 21.846 billion . Because INGKA Holding is owned by the nonprofit INGKA Foundation , none of this profit is taxed . The foundation 's nonprofit status also means that the Kamprad family can not reap these profits directly , but the Kamprads do collect a portion of IKEA sales profits through the franchising relationship between INGKA Holding and Inter IKEA Systems . Inter IKEA Systems collected € 631 million of franchise fees in 2004 , but reported pre-tax profits of only € 225 million in 2004 . One of the major pre-tax expenses that Inter IKEA systems reported was € 590 million of `` other operating charges '' . IKEA has refused to explain these charges , but Inter IKEA Systems appears to make large payments to I.I. Holding , another Luxembourg - registered group that , according to The Economist , `` is almost certain to be controlled by the Kamprad family . '' I.I. Holding made a profit of € 328 million in 2004 . In 2004 , the Inter IKEA group of companies and I.I. Holding reported combined profits of € 553m and paid € 19m in taxes , or approximately 3.5 percent . In 2013 the Daily Mail media publication reported that the IKEA subsidiary Swedwood had grown between 20 - 25 % per year since its inception in 1991 . The Berne Declaration , a non-profit organisation in Switzerland that promotes corporate responsibility , has formally criticised IKEA for its tax avoidance strategies . In 2007 , the Berne Declaration nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye `` awards '' , which highlight corporate irresponsibility and are announced during the World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland . In a company statement emailed on 14 October 2013 , IKEA 's full - year sales rose 3.1 percent due in part to growth in Russia and China . IKEA 's revenue total rose to US $37.9 billion ( 27.9 billion euros ) , with significant growth also recorded in North America . In February 2016 , the Greens / EFA group in the European Parliament issued a report entitled IKEA : Flat Pack Tax Avoidance on the tax planning strategies of IKEA and their possible use to avoid tax in several European countries . The report was sent to Pierre Moscovici , the European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs , Taxation and Customs , and Margrethe Vestager , the European Commissioner for Competition , expressing the hope that it would be of use to them in their respective roles `` to advance the fight for tax justice in Europe . '' Control by Kamprad Along with helping IKEA make non-taxable profit , IKEA 's complicated corporate structure allows Kamprad to maintain tight control over the operations of INGKA Holding , and thus the operation of most IKEA stores . The INGKA Foundation 's five - person executive committee is chaired by Kamprad . It appoints the board of INGKA Holding , approves any changes to INGKA Holding 's bylaws , and has the right to preempt new share issues . If a member of the executive committee quits or dies , the other four members appoint his or her replacement . In Kamprad 's absence the foundation 's bylaws include specific provisions requiring it to continue operating the INGKA Holding group and specifying that shares can be sold only to another foundation with the same objectives as the INGKA Foundation . Charitable giving The INGKA Foundation is officially dedicated to promoting `` innovations in architecture and interior design . '' The net worth of the foundation exceeded the net worth of the much better known Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ( now the largest private foundation in the world ) for a period . However , most of the Group 's profit is spent on investment ; the foundation expects to spend € 45 million on charitable giving in 2010 ( compare the Gates Foundation , which made gifts of more than $1.5 billion in 2005 . ) IKEA is involved in several international charitable causes , particularly in partnership with UNICEF , including : In the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , IKEA Australia agreed to match dollar for dollar co-workers ' donations and donated all sales of the IKEA Blue Bag to the cause . After the 2005 Kashmir earthquake , IKEA gave 500,000 blankets to the relief effort in the region . IKEA has provided furniture for over 100 `` bridge schools '' in Liberia . In the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China , IKEA Beijing sold an alligator toy for 40 yuan ( US $5.83 , € 3.70 ) with all income going to the children in the earthquake struck area . IKEA also supports American Forests to restore forests and reduce pollution . IKEA Social Initiative In September 2005 , IKEA Social Initiative was formed to manage the company 's social involvements on a global level . IKEA Social Initiative is headed by Marianne Barner . The main partners of IKEA Social Initiative are UNICEF and Save the Children . On 23 February 2009 , at the ECOSOC event in New York , UNICEF announced that IKEA Social Initiative has become the agency 's largest corporate partner , with total commitments of more than US $180 million . Examples of involvements : The IKEA Social Initiative contributes € 1 to UNICEF and Save the Children from each soft toy sold during the holiday seasons , raising a total of € 16.7 million so far . In 2013 , an IKEA soft toy , Lufsig , created a storm and sold out in Hong Kong and in Southern China because it had been misnamed in Chinese . The IKEA Social Initiative provided soft toys to children in Burma after Cyclone Nargis . Starting in June 2009 , for every Sunnan solar - powered lamp sold in IKEA stores worldwide , IKEA Social Initiative will donate one Sunnan with the help of UNICEF . In September 2011 , the IKEA Foundation pledged to donate $62 million to help Somali refugees in Kenya . According to The Economist , however , IKEA 's charitable giving is meager , `` barely a rounding error in the foundation 's assets . '' In 2009 , Sweden 's largest television station , SVT , revealed that IKEA 's money -- the three per cent collection from each store -- does not actually go to a charitable foundation in the Netherlands , as IKEA has said . Inter IKEA is owned by a foundation in Liechtenstein , called Interogo , which has amassed $12 billion , and is controlled by the Kamprad family . Environmental performance After initial environmental issues like the highly publicized formaldehyde scandals in the early 1980s and 1992 , IKEA took a proactive stance on environmental issues and tried to prevent future incidents through a variety of measures . In 1990 , IKEA invited Karl - Henrik Robèrt , founder of the Natural Step , to address its board of directors . Robert 's system conditions for sustainability provided a strategic approach to improving the company 's environmental performance . In 1990 , IKEA adopted the Natural Step framework as the basis for its environmental plan . This led to the development of an Environmental Action Plan , which was adopted in 1992 . The plan focused on structural change , allowing IKEA to `` maximize the impact of resources invested and reduce the energy necessary to address isolated issues . '' The environmental measures taken include the following : Replacing polyvinylchloride ( PVC ) in wallpapers , home textiles , shower curtains , lampshades and furniture -- PVC has been eliminated from packaging and is being phased out in electric cables ; minimizing the use of formaldehyde in its products , including textiles ; eliminating acid - curing lacquers ; producing a model of chair ( OGLA ) made from 100 % post-consumer plastic waste ; introducing a series of air - inflatable furniture products into the product line . Such products reduce the use of raw materials for framing and stuffing and reduce transportation weight and volume to about 15 % of that of conventional furniture ; reducing the use of chromium for metal surface treatment ; limiting the use of substances such as cadmium , lead , PCB , PCP , and Azo pigments ; using wood from responsibly managed forests that replant and maintain biological diversity ; using only recyclable materials for flat packaging and `` pure '' ( non-mixed ) materials for packaging to assist in recycling . introducing rental bicycles with trailers for customers in Denmark . In 2000 IKEA introduced its code of conduct for suppliers , called the IKEA way of purchasing , shortened as IWAY . Today IWAY is a totally integrated part of IKEA 's purchasing model . IWAY covers social , safety and environmental questions . Today IKEA has around 60 IWAY auditors who perform hundreds of supplier audits every year . The main purpose with IWAY is to make sure that the IKEA suppliers follow the law in each country where they are based . Most IKEA suppliers fulfill the law today with exceptions for some special issues , one being excessive working hours in Asia , in countries such as China and India . More recently , IKEA has stopped providing plastic bags to customers , but offers reusable bags for sale . The IKEA restaurants also only offer reusable plates , knives , forks , spoons , etc . Toilets in some IKEA WC - rooms have been outfitted with dual - function flushers . IKEA has recycling bins for compact fluorescent lamps ( CFLs ) , energy saving bulbs and batteries . In 2001 IKEA was one of the first companies to operate its own cross-border goods trains through several countries in Europe . In August 2008 , IKEA also announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech , a € 50 million venture capital fund . Located in Lund ( a university town in Sweden ) , it will invest in 8 -- 10 companies in the coming five years with focus on solar panels , alternative light sources , product materials , energy efficiency and water saving and purification . The aim is to commercialise green technologies for sale in IKEA stores within 3 -- 4 years . To make IKEA a more sustainable company , a product life cycle was created . For the idea stage , products should be flat - packed so that more items can be shipped at once ; products should also be easier to dismantle and recycle . Raw materials are used , and since wood and cotton are two of IKEA 's most important manufacturing products , the company works with environmentally friendly forests and cotton , whereby the excessive use of chemicals and water is avoided . Manufacturing is third in the life cycle and includes IWAY , IKEA 's code of conduct for manufacturers and suppliers that formulates and enforces requirements for working conditions , social and environmental standards , and what suppliers can expect from IKEA in return . Marketing is another part of IKEA 's life cycle and a portion of the paper used for its catalogues is sourced from responsibly managed forests . The catalogue is also smaller , so that less paper is required , less waste is produced and more catalogues can be shipped per load . IKEA stores recycle waste and many run on renewable energy with the use of energy - saving bulbs and sensors . All employees are trained in environmental and social responsibility , while public transit is one of the priorities when the location of stores is considered . Also , the coffee and chocolate served at IKEA stores is UTZ Certified . The last stage of the life cycle is the end of life . Most IKEA stores recycle light bulbs and drained batteries , and the company is also exploring the recycling of sofas and other home furnishing products . According to IKEA 's 2012 `` Sustainability Report '' , 23 % of all wood that the company uses meets the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council , and the report states that IKEA aims to double this percentage by 2017 . The report also states that IKEA does not accept illegally logged wood and supports 13 World Wide Fund For Nature ( WWF ) projects . On 17 February 2011 , IKEA announced its plans to develop a wind farm in Dalarna County , Sweden , furthering its goal of using only renewable energy to fuel its operations . As of June 2012 , 17 United States IKEA stores are powered by solar panels , with 22 additional installations in progress , and IKEA owns the 165 MW Cameron Wind farm in Cameron County on the South Texas coast . In 2011 , the company examined its wood consumption and noticed that almost half of its global pine and spruce consumption was for the fabrication of pallets . The company consequently started a transition to the use of paper pallets and the `` Optiledge system '' . The OptiLedge product is totally recyclable , made from 100 % virgin high - impact copolymer polypropylene ( PP ) . The system is a `` unit load alternative to the use of a pallet . The system consists of the OptiLedge ( usually used in pairs ) , aligned and strapped to the bottom carton to form a base layer upon which to stack more product . Corner boards are used when strapping to minimize the potential for package compression . '' The conversion began in Germany and Japan , before its introduction into the rest of Europe and North America . The system has been marketed to other companies , and IKEA has formed the OptiLedge company to manage and sell the product . IKEA has expanded its sustainability plan in the UK to include electric car charge points for customers at all locations by the end of 2013 . The effort will include Nissan and Ecotricity and promise to deliver an 80 % charge in 30 minutes . In February 2014 , IKEA in the UK announced that from 2016 they will only sell energy - efficient LED lightbulbs , lamps and light fixtures . LED lightbulbs use as much as only 15 % of the power of a regular incandescent light bulb . Advertising German - Turkish advertisement in Berlin - Neukölln In 1994 , IKEA ran a commercial in the United States widely thought to be the first to feature a homosexual couple ; it aired for several weeks before being pulled after calls for a boycott and a bomb threat directed at IKEA stores . Other IKEA commercials appeal to the wider GLBTQ community , one featuring a transgender woman . In 2002 , the inaugural television component of the `` Unböring '' campaign , titled Lamp , went on to win several awards , including a Grand Clio , Golds at the London International Awards and the ANDY Awards , and the Grand Prix at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival , the most prestigious awards ceremony in the advertising community . IKEA launched a UK - wide `` Home is the Most Important Place in the World '' advertising campaign in September 2007 using estate agent signs with the term `` Not For Sale '' written on them as part of the wider campaign . After the campaign appeared in the Metro newspaper London the business news website www.mad.co.uk remarked that the IKEA campaign had amazing similarities with the marketing activity of UK home refurbishment company Onis living who had launched its own Not For Sale advertising campaign two years prior and was awarded the Interbuild 2006 Construction Marketing Award for best campaign under £ 25,000 . A debate ensued between Fraser Patterson , Chief Executive of Onis and Andrew McGuinness , partner at Beattie McGuinness Bungay ( BMB ) , the advertising and PR agency awarded the £ 12m IKEA account . The essence of the debate was that BMB claimed to be unaware of Onis 's campaign as Onis was not an advertising agency . Onis 's argument was that its advertising could be seen in prominent landmarks throughout London , having been already accredited , showing concern about the impact IKEA 's campaign would have on the originality of its own . BMB and IKEA subsequently agreed to provide Onis with a feature page on the IKEA campaign site linking through to Onis 's website for a period of 1 year . In 2008 , IKEA paired up with the makers of video game The Sims 2 to make a stuff pack called IKEA Home Stuff , featuring many IKEA products . It was released on 24 June 2008 in North America and 26 June 2008 in Europe . It is the second stuff pack with a major brand , the first being The Sims 2 H&M Fashion Stuff . IKEA took over the title sponsorship of Philadelphia 's annual Thanksgiving Day parade in 2008 , replacing Boscov 's , which filed for bankruptcy in August 2008 . In November 2008 , a subway train decorated in IKEA style was introduced in Novosibirsk , Russia . Four cars were turned into a mobile showroom of the Swedish design . The redesigned train , which features colourful seats and fancy curtains , carried passengers until 6 June 2009 . Oyster cards ( the ticket - free system for the London Underground ) were for given with wallets sponsored by IKEA in 2008 - 09 . IKEA also sponsored the tube map . The Isle of Wight ferry Red Osprey in her IKEA livery . In January 2009 , just before the new store opened in Southampton , MV Red Osprey of Red Funnel was re-painted in an entirely yellow and blue livery to celebrate the opening of the new IKEA store in Southampton . This is the first time a Red Funnel ferry has been re-painted out of its own red and white colour scheme . It stayed in these colours for 12 months as part of a deal between Red Funnel and IKEA to provide home delivery services to the Isle of Wight . It was repainted with Red Funnel 's red and white livery when the deal ended in January 2010 . In March 2010 , IKEA developed an event in four important Metro stations in Paris , in which furniture collections are displayed in high - traffic spots , giving potential customers a chance to check out the brand 's products . The Metro walls were also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors . In September 2010 , IKEA launched an advertisement for UK & Ireland called `` Happy Inside '' which had 100 cats lying on IKEA furniture in the flagship IKEA store in Wembley , London . In April 2011 , an advertising campaign was launched aiming at discovering whether men or women are messier in the home . Created by Mother , the campaign will begin with a TV advert shot in front of a live audience , featuring four stand - up comedians , two men and two women , debating which gender is messier . The idea behind the campaign is that domestic clutter leads to arguments , and thus to an unhappy home , a conflict that IKEA wants to show can be avoided with better storage . Viewers will be directed to a new Facebook page for the brand , where they are able to vote on who they believe is messier , and submit evidence using videos and photos through an app created especially for the campaign . Meanwhile , online display banners will allow other users the opportunity to vote , with online adverts promoting IKEA products demonstrating the problems confronting people , and offering solutions . In 2016 , in conjunction with Stokholm ad agency Åkestam Holst , IKEA released the `` Where Life Happens '' video campaign . The series focused on taboo issues like divorce and adoption , and was filmed in a non-traditional 4 : 3 aspect ratio . The campaign won an Epica gold award in Amsterdam . Other ventures As of 2012 , IKEA is in joint venture with TCL to provide Uppleva integrated HDTV and entertainment system product . In mid-August 2012 , the company announced that it will establish a chain of 100 economy hotels in Europe but , unlike its few existing hotels in Scandinavia , they will not carry the IKEA name , nor will they use IKEA furniture and furnishings -- they will be operated by an unnamed international group of hoteliers . Awards IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by Working Mothers magazine . It ranked 80 in Fortune 's 200 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008 , IKEA Canada LP was named one of `` Canada 's Top 100 Employers '' by Mediacorp Canada Inc. , and was featured in Maclean 's newsmagazine . Additionally , IKEA is the most popular store for college furnishings . Countries with IKEA presence Main article : List of countries with IKEA stores IKEA has 400 stores around the world . Among the countries that have double - digit IKEA stores are : Australia Canada China France Germany Italy Netherlands Russia Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States References Jump up ^ `` Visiting IKEA Hometown in Almhult '' . Jump up ^ `` '' IKEA museum to open in Sweden in 2015 `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Division '' . Jump up ^ `` IKEA finalizing its biggest overhaul in decades '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IKEA Group Yearly Summary FY16 '' ( PDF ) . IKEA . Jump up ^ `` IKEA retailing facts and figures '' . Inter IKEA Systems B.V . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ IKEA Sverige ( 2012 ) . `` IKEA UPPLEVA '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Topic : IKEA '' . www.statista.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . 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Jump up ^ Patrick Chu ; Robert LaFranco ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Europe 's Richest Person Kamprad to Move Back to Sweden '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ingvar Kamprad and IKEA '' . Harvard Business School Publishing , Boston , MA , 02163 . 1996 Jump up ^ `` IKEA cuts down old - growth forest ! , 26 April 2012 '' . Protecttheforest.se . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Shen , Lucinda . `` Ikea Has Been Accused of Avoiding 1 Billion Euros in Taxes '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Greens - EFA letter to Commissioners Vestager and Moscovici - IKEA report , 12 February 2016 Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inter IKEA Group Organisation '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IKEA opens it 's frist store in Serbia '' . www.rts.rs . RTS . 10th August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` IKEA Highlights 2016 '' . Inter IKEA Systems B.V . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ IKEA Group Sustainability Report FY13 , Page 23 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` The Biggest IKEA Store In The World Just Opened In South Korea '' . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Lauren ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` House Perfect '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones in Our History '' . Inter IKEA Group . 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Company news : IKEA '' . The Globe and Mail . 11 March 1988 . p . B8 . North America 's first IKEA store is closing . The Swedish furniture chain , whose Dartmouth , N.S. , store opened in 1975 , said it is shutting the doors on the store and warehouse in six months , putting 50 people out of work . Jump up ^ `` For the love of Ikea '' . Toronto Star . Aug 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1960s - 1970s - IKEA '' . www.ikea.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea blijft groeien '' . De Standaard . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How IKEA Leveraged The Art Of Listening To Global Dominance '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Finch , Julia ( 2002 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Democratic by design '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1980s - IKEA '' . www.ikea.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA facts and Figures '' . ikea.com . Archived from the original on 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bienvenido a Ikea Santo Domingo '' . ikeasantodomingo.com . Archived from the original on 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea abrirá el 17 de febrero ; presentan catálogo de artículos '' . DiarioLibre.com . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Largest IKEA Is Being Assembled In Burbank '' . LAist . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ( `` Currently the largest IKEA in the world is just outside Seoul , South Korea , a beast of a store coming in at 635,070 square feet . That one is nearly as big as the Louvre museum and even beat out the 594,167 square feet of Stockholm 's own previous record holder . '' ) Jump up ^ `` 이케아 광명 점 12 월 18 일 오픈 '' . IKEA KR / KO . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In South Korea , IKEA opens biggest store to lure tiny households '' . 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ Kowitt , Beth . `` How Ikea took over the world '' . Fortune . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jonathan Cheng and Min Sun ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Poäng ! IKEA Hits Headwinds in Korea '' . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Largest IKEA store : South Korea breaks Guinness World Records ' record ( VIDEO ) '' . www.worldrecordacademy.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Koreans embrace home decor of IKEA , local rivals - Taipei Times '' . www.taipeitimes.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea lovers find middlemen on web as retailers shun Ukraine '' . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 첫돌 맞은 이케아 코리아 ... 첫 성적표 는 ' 합격점 ' `` 1 조 2000 억 투자 해 전국 매장 6 개로 확대 '' `` . 16 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lorna Brett ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` Ikea Tempe opens '' . Dynamicbusiness.com.au . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Following all the media fanfare , Ikea finally opens its doors in Qatar '' . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Qatar is officially , finally open to the public '' . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Eyeing Expansion in the GCC '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ B.C. ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` First IKEA store in Baltics to open in Vilnius in August '' . The Baltic Course . The Baltic Course . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ www.DELFI.lt . `` Lithuania '' . Verslas.delfi.lt . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea postpones shopping centre project '' . Croatiantimes.com. 21 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA begins main construction works in Zagreb '' . dalje.com. 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1st IKEA store in Croatia to open its doors to buyers on 21 Aug '' . dalje.com. 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U prva cetiri dana 60.711 gradana posjetilo Ikeu '' . Poslovni dnevnik . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zagreb East '' . Inter IKEA Centre Group . Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 . Set to open in 2014 , Zagreb East will be the largest shopping centre in Coratia . With the first IKEA store in Croatia as its anchor ... Jump up ^ adriaticmedia ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` VIDEO : Pogledajte kako ce izgledati Ikea kod Zagreba -- Danas.hr '' ( in Croatian ) . Danas.net.hr . Archived from the original on 21 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Zagreb '' . YouTube . 4 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raul Roa on Twitter '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Work Begins on the Biggest Ikea in the United States '' . Curbed . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The biggest Ikea in the U.S. will open next month in Burbank '' . Curbed . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crowds Gather for Opening of Massive New IKEA Store in Burbank '' . KTLA5 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA 's first store to open in autumn 2017 '' . The Hindu . 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea breaks ground for first Indian store in Hyderabad '' . Firstpost. 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA starts work on Navi Mumbai store , to open in January 2019 '' . The Indian Express . 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ India , Press Trust of ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` IKEA starts work on Navi Mumbai store ; to open in Jan'19 '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Roche , Elizabeth ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` IKEA aims to have over 30 % of products made in India : Patrik Antoni '' . Mint . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ DELFI ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) . `` 34 tūkstoši kvadrātmetru un pusmiljons ceļu uzlabošanai -- milzis IKEA ienāks Latvijā '' . DELFI ( in Latvian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ LETA . `` IKEA veikalu Latvijā plānots atklāt nākamā gada augustā '' ( in Latvian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Badatz Beit Yosef Restaurant Listing '' . Badatz.com . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Bistro '' . IKEA United Kingdom . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Restaurant '' . IKEA.com. 25 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Restaurant '' . IKEA.com. 25 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Restaurant '' . IKEA.com. 25 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA - press room - press release '' . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea coming to Kitchener - Kitchener - Waterloo - CBC News '' . Retrieved 21 Dec 2015 . Jump up ^ The IKEA Group approach to sustainability , http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_CA/pdf/sustainability_report/group_approach_sustainability_fy11.pdf Jump up ^ Wainwright , Martin ( 2 February 2005 ) . `` Buying a house ? Pick up a flatpack at Ikea '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Ikea to sell solar panels in UK stores '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lobello , Carmel ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` The latest appliance from IKEA : Solar power panels '' . The Week Newspaper . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Solibro CIGS Technology '' . Solibro GmbH . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Residential kit for IKEA in the Netherlands and Switzerland Jump up ^ Stoker , Liam . `` Solarcentury lands IKEA ' Solar Shops ' contract '' . solarpowerportal.co.uk . solarpowerportal.co.uk . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea to start selling solar panels in U.K. stores '' . Newsweek. 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Gorman ( 6 July 2013 ) . `` IKEA uses a staggering 1 % of the world 's wood every year '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Lars Petrus . `` The IKEA Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ ' Fartfull ' workbench , ' Jerker ' desk : Is Ikea hiding a grin ? Chicago Sun - Times , 17 August 2004 Jump up ^ From correspondents in London ( 1 February 2008 ) . `` ' Lolita ' bed set for girls withdrawn '' . News.com.au . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Henley , Jon ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Do you speak Ikea ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Is the IKEA Aesthetic Comfy or Creepy ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Tradfri Smart Lighting Kit '' . CNET . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Tradfri Works Together With Hue '' . SHG . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA History '' . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Reinvents the Catalog '' . Jump up ^ `` IKEA FAQ '' . Jump up ^ `` 2003 IKEA Catalogue printable facts '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why Swedes keep a cool head over Ikea '' . Sweden.se. 28 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Roth , Martin ( 29 December 2005 ) . `` The Bible vs. the Ikea Catalogue -- Which is Winning Hearts ? '' . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Luisa Rollenhagen ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Virtually Furnish a Room With IKEA 's Augmented Reality Catalog '' . Mashable . Mashable . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Farey - Jones . `` Ikea to introduce UK magazine in February '' . Jump up ^ `` Restaurant IKEA Wembley '' . IKEA. 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAMILY IKEA Wembley '' . IKEA. 27 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flat - pack accounting '' . The Economist. 11 May 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our owner '' . Inter IKEA Group . 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA finalizing its biggest overhaul in decades '' . Reuters. 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gina Chon ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` IKEA 's new chairman likes PAX wardrobes , and that 's about all we know '' . Quartz . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ingvar Kamprads son bort från maktposition '' . Dagens Industri. 17 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berne Declaration Public Eye Awards , 2007 Nominations '' . Erklärung von Bern . Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Katarina Gustafsson ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Ikea Full - Year Sales Gain 3.1 % Helped by Growth in Russia , China '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foundation Fact Sheet '' . Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quake children at greater risk after rain , snowfall : UN '' . Jump up ^ `` IKEA donates 9,000 tables for Liberia 's schools and health centres '' . Unicef.org . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Plant Trees '' . IKEA. 12 June 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American Forests '' . American Forests . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF 's corporate partnerships '' . Unicef.org . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ International Save the Children Alliance Archived 16 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ UNICEF ( 23 February 2009 ) IKEA social initiative adds $48 million to UNICEF 's child health programme Jump up ^ Reuters India ( 23 February 2009 ) Ikea gives UNICEF $48 mln to fight India child labour Jump up ^ `` UNICEF : IKEA Soft Toy campaign raises € 5.4 million for education projects '' . Jump up ^ McBain , Sophie ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` How Lufsig the cuddly wolf became a Hong Kong protest symbol -- A short lesson in the art of mistranslating names into Chinese . '' The New Statesman . Jump up ^ `` Save the Children : Ikea Provides Soft Toys to Children in Cyclone - Affected Myanmar '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters / PR Newswire : Sunny News : IKEA and UNICEF Lighten Up Children 's Lives in the Developing World '' . 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ UNHCR : The UN Refugee Agency ( Thailand ) ( 2 September 2011 ) . `` Ikea Foundation gives UNHCR US $62 million for Somali refugees in Kenya UNHCR : The UN Refugee Agency ( Thailand ) '' . UNHCR . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea and formaldehyde '' . unknown ( 2003 to 6 February 2004 ) . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Formaldehyde and other VOC 's '' . ikeafans.com ( February 1998 ) . Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eco Etiquette : Should I Freak Out About Formaldehyde In Baby Furniture ? '' . By Jennifer Grayson of The Huffington Post . 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ See Bartlett , Dessain , Sjöman ( 2006 ) -- Ikea 's Global Sourcing Challenge : Indian Rugs and Child Labour ( A ) in Harvard Business School ^ Jump up to : Owens , Heidi ( 1998 ) Ikea : A Natural Step Case Study . Archived 28 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Oregon Natural Step Network . Retrieved on : 6 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Sherwood Stranieri ( 17 July 2008 ) . `` IKEA Bikes ( no , they 're not made of plywood ) '' . Using Bicycles . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Banverket -- press release '' . Cision Wire. 29 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Sets its Sights on the Sun '' . Futurethinktank.com ( futurethink 's innovation weblog ) . 7 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA GreenTech '' . Green VC. 10 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Group Sustainability Strategy 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From store to farm -- traceability in action at IKEA - UTZ.org '' . UTZ.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA building its own personal wind farm '' . CNET. 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea U.S. Solar Plans near 89 % with Two More Installations Proposed ; Distribution Centers in Perryville , MD and Westampton , NJ Will Be among Country 's Largest Projects '' . Business Wire . June 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Handy , Ryan Maye ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Sea change : Gulf Coast wind farms become vital to Texas energy mix '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Phases Out Wood Pallets '' . Packaging Revolution . 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The OptiLedge Offers Efficiencies for International Shipments '' . Packaging Revolution . 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OptiLedge '' . Inter IKEA Systems B.V. 2012 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Fiona . `` Ikea becomes first retailer to install electric vehicle rapid chargers at all UK stores '' . Retail Times . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , James . `` IKEA promises rapid rollout of electric car chargers '' . Business Green . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Make a difference without leaving your home '' . IKEA UK . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dining Room Table Ikea advertisement '' . AdRespect Advertising Education Program . 1994 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Redecorate Your Life IKEA advertisement '' . AdRespect Advertising Education Program . 1999 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Allison ; `` MINI missing but `` Lamp '' shines at Clios Archived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. `` , Boards , 22 May 2003 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : 2003 Winners , London International Awards '' . 2008.liaawards.com . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : 2003 Winners , ANDY Awards '' . Andyawards.com . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mutel , Glen ; `` Surprise at Cannes as ' lamp ' wins Grand Prix '' , Campaign , 27 June 2003 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our award winning campaign Onis Home Refurbishments '' . Onisliving.co.uk . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.constructionmarketingawards.com/testimonials.html Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ikea campaign attracts copycat claims '' . Mad.co.uk. 21 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea 's new marketing campaign ' remarkably similar ' to strategy used by Scots - led firm '' . Sundayherald.com . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA в метро '' ( in Russian ) . metkere.com . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Agencies Team Ikea campaign '' . Media Week . 18 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Impact at CBS Outdoor creates exclusive campaign for Ikea '' ( Press release ) . Exterion Media . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Inside -- IKEA cats advert '' . YouTube . 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea rolls out battle of the sexes campaign -- Brand Republic News '' . Brandrepublic.com. 31 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` With This Sweet Ad , Ikea Joins Small Group of Brands Willing to Talk About Divorce '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Touchingly Portrays an Adoption in Its Latest ' Where Life Happens ' Spot - Video - Creativity Online '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Life Happens In Bacon 's New IKEA Film LBBOnline '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Anna Ringstrom ( 17 Apr 2012 ) . `` IKEA moves into consumer electronics with China venture '' . Thomson Reuters . Jump up ^ LOUISE NORDSTROM ( 17 April 2012 ) . `` IKEA to sell TVs integrated in its furniture '' . Bloomberg L.P. The Associated Press . Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA to launch chain of budget hotels in Europe '' . New York : NY Daily News . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reasons for Selection , 2009 Canada 's Top 100 Employers Competition '' . External links Netherlands portal Sweden portal Companies portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to IKEA . Company home page Inter IKEA Group home page Inter IKEA Systems B.V. home page TV show based on IKEA IKEA companies grouped at OpenCorporates `` The miracle of Älmhult '' by Oliver Burkeman from the Guardian newspaper . The writer talks about his visit to IKEA 's HQ in Älmhult Business data for IKEA International A / S : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance ( hide ) European Retail Round Table Members Ahold Delhaize C&A El Corte Inglés ICA Gruppen IKEA Inditex Jerónimo Martins Lidl Marks & Spencer Mercadona Metro AG Tesco Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 145413402 GND : 4392009 - 3 SUDOC : 088487318 BNF : cb14634798t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IKEA&oldid=797712853 '' Categories : IKEA Companies of Sweden Furniture retailers Retail companies of Sweden Retail companies of the Netherlands Design companies of Sweden Food and drink companies of Sweden Food and drink companies of the Netherlands Furniture manufacturers Furniture retailers of the United States Lighting brands Online retailers Superstores Superstores in the United States Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands Retail companies established in 1943 Design companies established in 1943 Food and drink companies established in 1943 Manufacturing companies established in 1943 1943 establishments in Sweden Purveyors to the Court of Sweden Privately held companies of the Netherlands Jardine Matheson Group Swedish brands Home appliance brands Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Latvian - language sources ( lv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from September 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 OpenCorporates groupings Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sámegiella Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	when did the first ikea open in the us	[ "Amid a high level of success, the company's West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz in 1973 instead of Koblenz.[25] Later that decade, stores opened in other parts of the world, such as Japan (1974), Australia, Canada,[27][28] Hong Kong (1975), and Singapore (1978).[29] IKEA further expanded in the 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Belgium (1984),[30] the United States (1985),[31] the United Kingdom (1987),[32] Italy (1989).[33] The company later expanded into more countries in the 1990s and 2000s. Germany, with 50 stores, is IKEA's biggest market, followed by the United States, with 44 stores. At the end of the 2009 financial year, the IKEA group operated 267 stores in 25 countries.[34] The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.[35][36] As of July 2013, the company's presence in developing countries remains minimal." ]	[ "1985" ]
-8667625386859616481	Fibrocystic breast changes	Fibrocystic breast changes - wikipedia Fibrocystic breast changes Jump to : navigation , search Fibrocystic breast changes Micrograph showing fibrocystic breast changes . H&E stain . Classification and external resources Specialty obstetrics gynecology ICD - 10 N60. 1 ICD - 9 - CM 610.1 DiseasesDB 4799 MedlinePlus 000912 MeSH D005348 ( edit on Wikidata ) Fibrocystic breasts or fibrocystic breast disease or fibrocystic breast condition commonly referred to as `` FBC '' is a condition of breast tissue affecting an estimated 30 - 60 % of women and at least 50 % of women of childbearing age . Some studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of FBC may be as high as 70 % to 90 % . It is characterized by noncancerous breast lumps which can sometimes cause discomfort , often periodically related to hormonal influences from the menstrual cycle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Imaging 4.2 Biopsy 5 Treatment 6 Prognosis 6.1 Breast cancer risk 7 Epidemiology 8 Eponyms 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Terminology ( edit ) In ICD - 10 the condition is called diffuse cystic mastopathy , or , if there is epithelial proliferation , fibrosclerosis of breast . Other names for this condition include chronic cystic mastitis , fibrocystic mastopathy and mammary dysplasia . The condition has also been named after several people ( see eponyms below ) . Since it is a very common disorder , some authors have argued that it should not be termed a `` disease '' , whereas others feel that it meets the criteria for a disease . It is not a classic form of mastitis ( breast inflammation ) . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) The changes in fibrocystic breast disease are characterised by the appearance of fibrous tissue and a lumpy , cobblestone texture in the breasts . These lumps are smooth with defined edges , and are usually free - moving in regard to adjacent structures . The bumps can sometimes be obscured by irregularities in the breast that are associated with the condition . The lumps are most often found in the upper , outer sections of the breast ( nearest to the armpit ) , but can be found throughout the breast . Women with fibrocystic changes may experience a persistent or intermittent breast aching or breast tenderness related to periodic swelling . Breasts and nipples may be tender or itchy . Symptoms follow a periodic trend tied closely to the menstrual cycle . Symptoms tend to peak in the days and , in severe cases , weeks before each period and decrease afterwards . At peak , breasts may feel full , heavy , swollen , and tender to the touch . No complications related to breastfeeding have been found . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Micrograph showing apocrine metaplasia associated with FCC . FNA specimen . Pap stain . The exact mechanism of the condition is not fully understood , though it is known to be tied to hormone levels , as the condition usually subsides after menopause and is also related to the menstrual cycle . Post-menopausal women placed on hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) have also reported symptoms of FBC indicating hormones may play a role . Fibrocystic breast changes is a cumulative process , caused partly by the normal hormonal variation during a woman 's monthly cycle . The most important of these hormones are estrogen , progesterone and prolactin . These hormones directly affect the breast tissues by causing cells to grow and multiply . Many other hormones such as TSH , insulin , growth hormone and growth factors such as TGF - beta exert direct and indirect effects amplifying or regulating cell growth . Years of such fluctuations eventually produce small cysts and / or areas of dense or fibrotic tissue . Multiple small cysts and an increasing level of breast pain commonly develop when a woman hits her 30s . Larger cysts usually do not occur until after the age of 35 . Over time , presumably driven by aberrant growth signals , such lesions may accumulate epigenetic , genetic and karyotypic changes such as modified expression of hormone receptors and loss of heterozygosity . Several variants of fibrocystic breast changes may be distinguished and these may have different causes and genetic predispostions . Adenosis involves abnormal count and density of lobular units , while other lesions appear to stem mainly from ductal epithelial origins . There is preliminary evidence that iodine deficiency contributes to fibrocystic breast changes by enhancing the sensitivity of breast tissue to estrogen. and according to Micronutrient Information Center of Linus Pauling Institute . Diagnosis ( edit ) Diagnosis is mostly done based on symptoms after exclusion of breast cancer . Nipple fluid aspiration can be used to classify cyst type ( and to some extent improve breast cancer risk prediction ) but it is rarely used in practice . Biopsy or fine needle aspiration are rarely warranted . Fibrocystic breast disease is primarily diagnosed based on the symptoms , clinical breast exam and on a physical exam . During this examination , the doctor checks for unusual areas in the breasts , both visually and manually . Also , the lymph nodes in the axilla area and lower neck are examined . A complete and accurate medical history is also helpful in diagnosing this condition . If the patient 's medical history and physical exam findings are consistent with normal breast changes , no additional tests are considered but otherwise the patient will be asked to return a few weeks later for reassessment . Women may detect lumps in their breasts during self - examination as well . Imaging ( edit ) In order to establish whether the lump is a cyst or not , several imaging tests may be performed . Mammography is usually the first imaging test to be ordered when unusual breast changes have been detected during a physical examination . A diagnostic mammography consists in a series of x-rays that provide clear images of specific areas of the breast . Ultrasounds and MRIs are commonly performed in conjunction with mammographies as they produce clear images of the breast and clearly distinguish between fluid - filled breast cysts and solid masses . The ultrasound and MRI exams can better evaluate dense tissue of the breast ; hence it is often undergone by young patients , under 30 years old . Biopsy ( edit ) The breast biopsy is usually the test used to confirm the suspected diagnosing . After imaging tests have been performed and have revealed unusual areas or lumps in the breast , a breast biopsy will be ordered . This test consists in removing a sample of breast tissue which is then looked at under a microscope . The specialist analyzing the tissue sample will be able to conclude if the breast changes are benign or malignant or whether breast fibrocystic disease is present . There are four main types of breast biopsies that may be performed . A fine - needle aspiration biopsy is usually ordered when the doctor is almost certain that the lump is a cyst . This test is generally performed in conjunction with an ultrasound which is helpful in guiding the needle into a small or hard to find lump . The procedure is painless and it consists in inserting a thin needle into the breast tissue while the lump is palpated . The core - needle biopsy is normally performed under local anesthesia and in a physician 's office . The needle used in this procedure is slightly larger than the one used for a fine - needle biopsy because the procedure is intended to remove a small cylinder of tissue that will be sent to the laboratory for further examination . A newer type of breast biopsy is the stereotactic biopsy that relies on a three - dimensional x-ray to guide the needle biopsy of non-palpable mass . The biopsy is performed in a similar manner , by using a needle to remove tissue sample but locating the specific area of the breast is done by x-raying the breast by two different angles . Surgical biopsy is a procedure performed to remove the entire lump or a part of it for laboratory analyzing . It may be painful and it is done under local anesthesia . Treatment ( edit ) Main article : Mastodynia § Treatments for cyclical breast pain Most women with fibrocystic changes and no symptoms do not need treatment , but closer follow - up may be advised . There is no widely accepted treatment or prevention strategy for fibrocystic condition . When treatment of symptoms is necessary it follows the same strategies as treatment for cyclical breast pain . It is controversial whether benign breast conditions improve or worsen with oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy . A few small - scale studies have indicated that the fibrocystic condition may be improved by dietary changes ( especially by a reduced intake of caffeine and related methylxanthines or by a reduced intake of salt ) and by vitamin supplements . Small , preliminary studies have shown beneficial effects of iodine supplementation ( such as reducing the presence of breast cysts , fibrous tissue plaques and breast pain ) in women with fibrocystic breast changes , with elemental iodine ( I ) being more effective than iodide ( I ) . It is noted that iodine supplementation , via an iodine - based modulation of estrogen influence in the breast , also appears to inhibit early cancer progression in small studies done on breast cancer cells in a lab ... Since treatment success in a lab is often not replicated in humans , more human research is necessary to determine if iodine supplementation prevents breast cancer A U.S. National Institutes of Health fact sheet of 2011 reported on a randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled clinical trial performed on 111 women affected by fibrosis and having a history of breast pain . In this trial , daily doses of iodine led to decreased in breast pain , tenderness and nodularity . It was emphasized that further research to clarify iodine 's role in fibrocystic breast disease is needed and that large doses of iodine should only be used under the guidance of a physician . Prognosis ( edit ) There are usually no adverse side effects to this condition . In almost all cases it subsides after menopause . A possible complication arises through the fact that cancerous tumors may be more difficult to detect in women with fibrocystic changes . Breast cancer risk ( edit ) Breast cancer risk is elevated for defined fraction of lesions . Except for patients with a strong family history of breast cancer , where the risk is two-fold , nonproliferative lesions have no increased risk . Proliferative lesions also have approximately a 2-fold risk . In particular , atypical hyperplasia is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer . Atypical lobular hyperplasia is associated with the greatest risk , approximately 5-fold and especially high relative risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer . Atypical ductal hyperplasia is associated with 2.4-fold risk . In contrast , a New England Journal of Medicine article states that for women with a strong familial history of breast cancer , the risk of future breast cancer is roughly doubled , independent of histological status . The article further states `` The relative risk of breast cancer for the cohort was 1.56 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.45 to 1.68 ) , and this increased risk persisted for at least 25 years after biopsy . The relative risk associated with atypia was 4.24 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 3.26 to 5.41 ) , as compared with a relative risk of 1.88 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.66 to 2.12 ) for proliferative changes without atypia and of 1.27 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.15 to 1.41 ) for nonproliferative lesions . The strength of the family history of breast cancer , available for 4808 women , was a risk factor that was independent of histologic findings . No increased risk was found among women with no family history and nonproliferative findings . In the first 10 years after the initial biopsy , an excess of cancers occurred in the same breast , especially in women with atypia . '' It is not well understood whether the lesions are precursors of breast cancer or only indication of increased risk , for most types of lesions the chance of developing breast cancer is nearly the same in the affected and unaffected breast ( side ) indicating only coincidence of risk factors . For atypical lobular hyperplasia there is high incidence of ipsilateral breast cancers indicating a possible direct carcinogenetic link . Epidemiology ( edit ) The estimated figures for the prevalence of fibrocystic breast changes in women over lifetime vary widely in the literature , with estimates ranging from about 30 to 60 % over about 50 to 60 % to about 60 to 75 % of all women . The condition is most common among women between 30 and 50 years of age . Eponyms ( edit ) This entity has historically also been termed Bloodgood 's disease , Cooper 's disease ( after Sir Astley Paston Cooper , 1st baronet ) , Phocas ' disease , Reclus ' disease and Reclus ' syndrome ( after Paul Reclus ) , Reclus - Schimmelbusch disease , Schimmelbusch disease and Tillaux - Phocas disease . See also ( edit ) Fibroadenoma Mastodynia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Susan L. Norwoord ( March 1990 ) . `` Fibrocystic Breast Disease An Update and Review '' . JOGNN -- Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic , & Neonatal Nursing. 19 : 116 -- 121 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1552 - 6909.1990. tb01629. x . ^ Jump up to : Ghent WR , Eskin BA , Low DA , Hill LP ( October 1993 ) . `` Iodine replacement in fibrocystic disease of the breast '' . Canadian Journal of Surgery ( Comparative study ) . 36 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 60 . PMID 8221402 . Jump up ^ Plu - Bureau G , Lê MG , Sitruk - Ware R , Thalabard JC . Cyclical mastalgia and breast cancer risk : results of a French cohort study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 ; 15 ( 6 ) : 1229 - 1231 . Jump up ^ University of Maryland Medical Center . `` Fibrocystic Breast Disease - Overview '' . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Disorders of breast ( N60 - N64 ) in ICD - 10 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Women 's Specialists . `` Fibrocystic Breast Changes '' . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Santen RJ , Mansel R ( July 2005 ) . `` Benign breast disorders '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 353 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 85 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra035692 . PMID 16034013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultrasound Characterization of Breast Masses '' . Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging. 19 : 242 -- 247 . August 2009 . doi : 10.4103 / 0971 - 3026.54878 . Jump up ^ `` Fibrocystic Breast Condition '' . 2010 / 04 / 13 , MedicineNet.com Jump up ^ `` Fibrocystic Breast Condition '' . 2010 / 04 / 13 ^ Jump up to : Cann , Stephen A. ; van Netten , Johannes P. ; van Netten , Christiaan ( 2000 ) . `` Hypothesis : iodine , selenium and the development of breast cancer '' . Cancer Causes and Control ( review ) . 11 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 127 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1008925301459 . ISSN 0957 - 5243 . PMID 10710195 . Jump up ^ Joseph E. Pizzorno ; Michael T. Murray ( 14 September 2012 ) . Textbook of Natural Medicine . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 1371 . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 2333 - 0 . Jump up ^ Venturi , S. ( 2001 ) . `` Is there a role for iodine in breast diseases ? '' . The Breast. 10 ( 5 ) : 379 -- 382 . doi : 10.1054 / brst. 2000.0267 . PMID 14965610 . Jump up ^ Aceves , C. ; Anguiano , B. ; Delgado , G. ( 2005 ) . `` Is iodine a gatekeeper of the integrity of the mammary gland ? '' . Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 10 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 196 . doi : 10.1007 / s10911 - 005 - 5401 - 5 . PMID 16025225 . Jump up ^ Stoddard Fr , 2nd ; Brooks , AD ; Eskin , BA ; Johannes , GJ ( 2008 ) . `` Iodine alters gene expression in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line : evidence for an anti-estrogen effect of iodine '' . International journal of medical sciences . 5 ( 4 ) : 189 -- 96 . doi : 10.7150 / ijms. 5.189 . PMC 2452979 . PMID 18645607 . Jump up ^ Bhargav , Panchagan R.K. ; Mishra , Anjali ; Agarwal , Gaurav ; Agarwal , Amit ; Verma , Ashok Kumar ; Mishra , Saroj Kanta ( 30 July 2009 ) . `` Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Benign Breast Disorders and Effect of Thyroxine Replacement on the Clinical Outcome '' . World Journal of Surgery . 33 ( 10 ) : 2087 -- 2093 . doi : 10.1007 / s00268 - 009 - 0143 - y . PMID 19641955 . Jump up ^ Giustarini , E ( 1 May 2006 ) . `` Thyroid autoimmunity in patients with malignant and benign breast diseases before surgery '' . European Journal of Endocrinology. 154 ( 5 ) : 645 -- 649 . doi : 10.1530 / eje. 1.02108 . PMID 16645010 . Jump up ^ Eskin , Bernard A. ; Grotkowski , Carolyn E. ; Connolly , Christopher P. ; Ghent , William R. ( July 1995 ) . `` Different tissue responses for iodine and iodide in rat thyroid and mammary glands '' . Biological Trace Element Research . 49 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 19 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02788999 . PMID 7577324 . Jump up ^ Ghent , WR ; Eskin , BA ; Low , DA ; Hill , LP ( October 1993 ) . `` Iodine replacement in fibrocystic disease of the breast '' . Canadian journal of surgery . Journal canadien de chirurgie. 36 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 60 . PMID 8221402 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Jack H. ( July 2004 ) . `` The Effect of Supraphysiologic Levels of Iodine on Patients with Cyclic Mastalgia '' . The Breast Journal . 10 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 336 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1075 - 122X. 2004.21341. x . PMID 15239792 . Jump up ^ `` Benign Breast Disease : When To Treat , When To Reassure , When To Refer '' . Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine . 69 : 424 -- 439 . May 2002 . doi : 10.3949 / ccjm. 69.5. 425 . Jump up ^ `` Tests and diagnosis '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 22 . 2010 / 04 / 13 Jump up ^ `` Diagnosing Fibrocystic Breast Disease '' . 2010 / 04 / 13 Jump up ^ `` Types of non-cancerous breast conditions '' . 2010 / 04 / 13 Jump up ^ Gadducci A , Guerrieri ME , Genazzani AR ( February 2012 ) . `` Benign breast diseases , contraception and hormone replacement therapy '' . Minerva Ginecologica. 64 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 74 . PMID 22334232 . Jump up ^ Ethel Sloane , Biology of Women , Cengage Learning , 2002 , p. 200 - 201 ^ Jump up to : Stoddard II , Frederick R. ( 2008 ) . `` Iodine Alters Gene Expression in the MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Line : Evidence for an Anti-Estrogen Effect of Iodine '' . International Journal of Medical Sciences . 5 : 189 -- 96 . doi : 10.7150 / ijms. 5.189 . ISSN 1449 - 1907 . PMC 2452979 . PMID 18645607 . Jump up ^ `` Iodine : Fact Sheet for Health Professionals '' . NIH . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kessler JH ( 2004 ) . `` The effect of supraphysiologic levels of iodine on patients with cyclic mastalgia '' . The Breast Journal ( Randomized Controlled Trial ) . 10 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 36 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1075 - 122X. 2004.21341. x . PMID 15239792 . Jump up ^ Ethel Sloane , Biology of Women , Cengage Learning , 2002 , p. 200 Jump up ^ Marshall , LM ; Hunter , DJ ; Connolly , JL ; Schnitt , SJ ; Byrne , C ; London , SJ ; Colditz , GA ( 1997 ) . `` Risk of breast cancer associated with atypical hyperplasia of lobular and ductal types '' . Cancer Epidemiology , Biomarkers & Prevention . 6 ( 5 ) : 297 -- 301 . PMID 9149887 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , L.C. ; Sellers , T.A. ; Frost , M.H. ; Lingle , W.L. ; Degnim , A.C. ; Ghosh , K ; Vierkant , R.A. ; Maloney , S.D. ; Pankratz , V.S. ; Hillman , D.W. ; Suman , V.J. ; Johnson , J ; Blake , C ; Tlsty , T ; Vachon , C.M. ; Melton Lj , 3rd ; Visscher , D.W. ( 2005 ) . `` Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 353 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 37 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa044383 . PMID 16034008 . Jump up ^ Page , D.L. ; Schuyler , P.A. ; Dupont , W.D. ; Jensen , R.A. ; Plummer Jr , W.D. ; Simpson , J.F. ( 2003 ) . `` Atypical lobular hyperplasia as a unilateral predictor of breast cancer risk : a retrospective cohort study '' . The Lancet . 361 ( 9352 ) : 125 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 12230 - 1 . PMID 12531579 . Jump up ^ Kelly A. McGarry ; Iris L. Tong ( 6 July 2012 ) . The 5 - Minute Consult Clinical Companion to Women 's Health . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 1654 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Roger P. Smith ( 1 December 2008 ) . Netter 's Obstetrics and Gynecology . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 371 . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 2137 - 0 . Jump up ^ synd / 1891 at Who Named It ? External links ( edit ) Breast disease ( hide ) Breast disease ( N60 -- N64 , 610 -- 611 ) Mastitis Mastitis Nonpuerperal mastitis Subareolar abscess Granulomatous mastitis Physiological changes and conditions Benign mammary dysplasia Duct ectasia of breast Chronic cystic mastitis Mammoplasia Gynecomastia Adipomastia ( lipomastia , pseudogynecomastia ) Breast hypertrophy Breast atrophy Micromastia Amastia Anisomastia Breast engorgement Discharge Nipple Galactorrhea Nipple discharge Inverted nipple Cracked nipples Lumps Galactocele Breast cyst Breast hematoma Breast lump Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia Other Pain Tension Ptosis Fat necrosis Amazia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibrocystic_breast_changes&oldid=829761643 '' Categories : Breast diseases Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	icd 10 code for fibrocystic changes of breast	[ "\n\nFibrocystic breast changes\n\n\n\n\n\nMicrograph showing fibrocystic breast changes. H&E stain.\n\n\nClassification and external resources\n\n\nSpecialty\nobstetrics gynecology\n\n\nICD-10\nN60.1\n\n\nICD-9-CM\n610.1\n\n\nDiseasesDB\n4799\n\n\nMedlinePlus\n000912\n\n\nMeSH\nD005348\n\n\n\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n" ]	[ "N60.1" ]

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